texts:
 construction of the barrage across the mouth of the Indus River, which not only provided labour but also brought millions of hectares of land in the Thar Desert under irrigation. Further, <mask> established the Willingdon Airfield (now known as Safdarjung Airport) in Delhi and, after he was denied entry to the Royal Bombay Yacht Club because he was accompanied by Indian friends, despite his being the viceroy, Willingdon was motivated to establish the Willingdon Sports Club in Bombay, with membership open to both Indians and British and which still operates today. As he had been in Canada, <mask> acted for India as Chief Scout of the Bharat Scouts and Guides and took this role as more than an ex-officio title. Convinced that Scouting would contribute greatly to the welfare of India, he promoted the organisation, especially in rural villages, and requested that J. S. Wilson pay special attention to cooperation between Scouting and village development.Post-viceregal life
Once back in the United Kingdom, Willingdon associated with Roland Gwynne. Along with Rudyard Kipling, Willingdon was one of the notable guests of parties at Gwynne's East Sussex estate, Folkington Manor. He was also honoured by George V, not only by being appointed as the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports—one of the higher honours bestowed by the sovereign and normally reserved for members of the Royal Family and former prime ministers—but he was also elevated once more in the peerage, being created Marquess of Willingdon by Edward VIII on 26 May 1936, making him the most recent person to be promoted to such a rank. <mask> died at 5 Lygon Place, near Ebury Street, in London, and his ashes were


type: original

texts:
<mask> (Thessaloniki, January 17, 1942 – Athens, February 29, 2012) was a Greek comedy actor with significant appearances in the Greek film industry, television and especially theater. Biography
He was born on January 17, 1942 in Thessaloniki, originated from Domnista and Megalo Chorio Evrytanias. He was the first child of his family that later additionally had two daughters. His sister Eleni Tsivilika is an archaeologist of National Archaeological Museum of Athens, with excavations in Crete and Cyclades. His father was a shopkeeper, provided for his family a comfortable life and loved theater. He studied in the American College of Thessaloniki "Anatolia". His professors there urged him to engage with acting, initially by participating in school's theatrical team.After completing his undergraduate courses he was accepted in the School of English Language and Literature, which dropped out to move in Athens and to eventually move forward professionally with acting. After a failed attempt to be accepted in Theatro Technis, he eventually studied acting in the acting school of Pelos Katselis. His first theatrical performance was in 1965 at Nea Ionia. Two years later Karolos Koun invited him to Theatro Technis. In early 1970s he got involved with satire plays and in


texts:
 the mid-1970s with prose. 70s was the decade he first appeared in cinema. The first movie he appeared was I theia mou, i hipissa by Alekos Sakellarios.On February 29, 2012 at the age of 70, he had a heart complication and died during his transfer to Sismanogleio General Hospital. He was married to lawyer Aliki Tsivilika and father of one son and one daughter. He was performing in theater until his last day, at the play "I zoi podilato". Filmography

Cinema
Xafnikos peirasmos 1988
Poniro tet-a-tet 1987
I garsoniera tis trellas 1986
Sou harizo ti gynaika mou 1986
Apopse tha ti vroume! 1985
Ena tragoudi tha sou po... 1985
Pantreftite giati hanomaste 1985
To eidolo 1985
Tora thelo... tora! 'A Bedfull of Foreigners' by Dave Freeman, adapt.-dir. V. <mask>, theater Academos theater, Avlea theater 2011–2012).Lysistrata (Aristophanes, dir. Th. Karakatsani, trans. K. Myris, summer 2011)
Thesmophoriazusae (Aristophanes, dir. N. Charalambous, trans. K. Georgousopoulos, summer 2009)
The Doctor in Spite of Himself (Molière, trans. K. Georgousopoulos, dir.V. <mask>, summer 2008)
Out of Order (Ray Cooney, trans. V. <mask>, Peroke theater, winter 2008)L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (Molière, dir. V. <mask>,Peroke theater 2004–2005 and summer 2005)The Miser (Molière, dir. Κ.

masks: Tsivilikas Tsivilikas Tsivilikas Tsivilikas


texts:
 Damati, trans. Ερ. Μπελιέ, summers 2003–2007)Tons of Money (Α.Αyckbourn, W.Evans, A. Valentine, trans.-dir. V. <mask>, Peroke theater 2006–2007).Not Now, Darling (Ray Cooney, John Chapman, trans. V. Tsivilikas, Minoa theater 2005–2006). Caught in the Net (Ray Cooney, adapt.-dir. V<mask>, Minoa theater 2004–2005).Methysmena koufeta (trans.-dir. V. <mask>, Gloria theater 2003–2004).The Secretary Bird (William Douglas-Home, dir. V. Tsivilikas) 2003. Uproar in the House (A. Marriott-A.Foot, adapt.-dir. V<mask>, theater Park 2002). Funny Money (Ray Cooney, trans.-dir. V<mask>, Gloria theater 2001–2002)
Oute gata oute zimia (Sakellarios-Giannakopoulos, dir. K. Tsianos, theater Park 2001)
A Bedfull of Foreigners (Dave Freeman, trans.-dir. V. <mask>, Minoa theater 1999–2000)
Ke o Simitis thelei ton Germano tou (Michailidis-Makridis, Delfinario theater 1999). Oloi sto kolpo (Mark Stone, dir.V<mask>, Minoa theater 1999). Darling Mr. London (A. Marriott-B. Grant, dir. V. Tsivilikas, Minoa theater 1998–1999)
Athina 2000...me ta tessera (dir. V. <mask>, Minoa theater 1997–1998)
Out of Order (Ray Cooney, dir. V. Tsivilikas, theater ΠΕΡΟΚΕ 1998)
Skaei nyfi...SKAI gampros (Kambanis-Makridis-Georgiou, dir. V. <mask>-Ε.Xanthopoulou, Metropolitan theater 1997). Treis pano dyo

masks:
Tsivilikas
. Tsivilikas
Tsivilikas
. Tsivilikas
. Tsivilikas
Tsivilikas
. Tsivilikas
Tsivilikas
Tsivilikas


texts:
 kato (Kambanis-Makridis, Peroke theater 1996–1997). Bob and Mary (G. Margaritis, dir. V. Tsivilikas-Γ. Φίλη, Lampeti theater 1995–1996)
Posa kerakia ehei i tourta? (Kambanis-Makridis, dir. V. Tsivilikas, Kalouta theater 1995).Ke mazi ke monos (N. Kambanis-V. Michailidis, Kalouta theater 1993–1994, Metropolitan theater 1994–1995)
Ela to vrady tha ime me mia fili sou (Kambanis-Makridis, dir. V. Tsivilikas, Kalouta theater 1992–1993, Metropolitan theater summer 1993). Xypoliti sto parko (1977)
Kampiria (1975)
Tou antra tou polla vary (1972)
O peirasmos (G. Xenopoulos)
Epiloges (Bost)
The Birds (Aristophanes)
Pepsie (Pierre-Edmond Victor)
The Wedding (A. Chekhov)
Agia Ioanna (1966, Dionysia theater)

References

Sources
Πινακοθήκη Γέλιου,από το Λογοθετίδη και μετά, Κώστας Παπασπήλιος, Εμπειρία εκδοτική, 2002, , σελ. 158–167
«Βασίλης Τσιβιλίκας: Δεν με ενδιαφέρουν οι μυημένοι», "Το Βήμα", 14 Ιανουαρίου 2001, ανακτήθηκε 19 Σεπτεμβρίου 2008. External links

Information about <mask> Tsivilikas from 90lepta

 Vasilis Tsivilikas: Η ΖΩΗ ΕΙΝΑΙ ΑΛΛΟΥ (Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation – ERT Archives)

20th-century Greek male actors
1942 births
2012 deaths
Greek comedians
21st-century Greek male actors
Greek male film actors
Greek male stage actors
Greek male television


texts:
<mask> (18 June 1917 – 31 May 2004), also known as Soror Meral, was a ninth degree (IX°) member of the Sovereign Sanctuary of the Gnosis of Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O. ), and a lineage holder in the A∴A∴ tradition. She was a student of Jane Wolfe, herself a student of Aleister Crowley. She was a member of O.T.O. Agape Lodge, the only working Lodge of the O.T.O. at the time of Aleister Crowley's death. Seckler was also instrumental in preserving important parts of Crowley's literary heritage, typing parts of his Confessions, and the complete texts of The Vision and the Voice and Magick Without Tears during the 1950s.Seckler was also instrumental in re-activing the O.T.O. with Grady Louis McMurtry, during the early-mid 1970s, following the death of Crowley's appointed successor, Karl Germer. Seckler continued her lifelong work with the A∴A∴, founding the College of Thelema and co-founding (with James A. Eshelman) the Temple of Thelema, and later warranting the formation of the Temple of the Silver Star. For 25 years she published the bi-annual Thelemic journal In the Continuum. Seckler served as a master of 418 Lodge of O.T.O. in California from its inception in 1979 until her death. Early life

Youth: 1917–1939
Seckler was born in Edmonton, Canada on 18 June 1917.Her family moved to California when she was only about four years of age, as her father had lost a political bid for mayor of Edmonton and had gone deeply into debt for that. After graduation from high school in Los Angeles, she had a year of


texts:
 work in a Junior College and then another year of work to fit her to be a stenographer. She then got a job with a bank and attended drama classes in Hollywood conducted by Regina Kahl who was a member of Ordo Templi Orientis. She attended The Gnostic Mass written by Crowley and met Wilfred Talbot Smith and actress Jane Wolfe. She joined the O.T.O. in August 1939 and on 6 June, of 1940, became a Probationer of the A∴A∴ under Jane Wolfe, who had studied with Crowley in Cefalu. O.T.O.Agape Lodge: 1939–1944
Agape Lodge No. 1, founded by Wilfred Smith in 1935, was based in Hollywood, and initially had 7 initiates to the Minerval level. The lodge held regular meetings, lectures, and study classes, as well as social events and a weekly Gnostic Mass open to the public. On 6 June 1939 Seckler, and other individuals who attended drama classes, including Louis T. Culling and Roy Leffingwell were brought in by Regina Kahl who worked as a drama teacher. Kahl was a drama teacher at Los Angeles City College and the program was under the auspices of the W.P.A. to put people to work during the depression years. Since Kahl had been on the stage many times and had studied her drama parts for opera, she knew quite a lot about theatre.Seckler joined her class in January 1937 as she was bored with her job in the bank and found that it was quite a challenge to memorize her parts and to put on the skits and small plays which Kahl had asked of the class. She often mentioned matters having to do with Thelema and quotes from


texts: Crowley. Near the end of the semester, Regina Kahl decided to put on a small play in the attic of the house on 1746 Winona Boulevard where the Gnostic Mass was held. They had a dais with 3 steps and curtains and Kahl decided that this could be used for a play. About five of Kahl's students worked on presenting the play. It was a warm evening June evening and Seckler walked through the dark with some anticipation to the evening's entertainment. Seckler joined the crowd and soon their group went upstairs to the second floor and thence to the attic of the house and heard the play with a good deal of enjoyment.Afterwards, they went down to the living room and were entertained with refreshments and good conversation. Again the invitation to the Mass was given. Then Wilfred Talbot Smith quoted some Crowley's poetry. Seckler was attracted by an atmosphere and took the occasion to attend the Gnostic Mass several times that summer, often with Paul Seckler who later became her husband, or another friend. Other Agape lodge members included rocket scientist Jack Parsons, his wife Helen Parsons, L. Ron Hubbard and Helen Parson's sister Sara Northrup who he later married. Seckler made a friend of Ron Hubbard, as well as becoming friends with Wilfred Smith. She subsequently moved into the large house rented by the O.T.O.at 1003 South Orange Grove Avenue in Pasadena, where many of the lodge members, including Hubbard, were living as a form of commune and raising livestock and vegetables in the grounds. Art and teaching:


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 1945—1947

Seckler studied Art and graduated with honors and an M.A. from the University of California in Los Angeles. After she had her teaching credential for Art, she taught in a Northern California High School for 20 years. About three years after the start of her job, Jane Wolfe died and left all of her papers and books to Seckler. Also, during those years, Seckler focused on her work in the A.·.A.·. and became a good friend of Karl Germer who was a friend of Jane Wolfe and at the time lived in New Jersey working as a merchant of machinery.Their friendship had started by correspondence. During Seckler's years as a teacher, Karl Germer, who was in continuous correspondence with her, oversaw the work of her degree. She later met Marcelo Motta who was introduced to her by Germer and wrote to him but his letters showed a dictatorial attitude towards her. Later life

Rescue of Crowley literary remains: 1947–1969
Crowley died on 1 December 1947. Agape Lodge, of which Seckler was a long-standing member, was the only working Lodge of the O.T.O. at that time. At the time of Crowley's death, many of his important manuscripts had yet to be located, stored as they were in different locations with different followers, and many were yet unpublished.Karl Germer, who was appointed Crowley's successor, became the Outer Head of the Order (O.H.O.) and started working on preservation of Crowley's literary remains. In his capacity of Grand Treasurer General, Germer was sent 3 tons of materials from England. He moved


texts: these literary materials to a house in Hampton, New Jersey, where he set up a dedicated library and began the work of filing and record keeping. Before the materials had been sent to the United States, copies of everything in  manuscript form had been made in England. Afterwards Germer and Gerald Yorke collaborated on sending each other a copy of anything that Crowley had written which the other did not have. Yorke intended to leave the crowley papers in his possession to the British Museum.There was also a third person in England who obtained many copies of various of Crowley's writings. Yorke later sent much of his collection to the Warburg Institute in London where it is currently housed. Seckler was unaware that there were copies made and many of her actions and concerns were based on the belief that there was only one copy extant of Crowley's unpublished writings. It was due to Germer's effort and that of Israel Regardie and a few others that Crowley's work was preserved and published. In 1951, when Germer was in Hampton, New Jersey, Seckler wrote about her concern that some of the unpublished works of Crowley might be lost unless some copies were made. He agreed about her concern and the upshot of this correspondence was that Seckler began to type copies. During the summer of 1951, she typed part of the Confessions.During the summer of 1952, she typed The Vision and the Voice with all its complicated notes in the text. Her knowledge of the Qabalah enabled her to spot typist errors in the


texts:
 manuscripts. The third summer she typed Magick Without Tears. The two later typings which were done on multilith plates, were sent to Germer in Hampton, and there he had the assistance of two devoted members of O.T.O. to make reproductions. Germer was deeply grateful for Seckler's labour and efforts and gifted Seckler with Crowley's material which at the time was hard to find. In 1954, soon after Magick Without Tears.was printed, Germer retired from his job in New Jersey and moved to California. He had been living in New Jersey for about seven years and at first did not have a regular base of operations in California. This was Germer's concern and for some time he was trying to find decent headquarters where he could continue with publishing Crowley's. After about 2 years he found a house in West Point, California. He then set up the Head Office of the O.T.O. there and put together the library which had been packed away while he was moving. Trying to preserve Crowley's work, he engaged himself in sending Crowley's writings to various publishers.Germer’s death: 1962

Germer died in late October 1962 and the will he made to dispose of Crowley's literary remains provided that all of the Crowley materials should go to the Heads of the Ordo Templi Orientis, carrying hereditary rights. Sascha Germer and Frederick Mellinger of the Swiss O.T.O. were appointed to act as executors of the will. All Germer's personal property was to be left to Sascha. After Germer's death, Germer's widow became very suspicious and


texts:
 could not place the materials in any place suited to their importance. Seckler was almost the first one to be informed by Germer's widow of his death. A correspondence was begun between Germer's widow and Frederick Mellinger, but Mellinger would not come to California to help with the disposal of Germer's library.Soon after this, Mellinger died and Sascha was left with the task of discovering what to do about Germer library, correspondence and other materials. Knowing that Sascha Germer could not fulfill the task of securing Germer's library, Seckler asked for help from 'higher planes' and was reportedly instructed clearly to help Sascha secure Crowley's literary remains. One of Seckler's other instructions, which she later passed on to Sascha, was that she was not to let anyone in Southern California hear of Germer's death. Intuitively, Seckler was alarmed that the materials should be guarded only by Germer's widow and felt that something was terribly wrong in South California. The Germer Estate robbery: 1967

By 1967, the news of Germer's death had spread to Southern California. The upshot of this was that a group of people turned up at the Germer estate, which served as the headquarters of O.T.O. during Karl Germer's life.They told Germer's widow that they were members of O.T.O. and she fell for the trick and opened the door. Immediately they blew gas in her face, overpowered her, and administered some sort of shot which put her out completely. They then robbed Germer's library on the second floor of


texts:
 the house. The local sheriff was called to Germer's house and a report was made. In 1967, Seckler was informed that there had been a theft of items that were considered a part of O.T.O. heritage material from Germer's house.Sascha Germer was robbed of some of the most important documents and accused Seckler's child Stella of taking them. Since this was an outright fabrication, Seckler decided to find who the thieves might be. During the course of her investigation she wrote to various people, discovering the whereabouts of former Agape Lodge members, including her female friend who had been very active in Thelema for many years and had many students. She visited Seckler to let her know about some thefts from her own apartment by one of her trusted students after her husband's death in the summer of 1965. A year later Israel Regardie's library was also subjected to thievery by the same group of people when Regardie was absent. The last robbery was of Germer's house in West Point. It was later discovered that the robberies were carried out by the members of an organisation who called themselves The Solar Lodge.They later got themselves into trouble (The Boy in the Box (Vidal, California)) and the organisation was closed down by the FBI. Rescue of O.T.O. heritage: 1975

Germer's widow Sascha died on 1 April 1975, but Seckler only heard about it a year later. Helen Parsons Smith and Seckler drove to Germer's house in West Point in late April 1976 and discovered that Sascha had been dead for a year and that


texts:
 the house had been vandalised three times or more since her death, as it was almost impossible to lock it up properly. While the 1967 robbery and subsequent events caused some damage, part of Germer's library had survived. The Crowley archive was recovered from the Germer estate during the summer of 1976 after the rights were finally transferred to O.T.O. and it was later moved to a storage facility in California.The contents included Crowley manuscripts, surviving catalogues of Crowley typescripts and memorabilia. Re-establishing O.T.O. 1969–1978
During her investigation of the robbery of Germer's library, Seckler began corresponding with Grady McMurtry who resided in Washington, D.C. at the time. As a result of their lengthy correspondence from Dec. of 1968 to April 1969, McMurtry left his job in Washington, D. C. and travelled to California, arriving there on 29 April 1969. McMurtry learned from her for the first time that Germer had been dead for several years. Seckler learned that McMurtry, who had as a young Lieutenant in the American forces during World War II has met Crowley, held letters of authorization from Crowley in regards to the O.T.O., who knew that Germer might not appoint a successor. In those letters Crowley named him as Caliph and successor to Germer, authorising McMurtry to take charge of the O.T.O.in case of emergency. Seckler later re-activated the Order with McMurtry (Frater Hymenaeus Alpha) by invoking his "emergency powers" to reconstitute the order, which had flagged following


texts:
 Germer's death. McMurtry and Seckler were both longstanding members of the O.T.O. Due to the combined efforts of McMurtry and Seckler, O.T.O. was incorporated under California law and began to grow in North America for the first time since Crowley's death. 418 Lodge: 1979–2004
Under her pen name Soror Meral, Seckler served as a Master of 418 Lodge of O.T.O. in California from its inception in 1979 until her death.The College of Thelema

Seckler founded The College of Thelema. She was co-founder (with James A. Eshelman & Anna-Kria King) of the Temple of Thelema. Both organisations have a course of studies devised by Seckler to make it easier for aspirants to A∴A∴ succeed in the A∴A∴ system. The Temple of the Silver Star
Prior to her death, Seckler warranted the founding of the Temple of the Silver star as an autonomous continuation of her work. Works

Seeking to guide her students to an understanding of the Law of Thelema, especially deeper understanding of oneself and of one's magickal Will, Seckler continually published the bi-annual journal IN THE CONTINUUM which featured her essays on Thelema and initiation, including those from Crowley's Collected Works, as well as instructional articles for the students of the A.:.A. :., illustrations and essays which help to clarify some of Crowley's thoughts and aid in the understanding of Thelemic principles expressed in Liber AL. Printed for nearly 25 years from 1976 through 1996, IN THE CONTINUUM also published rare works by Aleister Crowley which at the time


texts:
 were out of print or hard to find.Empowerment of women
Throughout her life Seckler was an outspoken supporter of feminism and a women's rights campaigner who supported working women. She campaigned for the empowerment of women in the Thelemic community with a particular focus on women whose contribution to the Thelemic movement was overlooked. Seckler convinced many women to fight for working rights, reproductive rights, and recognition. She used her skills as a writer to publicise Thelemic women's cause in her bi-annual journal In The Continuum, aiming to raise awareness on important Thelemic matters such as gender equality, often expressing her criticism of certain Thelemic groups who would only accept those women who had social status and good education. During her teaching career, Seckler spent time in poorer parts of Northern California, helping vulnerable gay men and disadvantaged women, including rape victims, who wanted learn about Thelema and Crowley but did not have access to a teacher or the means to purchase the right books. She wished to give opportunities to disadvantaged Thelemites, including those suffering from poverty and illiteracy, inviting them to submit their articles and illustrations for her Thelemic periodical. She also wished to make use of the technology of cinema to make Thelema more accessible to a wider audience; after Seckler's death, a newsreel film about women and the occult based on her work was seen by an estimated 10 million people.See also

 Great Work
 Secret Chiefs


texts:
 Marie Stopes
 Women in the workforce
 Women's empowerment

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

College of Thelema and Temple of Thelema
Website of 418 Lodge, O.T.O. Temple of the Silver Star

1917 births
2004 deaths
American occultists
American occult writers
American spiritual writers
American Thelemites
Ceremonial magicians
Hermetic Qabalists
Members of Ordo Templi Orientis
Women


texts:
<mask> (born 1943 in Freeport, New York) is an American geophysicist and oceanographer, currently professor emeritus of marine geophysics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His work spans marine geology of the major ocean basins, the tectonics of southern California, marine hydrocarbon seeps, and the tectonics and paleoclimate of Antarctica. His research includes tectonic rotations of the California Transverse Ranges, participation in the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, quantitative studies of marine hydrocarbon seeps, and geologic exploration of the Ford Ranges in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Antarctica's Mount <mask> is named in honor of his research in the area. Early life and education
<mask> and his family moved to San Diego, California in 1956 where he continued his public-school education. Luyendyk attended San Diego State University (SDSU) where he obtained a bachelor's degree in geology and geophysics. He then attended the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)  at the University of California, San Diego, where he earned his PhD in 1969.He studied under Fred Spiess and Henry Menard. That research employed the newly designed deep towed instrument package of the Marine Physical Lab. He followed his PhD with a postdoctoral fellowship at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). His supervisors were Carl Bowin and James Heirtzler. Career and impact
While an undergraduate geology

masks:
Bruce Peter Luyendyk
Luyendyk
Bruce Luyendyk


texts:
 student at San Diego State, Luyendyk participated in marine geologic expedition PROA with SIO. That expedition, to the western and south Pacific, and led by Robert Fisher and William Riedel, inspired Luyendyk to follow an education and career in oceanography. After his postdoctorate at WHOI, Luyendyk was appointed there as Assistant Scientist.He participated in the FAMOUS expeditions (FAMOUS: French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where, along with Ken Macdonald, he mapped the rift valley with the Marine Physical Lab deep tow. California geology and tectonics —  Luyendyk moved to UCSB in 1973, where he began research in southern California tectonics using paleomagnetism. His  projects include documenting the ninety degree or greater clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges during the Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era. Drilling into Deep Ocean Floor

—  Luyendyk led two expeditions of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Principal discoveries included that of a basin-wide unconformity of Oligocene age in the Indian Ocean that was likely related to initiation of ice sheets in Antarctica and uplift of the  Reykjanes Ridge due to the Iceland hot spot. Five holes drilled in the rift valley of the Mid Atlantic ridge recovered the youngest rock drilled at the time from the Atlantic sea floor, supporting models of sea floor spreading. Hydrothermal vents —  In the late 1970s, Luyendyk joined Spiess and


texts: Macdonald and an international contingent in forming the RISE project (Rivera Submersible Experiments) to explore the East Pacific Rise at 21° N latitude with the WHOI submersible ALVIN.Here the team discovered deep-sea hydrothermal vents and associated “black smokers” chimneys. This research earned the team the Newcomb Cleveland Prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (see 1980, Spiess, Macdonald and 20 coauthors). Marine hydrocarbon seeps —  During the 1990s, <mask> and colleagues began a study of the marine hydrocarbon seep field at Coal Oil Point, California. The object was to quantify oil and natural gas emission from these submarine features. Their work determined that these are likely the largest known marine seeps. They discovered a decrease in seepage over the prior two decades. They attributed this to ongoing oil and gas production from wells that penetrated the source reservoirs of the seep field.Antarctic research —  In the late 1980s, <mask> and David Kimbrough of SDSU launched two expeditions to the Ford Ranges of Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica. One rationale was to search out matching geologic features related to ones known in New Zealand, which once was joined in Gondwana to this part of Antarctica. Stephen M. Richard was a member of these two expeditions, known as FORCE (Ford Ranges Crustal Exploration). Antarctic geologist Christine Smith Siddoway accompanied them to

masks: Luyendyk Luyendyk


texts: conduct her graduate dissertation work on metamorphism and deformation within the Fosdick Mountains. Findings of this research include the history of development of the Fosdick Mountains migmatite gneiss dome  and Ford Ranges. Follow-on research by others discerned the recent retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the region, first noted here by the FORCE expeditions. Luyendyk led three marine research expeditions in the adjacent Ross Sea.The expeditions focused upon remote and difficult-to-access sectors of Antarctica, bordering the southern Pacific Ocean. The marine surveys of the Coulman High, carried out jointly with L. Bartek and D. S. Wilson, represented the opportunity for access to a sector of the Ross Sea that had been long-concealed beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. The expeditions followed closely upon the calving and breakout of the  C-19 iceberg in 2002. Based on these surveys the ANDRILL program recommended a deep drill site within the surveyed area of Coulman High. In the later part of the 1990s, <mask> teamed with Andrea Donnellan of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to use GPS to measure the rate of opening across the Ross Embayment between West and East Antarctica. They found no stretching within the margins for error but did detect vertical motion due to post glacial isostatic rebound. In the early 2000s, Luyendyk, along with D.S.Wilson and C. Siddoway, made aerogeophysical and linked ground surveys in the


texts:
 greater region of the Ford Ranges. These surveys revealed buried features that gave clues to the tectonic history of the region. Data from the survey were incorporated into the new bedrock map of Antarctica known as Bedmap2. Achieved through joint work with Douglas S. Wilson, revelations about the topography of the subglacial and nearshore marine environments of the eastern Ross Sea led to an interpretation of paleotopography at a time of climate transition that preceded continental glaciation of Antarctica. The work provided a basis for a climate model for the development of the early Antarctic Ice Sheet. Zealandia —  In 1995, <mask> proposed a model for the fragmentation of Gondwana that included the New Zealand microcontinent and several other pieces of continental crust. He collectively named the now submerged continent that includes the nation of New Zealand, Zealandia.Since that time, New Zealand geologists have made the case that their nation sits atop the world’s eighth continent. Awards and honors
Luyendyk shared the Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1980. Luyendyk was elected Fellow of the Geological Society of America in 1975. In 2002 he was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. In 2016, the U.S. Board of Geographic Names recognized Luyendyk’s contributions to Antarctic science with a name designation, Mount Luyendyk, to a summit in Marie Byrd


texts:
 Land. In 2018 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Professional leadership
<mask> has held a succession of science administration positions during his academic career, including founding Director of the Institute for Crustal Studies (1988-1997; now Earth Research Institute) and Chair of the Department of Geological Sciences at UC Santa Barbara (1997-2003; now Earth Science), followed by a term as Associate Dean of Mathematical, Life, and Physical Sciences at UC Santa Barbara (2005-2010).His professional service included service for international Antarctic research. He served on the ANDRILL (Antarctic Drilling) Science Committee for a decade, beginning in 2005, and he led the USA's work in hosting the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences in Santa Barbara, CA, in 2007. The ISAES returned to USA after a hiatus of thirty years since the first USA-hosted symposium in 1977, in Madison, WI. The 2007 conference was the first to publish the Symposium volume in digital format, on-line. Selected works
 Geometric model for Neogene crustal rotations in southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 91 (4), 211-217, 1980. <mask>, B. P., M.J. Kamerling, and R. Terres.A model for Neogene crustal rotations, transtension, and transpression in southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103 (11), 1528-1536, 1991. <mask>, B. P.
 Simple

masks: Luyendyk Luyendyk Luyendyk


texts:
 shear of southern California during Neogene time suggested by paleomagnetic declinations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 90 (B14), 12454-12466, 1985. B. P<mask>, M. J. Kamerling, R. R. Terres, and J. S. Hornafius. The origin and history of abyssal hills in the northeast Pacific. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81: 2237-2260.1970, <mask>, B. P.
 An experimental approach to the paleocirculation of the oceanic surface waters. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83: 2649-2664, 1972. <mask>, B. P., D. Forsyth, and J. D<mask>. On-bottom gravity profile across the East Pacific Rise crest at 21° north. Geophysics, 49, no. 12:  2166-2177, 1984. <mask>, B. P.
 Geological and geophysical investigations in the northern Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica.in Yoshida, Y. et al. (eds.) Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science, Terra Pub., Tokyo, 279-288, 1992. <mask>, B. P., Richard, S. M., Smith, C. H., and D. L. Kimbrough. Hypothesis for Cretaceous Rifting of East Gondwana caused by Subducted Slab Capture. Geology, v. 23, 373-376, 1995. <mask>, B. P.
 Structural and tectonic evolution of the Ross Sea rift in the Cape Colbeck region, Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica.Tectonics, v. 20(6), pp. 933–958, 2001. <mask>, B. P., C. C. Sorlien, D. Wilson, L. Bartek, and C. H. Siddoway. Hypothesis for Increased Atmospheric Methane Input from Hydrocarbon Seeps on Exposed Continental Shelves during Glacial

masks:
. Luyendyk
Luyendyk
Luyendyk
. Phillips
Luyendyk
Luyendyk
Luyendyk
Luyendyk


texts:
 Low Sea Level. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22 (4), 591-596, 2005. <mask>, B. P., J. P. Kennett, and J. Clark. References

External links
 Home page at UCSB
 White Ocean: Finding Zealandia (blog)
 Deep-sea hydrothermal vents at National Geographic

1943 births
Living people
American geophysicists
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of California, San Diego alumni
People from Freeport, New York
American oceanographers
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Fellows of the Geological Society of America
Scientists from New York (state)
Marine geophysicists
American Antarctic scientists
 Marie Byrd Land explorers and


texts:
<mask> (1522 in Tarancón – October 13, 1560 in Burgos), also known as <mask>, <mask> and in the Latinized form Aloysia Sygaea Toletana, was a poet and intellectual, one of the major figures of Spanish humanism, who spent a good part of her life in the Portuguese court in the service of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577), as her Latin teacher. <mask> wrote the following epitaph for her: Hic sita SIGAEA est: satis hoc: qui cetera nescit | Rusticus est: artes nec colit ille bonas (loosely translated: 'Here lies Sigea; no more need be said; anyone who does not know the rest is an uneducated fool'). Early years
<mask> was born in 1522 in Tarancón, the fourth child of the Spanish noblewoman, <mask>, and Diogo Sigeo, a Frenchman. She had a sister, Ângela, and two brothers, Diogo and António. Her father had moved to Spain as a boy and was educated at University of Alcalá, where he learnt Latin, Ancient Greek and Hebrew. In 1522, he was connected to the failed revolution in Castile led by <mask> and known as the 'Revolt of the Comuneros'. Diogo fled to Portugal where he became tutor to the children of the Duke of Bragança, bringing his family to join him in around 1536.Luisa was then educated by her father, along with the rest of her siblings. As women were excluded from all European Universities at the time, this meant the Sigea girls received an education rarely afforded to other contemporary women, and almost never outside a monastic context. The family was

masks:
Luisa Sigea de Velasco
Luisa Sigeia
Luisa Sigea Toana
André de Resende
Luisa Sigea de Velasco
Francisca Velasco
Juan de Padilla


texts:
 relatively poor and of dubious reputation after Diogo's flight from Spain. As such, neither of the Sigea girls would be able to make a particularly advantageous marriage. Their unique education was therefore a means for them to make their way in the world and is directly linked to their ultimate social standing. The Court of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577)
The Infanta Maria's father died when she was six months old and her mother remarried and left for France three years later, being forced to leave the infant Maria behind. This, coupled with her enormous fortune, was one of the reasons why Maria was able never to marry and establish a court for herself.She surrounded herself with humanist writers and artists, of whom Luisa was one. Luisa taught the princess Latin and was paid 16,000 reis a year. Luisa wrote her most famous works during this time. Despite this, Sigea wrote in Latin to her brother-in-law, <mask> Cuevas, saying that after thirteen years' hard work, she had not even been given her promised salary. Yet the Infanta's regard for Luisa can be seen in the fact that her will bestows an annuity of 12,000 reis to Luisa's daughter, Juana. Later life
In 1552, Sigea married <mask> Cuevas, a nobleman from Burgos, Spain. Shortly after this, Luisa left court to live in Burgos and the couple had one daughter, Juana <mask> Sigea.In 1558, Luisa and her husband found work at the court of Mary of Hungary, the daughter of Philip I of Spain. Francisco worked as a

masks:
Alfonso de
Francisco de
de Cuevas


texts:
 secretary and Luisa as a Latinist, but the post lasted only a few months, as Queen Maria died shortly afterwards. The rest of Luisa'a life was spent trying to gain another position at court, but to no avail. She died in Burgos on 13 October 1560. Literary works
Luisa wrote her most famous literary works during her time at the court of Maria of Portugal (1521–1577), and later at her house. These include Syntra, a Latin poem dedicated to Maria, which was published in France in 1566 by her father and Duarum Virginum Colloquium de vita aulica et privata (Dialogue between two Virgins on Court Life and Private Life), a bucolic dialogue, which was also published in France, in 1562, by the intervention of the French ambassador in Portugal. Aside from these works, we also have many of Luisa's letters.These include a number sent to Pope Paul III, written in several different languages. In 1553, Maria was briefly married to Philip I of Portugal, later Philip II of Spain. The marriage was annulled 24 hours later, but Luisa wrote Syntra for the occasion. Syntra refers to the forest of Sintra, near Lisbon. In the poem, a nymph gives a prophecy relating to Maria's marriage to a powerful man who will rule the world. The poem contains learned allusions to Ovid, Virgil and Homer, with some also suggesting connections to the works of female classical poets, Sappho and Sulpicia. Despite the mistaken prophecy, this poem had a positive effect on Luisa's reputation at


texts:
 court.Duarum Virginum Colloquium de vita aulica et privata is a dialogue between two women on whether it is better to live at court or in a private home, a well-trodden humanism theme. In this work, Luisa thanks Maria for giving her the time and space to work, acknowledging the unique position she finds herself in as a member of the Infanta's court. Although the immediate reception was positive, the work then fell into comparative obscurity until the early twentieth century. Letters
Luisa's letters paint a rich picture of her intellectual life and clearly display her proficiency as a humanist writer. They are written to a large number of key figures of contemporary European politics and contain an abundance of Classics references. They also serve as a useful source on what classical texts were available in Portugal, at the time. Satyra Sotadica – the hoax
In 1680 an erotic work was published, entitled Aloysiæ Sigeæ Toletanæ satyra sotadica de arcanis amoris et veneris: Aloysia hispanice scripsit: latinitate donavit J. Meursius.The title translates as "<mask> <mask> Toledana's Sotadic satire, on the secrets of love and sex; Luisa wrote it in Spanish; it has here been translated into Latin by J. Meursius." Johannes Meursius (1579–1639) was a Dutch classical scholar and antiquary. "Sotadic" refers to Sotades, the 3rd-century BC Greek poet who was the chief representative of a group of writers of obscene, and sometimes pederastic, satirical poetry. This is

masks: Luisa Sigea


texts:
 widely considered the first-ever fully pornographic work written in Latin, and it contains among other things a defence of tribadism (i.e. lesbianism). The attribution to Sigea (as well as the attribution to Meursius) was a hoax, as was first demonstrated by Bruno Lavignini in his edition of the poem (Italy, 1905).It is believed that the true author was the Frenchman Nicolas Chorier. The work was translated into many other languages, including English, under the title Dialogues of Luisa Sigea. References

Bibliography
 Sintra, in António Maria Vasco de Melo César e Meneses, conde de Sabugosa, O Paço de Cintra, apontamentos historicos e archeologicos, Câmara Municipal de Sintra, 1989–1990, facsimile edition of that published by the Imprensa Nacional de Lisboa in 1903
 Dialogue de deux jeunes filles sur la vie de cour et la vie de retraite (1552); edition and commentary by <mask> Sauvage. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970
 Sigea, Luisa (1566) Syntra Aloisiae Sygçae toletanae, aliq ́aue eiusdem, ac non- nullorum praetereà doctorum virorum ad eandem epigrammata: quibus acces- sit Pauli III. p.m. epistola de singulari eius doctrina, ac ingenij praestantia. Paris: D. à Prato. <mask>, "Hic sita Sigea est: satis hoc: <mask> <mask> and the Role of D. Maria, Infanta of Portugal, in Female Scholarship."Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to <mask> Romilly. : Oxford University Press,  November 17, 2016. Further reading

masks:
Odette
Sofia Frade
Luisa
Sigea
Jacqueline de


texts:
 Ana Maria Alves, Comunicazione e silenzio in un diálogo umanistico. A propósito di Luísa Sigea, in <mask> Bigalli e Guido Canziani (eds. ), Il diálogo filosófico nel '500 europeo, Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi (Milano, 28–30 maggio 1987), Milano, FrancoAngeli, 1990
 <mask> <mask>, Ludovicae Sigaeae tumulus, Rio de Janeiro, 1981 (facsimile edition reproducing the edition Lisboa, 1561),
 Carolina Michaëlis <mask>s, A Infanta D. Maria de Portugal (1521–1577) e as suas damas, Edição facsímile, Lisboa, CNCDP, 1994
 Edward V. George, "<mask> Sigea (1522–1560): Iberian Scholar – Poet", in: Laurie J. Churchill, ed. Women Writing in Latin: from Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Europe. 3 vols.New York: Routledge, 2002; Vol. 3, pp. 167–187
 Edward V. George, "Sly Wit and Careful Concession: <mask> <mask>’s Dialogue on Court versus Private Life", in: Studia Philologica Valentina, 4 n.s. 1 (2000), pp. 173–192
 Ismael García Ramila, "Nuevas e interesantes noticias, basadas en fe documental, sobre la vida y descendencia familiar burgalesa de la famosa humanista, Luisa <mask>a, la 'Minerva' de los renacentistas", in Boletín de la Institución Fernán González, XXXVIII, 144 (1958), pp. 309–321; XXXVIII, 145 (1959), pp. 465–492; XXXVIII, 147 (1959), pp.565–593
 José Silvestre Ribeiro, Luiza Sigéa: breves apontamentos histórico-literários, Lisboa, Academia Real das Ciências de Lisboa, 1880
 Manuel Serrano y Sanz, "Apuntes para una biblioteca de escritoras

masks:
Davide
André de
Resende
de Vascollo
Luisa
Luisa
Sigea
de Sige


texts:
 españolas, desde el año 1401 al 1833", Tomo II, Madrid, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1905, pág. 394
 María Regla Prieto Corbalán (2007) Luisa Sigea. Madrid: Akal. Clásicos latinos medievales, 21. Nicolas Chorier, Aloisiæ Sigeæ Toletanæ Satyra Sotadica de Arcanis Amoris et Veneris. Aloisa Hispanice scripsit, Latinitate donavit Joannes Meursius (or rather by Nicolas Chorier), Parisiis, 1885. 8vo.xxxvi+342 pp. Paul-Auguste Allut, Aloysia Sygea et Nicolas Chorier. Lyon: N. Scheuring, 1862. Raúl Amores Pérez, Biografía de Luisa Sigea Toledana. Una taranconera del siglo XVI en la corte portuguesa y española, in Seminario de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (SEMYR). Pérez Priego, M. A. (coord.).Melchor Cano y <mask> <mask>. Dos figuras del Renacimiento español. Tarancón: Ayuntamiento /Centro Asociado de la UNED, 2008, pp. 167–265. Sira Lucía Garrido Marcos, <mask> <mask> Toledana, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (unpublished dissertation), 1955 (658 pp., T-7298)
 <mask>, "Hic sita Sigea est: satis hoc: <mask> <mask> and the Role of D. Maria, Infanta of Portugal, in Female Scholarship." Women Classical Scholars: Unsealing the Fountain from the Renaissance to <mask> Romilly. : Oxford University Press,  November 17, 2016.Sol Miguel <mask>, "A Specific Case of the Docta Foemina: <mask> <mask> and her Duarum Virginum Colloquium de Vita Aulica et Privata", in: Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Abulensis: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of

masks:
Luisa
Sigea
Luisa
Sigea
Sofia Frade
Luisa
Sigea
Jacqueline de
Prendes
Luisa
Sigea


texts:
 NeoLatin Studies, (Ávila, 1997), Tempe, Ariz. : Arizona Center for Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 2000
 Susanne Thiemann, Vom Glück der Gelehrsamkeit: <mask> <mask>, Humanistin im 16. Jahrhundert, (Ergebnisse der Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung an der Freien Universität Berlin; No 9. ), Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2006,

External links
Blog sobre Luisa <mask> <mask>elasco. Estudios y textos, por Raúl Amores <mask> Sigea
Baranda: De investigación y bibliografía. Con unas notas documentales sobre Luisa <mask>
Luísa <mask>, por Américo da Costa Ramalho
Biografia de Luisa Sigea Toledana
Colégio D. Luísa Sigea, Estoril

Spanish women poets
1522 births
1560 deaths
Velasco
Portuguese ladies-in-waiting
16th-century Latin-language writers
New Latin-language

masks:
Luisa
Sigea
Sigea
de V
Pérez Luisa
Sigea
Sigea


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<mask> is an Indian economist and popular historian. He is currently a full-time Member of Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. Previously he was the Principal Economic Adviser in the Ministry of Finance, Government of India since February 2017. He was Deutsche Bank's Global Strategist and a Managing Director till 2015. He is the author several books on Indian History. He is an Eisenhower Fellow

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Kolkata to an aristocratic family, and studied at St. Xavier's School and St. James' School. He went on to attend Shri Ram College of Commerce followed by St John's College (1992–1995), where he was a Rhodes Scholar.Career
<mask> has been a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, London, Visiting Scholar at Oxford University, Adjunct Fellow at the Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore), and a Senior Fellow of the World Wide Fund for Nature(formerly World Wildlife Fund). <mask> had worked in financial markets since the mid-nineties. He was the Managing Director and Global Strategist at Deutsche Bank till 2015. In 2017, he was appointed Principal Economic Adviser to the Indian government in the Modi administration. He also serves as the co-chair of the Framework Working Group of the G20. <mask> <mask> has been appointed full-time member of Economic Advisory Council to prime minister in February, 2022. Views
<mask> has been a vocal critic of Nehruvian socialism, which he deems to have stemmed from an "inward-looking cultural attitude".Nehru and P. C. Mahalanobis are criticized for treating the economy as a "mechanical toy", leaving little scopes for the flourish of private

masks:
Sanjeev Sanyal
Sanjeev Sanyal
Sanyal
Sanyal
Sanjeev
Sanyal
Sanyal


texts: enterprises, and ultimately throttling creativity. <mask> praises the 1991 liberalisation reforms as the harbinger of Indian Renaissance, and argues for the application of Complex Adaptive Systems framework to economic issues. Among his most-espoused views is that the historiography of India has been distorted with "Colonial, Nehruvian, and Marxist" biases — thus, requiring a rewriting of history by "revisiting" primary sources. In his book The Ocean of Churn, he accuses historians of "double standards" in their treatment of Ashoka and asks readers to "read local edicts": <mask> argues that the primary sources used in painting a humane image of Ashoka can also be used to portray him as a genocidal tyrant. According to <mask>, Ashoka did not convert to Buddhism out of laments at the Kalinga War but due to political pressure exerted by the Jains. A host of other sources are invoked to claim Ashoka as a "modern day fundamentalist", whose Dhaṃma Mahāmātās were "religious police"; the famed edicts about religious tolerance were all propaganda. He argues that it was the Nehruvian project which had established Ashoka as a "great king", a post-socialist reading of history is said to be the need of the hour.In <mask>'s version of this reading, the central character is Chanakya, a "professor of Political Economy at Taxila university" who helped Chandragupta Maurya to establish a pan-Indian empire and went on to write Arthashastra about a centralised Mauryan economy. Only when the Arthshastra is retrofitted to India's current political economy —by fixing the judicial system, investing in internal security, and simplifying taxation

masks: Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal


texts:
 rules— among other things, we can return back to the "golden age" of India: a Hindu India, that had birthed “yoga, algebra, the concept of zero, chess, plastic surgery, metallurgy, Hinduism, [and] Buddhism.”

<mask> hypothesizes if the Rshis had "deliberately set up [...] Hinduism’s flexible, adaptive architecture." He goes on to invoke Mahabharata and Puranic literature, to dismiss claims about Indian civilization being a modern construct. Maha-bharata—translated to "Greater India"—allegedly sketched the worlds of Iron Age India; <mask> wonders if "Sudas’ victory against the ten tribes [..] create[d] a dream of civilizational nationhood." The nationhood which has now spent "twelve hundred years" in "servitude" to "outsiders" yet flows unabated since the Vedic era (dated to Bronze age). The nationhood, which has been repeatedly bought with blood from Talikota to Saraighat. He believes the Partition of India to have had happened due to a "fundamental divergence" in opinions about this nationhood.Reception
Meera Visvanathan, a historian of ancient India, mounts a sharp critique of <mask>'s works and notes him to be ignorant of methodologies in historical research. Despite grand calls to rewrite history, his own citations seldom deal with primary sources and remain restricted to textbooks, popular histories, and newspaper articles by mainstream authors. The success of his works primarily laid in his superior writing skills which presented a flamboyant history, before an audience that had hitherto considered the subject as one of rote learning, with a logical simplicity that was very appealing to majoritarian prejudices.

masks: Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal


texts: The usual disdain of academic historians in critiquing and contesting popular histories only added to <mask>'s fame. In deconstructing the narrative of Ashoka, <mask> failed to apply source-criticism—subjecting contemporary edicts, Buddhist hagiographies, and Sri Lankan legends to the same treatment—and imposes a host of anachronistic categories. When dealing with the Arthashastra, <mask> remained oblivious of Trautmann's scholarship, which had conclusively proved the work to be drafted by multiple scholars, or that of Fussman/Sugandhi, who had emphasized the fuzziness of Mauryan economy. He went on to misrecognize a shastra of political economy, as it developed in Early Historic India, as a manual of Mauryan statecraft.<mask>'s analysis of Mahabharata was an exercise in speculation where he struck off whatever did not agree with his preconceived notions but without offering any reason; notwithstanding that Mahabharata translates to "Great War [of the Bharat clan]", he failed to understand the perils of treating Sanskrit itihasa as literal history. Manu Pillai, a popular historian, commends The Ocean of Churn for being a "delightful introduction to the world of the Indian Ocean" despite the possibility of professional scholars challenging his narrative and conclusions. He welcomed <mask>'s command over a layered and complex past, his "accessible" yet "captivating narrative", and especially the reevaluation of Ashoka. Shiv Visvanathan, a social anthropologist specializing in science and technology studies, praised the same work for being a feisty, combative, and comprehensive history of Indian Ocean aimed at a general

masks: Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal Sanyal


texts:
 audience but cautioned that "a professional historian might crib". Like Pillai, he commends the "devastating" reconstruction of Ashoka and recovering figures from the margins of history. Honors
He has also been an Adjunct Fellow of the Institute of Policy Studies at the National University of Singapore, Fellow of  and Senior Fellow of IDFC Institute (Mumbai). In 2009, he joined the Board of Governors of AFPRO.Till 2016, he was a member of the Future City Committee of the Singapore government that was tasked with creating a long-term vision for the city-state. Personal life
He is married to Smita Barooah and they live in New Delhi. Works

Books
The Indian Renaissance: India's Rise After A Thousand Years of Decline, World Scientific, 2008, 264 p.
Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography, Penguin, 2013, 192 p.
The Incredible History of India's Geography, Penguin, 2015, 264 p.
The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History, Penguin, 2017, 324 p.
Life over Two Beers and Other Stories, Penguin, 2018, 232 p.
India in the Age of Ideas: Select Writings, 2006-2018, Westland, 2018, 318 p.

Columns
<mask> is an occasional columnist for the Hindustan Times, Project Syndicate, The Times of India, Live Mint, Business Standard, and several other publications. References

External links
 <mask>'s Homepage
 <mask>'s Business Standard columns

Living people
1970 births
Bengali people
20th-century Indian economists
Indian Rhodes Scholars
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Scientists from Kolkata
Indian environmentalists
Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni
Urban theorists
21st-century Indian


texts:
<mask> (born 1955) is an Australian artist who works in sculpture, photography and painting. She is best known for her hyper real images of adolescents. She has exhibited widely in Australia as well as Paris and Brazil. Her works are in the collections of Australian galleries including the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney and the Gallery of Modern Art Brisbane,  as well as major regional galleries. She represented Australia in the XXV biennale in São Paulo, Brazil. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Melbourne in 1955 and attended the Victorian College of the Arts, graduating in 1983. In 2018 she completed a PhD at Deakin University, Faculty of Arts & Education, School of Communication and Creative Arts, Melbourne.Her thesis, titled Lasagna composting: strategies for painting in a digital age proposed strategies for the survival of painting in a digital age. Career
As a painter, <mask> originally explored landscape and in the 1980s focused on politics of occupations and space. <mask> produced drawings in crayon. After the mid-1980s, <mask> focused on ideas about woman's place in society, and the invisibility of women in society. Her works incorporated traditional crafts including plaster work and basket weaving. In 1989–91 <mask> produced a series of works called The Long Century. In her work International Behaviour (2000)  she imposed a photograph of Vietnam refuges in boats on a background of vivid, psychedelic colours and patterns.In 1994, <mask> exhibited sculptures recalling the grand canyon and the Amazon jungle: simple shapes on plinths. Even then critics noted her theatricality and comment on the traditional

masks:
Jan Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


texts:
 presenting of works on plinths. <mask>'s more recent works are hyper realistic, and recall the gloss of advertising and magazine. Her works portray people between their worlds and their desires, often adolescents. <mask>'s best known series is Walking in Tall Grass, portraits of adolescents, that <mask> worked on for fifteen years, ending in 2016. <mask> began with photographing people she knew as well as strangers. She drew on the photographs for the paintings, which may combine a head, a torso and features from multiple subjects she has photographed.When she paints the portraits, <mask> adds vibrant colours and often paints reflections in eyes or sunglasses. To heighten vibrancy, <mask> has painted exhibition walls in vibrant colours. Each young adolescent is dressed and accessorized to express individuality as well as fashion at the time the painting was done. Yet each individual looks away from the viewer, suggesting they are looking inward uncertain of where they are going. In an interview, <mask> noted that when walking in tall grass you can't go back, you have to go forward, but you can't see where you are going. Work
<mask>'s works exploit emotional, textural and chromatic intensity, oscillating between fear and power, complacency and dissent. Layered within the artist's work is the personal experience of her own formative years during the social, political and cultural tumult of the 1970s.<mask>'s multi-disciplinary practice, which encompasses painting, sculpture, photography and installation, concentrates on the role of the visual in the construction and experience of the developing self. Both alluring and disquieting, her work's dynamism stems from the artist's preoccupation with states of change. <mask>'s

masks:
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Jan Nelson
Nelson
Nelson


texts: suggested narratives frequently involve pivotal moments, transformations and the in-between spaces in which the potential for change and transcendence operate. For instance, in the 1990s her paintings (Anticipating Transcendence,1996 and An Ordinary Life, 1997) explored iconic tropes of modernism by refiguring the work of Yves Klein and Piero Manzoni. The series culminating in the exhibition Incident 1960, which examined issues of simulation and the relationship between painting, photography and 3D objects. In the early 2000s <mask> began her hyperrealist, hyper coloured painting series, Walking in Tall Grass. As MCA senior curator Rachel Kent writes: '<mask>'s paintings are unapologetically representational, their subjects painted meticulously from photographs taken by the artist, rather than from studio sittings.Collectively titled Walking in Tall Grass, her works take as their subject a young person – male or female – on the cusp of adolescence. Highly individual, with distinctive features, clothing and other pieces of visual information (a pom-pom hat, badges, a particular anorak), they are one step removed from their viewer in that they are discretely turned away and do not meet the eye directly. This 'disconnect' or refusal to engage has been described by some critics as reflecting the nature of adolescence, with its solitary introspection and avoidance of adult engagement. Each portrait is singular, the figure presented against a simple, coloured background.' 'Increasingly, they are a composite of several people who are digitally combined, the head of one, the torso or arms of another, and so forth…. This subsequent step then becomes an exercise in going beyond the truth of the photograph, introducing a

masks: Nelson Nelson


texts: hyper-reality and powerful intensity of colour and emotion so that, in <mask>'s words, the painting "begins to vibrate". [Further intensifying the scene <mask> often exhibits these works on] hand-painted striped gallery walls which introduces an abstract, chromatic intensity and contrast to the figuration of the canvases.In 2013, her exhibition Strange Days grafted symbols of 1970s idealism onto Occupy Melbourne and the activities of the local environment movement. Riffing on her earlier 'bleached' cast 3D works, ... <mask>'s installation continued to vibrate with the energy of 'the real' and to oscillate between the often-conflicting states of vulnerability and defiance. The three works that made up the exhibition (each 1:1 cast replicas of objects from real life) specifically came from the artist's own experience. For instance, Defiance, a rendered water barrier, meticulously detailed in shape and surface but devoid of any colour other than that of the cast, was lifted from the Occupy Melbourne protest in Melbourne's City Square, when on the 21st October the camp was barricaded by police using water barriers and cyclone fencing. Within the circle of linked barriers, one lone barrier sat abandoned inside the camp. The solitary unit, useless without its connection to its fellow barriers, becoming a potent symbol of how power is only achieved when individuals join together. This image was further galvanized as a symbol of defiance when a single graffitied tag appeared.This irreverent gesture later reconstructed by the street artist Sirum 1's Venom tag which was applied to <mask>'s Defiance as a reiteration of the act of reclamation. Importantly for <mask> the labour of the human hand is perceived as a performative act,

masks: Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson Nelson


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 exposing the gap between the constant striving towards perfection and the flawed reality of our idiosyncratic humanity. As she writes "as with all of my work, the meaning is contained within the process where the handmade meets acute industrial precision. Whether it is a hyper-real exact replica of a photograph or screen, an abstracted minimal rendering of stripes on a wall or the incessant manufacture of 3D objects, all are managed from a set of instructions, followed exactly to perform a kind of perfection, and more importantly, to give rise to problematising the very nature of representation. In acting out this exactness it is my aim to claim a type of witness to the anxiety and struggle of contemporary living." Awards and honours
 1983–1984 Australian Council for the Arts grant awarded to support her residency at the Owen Tooth Cottage, Vence, France
 1984–1985 Australian Council for the Arts Project Grant awarded
1986 Artist in Residence, Victorian College of the Arts
2003–2004 Australia Council grant awarded
2004 John McCaughey Memorial Art Prize at National Gallery of Victoria
 2009 Arthur Guy Art Prize, Bendigo Art Gallery

Collections
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Bendigo Art Gallery
Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney
National Gallery of Victoria
National Gallery of Australia
Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art
Art Gallery Western Australia
Monash University Museum of Art
Ian Potter Museum of Art
Heide Museum of Modern Art

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
Artists from Melbourne
Deakin University alumni
Victorian College of the Arts


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<mask> (born October 29, 1941) is an American diplomat and scholar who served as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from June 9, 1981, to April 21, 1989, in the Reagan administration. Crocker, architect of the U.S. policy of "constructive engagement" towards Southern Africa including apartheid-era South Africa, is credited with setting the terms of Namibian independence. Background
<mask> was born in New York City in 1941. He attended Ohio State University and graduated with distinction in History in 1963. He obtained a master's degree at Johns Hopkins University in 1965, followed by a Ph.D at the School of Advanced International Studies. From 1969-1970, <mask> was a lecturer in African government and politics at the American University in Washington DC. He was recruited to join the National Security Council by Henry Kissinger  in 1970, but returned to academia in 1972 as director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service program at Georgetown University, where he lectured in African politics and international relations.Over the course of the next nine years, Crocker advanced to assistant professor, and finally became associate professor at Georgetown University. Constructive engagement
As chairman of Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential election campaign's "Africa working group", Crocker sought to change US policy on apartheid South Africa away from what he saw as the confrontational approach adopted by the Carter presidency and towards a new policy which he termed "constructive engagement." Shortly after the election, Crocker attracted the attention of the Reagan transition team with an article he wrote in the winter 1980/81 edition of the Foreign Affairs journal. In the article, Crocker was highly critical of the outgoing Carter administration for its apparent hostility to the white minority government in South Africa, by acquiescing in the United Nations Security Council's imposition of a mandatory arms embargo (UNSCR 418/77) and the UN's demand for the end of South Africa's illegal

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Crocker
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 occupation of Namibia (UNSCR 435/78). Crocker's policy linked the removal of South African forces from Namibia with the removal of Cuban forces from Angola, which many U.S. diplomats considered to be of vital importance. Without Cuban withdrawal, it was deemed unlikely by diplomats that South Africa would see an incentive to begin the removal of its own troops from Namibia. It was hoped that Cuba would view the withdrawal of its troops as a successful conclusion to their efforts in Africa as it would confirm Cuba's role as a significant player on the diplomatic stage.On February 7, 1981, Crocker formally proposed that the United States should link Namibian independence to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, where they had formed a 700 km defensive line to prevent South African assaults similar to the 'Zulu' invasion of 1975. In April 1981, Assistant Secretary of State <mask> was dispatched to Africa on a two-week, eleven-nation tour to lay the groundwork for the new policy. However, Crocker was met with distrust on one side – the black leaders wary of the Reagan administration's friendly approach towards the white-minority government in South Africa – and hostility from the other, with prime minister P. W. Botha refusing to meet with him. Undeterred, Crocker continued to insist that a comprehensive solution was the only way to allay the fears on both sides. In his testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on February 15, 1983 he argued:

Security, of which the Cuban troop issue is an integral part, has always been a prerequisite for agreement on Namibian independence. As a practical diplomatic matter, it will not be possible to obtain a Namibian independence agreement without satisfactory regional security assurances. Resolution 435 already required South Africa to leave Namibia so the incorporation of Cuba and Angola was deemed unnecessary in the eyes of some.The policy's requirement to cooperate with the South African government was viewed unfavorably by politicians and human rights


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 organizations on account of the implicit condoning of apartheid. Author/journalist Christopher Hitchens gives credit for the independence agreement to the South-West Africa People's Organization, rather than to constructive engagement. However, UN diplomat Martti Ahtisaari contended that "South Africa had not the least intention of relinquishing Namibia." Crocker's analysis of the situation from the perspective of the South African government concluded that this delay would never be overcome unless the South Africans felt that the execution of resolution 435 offered them an incentive. In spite of such criticisms and the initial distrust among black African leaders, Crocker persevered in his pursuit of a negotiated settlement for the related conflicts in Angola and Namibia. With help from skilled subordinates such as Frank G. Wisner and Vernon Walters, he managed to gain the trust of Kenneth Kaunda, the Zambian president. Kaunda visited the White House for talks with Ronald Reagan in March 1983, and agreed to host an international conference in February 1984 which resulted in the Lusaka Accords, a small but significant step forward in the search for peace in southern Africa.Relaxing the arms embargo
On April 3, 1984 Richard Knight of the American Committee on Africa reported to the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid on the effects the new policy was having:

The Reagan administration's policy of constructive engagement has already led to a significant relaxation of the arms embargo. Stressing the goal of regional stability, the American government has now adopted a policy which they see as an 'even-handed' approach to all countries in the region. Thus the Reagan administration seeks to blame all sides equally for the violence in the region, ignoring the fact that the violence stems from apartheid. In reality there is no even-handedness in the US's engagement in southern Africa: a policy which in the last three years has resulted in an increased South African ability to harass and dominate


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 regionally. A study of the easing of the arms embargo reveals that more than $28.3 million worth of military equipment was authorised for sale to South Africa for fiscal years 1981-1984, as compared to $25,000 for 1979. While the FNLA and UNITA were funded by South Africa and the U.S., the Soviet Union had provided billions of dollars in military support for the MPLA, which was identified as a socialist group. By the end of the 1970s, Angola had become the focus of the USSR's African policy.Namibian independence

<mask> intensified his mediation efforts in successive years. In May 1988 he headed a U.S. mediation team which brought negotiators from Angola, Cuba and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Intense diplomatic maneuvering characterized the next seven months so as to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 and secure Namibian independence. At the Reagan/Gorbachev summit in Moscow (May 29-June 1, 1988) it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The Tripartite Accord, which gave effect to these decisions, were signed at UN headquarters in New York on December 22, 1988. Crocker attended the signing ceremony along with George Shultz. UNSR Martti Ahtisaari took over from Crocker in April 1989 and began the implementation of UNSCR 435.In May 1989 <mask> stepped down as Assistant Secretary of State and returned to academia at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. Elections were held from the 7–11 November 1989 and Namibia finally achieved independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. Chas. W. Freeman Jr commented at the time that "the emergence of Namibia as a stable, decent society with a well-managed economy would inspire more rapid change away from apartheid in South Africa." He later commented in a 1995 interview with Charles Stuart Kennedy for the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training that "there is no doubt that the South

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 African opening to the outside world, which Crocker's diplomacy ultimately brokered and which produced the Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola and the Namibian independence in 1989, was a fundamental factor in impelling P. W. Botha's successor, F. W. De Klerk, in the direction of releasing Mandela and opening the political process to black South African participation." Martti Ahtisaari was also of the opinion that the policy of constructive engagement acted as an undeniable catalyst for resolution. He remarked that "those of us close to the matter were aware that if nothing new was put forward we would remain in this situation for the rest of our lives.But we couldn't declare publicly that this was an excellent idea – although in the final analysis it was a bold and adroit move by Crocker." Notable positions held
From 1969-70 Crocker was Professional Lecturer in African Government and Politics at the American University, before he left to join the National Security Council staff. He returned to academia in 1972, as Director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University, a position he held until 1978. He held several other professorial roles, including director of African Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (1976–80) and James R. Schlesinger Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies at Georgetown University (1999–present). Other notable positions held include service at the United States Institute of Peace, which supports research, education and training, as well as operating programs in conflict zones. He held the position of Chairman of the Board from 1992 to 2004, after which <mask> continued on as a Board Member until 2011. He is also a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an independent, non-profit organisation which lends the expertise of established diplomats and world leaders to current governments.From May 2014 Crocker acted as a distinguished fellow with CIGI's Global Security & Politics Program, leading a project that examines


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 Africa's regional conflict management strategy. In addition to these, Crocker sits on the Board of Directors for the International Peace and Security Institute, which offers intensive education and training to young professionals from world leaders in an effort to promote peaceful diplomacy. Awards
In 1989, Ronald Reagan awarded Crocker with the Presidential Citizen's Medal. In 1992, Crocker was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University. On September 18, 2008, Crocker was appointed to the World Bank's new Independent Advisory Board, (IAB), which will provide advice on anti-corruption measures. List of Affiliations
G3 Good Governance Group – Group Executive Chairman
 Global Leadership Foundation – Founder and Board Member
 International Peace and Security Institute, Board of Directors
 U.S. Institute of Peace – Board of Directors
 Georgetown University School of Foreign Service – James R. Schlesinger Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies
 Center for International Governance Innovation – Distinguished Fellow
 Universal Corporation, Inc – Board Member
 Ngena Foundation – Board Member
 International Advisory Board, International Affairs (Chatham House) - Member
 Council on Foreign Relations – Member
 International Institute of Strategic Studies – Member
 American Academy of Diplomacy - Member

List of Published Works
 <mask>, High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1992.<mask> and David Smock, African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1995. <mask> and Fen Osler Hampson, Managing Global Chaos: Origins of and Responses to International Conflict. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1996. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1999. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict.Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press,

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 2001. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2004. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2005. <mask> <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, ed. Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World.Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2007. <mask>, Casimir Yost, and Thomas Pickering, America's Role in the World: Foreign Policy Choices for the Next Administration. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 2008. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2010. <mask><mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall (ed. ), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (2015)
 <mask><mask> and Pamela Aall, ed.Minding the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change. Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2016. References

Further reading
 Campbell, Horace. "Constructive Engagement? <mask> and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola 1981-1988." International Journal of African Historical Studies (2008): 333-336. <mask>, <mask>.High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood (1992). 533 pp; his memoir. Kagan-Guthrie, Zachary. "<mask> and the South African Border War, 1981–1989: A Reappraisal of Linkage." Journal of Southern African Studies 35.1 (2009): 65-80. External links
Interview with <mask> about Southern Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

1941 births
Assistant Secretaries of State for African Affairs
American diplomats
Cold War diplomats
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
International relations scholars
Living people
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International

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<mask> (; 18 July 1702 – 18 January 1735) a titular queen of England, Scotland and Ireland by marriage to James Francis Edward Stuart, a Jacobite claimant to the British throne. The granddaughter of the Polish king John III Sobieski, she was the mother of Charles Edward Stuart, aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie", and of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart. Biography

Early life
She was born on  18 July 1702 in Oława (Ohlau), Silesia, then part of the Holy Roman Empire and now in Poland. Her parents were James Louis Sobieski (1667–1737), the eldest son of King John III, and Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg (1673–1722). Her older sister <mask> (known as Charlotte) was the Duchess of Bouillon by marriage. Marriage
Being one of Europe's wealthiest heiresses from inheriting vast estates in Poland from her paternal grandfather, she was betrothed to James Francis Edward Stuart. King George I of Great Britain was opposed to the marriage because he feared that the union might produce heirs to James Francis Edward's claim to his thrones.To placate him, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI (<mask>'s own maternal first cousin) had her arrested while on her way to Italy to marry James Francis Edward. She was confined in Innsbruck Castle but eventually the guards were deceived and, with the help of Charles Wogan, <mask> escaped to Bologna, where, for safety from further intrusions, she was married by proxy to James, who was in Spain at that time. <mask>'s father, James Louis Sobieski, approved her escape, declaring that, as she became engaged to James Francis Edward, she ought to "follow his fortune and his cause". <mask> and James Francis Edward were formally married on 3 September 1719 in the chapel of the episcopal palace of Montefiascone, Italy, in the

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Maria Clementina Sobieska
Maria Karolina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina


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 Cathedral of Santa Margherita. Following their marriage, James and <mask> were invited to reside in Rome at the special request of Pope Clement XI, who acknowledged them as the king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Titular queen
The Pope provided them with a papal guard of troops and gave them the Palazzo Muti in the Piazza dei Santi Apostoli in Rome to live in, as well as a country villa at Albano. The Catholic Church also provided them with an annual allowance of 12,000 crowns out of the papal treasury.Popes Clement XI and Innocent XIII considered James and <mask>ina, both Catholics, the rightful king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. The married life of James and <mask> proved turbulent and unhappy. Reportedly, James initially had a favourable impression of her because of her beauty, while she disliked him because of his lack of it, as well as his passive nature. She befriended the governess of her son, a Mrs Sheldon, who became her confidant and favourite. On the other hand, she disliked the influence of James's favourite John Hay of Cromlix and his wife Marjorie, and reportedly, she suspected James of having an affair with Marjorie Hay. In 1725, soon after their second child's birth, James fired Sheldon and appointed James Murray as the guardian of their sons against the wishes of <mask>. She left him and went to live in convent of St. Cecilia in Rome with her favourite Sheldon and the rest of her personal retinue.She accused her husband of adultery, while he said it was sinful to leave him and her children. Upon the advice of Cardinal Alberoni, who claimed it was her only chance to gain support against her husband, <mask> claimed that James wished to give his son a Protestant education. This claim secured her the

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Maria Clementina
Maria Clement
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 support of the Pope as well as the Kingdom of Spain against James and the sympathy of the public when she demanded that James remove the Duke of Dunbar and the Hays from his court and reinstate Sheldon in her position. In April 1726, James granted her sons permission to visit her. The whole affair was seen as a scandal in Europe and reported about by anti-Jacobite agents in Rome. In May 1727, through the mediation of the duke of Liria, James removed the Hay couple from his court, and in January 1728, <mask> and James reconciled in Bologna. In practice, however, <mask> and James lived the rest of their marriage separated: James preferred to reside in Albano, while <mask> lived in the Palazzo Muti in Rome.She was prone to depression, spending much of her time praying and submitting to religious fasting and other Catholic ascetic rituals, which is thought to have played a role in the fact that she never conceived again. Her sexual relations with James soon discontinued; they seldom dined together, and though they were officially reconciled, she preferred to avoid him outside formal occasions. <mask> did perform the ceremonial functions she had as Jacobite queen: in June 1729, for example, she gave an audience for Montesquieu. Her favourite Mrs Sheldon did not officially reside at the Jacobite court, but she provided her with a residence close to it, and kept her as a confidante. Her relation to her younger son was not close, as he was his father's favourite, but she was close to their elder son Charles, who was his mother's favourite: during an illness of Charles in 1732, for example, <mask> tended to him despite the fact that he fell ill in Albano and she was thus forced to meet James. Death
Her health was weakened by her ascetic life style and

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 deteriorated as the years went by. <mask> died at the early age of 32 on 18 January 1735.She was interred with full royal honours in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Clement XII ordered that she have a state burial. Pope Benedict XIV commissioned Pietro Bracci (1700–1773) to sculpt a monument to her memory, which was erected in the Basilica. Issue
<mask> and James Francis Edward had two sons:

Charles Edward Louis Philip John Casimir Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie", married Louise of Stolberg-Gedern and had no issue; had affair with his cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne and had issue; had issue with his mistress <mask> Walkinshaw;
Henry Benedict <mask> Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), later known as the Cardinal Duke of York, never married. Ancestry

Gallery

References

External links
Nuptials of <mask> Sobieska at the Wilanów Palace Museum
 Gaetano Platania, Angielskie małżeństwo ;arii Klementyny Sobieskiej, in "Sobótka", 2, 1980, pp. 401–410. Gaetano Platania, Morte di <mask> <mask> Stuart: il caso di Michele Marieschi progettista di apparati funebri, in ARTE/Documento.Rivista di Storia e tutela dei Beni Culturali, 4, 1990, pp. 164–173. Gaetano Platania, La politica europea e il matrimonio inglese di una principessa polacca: <mask> <mask>, Accademia Polacca delle Scienze-Biblioteca e Centro Studi a Roma, Manziana (Roma), Vecchiarelli editore, 1993. Gaetano Platania, Viaggio a Roma sede d'esilio. Sovrane alla conquista di Roma: secoli XVII-XVIII, Istituto Nazionale di Studi Romani, Roma 2002, pp. 99–118. 1702 births
1735 deaths
<mask>ina
<mask>ina
Jacobites
18th-century Polish novelists
18th-century Polish women
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
Polish people of

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Maria Klementyna
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<mask> (born August 20, 1988) is an American former  professional basketball player. He played a year of college basketball for the Arizona Wildcats after playing high school basketball at St. Mary's High School in Phoenix, where he scored a career-high 52 points in a loss to eventual state champions, Mesa Mountain View. He was selected 11th overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers and was then traded to the Portland Trail Blazers. College career
As a freshman at Arizona in 2007–08, <mask> led the Wildcats in scoring with average of 19.7 points per game with 45.8% shooting (40.7% 3-point shooting). He also averaged 4.0 assists and 2.7 rebounds and 35.7 minutes per game in 30 games. He became the first freshman in school history to lead Arizona in scoring, as well as the first freshman to win team MVP honors since Sean Elliott did so in 1985–86. He earned multiple awards including All-Pac-10 second team and All-Freshman honors, First Team All-District honors by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) and United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA), named Honorable Mention All-America by The Associated Press, and was a finalist for the Wooden Award.The Wildcats finished the regular season with a 19–14 record (8–10 in the Pac-10), making it through to the first round of the NCAA tournament where they lost to West Virginia. On April 5, 2008, he declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of college eligibility. Professional career

Portland Trail Blazers (2008–2010)
<mask> was selected by the Indiana Pacers with the 11th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He was subsequently traded by Indiana with Ike Diogu

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 to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Jarrett Jack, Josh McRoberts and Brandon Rush on July 9. At the 2008 Las Vegas Summer League, he earned the Most Valuable Player award after leading the league in scoring at 29.8 points per game and leading the Trail Blazers to a 3–2 win/loss record. <mask> scored a career-high 31 points on December 23, 2009 against the San Antonio Spurs, setting a franchise record for points by a Trail Blazer making his first career start. New Orleans Hornets (2010)
<mask> was traded by the Trail Blazers to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for a 2011 first-round draft pick that would become Tobias Harris on October 23, 2010.Toronto Raptors (2010–2012)
<mask> was traded by New Orleans with Peja Stojaković to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for David Andersen, Marcus Banks and Jarrett Jack on November 20, 2010. On December 11, 2010, he tied his career-high of 31 points against the Detroit Pistons. He recorded a double-double with 11 points and 10 assists on February 22, 2011 against the Charlotte Bobcats, tying career-highs by shooting 11-of-12 from the free throw line, making him the first NBA player to record a points/assists double-double without a made field goal since Magic Johnson did so in 1996. In the lockout shortened 2011–12 season, <mask> set career-highs in scoring (11.4 points), assists (3.8), FG% (.424), 3P% (.423) and FT% (.852) in 31 games (11 starts). Memphis Grizzlies (2012–2014)
On July 13, 2012, <mask> signed a two-year deal with the Memphis Grizzlies. On June 30, 2013, he exercised his player option with the Grizzlies for the 2013–14 season. Boston Celtics (2014)
On January 7, 2014, <mask> was traded

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 to the Boston Celtics in a three-team trade that involved the Grizzlies and the Oklahoma City Thunder.Milwaukee Bucks (2014–2016)

On July 31, 2014, <mask> signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He had a solid first half of the 2014–15 season before his form dropped post All-Star break. During the season, <mask> was often relied upon to carry a significant load as he knew the system and head coach Jason Kidd's trust. This was especially true in the first week that followed the All-Star break, as newly acquired Michael Carter-Williams was still nursing a toe-injury. On December 28, 2015, <mask> returned to the Bucks' lineup after missing 11 games with a left ankle sprain and led Milwaukee with 19 points and seven assists off the bench in a loss to the Dallas Mavericks. He later missed six games in early January with the same injury, and a further five games in late February with a left knee injury. Philadelphia 76ers (2016–2018)
On July 13, 2016, <mask> signed with the Philadelphia 76ers.Due to a left wrist injury, <mask> was assigned to the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League on November 14 for an injury rehabilitation assignment. He was recalled on November 16 and made his season debut for the 76ers on November 21 after missing the first 13 games of the season; he scored four points in 16 minutes against the Miami Heat. He made three appearances for the 76ers before the injury forced him to the sidelines again. On December 15, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after he underwent successful surgery to repair a torn ligament in his left wrist. <mask> started the first seven games of the 2017–18 season before quickly lost his starting job


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 and then had his thumb injury resurface. After missing six games, he returned to the rotation, but he struggled with his shot and defense. With the young talent that was emerging on the roster, <mask> found himself out of the rotation by mid-January.<mask> sat out the start of the 2018–19 season to rehabilitate a hyperextended right knee. Minnesota Timberwolves (2018–2019)
On November 12, 2018, <mask> was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves, along with Robert Covington, Dario Šarić and a 2022 second-round pick, in exchange for Jimmy Butler and Justin Patton. He made his season debut on December 21 against the San Antonio Spurs. On January 30, 2019, he recorded 19 points and a career-high 12 assists in a 99–97 overtime win over the Memphis Grizzlies. It was his first double-double since November 7, 2015, and just the fifth of his career. 9 overall recruit and the No. 2 shooting guard by both Scout.com and Rivals.com.College
2008 Second-team All-Pac-10
2018 University of Arizona Ring of Honor

See also

2006 high school boys basketball All-Americans

References

External links

Milwaukee Bucks bio
Official website
Arizona bio

1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from Phoenix, Arizona
Boston Celtics players
Indiana Pacers draft picks
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Memphis Grizzlies players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
New Orleans Hornets players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philadelphia 76ers players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Shooting guards
Toronto Raptors

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<mask> (born October 11, 1961) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the San Francisco 49ers. He also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Prior to his NFL career, he was a member of the Los Angeles Express in the United States Football League (USFL) for two seasons. <mask> played college football for Brigham Young University (BYU), setting school and NCAA records en route to being runner-up for the 1983 Heisman Trophy. <mask> was named the AP's NFL Most Valuable Player in 1992 and 1994, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXIX. During his 1994 MVP campaign, he set a new NFL record for passer rating at 112.8. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame.<mask> was an extremely efficient passer – leading the league in passer rating a record six times, and completion percentage and yards per attempt five times. At the time of his retirement, he had the highest passer rating among NFL quarterbacks with at least 1,500 passing attempts (96.8). As of the end of the 2020 season, he is ranked tenth all-time in passer rating, and is ranked fourth highest amongst retired players, behind only Drew Brees, Tom Brady, and Tony Romo. His 43 career rushing touchdowns are second among quarterbacks, while his 4,239 rushing yards ranks fifth all time. Early years
Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, <mask> attended Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Connecticut, where he played quarterback on its Cardinals football team. He earned 1978 All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors in his junior year, his first year as a starter. In his senior year he rushed

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 for 13 touchdowns and earned All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors, and was named to the CIAC All-State team.In the rush-first option offense run by Greenwich he completed only 41 percent of his throws for 1,220 yards, but ran the ball 267 times for 1,928 yards. On Thanksgiving Day in November 1979, Greenwich lost to Darien High School, known for its "Tidal Wave Defense", 17–0. During his senior year, he was co-captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. In basketball, he averaged 15 points a game. In baseball, he hit .384 and played center field when he wasn't pitching. He was 5–1 and threw a 3–0 no-hitter against New Canaan High School. College football
<mask> was heavily recruited by the University of North Carolina.Coach Dick Crum was enamored by <mask>'s running ability, and wanted him to run his option offense. <mask> instead chose BYU. Initially, he struggled at throwing the ball, and BYU's coaching staff considered switching him to defensive back because of his athleticism. However, he worked hard to improve his passing skills and eventually succeeded record-setting Jim McMahon as BYU's starting QB. <mask>'s senior season (1983) was spectacular. He passed for 3,902 yards and 33 touchdowns in the regular season, and his 71.3% completion percentage set an NCAA single-season record. He also added 544 yards rushing.With <mask> at quarterback, BYU set an NCAA record by averaging 584.2 yards of total offense per game, with 370.5 of those yards coming from <mask>'s passing and rushing. The Cougars finished the year with an impressive 11–1 record; <mask> was named a unanimous All-American and received the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young


texts:
 Award, which recognizes the nation's best collegiate quarterback each year. He also finished second in voting for the Heisman Trophy, behind Nebraska running back Mike Rozier. <mask> capped his college career by scoring the game-winning touchdown on a pass from the halfback in BYU's 21–17 victory over Missouri in the 1983 Holiday Bowl. <mask> finished his college career with 592 pass completions for 7,733 yards and 56 touchdowns, along with 1,048 yards and 18 touchdowns rushing. He was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 2001. Professional football

USFL

Los Angeles Express
<mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the first round (11th overall) of the 1984 USFL Draft.He signed a record ten-year, $40 million contract with the Express in  He agreed to take his payment in the form of an annuity paid out over forty years to help the fledgling team. It was taken for granted that <mask> would be the first pick in the 1984 NFL Draft, and that he would be selected by the Cincinnati Bengals, who were three years removed from the Super Bowl and had landed the No. 1 pick in a trade with the then-moribund Tampa Bay Buccaneers. However, the Bengals still had Ken Anderson as their quarterback and planned to have <mask> sit behind Anderson for the 1984 season before possibly taking over in 1985. <mask> found that prospect unappealing, which opened the door for the Express. Express general manager Don Klosterman told <mask> that if he signed with the Express, his head coach would be John Hadl, a former All-Pro quarterback who had shepherded John Elway through his first year in the NFL. Klosterman also told <mask> that Hall of Fame coach Sid Gillman,

masks: Young Young Young Young Young Young Young Young