texts: encourage others), it seems more probable that <mask> was indeed a member. Without a written constitution or rule book, and without ready access to the list of members (which was secret), new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned, other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment. In the case of <mask>, Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Club's pro-German, pro-peace, and anti-Bolshevik line, which would have been broadly consistent with <mask>'s views. However, historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club (via Ramsay's opinions) would have been at odds with <mask>'s own expressed position.<mask> made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government, stating (for example) in 1936 that he "frankly deplore[d] Germany's harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects", and again in 1939, that he "could not accept" German explanations "of Jewish arrogance, their mutual control of the legal and medical professions, and so on ... as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution". While <mask> did side (on a balance of the arguments) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine, this did not make him an anti-Semite. He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine, which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world, but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded (but not politically dominant) Jewish presence in Palestine. If <mask> faces criticism on this score, it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause, as he saw it, of avoiding another war with


type: original

texts:
 Germany. Natural and supernatural interests
<mask>'s intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries. In the winter of 1896/7, he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent (who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel). <mask> closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum, Oxford.This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year. <mask> was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species, some of which were named after him. <mask> wrote about his experiences more generally, as did Bent (though his work was published posthumously). <mask>'s other more unconventional interest was in ghosts. He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research, and spent much time investigating haunted houses. While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings, his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end. He wrote extensively on the subject, and was regularly interviewed by the BBC.Marriage and children
<mask> married Marguerite Kleinwort, eldest daughter (of five) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort, and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort, who founded the eponymous bank. The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked <mask> to Kleinwort's German cousins, as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law (née Marguerite Gunther). <mask> was comparatively old (within two months of his fiftieth birthday) for a first marriage, and his wife, though fifteen years younger, was also not in her first youth. Nevertheless, the couple produced three healthy children, Francis (1916–2005), Frederic (1918–2002), and Marguerite (1922–2012). Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War, reaching the rank of Captain

masks: Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett Bennett


texts:
 (Royal Artillery) and Major (Royal Artillery) respectively. <mask> subsequently engaged in local politics in London, obtained a CBE in 1963, and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6. <mask> also entered politics, and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987.He was knighted in 1964. Sir <mask> died in February 1947 aged 81, less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon. Ruth Gordon Catto, daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto, Governor of the Bank of England. He is buried in Oxford. Works
 Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries, Rivingtons, London, 1900
 The downfall of the dervishes: being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898, London: Methuen, 1898
 With Methuen's Column on an Ambulance Train, Swan Sonnenshein, London, 1900
 With the Turks in Tripoli; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911, 	London: Methuen, 1912
 Problems of village life, London: Williams and Norgate, 1914
 (tr.) The German army in Belgium, the white book of May 1915, London: Swarthmore Press, 1921. Apparitions and haunted houses; a survey of evidence, London: Faber and Faber, 1939
 Apollonius; or, The present and future of psychical research, London: Kegan Paul, [n.d.].In the series Today and Tomorrow. Notes and references

External links

 Portrait of Sir <mask> in the National Portrait Gallery, London, UK

1865 births
1947 deaths
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cardiff constituencies
Parapsychologists
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Welsh Labour Party MPs
National Labour (UK) politicians
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
British Army

masks:
Francis Bennett
Frederic Bennett
Ernest Bennett
Ernest Bennett


texts:
<mask> (born April 28, 1972), known by his stage name Violent <mask>, is an American rapper, record producer, professional wrestler, and part of the hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. He is co-founder of the record label Psychopathic Records, with fellow ICP rapper Shaggy 2 Dope (<mask>ler) and their former manager, Alex Abbiss. Also along with Utsler, Bruce is the co-founder of the professional wrestling promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling. Early life
<mask> is a native of Berkley, Michigan. He was the last born of three children. His father, Richard Bruce, stole all of the family's money and left when Bruce was two years old. <mask>'s mother, Linda, was forced to care for him and his siblings, Robert and Theresa, off the income she made as a janitor.At age seven, <mask> and his brother caught a butterfly, and both were fascinated by the vibrant colors and overall peacefulness of the creature. They kept the butterfly in a jar overnight, and intended to free it the following morning. When they awoke, the brothers found the butterfly had died, and felt as if they had committed a murder. The brothers made a vow that "one day, [they] will make it to heaven, so that [they] can [...] apologize to that Butterfly face-to-face." On every Insane Clown Posse album and EP it reads "Dedicated to the Butterfly." Bruce received all of his clothes from rummage sales, and his food from canned food drives held at his own school. After moving to Oak Park, Bruce met <mask>, and his little brother

masks:
Joseph Francis Bruce
J
Joseph Uts
Joseph Bruce
Joe
Joe
John Utsler


texts: <mask>.He also began his gang life by reluctantly getting involved in criminal activity in Royal Oak Township. Along with <mask> and <mask>, Bruce got heavily into rap music. In 1989, Bruce, as <mask>agged <mask>, <mask>, as Kangol <mask>, and <mask>, as <mask>, released the single titled Party at the Top of the Hill under the name of JJ Boys, but they did not pursue a serious career in music. Bruce dropped out of school in ninth grade, and moved in with his friend, Rudy, in River Rouge. There he formed his own gang called Inner City Posse, which would terrorize people with Army-issued tear gas and steal car radios for money. One night, <mask>'s mother, who had just moved to Ferndale, had her house attacked by rival gang, Hazel Park Posse (HPP), from Hazel Park. Fearing for his mother's life, <mask> fled to Bonnie Doone, North Carolina, a trailer park town just outside Fort Bragg, where his brother was staying with the U.S. Army.It was there that Bruce witnessed the open racism which would later emerge as the hate for bigots referenced in Insane Clown Posse's lyrics. At seventeen, <mask> returned to Ferndale. He was soon jailed, and the experience convinced him to get away from gang life. In 1989, after a short career in professional wrestling, Bruce and his friend Dale Miettinen <mask>. recorded Intelligence and Violence on a karaoke machine, which marked the debut of Bruce's stage name Violent J. <mask> bought his own karaoke machine and, along with <mask> and <mask>,  formed

masks:
Joey
John
Joey
J
Joe
Joseph Utsler
Joe
John Utsler
Master J
Joe
Joe
Joe
Jr
Joe
Joey
John Utsler


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 the music group Inner City Posse, named after their gang. After the release of the album Bass-Ment Cuts, the group hired record store owner Alex Abbiss as their manager, and established the Psychopathic Records record label with him in 1991. Musical career

Solo career (1990–present)
In 1990, Bruce recorded his first solo release, Enter the Ghetto Zone, using two cassette players. One played the beat, while the other recorded, and Bruce stuck his head between the two and rapped.In 2003, Bruce released his second solo release Wizard of the Hood, which was an extended reference to the Wizard of the Hood songs which he recorded on Inner City Posse's Intelligence and Violence and Dog Beats, and Insane Clown Posse's Carnival of Carnage. In 2009, Bruce released the LP The Shining, which was initially given away for free at the 2008 Gathering of the Juggalos before being nationally released. During ICP's GOTJ 2013 seminar <mask> and Shaggy stated that they were wanting to do solo albums. On December 10, 2015, with the release of "Phantom: X-tra Spooky" EP two flyers were released. One for Shaggy 2 Dope's new solo album titled "F.T.F.O.M.F." said to be released in 2016. The other flyer was for Violent J's new solo album titled "Karma Forest" said to be released in 2016.Insane Clown Posse (1989-present)

In late 1991, Inner City Posse changed their style, look, and name. Bruce recalled a dream of a clown running around in Delray, which became the inspiration for the group's new name:


texts:
 Insane Clown Posse. Upon returning home that night, Bruce had a dream in which spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him—an image that would become the basis for the Dark Carnival mythology detailed in the group's Joker's Cards series. These stories each offer a specific lesson designed to change the "evil ways" of listeners before "the end consumes us all." Insane Clown Posse has a dedicated following, often referred to by the group as Juggalos and Juggalettes. <mask> left the group about a month before the release of Carnival of Carnage and Insane Clown Posse has since been composed of <mask> and <mask>, who perform under the respective personas of the murderous, wicked clowns Violent <mask> and Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as horrorcore, and is known for its dark, violent lyrics and elaborate live performances.Insane Clown Posse has earned two platinum and five gold albums. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the entire catalog of the group has sold 6.5 million units in the United States and Canada as of April 2007. Golden Goldies (1995)
Golden Goldies was a comical group whose lyrics focused solely on gold. The group consisted of Psychopathic Record's employees and friends; <mask> (Golden Jelly), <mask> (Gold D), Robert Bruce (Golden Gram), Billy Bill (Gold Double B), Alex Abbiss (Gold Rocks), Mike E. Clark (Gold Digger), Rich Murrell (Golden Warrior), Frank Giammanco (Golden Frank), <mask>x (Gold Teeth), <mask>stein (Rold Gold), Kelly

masks:
John Utsler
Joseph Bruce
Joseph Utsler
J
Joseph Bruce
Joseph Utsler
Keith Je
Josh Silver


texts:
 Eubanks (Gold Spud), Dave Fink the East Side G (Golden Toby), and Matt Mackalantie (Gold Spakalantie). Their only LP, Gimme Them Fuckin' Nuggets Bitch, Or I'll Punch Your Fuckin' Face, was recorded in 1995 in a span of one week, and was not publicly released. Golden Goldies was a project put together by Insane Clown Posse for entertainment purposes only. To add more humor to the album, each artist was given only five minutes to write their verses, and had only one take to record them, which resulted in some artists messing up their lines, and lyrics containing "some very strange things."The group held only one live performance, which occurred at the record release party for Insane Clown Posse's Riddle Box. Dark Lotus (1998-2017)

Formed in 1998, Dark Lotus consisted of Bruce and Utsler of Insane Clown Posse, <mask> and Paul Methric of Twiztid, and Chris Rouleau. Each member was said to "act as a 'petal' of the lotus," and it was announced that there would be six members. After switching between two different "sixth members," Marz, and Anybody Killa, Dark Lotus decided to keep the group to only five. On January 19, 2017, via an interview with Faygoluvers, Insane Clown Posse announced that the group disbanded. Psychopathic Rydas (1999–present)

Psychopathic Rydas formed in 1999, and consists of Psychopathic Records-associated rappers performing under alternate stage names in the style of mainstream gangsta rap.<ref name="Valdivia">{{cite web |url= |title=Review of Psychopathic


texts:
 Rydas Dumpin |access-date=June 28, 2008 |last=Valdivia |first=Victor W. |website=Allmusic}}</ref> The group's current lineup consists of Bruce (Bullet), Utsler (Full Clip), Methric (Foe Foe), Spaniolo (Lil' Shank), Rouleau (Cell Block), Lowery (Sawed Off) and Hutto (Yung Dirt). Psychopathic Rydas reuses the beats of popular rappers within the genre without paying to license the original songs or requesting permission from copyright owners to use the music, effectively making their albums bootlegs and resulting in the releases becoming difficult to find in some markets.Soopa Villainz (2002–2005)

Formed in 2002, Soopa Villainz consisted of Detroit rappers L.A.V.E.L. (Mr. Heart), Bruce (Mr. Diamond), Esham (Mr. Spade) and Utsler (Mr. Club). The group made appearances on Insane Clown Posse's The Wraith: Shangri-La and Esham's Acid Rain and Repentance before releasing their debut album, Furious, in 2005. Following Esham and Lavel's departure from Psychopathic Records in October 2005, the group disbanded. Style and influences
Bruce has cited the artists Esham, N.W.A, Ice Cube, Awesome Dre, Geto Boys, Gong, Pearl Jam, and <mask> as influences on his music. Allmusic reviewer <mask> has referred to Bruce's style as an "onslaught of Midwest Dirty Rap." Professional wrestling career

Early career (1983–1986)
Bruce began wrestling alongside his friends <mask> and <mask>.The three got involved in backyard wrestling, and created two backyard wrestling rings for their made up promotion Tag

masks:
Michael Jackson
James Monger
Joseph
John Utsler


texts:
 Team Wrestling, later renamed National All-Star Wrestling. The trio staged National All-Star Wrestling's first show, NAW Wrestling Extravaganza, in front of friends and family. Among others, the show featured Bruce wrestling under the moniker Darryl "Dropkick" Daniels, and <mask> wrestling as both Rhino, and the masked NAW World Champion White Tiger. Bruce stopped wrestling after becoming involved in gang life and forming Inner City Posse. Independent circuit (1990, 1994–2004)
After being released from jail in 1990, Bruce decided to get away from gang life and start a career in professional wrestling. Bruce's friend, Rudy Hill, got him booked in a local wrestling promotion. Rudy had lied to the promoter by telling him that Bruce had been trained at the Chris Adams Wrestling School in Texas.At the event, Bruce met Rob Van Dam and Sabu, two other first-timers with whom he became very good friends. Bruce wrestled as Corporal Darryl Daniels, wearing a U.S. Army uniform that his brother had sent him while in the Gulf War, and had his first match against "Irish" Mickey Doyle at Azteca Hall in Southwest Detroit. Training alongside Rob Van Dam, Bruce went on to wrestle for Al Snow, including the event which featured the debut of Van Dam. After a short run in the business, <mask> realized his dislike for the backstage politics, and decided to take up a career in music, taking the name Violent <mask>.

Bruce returned to wrestling in the independent circuit in 1994, under the name Hector

masks:
Joey Utsler
Joe
J


texts:
 Hatchet. He competed for Midwest Championship Wrestling throughout the next year, wrestling in between recording sessions and touring. From 1996 to 1998, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Sewer Dwella in Insane Championship Wrestling. He continued to compete in several independent promotions for the next three years, including IWA Mid-South and NWA Mid American Wrestling.In 2001, Bruce appeared in Xtreme Pro Wrestling at XPW Rapture to aid Utsler. After Bruce suffered a real-life injury from a sloppy clothesline, the duo left the company. On October 5, 2002, he and Utsler wrestled in Ring of Honor and defeated Oman Tortuga and Diablo Santiago. Bruce was later made a playable character in both Eidos Interactive's video games Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home and Backyard Wrestling 2: There Goes the Neighborhood as Violent <mask>. To help promote the games, he competed in a series of matches for Backyard Wrestling in 2003 and 2004. Extreme Championship Wrestling (1997)
In August 1997, Bruce received a telephone call from friends Rob Van Dam and Sabu. They asked if he and Utsler could appear on Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)'s second pay-per-view (PPV) program, Hardcore Heaven.The duo went to Florida to discuss the ECW program's content with Van Dam, Sabu, and Paul Heyman. Heyman was pleased that Bruce and Utsler were former wrestlers, which meant that they could surprise the crowd by taking bumps. Heyman also favored the idea of using Insane Clown Posse, because


texts:
 it was unlikely that anyone knew of the relationship the group had with Van Dam and Sabu. Heyman presented his idea to Bruce and Utsler, who agreed to participate. Insane Clown Posse opened the ECW program by performing songs and exciting the crowd. Then Van Dam and Sabu, the main villains at the time, attacked Bruce and Utsler. The top fan favorite, The Sandman, came in and saved them by chasing away Van Dam and Sabu with his signature Singapore cane.ICP's Strangle-Mania Live (1997)
Being avid wrestling fans, Bruce and Utsler owned, and were fascinated by, the death match wrestling collection Outrageously Violent Wrestling from Japan. The duo decided to create a compilation of their favorite matches, recording their own sports announcing under the personas named "Handsome" Harley Guestella a.k.a. "Gweedo" (Utsler) and "Diamond Donovan Douglas" a.k.a. "3D" (Bruce). The compilation video was released nationwide under the title ICP's Strangle-Mania. The video's success allowed Bruce and Utsler to host their own wrestling show, ICP's Strangle-Mania Live, to a sold-out performance at St. Andrew's Hall. The main event featured Insane Clown Posse versus The Chicken Boys, who were played by two friends of Bruce and Utsler.With local wrestling booker Dan Curtis, other wrestlers such as Mad Man Pondo, 2 Tuff Tony, Corporal Robinson, King Kong Bundy, and Abdullah the Butcher were also booked on the show to wrestle in the same death match style as shown in ICP Strangle-Mania. World


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 Wrestling Federation (1998)
In 1998, Insane Clown Posse were asked by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to perform the entrance theme for the wrestling group The Oddities. The WWF also wanted Bruce and Utsler to appear on their SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) program in August 1998 and rap live while The Oddities entered the ring. Once the duo arrived at the arena, they realized their wrestling dreams had come true; they had been contacted by wrestling's top company and were now set to appear on their PPV program at the company's most historic venue, Madison Square Garden. Bruce and Utsler were assigned to the locker room with Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker, who were to wrestle during the main event that night. The duo immediately felt the animosity of the locker room that had previously driven them away from wrestling. Insane Clown Posse performed and was asked to return for the live broadcast of Monday Night Raw the following night.At the broadcast, Bruce and Utsler requested for more than just a rapping role; they wanted to wrestle. Vincent McMahon favored the idea and allowed them to participate. Insane Clown Posse was put in a feud with The Headbangers. In the first wrestling match, The Headbangers were stiff, throwing real punches and kicks. In the rematch, a move was planned where The Headbangers would be flipped over by Bruce and Utsler. When the time came to flip over, however, The Headbangers refused to move, forcing Insane Clown Posse to genuinely flip


texts: them over and begin throwing punches. Realizing that the match was getting too heated, McMahon ended the feud after that match.Bruce and Utsler were put into other matches along with The Oddities. Vince Russo told Bruce and Utsler to "make it seem like you don't know anything about wrestling, and you guys keep choking and digging into their eyes". During this time, Bruce and Utsler had no contract with WWF. They, however, did have an agreement that the WWF would occasionally play Insane Clown Posse commercials, and in return, Bruce and Utsler would wrestle for free. Bruce and Utsler knew that airtime cost significantly more than any monetary compensation they would receive and were thus satisfied with the agreement. The duo were told they were to suddenly turn on The Oddities in their match against The Headbangers, then join them in beating up the group. They were also informed that their commercial would air the very next week, which had still not aired after three months of being involved with the WWF.The next week Insane Clown Posse and The Headbangers had a match with Steve Austin. Backstage, Austin made it clear to Bruce and Thrasher that Thrasher would receive the first Stone Cold Stunner, after which Bruce would turn around and receive the second. During the match, Austin gave Bruce the Stunner first, catching him off guard, thus having Bruce sell the move awkwardly. Although disappointed over the events during the match, Bruce and Utsler continued in hopes that McMahon


texts:
 would air the commercial as promised. Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. Hellfire Wrestling (1998)
While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse brought Dan Curtis with them.After leaving the WWF, Curtis suggested that Insane Clown Posse start its own promotion while continuing with its music. He came to Bruce's house each night to discuss ideas about the promotion. Curtis convinced Bruce to coordinate another Strangle-Mania Live show, to be followed by an eighty-city "Hellfire Wrestling" tour. Curtis booked the talent and wrote the scripts. Strangle-Mania Live sold out the Majestic Theater in Detroit. Two days after the show, Curtis was found dead in his apartment, due to a sudden diabetic problem. The "Hellfire Wrestling" tour was subsequently canceled.World Championship Wrestling (1999–2000)
Bruce then went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling with Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, The Dead Pool, consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as The Dark Carnival. On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro


texts:
 defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio<mask>., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, <mask>. another.At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000, episode of WCW Thunder, Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio<mask>. and <mask> Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999–2006)
On December 19, 1999, Bruce and Utsler created their own wrestling promotion, Juggalo Championshit Wrestling (now known as Juggalo Championship Wrestling). That night, the duo defeated the team of two Doink the Clowns to become the first ever JCW Tag Team Champions.The event was taped and released as JCW, Volume 1. Commentary was provided by Bruce and Utsler under their "3D" and "Gweedo" announcing personas. In 2000, Insane Clown Posse was involved in a rivalry with The Rainbow Coalition (Big Flam, Bob, and Neil). That April, the duo teamed with Vampiro to

masks:
, Jr
Jr
, Jr
Juventud


texts:
 defeat The Rainbow Coalition. They defeated the Coalition again when they teamed with Evil Dead later that year, and the match that was featured on JCW, Volume 2. In 2003, Insane Clown Posse defended, and retained, their JCW Tag Team Championships against Kid Cock (a parody of Kid Rock) and Feminem (a parody of Eminem). The match was featured on JCW, Volume 3.At the 2006 Gathering of the Juggalos, Bruce, Nosawa, and Vampiro lost to Mad Man Pondo and The Headhunters, but defeated Pondo and Powers of Pain the next day. Bruce continued to wrestle for JCW, which could only be seen at live events until the 2007 start of JCW SlamTV!. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004, 2006)
On January 21, 2004, Bruce appeared alongside Utsler on an episode of the weekly NWA Total Nonstop Action PPV. The duo were shown partying in the crowd alongside the Juggalos in attendance. In the main event of the night, which featured <mask> going against El Leon, <mask> and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in <mask>'s eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves.As they started making kayfabe negative remarks toward <mask>, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to <mask>, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to

masks:
Jeff Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett
Jarrett


texts:
 a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever <mask> threw at them next in a "Juggalo Street Fight". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a "Dark Carnival match" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young."The Alpha Male" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with the company. On March 17, 2006, Insane Clown Posse hosted and booked TNA's first ever house show, which took place in Detroit, Michigan. The duo defeated Team Canada members Eric Young and Petey Williams. Return to the independent circuit (2004–present)
On December 12, 2004, Bruce and Utsler competed in the event A Night of Appreciation for Sabu, teaming with the Rude Boy to defeat the team of Corporal Robinson, Zach Gowen, and Breyer Wellington. Utsler received surgery on his neck the following year, forcing Bruce to compete as a singles competitor and as a member of the Hatchet Boys, alongside Corporal Robinson


texts:
 and 2 Tuff Tony.In late 2006, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Pro Wrestling Unplugged. On November 18, he turned on Corporal Robinson, the then JCW Heavyweight Champion and PWU Hardcore Champion, provoking a series of matches between JCW and PWU. At Pro Wrestling Unplugged's "PWU vs JCW", Team PWU (The Backseat Boyz and Corporal Robinson) defeated Team JCW (2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, and Dyson Pryce). The following month, Team PWU (Trent Acid, Corporal Robinson, <mask>, Pete Hunter, and Gary Wolfe) took on Team JCW (Nosawa, 2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, Mad Man Pondo, and Raven) in a War Games match. Raven, however, attacked both teams, provoking all members of Team PWU and Team JCW to join forces and attack Raven. Bruce continues to appear as Violent J at various promotions in the independent circuit. Return to JCW (2007–present)
In 2007, JCW launched SlamTV!.With it came the first broadcast of JCW since the three initial DVDs. Bruce returned to commentary as Diamond Donovan Douglas, and Utsler returned as "Handsome" Harley Guestella. 3D and Gweedo announced in an episode of SlamTV! that Insane Clown Posse had been stripped of the JCW Tag Team Championships due to them not defending the title. At the first annual Bloodymania, JCW's premier wrestling event, Insane Clown Posse teamed with Sabu to defeat Trent Acid and The Young Alter Boys w/ Annie Social the Nun. Later that night, Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, and Violent <mask> formed the Juggalo World Order (JWO). Shaggy 2 Dope,

masks:
Johnny Kashmere
J


texts:
 Nosawa, Kevin Nash, 2 Tuff Tony, and Sid Vicious later joined the group.On January 26, 2008, Bruce and Tony won the JCW Tag Team Championship. However, their victory was declared void, stricken from the record, and the title was vacated. On November 9, 2008, the Juggalo World Order (Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, 2 Tuff Tony, and Corporal Robinson) "invaded" Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Turning Point PPV by purchasing front row tickets to the event. They proceeded to promote their faction by flashing their JWO jerseys, which each member had on, before being removed from the building. At Bloodymania III, Juggalo World Order (Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, and Sid Vicious) defeated Trent Acid and the Alter Boys (Tim, Tom, Terry, and Todd). On February 10, 2011, Bruce took the on-screen role of commissioner of the company. During their GOTJ seminar on July 24, 2015, Violent <mask> said he is hoping to wrestle again by next year but he wants to "get in a better space".Acting career
Bruce starred in the Psychopathic Records crime comedy Big Money Hustlas, as Big Baby Sweets, in 2000. A sequel, Big Money Rustlas followed in 2010, in which Bruce portrayed Big Baby Sweets' ancestor, Big Baby Chips. In 2001, Bruce was offered a role in the musical Prison Song, in which he was asked to play a bigoted prison guard. The producers offered Bruce the role on the basis of his appearances on The Howard Stern Show, and told him that they wanted "a big white


texts:
 dude with urban slang to his voice", and on the basis of his radio appearances, thought that Bruce was perfect for the role. While Bruce had interest in acting outside of Psychopathic Records projects, as well as being willing to act without face paint, he did not want to play a racist, and turned the role down. In preparation for Big Money Rustlas, Bruce starred in the film Death Racers in 2008. According to Bruce, "We just did it for fun.We knew it was gonna be basically garbage." Personal life

Family
<mask> has two siblings: a younger sister, and an older brother, <mask>, who was known as the "Psychopathic Records Don" from 1992 until he left in 2005 to become a paramedic. He regained the position when he returned in 2012. <mask>steady has released 2 albums on Psychopathic Records (The Chaos Theory and Master of the Flying Guillotine). Bruce has one niece through <mask>steady, named Samantha. Bruce has two children with ex-wife Michelle "Sugar Slam" Rapp: a son named <mask> "<mask>" Bruce II, born in 2005, and a daughter named Ruby Bruce, born in 2006. Bruce and Rapp married on Father's Day, June 16, 2013.On the same day he released a single titled "Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)". In February 2016 it was announced in the Hatchet Herald that he and Sugar Slam decided to mutually separate, but will always remain good friends and will always put the needs of the other before their own. Bruce has recorded tracks specifically for his children  entitled "Song 4 Son" for his son and

masks:
Joe Bruce
Jumpy
Jump
Jump
Joseph
JJ


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 "Ruby Song" for his daughter. In 2016 Bruce began dating artist Blahzay Roze, but they broke up later that year. On June 17, 2017, he released the music video for the 2013 Father's Day Single titled "Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)" and featured appearances from Lyte, Shaggy 2 Dope, <mask>steady, their younger sister Denise, and Violent J's kids Ruby and <mask>J. In support of his daughter's interest in the furry fandom, he declared himself "a juggalo furry" and attended Midwest Furfest with her in December 2018. During the convention, he sometimes dressed in a fursuit with sewn-in juggalo makeup made by "DraconicKnight".In 2021 he announced he was suffering from heart failure and subsequently announced ICP's farewell world tour taking place the following year. He assures he will continue to play live when he is physically able. Legal troubles
Bruce, along with his bandmate <mask>, has had numerous run-ins with the law, having been arrested multiple times starting at the age of seventeen:

Bruce was jailed for ninety days in 1989–1990 for death threats, robbery, and violating probation; this experience convinced him to reduce his involvement in gang life. On November 16, 1997, Bruce was arrested on an aggravated battery charge after allegedly striking an audience member thirty times with his microphone at a concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bruce was held for four hours before being released on US$5,000 bail. After a show in Indianapolis, Insane Clown Posse's tour bus stopped at a

masks:
Jump
J
Joseph Utsler


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 Waffle House in Greenfield, Indiana. When a customer began to harass Spaniolo and Bruce, a fight broke out between the customer and all of the bands' members.Months later on June 4, 1998, Bruce and Utsler pleaded guilty to misdemeanor disorderly conduct charges (reduced from battery) in an Indiana court and were fined US$200 each. Members of Twiztid, Myzery, and Psycho Realm were charged with battery. On June 15, 2001, Bruce was arrested in Columbia, Missouri for an outstanding warrant in St. Louis stemming from an incident in February 2001. That incident involved Insane Clown Posse allegedly attacking employees of a St. Louis radio station over disparaging remarks that a disc jockey made on the air. The police used several squad cars to detain Bruce, Utsler, and two associates a few miles from a venue where the group had completed a concert. Bruce was transferred to St. Louis the following day and released on bail without charge on June 18. On February 6, 2002, Bruce plead guilty to two counts of misdemeanor assault in the second degree and was sentenced to 12 months' unsupervised probation.Discography

Solo (1990–present)
Wizard of the Hood EP (July 22, 2003) (Psychopathic Records)
The Shining (April 28, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)
Brother EP (E & J Tour - 01/03/2019-02/13/2019) (Psychopathic Records)
American Life/Lives (2019) (Psychopathic Records)
Walking Home (2021) (Psychopathic Records)
Karma Forest (TBA) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Insane Clown Posse (1991–present)
Dog


texts:
 Beats (February 4, 1991) (Psychopathic Records)
Carnival of Carnage (October 18, 1992) (Psychopathic Records)
Beverly Kills 50187 (July 16, 1993) (Psychopathic Records)
Ringmaster (January 28, 1994) (Psychopathic Records)
Riddle Box (October 10, 1995) (Psychopathic Records)
The Great Milenko (June 25, 1997) (Psychopathic Records)
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (May 25, 1999) (Psychopathic Records)
Bizaar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)
Bizzar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)
The Wraith: Shangri-La (November 5, 2002) (Psychopathic Records)
The Wraith: Hell's Pit (August 31, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)
The Tempest (March 20, 2007) (Psychopathic Records)
Bang! Pow! Boom! (September 1, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)
The Mighty Death Pop! (August 14, 2012) (Psychopathic Records)
The Marvelous Missing Link: Lost (April 28, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)
The Marvelous Missing Link: Found (July 31, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)
Fearless Fred Fury (February 15, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Dark Lotus (1998–2017)
Tales from the Lotus Pod (July 17, 2001) (Psychopathic Records)
Black Rain (April 6, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)
The Opaque Brotherhood (April 15, 2008) (Psychopathic Records)
The Mud, Water, Air & Blood (July 29, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

w/Psychopathic Rydas (1999–2017)
Dumpin' (1999) (Joe & Joey Records)
Ryden Dirtay (GOTJ 2001) (Joe & Joey Records)
Check Your Shit In Bitch! (GOTJ 2004) (Joe & Joey Records)
Duk Da Fuk Down (GOTJ 2007) (Joe & Joey


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 Records)
EatShitNDie (GOTJ 2011) (Joe & Joey Records)

w/Soopa Villainz (2002–2005; 2018–present)
Furious (August 16, 2005) (Psychopathic Records)
T.B.A. (GOTJ 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Bloody Brothers (2005; 2018–present)
T.B.A.(July 5, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Killjoy Club (2013–2016; 2018)
Reindeer Games (September 2, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

w/The Loony Goons


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<mask><mask> was an American gold rush prospector. On December 19, 1854, he single-handedly killed eleven armed outlaws at Rocky Canyon near Sacramento, California using two Colt revolvers and a Bowie knife. This episode became one of the deadliest small arms engagements in American history involving one man against multiple foes. Michael Trcic depicted the event in the sculpture "One Man With Courage is a Majority". He was educated at South Carolina College, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society. The unit, the Palmetto Regiment of Volunteers, was accepted into federal service in December 1846 and disbanded at the close of the war in June and July 1848. <mask> is listed as a second lieutenant in Mexican War Veterans: A Complete Roster of the Regular and Volunteer Troops ... By <mask> (1887) who notes that he was wounded in the Battle of Churubusco.He was not alone in being wounded since five of his brother officers died and another eight were wounded in leading the regiment that day. Among those who fell were Col. Pierce M. Butler (killed), Lt. Col. James P. Dickenson (mortally wounded), Adjutant 2nd Lt. James Cantey (severely wounded), Capt. Keith S. Moffat (wounded), Capt. William D. Desaussure (twice wounded), 1st Lt. James R. Clark (mortally wounded), 1st Lt. Kennedy G. Billings (severely wounded), 2nd Lt. Joseph Abney (severely wounded), 2nd Lt. David Adams (killed), 2nd Lt. Wilson R. Williams (killed), 2nd Lt. Sebastian Sumter (wounded), 2nd Lt. James W. Stein (wounded, and subsequently mortally wounded on 13 Sept. at Mexico City's Belén Gate gate and died 10 Oct.),  and 2nd Lt. George W. Curtis (wounded). The fight
On December 19, 1854, while trekking on a miner's trail along the North Fork

masks:
Jonathan R
. Davis
Davis
William Hugh Robarts


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 of the American River, Dr. Bolivar Sparks, James McDonald, and Captain <mask> were bushwhacked by an international band of bandits. The bandits, a Frenchman, two Americans, two Britons, four Mexicans, and four Australians, had robbed and killed four American miners on the previous day and six Chinese miners on the day before that. Several of the bandits were members of the Sydney Ducks gang.<ref>Bell, Bob Boze, "The Gang Slayer: Captain <mask> vs 14 Polyglot Kilers, True West; History of the American Frontier.June 2014, Vol. 61, No. 6</ref> McDonald was killed instantly and Dr. Sparks was fatally wounded; however, Captain <mask>, an Army veteran, pulled out both of his pistols and killed seven of the bandits in short order. Out of bullets, Captain <mask>, an expert fencer, pulled out his Bowie knife and killed four more of his attackers. The surviving bandits fled for their lives. The shootout was witnessed by a group of miners, who buried the bodies of the dead. Afterwards
Some have suggested that <mask> disappeared "into the sunset" after the episode, but "<mask> <mask>" appears in California documents in the decades following his famous encounter as he continued his mining pursuits and other business ventures in several counties of northern California.Just a month after his battle he seems to be the "Jon. R<mask>" who was selected for a coroner's jury at Sonora on 18 January 1855. They heard six hours of evidence in the murder of Joseph Heslep, county treasurer of Tuolumne County, which resulted in the confession of Edward Crane Griffiths. The people of Sonora had seen enough of due process by that point, ignored Sheriff Solomon's plea for law and order, and hanged Griffiths the next day on the

masks:
Jonathan Davis
Jonathan Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Jonathan Rutledge
Davis
. Davis


texts: outskirts of town after he had been allowed to write two letters to his wife asking for her forgiveness (Daily Alta California, Volume 6, Number 20, 21 January 1855, reprinted from the Sonora Herald''). A <mask> is found in the 1860 U.S. census for Township No. 2 in Placer County and perhaps was living in a boardinghouse since the names of the five residents are unrelated. This man was a miner, age 50, born in Virginia (page 144).The name and occupation are accurate, the locale is in the gold country which is fitting, but his age is off by about six years (he should be 44) and his birth state is southern but not South Carolina. However, such inconsistencies in the census are common, especially if one person provided the information for the entire household. A <mask> appears in federal tax records for 1862, '64, and '65 in Napa County. In the first two he was a cattle broker paying $10 and $4.10 respectively. For the latter he is taxed on personal property of 1 carriage and one gold watch in Sonoma. <mask> is listed as a miner, age 60, in the 1875 Great Register of voters in for Scott Valley, Siskiyou County (this is the earliest extant document with his complete middle name <mask>ledge). In the 1877 Great Register for Douglas City, Trinity Co. his occupation listed as lawyer.There are two places where he appears in the 1880 U.S. census. For Township No. 2, Shasta County he is <mask><mask> recorded in an apparent rooming house as age 64, single, of South Carolina birth, occupation miner, and with South Carolina as the birthplace of his parents (line 1984, page 24 B). However, he is also recorded in a rooming house as "Johnathan <mask>" in nearby Weaverville, Trinity County with the same age, birthplace, and

masks:
Jonathan Davis
Jonathan Davis
Davis
Rut
Jonathan R
. Davis
Davis


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 occupation; the birthplace of his father is then given as West Virginia and that of his mother is South Carolina (page 571 A). In 1882 he is named "<mask><mask>" in the Great Register again in Douglas City, Trinity County, incorrectly stated as age 62 but with correct birth state (page 3). For the 1884 Great Register he gave the same version of his name in Shasta County, Shasta Township, age 68 and born in South Carolina (page 13). The Great Register of 19 Feb. 1886 uses his full middle name at Ophir Township, Butte County, age 70, also South Carolina birth, and he again is a miner (page 15).For 1888 his name appears as "Janathan <mask> <mask>" for the register in Yount, Napa County with an age of 72 and occupation lawyer. His complete name is also used in the 1890 Great Register for "Homestead" in San Joaquin County with a somewhat inaccurate age of 77 but correct birth state and still a lawyer occupation (page 19). In 1887 <mask> received a veteran's pension for his service in the Mexican–American War. His California application, number 8,007, was dated 31 March 1887, and he received certificate number 3,543 (GS Film number 537003, Digital Folder Number 005189112, Image Number 01802). The application notes he served in company G of the Palmetto Regiment, South Carolina Volunteers. See also
Davis Family Collection – Furman University Special Collections

John Boessenecker, Gold Dust and Gunsmoke: Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes. New York:  John Wiley & Sons (1999)

References

1816 births
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Gunslingers of the American Old West
People from Fairfield County, South Carolina
People of the California Gold Rush
Year of death

masks:
Jonathan R
. Davis
Rutledge
Davis
Davis


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Bryan Christopher Williams ( Brooks; February 15, 1969), better known by his stage name <mask> (also known as Baby), is an American rapper and record executive. He is the co-founder and public face of Cash Money Records which he founded with his older brother Ronald "Slim" Williams in 1992. Birdman released his debut album in 2002, and has gone on to release four solo studio albums in total. Aside from his solo career, he is also a member of the hip-hop duo Big Tymers, along with producer Mannie Fresh. Along with his solo work and numerous releases with the Big Tymers, Birdman has released a collaboration album and numerous tracks with fellow rapper and protégé Lil Wayne, whom he discovered and took under his wing at age twelve. Birdman has also made his name by contributing to the making of YMCMB (Young Money Cash Money Billionaires), a combination of the former's "Cash Money" and Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, formerly an imprint under the label. Birdman has also founded the project and hip hop supergroup Rich Gang, bringing attention to artists such as Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan.BirdMan has also made an album with YoungBoy Never Broke Again. Early life
Birdman was born Bryan Christopher Brooks on February 15, 1969, at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Johnnie Williams and Gladys Brooks. Williams did not sign the birth certificate, which led to Bryan initially taking his mother's surname. For almost a month after his birth, he did not have a given first name and was simply referred to as "Baby", a nickname he retains to this day. As a small child, Brooks and his family lived on top of a bar owned by his father. His mother, Gladys, became ill and died in 1975 when Bryan was five years old. After their mother's death, Birdman and his siblings Kim, Ronald and Ray were taken in by their uncle and spent two years living in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, followed by two


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 years in foster care upon their return to New Orleans.After Johnnie learned that they were in the foster home, a long legal battle took place in the mid-'70s which eventually ended with Johnnie and his wife Patricia gaining full custody of the children and Bryan's name changing to Bryan Williams. He and his siblings moved in with Johnnie and Patricia and lived in the Magnolia Projects in Central City, New Orleans, where Bryan developed a close friendship with his step-brother, Eldrick Wise. While living in the Magnolia, Williams and Wise soon began committing robberies and sold heroin together before both getting arrested at the age of 16. At 18, both were again arrested for drug possession and sentenced to three years in Elayn Hunt Correctional Center. Bryan served 18 months before he was acquitted of all charges. Career

1990–1998: Cash Money Records

After Bryan was released from prison, he and Slim both began paying attention to the emerging bounce sub-genre of hip-hop, a sound that was quickly becoming popular in nightclubs all over New Orleans. In 1992, Bryan came up with the idea to form their own record label, and wanted to name it "Cash Money Records".Bryan and Slim would then travel to nightclubs all over Louisiana to see who was playing and try and recruit artists to the fledgling label. Their first signed artist was a local rapper named Kilo G, who released the label's first ever project, a horrorcore album titled "The Sleepwalker" in 1992. Bryan and Slim continued to recruit more and more artists, and Bryan was able to convince his friend and local DJ Mannie Fresh to become Cash Money's in-house producer. By the mid-1990s, Cash Money had grown to a popular independent label in the south, with most of their fanbase located in New Orleans and the surrounding areas. In 1995, Cash Money artist Lil' Slim was introduced to 12-year-old Dwayne Carter at a local block party, and after hearing him


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 rap, brought him to Baby's attention, and soon after Carter was signed to Cash Money as the youngest artist on the label. Carter was placed into a group with another young rapper, 14-year-old Christopher Dorsey, and the two would be known as "Baby D" and "Lil Doogie" respectively; The B.G.'z. During this time, Baby himself also began to rap as a member of the group 32 Golds, going by the name B-32.Despite their regional popularity, the label suffered many setbacks in the mid-1990s, with a number of the "first generation" of Cash Money artists leaving the label citing financial issues as the main reason. In addition to this, Kilo G, Pimp Daddy and Yella Boy were all murdered in the mid-90s. The only two artists to remain were Baby D and Lil Doogie, who renamed themselves Lil Wayne and B.G. respectively in 1997. The same year, Baby and Slim recruited two new artists, Turk and Juvenile, and the four were placed together in a new group, known as the Hot Boys. The Hot Boys soon took Cash Money to new heights, and the label was able to sign a $30 million deal with Universal Records in 1998. 1998–2003: Big Tymers

After Cash Money's nationwide success, Baby and Mannie Fresh formed their own group, dubbing themselves the Big Tymers.Big Tymers debuted in 1998 with the album How Ya Luv That? and went on to release I Got That Work in 2000 and Hood Rich in 2002. I Got That Work contained the popular singles "Get Your Roll On" and "#1 Stunna". Although the singles failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, I Got That Work was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 1 million copies in the United States. Hood Rich contained the hit single "Still Fly", which was nominated for a Grammy award and peaked at #11 on the Hot 100. Hood Rich was also certified platinum in the US. Big Money Heavyweight followed in 2003, and was again successful, being certified Gold in the


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 US.2002–2005: Solo career

After the departure of Juvenile and B.G. from Cash Money, Baby was forced to focus on his solo career and began marketing himself as the new public face of Cash Money Records. He released his major label debut, Birdman on November 26, 2002, and by January 15, 2003, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for the shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. The album peaked at #24 on the Billboard 200, and featured guest appearances from Jazze Pha, Mannie Fresh, Lil' Wayne, Toni Braxton, Clipse, Jermaine Dupri, Cam'ron, T.I., Keith Murray and Puff Daddy among others. Due to the album's success, Baby became more widely known to the public as "Birdman", and soon after changed his stage name to reflect this. After Lil Wayne achieved worldwide success with his critically acclaimed and commercially successful album Tha Carter in 2004, on which Birdman was featured numerous times, Wayne became the flagship artist of Cash Money, with <mask> and Lil Wayne being viewed as the two public faces of the label. Birdman's second album, Fast Money, was released in 2005 and was once again a success, debuting at number 9 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 65,000 copies in the United States.2006–2010: Like Father, Like Son & solo albums

Lil Wayne and <mask> released their first collaborative album, Like Father, Like Son, on October 31, 2006. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200, was certified gold and spawned two singles, "Stuntin' Like My Daddy" and "Leather So Soft". The former peaked at number twenty-one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, won the 2007 BET Viewer's Choice Award, and was named the 94th best song of 2006 by Rolling Stone magazine. <mask>'s third solo studio album, 5 * Stunna, was released on December 11, 2007, and debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200, selling 80,000 copies in the first

masks: Birdman Birdman Birdman


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 week. It spawned the hit single "Pop Bottles" which features Lil Wayne and peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100. To date, the album has sold 372,000 copies in the United States. <mask> released his fourth studio album Priceless on November 23, 2009.The album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number thirty-three, selling 34,000 copies in its first week. The album's first single, was "Always Strapped", featuring Lil Wayne, and the second was "Written on Her", featuring British singer Jay Sean. "Southside", featuring Lil Wayne, was the third single. "Money to Blow" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fourth single. "4 My Town (Play Ball)" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fifth single. "Written on Her" also became Birdman's first UK release in December 2009. 2010–present: Rich Gang
In 2010, <mask> announced plans to release an album titled Priceless 2, a sequel to his previous album, but changed the title to Bigga Than Life.The first promotional single was titled "Loyalty" and featured Lil Wayne and Tyga. Other collaborations will come from Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Bun B and Drake. The album was scheduled to be released in early 2011. He released a music video for a possible future single, "My Jewel", which featured Bun B and Young Jeezy. On November 22, 2010, he released the first official single, "Fire Flame", which featured Lil Wayne. Birdman released another single called "I Get Money" featuring T-Pain, Young Money artist Mack Maine and Lil Wayne. On September 13, 2011, Birdman released "Y.U.MAD", featuring Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne. He collaborated with Mack Maine as a duo named White Boys to release a mixtape titled Billionaire Minds on November 2, 2011. On May 22, 2012, he released "Born Stunna", featuring Rick Ross. The remix, featuring Lil Wayne and Nicki Minaj, was released July 10, 2012. The most recent single, "Shout Out" featuring Gudda Gudda and French Montana, was released October

masks: Birdman Birdman


texts: 16, 2012. During 2008, it was announced Birdman was set to release a mixtape with his long-time friend Rick Ross titled The H. On May 16, 2013 <mask> and Rick Ross announced that The H would be released as a mixtape hosted by DJ Khaled on May 23, 2013. The project was recorded during a couple days in 2008.A new compilation album, titled Rich Gang: Flashy Lifestyle, hosted by Birdman, was previously set to be released June 25, 2013. The album would feature appearances from the many members of Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment among others such as Meek Mill, French Montana and Future. A mixtape titled Rich Gang: Allstars was released prior to the release of that album. This mixtape included singles from artists of Rich Gang, such as "Started From the Bottom" by Drake, "Bugatti" by Ace Hood featuring Rick Ross and Future, "Karate Chop" (Remix) by Future, "Love Me" by Lil Wayne featuring Drake and Future, "Freaks" by French Montana featuring Nicki Minaj, "Rich As Fuck" by Lil Wayne featuring 2 Chainz, and "Champions" by Kevin Rudolf featuring Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Birdman, and Lil Wayne. In 2014, Birdman began promoting Atlanta-based rappers Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The two had already collaborated extensively with each other. Birdman released a single titled "Lifestyle" featuring Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan from a Rich Gang album.He also released a second Rich Gang mixtape titled Rich Gang: Tha Tour Pt. 1 featuring new music from Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The mix-tape featured no music from Young Money or Cash Money artists except Birdman himself, and instead had guest features from artists such as PeeWee Longway, Nipsey Hu$$le, Jacquees and Yung Ralph. Birdman, Young Thug, and Rich Homie Quan had a joint tour planned. Forbes magazine estimated his personal fortune at US$125 million in 2012. In 2013 he was listed by Forbes.com as the fifth highest-earning star in hip


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 hop, taking in $21 million in the year to September 2013. Birdman and Lil Wayne had supposedly reconciled from their beef in 2016 after being seen at Drake's NYE Party, at Miami's Club Liv, and in studio.However, a contract dispute still exists between them, with the latter trying to get out of the contract; in 2016, Birdman called off the negotiations to settle their lawsuit. Birdman announced the release date of his mixtape with his protege Jacquees on April 26, 2016. This went on to be released on May 27, 2016. Personal life

Family and relationships

Birdman's mother, Gladys Brooks (August 29, 1935 – January 21, 1975), whom he exclusively refers to as Ms. Gladys, became ill and died when he was 5 years old. Birdman has made numerous references to her in his music, including releasing a song named after her. His father, Johnnie Williams (September 20, 1920 – July 13, 1996), owned a number of small businesses in the New Orleans area, including multiple bars and a laundrette. Johnnie was killed in a car accident in 1996.Birdman has ten brothers and twelve sisters, including Ronald "Slim" Williams. Ronald is the co-founder of Cash Money Records, alongside Birdman. One of Birdman's younger sisters, Tamara, was killed in a car accident in 2006. Due to their mother passing away at a young age, Birdman primarily raised his younger sister and referred to her as his daughter. Birdman also had a close relationship with his step-brother Eldrick Wise, who was killed in an unsolved murder in 1991. Birdman has two children, Bryan Jr. (born 1997) and Bria (born 1998). In addition to his biological children, he formed a close parental-like bond with protégée Lil Wayne, whom he has often referred to as his other son, despite no familial connection between the two.Birdman began dating singer Toni Braxton in May 2016, and the couple announced their engagement in February 2018. In January 2019, the couple called off


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 the engagement. However, in April 2019, both Braxton and Birdman confirmed that they were still together. Legal issues

In November 2007, Birdman was arrested in Kingsport, Tennessee and charged with possession of nearly a pound of marijuana. In October 2009, <mask>, Lil Wayne, Cash Money Records and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who claims his voice was used without permission. Both rappers asked him to record some "Italian-styled spoken word recordings" in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on "Respect" and other tracks from the rappers' collaboration album Like Father, Like Son and Birdman's 5 * Stunna.Conflict with Lil Wayne
On December 4, 2014, just five days before Tha Carter V was scheduled to be released, Wayne issued a statement saying the album would not be released due to his displeasure with Birdman refusing to release the album, although it had been completed. Wayne also expressed his feelings by stating he felt he and his creative partner were being held "prisoner". Lil Wayne filed a lawsuit. On January 20, 2015, Wayne self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V. Upon the release of Sorry 4 the Wait 2, it was noted that Wayne dissed Birdman and Cash Money Records several times throughout. Birdman was reportedly upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne filed a $51 million lawsuit against Birdman and Cash Money over the delay of Tha Carter V.

In January 2015, Wayne also stated that when he left Cash Money, he would take Drake and Nicki Minaj with him. On June 22, TMZ reported new details on the lawsuit.According to documents filed by Lil Wayne, Birdman and Cash Money had mismanaged Young Money, including Drake and Minaj. The documents alleged that Birdman and Cash Money hadn't paid people. "Free C5" became the mantra to get money to the unpaid


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 artist. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's Tidal as an artist owner and exclusively released a single on the service titled "Glory". On July 4, 2015, Wayne released Free Weezy Album exclusively through Tidal under Young Money and Republic Records. Prosecutors alleged on July 15 that Birdman and Young Thug conspired to murder Lil Wayne and were involved in a April 26 shooting. On July 16, Birdman filed a $50-million lawsuit against Jay Z's Tidal streaming service over Lil Wayne's Free Weezy Album, alleging that Cash Money Records exclusively owned the rights to Lil Wayne's music.Due to frustration with the situation, Lil Wayne tweeted in 2016 that he planned to retire because he felt "mentally defeated". Many rappers rushed to his defense and pleaded with him not to retire, including Kendrick Lamar, one of the delayed album's featured performers. On April 12, 2017, Birdman announced that he had accepted a plaque in honor of Cash Money Records having sold one billion units. On September 13, 2018, it was announced that Young Money was no longer a joint business venture with Cash Money. Ownership of the imprint was granted entirely to Lil Wayne as part of the legal settlements with Birdman that were finalized. Other ventures

Oil business
In early 2010, Birdman formed an oil and gas exploration company, Bronald Oil and Gas, LLC. The company was a joint venture founded by Birdman and his brother Slim, and the name was a combination of the brothers' first names, Bryan and Ronald.Evidence of the company's actual business operations was scant, limited mostly to a website and the appearance of a "pumpjack" tattoo on the side of Birdman's head. The website indicated that the company's strategy would be to first develop existing land holdings and seek out new oil and gas leases. In February 2010, Birdman told Ozone magazine that he had been in the oil business for "4 or 5 years" and was "making very good money


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 off that". However, by March 2010, Birdman had almost completely covered the pumpjack tattoo, which sparked speculation that the Bronald Oil project had stalled. An investigative report from Bloomberg revealed that official regulators in charge of oil and gas permits had never heard of Bronald. Clothing line
On April 22, 2016, Birdman disparaged the hosts of hip-hop radio show The Breakfast Club during a live interview, telling them to "stop playing with my fucking name". He later issued an apology for his outburst after being awarded the "Donkey of the Day" appellation from one of the hosts, Charlamagne Tha God.The video went viral, and on April 27, 2016, Birdman launched a merchandise line, "Respek", featuring catchphrases from the interview. Discography

Studio albums
 Birdman (2002)
 Fast Money (2005)
 5 Star Stunna (2007)
 Priceless (2009)

Collaboration albums
 Baller Blockin' with Cash Money Millionaires (2000)
 Like Father, Like Son with Lil Wayne (2006)
 Rich Gang with Rich Gang (2013)
 Lost at Sea with Jacquees (2016)
 Lost at Sea 2 with Jacquees (2018)
 Just Another Gangsta with Juvenile (2019)
 From the Bayou with YoungBoy Never Broke Again (2021)

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American businesspeople
African-American male rappers
American businesspeople in the oil industry
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives in the media industry
American corporate directors
American hip hop record producers
American male rappers
American music industry executives
American music publishers (people)
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Cash Money Records artists
Gangsta rappers
Rappers from New Orleans
Southern hip hop musicians
Universal Motown Records artists
Cash Money


texts:
<mask> (born March 26, 1942) is an American psychiatrist. He is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry in the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. He is Director of the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) and the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR). <mask> is the founding Editor of the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society and founding co-editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior. His work focuses on effects of HIV and drug use, particularly alcohol, medical marijuana, and methamphetamine. Early life

<mask> was born in Shanghai China, spending the early years of his life in what was formerly known as the French Concession, attending primary school at the Ecole Ste Jeanne D'Arc. The Grants (Alexander.Antonina, and <mask>) emigrated to Vancouver, Canada in 1951. Alexander, who became blind due to an accident in his teens, worked for the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, while Antonina worked in mail order sales at Sears, Roebuck. <mask> attended Kitsilano High School Kitsilano Secondary School where he was active in student government and the United Nations club. In 1958 he became one of a group of students who travelled across Canada and the USA to visit the UN after winning public speaking competitions (<mask>'s speech was "Canada's Role in the UN"). Career
After graduating from KHS in 1959 <mask> attended the University of British Columbia, earning his doctor of medicine degree in 1966, and receiving several honors including the Frank Horner Medal for the Highest Standing in Medicine. He then went to the University of Pennsylvania. From 1966 to 1967 he did his internship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, then received his psychiatry training in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania.He served as Chief Resident in Psychiatry from 1970 to 1971, Instructor in Psychiatry from 1970 to 1972, and was Staff Psychiatrist for Psychiatric Inpatient Service at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1971 to 1972. In 1972, he began his affiliation with the University of California, San Diego and the VA San Diego Healthcare System. At UCSD <mask> rose from

masks:
Igor Grant
Grant
Grant
Igor
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant


texts:
 Assistant Professor to full Professor in 1982, Distinguished Professor in 2006 and Mary Gilman Marston Professor in Psychiatry in 2016. He served as Chair of the UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry from 2014-2019. <mask> also is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychology at the San Diego State University. He was a Visiting Professor at the Institute of Neurology University of London for a year in both 1980 and 1987, and Visiting Professor of Immunology at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School (now part of the Imperial College School of Medicine). Contributions to science
<mask>'s primary research has focused on the effects of diseases and substance abuse on brain and behavior.His work on alcoholism demonstrated that long-term abstinence was associated with normalization in neurocognitive functions and long-term survival. He led the Collaborative Neuropsychological Study of Polydrug Users in the 1970s, one of the earliest studies into the effects of multiple drug use on the brain. In the next decade he coordinated studies into the effects of hypoxemia, and oxygen treatment, on cognitive functions in people with COPD. He established the multidisciplinary and translational HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) in 1989. The HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program https://hnrp.hivresearch.ucsd.edu/index.php has contributed to understanding of how HIV can disrupt brain function, and how abuse of drugs such as methamphetamine can compound this injury. In 2000 he established the Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research https://www.cmcr.ucsd.edu, focused on potential uses, and limitations, of cannabinoids as medicines. Another theme in <mask>'s research focused on the effects of stress on health.He reported that stressful life events were associated with onset and worsening of symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Work on the stress experienced by elderly spousal caregivers of dementia patients explored how negative affect, sleep disturbance, and sympatho-adrenal-medullary arousal contributed to cardiovascular risk in care providers. Contributions to education
At the UCSD School of Medicine <mask> coordinated the development of a multipart interdisciplinary core course in Social and Behavioral

masks: Grant Grant Grant Grant


texts:
 Sciences. He co-chaired a task force to establish a Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, a unique collaboration between UCSD's School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and SDSU's College of Sciences Department of Psychology. <mask> has served as dissertation chair for over 20 PhD graduate students, many of whom have established independent academic careers. <mask> received the Paul Satz International Neuropsychological Society Career Mentoring Award in 2016. Other professional activities
<mask> was Founding Editor of the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.With Thomas Patterson, PhD. he co-founded the journal AIDS and Behavior. He has been a member of many scholarly societies. He was President of the International Neuropsychological Society from 2007-2008. <mask> served on several NIH review groups, and on the National Advisory Councils of NIDA and the Office of AIDS Research. In his role as CMCR Director he has provided consultation to State and Federal governments, including testimony to House committees, FDA, California Legislature, and the Medical Board of California on various issues concerning medicinal cannabis. Recognitions
In 2007, he won the Distinguished Lifetime Contribution to Neuropsychology Award, and in 2013 the Nelson Butters Award for Research Contributions to Clinical Neuropsychology, both from the National Academy of Neuropsychology.In 2016 he received the Paul Satz International Neuropsychological Society Career Mentoring Award. In 2019 UC San Diego established the Dr. <mask> and JoAnn <mask> Chair in Psychiatry, an endowed chair to be held by future heads of the Department of Psychiatry. Personal
While an intern at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania <mask> met JoAnn Nallinger, RN, who was part of a team developing parenteral hyperalimentation. The <mask>s have two daughters, <mask> PhD and <mask> MFA. They have three grandsons. JoAnn Nallinger <mask> passed away in 2019. References

External links
<mask> M.D., F.R.C.P.(C) via University of California, San Diego
Igor <mask> list of publications

1942 births
Living people
American psychiatrists
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of British Columbia

masks:
Grant
Grant
Grant
Grant
Igor
Grant
Grant
Grant
Jenna Grant
Leslie Grant
Grant
Igor Grant
Grant


texts:
<mask> (née King; 27 April 1827 – 31 August 1869) was an Irish naturalist, astronomer, microscopist, author, and artist. She was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. As the event occurred in 1869, she is the first person known to have been killed by a motor vehicle. Early life
She was born <mask> in Ballylin near present-day Ferbane, County Offaly, on 27 April 1827, the youngest child of the Reverend Henry King and his wife Harriette. She and her sisters were educated at home, as were most girls at the time. However, her education was slightly different from the norm because she was of a renowned scientific family. She was interested in nature from an early age, and by the time she was three years old she was collecting insects.Interests
<mask> was a keen amateur astronomer, sharing this interest with her cousin William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse. Parsons built the Leviathan of Parsonstown, a reflecting telescope with a six-foot mirror which remained the world's largest until 1917. <mask> was a frequent visitor to Birr Castle, producing sketches of each stage of the process. Along with photographs made by Parson's wife <mask>e, <mask>'s sketches were used to aid in the restoration of the telescope. <mask> also drew insects, and the astronomer James South observed her doing so one day. She was using a magnifying glass to see the tiny details, and her drawing so impressed him that he immediately persuaded her father to buy her a microscope. A compound microscope made by Andrew Ross (model 112) was purchased for £48 12s 8d.This was the beginning of a lifelong passion. She

masks:
Mary Ward
Mary King
Ward
Ward
Mary Ross
Ward
Ward


texts:
 began to read everything she could find about microscopy, and taught herself until she had an expert knowledge. She made her own slides from slivers of ivory, as glass was difficult to obtain, and prepared her own specimens. The physicist David Brewster asked her to make his microscope specimens, and used her drawings in many of his books and articles. Distinctions
Universities and most societies would not accept women, but <mask> obtained information any way she could. She wrote frequently to scientists, asking them about papers they had published. During 1848, Parsons was made president of the Royal Society, and visits to his London home meant that she met many scientists.She was one of only three women on the mailing list for the Royal Astronomical Society (the others were Queen Victoria and <mask>, a scientist for whom Somerville College at Oxford University was named). Marriage
On 6 December 1854, she married <mask> of Castle Ward, County Down, who in 1881 succeeded to the title of Viscount Bangor. They had three sons and five daughters, including <mask>, 6th Viscount Bangor. Her best-known descendants are her grandson <mask>, the foreign correspondent and seventh viscount, and his daughter, the Doctor Who actress Lalla <mask>. Publications
When <mask> wrote her first book, Sketches with the microscope (privately printed in 1857), she apparently believed that no one would print it because of her gender or lack of academic credentials. She published 250 copies of it privately, and several hundred handbills were distributed to advertise it. The printing sold during the next few weeks, and this was enough to make a

masks:
Ward
Mary Somerville
Henry Ward
Maxwell Ward
Edward Ward
Ward
Ward


texts:
 London publisher take the risk and contract for future publication.The book was reprinted eight times between 1858 and 1880 as A World of Wonders Revealed by the Microscope. A new full-colour facsimile edition at €20 was published in September 2019 by the Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society, with accompanying essays. (). Her books are: A Windfall for the Microscope (1856), A World of Wonders, Revealed by the Microscope (1857), Entomology in Sport, and Entomology in Earnest (1857, with Lady Jane Mahon), Microscope Teachings (1864), Telescope Teachings (1859). She illustrated her books and articles herself, as well as many books and papers by other scientists. <mask> was the first automobile fatality. William Parsons' sons had built a steam-powered car.On 31 August 1869, she and her husband, Henry, were travelling in it with the Parsons boys: the Hons. Richard Clere Parsons and the future steam turbine pioneer Charles Algernon Parsons, and their tutor, Richard Biggs. She was thrown from the car on a bend in the road at Parsonstown (present-day Birr, County Offaly). She fell under its wheel and died almost instantly. A doctor who lived near the scene arrived within moments, and found her cut, bruised, and bleeding from the ears. The fatal injury was a broken neck. It is believed that the grieving family destroyed the car after the crash.Legacy
Ward's microscope, accessories, slides and books are on display in her husband's home, Castle Ward, County Down. William Parsons' home at Birr Castle, County Offaly, is also open to the public. Her great-granddaughter is the English actress and author Lalla <mask>. See also

masks:
Death Ward
Ward


texts:
 Bridget Driscoll – (born in Ireland, 1851/1852–1896) first pedestrian death by automobile in Great Britain
 Henry H. Bliss – (1830–1899) first automobile death in the Americas

Further reading
 The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Volume IV, Irish Women's Writing and Traditions, p. 653, edited by Angela Bourke et al., NYU Press, 2002. The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing – a short biography and an overview of further work. A Pair of New Eyes, a play by A. L. Mentxaka, deals with the life of <mask> and her friendship with the pioneer photographer, designer, and architect <mask> (née Field). – the play was premiered at the Sean O'Casey Theatre Dublin on 5 November 2013.A second production was staged in Smock Alley Theatre Dublin in August 2014. Article in August bank holiday 2019 edition of the Irish Examiner Did you know

Notes

References

External links

 Entomology in sport : and Entomology in earnest (1859)

1827 births
1869 deaths
Irish writers
Irish astronomers
Irish entomologists
Women entomologists
Irish women scientists
19th-century women scientists
Road incident deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish women artists
People from County Offaly
19th-century Irish scientists
19th-century astronomers
Women

masks:
Mary Ward
Mary Rosse


texts:
<mask> (; 2 March 1924 – 10 March 2004) was a Greek writer, philologist and literary critic. His father was Heracles N<mask>, a notable journalist and director of the National Library between 1945 and 1959. His mother Elpiniki (née Zambeli) was a teacher. Early life
<mask> was born in Athens in 1924. His father was Heracles N<mask>, who was a journalist, chief editor in several newspaper agencies, head of Encyclopaedia of Pyrsos publishing, head of the National Library (1945–1959) and creator of the first Poetry and Short Stories Anthology. His mother, Elpiniki, was a teacher. After primary school, he attended Varvakeios High School (1935–1941), where on 28 October 1941 organized student abstention.Apostolidis participated in the banned, by Papandreou government, march on 3 December 1944 with EAM followers. From 1945, <mask> studied in the department of History and Archaeology of the University of Athens, but was forced to suspend his studies in order to pay his duties in the Greek Army during the Civil War, where he participated as Second lieutenant of the National Army. Living so close with destruction and death, <mask> stated that he swore to himself not to shoot a single bullet, but to record what he was going through for two and a half years in Grammos, Vitsi and during the cleansing operations of Roumeli and Peloponnese. As soon as he was released from his duties, he published Pyramid 67, a text about the Civil War. He was dismissed characterized as a second rank nationalist. In 1950 he completed his studies and had taught Ancient and Modern Greek, History and Latin in private high schools of Athens. He emerged as a writer in 1944, with the publishing of the essay "Kairos tou einai" in Grammata periodical.A year later, he issued his first essay collection Three stations of a march. He collaborated with several newspapers and periodicals of Athens as an editor of Eleutheria, Niki, Eikones, Gnoseis, Neoteron Lexicon Iliou, Aneksartitos Typos and other publications, as well as book critic in Grammata, Fititiki Foni, Deltion tou

masks:
Renos Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis


texts:
 Vivliou, Kiklos, Kochlias, Nea Estia, Neoi Rithmoi, Nees Ikones, Ethnos, Ethnikos Kirikas, Epoptia and Nea Koinoniologia. Since 1951, he worked as chief editor and critic in the periodical Our Aeon, and in 1952, established with his father the periodical The New Greek. From the latter's pages he exercised intense criticism "against the political and literary establishment", and particularly against the "Generation of the '30s", accusing them of "spiritual and ethical inadequacy". For this posture of him, M. Karagatsis sued him and his father for reasons of copyright. In 1966 <mask> started publishing in serials in The New Greek fragments from the "Diary" of Ioannis Metaxas accompanied with his own sarcastic commentary. These publishes caused the reaction of the newly established organisation Party of 4 August, leader of which was Konstantinos Pleuris, who attacked <mask> from the organisation's newspaper and after Apostolidis's response Pleuris filed a lawsuit against him.The trial took place after the Coup of 21 April 1967, and the establishment of military dictatorship, and so the circulation of "The New Greek" stopped, which until then had published five articles related to the first two volumes of Metaxas's diary. In court, <mask> was sentenced, but in the Court of Appeal stated that it was not his intention to touch on the members of the Party of 4 August and the lawsuit was recalled. Politics
From 1962 to 1964, <mask> served as a collaborator with the Directorate-General of the National Radio Foundation. In the parliamentary elections of 1963 he participated as a candidate under Spyridon Markezinis, while already since 1961 had written for the periodical of the youth of the Progressive party. In the municipal elections of 1964 descended as candidate for municipal consultant in Athens's municipality in the line up of Georgios Plytas. In 1964, <mask> was the head of an wrathful crowd of extreme Right-wings who entered the Parliament with the slogan Traitor Papandreou, Karamanlis, Papandreou Imposter. The crowd fought with

masks: Apostolidis Apostolidis Apostolidis Apostolidis Apostolidis


texts:
 parliament members of the center, an act for which <mask> was arrested and sentenced to two and a half years in prison, however, he served three months in total.Dictatorship
During the dictatorship in Greece, in 1969, Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos imposed compulsory issue of the Short stories Anthology of Heracles N<mask> in the Athenian Press, under condition of not being censored. Thus, in this way texts belonging to dissidents were published like those of the politically exiled Demetris Hantzis. However, the publication in two newspapers part of <mask> <mask>'s novel The A2, written in 1968 about the Greek Civil War, provoked the intervention of censorship and the suspension of the publishing after direct interference of Ioannes Ladas, the general secretary of the Ministry of Public Order and one of the orchestrators of the 1967 coup d'état. Later years
After the end of the dictatorship, until 1979, <mask> continued writing critics in the periodical Tetramina and published several of his works. In his later years he published lectures and appeared on television for matters regarding the Greek language, education and literature. He was also honorary guest in presentations of his works. He was a supporter of the polytonic writing, the historical Greek orthography and the teaching of ancient Greek from prototypes in schools.Death
<mask> died on 10 March 2004 after acute stroke. He received a non-religious burial, due to him being an agnostic and libertarian. Works
Renos <mask> was a prolific writer. During his lifetime he published over 30 books. His first published work was Three Stations a Path (1945). Some of his most famous works are Wings of The Stork (1949), Poet Letters (1949), Pyramid 67 (1950), Modern Greek (1952), His Nipples and Manuscripts of Max Tod (1960), Criticism of War (1962), Corridors (1979), The Furies (1980) and Cats (1989), and Vortex (1993). One book, Centauri'' was published posthumously, in 2012.References

1924 births
2004 deaths
Greek writers
Greek educators
Greek philologists
20th-century

masks:
Apostolidis
. Apostolidis
Renos
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis
Apostolidis


texts: Jean-Marie-Joseph-<mask> (29 February 184813 November 1899) was a French historian, noted for his studies of France in the Middle Ages. He was born at Trévoux. After rapidly completing his classical studies at the lycée at Chartres, he spent some time in the administrative service and in journalism. He then entered the École Nationale des Chartes, where, under the influence of J. Quicherat, he developed a strong inclination to the study of the Middle Ages. The lectures at the École pratique des hautes études, which he attended from its foundation in 1868, revealed his true bent; and henceforth he devoted himself almost entirely to scholarship. He began modestly by the study of the municipal charters of Saint-Omer. Having been appointed assistant lecturer and afterwards full lecturer at the École des Hautes Études, it was to the town of Saint-Omer that he devoted his first lectures and his first important work, Histoire de la ville de Saint-Omer et de ses institutions jusqu'au XIVe siècle (1877).He, however, soon realized that the charters of one town can only be understood by comparing them with those of other towns, and he was gradually led to continue the work which Augustin Thierry had broadly outlined in his studies on the Tiers Etat. A minute knowledge of printed books and a methodical examination of departmental and communal archives furnished him with material for a long course of successful lectures, which gave rise to some important works on municipal history and led to a great revival of interest in the origins and significance of the urban communities in


texts: France. Giry himself published Les Établissements de Rouen (1883-1885), a study, based on very minute researches, of the charter granted to the capital of Normandy by Henry II, King of England, and of the diffusion of similar charters throughout the French dominions of the Plantagenets; a collection of Documents sur les relations de la royauté avec les villes de France de 1180 à 1314 (1885); and Étude sur les origines de la commune de Saint-Quentin (1887). About this time personal considerations induced Giry to devote the greater part of his activity to the study of diplomatics, which had been much neglected at the École des Chartes, but had made great strides in Germany. As assistant (1883) and successor (1885) to Louis de Mas Latrie, Giry restored the study of diplomatics, which had been founded in France by Dom Jean Mabillon, to its legitimate importance. In 1894 he published his Manuel de diplomatique, a monument of lucid and well arranged erudition, which contained the fruits of his long experience of archives, original documents and textual criticism; and his pupils, especially those at the École des Hautes Études, soon caught his enthusiasm. With their collaboration he undertook the preparation of an inventory and, subsequently, of a critical edition of the Carolingian diplomas.By arrangement with Engelbert Mühlbacher and the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, this part of the joint work was reserved for Giry. Simultaneously with this work he carried on the publication of the annals of the Carolingian epoch on the model of the German Jahrbücher,


texts: reserving for himself the reign of Charles the Bald. Of this series his pupils produced in his lifetime Les Derniers Carolingiens (by Ferdinand Lot, 1891), Eudes, comte de Paris et roi de France (by Édouard Favré, 1893), and Charles le Simple (by Auguste Eckel, 1899). The biographies of Louis IV and Hugh Capet and the history of the kingdom of Provence were not published until after his death, and his own unfinished history of Charles the Bald was left to be completed by his pupils. The preliminary work on the Carolingian diplomas involved such lengthy and costly researches that the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres took over the expenses after Giry's death. In the midst of these multifarious labours Giry found time for extensive archaeological researches, and made a special study of the medieval treatises dealing with the technical processes employed in the arts and industries. He prepared a new edition of the monk Theophilus' celebrated treatise, Diversarum artium schedula, and for several years devoted his Saturday mornings to laboratory research with the chemist Aimé Girard at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, the results of which were utilized by Marcellin Berthelot in the first volume (1894) of his Chimie au moyen âge.Giry took an energetic part in the Collection de textes relatifs a l'histoire du moyen âge, which was due in great measure to his initiative. He was appointed director of the section of French history in La Grande Encyclopédie, and contributed more than a hundred articles, many of which, e.g. "Archives" and "Diplomatique", were


texts:
 original works. In collaboration with his pupil André Réville, he wrote the chapters on L'émancipation des villes, les communes et les bourgeoisies and Le Commerce et l'industrie au moyen âge for the Histoire générale of Lavisse and Rambaud. <mask> took a keen interest in politics, joining the republican party and writing numerous articles in the republican newspapers, mainly on historical subjects. He was intensely interested in the Dreyfus case, but his robust constitution was undermined by the anxieties and disappointments occasioned by the Zola trial and the Rennes court-martial, and he died in Paris in 1899. La Donation de Rueil à l'abbaye de Saint-Denis, examen critique de trois diplômes de Charles le Chauve, 1895
 La France et l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1899.Étude critique de quelques documents angevins de l'époque carolingienne, 1900
 Notices bibliographiques sur les archives des églises et des monastères de l'époque carolingienne, 1901
 Monuments de l'histoire des abbayes de Saint-Philibert (Noirmoutier, Grandlieu, Tournus), 1905
 Recueil des actes de Charles II le Chauve, roi de France, commencé par <mask>, continué par Maurice Prou, terminé et publ. sous la dir. de MM. Ferdinand Lot et Clovis Brunel, 1955

References

1848 births
1899 deaths
People from Trévoux
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
École Nationale des Chartes faculty
19th-century French historians
French medievalists
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Human Rights League (France) members
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French

masks:
Giry
Arthur Giry


texts:
<mask> (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel Úrsula (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Life and work

<mask> was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. "At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher." She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. "At the age of fifty-five, she founded a school for poor children."In 1859, <mask> <mask> published her single major novel Úrsula (the same year, Harriet Wilson published her Our Nig). ″Úrsula, the main character, is a weak and sweet girl with whom two men are in love: one is a good person, the other a villain. Úrsula is expected to fall in love with the good man. However, she falls for the villain and becomes a victim of his cruelty. She is condemned and mistreated for having made the wrong choice. Reis shows through her characters that whenever women and slaves deviate from the established rules of the patriarchal system or refuse to accept the rules of society, they are punished. Furthermore, Úrsula, her mother, and some female slaves are portrayed from an inside perspective, showing a truthful historical point of view from Colonial Brazil.″

Besides Úrsula, "<mask> <mask> wrote poetry and short stories.While still in her twenties she began to collaborate with

masks:
Maria Firmina dos Reis
Maria Firmina dos Reis
Firmina
dos Reis
Firmina
dos Reis


texts: several local newspapers in her hometown of São Luis, an activity she sustained for many years. It was the only opening available for getting her works published.″ She also "wrote an intimate, melancholic diary written dating from 1853 to 1903 in which the themes of regilious self-denial, death, and suicide recur". In 1975 by the Brazilian scholars Antônio de Oliveira and Nascimento Morais Filho recovered the long forgotten Úrsula 1975 in a facsimile edition. As a "privileged free black woman within nineteenth-century colonial slave society″, <mask> <mask> ″stands out because she was very well-educated and a vigorous opponent of slavery". Dawn Duke considers <mask> <mask>, together with Cuban writer María Dámasa Jova Baró, "as eminent precursors to a distinguished line of subsequent women writers" in the Afro-Latin American context. "Horácio de Almeida believed <mask> <mask> to be the first Brazilian woman writer. [...] Luiza Lobo has since opposed the allegation by presenting Ana Eurídice Eufrosina de Barandas of Porto Alegre as the first female Brazilian novelist."But the "long-term symbolic value of <mask> <mask>'s only novel Úrsula (1859) rests in its distinction as a work that lays the foundations for an Afro-Brazilian female literary consciousness." For Rita Terezinha Schmidt, "<mask> <mask> inscribes a black voice in the construction of national subjectivities engendering what Homi Bhabha defines as a counter narrative of the nation that 'continually evoke and erase its totalizing

masks:
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis


texts:
 boundaries – both actual and conceptual – disturb those ideological maneuvers through which "imagined communities" are given essentialist identities'". In her Ph.D thesis Life Among the Living Dead, Carolyn Kendrick-Alcantara (2007) analyzes "the Gothic as a powerful abolitionist discourse in Brazil and Cuba through [her] readings of <mask> <mask>′ Ursula and Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda y Arteaga′s Sab". Tribute
On October 11, 2019, Google celebrated her 194th birthday with a Google Doodle. On June 9, 2021, Google announced on their Google Cloud blog that they will name a new undersea cable that is being constructed between Brazil and the United States after her. Bibliography

By <mask> <mask>

 Ursula, "Romance original brasileiro, por Uma Maranhense". São Luís: Typographia Progresso, 1859.199 pages. Facsimile: Maranhão: Governo do Estado; 2nd edition, 1975, with a foreword by Horácio de Almeida. Reprint: Rio de Janeiro: Presença; Brasília: INL, 1988; with an introduction by Charles Martin, updated and annotated by Luiza Lobo, Coleção Resgate. Gupeva, “romance brasileiro indianista”. Published in O jardim dos Maranhenses, 1861/62. This novel was republished in 1863 in the journal Porto Livre, as well as in the literary review Eco da Juventude. Transcripted in: FILHO, José Nascimento Morais.<mask> – Fragmentos de uma vida. Maranhão: Imprensa do Governo do Maranhão, 1975. A Escrava. Story published in A Revista Maranhense, nr. 3, 1887. Republished in: FILHO, José Nascimento Morais. <mask>rmina –

masks:
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
Maria Fi


texts:
 Fragmentos de uma vida.Maranhão: Imprensa do Governo do Maranhão, 1975. Cantos à beira-mar. Poetry. São Luís do Maranhão: Typographia do Paiz. Reprint by “M.F.V. Pires”, 1871. 2nd edition, facsimile, by José Nascimento Morais Filho: Rio de Janeiro: Granada, 1976.Hino da libertação dos escravos. 1888. <mask> <mask> is included in the poetry anthology Parnaso maranhense: collecção de poesias, edited by Flávio Reimar and Antonio Marques Rodrigues. She published poems in the following literary journals: Federalista; Pacotilha; Diário do Maranhão; A Revista Maranhense; O País; O Domingo; Porto Livre; O Jardim dos Maranhenses; Semanário Maranhense; Eco da Juventude; Almanaque de Lembranças Brasileiras; A Verdadeira Marmota; Publicador Maranhense; y A Imprensa. English translations

 Ursula. Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey.Dartmouth, MA: Tagus P, 2021. “The Slave Woman.” Trans. and Introduction by Cristina Ferreira Pinto-Bailey. Afro-Hispanic Review. 32. 1 (Spring 2013): 209-18. Selected further reading

 Alzira Rufino; Nilza Iraci; <mask> Pereira.A mulher negra tem história. Santos, SP: Coletivo de Mulheres Negras da Baixada Santista, c. 1986. Notes

External links
 Digital editions (in Portuguese)

 <mask> <mask> at Google Books
 "Author’s Portrait: <mask> <mask>", Edith's Miscellany, November 26, 2014. 1825 births
1917 deaths
19th-century Brazilian educators
Brazilian abolitionists
Brazilian women novelists
People from Maranhão
19th-century Brazilian women

masks:
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Rosa
Maria Firmina
dos Reis
Maria Firmina
dos Reis


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<mask> (born 24 September 1976), also known by the nickname of "<mask>", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. An England and Great Britain international , <mask> is regarded by many as one of the finest British players of his generation. He began his career with the Wigan Warriors, and also played for the Widnes Vikings and Hull FC, but is best known for his time playing for St Helens in the Super League with whom he won a total of four Super League championships and five Challenge Cups, as well as numerous individual accolades including the Man of Steel award, and three Lance Todd Trophies. Early life
Between the ages of eleven and thirteen <mask> attended St Joseph's Catholic Comprehensive School in Horwich but moved to the Deanery High School on Frog Lane in Wigan because the former only played football, not rugby. Playing career (RL)

1990s
After signing from local amateur side, Wigan St Judes, <mask> started his career at Wigan. After Wigan released him from his contract, <mask> moved to Widnes, where he attracted the attention of several of the European Super League's top clubs. He was signed by St Helens in 1997.In the 1997 post season, <mask> was selected to play for Great Britain from the interchange bench in two matches of the Super League Test series against Australia. <mask> played for St. Helens from the interchange bench, kicking two goals in their 1999 Super League Grand Final victory over Bradford Bulls. 2000s
<mask> twice set the St. Helens record for the number of points scored in a Super League season, gaining 284 points in 1999 and 352 points in 2000. Having won the 1999 Championship, St. Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League

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