texts:
 nominations: Has voted in favor of all three nominees who were nominated during his Senate tenure: John Roberts (2005), Samuel Alito (2006), and Sonia Sotomayor (2009). Welfare: Supports Republican-style welfare reforms encouraging personal responsibility; supports programs for job training and retraining. Public housing: Supports providing housing for peoples of a needy situation: physically, mentally, as well as financially. When secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Senator <mask> played a large part in the construction of housing and continued to do so as a junior senator. On January 25, 2008, <mask> endorsed Sen. John McCain in the Florida Republican primary of the 2008 presidential election, citing McCain's understanding of national security and economic and foreign policy. McCain subsequently won the primary. Electoral history

See also
List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress
List of United States senators born outside the United States

Footnotes

External links

 Republican Party General Chairman Senator <mask>
 New York TimesMelquíades Rafael Martínez News collected news and commentary
 Profile at SourceWatch
 <mask> for US Senate, Campaign site

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1946 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Roman Catholics
Bishop Moore High School alumni
American politicians of Cuban descent
American Roman Catholics
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Exiles of the Cuban Revolution in the United States
People from Sagua la Grande
Florida lawyers
Florida Republicans
Florida State University alumni
Florida State University College of Law alumni
George W. Bush administration cabinet members
Hispanic and Latino American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
Knights of Malta
Living people
People with acquired American citizenship
Republican National Committee chairs
Republican Party United States senators
2000 United States presidential electors
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban

masks:
Martínez
Martínez
Mel Martínez
Mel Martínez


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 30 August 1966) is an Australian composer. <mask> writes concert music (chamber and orchestral works) as well as music theatre and has collaborated with artists on a number of installation and video projects. Her work reflects her interests in Asian ritual culture, the aesthetics of Aboriginal art and shows the influence of non-Western music performance practice. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Perth, Western Australia, to Chinese parents. They were doctors who during her early years spent long periods working and studying in Brunei, and she was sent to boarding school. At the age of 11, she was encouraged by her teachers at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne to turn from piano and violin to composition. She has said that she "owes everything to them".<mask> earned her Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Queensland, her Master of Music from the University of Melbourne (1996), and her Bachelor of Arts from the Victorian College of the Arts (1986). She has studied composition in Melbourne with Richard David Hames, Riccardo Formosa, and in Amsterdam with Ton de Leeuw. Career
<mask> has been a guest lecturer at the Darmstadt Summer School, the University of California, San Diego, Cornell University, Getty Research Institute, major Australian universities and at the IRCAM Agora Festival. She was a lecturer of composition at Melbourne University in 1991. <mask> was the guest curator for the twilight concert series of the 2006 Adelaide Festival of Arts. <mask> has been

masks:
Liza Lim
Lim
Liza Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim


texts:
 commissioned by some of the most eminent performers in the world including the Los Angeles Philharmonic (for whom she wrote Ecstatic Architecture for the inaugural season of the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall), Ensemble InterContemporain, Ensemble Modern, BBC Symphony Orchestra, Arditti String Quartet and the Cikada Ensemble. Her work has featured at festivals such as , MaerzMusik at the Berliner Festspiele, Venice Biennale, Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival and all the major Australian festivals.Since 1986, <mask> has worked extensively with members of the ELISION Ensemble; she is married to Daryl Buckley, its artistic director. In 2005, <mask> was appointed the composer-in-residence with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra for two years. Among other works, the orchestra commissioned—jointly with the radio station Bayerischer Rundfunk—her work The Compass; in its premiere performance on 23 August 2006 at the Sydney Opera House it was conducted by Alexander Briger, William Barton played the didgeridoo. Sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Service, she spent one year in 2007/2008 as artist-in-residence in Berlin where she developed her third opera, The Navigator, inspired by Tristan and Isolde to a libretto by Patricia Sykes. She was appointed professor in composition at the University of Huddersfield in March 2008. In March 2017 her appointment to the composition unit at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music was announced. Selected works

Stage works
 1991–93 The

masks: Lim Lim


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 Oresteia.|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || Flying Banner (After Wang To) (<mask>) – Sydney Symphony, Gianluigi Gelmetti (conductor) || Orchestral Work of the Year ||
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|<mask> – Sydney Symphony Composer Residency || Outstanding Contribution by an Individual ||

Don Banks Music Award
The Don Banks Music Award was established in 1984 to publicly honour a senior artist of high distinction who has made an outstanding and sustained contribution to music in Australia. It was founded by the Australia Council in honour of Don Banks, Australian composer, performer and the first chair of its music board. |-
| 2018
| <mask>
| Don Banks Music Award
|
|-

1996 Australia Council fellowship
1996 (inaugural) Young Australian Creative Fellowship
2002 APRA Classical Music Award (Best Composition)
2004 Paul Lowin Award for Ecstatic Architecture

References
Composer's page on ELISION Ensemble website

External links

Australian Music Centre: biography, catalogue of works, recordings, digital samples, articles
Recordings at Amazon
<mask>'s new opera at the Opéra national de Paris
Publisher's website: <mask> at Ricordi

1966 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
APRA Award winners
Australian expatriates in Brunei
Australian expatriates in England
Australian expatriates in Germany
Australian expatriates in the United States
Australian women classical composers
Australian opera composers
Women opera composers
Living people
Victorian College of the Arts alumni
20th-century women

masks:
Liza Lim
Liza Lim
Liza Lim
Liza Lim
Liza Lim


texts: <mask> (born 12 December 1981) is a former Indian international cricketer who played in all formats of the game. He is an all-rounder who batted left-handed in the middle order and bowled slow left-arm orthodox, and is known for his aggressive batting style and all-round ability. He has won 7 Player of the Series awards in ODI cricket, which is joint 3rd highest by an Indian, shared with former Indian captain Sourav Ganguly. He is also the son of former Indian fast bowler and Punjabi actor <mask>. <mask> was a member of the Indian cricket team in One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 2000 and 2017 and played his first Test match in October 2003. He was the vice-captain of the Indian ODI team between 2007 and 2008. In a match against England at the 2007 World Twenty20, he famously hit six sixes in one over bowled by Stuart Broad — a feat performed only three times previously in any form of senior cricket, and never in an international match between two teams with Test match status.In the same match, he set the record for the fastest fifty in Twenty20 Internationals and in all T20 cricket, reaching 50 runs in 12 balls. During the 2011 World Cup, he became the first player to take a 5-wicket haul and score a 50 in the same World Cup match. He took a total of 15 wickets and scored 362 runs during the runs and won the man of the tournament award. In 2011, <mask> was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment in Boston and Indianapolis. In March 2012, he was discharged from the hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to

masks:
Yuvraj Singh
Yograj Singh
Yuvraj
Yuvraj


texts:
 India in April. He made his international comeback in a Twenty20 match in September against New Zealand shortly before the 2012 World Twenty20. In 2012, <mask> was conferred with the Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting award by the Government of India.In 2014, he was awarded the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour. At the 2014 IPL auction Royal Challengers Bangalore bought <mask> for an all-time high price of 14 crore and, in 2015, the Delhi Daredevils bought him for 16 crore making him the second most expensive player ever to be sold in the IPL until Chris Morris was sold to the Rajasthan Royals for a record 16.25 crore in February 2021. In February 2014, he was honoured with FICCI Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award. On 10 June 2019, <mask> announced his retirement from all forms of International cricket. He last represented India in June 2017, against the West Indies. His request for a return to domestic cricket and IPL was turned down by BCCI for participating in Global T20 League in Canada and T10 league. Early years and personal life
<mask> was born in a Punjabi Sikh family to Yograj <mask>, a former India cricketer, and Shabnam <mask>.Tennis and roller skating were <mask>'s favourite sports during his childhood and he was quite good at both. He had also won the National Under-14 Roller Skating Championship. His father threw away the medal and told him to forget skating and concentrate on cricket. He would take <mask> to training every day. <mask> studied at the DAV Public School in Chandigarh. He completed his graduation degree in commerce from DAV College,

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Singh Singh Singh Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts:
 Panjab University, Chandigarh. He also did two short roles as child star in Mehndi Sagna Di and Putt Sardara.In 2015, <mask> got engaged to Hazel Keech and married her in November 2016. In February 2021, he purchased a luxury pent-house in Chattarpur, South Delhi. Career

Youth career
<mask> began his career with Punjab Under-16s at the age of 13 years and 11 months in November of the 1995–96 season against Jammu and Kashmir-16s. In 1996–97, <mask> was promoted to Punjab Under-19s and scored 137 not out against Himachal Pradesh Under-19s. <mask> made his first-class debut in late-1997 against Orissa during the 1997–98 Ranji Trophy but was dismissed for a duck opening the innings. His first break-out performance came in the Under-19 Cooch Behar Trophy Final of 1999 against Bihar at Jamshedpur; Bihar were all out with a score of 357 and <mask> batted at three for Punjab and made 358 runs himself. <mask> represented India in the series against Sri Lanka Under-19s in India in February 1999.In the third ODI, <mask> scored 89 runs from 55 balls. In 1999-2000 Ranji Trophy, he scored 149 against Haryana. In the 2000 Under-19 Cricket World Cup which India won under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif, <mask>'s all-round performance earned him the Player of the Tournament award and a call-up to the national squad. His performance in the tournament included 68 off 62 and 4/36 against New Zealand in a group stage match, and a quickfire 58 off 25 balls against Australia in the semifinal. <mask> was subsequently selected in 2000 for the first intake of cricketers in the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore.

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texts:
 International breakthrough
<mask> was selected in the Indian squad for the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy on the back of his impressive performances for the Under-19 team. He made his international debut against Kenya in the pre-quarterfinal.He bowled four overs conceding 16 runs but did not get to bat. In the quarterfinal match against Australia, <mask> won the man of the match for his innings of 84 out of 80 balls, against a pace attack consisting of Glenn McGrath, Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie, that helped India win by 20 runs. In the semifinal against South Africa, he scored 41 and picked 1/15. He scored only 14 against New Zealand in the final which India lost. The tournament was followed by a tri-series involving India, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. <mask> scored just 55 runs in five innings at an average of 11. <mask> averaged 15.50 in the ODI series against the touring Zimbabwe side in December 2000 after which he was dropped from the team.<mask> made his comeback during the 2001 Coca-Cola Cup in Sri Lanka. He scored a crucial 98* against Sri Lanka in the fifth match of an otherwise disappointing series with the bat. However, he proved to be useful with the ball as he took 8 wickets at an average of 27. In the Standard Bank triangular series involving hosts South Africa, India and Kenya, <mask> managed to score only 69 runs from 6 innings, including a duck in the final against South Africa. Following this, Dinesh Mongia and Hemang Badani were chosen over <mask> in the squad for the home series against England in January 2002. <mask> returned to domestic cricket in early 2002. After a disappointing run in

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texts:
 the Ranji knockouts, <mask> struck 209 for North Zone against South Zone in a Duleep Trophy match in March 2002.He was immediately drafted into the national squad for the final two ODIs against Zimbabwe with India trailing the series 1–2. <mask> made an impact in his return match at Hyderabad, scoring an unbeaten 80 off just 60 balls, taking India to a five-wicket win and levelling the series. He won the Man of the Match award for his efforts. In the final ODI at Guwahati, <mask> made 75 runs from 52 balls, sharing a 157-run fifth-wicket partnership with Mongia who scored his career-best unbeaten 159, to help India post a total of 333 in their 50 overs. India went on to win the game by 101 runs and the series 3–2. 2002 NatWest Series
After winning the ODI series in the West Indies 2–1, where <mask> managed scores of only 1 and 10, the Indian team toured England in June for the NatWest triangular series, featuring England, Sri Lanka, and India, and a four-match Test series against the hosts. In the first match at Lord's, <mask> won the man of the match for his all-round performance (3/39 and 64*) as India successfully chased down England's total of 271.In the next match against Sri Lanka, he scored 31 and shared a crucial 60-run sixth-wicket partnership with Mohammad Kaif to set up another successful run-chase. India's next match against England was washed out due to rain after <mask> had scored an unbeaten 40 off 19 balls to take India to 285/4 in their 50 overs. <mask>'s knock of 37, along with a fifty from Rahul Dravid, helped India recover from 59/4 to reach a target of 188 posted by Sri Lanka.

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts:
 This win eliminated Sri Lanka from the series with another round of matches still to be played. <mask> had scores of 5 and 8 in the final round of matches but proved to be useful with the ball as he picked one wicket in each of the two games. At the end of the round-robin matches, India topped the points table with 19 points while England finished second with 15 points. The final was played at Lord's on 13 July between India and England.After winning the toss and electing to bat first, England posted a daunting total of 325/5 in 50 overs. In reply, India was struggling at 146/5 at the end of 24 overs, when Kaif joined <mask> at the crease. The pair initially stabilised the innings and later scored at a brisk rate. The pair shared a partnership of 121 runs for the sixth wicket which came to an end when <mask> was dismissed for 69 off 63 balls when he top-edged a sweep shot in the 42nd over off the bowling of Paul Collingwood resulting in a simple catch to Alex Tudor at short fine leg. India went on to win the game by two wickets with three balls to spare. This was India's first win in the final of an ODI tournament since 2000, after nine consecutive defeats. This win is regarded as one of India's greatest victories in ODI cricket.Highs and lows
<mask> batted in two games of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy which was held in Sri Lanka in September. He scored 3 against Zimbabwe in the opening match, and 62 in the semifinal against South Africa. In November 2002, <mask> struggled in the first five games of the 7-match ODI series against West Indies, with a high score of 30. He returned to form in the sixth

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts: ODI at Jodhpur with a half-century that helped India win the match by three wickets and level the series 3-3. He top-scored for India in the 7th match with a 69-ball 68, but could not get support from any other batsman. India crashed to a 135-run defeat and lost the series. He struggled for runs in the seven-match ODI series in New Zealand in December 2002-January 2003, averaging just above 19 with a solitary fifty.Despite his average form leading up to the 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup in South Africa, <mask> secured a place in the 15-man Indian squad for the tournament. He scored 37 in India's opening match against Netherlands. In the following games, he had scores of 0, 1 and 7* against Australia, Zimbabwe and Namibia respectively. He then scored a brisk 42 against England, followed by an unbeaten 50 against Pakistan setting up wins for India in both games. In the Super Six stage of the tournament, <mask> had scores of 58* against Kenya and 5 against Sri Lanka. He scored 16 in the semifinal against Kenya, and 24 against Australia in the final. <mask> scored his maiden ODI century (102* from 85 balls) against Bangladesh at Dhaka on 11 April 2003.In May 2003, <mask> was signed-up by the Yorkshire County Cricket Club for the 2003 county season. He became only the second Indian after Sachin Tendulkar to represent the county. <mask>'s Test debut came on 16 October 2003 at his home ground Mohali against New Zealand. Batting at six, he scored 20 in the first innings, and 5* in the second innings. In the TVS Cup tri-series in October–November 2003 involving India, Australia and New Zealand, he scored 113 runs


texts: from 7 games at an average of 18.83 and top-score of 44. <mask> returned to form in early-2004 in the tri-series involving Australia and Zimbabwe. He scored 314 runs from 8 innings at an average of 39.25, including his second ODI hundred - 139 runs from 122 balls, with 16 fours and two sixes - against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground.He had a mixed tour of Pakistan in March–April 2004. He disappointed in the ODI series with 141 runs from 5 matches, averaging just over 28, but found success in the Test series. In the first Test at Multan, he scored 59 - his maiden Test fifty - as India registered an innings win. He also picked his maiden Test wicket during Pakistan's second innings. In the second Test at Lahore, <mask> scored his maiden Test century during India's first innings while the rest of the batting line-up struggled against the bowling of Umar Gul. <mask>'s score of 112 came from just 129 deliveries with 15 fours and two sixes. He made only 12 runs in the second Test as Pakistan levelled the series after winning the match by 9 wickets.He scored 47 in the final Test at Rawalpindi where India secured the series with another innings victory. However, he suffered a drop in form in the latter half of 2004 with batting averages of 31 in the 2004 Asia Cup, 12.33 in the Natwest Series in England and just 4.50 in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy. In October 2004, after the first two Tests of the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, he was dropped from the Test squad as his dismal run with the bat yielded just 47 runs from the two matches. Despite <mask>'s loss in form, he continued to be a regular feature in the

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts:
 Indian ODI team. In the Platinum Jubilee Match against Pakistan in November 2004, he scored a 62-ball 78 in a losing cause. In December 2004, Yuvraj scored 94 runs at an average of 31.33 in the three-match ODI tour of Bangladesh including a quickfire knock of 69 from 32 balls in the final ODI at Dhaka. He had a disappointing ODI series at home against Pakistan in April 2005, scoring 98 runs in six matches at 19.60.Return to form
In July–August 2005, <mask> was the leading run-scorer for India in the 2005 Indian Oil Cup triangular series in Sri Lanka also involving the hosts Sri Lanka and West Indies. He scored 192 runs in four matches, averaging 48. He also recorded his third ODI century during the series - 110 runs from 114 balls - against the West Indies at Colombo for which he was adjudged the man of the match. <mask> then played in the Videocon Cup in August–September 2005, a triangular series involving India, New Zealand and the hosts Zimbabwe. He averaged 54 with the bat in the series, scoring 216 runs from 5 matches. He scored 120 in the final round-robin match against Zimbabwe at Harare, helping India recover from 36/4 to successfully chase down a target of 251. It was his fourth ODI hundred and he won the man of the match award for his efforts.In the two-match Test tour of Zimbabwe that followed the tri-series, <mask> scored 12 and 25 runs. In October–November 2005, <mask> had a quiet seven-match ODI series at home against Sri Lanka. He managed just 124 runs in six innings at an average of 31 with a top-score of 79*. In November 2005, <mask> scored 103 in the first ODI against South Africa at


texts: Hyderabad to take India from 35/5 to a respectable total of 249/9, and won the man of the match award despite South Africa winning the game by five wickets. He picked 1/17 and remained not out in the second ODI at Bangalore, before the third match at Chennai was washed out due to rain. He scored 53 and 49 in the final two matches at Delhi and Ahmedabad respectively, and the series was drawn 2-2. <mask> and South African captain Graeme Smith were jointly awarded the man of the series award as both of them scored 209 runs at 69.66, finishing as the joint-highest run-scorers of the series.<mask> had a mixed home Test series against Sri Lanka in December 2005 as he registered two ducks and two half-centuries. He scored 0 & 77* in the second Test at Delhi, and 0 & 75 in the third Test at Ahmedabad as India won both the matches by comfortable margins. <mask> was picked in both Test and ODI squads for the Pakistan tour in January–February 2006. The first two Tests were drawn and <mask> batted only once, in the second Test, scoring 4. In the third Test at Karachi, he top-scored for India in both innings. After scoring 45 in the first innings, he went to score his second Test hundred in the second innings (122 runs from 144 balls). India lost the match by 341 runs and the series 1–0.In the one-day series, he continued his good form. He scored a 28-ball 39 in the first ODI at Peshawar which Pakistan won by 7 runs by the Duckworth–Lewis method. He scored an unbeaten 82 in the second match at Rawalpindi taking India to an emphatic 7-wicket win, before scoring an unbeaten 79 in the third game at Lahore and helping


texts: India successfully chase the target of 289. In the low-scoring fourth match at Multan, he scored 37 as India took the series with a five-wicket victory. In the fifth and the final ODI at Karachi, <mask>, batting at three, hit his sixth ODI century. His innings of 107* which came off 93 balls with 13 boundaries helped India comfortably chase down a target of 287 while losing only two wickets. He won the man of the match award for this innings and was also adjudged player of the series.Against England, <mask> averaged 21.33 in two Tests in March but proved to be successful with both bat and ball in the ODI series in which he again won the player of the series award. During the series, he won the back-to-back man of the match awards in the third and fourth ODIs. In the third match, he made 103 from 76 balls, and in the fourth match, he picked 2/34 and scored 48. He scored a total of 237 runs in the series at an average of 47.40 and took 6 wickets with his part-time bowling. On India's tour of the West Indies, <mask> hit two fifties in the ODI series. In the second ODI at Kingston, with India needing two runs to win with one wicket in hand and three balls to spare, <mask> was bowled by Dwayne Bravo for 93. India went on to lose the series 4–1.His poor run of form in Tests continued, with him scoring 104 runs from four matches at an average of 17.33 and a top-score of 39. In September 2006, <mask> was dropped from the playing eleven during the 2006-07 DLF Cup in Kuala Lumpur after he registered two consecutive ducks against Australia and West Indies. He played in two group matches of the 2006 ICC Champions


texts: Trophy held in India in October. and scored 27* against England and 27 against West Indies. During a training session before India's final group fixture against Australia, <mask> suffered a ligament injury in his left knee. Dinesh Mongia replaced him for the match which India lost to crash out of the tournament. In November, Indian team physio Andrew Leipus suggested that <mask> was unlikely to recover from the injury before the start of the World Cup in March 2007.<mask> was not named in any of the Indian squads that toured South Africa in late 2006. In January 2007, less than two months before the World Cup, he made a comeback from injury for the last two matches of the four-match ODI series against West Indies, but did not make much of an impact in either game. Despite concerns over his fitness, <mask> was selected in the 15-man Indian squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup, with chief selector Dilip Vengsarkar confirming that <mask> was fit. He featured in the last two matches of the four-ODI series against Sri Lanka in February 2007, and struck an unbeaten 83-ball 95 in the deciding final game at Visakhapatnam. India won the match by seven wickets and the series 2–1. <mask> made 47 in India's first match of the World Cup, a shock defeat to Bangladesh. In India's next group match at Port-of-Spain against World Cup debutants Bermuda, he hit 83 off 46 balls to help India post a total of 413/5, the highest total in World Cup history at the time.After their emphatic against Bermuda, India were left with a must-win final group fixture against Sri Lanka. Chasing 255 to win the match, <mask> was run out


texts:
 for 6, as India were bowled out for 185 and made an early exit from the World Cup. In the three-match ODI series against South Africa in Ireland, <mask> took 3 for 36 and scored an unbeaten 49 in the second ODI before winning man of the match for his unbeaten 61 in the series-deciding final game. On India's tour of England, <mask>
<mask> was the vice-captain of the Indian squad at the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in South Africa. In India's Super 8 match against England at Durban, he hit six sixes in an over off Stuart Broad. In the process, he reached the fastest fifty ever in a Twenty20 game, off just 12 balls, which was also the fastest in any form of international cricket.This was the fourth time that six sixes had been hit in one over in senior cricket, the first time in Twenty20 cricket, and the first time in any form of international cricket against a bowler from a Test playing nation. He finished his innings with 58 runs off 16 balls and won the man of the match. <mask> missed the next game against South Africa due to a minor  but recovered before the semifinal against Australia. In the semifinal, he top-scored with 70 off 30 balls and also hit the longest six of the tournament () off the bowling of Brett Lee). The knock later was named the Best Twenty20 Batting Performance
of 2007 by ESPN Cricinfo. India won the match as <mask> was awarded another man of the match award. He was dismissed for 14 in the final against Pakistan but India went on to win by five runs and win the tournament.All players of the victorious Indian team were given a cash reward of 80 lakh by the BCCI while <mask> was

masks: Yuvraj Yuvrajcy Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts: rewarded with an additional 1 crore as well as a Porsche 911 by the BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo for the 2007 T20I World Cup. In September 2007, Mahendra <mask>i and <mask> were named ODI captain and vice-captain respectively, following the resignation of Rahul Dravid. <mask> scored 121 at Hyderabad in a losing cause in the third of the seven ODIs against Australia, but accumulated only 71 in the other six matches of the series. He enjoyed a return to form in India's home ODI series against Pakistan in November 2007. He scored four half-centuries in five matches, averaging 68, and was named player of the series as India won the series 3–2. He was also fined for showing dissent in the final match in Jaipur.Although <mask> was included in Indian squad for the subsequent Test series against Pakistan, Test captain Anil Kumble said that <mask> "will have to wait a little bit more to become a regular member in the Test squad." He did not feature in the playing eleven in the first two matches, but was picked in the third Test at Bangalore to replace an injured Sachin Tendulkar. Batting first, India was 61/4 before <mask> and Sourav Ganguly shared a 300-run fifth-wicket partnership, and <mask> recorded his highest Test score of 169 off 203 balls, while Ganguly went on to score 239 which was also his highest score in tests. For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by Cricinfo. He was also named in the World T20I XI by Cricinfo. <mask> had a poor Test series against Australia in Indian tour to that country in 2007/08. After his

masks:
Singh Dhon
Yuvraj
Yuvraj
Yuvraj
Yuvraj
Yuvraj
Yuvraj
Yuvraj


texts: poor showing in the first two Tests, he was dropped for the remainder of the series.In November 2008, he hit 138 not out from 78 balls against England at Rajkot, taking 64 balls to reach his century which at the time was the second fastest by an Indian in ODIs after Mohammad Azharuddin's century in 1988 against New Zealand came off 62 balls. After reaching 50 from 42 balls, he added an additional 88 runs in the next 36 balls. He did so despite straining his back, which necessitated the use of Gautam Gambhir as a runner. This was followed by a score of 118 off 122 balls and bowling figures of 4/28, with all of his wickets being specialist batsmen, in the next match in Indore, earning him two consecutive man of the match awards. <mask> scored 85 not out and put on an unbroken partnership of 163 with Sachin Tendulkar to defeat England in the First Test at Chennai in December 2008. It was the fourth highest successful run chase in history and the highest in India. <mask> scored a quick, unbeaten 54 in the second innings of the Napier Test against New Zealand to help India save the game after following on.India preserved their series lead and went on to win the series 1–0. For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World ODI XI by the Cricinfo. For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC. <mask> was dropped from the Asia Cup following the team's return from the World Twenty20 in West Indies. A drop in form, disciplinary issues and fitness were talked of as the reasons for his exclusion, but he made a return for the series against Sri Lanka. With Suresh Raina scoring a

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts:
 century on Test debut and Cheteshwar Pujara making a compelling case for higher honours with consistent first-class performances, <mask> was dropped from the Test squad for the two-match series against Australia. Golden World Cup
<mask> had a dream run at the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup, where he scored 362 runs including one century and four fifties, took 15 wickets, won four Man of the Match awards, the joint-most along with Sri Lanka's Aravinda de Silva in 1996 and South Africa's Lance Klusener in 1999, and was also adjudged the Player of the Tournament.In the process, he became the first allrounder to score 300-plus runs and take 15 wickets in a single World Cup. In India's match against Ireland, he became the first player to take 5 Wickets and score 50 runs in a World Cup match. He also took his 100th ODI wicket with the dismissal of Wesley Barresi in the World Cup match against the Netherlands. He later took 2/44 and scored 57 runs against defending champions Australia in the quarter finals, earning him the Man of the Match award. Yuvraj had respiratory difficulties through 2011 and in May he withdrew from the ODI series in the West Indies due to an illness. His issues began with breathing difficulties, nausea and bouts of vomiting blood. He toured England but had to return home after breaking his finger in the Nottingham Test and later played two home Tests against West Indies.However, he then pulled out of the ODI series against West Indies in November citing an abnormal tumor in his lung. <mask> had originally targeted the CB series in Australia for his return to international cricket. After


texts:
 the World Cup he was diagnosed with a cancerous tumor stage-1 in his left lung and underwent chemotherapy treatment at the Cancer Research Institute in Boston, United States as well as the Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center in Indianapolis, Indiana where he was cared for by famed oncologist Dr. Lawrence Einhorn. For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC and Cricinfo. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo. Cancer diagnosis and comeback
<mask>'s cancer was detected by a Russian doctor in 2011. In March 2012, <mask> was discharged from hospital after completing the third and final cycle of chemotherapy and returned to India in April.After his chemotherapy sessions treating seminoma in Indianapolis, <mask>'s cancer showing full signs of remission, and he aimed at resuming cricket at the World Twenty20. The selectors picked <mask> to be a part of the 15-member Indian squad for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka in September 2012. He played against New Zealand in a T20I at Chennai where he scored 34 off 26 balls (1 four, 2 sixes) as his side lost by only 1 run. He started his World Twenty20 campaign with a 3/24 against Afghanistan. He took 1/16 against Australia, 2/16 against Pakistan and a 2/23 against South Africa. He ended up being the highest wicket taker for India in the tournament though he could not meet expectations with his bat. He got selected for the Test series against England at home.He later played 3 test matches in the 4 match test series against England after which he was dropped. He


texts: later was selected for the India-Pakistan Series, returning to form in the second T20I by scoring a blistering 72 off just 36 balls. He could not make an impact in the One Day series against Pakistan and England, only scoring 1 half century in 7 matches. For his performances in 2012, he was named in the T20I XI of the year by Cricinfo. In September 2013, <mask> made a comeback to India's limited-overs squad for the Twenty20 and first three ODIs of the home series against Australia. In October 2013, <mask> scored 77 off 35 in the only T20I against Australia at Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium in Rajkot. India faced a required run rate of nearly 12 per over when at 100 for 4 in the 12th over, but <mask>'s unbeaten 102 run partnership with Dhoni guided India to victory.However, <mask> had a woeful time in the ODI series that followed, scoring 19 runs in four innings, and being visibly troubled by the pace of Mitchell Johnson. <mask> was unable to return to form in both the home ODIs against West Indies and in the subsequent tour of South Africa, and was dropped for the New Zealand tour given the conditions in that country and the hosts' pace-heavy attack. He was not selected for 2014 Asia Cup in Bangladesh but he was selected for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in the same place. In a Super 10 match against Pakistan he missed a full delivery and was bowled on his second ball by pacer Bilawal Bhatti. In the same match he dropped a catch that would have resulted in the wicket of Mohammad Hafeez, and later against the West Indies dropped a delivery hit by Chris Gayle. <mask> then scored 60 off 43 balls

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


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 against Australia at Mirpur, his eighth T20I fifty and third against Australia. His 84-run partnership with Mahendra <mask>i is India's third-highest for the fifth wicket.On 5 July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World XI against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's, as he had been left out of India's ODI team. Under Shane Warne's captaincy, he struck a century at nearly a run a ball to rescue his team, who were struggling at 59 for 3. His 100 came up as he hit Sachin Tendulkar for a boundary. The Rest of the World finished on 293 for 7 after 50 overs, but the MCC went on to win the match by 7 wickets. <mask> in an interview with Hindustan Times during his cancer treatment, said  ‘Even if I die let India win World Cup’. Notably, <mask> was one of five senior members of India's 2011 World Cup squad who were not considered for the 2015 Cricket World Cup and was not included in India's 30-man probable list for the tournament. Late career
<mask>e Trophy, where he was the third-highest run scorer with 341 runs at an average of 85.25.He finished the three-match series with 15 runs after getting to bat in just one innings, while also taking two wickets. He played a crucial role in India's titular run in Asia Cup 2016, often teaming up with Virat Kohli to take the team home. He was also a part of the Indian team in the ICC T20 World Cup 2016. He was not named in the T20I squad for India's tour of West Indies in August. Meanwhile, he was named captain of the India Red side for the 2016–17 Duleep Trophy. His team lost to India Blue in the final. <mask> was picked

masks:
Singh Dhon
Yuvraj
Singh
Singhzar
Yuvraj


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 in India's ODI squad for the home series against England in January 2017.This came on the back of his fine performances in the Ranji Trophy, having scored 672 runs in five games for Punjab, which included a 260 against Baroda. In the second match of the series, he scored his career best score 150, which came off 127 balls, a knock that included 21 fours and three sixes. He put on 256 runs for the fourth wicket along with Dhoni and helped the team post a total of 381. Following the team's 15-run victory, he was named the Player of the Match. Following the match, <mask> revealed that he had thought of quitting after having been dropped from the team. He said, "When I came back from cancer it was hard work. I was not performing and after being dropped I thought [about] whether I wanted to continue or not."<mask> was selected to play in the Champions Trophy 2017. He scored 53 off 32 balls in a group stage match against Pakistan and won the man of the match award. However, as a result of failing to clear the yo-yo test, <mask> was dropped from the squad before the tour of Sri Lanka in August 2017 which ended his international career. Retirement from international cricket
On 10 June 2019, <mask> <mask> announced his retirement from international cricket. <mask> <mask> held a press conference in Mumbai where he announced his decision to retire from all formats of the game. He said that he had decided to "Move On". <mask> recounted his best memories through his career, while also recalling his worst."I would say I am extremely lucky to play 400-plus games for India. I would've not imagined doing this when I

masks: Singh Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj


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 started my career in cricket. Through this journey, some matches that remain in my memory are - the 2002 NatWest series final, my first Test hundred in Lahore in 2004, the 2007 Test series in England, of course the six sixes and the 2007 T20 World Cup. And then the most memorable one was the 2011 World Cup finals." "And then, probably the worst day in my career, was the 2014 World T20 final against Lanka where I scored 11 off 21 balls. It was so shattering that I felt my career was over." He also said "As for now, I have decided to provide service and help for cancer affected people."Speculations of return
In September 2020, <mask> <mask> hinted at making a return to the Punjab team and play domestic T20s for them. He said that it was on the suggestion of Punjab Cricket Association secretary Puneet Bali that he has considered to come out of retirement. However, his return was denied from Punjab Cricket Association, as he took part in foreign franchise league's. T20 franchise cricket

Indian Premier League
<mask> was the icon player and captain for Indian Premier League (IPL) team Kings XI Punjab in the first two seasons; in 2010, the third season, icon player status was discontinued and the captaincy given to Kumar Sangakkara. The Kings XI Punjab came second in the round-robin phase of the tournament, but lost the semi-finals to the Chennai Super Kings. On 1 May 2009, <mask> registered his first hat-trick in T20 cricket against Royal Challengers Bangalore at Kingsmead in Durban, the same ground where he hit his six sixes. He dismissed Robin Uthappa, Mark Boucher and Jacques Kallis.On 17 May 2009,

masks: Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj Yuvraj


texts: <mask> took his second Twenty20 hat-trick against Deccan Chargers at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. <mask> dismissed Herschelle Gibbs, Andrew Symonds and Venugopal Rao. The Pune Warriors were a new team introduced for the 2011 IPL. <mask> <mask> was bought by the team and chosen as captain. Pune Warriors finished ninth, ahead of only the Delhi Daredevils. From 14 matches, <mask> took 11 wickets and also scored 343 runs at an average of 34.30, including two half-centuries. After much controversy, the BCCI allowed Pune Warriors to find a replacement for <mask> for the 2012 Indian Premier League, citing his medical condition and non-availability for 2012 IPL as the reasons for doing so.In 2014, <mask> was bought by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for 14 crore. A Kingfisher employee union sent a letter to <mask> requesting him not to play for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He had a successful stint with RCB, scoring 376 runs and taking six wickets. In 2015, he was bought by Delhi Daredevils for Rs.16 Crores, the highest ever bid at an IPL auction. at the time. In the 2016 IPL auction he was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for Rs.7 crores. He had a very successful IPL campaign with the Sunrisers Hyderabad with them winning the 2016 Indian Premier League.He played several crucial knocks at crunch moments, and some experts called him the "Unsung hero of SRH's titular run". <mask> scored 38 runs from 23 balls in the final. <mask> was retained by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2017 Indian Premier League. In the 2018 IPL auction, he was picked by Kings XI Punjab for base price of 2 crores. He scored only 64

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj Yuvraj


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 runs from 6 innings at a low average of 12.80. He batted at four different positions during those six innings and was not given a consistent run by the team management. <mask> was released by Kings XI Punjab ahead of the 2019 IPL Auction, where was purchased by Mumbai Indians for his base price of ₹1 crore.He scored 53 in his debut match for Mumbai Indians, and smashed a hattrick of sixes against Yuzvendra Chahal in the next match, but he wasn't given a longer run by the team management, and was dropped after he failed in the next two matches. He was released by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the 2020 IPL auction. Other leagues
In June 2019, <mask> was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament. He also played for the Maratha Arabians in the Abu Dhabi T10 League 2019. In 2020, <mask> played in the Ultimate Kricket Challenge. Playing style

<mask> is primarily a left-handed batsman but can bowl part-time left-arm orthodox spin, which he improved in the latter part of his career. He is regarded as a better batsman against fast bowling than spin bowling, and cites the Indian Oil Cup 2005 as a turning point in his career.<mask> is one of the athletic fielders in the Indian team, fielding primarily at point & covers with a good aim at the stumps. <mask> is a natural stroke player with an aggressive style of play, as seen by his strike rate of above 150 in T20 internationals & just below 90 in ODIs. Many regard him as one of the best clean strikers of the ball, with his trademark punch through the covers a treat to watch. When in good touch, he can clear


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 the ropes quite effortlessly. A Cricinfo report published in late 2005 showed that since 1999, he was the fourth most prolific fielder in affecting ODI run outs, and of those on the list of prolific fielders, he had the second highest rate of effecting a run out. Achievements and honours

In a 2007 ICC World Twenty20 match, he hit six sixes in a single over. He holds the record for fastest T20 fifty by scoring it in 12 balls against England national cricket team during the 2007 ICC World Twenty20
He was the Man of the Tournament in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011.He was awarded with the Arjuna Award (India's second highest, Sporting Award) in 2012 by the President of India. In 2014, he was awarded with the Padma Shri Award. In February 2014, he was honoured with FICCI Most Inspiring Sportsperson of the Year Award. He is a two-time Indian Premier League champion. He won one championship with the Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2016 and another one with the Mumbai Indians in 2019. Outside cricket

Charity and commercial interests

<mask> was signed by Microsoft to be a brand ambassador for the Xbox 360 video game console when it was launched in India in 2006. He appeared in advertisements for the console alongside Bollywood actor Akshay Kumar.Codemasters' cricket video game Brian Lara International Cricket 2007 was released with his endorsement in India, titled "Yuvraj Singh International Cricket 2007". The Bollywood animated film, Jumbo features cricketer <mask> <mask>'s voice therefore starting his career in Bollywood. The upcoming animated full-length feature film Captain India features <mask> <mask> as the

masks: Yuvraj Yuvraj Singh Yuvraj Singh


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 main protagonist. <mask> has also been involved in sports based e-commerce; he is a brand ambassador of sports365.in, an online store focused on selling sports goods and fitness equipment. <mask> is also the brand ambassador for the sports brand Puma. He was appointed as the brand ambassador of Ulysse Nardin watch in 2013. <mask>'s own charity YouWeCan has treated over hundreds of cancer patients.In April 2015, he announced the intention to invest INR 40–50 crores in online startups, expanding the YouWeCan proposition by setting up YouWeCan Ventures in order to do so. In 2015, YouWeCan also initiated the nationwide cancer awareness in association with Jayakrishnan, the founder of Heyyo Media. The campaign took cancer awareness to many students across the country. <mask> <mask> also participated in the ‘Celebrity Clásico 2016′ which was played with an objective to generate funds for charitable initiatives. References

External links

<mask> <mask> at Indian Premier League

1981 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Punjab, India cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Yorkshire cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Pune Warriors India cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Red cricketers
Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Punjabi people
Cricketers from Chandigarh
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Man of the

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<mask> (; born December 5, 1955) is a Chinese politician, the current Communist Party Secretary of Beijing, and a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Cai began his career in Fujian province. He has served successively as the mayor of Sanming, the mayor of Quzhou, the Communist Party Secretary of Taizhou, Zhejiang, and mayor of Hangzhou. Beginning in 2010 he served as the Executive Vice Governor of Zhejiang Province, and in 2014 was transferred to Beijing to serve as deputy director of the General Office serving the National Security Commission (rank equivalent of minister). Largely due to <mask>'s extensive experience working in Zhejiang province, he is believed to be a political ally of Party General Secretary Xi Jinping. Cai was also known for his extensive use of social media and his unorthodox approach to governance. <mask> has referred to Xi as "Xi Dada" (Father Xi) and "Boss Xi!"in public media. The Economist opined in 2017 as <mask> "rocketed up the Communist Party’s ranks" that "Xi Jinping has chosen an unusual man to lead the capital city." <mask> is said to have been a fan of Kevin Spacey's House of Cards TV serial, and was cited as a fan of the iPhone product. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Youxi County, Fujian province on December 5, 1955. During the latter years of the Cultural Revolution he worked at a rural commune. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1975. Cai attended Fujian Normal University and graduated in 1978 with a degree in political economics.Fujian years
In the 1980s, <mask> served in the General Office of the provincial party organization in Fujian province, gaining a series of rapid promotions. He worked as deputy chief of staff serving provincial leaders, including as secretary to the

masks:
Cai Qi
Cai
Cai
Cai
Cai
Cai
Cai


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 provincial party chief. Between 1994 and 1997, he pursued a master's degree in law at his alma mater. In September 1996 <mask> took on his first major role in local government as the deputy Party secretary and later mayor of the city of Sanming in Fujian province. He was transferred to Zhejiang in May 1999 serving as the deputy Party Secretary and Mayor of Quzhou. Between March 2002 and April 2004 <mask> served as Quzhou's party secretary, the top political office of the city. In April 2004 <mask> became party chief of Taizhou, Zhejiang; at the time, Xi Jinping was the party chief of Zhejiang province.In April 2007, <mask> was promoted to the position Mayor of Hangzhou, the provincial capital, also serving as deputy Party Secretary. In January 2010, he became a member of the provincial Party Standing Committee as head of the party's provincial Organization Department. In November 2013, <mask> became the Executive Vice Governor of Zhejiang province. He made the announcement of his change in jobs on his microblog account. <mask> has a doctoral degree in political economics which he obtained from September 1999 to July 2007 at Fujian Normal University. Beijing years
In March 2014, <mask> was said to have been transferred to Beijing to work as the deputy General Office chief of the National Security Commission, a body led by party General Secretary Xi Jinping, though no official announcement was made about this appointment. Given his Zhejiang work experience and his current position and seniority, <mask> has been named as a member of the so-called "New Zhijiang Army", i.e., officials who at one point worked under Xi Jinping during his term as Zhejiang party chief.After his transfer to Beijing, <mask> stopped updating his various social media accounts.

masks: Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai


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 The only indication of his whereabouts appeared in news footage at numerous "study sessions" of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, where he was shown seated next to other minister-level officials, suggesting that he was an official of full provincial-ministerial rank and working for the central party organization. It was later confirmed that he was serving as Deputy Director of the Office of the National Security Commission. On 31 October 2016, <mask> was appointed acting mayor of Beijing, replacing Wang Anshun; he was confirmed in January 2017. In May 2017, <mask> <mask> was appointed party secretary of Beijing. <mask>'s appointment broke nearly all conventions in post-Cultural Revolution political tradition: he was neither a member nor alternate member of the Central Committee, and took on an office that would, under normal circumstances, be accorded Politburo membership. The move assured him a Politburo seat at the 19th Party Congress.In June 2017 <mask> was appointed President of the Beijing Organising Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. In June 2020, <mask> was appointed to lead the team charged with the elimination of coronavirus in the Xinfadi market. He was awarded the Gold Olympic Order after the 2022 Winter Olympics. Social media
<mask> maintains a Weibo microblog account under the subtitle "<mask> <mask>, a Bolshevik", which has been active since May 2010. The account was initially opened under the name <mask>hui (潜水; literally, "scuba diving"), but he was eventually 'outed' by internet users. The account is 'followed' by over ten million people. He used it regularly to communicate with ordinary internet users.As a sub-provincial-level official <mask> was one of the highest-ranking officials to maintain

masks: Cai Cai Qi Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Qi Qians Cai


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 a regular social media presence, though he has not updated his Weibo feed since being called to work in Beijing. It is the opinion of certain political scholars that <mask> used this Weibo tool to circumvent existing CCP apparatus and thereby gain public profile, "considerable influence" within the CCP and thereby promotion. <mask> has stated of the CCP that:

During the 2012 National People's Congress, an incident occurred in which vicious dogs allegedly belonging to a state agency were said to be injuring people. After seeing news of the incident reported online, <mask> immediately called the agency in question to ask for an explanation, then posted the results of his discussion on his microblog feed. Cai's role in resolving the issue earned him accolades online. On the evening of September 14, 2013, a mother of an ordinary government staffer working for the national revenue agency posted on her microblog feed that her son was expected to partake in heavy drinking with superiors on a regular basis as part of his work and that it was affecting his health. The mother pleaded for attention to the case by then Zhejiang party organization chief <mask> <mask>.A day later Cai responded to her asking which department her son worked at and vowed publicly "your son doesn't have to drink from now on." References

1955 births
Living people
People from Sanming
Mayors of Hangzhou
Mayors of Beijing
Political office-holders in Fujian
Members of the 19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Fujian Normal University alumni
Presidents of the Organising Committees for the Olympic Games
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Delegates to the 13th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 9th National People's

masks: Cai Cai Cai Cai Qi


texts: Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn (; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as <mask> of Ghazni () or <mask>haznavi was the founder of the  Turkic<ref>Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. p. 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time.</ref> Ghaznavid dynasty, ruling from 998 to 1030. At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in the Indian subcontinent, Khwarazm in Transoxiana, and Makran. Highly Persianized, Sultan <mask> continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids, which established the ground for a Persianate state in northwestern India. His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of Baghdad. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi. Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27 upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother Ismail. He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphs.During his

masks:
Mahmud
Mahmud G
Mahmud


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 rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as Mathura and Somnath, in medieval India seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni. Background
<mask> was born in the town of Ghazni in the region of Zabulistan (now present-day Afghanistan) on 2 November 971. His father, Sabuktigin, was a Turkic slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the Samanids, who ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana. <mask>'s mother was the daughter of an Iranian aristocrat from Zabulistan, and is therefore known in some sources as <mask>-i Zavuli ("<mask> from Zabulistan"). Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, other than that he was a school-fellow of Ahmad Maymandi, a Persian native of Zabulistan and foster brother of his. Family
Mahmud married a woman named Kausari Jahan, and they had twin sons, Mohammad and Ma'sud, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud, Maw'dud Ghaznavi, also later became ruler of the empire. His sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as Ghazi Salar Sahu, whose son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud.<mask>'s companion was a Georgian slave, Malik Ayaz, about whom poems and stories have been told. Early career

In 994 <mask> joined his father Sabuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions

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 vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, AbuAli, the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring Buyid dynasty and Kara-Khanid Khanate. Reign
Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son Ismail as the ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older <mask> is uncertain. It may due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, Alptigin. <mask> shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of Bust, he defeated Ismail the following year at the battle of Ghazni and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom.That year, in 998, <mask> then traveled to Balkh and paid homage to Amir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II. He then appointed Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini as his vizier, and then set out west from Ghazni to take the Kandahar region followed by Bost (Lashkar Gah), where he turned it into a militarised city. Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of North India. On 28November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of Raja Jayapala of the Kabul Shahis at the Battle of Peshawar. In 1002 Mahmud invaded Sistan and dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad, ending the Saffarid dynasty. From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly fertile lands of the Punjab region. Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an Ismaili state first established at Multan in 965 by a da'i from the Fatimid Caliphate in a bid to curry

masks: Mahmud Mahmud Mahmud


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 political favor and recognition with the Abbasid Caliphate; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids.At this point, Jayapala attempted to gain revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of <mask>'s father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. He assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura. Ghaznavid campaigns in Indian subcontinent
Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals and annexing only the Punjab region. He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year. In 1001 <mask> of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala, who had moved his capital to Peshawar (modern Pakistan).Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son Anandapala. In 1005 <mask>la's army attacked him. The following year <mask> of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of Bathinda (who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into

masks: Mahmud Mahmud Mahmudapa Mahmud


texts: eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown. In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to Thanesar. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked Kashmir. In 1018 he attacked Mathura and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala.The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work Tarikh-e-yamini, that <mask> Ghaznavi destroyed a "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura. According to Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah, writing an "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to Vāsudeva-Krishna. When it was attacked by <mask> of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. The Art of Mathura fell into decline thereafter. In 1021 Mahmud supported the Kannauj king against Chandela Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him.Lahore (modern Pakistan) was annexed by <mask>. Mahmud besieged Gwalior, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked Somnath in 1025, and its ruler Bhima I fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to Kachch against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud and defeated them. Christoph Baumer notes that in 1026 CE, Jats "inflicted heavy losses" on the army of


texts:
 Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to Multan. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the Indus river.Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying naphtha, which he used to burn the Jats' fleet. The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, and Gwalior were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any move by the Hindus to attack the Empire; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kannauj, Kalinjar (1023) and Somnath all submitted or were raided. Attack on the Somnath Temple

In 1025 Mahmud raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of Anhilwara. Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple.However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain.


texts:
 Historiography concerning Somnath
Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956):
Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative:

Political challenges
The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of Oghuz and Seljuk Turks from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to Khwarezm, but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture Merv and Nishapur (1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and Balkh and even sacked Ghazni in 1037. In 1040, at the Battle of Dandanaqan, they decisively defeated <mask>'s son, Mas'udI, resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks. <mask> died on 30 April 1030.His mausoleum is located in Ghazni, Afghanistan. Campaign timeline

As emir
 994: Gains the title of Saif ad-Dawla and becomes Governor of Khorasan under service to NuhII of the Samanid Empire in civil strife
 995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigin's nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel <mask> from Nishapur. <mask> and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at Tus
 997: Kara-Khanid Khanate

As sultan
 999: Khorasan, Balkh, Herat, Merv from the Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the north by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule. 1000: Sistan from Saffarid dynasty
 1001: Gandhara: <mask> defeats Raja

masks:
Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud
Mahmud
Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud


texts:
 Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar; Jayapala subsequently abdicates and commits suicide. 1002: Seistan: Is imprisoned in Khuluf
 1004: Bhatia (Bhera) is annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute. 1005-6: Multan: Fateh Daud, the Ismaili ruler of Multan revolts and enlists the aid of Anandapala.Mahmud massacres the Ismailis of Multan in the course of his conquest. Anandapala is defeated at Peshawar and pursued to Sodra (Wazirabad). Ghor and Muhammad ibn Suri are then captured by <mask>, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region. Anandapala flees to Kashmir, fort in the hills on the western border of Kashmir. 1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against NasrI of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and recaptures Nishapur from Isma'il Muntasir of the Samanids. 1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated.1008: <mask> defeats the Indian Confederacy (Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi, and Ajmer) in the Battle of Chach near Hazro in Chach, and captures the Shahi treasury at Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. Note: A historical narrative states in this battle, under the onslaught of the Gakhars, <mask>'s army was about to retreat when King Anandapala's elephant took flight and turned the tide of the battle. 1010: Ghor; against Amir Suri
 1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood is imprisoned for life at Ghazni. 1012-1013: Sacks Thanesar
 1012: Invades Gharchistan and deposes its ruler Abu Nasr Muhammad. 1012: Demands and receives remainder of the


texts:
 province of Khorasan from the Abassid Caliph. Then demands Samarkand as well but is rebuffed.1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala. 1014: Kafiristan is attacked
 1015: <mask>'s army sacks Lahore, but his expedition to Kashmir fails, due to inclement weather. 1015: Khwarezm: Marries his sister to Abul Abbas Mamun of Khwarezm, who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion. 1017: Kannauj, Meerut, and Muhavun on the Yamuna, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march; Kannauj and Meerut submit without battle. 1018-1020: Sacks the town of Mathura.1021: Raises Ayaz to kingship, awarding him the throne of Lahore
 1021: Kalinjar attacks Kannauj: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King, Trilochanpaala, encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes Lahore on his return. Trilochanpala flees to Ajmer. First Muslim governors appointed east of the Indus River. 1023: Lahore.He forces Kalinjar and Gwalior to submit and pay tribute:  Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala, is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of Punjab by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time. 1024: Ajmer, Nehrwala, Kathiawar: This raid is his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at Somnath was renowned, and


texts:
 consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The temple and citadel are sacked, and most of its defenders massacred. 1025: Somnath: Mahmud sacks the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded Lingam to pieces, and the stone fragments are carted back to Ghazni, where they are incorporated into the steps of the city's new Jama Masjid (Friday Mosque) in 1026.He places a new king on the throne in Gujarat as a tributary. His return detours across the Thar Desert to avoid the armies of Ajmer and other allies on his return. 1025: Marches against the Jats of the Jood mountains who harry his army on its return from the sack of Somnath. 1027: Rey, Isfahan, Hamadan from the Buyids Dynasty. 1027: Devastates the fleet of Jats in Indus river to avenge the "heavy losses" suffered by his army in an onslaught by Jats in 1026 CE. 1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur are lost to Seljuq dynasty

Attitude on religion and jihad

Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the Samanid sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the Abbasids as caliph as a matter of form, he was also granted the title Sultan in recognition of his independence.Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged a jihad and a raid on India every year. In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred. Modern historians such as Romila Thapar and Richard M. Eaton have noted that his religious policies toward


texts:
 Hindus were in contrast to his general image in the modern era, in that his raiding was actually "undertaken for material reasons," and not religious fanaticism. Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom Romila Thapar presumed to be Hindus, were one of the components of the army with their commander called sipahsalar-i-Hinduwan and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to Baihaki.Indian historian Mohammad Habib states that there was no imposition of Jizya on "non-Muslims" during the reign of <mask> of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions":

A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book History of India, "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage a Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan". Legacy

By the end of his reign, the Ghaznavid Empire extended from Ray in the west to Samarkand in the north-east, and from the Caspian Sea to the Yamuna. Although his raids carried his forces across the Indian subcontinent, only a portion of the Punjab and of Sindh in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule; Kashmir, the Doab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties. The booty brought back to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g.


texts: Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Ferdowsi) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni, the first centre of Persian literature, into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni.He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni. <mask> patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the Shahnameh to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by <mask> to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200dinars. His expedition across the Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired Al-Biruni to compose his Tarikh Al-Hind in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine. On 30 April 1030 <mask> died in Ghazni at the age of 58.<mask> had contracted malaria during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his

masks:
Mahmud
Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud


texts:
 successors for 157 years. The expanding Seljuk empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The Ghorids captured Ghazni in 1150, and Mu'izz al-Din (also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187. The military of Pakistan has named its short-range ballistic missile the Ghaznavi Missile in honour of <mask> of Ghazni. In addition, the Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to <mask> of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company.The 2005 Indian Tamil-language revenge film Ghajini by A. R. Murugadoss, about an amnesiac businessman, is named after the sultan (whose name is pronounced "Ghajini" in Tamil) in reference to his persistent efforts despite several failures. The film was later remade in Hindi in 2008 with the same name which was also adapted as a videogame titled Ghajini – The Game. Personality
<mask> thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth", an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his diwan (administration). Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that Muslims should consult each other on all issues. Most of the time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of

masks:
Mahmud
Mahmud
Sultan Mahmud


texts:
 kings..." <mask> had numerous spies (called ) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan. Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in the royal garden.He was often generous to them, paying unstintingly for their works according to their talent and worth. See also
 Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent

References

Sources

External links

 UCLA website
 <mask>ud Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavid Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Ghaznavids and Ghurids Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
 Mahmud Ghazni
 History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
 Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni
  Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period''
 Tarikh Yamini, or Kitabu-l Yami  of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi. 971 births
1030 deaths
10th-century rulers in Asia
11th-century rulers in Asia
Ghaznavid rulers
History of Pakistan
Medieval India
Turkic

masks:
Sultan Mahmud
Mahmudhm


texts:
<mask> (; ; born 10 October 1985), known mononymously as <mask> (often stylized in all caps) and previously by the stage name <mask> and the Diamonds, is a Welsh singer-songwriter. Born in Brynmawr to a Welsh mother and Greek father, <mask> was raised in Abergavenny and moved to London as a teenager to become a professional singer, despite having little formal musical experience. In 2009, she came to prominence upon placing second in the BBC's Sound of 2010. Her debut studio album, The Family Jewels (2010), incorporated indie pop and new wave musical styles. It entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 5 and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry. The album's second single, "Hollywood", peaked at No.12 on the UK Singles Chart. Her follow-up record, Electra Heart (2012), was a concept album about a character of the same name which became her first No. 1 project in the UK. The album was certified gold in the US and UK, with its singles "Primadonna" and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" becoming international hits. <mask>'s synthpop-inspired third studio album, Froot (2015), became her third top 10 album in the UK and her first top 10 entry on the US Billboard 200, where it charted at No. 8. Produced entirely by <mask> and David Kosten, it was praised for its cohesive sound and introspective lyrical content.In 2018, she was featured on Clean Bandit's single "Baby", which reached the top 15 in the UK. Her fourth studio album, Love + Fear, was released on 26 April 2019. The album charted at No. 5 on the UK album chart. She released her fifth studio album, Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land, in June 2021 which charted at No. 17 in the UK. Early life

<mask>

masks:
Marina Lambrini Diamandis
Marina
Marina
Diamandis
Diamandis
Diamandis
Marina Lambrini


texts: <mask> was born on 10 October 1985 in Brynmawr, and grew up near Abergavenny.She has one elder sister. Her Welsh mother and Greek father met at Newcastle University and separated when Diamandis was four years old. Following the separation, her father returned to Greece but would occasionally visit, while she remained in a bungalow in Wales with her mother; she described her childhood as "simple and idyllic" and "peaceful, very normal, poor". Diamandis admitted to being a "tomboy" as a child, playing football every day and spending more time with the opposite sex. As a child, Diamandis attended Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls. She said, "I sort of found my talent there... I was the one who always skived off choir, but I had an incredible music teacher who managed to convince me I could do anything."At the age of 16, she moved to Greece to her father "to connect with [her] heritage and learn to speak the language", and sang Greek folk songs with her grandmother. Having earned an International Baccalaureate at St. Catherine's British Embassy School in Athens, she returned to Wales two years later. She and her mother then moved to England, settling in Ross-on-Wye. Obsessed with becoming a singer "almost as if it was a disease", she worked at a petrol station for two months in order to earn money to move to London. Despite not having a musical background, Diamandis had a childhood love of writing. She first began writing music when she was 18 years old; she moved to London to attend dance school, but quit after two months. She studied music at the University of East London and transferred to a classic composition course in Middlesex University the


texts:
 following year, but dropped out after two months.Career

2005–2008: Career beginnings and early recordings

Knowing that the Spice Girls were formed by an advertisement in The Stage, Diamandis applied for auditions listed in that newspaper. She travelled for several unsuccessful auditions, including opportunities with the musical for The Lion King and a boy band organized by Virgin Records, during which she managed to leave her CV with an A&R representative, but was unable to audition at the time of the appointment as she felt sick. In 2005, she created the stage name "<mask> and the Diamonds"; after she came to prominence, "the Diamonds" was established as a reference to her fans, instead of her backing band. Inspired by the example of self-produced outsider musician Daniel Johnston, <mask> decided to compose her own music and stop going to auditions. She taught herself how to play the piano. She self-composed and produced her earlier demos with GarageBand, and independently released her debut extended play Mermaid vs Sailor through Myspace in 2007. She met with fourteen music labels, rejecting all but one as she believed it was the only one which would not dictate her image.She came to the attention of Neon Gold Records' Derek Davies in 2008, which managed her for six months, and was hired as the supporting act for Australian recording artist Gotye. Davies reflected "She just had something that really resonated with me. Even with the quite limited production of her early bedroom demos, she had this powerful yet vulnerable vocal and writing style that didn't sound like anyone else at the time". In October, Diamandis finalized a recording contract

masks: Marina Diamandis


texts:
 with 679 Recordings (eventually renamed 679 Artists), a subdivision of Warner Music Group. 2009–2011: Breakthrough with The Family Jewels

<mask>'s debut single "Obsessions" was released on 14 February 2009 through Neon Gold Records, while her first extended play The Crown Jewels EP followed on 1 June. That summer, she performed at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend, the Glastonbury Festival, and the Reading and Leeds Festivals. She also performed at iTunes Live, releasing a second EP in July 2009 of performances from that festival.In December 2009, <mask> was ranked in second place on the Sound of 2010 poll organized by BBC, behind Ellie Goulding; she was one of three nominees for the Critics' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards, which also went to Goulding. "Mowgli's Road" was released on 13 November 2009, with <mask> describing it as "uncommercial", but it received attention after its video was shared by bloggers including Perez Hilton and Kanye West. "Mowgli's Road" was followed by "Hollywood" on 1 February 2010, which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart, and was eventually certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). <mask>'s debut studio album The Family Jewels was released on 15 February 2010; it debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 27,618 copies, and was eventually certified gold by the BPI. A 2012 press release from Atlantic Records noted that the album had sold 300,000 copies. Atlantic Records signed <mask> to Chop Shop Records in the United States in March 2010. Through the label, she released her third extended play The American Jewels EP, and  The Family Jewels in the United States.The

masks: Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis


texts:
 latter project debuted at number 138 on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 4,000 copies, and on Billboards Top Heatseekers and Top Rock Albums charts, it peaked at numbers 2 and 49 respectively. Later in 2010, Diamandis released three more singles from the album: "I Am Not a Robot", "Oh No!" and "Shampain",  peaking at 26, 38 and 141 in the UK charts respectively. In October 2010, she won Best UK & Ireland Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards. To further promote The Family Jewels, <mask> embarked on The Family Jewels Tour, which visited Europe, North America and Australia throughout 2010 and 2011. In January 2011, in an Australian radio interview, she expressed disappointment at her career, particularly in her failure to attract an American audience. She put this down to inaction by her label and American listeners' contemporary taste for "pumping beats" by artists such as Lady Gaga.2012–2013: Electra Heart and international success

In summer 2011, <mask> and Swedish recording artist Robyn performed as the opening acts for American recording artist Katy Perry's California Dreams Tour. On 30 September, <mask> released the track "Radioactive" through the iTunes Store; it peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart. Her second studio album was preceded by its lead single "Primadonna" in April 2012; the song is notable for being <mask>'s highest-charting track on the UK Singles Chart, where it reached number 11. It is certified Silver by the BPI, gold in Austria and the United States, and platinum by the respective authorities in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand. The final product Electra Heart is a concept album lyrically united by the ideas

masks: Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis


texts: of "female identity" and "a recent breakup". <mask> created the titular character "Electra Heart" as a protagonist for the project; she portrays the personas "Teen Idle", "Primadonna", "Homewrecker", and "Housewife", which represent several female archetypes of stereotypical American culture. The project was released on 27 April 2012, and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 21,358 copies.It became <mask>'s first chart-topping album in the United Kingdom, although at the time it was additionally distinguished as the lowest-selling number-one record of the 21st century in the country. The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry and the Irish Recorded Music Association. Electra Heart debuted at 31 on the US Billboard 200 with 12,000 copies sold its first week, and as of May 2015  has sold 150,000 copies in that country. "Power & Control" and "How to Be a Heartbreaker" were subsequent single releases, with the latter missing the cut-off for initial inclusion on the record; however, it was featured in the revised track listing for the American version. The two songs were minor chart entries in the UK, and the latter was certified gold in the United States for sales over 500,000 copies. Throughout 2012, <mask> travelled for The Lonely Hearts Club Tour, her second headlining concert tour, and Mylo Xyloto Tour headlined by Coldplay, for which she served as an opening act. On 8 August 2013, she released a music video for the previously unreleased title track "Electra Heart"; it depicted the death of the character, and symbolically ended the promotional campaign for Electra Heart.2014–2016: Froot and

masks: Diamandis Diamandis Diamandis


texts:
 musical hiatus

After spending one month in New York City, <mask> announced in February 2013 that she had begun writing material for an upcoming third studio album. The single "Froot" was released on 10 October 2014, her 29th birthday, and announced as the title track. The album was announced to be released on 3 April 2015 with a new track from the album being announced each month. However, due to an Internet leak, the release was brought forward. Entirely produced by <mask> and David Kosten, the album was praised for its cohesive sound. Froot debuted at number 8 on the Billboard 200 chart, and is her highest-charting album in the United States. Froot peaked at 10 in the UK.In early 2015, it was announced that <mask> would perform at Lollapalooza Brazil, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and the Boston Calling Music Festival in March, April and May 2015 respectively. From October 2015 to the following October she embarked on the Neon Nature Tour across Europe and the Americas; each performance was split into three acts, one for each of her albums, with most songs coming from Froot. Her 4 November performance at the House of Blues in Boston was broadcast live by Yahoo. During a question-and-answer video, <mask> said that subsequent tours would be different, as her usual tours had been "a hard lifestyle". In April 2016, she said she would take a break from music after her tour. She returned to performing two months later, clarifying that she would rather work on a consistent basis than a cycle of touring and resting. 2017–2019: Stage name change and Love + Fear

In June 2016, <mask> told Fuse that she had begun writing new material for upcoming


texts: songs.In December 2016, electronic group Clean Bandit confirmed that "Disconnect", a song they had performed with <mask> at the 2015 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, would be released on their new album; it was released as a single in June 2017 and she performed it with them at Glastonbury. To mark a new stage in her career, <mask> announced via Twitter in 2018 that she would be dropping her "and the Diamonds" moniker to release music as simply  "<mask>", explaining that "It took me well over a year to figure out that a lot of my identity was tied up in who I was as an artist and there wasn't much left of who I was." In November 2018, a second collaboration with Clean Bandit and Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi, "Baby", was released, peaking at number 15 in the UK. On 11 December 2018, <mask> performed at the Royal Variety Performance alongside Clean Bandit with their song "Baby". On 31 January 2019, Diamandis teased the new album by posting a picture on her Instagram with the caption "8 Days". The day after, she revealed in an interview that the new album would come out sometime in early 2019. On 6 February 2019, it was revealed that the title of the lead single of the album would be "Handmade Heaven", which was subsequently released two days later.Her bipartite fourth studio album Love + Fear  was then released in two halves on 4 and 26 April 2019. On 29 April 2019, <mask> embarked on her Love + Fear Tour with six UK gigs, including sold-out dates in London and Manchester. In July 2019, she was scheduled to play a number of music festivals across Europe and the UK, before taking the tour to North America with 19 dates across the US and Canada

masks: Diamandis Diamandis Marina Diamandis Diamandis


texts:
 during September and October, followed by a second run of UK dates and a short European tour. She was featured on Gryffin's song (also featuring Model Child) If I Left the World, released on 23 October 2019, along with a solo version of her only. 2020–present: Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land

On 16 January 2020, <mask> posted two photos on Instagram with the caption "Writing songs in Paris". On 24 January 2020, she posted a photo on Instagram with the caption "Album 5". On 7 February 2020, <mask> released "About Love" from the soundtrack for the movie To All the Boys: P.S.I Still Love You. On 14 February 2020, she announced her upcoming April tour, The Inbetweenie Tour. However, on 16 March 2020, she announced that this tour would be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 March 2020, she posted a snippet of a new song named "Man's World" on her Instagram story. The song was released on 18 November 2020. The single debuted at number 99 on the Official UK Singles Sales Chart and at number 96 on the Official UK Singles Download Chart, respectively, after two days release. On 12 April 2021, Diamandis announced a new single, "Purge the Poison", alongside a website and a mailing list to accompany it.Later that day, her web team accidentally uploaded the music video onto YouTube, resulting in an early leak of the song and music video. <mask> released the single cover and release date soon after, possibly as a result of the early leak. Ancient Dreams in a Modern Land was released on 11 June 2021. The album was well received by critics. The album's fifth single, "Happy Loner", was released on 3 December 2021, to coincide with the deluxe version of the


texts:
 album. On October 1, 2021, <mask> announced on Instagram that she started working on her sixth studio album. Artistry

Musical style and influences

Diamandis has a musical style consisting of indie pop, art pop, electropop, synth-pop, experimental pop, bubblegum pop, and disco-pop.She is known for her mezzo-soprano vocal abilities. As a child, she would take inspiration from the differing musical tastes of her parents – Dolly Parton, Enya and George Michael from her mother, and Haris Alexiou from her father – while also admiring pop acts of the era including the Spice Girls, Britney Spears and S Club 7. Diamandis has said that "Madonna was the reason I wanted to be a pop star from the age of 15"; however she also stated that she did not listen to music "properly" until the age of 19, when she took influence from acts including PJ Harvey, Fiona Apple and The Distillers. She began smoking two years later in an attempt to sound like The Distillers' frontwoman Brody Dalle, "but it never worked, and now I'm just stuck with a bad habit." She has cited Dalle and Spears as her musical influences, and has expressed a particular interest in Daniel Johnston and the lo-fi production he uses. She has jokingly stated that "I probably have a bit of a different sound because I don't really know what I'm doing! ", referencing her lack of formal musical training.Diamandis has synesthesia, and as a result associates particular colours with musical notes and days of the week. A self-described "DIY musician" and "indie artist with pop goals", Diamandis considers her music to be "alternate pop". Paul Lester wrote in 2008 that Diamandis's musical direction was "hard to


texts: fathom", given the frequency with which she alternated "simple keyboards-based ballads" and "quirky new wave-inflected numbers". Whereas The Family Jewels incorporated prominent elements of new wave music, Electra Heart was heavily inspired by electropop musical styles. Diamandis opined that the United States was more welcoming of said musical transition than the United Kingdom, and suggested that the American audience embraced the humour behind the latter "tongue-in-cheek record". Froot is a pop record, with elements of europop and pop rock. At the start of her career, Diamandis was compared to other British female singer-songwriters, with Paul Lester from The Guardian writing that she had a "zeitgeist-y female essence", although she took exception at such comparisons and said that all she shared with Kate Nash was "a vagina and a keyboard".During the Electra Heart era, she called comparisons to Lady Gaga, Katy Perry and Lana Del Rey "really annoying", preferring to be classed as herself. Her vocals have been compared to those of Karen O, Regina Spektor, Kate Bush, Florence Welch, Britney Spears, and Siouxsie Sioux, with an androgynous timbre akin to those of Annie Lennox and Heather Small. When reviewing The Family Jewels, Joe Copplestone from PopMatters noted that <mask>'s vocal delivery occasionally overpowers the "inventive" melodies showcased in her songs. <mask>'s lyrical content typically analyses components of human behaviour; she has noted that she would have become a psychologist had she been unsuccessful in the music industry. The song "Savages", from Froot, reflects on humanity's proneness to violent acts. Rory Cashin of Slate lauded

masks: Diamandis Diamandis


texts:
 Diamandis's lyrics as "esoteric", likening her to an "emotionally intelligent outsider who knew how to perfectly articulate those weird thoughts and reactions we all have but would never admit to." Laurence Day of The Line of Best Fit considered Froot to be "an anthology of astute nihilistic, existentialist discussions".Public image and personal life

Diamandis has identified Sophia Loren, Leigh Lezark, Shirley Manson and Gwen Stefani as her fashion icons, and Asli Polat and Mary Benson as among her favourite designers. As part of Selfridges' "Sound of Music", <mask> and Paloma Faith designed their own window display for the London Oxford Street branch in May 2010, and additionally appeared as "live mannequins" for the display. In November, Diamandis was featured on the website for the British edition of Vogue, where she contributed to the "Today I'm Wearing" column that month. In February 2011, she became a brand ambassador for Max Factor. In 2013, she launched a fashion brand named 11 Diamonds and designed a line of T-shirts for it, but has had little involvement with it since. According to Emily Jupp of The Independent, despite various changes in musical direction, an "unconventional fashion sense" has been a constant in Diamandis's career. In the video to "How to be a Heartbreaker", she "subverts the norm" by wearing more clothes than male models in the background; she reflected that "I don't think it suits me to wear very little clothing, it just wouldn't feel right.I'd rather people listen to what I have to say instead of staring at my bum." In 2011, when promoting The Family Jewels, Diamandis described her fashion styles as "vintage,