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<mask> (1829–1887) was a Scottish photographer, notable for being the first to record the bad housing conditions of the poor. Biography
Born in Dairsie, Fife he was one of seven children of <mask>, a flax spinner. Career
After his initial apprenticeship as a lithographic writer and engraver at the Fife Herald in Cupar, he moved to Glasgow in 1849 and worked as a lithographer and engraver for  Joseph Swan until 1855. He set up business with George Berwick at 40 Woodlands Road, Glasgow, listing in the 1855 - 56 Glasgow post office directory as calotypists, practitioners of this early form of photography. In 1855, he photographed the ship RMS Persia, under construction on the Clyde, which was probably a commission by engineer, Robert Napier. This photograph was part of a group of images sent to the Photographic Exhibition in connection with the British Association. After dissolving his previous partnership, he established himself in a photographic studio at 116 Sauchiehall Street during 1857.In 1859, the business moved to 200 Hope Street  and he was also able to establish a printing works in Hamilton in 1863. First interested largely in architectural photography and then portraits, as well as photographing artworks and maps, in 1866 Annan photographed slum areas of the city. These images were used by Glasgow City Improvement Trust to document the overcrowded, unhygienic conditions ahead of extensive redevelopments. It was this series of photographs, created between 1868 and 1871, entitled Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow, that ensured his posterity. In 1869, Annan purchased the contents of Rock House, which belonged David Octavius Hill, which included many of Hill's photographs and negatives. These were eventually exhibited by <mask>' son, James Craig <mask>, and reproduced in photogravure in Alfred Stieglitz's journal Camera Work. Annan's photographs of the Loch Katrine Waterworks were praised in the British Journal of Photography: "The views by Mr. Annan could scarcely fail to be

masks:
Thomas Annan
John Annan
Thomas
Annan


type: original

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 attractive, for in a country so beautiful a clever artist is bound to produce results in keeping with the nature of the subject, and this Mr. Annan has done."Indeed, <mask>'s work was often praised not only for its aesthetics, but also for its technical virtuosity. Twenty years later, <mask>'s studio would be singled out by Baden Pritchard for its accomplishments in carbon printing and "beautiful pictures of exteriors and interiors of Scotch strongholds." <mask> purchased the rights to the photogravure process in Britain from Karel Klíč of Vienna in 1883 after visiting the city with his second son, James Craig <mask>. James was a noted photogravurist and associated with late nineteenth-century art photography continued in his father's profession, receiving a Royal Warrant as 'Photographers and Photographic Engravers to Her Majesty in Glasgow'. Death and legacy
<mask> died on 14 December 1887 at his home in Lenzie. Before his death by suicide, he had experienced a month-long period of "mental aberration". The family business survives to the present day in the form of the Annan Fine Art Gallery, located on Woodlands Road in the West End of Glasgow.A selection of prints from the Glasgow Improvements act 1868 series were displayed in the  Scottish National Portrait Gallery from 2011 to 2012. In 2017, the Getty Museum curated an exhibition entitled <mask>: Photographer of Glasgow, the first to survey his career and legacy as photographer and printer. In June 2021, a set of Annan's Old Closes and Streets was sold to an un-named buyer by auctioneers Bonhams for £1,678. Works
His works include:
 Bond and free: five sketches illustrative of slavery. by J Noel Paton, photographed by <mask> (1863)
 Portrait of David Livingstone (1864)
 Photographs of Glasgow College (1866)
 The Painted Windows of Glasgow Cathedral: A series of forty three photographs (1867)
 Photographs of Glasgow with descriptive letterpress (1868)
 Days at the coast, or the firth of Clyde, its watering places, scenery, and

masks:
Annan
Annan
Thomas Annan
Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan


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 associations. (1868)
 Illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of photographs in the new galleries of art, Corporation building, Sauchiehall Street, photographed by <mask> (1868)
 Three Old Maps of Glasgow, photographed by Annan. 1.Glasgow in 1777 by McArthur 2.Glasgow in 1807 by Fleming 3. Map of the Environs of Scotland in 1795 by Richardson (1871)
 Glasgow improvements act 1868: photographs of streets, closes & c. Taken 1868 - 71 (1872)
 Scottish landscape: The works of Horatio McCulloch, with a sketch of his life by Alexander Fraser. Photographed by <mask> (1872)
 Historical notices of the United Presbyterian congregations in Glasgow by John Logan Aikman with photographs by <mask> (1874)
 Photographic views of Loch Katrine, and some of the principal works constructed for introducing the water of Loch Katrine to the city of Glasgow (1877)
 The old country houses of the old Glasgow gentry. One hundred photographs by Annan with descriptive notices of the houses and families by John Buchanan (1878)
 Photographs of old closes, streets, & c. Taken 1868 - 77. Glasgow City Improvement Trust (1878)
 The Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire, illustrated in seventy views, with historical and descriptive accounts by AH Millar (1885)

Posthumous
After his death in 1887, the firm continued to produce volumes of photography, including the third photogravure edition of Old Closes and Streets, in 1900. The Castles and Mansions of Renfrewshire and Buteshire, illustrated in sixty-five views, with historical and descriptive accounts by AH Millar (1889)
 University of Glasgow Old and New, edited by William Stewart, illustrated with views and portraits in photogravure by <mask> (1891)
 Photographs of Glasgow Harbour and Docks, taken 1892 - 1898
 The old closes and streets of Glasgow, engraved by Annan from photographs taken for the city of Glasgow improvement trust, with an introduction by William Young (1900)

References

1829 births
19th-century Scottish photographers
1887 deaths
People from Fife
1880s

masks:
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan
Thomas Annan


texts: <mask> (; 1586 – buried 7 October 1643) was a Dutch diamond and pearl merchant from Amsterdam who was one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company, being instrumental in the establishment of New Netherland. He was one of the first patroons, but the only one to become successful. He founded the Manor of Rensselaerswyck in what is now mainly New York's Capital District. His estate remained throughout the Dutch and British colonial era and the American Revolution as a legal entity until the 1840s. Eventually, that came to an end during the Anti-Rent War. Van Rensselaer was the son of <mask>r, a soldier from Nijkerk in the States army of the duke of Upper Saxony, and Maria Pafraet, descendant of a well-known printers' dynasty. To keep from risking his life in the army like his father, he apprenticed under his uncle, a successful Amsterdam jeweler.He too became a successful jeweler and was one of the first subscribers to the Dutch West India Company upon its conception. The concept of patroonships may have been <mask> <mask>r's; he was likely the leading proponent of the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, the document that established the patroon system. His patroonship became the most successful to exist, making full use of his business tactics and advantages, such as his connection to the Director of New Netherland, his confidantes at the West India Company, and his extended family members who were eager to emigrate to a better place to farm. Van Rensselaer married twice and had at least eleven children. When he died some time after 1642, two

masks:
Kiliaen van Rensselaer
Hendrick Kiliaensz van Rensselae
Kiliaen
van Rensselae


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 succeeded him as patroons of Rensselaerswyck. Van Rensselaer had a marked effect on the history of the United States. The American Van Rensselaers all descend from Kiliaen's son Jeremias and the subsequent Van Rensselaer family is noted for being a very powerful and wealthy influence in the history of New York and the Northeastern United States, producing multiple State Legislators, Congressmen, and two Lieutenant Governors in New York.Early years

<mask> <mask>r was born in Hasselt, Overijssel, Netherlands in 1586. The exact day of his birth is unknown. He was the son of Hendrick <mask>r and Maria Pafraet. His father was a captain in the Dutch army until his death at the siege of Ostend in early June 1602. With his father usually not home (and eventually meeting his death) because of a military career, Van Rensselaer's mother sent him to apprentice with his uncle, Wolfert <mask>, a jeweler and diamond merchant. At the time, the gem trade was a prosperous enterprise to join, being a well-developed craft. In those days, the diamond trade was nearly always combined with the trade in pearls, other articles of luxury, and rarities of every description.Dutch jewelers found a ready market for their valuable wares at the Dutch imperial court and the smaller German courts. This realm of work promoted Van Rensselaer to a life of economic success. Much of Van Rensselaer's early life is unknown to today's historians, though in March 1608 it has been recorded that he was taking care of some business of Van Bijler in Prague. It seems Van Bijler gradually retired from his

masks:
Kiliaen
van Rensselae
van Rensselae
van Bler


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 business, leaving it in the control of Van Rensselaer. During his tenure at the helm of his uncle's business, Van Rensselaer proposed a merger with the firm of <mask> Wely, son of one of Van Bijler's sisters, who had an equally successful jewelry business. The firms combined under the name of Jan van Wely & Co. in February 1614. Van Rensselaer's name was not included in the name of the new company, since he contributed only one eighth of the investment capital, whereas <mask> contributed half (192,000 guilders).In 1616, <mask> was called on by Prince Maurice to meet at The Hague for a sale in jewels. He was murdered while waiting to meet with the Prince. The firm's contract stipulated that at the death of <mask> Wely, the remaining members of the firm should continue the partnership for another six years. Van Wely's murder, therefore, caused no change in the business, but it seems that at the expiration of that time, Van Rensselaer began again on his own account, founding Kiliaen van Rensselaer & Co. with partner Jacques I'Hermite. Director of the Dutch West India Company

Some of Van Rensselaer's success as a jewel merchant came about due to trade made possible by the Dutch East India Company. The practical spirit of the Dutch merchant could not fail to recognize that the way to riches was through trade with the West Indies and Africa. During the Twelve Years' Truce, Dutch merchants had sailed unmolested to the West Indies but also received no letters of marque to take prizes from the enemy.Before the Eighty Years' War began, people realized that the West

masks:
Jan van
van Wely
van Wely
Jan van


texts: Indies trade might bring great prosperity to the country and that more power might be developed against Spain. Rather than travel to the area singly on an armed ship or in the company of a few other vessels, traders could do business in the manner of the large and prosperous East India Company. A company for carrying on commerce in the West Indies and Africa could be organized, which might, like the sister company, act as the war-waging power in those parts and be supported by the treasury, ships, and troops of the United Netherlands. After long years of preparation, the Charter of the Dutch West India Company was granted by the States General on 3 June 1621, and the subscription list was opened. It is known that subscriptions did not come in very rapidly at first due to the exclusion of the salt trade from the charter. This barrier was overcome in a later amendment to the Charter, and the subscription rate increased. With a capital of seven million florins, the West India Company was granted exclusive authority and trade privileges in the Dutch possessions of the two Americas, as well as the coast of Africa from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope.The objects of its creation were to establish an efficient and aggressive Atlantic maritime power in the struggle with Spain, as well as to colonize, develop, and rule the Dutch American dependencies — particularly New Netherland (the modern states of New York and New Jersey), discovered by Henry Hudson in 1609. Van Rensselaer was one of the first subscribers to the West India Company. As with the other


texts: subscribers, he contributed 6000 guilders to be a member of one of its chambers. Having paid his way, he was welcomed to the Chamber of Amsterdam, one of five Chambers of the West India Company, each located in a principal Dutch city. The Chamber of Amsterdam was the largest with twenty members, mainly due to the city's population, and represented four ninths of the management of the West India Company. Due to the practical limitations of meetings with 74 members on a regular basis (the total number of members from the five Chambers), the Charter called for a board of directors comprising nineteen members of the five Chambers. Van Rensselaer was chosen a member of this College of XIX, as it was called.It is said that care was exercised in the selection of the directors of each chamber, and only men of wealth and the highest known integrity were eligible for the trust. Van Rensselaer was apparently known as an unusually clear-headed man and an able and practical merchant who did not limit himself to his own branch of trade. These qualities presumably garnered the trust needed to be elected to the College of XIX. In its role supporting colonization of New Netherland, the West India Company had an executive board of nine members from the College of XIX to manage the concerns of their colony. Van Rensselaer was also a member of this group. In the early career of the Company, Van Rensselaer was one of its mainstays, placing several of his vessels at its disposal and twice advancing money to save its credit. His name is conspicuously identified with all its measures


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 of policy, including the original settlement of Manhattan Island, New Amsterdam.Patroon

Unfortunately for the West India Company, the infant colony of New Netherland languished. The Dutch Republic was economically thriving, causing the cautious Dutch people to show very little inclination to emigrate to wild and uncultivated lands in which no substantial inducements were present. While the economic situation of the colony in the late 1620s could be considered a relatively good showing for a colony only newly started in a wilderness, its slow success was hardly sufficient to create much excitement among the directors of the West India Company. Within a few years, the Company realized that special measures which would afford a stimulus to colonization were indispensable. It was for these reasons that the Company proposed the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, which the States General ratified on 7 June 1629. This document was created to encourage settlement of New Netherland through the establishment of feudal patroonships purchased and supplied by members of the West India Company. With a total of 31 articles, the document spells out many requirements of these patroons, primarily stating that each patroon was required to purchase the land from the local Indians, and inhabit the land with 50 adults within four years, with at least one quarter arriving within one year.In return, the patroons were able to own the land and pass it to succeeding generations as a perpetual fiefdom, as well as receive protection and free African slaves from the Company. It is


texts: believed that the system of patroonships was originally suggested by Van Rensselaer himself. He was reportedly one of the first of the Company to perceive that the building up of New Netherland could not be carried on without labor, and that labor could not be procured without permanent settlers. "Open up the country with agriculture: that must be our first step," was his urgent advice. The Company was not inclined to involve itself in further expense for colonization, and matters threatened to come to a halt, when someone — very likely Van Rensselaer himself — evolved the plan of granting large estates to men willing to pay the cost of settling and operating them. Van Rensselaer was quick to take part in the new endeavor: on 13 January, 1629, he sent notification to the Directors of the Company that he, in conjunction with fellow Company members Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blommaert, had sent Gillis Houset and Jacob Jansz Cuyper to determine satisfactory locations for settlement. This took place even before the Charter was ratified, but was done in accordance with a draft of the Charter from 28 March 1628.The agents had sent out a favorable report. They had selected an extensive domain on both sides of the North River in the vicinity of Fort Orange for Van Rensselaer, which extended  in length,  in breadth and covered an area of almost . The location relative to the fort was chosen with care — in case of danger, it would be a sure point of defense or retreat, and its garrison would be very likely to intimidate the natives. In this manner Van Rensselaer employed


texts: the troops of the Company more or less as coadjutors to his colonizing plans. Furthermore, the fort would become an easily reached marketplace for the colonists, where they could maintain communication with the outside world. For that reason, Van Rensselaer diligently maintained friendly relations with the commander of the garrison and the authorities within the walls. His first act was to obtain possession of the land for his colony from the Mohican, the original owners, who had never been willing to sell their territory — not even the ground of Fort Orange.However, after they had been involved in a bloody war with their neighbors, the Mohawks, and were defeated in 1629, they were found ready to dispose of their possessions. In April, two officers of the West India Company in Fort Orange, Sebastiaen Jansen Krol and Dirk Cornelisz Duyster, specially empowered by writing of 12 January, 1630, Gillis Houset, one of the men initially sent to determine a settlement location, increased this territory in August by adding tracts of land on the east bank, located above and below Fort Orange. After the initial expansion, the territory was later further extended by deeds of purchase in May 1631 and April 1637. The most troublesome aspect of settling the patroonships was enlisting the required number of colonists, resulting in the failure of many that were proposed. The patroons still dealt with the issues of a cautious people not caring to venture to an undeveloped world. As an owner of extensive lands in the sandy Gooi and of family estates in the not much more fruitful


texts: Veluwe, where several relatives were landowners and struggled to subsist on meager means, Van Rensselaer had an advantage — his agents needed to employ little persuasion to induce some Gooiers and Veluwers to migrate to more fruitful regions where the farming would be less difficult. In addition, he could depend on the indirect support of his nephew Wouter <mask>, who had been appointed Director of New Netherland in 1632, and with whom he engaged in friendly correspondence at a time when Dutch directors opposed the patroons in every way.In 1634 he collaborated with Michael Reyniersz Pauw, the patroon of Pavonia on shipping cattle. With that, Van Rensselaer shipped out 37 immigrants on his ship Rensselaerswijck from Amsterdam on 26 September 1636. The vessel arrived on 7 April 1637. The population rose to more than 100 by 1642 and doubled that in the next ten years. The village of Beverwyck alone had more than 1000 inhabitants by 1660 and is said to have become urban by this point. The good understanding between the patroons of the Amsterdam Chamber left nothing to be desired; Burgh, Godyn, Blommaert, and Van Rensselaer, before signifying to the directors their willingness to start colonies, made an agreement to work the projected colonies on joint account, each under the direction of one of them. Three of them would have a one-fifth share in each colony, while the fourth would receive the remaining two fifths, taking the responsibility for its management and exercising patroon rights.Only Rensselaerswyck was a successful patroonship. Van Rensselaer successively


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 purchased Godyn's share in the patroonship from his heirs, so that <mask>r soon became the owner of three-fifths. The two other shares remained partly in the hands of Blommaert and partly in the hands of others: Adam Bessels owning Blommaert's fifth, while Johannes de Laet and Toussaint Muyssaert split Burgh's fifth between them. Letters saved by the Van Rensselaer family show that <mask> <mask>r never visited his colony in person. Personal life

Van Rensselaer was married twice, first to his cousin Hillegonda <mask>, on 23 July 1616. As the sole heir of her father Wolfert <mask> (or Byllaer), she inherited 12,000 guilders. Hillegonda <mask> was born around 1598, making her near the age of 18 at the time of her marriage to Van Rensselaer.The same year, the young husband purchased a couple of lots on the east side of the recently dug Keizersgracht in Amsterdam, between Marten and Wolven streets, where he built a house. Van Rensselaer and Van Bijler had three children. The first was Hendrick, Kiliaen's first son, believed to have died in childhood. Johan, their second son, was baptized on 4 September 1625. Maria, their last child, was buried on 4 January, 1627. She died as an infant. Hillegonda <mask> is presumed to have died in late December 1626, since she was buried on 1 January, 1627, three days before her third child Maria.She was around the age of 28 and the couple had been married less than eleven years. Van Rensselaer re-married on 14 December 1627, to <mask> Wely, daughter of Van Rensselaer's former business partner. Van Wely was born around 1601, making

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van Rensselae
Kiliaen
van Rensselae
van Bijler
van Biler
van Bijler
van Bijler
Anna van


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 her about 26 at the time of the marriage. The couple had eight children between 1629 and 1639, four boys and four girls:

Jan Baptist: baptized 18 March 1629;
Maria: baptized 23 March 1631;
Jeremias: baptized 18 May 1632;
Hillegonda: baptized 8 November 1633;
Eleanor: baptized 18 February 1635;
Nicholas: baptized 14 September 1636;
Susanna: baptized 9 February 1638; and
Ryckert: baptized 28 June 1639. Van Wely outlived her husband, having died in Amsterdam in 1670. Little is known about Van Rensselaer's death, and sources even disagree on the year. Van Rensselaer was interred in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam.His memorial stone states he was buried in the church on 7 October 1643. Legacy
Van Rensselaer's son Jeremias is the sole ancestor of the entire Van Rensselaer family in America, and only because of Kiliaen's purchase and development of the land in New Netherland. Included in the subsequent family tree is a very powerful and wealthy group of individuals over the course of American history. Within the paternal (Van Rensselaer) lineage, the family has produced numerous New York State Assemblymen and Senators, two Lieutenant Governors of New York, and five Congressmen from New York between 1789 and 1842. Van Rensselaer is also the source of the names of the town of Rensselaerville, city of Rensselaer, and county of Rensselaer in upstate New York. Additionally, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy was founded in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer III as the Rensselaer School. It is now a world-renowned technical and engineering school.Notably, at the time of his


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 death, Stephen III was worth about $10 million (about $88 billion in 2007 dollars) and is noted as being the tenth-richest American in history. Rensselaerswyck continued as a legal entity until the mid-1840s, having survived Dutch and British colonial times, even being given a special patent by Queen Anne to confirm the patroon's fiefdom upon British takeover of the area. The end of the manor came with the Anti-Rent War, when many tenants rose against the successors of Stephen Van <mask> III (who had died in 1839), having much influence on the Legislature elections of the time, and eventually intimidating the Van Rensselaer family enough to sell off most of its holdings. The family records, many of which were translated and published in the Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts, reveal the personality of the man who figures prominently in the history of colonization as the founder of the only successful patroonship that ever existed in New Netherland. But beyond the fact that he managed this patroonship and that he was a merchant and director of the West India Company, practically nothing was known until the organization and translation of the family records in the early 1900s (decade). Current (circa 1990 plus) family members have the surname of Begley. Notes

References

Bibliography

 This article incorporates text from the Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts published by the New York State Library (1908),  Annals of the Van Rensselaers in the United States by Rev.Maunsell <mask> (1888), The Dutch in New Netherland and the United States: 1609–1909 published by The

masks:
Rensselaer
van Rensselaer


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 Netherland Chamber of Commerce in America (1909), and The Van Rensselaer Family by W. W. Spooner (1907), publications now in the public domain. External links

<mask> <mask>ck at the Colonial Albany Social History Project of the New York State Museum
<mask>jck at the Virtual Tour of New Netherland, New Netherland Project of the New Netherland Institute
 Freedoms, as Given by the Council of the Nineteen of the Chartered West India Company to All those who Want to Establish a Colony in New Netherland from 1630

1586 births
1643 deaths
17th-century Dutch businesspeople
17th-century merchants
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam
Businesspeople from Amsterdam
Dutch West India Company people from Amsterdam
Administrators of the Dutch West India Company
People from Zwartewaterland
People of New

masks:
Kiliaen
van Rensselaesselaerswy
Rensselaerswi


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<mask> () (born April 11, 1953) is a Greek socialist politician who has served as Minister for Citizen Protection (2010–12), Mercantile Marine Minister (2000–01) Member of the European Parliament (1984–95) and European Commissioner for Energy and Euratom Supply Agency, Small business and Tourism (1995–1999). He has also served as the Secretary of the Parliamentary Group and Parliamentary Spokesman for the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), the majority party in Greece (2009–2010). He also was candidate for Mayor of Athens (2002). Early life and education
He was born in Larissa, Greece, in 1953 and later moved to Athens where he studied Economics at the National and Kapodistrian University. After his university years he became politically active in the Democratic Movement against the Greek military junta – dictatorship- of 1967–1974. Political career

On July 12, 2013, he was appointed as Greece's Representative to the World Bank. 2010-2012 Minister of Citizen Protection

He served as Minister of Citizen Protection responsible for the national security of the country, with the PASOK government serving under Prime Minister George Papandreou (2010-2011), and in the coalition government under Prime Minister Lucas Papademos (2011-2012).Member of the Governmental Council on Foreign Affairs and National Defense. Represented Greece at the Justice and Home Affairs Council of European Union. Major Achievements in that time:
Created a stable, integrated framework for the supervision and coordination of all state services for internal security and civil protection of the country. Introduced structural and functional changes upgrading the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. At the same time, modernized the institutional framework of


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 the National Intelligence Service. Established:
The Financial Police and the Cyber Crime Unit. The Headquarters of the Hellenic Coast Guard.A Coordination Unit for inter - service cooperation of the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Fire Service. The Independent Unit for the Management of European and Development Programs, monitoring the execution of the Budget and the sound financial management of all services of the Ministry. Created new structures of the Greek State for the implementation of the European Asylum policy and handling of illegal migration:
The Asylum Service, in cooperation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the European Asylum Support Office (EASO). The Appeals Authority. The First Reception Service for illegal immigrants with central and regional structure. A joint force initiative with the participation of the Hellenic Police, the Hellenic Coast Guard and FRONTEX for the surveillance of land and sea borders of the country to tackle illegal immigration flows to Greece and Europe. To this end were developed:
An artificial barrier (fence) in the borderline between Greece and Turkey in Evros.The border surveillance system with thermal cameras. The National Border Management Coordination Center according to Schengen. Further established:
Volunteer Fire Departments across the country. A strategic plan for the full development of the European framework for civil protection. For the first time in Greece issued national contingency plans for responding to natural disasters. The Coast Guard Auxiliary for activating citizen volunteers. A new legal framework tackling the phenomenon of modern piracy in merchant shipping.The Office for dealing with arbitrary acts of uniformed officers. 2000-2012 Member of the


texts:
 Greek Parliament
Member of the Greek Parliament for Athens (PASOK party) through four general elections (2000, 2004, 2007, 2009), following his return to Greece after 16 years of serving in the European Institutions. During this period held the positions of:
Secretary of PASOK parliamentary group(2009-2010). Parliamentary Spokesman (2007–2010) of the President of PASOK George Papandreou. Vice Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on European Affairs. Member of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defense policy. Member of the Committee on Economic Policy.Member of the Parliamentary Committee on Production and Trade. Member of the  Committee on Environmental Protection. Since 2000 he has been elected consecutively member of the Hellenic Parliament with PASOK (2000, 2004, 2007 and 2009 elections). 2002 Candidate for Mayor of Athens
In 2002 he was a candidate for Mayor of Athens in the local elections. As Leader of the Opposition served in the Municipal Council Athens (2002–2006) and participated in the preparation, organization and conduct of the 2004 Athens Olympics. 2000-2001 Minister of Mercantile Marine

Minister of Mercantile Marine in the Government of PASOK under Prime Minister Costas Simitis. Represented Greece at the Transport Council of the European Union.Promoted the competitiveness and prestige of the Hellenic Mercantile Marine with legislative initiatives for maritime safety, protection of the marine environment and the education of Greek seafarers. In particular:
Lifted Cabotage and deregulated Coastal Shipping, ensuring at the same time continuous connectivity of all the Greek islands. Established the Regulatory Authority for Internal Maritime Transport to implement competition rules. Introduced VTMIS (Vessel Traffic


texts:
 Monitoring & Information System) to monitor shipping in Greek seas and ports. Formed, for the first time in Greece, a coherent policy for port development which included:
The establishment of the General Secretariat for Ports & Port Policy. The promotion of the corporatisation of Piraeus Port Authority and Thessaloniki Port Authority. The transformation of eleven Port Organisations of Strategic Importance - Alexandroupolis, Kavala, Volos, Patras, Igoumenitsa, Corfu, Eleusis, Lavrio, Rafina, Heraklion and Rhodes- into Corporations (S.A’s).The transfer to Local Authorities responsibility for Port Funds, in coastal and island Greece. Modernized and upgraded the Hellenic Coast Guard with new structures and uniform legislation for the first time since the founding law of 1919. Modernized the air and sea vessels of the Coast Guard. Presided over the start of the renovation of the building at “Vassiliadis Coast”, contributing to the regeneration of the wider area of Piraeus. 1995-1999 European Commissioner
He was appointed European Commissioner for Energy under the Santer Presidency, with an extended portfolio pertaining to Energy, EURATOM Supply Agency, SMEs, Tourism and Social Economy. During his mandate  he put forward a series of policies in the areas of Green Energy, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy. During 1995 to 1999 held the following positions/had the following responsibilities:

European Commissioner under the Presidency of the European Commission by Jacques Santer.Responsible for Energy Policy and EURATOM Supply Agency, Enterprise Policy, Commerce, Tourism and Social Economy. Represented the European Commission at the E.U. Councils of Ministers for Energy and   for Competitiveness, the OECD Council of Ministers and the G8.


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 During his mandate, the European Commission has put forward as priority a combined European policy for energy and environmental protection with the adoption of the White Paper on European Energy Strategy", the White Paper and the Action Plan for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources. Specific multi-annual programs were adopted (1998-2002)by the Commission concerning Renewable Energy Sources (ALTENER), the efficient use of energy (SAVE II), international energy cooperation (SYNERGY), the Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the promotion of eco-innovation and the use of environmental technologies (ETAP), the AUTO-OIL program. The multi-annual action plan (1998-2002) for the safety of nuclear facilities and the safe transfer of radio-active materials was approved, negotiations were concluded and the pact for the nuclear energy was signed between the E.U. and the U.S.A..
Held a leading role in the completion of negotiations and the adoption of the Directives on the deregulation of the internal electricity and natural gas markets, which led to the creation of European Internal Energy Market.The Trans-European Energy Networks planning was completed. Regional cooperation in the energy sector of the EU with the Mediterranean countries, the countries of Southeastern Europe and the Baltic emerged as priority. Established a  durable framework for energy cooperation between the EU Russia and China. Furthermore:
A comprehensive and contemporary policy for entrepreneurship and the strengthening of competitiveness was formulated. Formulation and adoption by the Commission of the Directive to tackle late payments in commercial transactions, the Recommendation for the promotion of Entrepreneurship and the Initiative for Growth and Employment. Several


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 legislative initiatives and multi-annual programs were launched in support of SMEs, Commerce, Craft and Social Economy. Several international meetings of EU business cooperation with the U.S., Latin America, Middle East, China and ASEAN countries were organised.The Green and the White Papers on Commerce were adopted as well as a package of policies to reinforce commerce in agreement with the representatives of the EU member states, Chambers of Commerce and workers. Presented for the first time: The Green Paper on Tourism,The first multi-annual program (PHILOXENIA) to enhance the tourism industry, The multi-annual program (1995-1997) to support co-operatives, mutual societies, associations and foundations in the EU. 1984-1995 Member of the European Parliament

From 1984 to 1995, he was elected Member of the European Parliament for three consecutive terms (1984, 1989, 1994). During this period he held the positions of Vice-President of the Socialist Group of the European Parliament (1987–1994) and Head of PASOK MEP delegation in the European Parliament (1989–1994). Along with his mandate in the European Parliament, he served as International Relations Secretary and PASOK Representative at the Socialist International, from 1988 to 1994. During 1984 - 1995 period held the following positions:

 Vice president of the Parliamentary Group of the European Socialist Party at the European Parliament (1987-1994). Head of PASOK MEP’s (1987-1994).Member of the Budget Committee. Member of the Committee on Economic, Monetary and Industrial Policy. Member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defense Policy. Member of the Inter-parliamentary delegation E.P.-USA Congress on relations between the European Union and the U.S. (1990 – 1995). Vice-President of


texts:
 the Inter-Parliamentary delegation E.P.-Canada (1984 – 1989). Further Political Activities and Positions held

 Participated in the student movement against dictatorship, the uprisings of the Law School of the Athens University and the National Technical University of Athens in 1973. With the restoration of Democracy in Greece in 1974, became a member of PASOK, under the leadership of Andreas Papandreou.Actively involved in the student movement as President of the National Student Union of Greece (EFEE 1978-1980). Deputy Secretary of PASOK Youth (1978-1981). Member of the Central Committee of PASOK (1977-2012) and repeatedly elected member of the Executive Bureau of PASOK (1995-2003). Secretary of Organizing Policy of the Central Committee of PASOK (1982-1985). Secretary of PASOK International Relations (1986-1995). Member of the Bureau of the European Socialist Party (1988-1995). Representative of the President Andreas Papandreou and PASOK at the Socialist International at the time of the presidency of Willy Brandt and Pierre Maurois.During his tenure in the European Commission and the Minister for Citizen Protection, he collaborated his various High E.U. officials, such as Commissioner Cecilia Malmström and Director Wainwright. Awards

During his political career he has been accredited with the following awards:

 Highest Mark of Distinction by the President of the Republic of Chile, the Gran Official of the Orden Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, for his contribution to the restoration of democracy in Chile (April 15, 1998). Highest Mark of Distinction, with Cross, by the President of the Republic of Austria for his contribution to the accession of Austria to the European Union, (May 18, 1995). Personal life
<mask> <mask> is married to Ioulia Taliouri.

masks: Christos Papoutsis


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 Their daughter, Zoi Melina holds a bachelor's degree from the School of Economics of the Athens University of Economics and Business and a master's degree from Yale University . Publications

 European Destinations (), by <mask> <mask>, 1994, ,
 The Colour of the Future (), by <mask> <mask>, 1998, ,
 For Europe in the 21st Century (), by <mask> <mask>, 1999, ,

References

External links
 Official Website of <mask> Papoutsis
 Official Page of <mask> <mask> on Facebook
 Official Account of <mask> <mask> on Twitter

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1953 births
Living people
Politicians from Larissa
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek European Commissioners
PASOK politicians
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
MEPs for Greece 1984–1989
MEPs for Greece 1989–1994
PASOK MEPs
Ministers of Public Order of Greece
Ministers for Mercantile Marine of

masks: Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis Christos Christos Papoutsis Christos Papoutsis


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Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan Sir <mask> ibn Sultan Sir Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (commonly referred to as <mask>), KBE, CMG (22 August 1913 – 4 June 1950) was the 27th Sultan of Brunei from 11 September 1924 until his death. His reign represented the start of a new era in Brunei. The discovery of oil changed the whole course of Brunei's history and enabled faster development in all sectors of the country. The expansion and improvement of formal education and his encouragement of religious education were some of his additional contributions to Brunei Darussalam. Biography
<mask> was born on 22 August 1913 at Istana Pekan in  Brunei Town. He was the surviving eldest son to Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II and his wife, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Siti Fatimah, after his older brother, Pengiran Muda Bongsu had died in 1910. His younger brother, Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddien succeeded him after his death.Before becoming the sultan, he was known as Pengiran Muda Besar <mask>. Early education
He received his early education in the palace. One of the teachers who had been assigned to teach him was Cikgu Salleh Haji Masri. Salleh Haji Masri was one of the famous freedom fighters with anti-colonial sentiments. The Sultan's relationship with Salleh was close. He was not the only one learning, as there were also the sons of the chiefs of state who accompanied him. In those days, it had become tradition that the royal family would receive their early education at the Palace to adapt themselves to the knowledge of modern education before they step into the realm of a more formal schooling.In contrast to him, he did not enter formal schooling because of the influence of the royal custom that is still strong at that time, which did not allow him to learn along with the common people despite the fact that the system of modern education was started in Brunei since 1914. In

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin Akhazul Khairi Wadn
Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


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 terms of religious education, since early childhood, he was educated in a variety of knowledge about the religion of Islam. His parents had also invited scholars and intellectuals in the Palace of religious knowledge to teach the royal family in reading the Quran and everything related to religion. Accession to the throne
Sultan <mask> ascended the throne on 11 September 1924, after the death of his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II. Due to his young age of 11, the reign was temporarily held by a Council of Regency which consisted of Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman and Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Haji Mohammad Yassin from 11 September 1924 to 19 September 1931. The ceremony was attended by the British Resident in Brunei at that time, Mr. E.E.F. Pretty.Studying in England
He sailed for England in 1932. Before that, he had learned English from Mr. H.F. Stalley. He was in England for a year to learn the English language and a description of the western civilisation. He was the first Sultan in history to explore the western world more than his father, who had only sailed to Singapore and Labuan. Marriage
Sultan <mask> was married to Tengku Raihani, the eldest daughter of Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah of Selangor on 30 April 1934, when he was 20 years old. Tengku Raihani was crowned as Tengku Ampuan of Brunei on 17 March 1940. In conjunction with his wedding ceremony, he has ordered a new palace to be built and named Istana Mahkota Khairani, where he and his wife lived.He also intended to change the name of Brunei Mosque to Ahmedia Mosque. However, upon completion of his wedding ceremony, a new palace was named Istana Mahkota and Brunei Mosque retained its name. Family
His marriage to Tengku Ampuan Raihani, saw them welcome a daughter, named Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani, born on 15 October 1935. According to her husband, Tengku Pengiran

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


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 Abdul Aziz, the actual name given by Sultan <mask> to his eldest daughter was Pengiran Anak Puteri Niswanil Ehsanil Burniah. Before he married Tengku Ampuan Raihani, he was already married with Kadayang Amas (Maskaton) binti Ampuan Salleh, who came from an ordinary family, from Kampong Sultan Lama. They were blessed with 3 daughters,
 Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Saerah (Balabab Besar), born in 1928, died in November 2013. Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Zubaidah (Balabab Tengah)
 Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Halimah (Balabab Damit), born in 1935, died in 2009.As he did not have a son, he had taken two adopted sons. They were,
 Awang (later Haji) Samat bin Mudim Yahya. Awangku Bakar (died in Tantaya during the Japanese occupation of Brunei). Pengiran Anak Datin Seri Setia Siti Halimah was married to Pengiran Haji Mohd Ya'akub bin Pengiran Temenggong Sahibul Bahar Pengiran Haji Mohammad. Tengku Putra Amir Farouk, second son of Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani. Tengku Putra Muhammad Harris Fadzillah, youngest son of Pengiran Anak Puteri Noor Ehsani. Coronation ceremony
The coronation of <mask> as Sultan and Yang Di Pertuan Negara was held on 17 March 1940.Before that, he appointed and bestowed titles to the chiefs of the country, particularly to those who served the country. In conjunction with his coronation ceremony, King George VI bestowed on him The Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG), as suggested by Sir Shenton Thomas, the High Commissioner for the Malay States to the British Government. A few days after completion of the coronation ceremony, the Sultan and the royal family visited Singapore, Johore, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Penang. Important events during <mask>'s reign

It was during the reign of Sultan <mask> that saw Brunei Darussalam having its own national anthem "Allah Peliharakan Sultan", which is the likeness of "God

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


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 Save the King" in England. In 1947, the national anthem was composed by Awang Haji Besar bin Sagap and lyrics written by Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Mohammad Yusuf bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim. That same year, he bestowed the title "Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara" to his brother, Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien. The Japanese Occupation in Brunei

With the likelihood of war with Japan increasing, in 1941, the British began to encourage the establishment of local defence forces in Brunei, and neighbouring Sarawak and Borneo.Sultan <mask> approved the establishment of the Brunei Volunteer Force and Special Police Force to assist the British in stopping the Japanese invasion of Brunei. An estimated 200 Bruneians initially volunteered, but by the time of the invasion few remained and no Allied troops were stationed in Brunei. The Sultan was appointed an Honorary Colonel of the force. After the surrender to the Japanese in December 1941, Sultan <mask> was forced to hand over his powers to the Japanese occupation army. The Japanese continued to recognise the Sultan as the head of the Islamic religion and the Royal Customs so long as he co-operated with them. He was advised by the Japanese to retire and offered a monthly pension together with medals of honour from the Emperor of Japan. Retreat to Tantaya, Brunei liberation from Japanese rule

By mid-1945, the Japanese were facing defeat and their forces in Brunei were becoming more violent in their actions toward the populace.A plan was made to save the Sultan and the royal family from this increased Japanese military violence. Sultan <mask> and the royal family, together with loyal palace officials, were hidden by Kasim bin Tamin, the village headman of Tantaya. A small palace had been built in Tantaya and the Sultan lived there for about three months until Brunei was retaken by the Australian

masks:
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin


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 army. The palace was guarded by the villagers to prevent any surprise attack by the Japanese. While the Sultan was in Tantaya, he lived like an ordinary citizen. He liked to eat Pulut Mangat which was often given to him by Kasim. After the Japanese surrender, the Sultan and the royal family returned to Brunei Town from Tantaya on Thursday at about 3:00 am.He was immediately taken to the British Army Headquarters at Bubongan Dua Belas, Residency Road. From here, he went to Istana Parit, KM2, Jalan Tutong. Sickness and death
When Sultan <mask> made a stopover in Singapore en route to the United Kingdom, he fell ill and was admitted to the Singapore General Hospital on 3 June 1950. He arrived at the hospital accompanied by Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. According to Dr. Monteiro who treated him, the Sultan’s deteriorating health meant that his departure to London should either be postponed or cancelled. The Sultan had bleeding in the stomach and required a blood transfusion. He later went into a coma and died a few hours later on 4 June 1950 after his body failed to respond to the blood transfusions.Funeral

When news of his death spread, the Crown Prince of Johore, Tengku Ismail went to Singapore General Hospital, to bring the body of the late sultan to Istana Besar, Johore Bahru. As a sign of respect, the Singaporean government declared all government buildings in Singapore to fly the flag at half mast for two days. In Johore Bahru, his body was washed and covered with white cloth by Syed Salim bin Syed Hasan, the Chief Qadhi of Johore while the funeral prayer, led by the Mufti of Johore, Syed Alwi Al-Hadad. Upon completion of his funeral, his body was laid in state at the foyer of the Grand Palace of Johore Bahru, to provide opportunities for national dignitaries, senior government officials and local community


texts:
 leaders from different ethnic and religious, to pay their respects to the late monarch and send their condolences to his wife. They include:
 Mr. Malcolm MacDonald, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. Sir Henry Gurney, British High Commissioner to Malaya. Sir Franklin Charles Gimson, the Governor of Singapore.On 5 June 1950, his coffin was taken to Kallang Airport to be flown to Labuan with the British Royal Air Force, RAF Dakota, accompanied by his wife and the royal family. Before the plane took off to Labuan, many national dignitaries and foreign ambassadors, present at the Airport, to pay their respects to the late king. Among them were;
 The Sultan of Selangor, his wife and the Crown Prince of Selangor. Mr. A.D. York (on behalf of Malcolm MacDonald). F.J. Mellersh, A.O.C. Malaya. Mr. R.J. Curtis, British advisor to Selangor.The Crown Prince of Johore and his wife. Mr. Bradley and Mr. G.T. MacBryan. Dato Wan Idris, Acting Chief Minister of Johore. In the state of Kelantan, all government departments, have been directed flying the flag at half mast for three days in a row, as a sign of mourning over his death. Meanwhile, in Penang, most merchant ships were ordered to fly the flag at half mast on Monday, 5 June 1950. As soon as the plane that carried his coffin arrived at Labuan Airport, it was met with a parade of honour, composed of members of the Police Force to pay their respects to the late Sultan.His coffin was then taken to the jetty to be brought to Brunei by ship. When the ship carrying his coffin arrived in Brunei Town, it was greeted with sorrow and sadness by the Royal Family, State Dignitaries, VIPs, senior government officials, and the people in attendance. His coffin was then taken to the Palace with special vehicles. His coffin was laid in state at Istana Mahkota, and then, at the General Office of the Government of Brunei, to


texts:
 give a last chance to the State Dignitaries, VIPs, senior government officials, and the people to pay their last respects to the late Sultan before the funeral ceremony take place. Before the interment ceremony, on 6 June 1950, his brother, Pengiran Bendahara Seri Maharaja Permaisuara Pengiran Muda Omar Ali Saifuddien, was installed as the 28th Sultan of Brunei. The coffin was carried out of the Palace and headed to the Royal Mausoleum, accompanied by his younger brother, the new sultan, the royal family, dignitaries of the country, and the people, to be laid to rest at the Royal Mausoleum. His Highness was laid to rest beside his father, Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II and his grandfather, Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin.Mr. Malcolm MacDonald once spoke about His Highness <mask> <mask>,

Aftermath
After his death, his wife and daughter, settled in Kuching, before returning to Selangor. In 1960, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III was informed by the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, that Tengku Ampuan Raihani would marry Raja Kamaluddin bin Raja Haji Harun, a member of Perak's royal family. He stated that if Tengku Ampuan Raihani was to be married to someone else, then she can no longer wear the Royal Regalia, and her monthly allowance will be terminated. Tengku Ampuan Raihani died in mid-1990. Places named after him

Sekolah Rendah <mask>, a primary school in Kuala Belait was named after the Sultan. Books
 Panduan Keselamatan (Safety Guides), written in 1939. Reign of <mask> <mask> - Government, Community, and Change, written in 2011 by Haji Muhaimin bin Haji Mohamed.Honours
 King George V Silver Jubilee Medal - 1935
 King George VI Coronation Medal - 1937
 Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (CMG) - 1940
 Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) - 1949

References

<mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>

masks:
Sultan Ahmad
Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Sultan Ahmad
Tajuddin
Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Tajuddin
Ahmad Ahmad


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<mask> (born 10 November 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for  club Crystal Palace and the Ivory Coast national team. Zaha advanced into the Crystal Palace first team from their academy, in 2010. In his first three full seasons at Selhurst Park, he scored 18 goals in all competitions. In January 2013, he was transferred to Manchester United for an initial fee of £10 million (the most expensive Crystal Palace player sold at the time). Zaha remained on loan at Palace until the end of the season, helping them return to the Premier League. After an unsuccessful 2013–14 season with Manchester United (mostly spent on loan at Cardiff City), <mask> returned to Palace in August 2014 on a season-long loan, before rejoining the club on a permanent basis in February 2015. He has since become the club's 12th-highest goal scorer.Born in the Ivory Coast, <mask> grew up in England from age four. He made his debut for the England national team in 2012, appearing in two non-competitive matches (the latter of which came in 2013). After not playing for England for four years, he switched to play for Ivory Coast ahead of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. Early life
Born in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, <mask> moved with his family – including his eight siblings – to Thornton Heath in the London Borough of Croydon, at age four. He was educated at Whitehorse Manor Junior School, Thornton Heath and Selsdon High School, Selsdon. He played football at school, and joined the Crystal Palace academy aged 12. Club career

Crystal Palace

2009–10 season
Zaha was given his Crystal Palace first-team debut at home to Cardiff City on 27 March 2010 by caretaker manager Paul Hart as a substitute for Stern John with 10 minutes remaining in the 2–1

masks:
Dazet Wilfried Armel Zaha
Zaha
Zaha
Zaha


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 loss.He signed a two-year professional contract with Palace in April. 2010–11 season
He quickly progressed through the ranks at Palace and became a key member of the first team during the 2010–11 pre-season friendlies. On 7 August 2010, he scored his first senior goal in a 3–2 win over Leicester City. Zaha assisted Kieron Cadogan in the home match against Queens Park Rangers in October and James Vaughan in the away match against Watford in February 2011. On 12 April 2011, he was sent off in the 95th minute against Leicester City for an alleged stamp on Patrick van Aanholt but it was later rescinded. Zaha ended the season playing a total of 44 matches, while scoring 1 goal and having 2 assists in all competitions. 2011–12 season

Zaha started the 2011–12 season by scoring two goals in a League Cup match on 23 August 2011 at home to Crawley Town.On 30 November, Zaha impressed in Crystal Palace's 2–1 shock win over Manchester United in the League Cup, constantly sneaking through the United defence and in January, attracting interest from Liverpool and Manchester United. In March 2012, Zaha was voted The Football League's Young Player of the Year. In the latter part of the season, manager Dougie Freedman opted to play Zaha as a striker and on 21 April he scored in a 2–2 draw with Reading, in a match that saw Reading secure the Championship title. At the end of the 2011–12 season, <mask> was voted Crystal Palace Young Player of the Year for a second time in a row. During this season, he made 48 appearances while scoring 9 goals and recording 5 assists. 2012–13 season

Zaha started the 2012–13 season brightly, getting an assist in the League Cup against Exeter City and winning a penalty in the first league match against Watford.


texts:
 Zaha scored his first two goals of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 2 October 2012.He then scored two goals in a match again, four days later, in a 4–3 win over Burnley. On 5 March 2013, <mask> scored his first goal for Crystal Palace since being loaned back from Manchester United, in a 4–2 victory against promotion rivals Hull City. On 13 May 2013, in the second leg of the play-off semi-final against Brighton & Hove Albion, Zaha scored two goals in the second half to put Crystal Palace into the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. In the play-off final on 27 May 2013, Zaha won a penalty that was converted to secure Crystal Palace a Premier League spot for the 2013–14 season. Manchester United

On 25 January 2013, Zaha agreed to join Premier League club Manchester United, and would immediately be loaned back to Crystal Palace for the remainder of the season. Palace tried to delay the transfer and agree the transfer in the summer of 2013, but Football League rules prevented this with the player having to join United and be loaned back to Palace. Zaha passed the medical at Manchester United, signing a five-and-a-half-year contract on 26 January 2013 for a reported £10m rising to £15m with performance-related add-ons.On 11 August 2013, <mask> made his debut for Manchester United in the 2013 FA Community Shield against Wigan Athletic. He was included in the starting line-up and played 61 minutes before being replaced by Antonio Valencia as he won his first major honour in football. He did not play again until 29 October, starting in a 4–0 win over Norwich City in the third round of the League Cup at Old Trafford. His Premier League debut was on 7 December in a 1–0 home loss to Newcastle United, as a substitute for Nani

masks: Zaha Zaha


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 shortly after his team conceded. On 31 January 2014, <mask> completed a loan move to Cardiff City for the remainder of the 2013–14 season after being left out of favour by manager David Moyes. At the end of the season, following Moyes' sacking, <mask> said that he was never given a chance by the Scot. He contrasted his experience with that of Raheem Sterling, another young attacker who was given a chance by Liverpool after a difficult start.He also said that he was upset by false and malicious online rumours about his personal life. Return to Crystal Palace

2014–15 season
On 28 August 2014, Zaha agreed to a season-long loan deal with Crystal Palace. Two days later, in the first match of his loan, he scored a stoppage-time equaliser in a 3–3 draw at Newcastle United. On 2 February 2015, the final day of the winter transfer window, <mask>'s move to Palace was made permanent with the signing of a five-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee, believed to be in the region of £3 million, rising to £6 million with add-ons; Manchester United will also receive a percentage of the fee if Palace sell Zaha in the future. Zaha played regularly for Crystal Palace throughout the season, finishing the season with four goals and two assists as Crystal Palace finished the league in 10th place. 2015–16 season
Again, <mask> was a regular for Crystal Palace in this season, making 34 appearances, scoring two goals and recording one assist, while Crystal Palace finished in 15th place. He helped Crystal Palace reach the 2016 FA Cup Final, by playing in every match since the third round entry and scoring two goals along the way.Zaha played the whole 120 minutes in the final, but could not help Palace to a victory, as Manchester United won

masks: Zaha Zaha Zaha Zaha


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 2–1. <mask> won the Crystal Palace Player of the Year award for the first time. 2016–17 season
On 26 December 2016, Zaha was denied a penalty in the closing minutes against Watford. Some speculated that Zaha had overplayed the foul or taken a dive. After the match Watford's mascot attempted to rile Zaha up by mimicking a dive in front of him. On 14 May 2017, Zaha scored the opening goal in the third minute of the Crystal Palace Hull city game that simultaneously mathematically secured Crystal Palace's top flight status and relegated Hull City to the Championship. After another outstanding season with The Eagles, Zaha won Crystal Palace's Player of the Year award for the second year running.On 26 May 2017, <mask> signed a new five-year contract with Crystal Palace. 2017–18 season

On 14 October 2017, <mask> returned to Palace's starting line-up for the first time in two months and scored to open a 2–1 win over Chelsea to give the Eagles their first points of the season. He was Premier League Player of the Month for April 2018 for his four goals and assist while playing up front; on 14 April he scored twice in the first half of a 3–2 win over rivals Brighton & Hove Albion. Despite their poor start, Palace stayed up with a game in hand under new manager Roy Hodgson, with the combination between Zaha and fellow winger Andros Townsend a key factor. He was named their Player of the Year for the third time in a row, a feat only done before by goalkeeper Julián Speroni. 2018–19 season
In Palace's first game of the new season on 11 August, Zaha scored the second goal of a 2–0 win at Fulham. It was his 23rd Premier League goal for the club, drawing level with Chris Armstrong as their top scorer in the competition's history.Four days he

masks: Zaha Zaha Zaha


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 signed a new five-year contract at Crystal Palace. On 26 August, with a consolation goal in a 2–1 loss at Watford, he overtook Armstrong to become Palace's Premier League top scorer. After scoring a winning goal against Huddersfield Town in September 2018, <mask> publicly complained about what he considered to be a lack of appropriate protection by referees against fouls, saying that he would need a broken leg before any action would be taken. Data proved that in the last five years, he was the second most fouled player in the league after Eden Hazard. In October, Zaha was the victim of racist abuse and death threats following a match. Zaha received a red card for dissent against Southampton on 30 January 2019. In June 2019, he was linked with a transfer to Arsenal, who made a £40 million offer for the player, which Crystal Palace rejected as too low.In October, he received racial abuse on social media.`

2019–20 season
Zaha played in all 38 league matches with Crystal Palace, having a disappointing campaign, scoring only 4 goals, including a long-distance goal against Chelsea. 2020–21 season
On 12 September 2020, Zaha scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Southampton. On 19 September, he scored a brace in a 3–1 away win over his former team Manchester United. On 13 March 2021, <mask> became the first Premier League player not to take a knee prior to kick-off in Palace's 1–0 win over West Bromwich Albion. Zaha made a statement at the Financial Times’ Business of Football summit in February saying that "As a society, I feel we should be encouraging better education in schools, and social media companies should be taking stronger action against people who abuse others online – not just footballers". On 16 May, Zaha scored his


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 11th league goal of the season in a 3–2 win against Aston Villa, setting a new personal best for goals in a Premier League season. 2021–22 season
On 27 September 2021, Zaha marked his 400th appearance for Crystal Palace with his 70th goal in a 1–1 draw with rivals Brighton & Hove Albion.International career
<mask> was eligible to represent both the Ivory Coast, the country of his birth, and England, where he grew up. England (2011–2013)
His success over the course of his first full season resulted in a call-up to the England under-19 team for their match against Germany in February 2011. He was called up to the under-21 team on 23 February 2012. He made his debut in a 4–0 win against Belgium on 29 February, assisting Henri Lansbury for the third goal. On 11 November 2012, <mask> was called up to the senior team by manager Roy Hodgson for a friendly match against Sweden on 14 November. He came on as a substitute for fellow debutant Raheem Sterling in the 83rd minute. When Zaha was in good form for Crystal Palace under Hodgson ahead of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the manager said that he regretted not fielding the winger in a competitive game to tie him to England.Ivory Coast (2016–present)
On 27 November 2016, the Ivorian Football Federation confirmed that <mask> had sent correspondence to FIFA to switch his international football allegiance from England to the Ivory Coast. In response to this development, England manager Gareth Southgate indicated he would try to dissuade Zaha from changing allegiance due to his consistent club form. In January, <mask> was named in the Ivory Coast squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He made his debut against Sweden in a friendly in Abu Dhabi on 8 January, coming on as a half-time


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 substitute and assisting Giovanni Sio's goal in a 2–1 win. Three days later, against Uganda at the same venue, he made his first international start and scored his first goal in a 3–0 win. At the tournament in Gabon, the reigning champion Elephants were eliminated at the group stage, with Zaha starting each game. <mask> was also called up for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt.He scored twice for the quarter-finalists in a 4–1 win over Namibia in the final group game, and scored the game's only goal in the last 16 against Mali. The Elephants were defeated on penalties by the eventual winners, Algeria. Style of play
<mask> can play as a forward or as a winger, usually on the left where he can cut inside with his right foot. In 2018, Adrian Clarke of the Premier League's website opined that he "offers more threat" as a frontman, going on to add that "his ultra-mobile combination with [Andros] Townsend generates more goals and points", citing "the speed, athleticism and unpredictable movement of the Zaha-Townsend axis is more difficult for opponents to contain". Zaha has been accused of diving; however, Roy Hodgson, who managed him at club level for Crystal Palace and internationally for England, has stated: "Wilf Zaha does not dive for penalties. He gets knocked over sometimes – sometimes he gets knocked over or unbalanced without it being a penalty or a foul – because he runs at such speed and has such agility with the ball. But he certainly doesn't dive."Hodgson also said that Zaha's characterisation as a diver is because of a "campaign" and it causes fouls against him to be dismissed by referees. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 26 January 2022. Ivory Coast score listed first, score column


texts:
 indicates score after each Zaha goal. Honours
Crystal Palace
Football League Championship play-offs: 2013
FA Cup runner-up: 2015–16

Manchester United
FA Community Shield: 2013

Individual
Football League Young Player of the Month: October 2012
Football League Young Player of the Year: 2013
PFA Team of the Year: 2012–13 Championship
Crystal Palace Player of the Year: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
Premier League Player of the Month: April 2018

See also
List of England international footballers born outside England

References

External links

Profile at the Crystal Palace F.C. website

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Abidjan
People from Thornton Heath
Footballers from the London Borough of Croydon
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
England international footballers
Ivorian footballers
Ivory Coast international footballers
Association football wingers
Association football forwards
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texts: <mask> (17 May 1888 – 28 January 1965), known as <mask>, was an English first-class cricketer. A leg spin bowler for Kent County Cricket Club and England, he is the only man to take 300 wickets in an English season, and is the second most prolific wicket-taker in first-class cricket history. <mask>'s common name comes from his extremely short stature - he was only  tall. However, his stocky build and strong fingers gave him great bowling stamina, and he hated being taken off. His height gave his deliveries a low trajectory that was difficult for batsmen to reach on the full toss. This meant batsmen who did not play with a straight bat, or who lacked good footwork, rarely lasted long against him. <mask> relied chiefly on a leg-break that pitched on middle-and-leg, so that batsmen had to play at it, and a top-spinner that was notoriously difficult to detect and brought him hundreds of wickets; the googly he used sparingly.His bowling grip was somewhat unorthodox for a leg spinner: being such a small man with small hands, he gripped the ball between thumb, middle and index fingers rather than the orthodox leg break grip between the palm, index finger and ring finger. <mask>, two of whose brothers played for Essex, played club cricket during the early 1910s and was engaged by Kent in 1914. After success with the Second Eleven, he was picked for the county side regularly late in the season, but World War I then halted county cricket for several years. Figures of 7 for 25 against Warwickshire showed <mask>'s promise, and when cricket resumed in 1919

masks:
Alfred Percy Freeman
Tich Freeman
Career Freeman
Freeman
Freeman
Freeman


texts:
 he developed rapidly. He took 60 wickets in a short season in 1919, 102 in 1920, 166 in 1921 and 194 in 1922. He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1923 and took 17 for 67 on a rain-affected pitch against Sussex in 1922. In 1924, <mask>'s bowling for the Players (6 for 52 in the first innings) against the Gentlemen earned him a place in the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) tour to Australia.However, owing to the rock-hard pitches and the superb footwork of Australia's batsmen, <mask> proved expensive in the two Tests in which he was selected. <mask> continued to dominate Kent's bowling in the following three years, but was only modestly successful against South Africa in 1927-1928. However, 1928 was <mask>'s most successful year: he set his record of 304 first-class wickets, and took 22 wickets in three Tests against the West Indies (plus 9 for 104 against them for Kent). In 1929 <mask> took 22 wickets in two Tests against South Africa, but their batsmen's mastery over him in the Fifth Test, when he did not take a wicket in 49 overs and conceded 169 runs, meant that this Test was his last. Yet, between 1930 and 1933 Kent so depended upon <mask>'s bowling that he took 951 County Championship wickets - over 55 percent of Kent's total - for only 15.21 runs each. Among his best performances in these years were:

 17 for 92 against Warwickshire at Folkestone in 1932
 16 for 82 against Northamptonshire at Tunbridge Wells in 1932
 16 for 94 (10 for 53 in first innings) against Essex at Southend in 1930
 15 for 94 against Somerset at Canterbury

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


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 in 1931
 15 for 122 against Middlesex at Lord's in 1933
 15 for 142 against Essex at Gravesend in 1931
 15 for 144 against Leicestershire at Maidstone in 1931
 10 for 79 in an innings against Lancashire at Manchester in 1931
 9 for 50 against Derbyshire at Ilkeston in 1930 (match figures of 12 for 210)

<mask> even did well against the 1930 Australians, taking 5 for 78, but he was never selected for a home Ashes Test. He averaged as little as 11 runs per wicket against Leicestershire, but more than 26 against the strong Surrey batting lineups.In 1934 and 1935, although he was still the leading wicket-taker in England, <mask> fell away gradually. His average rose from around 15 to over 21 runs per wicket, and he was rarely as successful as before when the ground helped him or against weak batting - though his work rate still earned him many wickets. In early 1936, <mask> was again strong, and he took 70 wickets in the first fourteen matches. But his performance deteriorated thereafter, with only 33 wickets in the next fourteen games, so that Kent did not engage him for 1937. <mask> played for Walsall in the Birmingham And District League for a few years after that. He was granted life membership of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1949. After retirement <mask> opened a chain of sports retail shops in partnership with his old Kent team mate Jack Hubble.He christened his retirement cottage "Dunbowlin'". Records
The many bowling records he holds include:
 taking 1673 wickets in six consecutive seasons from 1928 to 1933 - in each of these seasons

masks: Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman Freeman


texts:
 he took over 250 wickets, something no other bowler has done even once since 1901
 ten wickets in an innings on three occasions - in 1929, 1930, and 1931
 seventeen wickets in a match twice - in 1922 and 1932
 the three highest totals of balls bowled in a season in 1928, 1930 and 1933
 ten or more wickets in a match on 140 occasions - more than 50% ahead of his nearest rival Charlie Parker
 48.6% of his 3776 first-class wickets were taken without assistance (either bowled, caught and bowled, leg before wicket, or hit wicket). Second only to Wilfred Rhodes in his aggregate of first-class wickets, <mask> accumulated his in little more than half as many matches (<mask> took 3,776 wickets in 592 matches, Rhodes 4,204 in 1,110). He is just second to Wilfred Rhodes for taking the most number of wickets in all forms of cricket (List A, First Class, T20). He holds the record for taking the most number of five wicket hauls in all First Class matches (across all formats he is leading the top position even though he has gone on to play only first-class matches) (386 fifers). Notes

References

External links

1888 births
1965 deaths
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Players cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
People from Bearsted
People from Lewisham
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team

masks: Freeman Freeman


texts:
<mask> or Azaj Warqnah Ishete, also known as Charles Martin (21 October 1864 – 9 October 1952) was the first Ethiopian educated as a medical doctor, and an Ethiopian intellectual. He led the Ethiopian diplomatic mission to the United States in 1927, which negotiated a contract to build a dam on the upper Abay River; and, beginning in 1934, he served as Ethiopia's Minister to the United Kingdom. Early life
Workneh was born in Gondar, the son of Negadras Eshete Woldemariam. <mask> had been forced to join Emperor Tewodros II in his retreat to Magdala, where the emperor made his final stand against the invading British soldiers in 1868. In the confusion that followed the capture of Magdala, Workneh was separated from his parents and found by the British soldiers alongside Alemayehu Tewodros, weeping over the Emperor's body. Assuming he was an orphan, Workneh was taken under the protection of Colonel Charles Chamberlain. According to Bahru Zewde, Colonel Chamberlain took him to Aden where he was made the ward of another colonel, Charles Martin, who brought to India, where Workneh attended the mission schools at Rawalpindi and Amritsar.Richard Pankhurst, however, presents another version of events in Workeneh's life after leaving Ethiopia: Colonel Chamberlain brought Workneh to his home in Rawalpindi, serving as his guardian until his death in 1871, after which Workneh was dispatched to the mission school at Armistar where Colonel Martin paid for his education. In both versions of the story, Workneh was grateful enough to Colonel Martin's interest in him that he took the Colonel's surname as his own; similarly he adopted the given name of Colonel Chamberlain and thus took the name "Charles Martin". The younger Martin enrolled at the Lahore Medical College in 1877; upon his graduation in 1882 under the name of Charles Martin, he performed two years of practice as an assistant surgeon, then travelled to

masks:
Hakim Workneh Eshete
Nagadras Eshete


texts:
 Scotland where he undertook further specialized training and received certificates in medicine and surgery. Upon completion of these studies, in December 1891 he was appointed medical officer and surgeon in Burma. Return to Ethiopia
When Doctor Charles Martin heard of the Italian invasion of his homeland in 1896, he obtained three-month's leave and attempted to return to Ethiopia. He was stopped at Zeila, then part of British Somaliland, by J.L. Harrington the British district officer, who told him that on account of the war he could not proceed, and in any case it would take six weeks to reach Addis Ababa.While Dr. Martin was forced to return to his posting in Burma, his effort was not wasted: Harrington subsequently informed Emperor Menelik about the young Ethiopian doctor. Emperor Menelik was very interested to meet his compatriot and asked Harrington to arrange this. In 1898 Dr. Martin received a letter from Harrington inviting him to Ethiopia. According to Bahru Zewde, basing his opinion on the events Workneh recorded in his yet unpublished diary, Dr. Martin arrived in Ethiopia in late 1899, having his first audience with Emperor Menelik on 5 January 1900. But it in March of that year that he had the most important meeting of his first visit to Ethiopia. He had pitched a tent in the center of Addis Ababa, where he began to treat patients free of charge. While occupied at this undertaking, as Pankhurst tells the story, "He was soon surprised to see an old lady accompanied by attendants, going back and forth in front of his tent and regarding him with obvious attention."The doctor, who had long forgotten the few words of Amharic he knew as a child and was forced to rely on an interpreter to talk to his fellow countrymen, sent the man to ask the lady what she wanted. She replied that she wished to examine his arms and legs, as she believed him to be her grandson who had been lost at Magdala as a


texts:
 child. He cordially invited her to examine him, but stipulated that she must first tell him what she expected to find. She replied, "a long scar on the left arm and another on the right leg." Upon finding the scars, his grandmother then told him the story of his origin. His mother had
died of grief a few days after he had been taken away, and his father lived not much longer. His relatives all presented themselves to him, "his aunt apologizing for having deserted him in panic over thirty years earlier."Although Pankhurst describes this reunion as "most romantic", Dr. Martin's own immediate response was remarkably distant. Bahru Zewde notes that "his diary gives a distinctly chilly impression of his return to his motherland and reunion with his relatives. He viewed the exuberance and excitement of his kin with clinical detachment, expressing scepticism about the identities of his maternal grandmother, Emahoy Salamnesh, his aunt and his half-sister". Bahru explains much of his response was due to "the culture shock that he must have gone through", and notes that either he must have confined his aloofness to his diary, or it did not bother his relatives who were "earnestly trying to find a bride for him." Menelik asked the doctor to remain in Ethiopia and use his skills to benefit his fellow Ethiopians. Workneh and Menelik argued over the salary: the doctor wanted 5,000 Maria Theresa thalers a year, while Menelik would only offer 2,000. Menelik did convince the doctor to stay for the lesser sum, promising a raise at the end of the first year.Workneh found the year frustrating, for his efforts to open schools in Ethiopia were opposed so fiercely by the Ethiopian Church that no progress was made. The French and Russian diplomats, jealous of his closeness to the Emperor, claimed that he was a British spy. When he found that the raise he had expected did not materialize, to the fury of Empress Taytu Betul,


texts:
 the doctor refused to make his services available any longer and left Addis Ababa on 9 March 1901. On his journey to the coast, he met Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, then governor of Harar, with whom Workneh formed a more amiable relationship. During his stay in Harar, Dr. Martin served with a British expedition sent in 1901 against the Somali resistance leader, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan. Afterwards the doctor served as Ras Makonnen's personal physician for six months, for which service he was given gult over 70 acres in Jarso. He finally left Ethiopia for Burma 2 February 1902, taking with him five Ethiopian boys to be educated abroad; one of them, Tedla Abebiyeu, later became a medical doctor.Second visit to Ethiopia
Hakim <mask> returned to Ethiopia towards the end of 1908, serving as the medical officer to the British legation at Addis Ababa. Upon his return, he found the elderly emperor in poor health, and "attended to by competing doctors who reflected the rival interests of their legations." Following the dismissal of the German physician, Dr. Zintgraff, who had been accused of attempting to poison the Emperor, Hakim <mask> became Menelik's attending physician at the request of the monarch August 1909, and remained in his service until a year before Menelik's death in 1913. It was during this period that Hakim <mask> married Qatsala Tulu, the daughter of a Shewan aristocrat and attendant to the future Empress Zewditu. Her father had been reluctant to allow his daughter to marry a foreigner -- "as Workneh was for all intents and purposes presumed to be", Bahru Zewde points out—but he was persuaded in the end to consent to the union. They left together for Burma around 1913, where Qatsala studied nursing and taught her husband Amharic and Oromo. Together they had six sons and seven daughters, adding to the son, named Tewodros, Workneh had by a woman he had married while studying in Scotland.Bahru

masks: Workneh Workneh Workneh


texts:
 Zewde states they had a happy marriage, until the 1930s when rumors of his infidelity led to their separation. His children would marry into Ethiopia's influential families who were either members of the Solomonic Dynasty or high government officials who were highly respected both internationally and domestically. The Sorbonne educated diplomat, governor and a descendant of the Shoan branch of the dynasty Lij Seifu Mikael married his daughter <mask> and H.E. Yilma Deressa, London School of Economics graduate, Finance and Foreign affairs minister and a diplomat married another Workneh daughter Elizabeth Workneh. Returning to Ethiopia
After serving 28 years service with the British government, Hakim <mask> returned to Ethiopia in 1919 and offered his services to the government. Despite being the only Ethiopian with a complete medical education, he served his homeland in other ways. Although he was in charge of building the Addis Ababa - Jimma road until the responsibility was transferred to a group headed by David Hall, Workeneh's primary contributions were in the area of education and government.His first post, following his return, was as medical director of Menelik II Hospital. When the Tafari Makonnen School was opened in 1925, he was appointed superintendent. During his tenure, with the help of Heruy Welde Sellase, he wrote a book on world geography in Amharic. The collaboration, Bahru Zewde opines, "seems to have been mutually beneficial, as Heruy also managed to improve his English as he worked with Workneh on the book. He was an important activist for the abolition of slavery in Ethiopia, founding a school for freed slaves that would teach them literacy and other skills which included weaving, tailoring, and carpentry. In July 1926 Workneh published a moving article in the weekly newspaper Berhanena Selam, in which he argued abolishing slavery "represented the culmination of a course of events

masks:
Sarah Workneh
Workneh


texts: initiated by Menilek." Hakim <mask> served several government posts.On 1 July 1928, he was given the traditional Ethiopian title of Azaz and appointed president of the Special Court which handled cases involving Ethiopians and resident foreigners. In 1930, he was appointed governor of the model province of Chercher, a duty he discharged for four years. Although few details are known of how he administered Chercher, an article in the Berhana Selam compliments him for opening a school in Chercher and building roads. He achieved these improvements despite the sometime capricious instructions sent to him from Addis Ababa. In 1933 he was ordered to release seven persons he had detained on charges of keeping slaves; another instruction he received commanded the immediate transfer of 23,808 birr to the capital, "which was the amount of the revenue of the Ministry of Commerce". He simultaneously discharged diplomatic duties. In 1927 Hakim <mask> led an official delegation to the United States to negotiate with a New York company, J.G.White Engineering, to build a barrage on Lake Tana; Ras Tafari (later Emperor Haile Selassie) had selected this company in response to the Anglo-Italian agreement two years earlier, which had placed Lake Tana in the British sphere of influence. This visit was significant not only for Workeneh's meeting with the company, and officials of the United States which included President Coolidge, but for arriving in Harlem, where he delivered Ras Tafari's greetings to the African-American community and Tafari's invitation to skilled African Americans to settle in Ethiopia. Then, prior to becoming governor of Chercher, Dr. <mask> journeyed to India in 1930, where he recruited 16 professionals, including two teachers, to come to Ethiopia and assist in its modernization. Then in the wake of the Walwal Incident, <mask> was made Ethiopian minister to the United Kingdom, "a post for which he

masks: Workneh Workneh Workneh Workneh


texts:
 was eminently qualified" Bahru Zewde observes. Faced with the lack of interest from the British government over Ethiopia's situation—the British authorities were in the large, supporters of Italy—he found valuable support in Sylvia Pankhurst, who proved to be a tireless activist on behalf of Ethiopia. He contributed regularly to Pankhurst's weekly New Times and Ethiopia News, and their combined efforts built up a grass-roots movement of support for Ethiopia within Great Britain. Despite these efforts, the United Kingdom offered little support for Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, which ended with Emperor Haile Selassie being forced into exile.Last years
With the arrival of Emperor Haile Selassie in England, their relationship became strained. Bahru Zewde states, on the authority of Emmanuel Abraham and Dr. Ammanuel Gebre Selassie, that part of their disagreement arose over finances; Haile Selassie was broke, and Workeneh, also in desperate need of funds, sold the Ethiopian legation building—which he had bought with his own money in the first place. Events inside Ethiopia brought personal tragedy to Workeneh's life: the unsuccessful attempt on Marshal Rodolfo Graziani's life led to reprisals which included the summary execution of Workeneh's sons, Benyam and Yosef. Other members of his family, including his estranged wife Qatsala, his first son Tewodros, and his daughters and in-laws, were interned and deported to Italy. Workneh turned his attention to obtaining the release of his imprisoned family, and his and their resettlement in India. Despite his efforts, he could only take four of his children with him to India, where he remained until 1941/2. Returning to Ethiopia, he dedicated the rest of his life to educating his grandchildren and the children of his relatives and neighbors at his house on the eastern outskirts of Addis Ababa.References

1864 births
1952 deaths
Ethiopian


texts:
<mask> (; 28 October 1946 – 25 January 2022) was a Dutch professional football player and manager. As a midfielder or defender, he spent most of his career at Feyenoord, winning honours including the European Cup in 1970. He earned 65 international caps with the Dutch national team and played in the teams that reached the 1974 and 1978 FIFA World Cup finals. <mask> served in several roles at Feyenoord, including winning the KNVB Cup in consecutive seasons as manager in the early 1990s. He also won the Scottish Premier Division at Celtic in 1997–98. Club career

He spent most of his playing career with his hometown team, Feyenoord, between 1965 and 1980. At Feyenoord, <mask> won four League Championships, one Dutch Cup, one UEFA Cup in 1974, and the European Cup in 1970 when Feyenoord defeated Celtic 2–1 in Milan.He was the captain of their 1974 team which defeated Tottenham Hotspur 4–2 on aggregate. After a brief spell in the North American Soccer League with the Washington Diplomats, he moved to Feyenoord's rivals Ajax, where he won a league title in 1981–82. His debut for Ajax was against his former club in De Kuip in December 1980; a fan of Feyenoord threw an icy snowball at <mask>'s eye during warming-up which finally resulted in <mask> being substituted within 20 minutes into the game. Dutch teammate Johan Cruyff considered <mask> to be one of only four men worth paying attention to when they spoke about football. International career
<mask> earned his first of 65 caps for the Netherlands on 4 October 1967, in a 2–1 loss away to Denmark in UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying. He scored his only international goal in his eighth game on 4 September 1968, a 2–0 win over Luxembourg in his hometown for 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification. <mask> played all seven games as the Dutch finished runners-up to hosts West Germany at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, and repeated the feat in 1978 as they lost to hosts Argentina.He committed the foul on Bernd Hölzenbein in 1974 which allowed Paul Breitner to equalise with a penalty as the Germans came from behind to

masks:
Wilhelmus Marinus Antonius Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen
Jansen


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 beat the Dutch. He also played both games of their bronze-medal finish at UEFA Euro 1976 in Yugoslavia. Managerial career
<mask> began his managerial career at his old club Feyenoord, where he worked as a coach, and then as assistant manager, between 1983 and 1987. He also had a season as manager of Belgian club SC Lokeren. In 1991, he returned to Feyenoord as manager, winning the KNVB Cup in 1991. The result was a surprise as the club had been near bankruptcy in the preceding years. The team also won the cup in 1992 and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991–92.He became Technical Director in 1992, and his old teammate, Willem van Hanegem coached the team to the league in 1993 and the Dutch Cup again the following season. <mask> disagreed with van Hanegem's physical tactics, and argued with chairman Jorien van den Herik when the coach was given a contract extension. He left to work as assistant manager of Saudi Arabia alongside compatriot Leo Beenhakker, and also managed Japanese side Sanfrecce Hiroshima, where he struggled with the language. On 3 July 1997, <mask> <mask> was appointed head coach of Celtic, replacing the sacked Tommy Burns. He was their first manager from outside Great Britain and Ireland, and only the second to have never played for the club. He went on to guide them to their first Scottish league championship in ten years, ending the hopes of rival Rangers to win a tenth consecutive championship. Despite winning the league and the Scottish League Cup during his only season in charge, <mask> left the club less than 48 hours after the title was secured as he was unable to work with general manager Jock Brown.His most notable transfer was the signing of Henrik Larsson from Feyenoord. At the beginning of the 2008–09 season, <mask> took up the position of assistant to the head coach of the Feyenoord first team, Gertjan Verbeek. He resigned in solidarity when the coach was fired in 2009. Personal life and death
<mask> was given a Latin name, as is the custom for Dutch Catholics, because his family

masks: Jansen Jansen Wim Jansen Jansen Jansen Jansen


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 lived with Catholics in the first year of his life. He and his family were not religious, and he would practice kicking a ball at a pole on Sundays while all his neighbours were at church. As a child, he lived on the same street (Bloklandstraat) as Feyenoord teammate Coen Moulijn. In late 2021, <mask> released the biography Meesterbrein ("Mastermind"), written alongside Yoeri van den Busken.<mask> lived in Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht from the 1970s. He died of complications from dementia, on 25 January 2022, at the age of 75. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Player

Feyenoord
 Eredivisie: 1964–65, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1973–74
 KNVB Cup: 1968–69
 European Cup: 1969–70
 Intercontinental Cup: 1970
 UEFA Cup: 1973–74

Ajax
 Eredivisie: 1981–82

Netherlands
 FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1974, 1978
 UEFA European Championship third place: 1976

Manager
Feyenoord
 KNVB Cup: 1990–91, 1991–92

Celtic
 Scottish Premier Division: 1997–98
 Scottish League Cup: 1997–98

References

External links

1946 births
2022 deaths
Dutch footballers
Netherlands international footballers
Dutch expatriate footballers
Feyenoord players
Feyenoord managers
AFC Ajax players
Dutch football managers
Celtic F.C. managers
1974 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht
Footballers from Rotterdam
Eredivisie players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Washington Diplomats (NASL) players
J1 League managers
Sanfrecce Hiroshima managers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Dutch expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Japan
Expatriate football managers in Scotland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Scottish Football League managers
Association football midfielders
UEFA Champions League winning players
UEFA Cup winning players
Neurological disease deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from

masks: Jansen Jansen


texts:
<mask> (née Channa Helene Shapiro, aka "<mask>" and "Channa Davis Horwitz", May 21, 1932 – April 29, 2013) was a contemporary artist based in Los Angeles, United States. She is recognized for the logically-derived compositions created over her five decade career. Her visually complex, systematic works are generally structured around linear progressions using the number eight. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, on May 21, 1932; her father was an electrician and inventor. She studied at Art Center School of Design 1950-52. As a married mother of two she studied painting at California State University Northridge (1960–63) while living in Tarzana. At CSUN she was encouraged by her instructors to paint in an Abstract Expressionist style, to "be free" and "throw the paint."She had a third child before earning a B.F.A. in 1972 from CalArts, studying under teachers John Baldessari and Allan Kaprow, among others. She married her second husband, <mask>, in 1973. Early Work
In 1964, already deconstructing form and doing large, hard-edged oil paintings, using limited motif and basic geometric shapes, Horwitz developed in sketches what came to be known as her "Language Series" body of work which she later began actualizing in 2003. She combined circles, squares and rectangles with sequential numbers, 1 through 8, to create compositions. Horwitz arranged these compositions into linear progressive patterns based on the corresponding numbers. She felt that by reducing the choices she had, she was able to search for the essence of form."As an artist I experience freedom through limitation and structure. It would appear that limitation and structure are

masks:
Channa Horwitz
Channa Davis
Horwitz
Jim Horwitz


texts:
 dichotomies to freedom, but through experience I have found them to be synonymous and the basis of freedom." This approach continued to inform her inquiry and subsequent bodies of work. Also in 1964 Horwitz started a series of architectural interior renderings for a fictitious couple named, “Mr. and Mrs. McGillicutty.” Each rendering was composed of basic interior elements including a window and a window-blind. Horwitz lost interest in all other elements of the series, save for the varied positioning of the window-blinds. Altering the position of the blinds was another early indication of Horwitz's inquiry into systems and sequences and their variety of patterns.Black and White, Circle and Square (1966): By 1966 She did away with all narrative pretexts and reduced her vocabulary to just black and white and the circle and the square. With four simple rules governing her process, Horwitz composed sixteen paintings in the Circle and Square series. The four rules were: “1) Randomly position two rectangles (on large one small) against a broad field. 2) Draw a circle around the circumference of each of the rectangles. 3) Draw a circle in the center of the entire frame. 4) Color the portion of each rectangle falling outside circle number 3 a darker shade.”

In this manner Horwitz came to her own, self derived, version of minimalism. In the early years of her practice, as she worked out her system of representation, Horwitz was fairly isolated and unfamiliar with Sol LeWitt and other conceptualists working in the same vein.The Art and Technology exhibition and Sonakinatography
In 1968, Horwitz (then <mask> Davis) submitted a proposal to the innovative exhibition Art and Technology