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The "Acorna Universe series" comprises ten novels published between 1997 and 2007: seven sometimes known as Acorna and three sometimes known as Acorna's Children.The series involve a group of intergalactic miners who adopt a mysterious alien foundling with unicorn-like physiognomy and apparent magical abilities. The first two were written by <mask> and Margaret Ball, and the rest by <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough. Other works

McCaffrey also published two short-story collections, several romances and young-adult fantasies. Her nonfiction work includes two cookbooks and a book about dragons in general. Notes

 References Citations – books

 Interviews'''

  Self-published. Excerpts from interview published in the monthly Locus, November 2004. Further reading

 External links

 Bibliography

 Other
  – official website, <mask>
 Pern Home – official website, Pern and The Dragonriders of Pern™

 <mask> - Guest of Honour at Eurocon 2007
 Remembrances by Peter Morwood

 Interview with <mask> and Elizabeth Ann Scarborough about co-authoring two books, A DISCUSSION WITH National Authors on Tour'' TV Series, Episode #105 (1994)

1926 births
2011 deaths

American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award-winning writers
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
Nebula Award winners
SFWA Grand Masters
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Montclair High School (New Jersey) alumni
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Radcliffe College alumni
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American emigrants to Ireland
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
People from Wilmington, Delaware
People from Sea Cliff, New York
American women novelists
Women writers of young adult literature
Novelists from

masks:
McCaffrey
McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey
Anne McCaffrey


type: original

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<mask> (; 614–666) was a chancellor of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He became particularly powerful because of his support for Emperor Gaozong's second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) when her ascension was opposed by then-chancellors, and he had a reputation for treachery. He was also fully involved in the elimination of Empress Wu's political rivals and played an important role in it. In 663, on account of corruption, he was removed from his post and exiled, and in 666, after Emperor Gaozong had declared a general pardon but excepted the long-term exiles from the pardon, <mask> died in anger. Background
<mask> was born in 614, during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui, and his clan was originally from what would become Ying Prefecture (瀛州, part of modern Cangzhou, Hebei), but as his grandfather served as the secretary to the county magistrate of Shehong County (射洪, in modern Suining, Sichuan), his family stayed in the area thereafter. In 634, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, the official that Emperor Taizong sent to examine the region, <mask>iang, believing that <mask> was literarily capable, recommended him, and after an imperial examination, he served as a protocol officer at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng). <mask> and Ma Zhou, two officials who were his supervisors (and who later served as chancellors), both praised him for his capability.Soon, he was made an assistant imperial censor and also made a member of the staff of Emperor Taizong son <mask> the Prince of Jin. In 643, after Emperor Taizong deposed <mask>'s older brother <mask>an the Crown Prince and replaced him with <mask>, <mask> continued to serve on <mask>'s staff, and among his staff members, he and Lai Ji were particularly known for their literary talent. <mask> was particularly

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Dal
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Li Zhi
Li Zhi
Li Chengqi
Li Zhi
Li Yifu
Li Zhi
Li Zhi


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 complimentary of his semi-lyrical essay Chenghua Zhen (承華箴), and submitted it to Emperor Taizong. <mask>, for his talent, was also ordered to participate in the editing of the Book of Jin, the official history that Emperor Taizong commissioned for Jin Dynasty. Rise to power
After Emperor Taizong's death in 649, <mask> became emperor (as Emperor Gaozong), and sometime thereafter, <mask> became a mid-level official at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng). In 651, he took on additional responsibilities of assisting in editing the imperial history. Meanwhile, Emperor Gaozong's favor for his wife Empress Wang had been waning, and he particularly favored Consort Wu, who had designs on the empress position, and she falsely implicated Empress Wang in the killing of her daughter.By 655, Emperor Gaozong had wanted to depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu, but most of the chancellors were opposed. It happened at that time, the most powerful of the chancellors, Emperor Gaozong's uncle Zhangsun Wuji, who had not placed <mask> in high esteem, was set to send <mask> to Bi Prefecture (壁州, roughly modern Bazhong, Sichuan) to serve as the military advisor to the prefect. <mask> received the news in advance, and he requested advice from his colleague Wang Dejian (王德儉). Wang Dejian pointed out that Emperor Gaozong was favoring Consort Wu, and that if <mask> supported Consort Wu, his situation would be improved. <mask> agreed, and he submitted a petition to depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu. Emperor Gaozong and Consort Wu were pleased, and they promoted <mask> to be the assistant head of the legislative bureau. After Emperor Gaozong did depose Empress Wang and replace her with Consort Wu later that year, over the strenuous objections of the chancellors Chu Suiliang, Han Yuan, and Lai Ji and implicit disapproval of

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Zhi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu


texts: Zhangsun, <mask> was given the designation of Canzhi Zhengshi (參知政事), making him a chancellor de facto.He was also created the Baron of Guangping. Traditional historians, when discussing <mask>'s rise to power, stated that he appeared to be mild, humble, and respectful in his temperament, and he was often smiling, but in secret, he was full of treachery and machinations, and therefore, it was said that he had knives in his smile, and he was also referred to as "<mask>" (李貓), referring to his insincere smiles. In 656, after Empress Wu's son <mask> was created crown prince, <mask> was given an additional post as <mask>'s assistant, and he was created the Marquess of Guangping. That year, he had heard that a Lady Chunyu, from the eastern capital Luoyang, was beautiful, and had been arrested for an offense and held in custody. <mask>fu had the secretary general of the supreme court, Bi Zhengyi (畢正義), improperly find her not guilty and release her, with the intent that he would then take Lady Chunyu as a concubine. When this improper release was noticed by the chief judge of the supreme court, Duan Baoxuan (段寶玄), Duan reported to Emperor Gaozong, and <mask>, in fear, forced Bi to commit suicide. The assistant imperial censor Wang Yifang (王義方) then submitted an accusation against <mask>fu, but offended Emperor Gaozong by using language that Emperor Gaozong found obscene—language that implied that because of <mask>'s good looks, <mask> and Ma Zhou must have favored him after having sexual relations with him—and Wang was demoted to Lai Prefecture to serve as census officer, while Emperor Gaozong took no actions against <mask>.Later in 656, with Chu having been demoted out of the capital, <mask> had <mask>'s son <mask> (劉弘業) submit a petition claiming that his father was forced to commit suicide after false accusations by Chu. (<mask> had been forced

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Cat Li
Li Hong
Li Yifu
Li Hong
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Liu Ji
Liu Hongye
Liu Ji


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 to commit suicide around the new year 646 due to accusations that he had planned to kill a number of high level officials disagreeing with him if Emperor Taizong had died from a serious illness that he was suffering from at the time.) However, after Le Yanwei pointed out that revisiting <mask>'s case would imply that Emperor Taizong made improper decisions, Emperor Gaozong took no action on <mask>'s petition. In 657, <mask> was made Zhongshu Ling (中書令), the head of the legislative bureau and an office considered one for a chancellor. He was also created the Duke of Hejian. Later that year, he, and another ally of Empress Wu's, Xu Jingzong, falsely accused Chu, Han, and Lai of conspiring to commit treason, and both Han and Lai (who were still chancellors) were demoted out of the capital to be prefects, while Chu and Empress Wang's uncle <mask> were demoted to be prefects of exceedingly distant prefectures. Removal and restoration
By 658, <mask> was said to be so powerful due to favors that Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu showed him that even his young children were given official posts, and that his mother, wife, and sons were receiving bribes from officials to give them preferential treatment.His fellow chancellor Du Zhenglun, whose post was also Zhongshu Ling, had considered himself senior to <mask> and therefore was not willing to yield to <mask>fu, while <mask>fu was also not yielding to Du. The conflict between the two eventually erupted into an argument before Emperor Gaozong. Emperor Gaozong, rebuking both for their conflict, demoted both to be prefectural prefect—Du to Heng Prefecture (橫州, roughly modern Nanning, Guangxi), and <mask> to Pu Prefecture (普州, roughly modern Ziyang, Sichuan). (Du soon died at Heng Prefecture.) Despite <mask>'s demotion out of the capital, Empress Wu was still protecting him. Around the new year 659, <mask>

masks:
Liu Ji
Liu Hongye
Li Yifu
Liu Shi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Tang Lin


texts: (唐臨), the minister of civil service affairs, had submitted suggestions that Xu Hui (許褘) be made the examiner of the Jiangnan Circuit (江南道, region south of the Yangtze River) and Zhang Lun (張倫) be made the examiner of the Jiannan Circuit (劍南道, modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and Yunnan). The sensitive Empress Wu saw ulterior motives in this—because Xu was a friend of Lai Ji's, and Lai Ji's prefecture Tai Prefecture (臺州, roughly modern Taizhou, Zhejiang) was a part of Jiangnan Circuit, whereas Zhang was an enemy of <mask>fu's, and <mask>'s Pu Prefecture was a part of Jiannan Circuit.As a result, she had Tang Jian removed from his post. In fall 659, Emperor Gaozong recalled <mask> to the capital, to serve as the minister of civil service affairs and de facto chancellor. It was said that at this time <mask> carried out a revenge killing. <mask>'s ancestors were originally from Hejian Commandery (河間, i.e., Cang Prefecture), but after he had become chancellor the first time, he claimed that his ancestors were actually from Zhao Commandery (趙郡, roughly modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), as the Lis of Zhao Commandery, during Northern Wei and the subsequent dynasties, had been considered one of the most honored clans of the land. Many young officials from the <mask> clan, because they wanted <mask>'s favor, therefore claimed to be in fact of the same clan as <mask>fu; one of these junior officials was one <mask> (李崇德), who listed <mask> in his family tree. When <mask> was demoted to Pu Prefecture, <mask>de immediately removed <mask> from his family tree. When <mask> returned to the capital, he falsely accused <mask>de of crimes, and <mask> committed suicide.Later that year, <mask>, angry that he had previously sought to have his son married with a daughter of a traditionally prominent clan but had been unsuccessful in doing so, persuaded Emperor Gaozong that it

masks:
Li Yi
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li
Li Yifu
Li Yi
Li Chongde
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Chong
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Chong
Li Chongde
Li Yifu


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 was improper for these clans to be exclusive in their marriages and also demanding large amounts of dowry or bride price. Emperor Gaozong thus issued an edict forbidding the seven most prominent clans from marriage with each other and also limiting the amount of dowry and bride price they are permitted to receive. In 661, <mask>'s mother died, and he resigned to observe a period of mourning for her, but was recalled in 662 to again serve as minister of civil service affairs and chancellor de facto. He soon received permission to rebury his grandfather near the tomb of Emperor Gaozong's great-great-grandfather <mask> (李虎), and it was said that he conscripted seven counties' laborers for the task and that the reburial was so grand that no burial since the founding of Tang Dynasty could rival it. Final downfall
In 663, <mask> was made the head of the legislative bureau (by now known as You Xiang (右相)), but continued to be in charge of civil service. He was also made the secretary for Emperor Gaozong's (and Empress Wu's) youngest son <mask>lun (the later Emperor Ruizong). However, it was said that <mask> actually lacked talent for selecting officials, and instead generally ranked officials simply based on the bribes they gave him, drawing discontent from the officials.Eventually, Emperor Gaozong heard about this, and on one occasion, still calmly stated to <mask>: "Your sons and sons-in-law are careless, and they have committed many unlawful acts. I was forced to cover for you. You should be careful." <mask> unhappily responded, "Who told Your Imperial Majesty?" Emperor Gaozong responded, "If I am correct, why do you want me to tell you who the informant is?" <mask> did not apologize but instead walked out, drawing Emperor Gaozong's displeasure. Meanwhile, an astrologer <mask> trusted, Du Yuanji (杜元紀), informed him that there was an aura of

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Hu
Li Yifu
Li Xu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu


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 imprisonment at his house, and that he could only suppress it by a large store of money.<mask> believed Du and redoubled his corruption. When this, in addition to <mask>'s and Du's observations of auras, as well as <mask>'s extortion of money from Zhangsun Wuji's grandson Zhangsun Yan (長孫延), were reported by the low-level official Yang Xingying (楊行穎), Emperor Gaozong ordered that <mask> be arrested, and then had the minister of justice <mask>o, as well as the imperial censor and the chief justice of the supreme court, investigate, reporting their findings to the chancellor <mask>. <mask> was found guilty, removed from his posts, and exiled to Xi Prefecture (巂州, roughly modern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan). His sons and sons-in-law were also exiled. In 666, Emperor Gaozong offered sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai and, to celebrate the occasion, declared a general pardon—but specifically exempted from the general pardon anyone who was given a long-term exile. <mask>, in anger and fear, died of an illness. His wife and children were not allowed to return to the eastern capital Luoyang until 674.In 692, after Empress Wu had seized the throne from her son Emperor Ruizong and took the title of emperor for her own, she, in recognition of how <mask> and five other officials had supported her, posthumously awarded <mask> the title of commandant of Yang Prefecture, but the posthumous honor was again stripped in 710 after Emperor Ruizong returned to the throne. References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 82. New Book of Tang, vol. 223.1. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 199, 200, 201.Chancellors under Emperor Gaozong of Tang
Tang dynasty poets
Tang dynasty historians
7th-century Chinese historians
614 births
666 deaths
Politicians from Suining
Poets from Sichuan
Tang dynasty politicians from Sichuan
7th-century Chinese poets
Historians from

masks:
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Liu Xiangda
Li Ji
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu
Li Yifu


texts: was a founder of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) who worked for periods as a writer, editor, labor organizer, communist agent, politician, and university professor. He was the son of a wealthy Japanese merchant, and attended the prestigious Keio University. While in university, <mask> became interested in social movements, and joined a moderate labor organization after graduation, working as a research staff member, and as a writer and editor of the organization's magazine. He traveled to Britain in 1919 to study political economy, where he deepened his studies of Marxism and became a confirmed communist. <mask> was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but his activity within British communist circles led to him being deported from Britain in 1921. After leaving Britain, <mask> traveled through the Soviet Union (USSR). He returned to Japan in 1922, where he co-founded the Japanese Communist Party (JCP).<mask> became a labor organizer, but was arrested twice by the Japanese government for his activities. After being released from prison a second time, <mask> secretly returned to the USSR in 1931, where he became an agent of the Comintern. He traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where he worked as a spy from 1934 to 1938. After leaving the United States, <mask> worked in China from 1940 to 1945, supporting the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) by encouraging and recruiting captured Japanese soldiers to support and fight for the Chinese communists against the Imperial Japanese Army, and coordinating a spy network that operated throughout Japanese-occupied China. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, <mask> returned to Japan with hundreds of other Japanese communists, where he led the

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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 Japanese Communist Party during the occupation of Japan. <mask> attempted to brand the JCP as a "lovable" populist party supporting Japan's peaceful transition to socialism, but his strategy was criticized within the party and within the Soviet Union. During the Korean War the JCP temporarily endorsed violence, and <mask> disappeared from public life and went underground.He re-emerged to lead the JCP again in 1955, after which he attempted to disrupt the US-Japan Security Treaty by organizing public demonstrations, but he generally supported the JCP's role as a peaceful party. In 1958 <mask> became Chairman of the JCP, a position he held until retirement at the age of 90, after which he was declared Honorary Chairman. <mask> joined the faculty of Keio University, and he was widely idolized among left-wing intellectuals until shortly before his death, when the fall of the Soviet Union exposed controversial aspects of his relationship with Stalin's Communist regime. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was the son of a prosperous Japanese merchant and was raised in a bourgeois environment. As a young man <mask> was known for his fashionable taste in clothing and for the large dog that often accompanied him in public. He was quiet, serious, studious, introverted, and more comfortable in libraries than at public demonstrations. After his secondary education, <mask> attended Keio University, which was then considered a "rich boys school".At Keio, Nosaka became interested in the international labor movement, an interest that was largely supported by one of his professors, Kiichi Horie. <mask> decided to write his senior thesis on the moderate labor organization founded by Bunji Suzuki, "Yuaikai" ("The Friendly Society"). To

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Sanzō Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


texts: research his thesis, <mask> contacted Yuaikai'''s head office, and acquainted himself with its senior leaders: Suzuki initially mistook Nosaka for a salesman the first time they met, but eventually grew fond of Nosaka. When <mask> graduated from Keio, in 1915, he joined Yuaikai and worked for the organization as a research staff member and as an editor of the organization's journal, Rodo Oyobi Sangyo (Labour and Industry). Nosaka became interested in communism after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. As a greater volume of leftist literature entered Japan from the West, <mask>'s political orientation moved farther from the center. The first Western texts on revolutionary social theory available in Japan were mostly on anarchism, but Nosaka also enjoyed Edward Bellamy's utopian novel, Looking Backward.In 1918-1919 <mask> read an English copy of The Communist Manifesto brought to Japan by his friend, Shinzo Koizumi. After reading The Communist Manifesto, Nosaka embraced the theories of Marxism. <mask> announced his intentions to go abroad to study social theory in the November 1918 issue of Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. He sailed out of Kobe harbor on July 7, 1919, and arrived in London on August 27. After his arrival, <mask> studied political economy at London University. Like many British intellectuals at the time, <mask> deepened his studies of Marxism, and became a confirmed communist at the university. While in London <mask> became active in communist circles.He affiliated himself with notable trade union leaders active in London, and attended the September 8–13, 1919 Glasgow Trade Union Congress as a correspondent for Rodo Oyobi Sangyo. <mask> was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920, and attended

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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 the Party's first session as a representative from London. <mask>'s activities within the Communist Party brought him to the attention of Scotland Yard, and <mask> was deported from Britain in 1921. After he left Britain, <mask> traveled through Europe to the newly formed Soviet Union. In Russia, with the help of friendly contacts in the communist hierarchy, <mask> became influential within the Communist Party. <mask> was suspected of being either a British or Japanese agent; but, because of his contacts among high-ranking Finnish and Russian leaders, <mask> was never purged. <mask> wrote A Brief Review of the Labour Movement in Japan.It was published by the International Council of Trade and Industrial Unions in 1921

After attending the Far Eastern People's Conference in the Soviet Union, <mask> returned to Japan in 1922, and helped found the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) that same year. <mask> was more secretive about his relationship with the Communist Party than he had been in Britain, and kept his membership a secret from Bunji Suzuki and other moderate labour leaders. After his return, <mask> worked as a trade unionist and editor of the JCP's official newspaper, Musansha Shimbun. Because of his activities within the Communist Party (which was illegal in Japan), <mask>, like many communists in Japan, was arrested (twice in his case), interrogated, and tortured by the Kenpeitai, but he was released after short periods both times. <mask> was first arrested in 1923, and released within a year. After his release, <mask> became more active within the Japanese labor movement. In March 1928, the Japanese police began a campaign to harass and destroy the JCP, beginning with the May 15 Incident.After his second arrest

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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 in 1929, <mask> spent two years in jail. He was released in 1931 on the grounds of illness. The short lengths of <mask>'s arrests aroused suspicion among other Japanese communists that <mask> had given important information to the Japanese secret police, but these suspicions were never acted upon. Comintern agent
Upon his release, <mask> secretly returned to the Soviet Union, arriving in Moscow in March 1931. While there, <mask> served as a representative of the JCP, and worked as an executive member of the Comintern. While in Moscow <mask> helped to draft the "1932 Thesis", which became the guiding document of the JCP until 1946. Most of his colleagues active in the JCP, who were not able to go abroad, were subsequently arrested by the kempeitai by the fall of 1932.Ariyoshi, Beechert, and Beechert p. 124

One of Nosaka's friends was Kenzo Yamamoto, a legendary Japanese communist who had been in the Soviet Union with his common-law wife, Matsu, since 1928.Yamamoto had a reputation as a great womanizer; and, when rumors circulated that Yamamoto was engaged in an affair with <mask>'s wife, Ryu, Nosaka wrote a confidential letter to the NKVD (dated February 22, 1939) indicating that he believed Yamamoto and his wife were likely Japanese spies in the pay of the Kenpeitai. On Stalin's orders, both Yamamoto and Matsu were arrested as spies. A firing squad executed Yamamoto, and Matsu died in a gulag. Both Yamamoto and his wife were formally rehabilitated after their deaths by Nikita Khrushchev on May 23, 1956, recognizing the lack of any evidence that the two were actually spies. In his autobiography, <mask> later wrote that he had tried to save Yamamoto's life. In 1934, <mask> secretly traveled to the West Coast of the


texts:
 United States, where he became involved in intelligence work on behalf of the International Liaison Department of the Comintern against the Imperial Japanese government. Nosaka's activities included disseminating information to communists still active in Japan, infiltrating and making contact with the Japanese communities active in the United States, and establishing a number of communist front organizations in Seattle, Los Angeles, and other cities on the West Coast.<mask> worked to gain funding from the Comintern for his activities, and attempted to have other Japanese Communists secretly relocated to America. He planned to recruit American and Japanese agents to send  to Yokohama to establish a cell that would  operate as a communist front organization. Because the records from this period are incomplete, historians cannot be certain to what extent <mask>'s efforts in America were successful. <mask> worked as a Comintern agent in America until 1938, when he returned to Moscow. In 1940, the Comintern ordered Nosaka to aid communist forces in China. In May 1943, <mask> was the representative of the JCP in the case of the dissolution of the Comintern. Activities in China

From March 1940 to the end of 1945, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, <mask> resided at the Chinese Red Army base in Yan'an, in Shaanxi Province, where he headed the Japanese People's Emancipation League (JPEL).The JPEL engaged in the "re-education" of numerous Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) and created propaganda on behalf of the Chinese Communists. Japanese troops captured by the Communists were then used by the Communists in various civilian and military roles, and were especially valued because their level of technical expertise was

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


texts: generally greater than that of most Chinese soldiers. "Re-educated" Japanese troops were instrumental in a number of Communist victories after World War II, including the 1949 Pingjin Campaign, in which most of the artillery fielded by the Communists was manned by Japanese gunners. In general, the method of "re-education" devised and employed by Nosaka was highly effective. Initially, the Red Army was a purely guerrilla force without the facilities to imprison POWs. The policy of the Eighth Route Army, the main communist force active during World War II, was to interrogate prisoners and then release them. After reports surfaced that the Japanese were punishing Japanese prisoners after they returned, the Red Army's policy gradually changed to one of retraining POWs, and the communists began to implement this policy after Nosaka arrived in Yan'an.By the time of its war with China, the Japanese army was educating its officers and common soldiers to die rather than surrender. Injured soldiers were easily captured, and made up the bulk of Japanese POWs. Captured Japanese believed that they would be killed, but were instead fed and clothed, and began to develop a rapport with their captors. Besides Nosaka's regimen of psychological indoctrination, there were several reasons that Japanese POWs chose to join the Chinese communists. Communist guerrillas took care to develop an early rapport with their prisoners by treating them well. Captured Japanese soldiers were generally moved when they learned of the terrible conditions the war inflicted on the Chinese people, a perspective that they had not been exposed to before their capture. Closer to the end of  the war, the growing possibility of defeat created anxiety among the


texts: Japanese army.Because of the Japanese military's policy to never surrender, Japanese soldiers never received any training about how to act as POWs: upon returning to Japanese ranks, many would face disgrace, punishment, and starvation. Many Japanese soldiers committed suicide after their capture, but those who chose to live generally came to sympathize with the Chinese. The Japanese army was aware of the existence of Nosaka's Communist Japanese soldiers, and feared the phenomena out of proportion to their actual threat. Koji Ariyoshi, an American who met Nosaka in Yan'an wrote that Nosaka was "the Japanese national who undoubtedly contributed the most in the war against Japanese militarism". The Japanese army attempted to use numerous spies and assassins in order to eliminate <mask> (who used the name "Okano Susumu" for the duration of the war), but were unsuccessful. <mask> maintained a network of agents throughout Japanese-occupied China, which he used to gather information about events within the Japanese Empire and about the war. From 1940 to 1943, <mask>'s presence in China was kept a secret.Under a Chinese name, Lin Zhe, he directed the work of the Research Office of the Japanese Problem. His work with the Research Office in Yan'an brought Yan'an's intelligence information about Japan up to date. Nosaka collected newspapers and other publications from Japan. To research the enemy, <mask> and his crew took care to analyze current events in Japan and China, which they did by stocking Japanese newspapers, magazines, journals, and diaries that were purchased or seized on the battlefield. Nosaka's Japanese "prisoner converts" fought freely for the Chinese communists once their re-education was complete. In Yan'an,

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


texts:
 the Japanese lived normal lives without guards, owned a cooperative store, and printed their own news bulletins and propaganda. Visiting American officers used Nosaka's Japanese soldiers to critique and improve their own methods of anti-Japanese psychological warfare.Shortly after Japan's surrender in 1945, Nosaka began to march with approximately 200 other Japanese Communists across northern China. They arrived at the coast after picking up hundreds of other Japanese along the way. Demanding immediate repatriation from the first Americans they found, they declared their intention to return and work "for the democratization of Japan and the establishment of peace in the Far East". Although there are no records of the exact number of Japanese "re-educated" by Nosaka who elected to remain in Communist-occupied China after 1945, it is estimated that "the number must have been considerable". <mask>'s contributions to the eventual victory of the Red Army were not forgotten by the leaders he had worked with in China. In 1965, on the twentieth anniversary of Japan's defeat, <mask> was publicly praised by name by the highest-ranking general in China at the time, Lin Biao. Postwar
Japanese political career

After the World War II, <mask>'s return to Japan was facilitated by E. Herbert Norman, the Canadian representative to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, who may also have been a Soviet spy.Before returning to Japan, <mask> gained Stalin's endorsement for the leadership of the Japanese Communist Party. <mask>'s re-entry to Japan was also aided by the American diplomat John S. Service, who had a history of being friendly to Chinese Communists. Before returning to Japan, <mask> advised Joseph Stalin to retain the

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


texts: position of the Japanese Emperor, but to replace Emperor Hirohito with Crown Prince Akihito if the Communists ever gained control of Japan. <mask> returned to Japan in January 1946, and received a hero's welcome by the JCP. He returned to China as a recognized protege of Mao Zedong, and enjoyed the informal recognition as a "roving ambassador" for Japanese communism. After his return to Japan, <mask> worked to organize Japanese communists. In the general elections of 1946, he and four other members of the JCP were elected to the Diet, and the party received 4% of the popular vote.The JCP made progress infiltrating Japanese labor associations and socialist parties; and, in the general elections of 1949, the JCP gained 10% of the popular vote. In May 1950, shortly after the United States entered the Korean War with the support of the United Nations, the Cominform criticized the JCP's gradualist policies, and directed the party to actively disrupt the American occupation. Throughout the 1950s, <mask>'s efforts were challenged by American occupying forces, as part of a broader effort to suppress leftists. In 1949, a Communist-led general railroad strike led to several attempted derailments, and Sadanori Shimoyama, the president of Japanese National Railways, was found lying across a set of train tracks in Tokyo with his arms and legs cut off. These and other incidents of terrorism were received poorly by the Japanese public, and cost the JCP most of its popular support. The American commander of occupied Japan, Douglas MacArthur, declined to outlaw the JCP, but held the Party's leaders responsible, and, in June 1950, ejected <mask> and the other Communist legislators who were elected in 1946. After losing his seat in the


texts: Diet, <mask> disappeared from public life and was forced to work underground.After <mask> went underground, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency reported that he had temporarily returned to China. His strategy of "peaceful revolution" was criticized by the Cominform, and the Party temporarily endorsed violent revolution until 1952. After working covertly for several years, <mask> re-emerged in 1955 as the First Secretary of the JCP. <mask> was briefly arrested after he resurfaced, but quickly released. In 1958, <mask> became the chairman of the JCP's Central Committee. He played a part in organizing the Anpo Protests in 1960 against the revised US-Japan Security Treaty. In May 1960, as the protests were reaching their height, <mask> published a lengthy essay in the Communist journal Zen'ei titled "We Will Not Accept the New Security Treaty."These massive demonstrations forced the American president, Dwight Eisenhower, to cancel a visit to Japan, and forced the Japanese Premier, Nobusuke Kishi, to resign, but failed to achieve their main goal of seriously disrupting US-Japan relations. In Japanese public opinion, the demonstrations were received as a national embarrassment, and the JCP received only 3% of the popular vote in the 1960 elections. After the bill was passed in spite of opposition, Inejiro Asanuma, the leader of the Japanese Socialist Party that was among the opposition, held a rally for an upcoming election, during which Otoya Yamaguchi, a far-right activist, rushed onto the stage and fatally stabbed Asanuma twice in the stomach with a wakizashi while Asanuma was taking part in a debate. After his arrest, Yamaguchi told police that he had hoped to assassinate <mask> as well. In Nov 1963, <mask> survived an

masks: Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka Nosaka


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 assassination attempt while making a speech in Osaka. The perpetrator was 22-year-old Masahiro Nakao, a member of the rightist group Dai Nippon Gokuku Dan. Nakao, armed with a dagger, leaped on a platform where Nosaka was giving his speech.Nakao was subdued by Party members who turned him over to the police. Nosaka attempted to keep the JCP neutral during the Sino-Soviet Split of the 1960s, though the CIA interpreted that <mask>'s party remained somewhat more friendly with the Chinese. On <mask>'s seventieth birthday party in 1962, <mask> received extravagant praise from Beijing. Deng Xiaoping praised <mask> as an "outstanding fighter of the Japanese people and comrade-in-arms of the Chinese people". The Soviets sent <mask> a matter-of-fact confirmation of his status within the JCP, and within a month sent the JCP another letter scolding the Party for not adequately supporting Soviet positions. The Soviets' measured praise of Nosaka was consistent with earlier Cominform criticism of Nosaka's political theories, which advocated a peaceful transition into communism. After his re-entry into public life in 1955, <mask> was elected to the House of Councillors, a post that he held until 1977.<mask> joined the faculty of Keio University, and was one of many prominent communist intellectuals active in Japanese academic institutions in his time. <mask> remained the JCP's chairman from 1958 to 1982, when he stepped down at the age of 90 and took the role of "Honorary Chairman". Scandal
On September 27, 1992, two Journalists working for the magazine Shukan Bunshun, Akira Kato and Shun'ichi Kobayashi, publicly revealed evidence of <mask>'s involvement in the deaths of Kenzo Yamamoto and his wife. On a trip to Moscow, Kobayashi


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 and Kato had managed to purchase a number of KGB documents, which had been kept secret since the Stalinist era. Among these documents was the letter that <mask> had written in 1939 denouncing Yamamoto and his wife. The revelations of <mask>'s involvement in Yamamoto's death shocked the JCP, already reduced to six seats in the Diet after the 1991 elections. Akahata ("Red Flag"), a prominent communist newspaper, sent a team of journalists to Moscow to investigate the allegations, and they confirmed the authenticity of the documents.After the allegations against <mask> became widely known, he checked himself into Yoyogi Hospital in Tokyo (a common tactic of Japanese politicians facing scandal). When a team of investigators sent by the JCP visited him, <mask> confessed that the letter was his, but refused to discuss the matter further. The JCP ordered <mask> to be present for a general Party meeting on December 27, 1992. After some deliberation, the party that <mask> helped found expelled him by unanimous vote. The Party newspaper reported that <mask>, when asked if he had any reply to the charges against him, would only state: "I have nothing to say". One year after being expelled from the Japanese Communist Party, <mask> <mask> died in his home of old age. Outside the JCP, <mask> was remembered for his gentle demeanor, good manners, and conservative sense of style, "just like a British gentleman".He was 101 years old. Legacy
The Chinese Documentary series "Today In The History Of Anti-Japanese War" dedicated an episode to <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> was featured in the "International Friends during the Anti-Japanese War". A show organized by the Beijing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. The

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 show "features 160 pictures of 39 foreign friends who worked together with the Chinese people and made contributions to China's independence and freedom." Family
Yonago <mask> was the foster daughter of <mask> <mask>. She attended the 60th anniversary of the victory of the War against Fascism.She received a medal as a daughter of Sanzō <mask>. Names
Nosaka used the pen names of Okano and Lin Zhe. See also
Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period
Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
Wataru Kaji
Hideo Noda
Hotsumi Ozaki

Works

Footnotes

References
 Ariyoshi, Koji, Alice M. Beechert, and Edward D. Beechert. From Kona to Yenan: The Political Memoirs of Koji Ariyoshi. United States of America: Biography Research Center. 2000.  .  Retrieved on August 14, 2011. Associated Press."Obituaries: Sanzo <mask>; Japanese Communist". Los Angeles Times. November 17, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. "Sanzo Nosaka Ousted Communist". The Baltimore Sun. November 15, 1993.Retrieved September 25, 2011. "Nosaka Sanzo". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Gillin, Donald G. and Etter, Charles. "Staying On: Japanese Soldiers and Civilians in China, 1945-1949."The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 42, No. 3, May 1983. Retrieved on February 23, 2011. Inoue, Prof. Hisashi. "CCP/Eighth Route Army’s Policies Toward POWs and the Japanese Anti-War Movement in China".Harvard University. June 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2011. "Spy Against Japan: Letters Shed New Light on Nosaka's Espionage Acts". The Japan Times Online. October 22, 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2011.Kifner, John. "John Service, a Purged 'China Hand,' Dies at 89". The New York Times. February 4, 1999. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Kirkup,

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texts:
 James. "Obituary: Sanzo Nosaka".The Independent. November 16, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Lin Biao. "Build a People’s Army of a New Type". Long Live the Victory of People’s War! Foreign Languages Press.September 3, 1965. Retrieved August 17, 2011. Lucas, Dean. "By the Sword". Famous Pictures: The Magazine. July 7, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2013.Miwa, Yoshiro & Ramseyer, J. Mark "The Good Occupation". Harvard: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. May 2005. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Pace, Eric."Sanzo <mask>, 101, Communist in Japan Ejected by the Party". The New York Times. November 15, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Scalapino, Robert A. The Japanese Communist Movement: 1920-1966. London, England: Cambridge University Press.1967. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Taylor, John. The Japanese Communist Party: 1955-1963. CIA/RSS. March 20, 1964. Retrieved August 16, 2011.Whitney, Maj. Gen. Courtney. "Lifting Up a Beaten People" LIFE Magazine. Chicago: TIME. August 22, 1955. Retrieved August 16, 2011. Universalium. "Nosaka, Sanso".Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias''. 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2011. Further reading

External links

1892 births
1993 deaths
Comintern people
Japanese centenarians
Men centenarians
Japanese Communist Party politicians
Japanese revolutionaries
Keio University alumni
Keio University faculty
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture
People of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Japanese spies for the Soviet Union
Japanese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Political party founders
Japanese


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<mask> (born 13 August 1943) is a Honduran politician who served as the interim de facto president of Honduras from 28 June 2009 to 27 January 2010 as a result of the 2009 Honduran coup d'état. The Honduran military ousted the President, and the National Congress read a letter of resignation, which was refuted two minutes later by Zelaya in conversation with CNN en Español; days later, the coup-plotters claimed that the Supreme Court had ordered to forcefully detain President Manuel Zelaya because "he was violating the Honduran constitution"; Zelaya was exiled rather than arrested. <mask>, constitutionally next in line for the presidency, was sworn in as president by the National Congress a few hours after Zelaya was sent into exile by the Honduran military. He was not acknowledged as de jure president by any government or international organization. The 2009 General Election took place as planned in November and elected Porfirio Lobo Sosa to succeed <mask>. Before serving as president, <mask> was the president of Honduras' National Congress. A deputy in Congress since 1982, <mask> is currently a member of the Liberal Party of Honduras.Family background
Born in El Progreso, Yoro Department, Micheletti was the eighth of nine siblings (6 boys, 3 girls). <mask>'s father was Umberto <mask>, who immigrated from the Bergamo province of Lombardy, Italy. His mother was Donatella Bain Moya, also born in El Progreso. He is married to Siomara Girón and they have 3 children. Political career
In 1963, <mask> was a member of the honor guard of President Ramón Villeda, who was toppled by the military; <mask> was arrested and jailed on 3 October and jailed for 27 days. In 1973 he moved to the United States, living in Tampa, Florida, then in New Orleans, Louisiana, for two years before returning to Honduras in 1976. While living in the USA he finished high school and started his own business.Deputy
<mask> won a Congressional seat in 1982 which he has held till June 2009, except for a brief period when he ran Hondutel, Honduras' state-owned national telephone company. In 1985 <mask> was part of a group of deputies who signed a motion calling for the

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 National Congress to reseat itself as a National Constituent Assembly. A Venezuelan government webpage claims that the proposal was aimed at enabling then-President <mask> to run for re-election in the 1985 Honduras presidential election. Ultimately the proposal was dropped when most congressmen refused to support the motion. He has twice sought his party's nomination to run for president, both times failing to win the internal election for the nomination of his party, the latter occasion in 2008 to former Vice President Elvin Santos, who won the Liberal nomination for the November 2009 presidential election. President of the National Congress
<mask> presided over the National Congress of Honduras from 25 January 2006 until 28 June 2009. Although he was a member of the same party as Manuel Zelaya, there had been conflict between the two politicians before the constitutional crisis.Presidency (2009-2010)

The Ministerio Publico's office charged Manuel Zelaya with violations of the constitution, laws and court orders. The Supreme Court issued an arrest warrant. On the morning of June 28, 2009, the military arrested President Zelaya and deported him to Costa Rica. After a resignation letter from President Manuel Zelaya was read to the National Congress of Honduras, which Zelaya later denied writing, Zelaya was dismissed as president, by a show of hands in the National Congress, on 28 June. Congress, under Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322 and 323 of the Constitution of the Republic, unanimously agreed to:
 disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders,
 remove Zelaya from the post, and,
 name the current President of Congress <mask> to complete the constitutional term ending January 27, 2010. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, <mask>, act as the provisional head of state since Vice President Elvin Ernesto Santos had resigned in December 2008 to run for president. <mask>'s term in office saw demonstrations for and against him, although the demonstrations for him encountered none of the violent repression from the police.Domestically his

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texts: government was supported by organizations such as Unión Cívica Democrática and opposed by the "Resistance". International support for the <mask> government was scant. Official reactions from many international leaders condemned the ousting of President Zelaya, many of them calling for his reinstatement. The Organization of American States (OAS) said it would not recognize any government other than that of Manuel Zelaya. The United States rejected the overthrow of Zelaya in statements by President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Ambassador to Honduras Hugo Llorens. The European Union also condemned the ousting of Zelaya. Cuban president Raúl Castro asked for the return of democracy in Honduras.Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez stated that he had put his nation's armed forces on alert, and vowed to take military action if Venezuela's embassy or envoy to Honduras were harmed. <mask>'s 25-year-old nephew Enzo <mask> was abducted and found murdered in late October 2009 though no evidence linking this crime to the political events going on was discovered. Deaths that have been allegedly linked to the violence in the aftermath of the coup include 19-year-old Isis Obed Murillo Mencías, shot in the head on 5 July when Zelaya's plane was trying to land at Toncontin Airport; 40-year-old campesino leader and Democratic Unification Party member Ramón García on 12 July, after he was forced by unknown people to get off a bus; 23-year-old Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, allegedly detained by police during anti-coup protests and taken to an El Paraíso police station on 24 July, allegedly found at 6:30 am the following morning with 42 stab wounds and 38-year-old high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano, shot in the head allegedly by security forces during protests on 31 July, dying on 1 August. Costa Rican President Óscar Arias acted as a mediator in the talks between the Honduran government and Manuel Zelaya to try to find a political solution. He presented a seven-point agreement, which called for a unity government. Zelaya wanted to become president again and the Supreme Court warned that only Congress could grant amnesty

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texts: to Zelaya. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but <mask>'s representatives balked at the key point of Zelaya returning to power in Honduras.In an open letter to the Wall Street Journal published on 27 July 2009, <mask> listed the Honduran government's reasons and justification for ousting Zelaya. In it, <mask> claimed Zelaya's removal from office was supported by the Supreme Court (15-0), an overwhelming majority of Congress, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, the Administrative Law Tribunal, the independent Human Rights Ombudsman, the two major presidential candidates of the Liberal and National Parties and Honduras’ Catholic Cardinal. <mask> also stated that it was not a "military coup" since the military was following orders given by a civilian Supreme Court and Zelaya was replaced with a civilian from the line of succession prescribed in the Constitution. On 21 August 2009, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights dispatched a six-member delegation which reported accusations it received. The delegation was told of alleged violent confrontations and arbitrary arrests. Someone even accused the police of rape. Some alleged that judges were threatened "at gunpoint".Based on the statements it received, the delegation concluded that there was "an atmosphere of intimidation that inhibits the free exercise of freedom of expression". On March 11, 2010, the US Department of State released their annual report on Human Rights, in which they stated "On June 28, the military forcibly removed and sent into exile President Jose Manuel Zelaya, and Congress President <mask> Bain became the leader of a de facto regime. Until the June 28 coup d'état (June coup), the country was a constitutional, multiparty democracy with a population of approximately eight million..." and "Although the coup was bloodless, subsequent related events resulted in the loss of life as well as limitations by the de facto regime on freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly". In an official press release published in their website, the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa stated that "Before the June 28, 2009 coup d'état, Honduras faced

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 substantial challenges in the protection of human rights, had one of the Western Hemisphere's highest homicide rates, and some killings appearing to be politically motivated. The human rights climate deteriorated significantly following the coup, especially with regard to respect for the rights of women, members of ethnic communities and sexual minorities and other vulnerable groups. While the de facto regime was in power, there were incidents resulting in loss of life, disproportionate use of force, including beatings by security forces of protestors, sexual assaults, as well as other serious human rights abuses. The de facto regime engaged in substantial interference with freedom of movement, association, expression, and assembly."According to the US Embassy's website, they "expressed to the Honduran Attorney General, members of the security forces, and the Human Rights Ombudsman, among others, their serious concerns about reported human rights abuses". According to the latest Greenberg Quinlar Rosler Research opinion poll during October 9–13, 48% of Hondurans regarded <mask>'s performance as good or excellent. 50% regarded his performance as bad or poor. The 2009 General Election took place, as planned, on 29 November. The National Party candidate, Porfirio Lobo Sosa, was victorious over Liberal Party candidate Elvin Santos, winning the election with 56.56% of the vote. Lobo Sosa was inaugurated as president on January 27, 2010. Legislator for life
In January 2010 the Honduran Congress granted <mask> the status of "legislator for life".This appointment does not make him immune from prosecution, as some international media sources stated. Attack on his daughter
On 5 November 2013 a daughter of <mask> was shot at, but not seriously injured, while driving with her chauffeur and armed guards. See also
Adolfo Facussé, prominent Honduran businessman, supporter of <mask>

References

|-

1943 births
Honduran people of Italian descent
People of Lombard descent
Living people
People from Yoro Department
Presidents of Honduras
Presidents of the National Congress of Honduras
Deputies of the National Congress of Honduras
Leaders who took power

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<mask>  (27 October 191724 April 1993) was a South African anti-apartheid politician and revolutionary who served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1967 to 1991. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 27 October 1917 in the village of Nkantolo in Bizana; eastern Pondoland in what is now the Eastern Cape. The village <mask> was born in was made up mostly of farmers. His father, <mask>, was the son of a farmer and an assistant salesperson at a local trading store. Mzimeni had four wives and ten children, all of whom were literate. <mask>'s mother, Mzimeni's third wife, was called Julia. <mask> graduated in 1938 as one of the top students.After this, <mask> was admitted to the University of Fort Hare but in 1940 he, along with several others including Nelson Mandela, was expelled for participating in a student strike. In 1942, <mask> returned to his former high school in Johannesburg to teach science and mathematics. League
In 1944, <mask>, Mandela and Walter Sisulu founded the ANC Youth League, with <mask> becoming its first National Secretary and a member of the National Executive in 1948. The Youth League proposed a change in the tactics of the anti-apartheid movement. Previously, the ANC had sought to further its cause by actions such as petitions and demonstrations; the Youth League felt these actions were insufficient to achieve the group's goals and proposed their own "Programme of Action". This programme advocated tactics such as boycotts, civil disobedience, strikes, and non-collaboration. In 1955, <mask> became Secretary-general of the ANC after Sisulu was banned by the South African government under the Suppression of Communism Act.In 1958, he became Deputy President

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 of the ANC and in 1959 was served with a five-year banning order by the government. Exile in London
In response, <mask> was sent abroad by the ANC to mobilise opposition to apartheid. He settled with his family in Muswell Hill, north London, where he lived until 1990. His exile took a toll on him not seeing his wife and three children, but his wife Adelaide supported the ANC at home by taking in ANC members arriving from the UK. In 1967, <mask> became Acting President of the ANC, following the death of Chief Albert Lutuli. He sought to keep the ANC together even after he was exiled from South Africa. Due to his skillful lobbying, he was able to attract talented South African exiles, one of them being Thabo Mbeki.On 30 December 1979 in Lusaka, Zambia, <mask> as president and Alfred Nzo, then secretary-general of the ANC, met Tim Jenkin, Stephen Lee and Alex Moumbaris, ANC members and escapees from incarceration at Phillip Kgosi Prison as political prisoners. Their presence was officially announced by the ANC in early January and <mask> introduced them at a press conference on 2 January 1980. Guerrilla activity
<mask> was directly responsible for organizing active guerilla units. Along with his comrades Nelson Mandela, Joe Slovo, and Walter Sisulu, <mask> directed and facilitated several attacks against the South African public. In a 1985 interview, <mask> was quoted as saying, "In the past, we were saying the ANC will not deliberately take innocent life. But now, looking at what is happening in South Africa, it is difficult to say civilians are not going to die." The post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 1997–1998 identified <mask> as the person who gave final approval for the

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 20 May 1983 Church Street bombing, which resulted in the death of 19 people and injuries to 197–217 people.The attack was orchestrated by a special operations unit of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), commanded by Aboobaker Ismail. Such units had been authorised by <mask> as President of the ANC in 1979. At the time of the attack, they reported to Joe Slovo as chief of staff. The ANC's submission said that the bombing was in response to a South African cross-border raid into Lesotho in December 1982 which killed 42 ANC supporters and civilians, and the assassination of Ruth First, an ANC activist and wife of Joe Slovo, in Maputo, Mozambique. It claimed that 11 of the casualties were SADF personnel and hence a military target. The legal representative of some of the victims argued that as they were administrative staff, including telephonists and typists, they could not be considered a legitimate military target. Ten MK operatives, including Ismail, applied for amnesty for this and other bombings.The applications were opposed on various grounds, including that it was a terrorist attack disproportionate to the political motive. The TRC found that the number of civilians versus military personnel killed was unclear. South African Police statistics indicated that seven members of the SADF were killed. The commission found that at least 84 of the injured were SADF members or employees. Amnesty was granted by the TRC. In 1985, he was re-elected President of the ANC. Return to South Africa
He returned to South Africa on 13 December 1990 after over 30 years in exile, after having been elected National Chairperson of the ANC in July of the same year.He was able to return to South Africa because of the


texts:
 legalization of the ANC. When he returned after his time in exile he received much support. Some of that support even came from old rivals. However, because of his stroke in 1989. It was harder for him to fulfill his duties as President of the ANC, so in 1991 Nelson Mandela took over as president of the ANC. When he stepped down as president, however, the congress created a special position for him as the National Chairman. Death
After suffering complications following a stroke, <mask> died on April 24, 1993, at the age of 75.His death came 14 days after Chris Hani's assassination and one year before the 1994 general election in which Nelson Mandela became President. Mandela, Thabo Mbeki and Walter Sisulu attended the funeral. <mask> was buried in Benoni, Gauteng. International relationships

The strong fight against apartheid brought Tambo to form a series of intense international relationships. In 1977, Tambo signed the first solidarity agreement between the ANC and a municipality: the Italian town of Reggio Emilia was the first city in the world to sign such a pact of solidarity. This was the beginning of a long understanding which brought Italy to put an effort into concrete actions to support the right of southern African people's self-determination; one of these actions was the organization of solidarity ships. The first one, called "Amanda", departed from Genova in 1980.It was <mask> Emilia to mint Isitwalandwe Medals, the greatest of the ANC's honors. Honours

In 2004, he was voted number 31 in SABC3's Great South Africans, scoring lower than H. F. Verwoerd, before the SABC decided to cancel the final rounds of voting. The decision to cancel the results was largely informed by the fact that

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texts: the majority of blacks South Africans did not participate in the voting, as SABC3 caters predominantly to English speakers. In late 2005, ANC politicians announced plans to rename Johannesburg International Airport after him. Then-President Thabo Mbeki at this time did not side with this idea and there was a behind closed door meeting deliberating on this. This went on and on and Thabo Mbeki even requested that they name only a small road in the city of Inthokozo in the heart of Soshanguve in Johanesburg then former capital of South Africa before Pretoria became the Capital City.Votes were in favour of the idea and against Mbeki and The proposal was accepted and the renaming ceremony occurred on 27 October 2006. The ANC-dominated government had previously renamed Jan Smuts Airport as Johannesburg International Airport in 1994 on the grounds that South African airports should not be named after political figures.There is a sculpture of <mask> at the Albert Road Recreation Ground, Muswell Hill, close to his London home. In February 2021, Haringey Council renamed the park as the O.R. Tambo Recreation Ground. In June 2013, the city of Reggio Emilia in Italy celebrated <mask> with the creation of a park dedicated to the President of the African National Congress. His house at 51 Alexandra Park Road, Muswell Hill, London, was purchased by the South African Government in 2010 as a historic monument and now bears a plaque. <mask>'s grave was declared a National Heritage site when he died but lost this status when his wife, <mask>, died and was buried alongside him. However their grave was re-declared a National Heritage site in October 2012.To conclude the centenary celebrations of the birth of Tambo, a

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 commemoration was held at Regina Mundi Catholic Church in Moroka, Soweto on 27 October 2017. This same event marked also the centenary of the sinking of the troopship SS Mendi. The event was curated by Ambassador Lindiwe Mabuza and Fr Lawrence Mduduzi Ndlovu, together with the Thabo Mbeki Foundation and the Oliver and Adelaide Tambo Foundation. See also

 List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid

Notes

Further reading

ANC biography
SAHO biography
https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-National-Congress

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oliver-Tambo
The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Reception Honoring ANC President <mask>. <mask> hosted by the American Committee on Africa and The Africa Fund with remarks by Harry Belafonte, Jennifer Davis, and Tambo. The website includes other material on Tambo. Books
Baai, Gladstone Sandi (2006): <mask> Tambo: Teacher, Lawyer & Freedom Fighter, Houghton(South Africa): Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust. Callinicos, L. (2004).<mask>: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip. Pallo Jordan, Z. (2007): <mask> Remembered, Johannesburg: Pan Macmillan. <mask>, O., & Reddy, E. S. (1987): <mask> and the Struggle against Apartheid, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, in collaboration with the Namedia Foundation. Tambo, Oliver & Tambo, Adelaide (1988): Preparing for Power: <mask> Speaks, New York: G. Braziller, ©1987. <mask>, O., & Reddy, E. S.(1991): <mask>, Apartheid and the International Community: Addresses to United Nations Committees and Conferences, New Delhi: Namedia Foundation: Sterling Publishers.Van Wyk, Chris (2003): <mask>bo. Gallo Manor, South Africa: Awareness Pub. Learning

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 African history freedom fighters series. 1917 births
1993 deaths
People from Mbizana Local Municipality
Xhosa people
South African Anglicans
Presidents of the African National Congress
Anti-apartheid activists
South African revolutionaries
People from Muswell Hill
South African exiles
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of Fort Hare alumni
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
UMkhonto we Sizwe


texts:
<mask> (朱瑱) (20 October 888 – 18 November 923), often referred to in traditional histories as Emperor Mo of Later Liang (後梁末帝, "last emperor") and sometimes by his princely title Prince of Jun (均王), né <mask> (朱友貞), known as <mask> (朱鍠) from 913 to 915, was the emperor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang from 913 to 923. He was the third and last emperor of Later Liang, the first of the Five Dynasties. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin (皇甫麟) to kill him in 923 when Emperor <mask> of Later Tang (Li Cunxu), the emperor of Later Liang's enemy Later Tang to the north, was on the cusp of capturing the Later Liang capital Daliang. His death marked the end of Later Liang, which was to be the longest among the Five Dynasties. Despite his ten-year reign being the longest of all the Five Dynasties emperors (if one does not count Li Cunxu's reign as the Prince of Jin prior to taking imperial title) sources on his era are relatively scarce, as many Later Liang records were destroyed following the Later Tang conquest of Later Liang (as Later Tang viewed Later Liang as an illegitimate regime). Background
<mask> was born 888, at what was then Tang Dynasty's Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), as the fourth son of his father <mask>, who was then a major warlord as the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered at Bian Prefecture). His mother was <mask>'s wife Lady Zhang, and he was her only known biological son.He was described to be handsome, not talkative, and favoring scholars. In 900, he received the title of military advisor at Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region). During Emperor Taizu's reign
In 907, <mask> had Tang's final

masks:
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Huang
Zhuangzong
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Quanzhong
Zhu Quanzhong


texts:
 emperor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. He created his sons princes, and <mask> received the title of Prince of Jun. Around that time, Emperor Taizu had just established a corps of imperial guards known as the Tianxing Army (), and he made <mask> one of the two commanders of the Tianxing Army. In 910, Emperor Taizu gave him the honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) and, in addition to command of the Tianxing Army, gave him the title of commander of forces at the eastern capital (i.e., Bian Prefecture, which by this point was known as Daliang, with Emperor Taizu having established Luoyang as capital). During <mask>i's reign
By 912, Emperor Taizu was seriously ill.He was considered to have favored his second son—an adoptive son, not a biological one—<mask> the Prince of Bo, the most. (At that time, he had his daughters-in-law attend to him in the palace, and he often made them have sexual relations with him. He favored <mask>'s wife Lady Wang the most, and partly due to that favored <mask> the most as well.) When he believed that he was near death, he sent Lady Wang to Daliang, where <mask> was serving as its defender, to summon <mask>wen to him. This drew anger and fear from his third son, <mask>i the Prince of Ying, particularly since at that time he also issued an edict sending <mask>i out of the capital to serve as the prefect of Lai Prefecture. <mask>i thus entered the palace and assassinated Emperor Taizu. Keeping Emperor Taizu's death a secret, he sent the eunuch Ding Zhaopu () to Daliang, and, in Emperor Taizu's name, ordered <mask> to kill <mask>wen.After <mask> did so and

masks:
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youwen
Zhu You
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu You
Zhu Youzhen


texts:
 Ding returned to Luoyang to inform him, he announced Emperor Taizu's death, blaming the assassination on <mask>. He then took the throne. He made <mask> the defender of Daliang and the capital of Kaifeng Municipality (i.e., the Daliang region). However, it was said that <mask>i quickly caused the people to be discontented with him, due to his frivolous acts. Further, the rumors that he had been the one who killed Emperor Taizu were spreading in the army. Soon thereafter, <mask>'s brother-in-law (Emperor Taizu's son-in-law) Zhao Yan and cousin (Emperor Taizu's nephew) Yuan Xiangxian were secretly plotting to overthrow <mask>i. Zhao informed this to <mask>, and <mask> agreed with the plot, and further sent his close associate Ma Shenjiao () to Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) to persuade the major general Yang Shihou the military governor of Tianxiong to join the plot, and Yang agreed.<mask> further persuaded the elite Longxiang Army () soldiers then at Daliang to join the plot as well, and then prepared to rise and attack Luoyang. However, before <mask> could launch his own forces, Yuan and Zhao rose at Luoyang and killed <mask>i. They then offered the throne to <mask>, who accepted, but moved the capital to Daliang and took the throne there. Reign

Early reign
After he took the throne, <mask> changed his name to <mask>, and later to <mask>. He sent overtures to the general <mask>, who had submitted Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) to Later Liang's archrival Jin, upon <mask>i's assassination of Emperor Taizu, and <mask>an agreed to resubmit to Later Liang. The return of <mask>an to the Later Liang fold, however, did not change the

masks:
Zhu Youwen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Youzhen
Zhu Huang
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqian
Zhu Yougu
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi


texts: threat against Later Liang of Jin's expanding power, which Emperor Taizu had been very concerned about prior to his death. He also had to guard against two other rival states, Qi and Wu.In 914, he stationed the general Kang Huaiying () at Yongping Circuit (永平, headquartered in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi), to guard against Qi. Meanwhile, he tried to commission his brother <mask> () the Prince of Fu as the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), to replace the <mask>gui-commissioned military governor Wang Yin (). Wang, in fear, submitted to Wu. <mask> sent the generals Niu Cunjie () and Liu Xun, and they, after repelling the Wu general <mask>, captured Wuning's capital Xu Prefecture (). Wang committed suicide. In 915, Yang Shihou died. As <mask> had long been apprehensive of Yang's hold over the army, he outwardly mourned Yang but was in fact pleased.Zhao Yan and the official Shao Zan () advocated using this opportunity to weaken Tianxiong Circuit, as it had, for most of Tang history up to this point, been a circuit that was de facto independent and difficult to control. <mask> agreed, and ordered that Tianxiong be divided into two circuits, with three of Tianxiong's six prefectures to belong to a new Zhaode Circuit (昭德, headquartered at Xiang Prefecture (), in modern Handan as well). The Tianxiong soldiers resented this division, and mutinied under the leadership of the officer Zhang Yan (), holding the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun () hostage. <mask> sent a eunuch, Fu Yi (), to try to comfort the Tianxiong soldiers, but was not receptive to Zhang's request that Tianxiong's division be cancelled. Zhang thus decided to surrender

masks:
Zhu Youzhang
Zhu You
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Jin
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen


texts: the circuit to Jin. Li Cunxu shortly thereafter arrived at Tianxiong and took over control of the circuit. Intense campaigns between the Later Liang army, under Liu Xun's command, and the Jin army subsequently were waged, but the Jin army was continuously victorious over the Later Liang army, and two ambitious surprise-attack attempts by Liu and Wang Tan () on the Jin capital Taiyuan were repelled by Jin.By fall 916, nearly all of the Later Liang territory north of the Yellow River had fallen to Jin. (During the campaign, the Later Liang morale was sufficiently shaken such that there was even a mutiny against <mask> at Daliang itself, led by the officer Li Ba (), during which <mask> had to personally lead guards to defend the palace gate, but the general Du Yanqiu shortly after crushed the mutineers.) During the campaign, <mask>'s wife Consort Zhang died. (<mask> had wanted to create her empress, but she continuously declined in light of the fact that he had not yet offered sacrifice to heaven and earth to solemnify his reign.) His younger brother <mask>jing () the Prince of Kang, who had long wanted to displace him, tried to use the occasion of Consort Zhang's funeral as an opportunity to rise to assassinate <mask>. The emperor, however, discovered this as the assassination was about to take place, and, after fleeing, had the imperial guards locate and kill the hidden assassins, and then executed <mask>jing. After this incident, it was said that <mask> only trusted Zhao, as well as Consort Zhang's brothers Zhang Handing () and Zhang Hanjie () and cousins Zhang Hanlun () and Zhang Hanrong (), such that he only listened to their advice, to the exclusion of others, including the senior

masks:
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu
Zhu
Zhu You
Zhu Zhen
Zhu You
Zhu


texts: chancellor Jing Xiang and director of imperial governance Li Zhen, both greatly trusted by Emperor Taizu previously.In 917, an erstwhile vassal of Later Liang's, Liu Yan the military governor of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in Guangzhou, Guangdong), declared himself emperor of a new independent state of Yue (shortly after to be renamed Han, and therefore known historically as Southern Han). Also in 917, Liu Xun, who had for some time refused to report to Daliang after his defeats at Li Cunxu's hands, finally did go to Daliang to pay homage to <mask>. <mask> relieved him of his command as the commander of the forces against Jin, and replaced him with He Gui, who had been able to suppress a mutiny at Qing Prefecture (慶州, in modern Qingyang, Gansu) in 916. Later that year, at Zhao's suggestion, <mask> prepared a grand ceremony to sacrifice to heaven and earth at Luoyang, and departed Daliang to do so, despite the contrary advice of Jing. After he left Daliang, however, Jin forces attacked and captured the border fort of Yangliu (楊劉, in modern Liaocheng, Shandong), south of the Yellow River. When the news of Yangliu's fall arrived at Luoyang, it greatly shocked the imperial officials who were attending to <mask> at that point, and there were rumors that Jin had further captured Daliang. <mask>, in panic, and to quell such rumors, cancelled the ceremony and returned to Daliang.After this incident, Jing submitted a petition, discussing his concerns about the northern war with Jin, and offered to command the army himself; <mask>, with Zhao and the four Zhangs disagreeing, declined Jing's offer. In 918, Li Cunxu gathered all the elite Jin troops that he could garner, and decided to launch

masks: Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu


texts:
 one massive attack on Later Liang. Shortly after new year 919, he crossed the Yellow River and headed toward Daliang. He Gui intercepted him at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong). The battle was an initial major rout by the Later Liang forces over Jin forces, but a subsequent Jin counterattack led to massive Later Liang losses as well, making the battle essentially a draw, with both Later Liang and Jin suffering casualties of two-thirds of their army. For quite some time thereafter, neither side dared to attack the other. (Indeed, the Later Liang army was said to have collapsed so completely such that it took over a month for it to reorganize itself.)Late reign
In 920, <mask>an, after his having his son <mask>de () taking over Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) was initially met with anger by <mask>, rebelled against Later Liang and again submitted to Jin. <mask> sent Liu Xun to attack <mask>an, but Liu was defeated by the Jin generals Li Cunshen (Li Cunxu's adoptive brother) and Li Sizhao (Li Cunxu's adoptive cousin), allowing <mask>an to retain Huguo and remain in the Jin fold. (Subsequently, <mask>, suspecting Liu of having intentionally not defeating <mask>an (as Liu and <mask>an had children who were married to each other), poisoned Liu to death.) In 921, Li Cunxu's major ally Wang Rong the Prince of Zhao was assassinated by his adoptive son Wang Deming, who then took over Zhao lands and changed his name back to the birth name of Zhang Wenli. Zhang initially pretended to continue to submit to Li, but fearing (correctly) that Li would act against him, secretly made overtures to both Later Liang and Khitan Empire in preparation for a campaign of

masks:
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Ling
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Youqi
Zhu Youqi


texts: resistance. Jing Xiang, pointing out that this was the prime opportunity to counterattack against Jin, argued for launching an army to aid Zhang, while Zhao Yan and the four Zhangs argued against it, reasoning that the Later Liang forces were needed to protect Later Liang's own territory. <mask> ended up not aiding Zhang Wenli,  Zhang Wenli subsequently died and was succeeded by his son Zhang Chujin, who held out against Jin forces until late 922, but was eventually defeated, with Li absorbing Zhao territory into Jin.During Jin's campaign against Zhao, the new Later Liang supreme commander Dai Siyuan was able to attack Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang, Henan) and surprise the Jin garrison there, capturing it; this allowed Later Liang to regain its foothold north of the Yellow River and greatly recover in its morale. In 923, what appeared to be an even greater opportunity for Later Liang to counter the Jin gains occurred. After Li Sizhao died battle in the Zhao campaign in 922, his son Li Jitao seized control the circuit that he had commanded, Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), and Li Cunxu, not willing to wage a campaign against him, commissioned him as the acting military governor, renaming it Anyi (安義, as naming taboo for Li Sizhao). However, in spring 923, Li Jitao, fearing that Li Cunxu would eventually act against him anyway, submitted his circuit to Later Liang. <mask> commissioned him as full military governor and renamed the circuit Kuangyi. Shortly after, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new Later Tang. Shortly after, believing that a surprise move against Later Liang was necessary to break the stalemate between the two states, he sent

masks:
Zhu Zhen
Zhu Zhen


texts:
 his adoptive brother Li Siyuan to launch a surprise attack Later Liang's Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), south of the Yellow River, catching Later Liang unprepared and capturing Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ().In fear and anger over Yun's fall, <mask> demoted Dai (who was Tianping's military governor but who was away commanding the army against Later Tang at the time) and commissioned Wang Yanzhang as the commander of the army against Later Tang instead. Wang quickly attacked and captured the border fort Desheng (德勝, in modern Puyang), intending to use it to cut off the supply line between Later Tang proper and Yun. However, his subsequent battles against Li Cunxu himself were indecisive; further, his commission caused much apprehension in the hearts of Zhao and the Zhangs, as he had long despised what he saw as their wickedness. Zhao and the Zhangs thus defamed him before <mask>, who then removed him and replaced him with Duan Ning. Meanwhile, <mask> also destroyed the Yellow River levee at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, Henan), causing a flood area, believing that it would impede further Later Tang attacks. Duan prepared an ambitious plan for a four-prong counterattack against Later Liang:

 Dong Zhang would head toward the major Later Tang city Taiyuan (formerly Jin's capital). Huo Yanwei would head toward Zhen Prefecture (鎮州, in modern Baoding, Hebei, formerly Zhao's capital).Wang and Zhang Hanjie would head toward Yun Prefecture. Duan himself, along with Du Yanqiu, would confront Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu. However, the Later Liang officer Kang Yanxiao, at this junction, defected to Later Tang, revealing Duan's plan to the Later Tang

masks: Zhu Zhu Zhu


texts:
 emperor and pointing out that the plan left the Later Liang capital Daliang defenseless, and pointing out that Wang's and Zhang Hanjie's army was the weakest of the four prongs and could easily be defeated. Li Cunxu decided to take the risky move himself, and advanced to Yun to join forces with Li Siyuan, and then engage Wang and Zhang Hanjie. He defeated them, capturing both Wang and Zhang Hanjie at Zhongdu (中都, in modern Jining, Shandong), and then headed directly toward the defenseless Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to come to his rescue, <mask> saw the situation as hopeless. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin () to kill him; Huangfu did, and then committed suicide himself.This thus ended Later Liang. The Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, commented:

Li Cunxu had <mask>'s body buried with respect, but kept his head at the imperial temple. It was not until after Later Tang itself fell that Shi Jingtang, the emperor of the succeeding Later Jin, ordered that <mask>'s head be properly buried. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Wen
 Mother
 Lady Zhang, posthumously honored Empress Yuanzhen
 Wife
 Consort Zhang, imperial consort title Defei
 Major Concubine
 Consort Guo
 Daughter
 Princess Shouchun
 Princess Shouchang
 Princess Jin'an

Notes and references

 Old History of the Five Dynasties, vols. 8, 9, 10. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 3.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272. |-

|-

888 births
923 deaths
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) emperors
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) generals
Mayors of Kaifeng
10th-century Chinese monarchs
Politicians from Kaifeng
Suicides by sharp instrument in China
Generals

masks: Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu


texts:
<mask> (1 October 1860 – 5 August 1935) was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. <mask> was born in Goldap, East Prussia. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde (English edition published by the Smithsonian under the title Handbook of Systematic Malacology) is a standard work. From 1904 until his retirement in 1925 he was the curator of the malacological collection at the Museum für Naturkunde (Museum of Natural History) in Berlin. Thiele described more than 1.500 new species of molluscs; until today their types are deposited with the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. Especially important are his works on the Mollusca of the First German Antarctica Expedition and of the German Deep Sea Expedition aboard the vessel Valdivia. Thiele's classification of Gastropoda has been in use up to the past decade.It modified an earlier concept of Henri Milne-Edwards (1848) with three subclasses: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata. <mask>'s classification was based on overall similarity between the species. This classification has been modified over the years, one recent example being the classification of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997, based on phylogenetic arguments. He became the first to describe Geodia exigua in 1898. Bibliography

 1891–1893. Das Gebiss der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen Classification. Bd.2, 402 p., Berlin (Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung. (Continuation of the work started by Franz Hermann Troschel in 1866–1879). 1891. Das Gebiis der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen Classification. Nicolai, Berlin, 2(7): 249–334, plates 25–28. 1893. Das Gebiis der Schnecken, zur Begründung einer natürlichen

masks:
Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele
Thiele
Thiele


texts:
 Classification.Nicolai, Berlin, 2(8): 337–409, plates 29–32. 1891. Die Stammesverwandtschaft der Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Phylogenie der Tiere. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 25, 480–543. 1892. Wurmmollusken.Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden 1892, 3–4. 1894. Über die Zungen einiger Landdeckelschnecken. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 26, 23–25. 1894. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Amphineuren. I. Über einige Neapler Solenogastres.Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 58, 222–302. 1895. Hemitrichia guimarasensis n. sp. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 27, 131–132. 1895bÜber die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Amphineuren. Biologisches Centralblatt 15, 859–869. 1897.Zwei australische Solenogastres. Zoologischer Anzeiger 19, 398–400. 1900. Verzeichnis der von Herrn Dr. Alfred Voeltzkow gesammelten marinen und litoralen Mollusken. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 26, 241–252. 1900. Proneomenia thulensis n. sp..In: Fauna Artica, Eine Zusammenstellung der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 (Römer, F. & Fritz Schaudinn, ed. ), vol. 1, 111–116. 1902. Proneomenia amboinensis n. sp. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 8, 733–738. 1906.Zwei neue Macrodontes-Arten. Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 38, 69–71
 Martens & Thiele, J. 1908. Beschreibung einiger im östlichen Borneo von Dr. Martin


texts:
 Schmidt gesammelten Land- und Süßwasser-Conchylien. Mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen Museum in Berlin 4, 251–291. Thiele & Jaeckel 1931. Muscheln der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition.In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer "Valdivia" 1898–1899 (Chun, C. ed. ), vol. 21, No. 1, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1910. Molluskenfauna Westindiens.Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere Suppl.11, 109–132. 1910. Eine arabische Ennea und Bemerkungen über andere Arten. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6, 280–284. 1911. Mollusken der deutschen Zentralafrika-Expedition. In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Zentralafrika-Expedition 1907 bis 1908, vol.3, 175–214. 1911. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, vol. Band III, Lieferung 11, Prof. Dr. W. Michaelsen und Dr. R. Hartmeyer, Verlag von Gustav Fischer Verlag in Jena. 1912. Die antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln, In: Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903 (Erich von Drygalski, E.v.ed. ), vol. 8, No. 5, Georg Reimer, Berlin. 1920. Familia Limidae. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz (Küster, H.C., Wilhelm Kobelt & Fritz Haas ed.), vol. 7, No. 2, Bauer & Raspe, Nürnberg. 1925. Thiele J., 1925. Gastropoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. In:.Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia” 1898–1899  II. Teil, vol. 17, No. 2, Gustav Fischer, Berlin
 1927. Über die Familie Assimineidae. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere


texts:
 53, 113–146. 1927.Über einige brasilianische Landschnecken. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 40, 305–329. 1928. Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 55, 351–402. 1928. Mollusken vom Bismarck-Archipel, von Neu-Guinea und Nachbar-Inseln.Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 55, 119–146. 1929–1935. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. 2 Bände. 1–1154. 1154 p., 584 figs. 1930.Gastropoda und Bivalvia. In: Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-asutralischen Forschungsreise 1905 (Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. ed. ), vol. 5, No. 8, 561–596.1931. Über einige hauptsächlich afrikanische Landschnecken. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1930, 392–403. References

Bieler, R. & P. M. Mikkelsen (eds.) (1992). Handbook of Systematic Malacology, Part 1 (Loricata [Polyplacophora]; Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Smithsonian Institution and National Science Foundation, xviii + 625 pp., 470+1 text-fig.(Annotated English-language edition of: <mask>, J., Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, Teil 1). Also published, in 1993, by Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart/Jena/New York. External links

 Kenneth J. Boss and Rudiger Bieler: <mask>, <mask>. "To Zoology. Part 2. Genus-Group Names (Mollusca).", Nemouria, Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History nr. 39, 1991

1860 births
1935 deaths
People from East Prussia
People from Gołdap
20th-century German zoologists
German malacologists
Teuthologists
19th-century

masks: Thiele Thiele Johannes


texts:
<mask> (12 February 1950), also known by the nicknames of "The Mole", "Chiefy", and "The Ubiquitous Elwell", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Lancashire, and at club level for Widnes and on loan to Barrow, as a  or , i.e. number 1, or 9. Background
<mask>'s birth was registered in Warrington district, Lancashire, England. Playing career

International honours
<mask> won caps for England while at Widnes in 1978 against France, and Wales, and won caps for Great Britain while at Widnes in the 1977 Rugby League World Cup against Australia, and in 1980 against New Zealand (2 matches). Challenge Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 14–7 victory over Warrington in the 1974-75 Challenge Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 10 May 1975, in front of a crowd of 85,998, played , and scored a drop goal in the 5–20 defeat by St. Helens in the 1975–76 Challenge Cup Final during the 1975–76 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 8 May 1976, in front of a crowd of 89,982, played  in the 7–16 defeat by Leeds in the 1976–77 Challenge Cup Final during the 1976–77 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 7 May 1977, in front of a crowd of 80,871, the 7–16 victory over Wakefield Trinity in the 1978–79 Challenge Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1979, in front of a crowd of 94,218, played  in the

masks:
Keith Elwell
Elwell
Keith Elwell
Keith Elwell


texts:
 18–9 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1980–81 Challenge Cup Final during the 1980–81 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1981, in front of a crowd of 92,496, played  in the 14–14 draw with Hull F.C. in the 1981–82 Challenge Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 92,147, played  in the 9–18 defeat by Hull F.C.in the 1981–82 Challenge Cup Final replay during the 1981–82 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Wednesday 19 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 41,171, played  in the 19–6 victory over Wigan in the 1983–84 Challenge Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1984, in front of a crowd of 80,116. County Cup Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 6–2 victory over Salford in the 1974–75 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 2 November 1974, played  in the 16–11 victory over Workington Town in the 1976–77 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1976–77 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 30 October 1976, played  in the 15–13 victory over Workington Town in the 1978–79 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 7 October 1978, played , and scored a drop goal in the 11–0 victory over Workington Town in the 1979–80 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1979–80 season at the Willows, Salford on Saturday 8 December 1979, played  in the 3–8 defeat by Leigh in the 1981–82


texts:
 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 26 September 1981, and played  in the 8–12 defeat by Barrow in the 1983–84 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 1 October 1983. BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
<mask> played  in Widnes' 0–5 defeat by Leigh in the 1972 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1972–73 season at Central Park, Wigan on Tuesday 19 December 1972, played  in the 7–15 defeat by Bramley in the 1973 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1973–74 season at Naughton Park, Widnes on Tuesday 18 December 1973, and played  in the 13–7 victory over St. Helens in the 1978 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1978–79 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 12 December 1978. Player's No.6 Trophy/John Player/John Player Special Trophy Final appearances
Keith Elwell played  in Widnes' 2–3 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1974–75 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1974–75 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 25 January 1975, played  in the 19–13 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1975–76 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1975–76 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 24 January 1976, played  in the 4–9 defeat by Warrington in the 1977–78 Players No.6 Trophy Final during the 1977–78 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 28 January 1978, played , and scored 2-drop goals in the 16–4 victory over Warrington in the 1978–79 John Player Trophy Final


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 during the 1978–79 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 28 April 1979, played  in the 0–6 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1979–80 John Player Trophy Final during the 1979–80 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 5 January 1980, and played  in the 10–18 defeat by Leeds in the 1983–84 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 14 January 1984. Open Rugby inaugural World XIII
The Open Rugby inaugural World XIII was revealed in June 1978, it was; Graham Eadie, John Atkinson, Steve Rogers, Jean-Marc Bourret, Green Vigo, Roger Millward, Steve Nash, Jim Mills, Keith Elwell, Steve Pitchford, Terry Randall, George Nicholls and Greg Pierce. Career records
Keith Elwell holds Widnes' "Most Appearances in a Career" record with 591, he also holds the rugby league world record for consecutive games played with a total of 239 (242?)from the 1976–77 Challenge Cup Final against Leeds on Saturday 7 May 1977, to the match at Hull F.C. on Sunday 26 September 1982, 5-years 4-months and 19-days later. Honoured at Widnes
<mask> is a Widnes Hall of Fame Inductee. References

External links
Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv
Hall Of Fame at rugby.widnes.tv

1950 births
Living people
Barrow Raiders players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lancashire rugby league team players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Warrington
Widnes


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<mask> (born 4 June 1962) is an industrial designer. <mask> has won numerous design awards, including becoming an Overall Winner of an Australian Design Award, Good Design Award USA, and Red Dot Germany. Career

After graduation, <mask> joined a leading product design consultancy in Sydney. His training included working for several years under master Sony designer Masahiro Takahashi. In 2000, he jointly began Cube Sydney, and in 2004 expanded into Cube Design China. Cube is now a global business with an international client base. In 2003, <mask> created several unique designs for EcoSmart Fire, one of which has featured by Bang and Olufsen in Paris.Working with Breville in 2004, <mask> helped to create a range of electric home appliances, including working on the Breville Ikon kettle and Breville variable temp kettle, both of which are now the largest selling kettles in the world (in excess of 1.5 million). Many of his designs have been showcased on the covers of and within the pages of magazines, including Belle, Vogue and Wallpaper. <mask> has also worked with Midea and Breo. In 2008, <mask> began a new direction in his new career, expanding business into Shenzhen China. There, he was the guest of the Red Dot in China. <mask> is also active in a variety of exhibitions, such as the International Creative Design Expo(Shenzhen). He currently divides his time between Australia and China.Design

Besides the EcoSmart Fire system, one of <mask>'s most famous designs is the Breville IKON home appliance range. The Ikon kettle has sold over 1.5 million kettles per year. Other designs he has created for every day use includes a Vodafone mobile phone, the Energiser 3-in1 flashlight, Johnson & Johnson tooth flosser, Midea air conditioners and many other consumer goods. He has stated that his aim it to develop more mass-produced products which embrace environmental factors. Professional experience

<mask> is the CEO of  Cube Design

masks:
Paul Cohen
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