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 delivering non-lethal assistance to so-called rebels opposed to the Assad government and humanitarian groups working in Syria. During mid-2012, <mask> formed a plan with CIA Director David Petraeus to further strengthen the opposition by arming and training vetted groups of Syrian rebels. The proposal was rejected by White House officials who were reluctant to become entangled in the conflict, fearing that extremists hidden among the rebels might turn the weapons against other targets. In December 2012, <mask> was hospitalized for a few days for treatment of a blood clot in her right transverse venous sinus. Her doctors had discovered the clot during a follow-up examination for a concussion she had sustained when she fainted and fell nearly three weeks earlier, as a result of severe dehydration from a viral intestinal ailment acquired during a trip to Europe. The clot, which caused no immediate neurological injury, was treated with anticoagulant medication, and her doctors have said she has made a full recovery.Overall themes

Throughout her time in office (and mentioned in her final speech concluding it), <mask> viewed "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values. In a world of varied threats, weakened central governments and increasingly important nongovernmental entities, smart power combined military hard power with diplomacy and U.S. soft power capacities in global economics, development aid, technology, creativity and human rights advocacy. As such, she became the first secretary of state to methodically implement the smart power approach. In debates over use of military force, she was generally one of the more hawkish voices in the administration. In August 2011 she hailed the ongoing multinational military intervention in Libya and the initial U.S.

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texts: response towards the Syrian Civil War as examples of smart power in action. <mask> greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, to get its message out and to help empower citizens of foreign countries vis-à-vis their governments. And in the Mideast turmoil, <mask> particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.Moreover, in a formulation that became known as the "<mask> Doctrine", she viewed women's rights as critical for U.S. security interests, due to a link between the level of violence against women and gender inequality within a state, and the instability and challenge to international security of that state. In turn, there was a trend of women around the world finding more opportunities, and in some cases feeling safer, as the result of her actions and visibility. <mask> visited 112 countries during her tenure, making her the most widely traveled secretary of state (Time magazine wrote that "<mask>'s endurance is legendary".) The first secretary of state to visit countries like Togo and East Timor, she believed that in-person visits were more important than ever in the virtual age. As early as March 2011, she indicated she was not interested in serving a second term as secretary of state should Obama be re-elected in 2012; in December 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated Senator John Kerry to be <mask>'s successor. Her last day as secretary of state was February 1, 2013. Upon her departure, analysts commented that <mask>'s tenure did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as some other secretaries of state had accomplished, and highlighted her focus on goals she thought were less tangible but would have more lasting

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 effect.She has also been criticized for accepting millions in dollars in donations from foreign governments to the Clinton Foundation during her tenure as Secretary of State. Benghazi attack and subsequent hearings

On September 11, 2012, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, was attacked, resulting in the deaths of the U.S. Ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans. The attack, questions surrounding the security of the U.S. consulate, and the varying explanations given afterward by administration officials for what had happened became politically controversial in the U.S. On October 15, <mask> took responsibility for the question of security lapses saying the differing explanations were due to the inevitable fog of war confusion after such events. On December 19, a panel led by Thomas R. Pickering and Michael Mullen issued its report on the matter. It was sharply critical of State Department officials in Washington for ignoring requests for more guards and safety upgrades and for failing to adapt security procedures to a deteriorating security environment. It focused its criticism on the department's Bureau of Diplomatic Security and Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs; four State Department officials at the assistant secretary level and below were removed from their posts as a consequence.<mask> said she accepted the conclusions of the report and that changes were underway to implement its suggested recommendations. <mask> gave testimony to two congressional foreign affairs committees on January 23, 2013, regarding the Benghazi attack. She defended her actions in response to the incident, and while still accepting formal responsibility, said she had had no direct role in specific discussions beforehand regarding consulate security. Congressional Republicans


texts: challenged her on several points, to which she responded. In particular, after persistent questioning about whether or not the administration had issued inaccurate "talking points" after the attack, <mask> responded with the much-quoted rejoinder, "With all due respect, the fact is we had four dead Americans. Was it because of a protest or was it because of guys out for a walk one night who decided that they'd they go kill some Americans? What difference at this point does it make?It is our job to figure out what happened and do everything we can to prevent it from ever happening again, Senator." In November 2014, the House Intelligence Committee issued a report that concluded there had been no wrongdoing in the administration's response to the attack. The House Select Committee on Benghazi was created in May 2014 and conducted a two-year investigation related to the 2012 attack. Its actions were often seen through the prism of domestic politics. This was especially the case in September 2015, when House majority leader Kevin McCarthy credited the Benghazi hearings with lowering <mask>'s poll numbers, thereby contradicting the Republicans' previous talking points on the investigation. On October 22, 2015, <mask> testified at an all-day and nighttime session before the committee. The hearing included many heated exchanges between committee members and <mask> and among the committee members themselves.<mask> was widely seen as emerging largely unscathed from the hearing, because of what the media perceived as a calm and unfazed demeanor and a lengthy, meandering, repetitive line of questioning from the committee. The committee issued competing final reports in June 2016 that broke along partisan lines. The Republican report offered some new details about the attack but no new evidence of

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 culpability by <mask>. Email controversy

A controversy arose in March 2015, when the State Department's inspector general revealed that <mask> had used personal email accounts on a non-government, privately maintained server exclusively—instead of email accounts maintained on federal government servers—when conducting official business during her tenure as secretary of state. Some experts, officials, members of Congress and political opponents contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures, and federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping requirements. The controversy occurred against the backdrop of <mask>'s 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi. In a joint statement released on July 15, 2015, the inspector general of the State Department and the inspector general of the intelligence community said their review of the emails found information that was classified when sent, remained so at the time of their inspection and "never should have been transmitted via an unclassified personal system".They also stated unequivocally this classified information should never have been stored outside of secure government computer systems. <mask> had said over a period of months that she kept no classified information on the private server that she set up in her house. Government policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agreement signed by <mask> as part of gaining her security clearance, is that sensitive information can be considered as classified even if not marked as such. After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into the so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified


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 information was handled on the <mask> server. The New York Times reported in February 2016 that nearly 2,100 emails stored on <mask>'s server were retroactively marked classified by the State Department. Additionally, the intelligence community's inspector general wrote Congress to say that some of the emails "contained classified State Department information when originated". In May 2016, the inspector general of the State Department criticized her use of a private email server while secretary of state, stating that she had not requested permission for this and would not have received it if she had asked.<mask> maintained she did not send or receive any emails from her personal server that were confidential at the time they were sent. In a Democratic debate with Bernie Sanders on February 4, 2016, <mask> said, "I never sent or received any classified material—they are retroactively classifying it." On July 2, 2016, <mask> stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified." On July 5, 2016, the FBI concluded its investigation. In a statement, FBI director James Comey said:

110 e-mails in 52 e-mail chains have been determined by the owning agency to contain classified information at the time they were sent or received. Eight of those chains contained information that was Top Secret at the time they were sent; 36 chains contained Secret information at the time; and eight contained Confidential information, which is the lowest level of classification. Separate from those, about 2,000 additional e-mails were "up-classified" to make them Confidential; the information in those had not been classified at the time the e-mails were sent.Out of 30,000, three emails were found to be marked as classified, although they


texts: lacked classified headers and were marked only with a small "c" in parentheses, described as "portion markings" by Comey. He also said it was possible <mask> was not "technically sophisticated" enough to understand what the three classified markings meant. The probe found <mask> used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. Comey acknowledged that it was "possible that hostile actors gained access to Secretary <mask>'s personal email account". He added that "[although] we did not find clear evidence that Secretary <mask> or her colleagues intended to violate laws governing the handling of classified information, there is evidence that they were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information". Nevertheless, Comey asserted that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring criminal charges in this case, despite the existence of "potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information". The FBI recommended that the Justice Department decline to prosecute.On July 6, 2016, U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch—who had met privately with <mask> on June 27—confirmed that the probe into <mask>'s use of private email servers would be closed without criminal charges. On October 28, 2016, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had begun looking into newly discovered <mask> emails. Law enforcement officials said that while investigating allegedly illicit text messages from Anthony Weiner, husband of <mask> aide Huma Abedin, to a 15-year-old girl in North Carolina, they discovered emails related to <mask>'s private server on a laptop computer belonging to Weiner. On November 6, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not

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 changed the conclusion it had reached in July. The notification was later cited by <mask> as a factor in her loss in the 2016 presidential election. The emails controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election. In September 2019, the State Department finished its internal review into 33,000 emails that <mask> had turned over.The investigation that began in 2016 found 588 violations of security procedures and found that <mask>'s use of a personal email server increased the risk of compromising State Department information. In 91 cases, the culpability of sending classified information could be attributed to 38 people, but the review concluded there was "no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information". Clinton Foundation, Hard Choices, and speeches

When <mask> left the State Department, she returned to private life for the first time in thirty years. She and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation in 2013. There she focused on early childhood development efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enrollment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard. In 2014, <mask> published a second memoir, Hard Choices, which focused on her time as secretary of state. , the book has sold about 280,000 copies.<mask> also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the Beijing conference in 1995; its March 2015 report said that while "There has never been a better time in history to be born a woman ...

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 this data shows just how far we still have to go." The foundation began accepting new donations from foreign governments, which it had stopped doing while she was secretary of state. However, even though the Clinton Foundation had stopped taking donations from foreign governments, they continued to take large donations from foreign citizens who were sometimes linked to their governments. She began work on another volume of memoirs and made appearances on the paid speaking circuit. There she received $200,000–225,000 per engagement, often appearing before Wall Street firms or at business conventions. She also made some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation. For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, <mask> earned over $11 million from her speeches.For the overall period 2007–14, the <mask>s earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million in federal and state taxes and donated about $15 million to charity. , she was estimated to be worth over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband. <mask> resigned from the board of the foundation in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign. The foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six Western nations only. 2016 presidential campaign

On April 12, 2015, <mask> formally announced her candidacy for the presidency in the 2016 election. She had a campaign-in-waiting already in place, including a large donor network, experienced operatives and the Ready for Hillary and Priorities USA Action political action committees and other infrastructure. Prior to her campaign, <mask> had claimed in an interview on NDTV in May 2012 that she would not seek the presidency again, but later wrote in her 2014 autobiography Hard Choices that she had not decided.The campaign's headquarters were


texts: established in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Her campaign focused on: raising middle class incomes, establishing universal preschool, making college more affordable and improving the Affordable Care Act. Initially considered a prohibitive favorite to win the Democratic nomination, <mask> faced an unexpectedly strong challenge from democratic socialist Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont. His longtime stance against the influence of corporations and the wealthy in American politics resonated with a dissatisfied citizenry troubled by the effects of income inequality in the U.S. and contrasted with <mask>'s Wall Street ties. In the initial contest of the primaries season, <mask> only very narrowly won the Iowa Democratic caucuses, held February 1, over an increasingly popular Sanders — the first woman to win them. In the first primary, held in New Hampshire on February 9, she lost to Sanders by a wide margin. Sanders was an increasing threat in the next contest, the Nevada caucuses on February 20, but <mask> managed a five-percentage-point win, aided by final-days campaigning among casino workers.<mask> followed that with a lopsided victory in the South Carolina primary on February 27. These two victories stabilized her campaign and showed an avoidance of the management turmoil that harmed her 2008 effort. On March 1 Super Tuesday, <mask> won seven of eleven contests, including a string of dominating victories across the South buoyed, as in South Carolina, by African-American voters. She opened up a significant lead in pledged delegates over Sanders. She maintained this delegate lead across subsequent contests during the primary season, with a consistent pattern throughout. Sanders did better among younger, whiter, more rural and more liberal voters and states that held caucuses or


texts: where eligibility was open to independents. <mask> did better among older, black and Hispanic voter populations, and in states that held primaries or where eligibility was restricted to registered Democrats.By June 5, 2016, she had earned enough pledged delegates and supportive superdelegates for the media to consider her the presumptive nominee. On June 7, after winning most of the states in the final major round of primaries, <mask> held a victory rally in Brooklyn becoming the first woman to claim the status of presumptive nominee for a major American political party. By campaign's end, <mask> had won 2,219 pledged delegates to Sanders' 1,832; with an estimated 594 superdelegates compared to Sanders' 47. She received almost 17 million votes during the nominating process, as opposed to Sanders' 13 million. <mask> was formally nominated at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party. Her choice of vice presidential running mate, Senator Tim Kaine, was nominated by the convention the following day. Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, Libertarian Gary Johnson and Jill Stein of the Green Party.Around the time of the convention, WikiLeaks released emails that suggested the DNC and the <mask> campaign tilted the primary in <mask>'s favor. <mask> held a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Trump and <mask> were tied in major polls following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her emails. FBI Director James Comey concluded <mask> had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material. In late July, Trump gained his first lead over <mask> in major polls

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texts: following a three to four percentage point convention bounce at the Republican National Convention. This was in line with the average bounce in conventions since 2004, although it was toward the low side by historical standards. Following <mask>'s seven percentage point convention bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls at the start of August.In fall 2016, <mask> and Tim Kaine published Stronger Together, which outlined their vision for the United States. <mask> was defeated by Donald Trump in the November 8, 2016, presidential election. By the early morning hours of November 9, Trump had received 279 projected electoral college votes, with 270 needed to win; media sources proclaimed him the winner. <mask> then phoned Trump to concede and to congratulate him on his victory, whereupon Trump gave his victory speech. The next morning <mask> made a public concession speech in which she acknowledged the pain of her loss, but called on her supporters to accept Trump as their next president, saying: "We owe him an open mind and a chance to lead." Though <mask> lost the election by capturing only 232 electoral votes to Trump's 306, she won the popular vote by more than 2.8 million votes, or 2.1% of the voter base. She is the fifth presidential candidate in U.S. history to win the popular vote but lose the election.She won the most votes of any candidate who did not take office and the third-most votes of any candidate in history, though she did not have the greatest percentage win of a losing candidate. (Andrew Jackson won the popular vote by 10.4% but lost to John Quincy Adams). On December 19, 2016, when electors formally voted, <mask> lost five of her initial 232 votes due to faithless electors, with three of her Washington votes being

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 cast instead for Colin Powell, one being cast for Faith Spotted Eagle, and one in Hawaii being cast for Bernie Sanders. Post-2016 election activities

In their respective roles as a former president and a former first lady, Bill and <mask> attended the inauguration of Donald Trump with their daughter, Chelsea. The morning of the inauguration <mask> wrote on her Twitter account, "I'm here today to honor our democracy & its enduring values, I will never stop believing in our country & its future." In October 2017, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate from Swansea University, whose College of Law was renamed the Hillary Rodham <mask> School of Law in her honor. In October 2018, <mask> and <mask> announced plans for a 13-city speaking tour in various cities in the United States and Canada between November 2018 and May 2019.<mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in law (LLD) at Queen's University Belfast on October 10, 2018, after giving a speech on Northern Ireland and the impacts of Brexit at Whitla Hall, Belfast. In June 2018, Trinity College Dublin awarded her with an honorary doctorate (LLD). In September 2021 she was awarded an honorary doctorate of civil law by the University of Oxford. A package that contained a pipe bomb was sent to <mask>'s home in Washington, D.C., on October 24, 2018. It was intercepted by the Secret Service. Similar packages were sent to several other Democratic leaders and to CNN. Political actions
<mask> delivered a St. Patrick's Day speech in Scranton, Pennsylvania, on March 17, 2017.In it, alluding to reports that she had being seen taking walks in the woods around Chappaqua following her loss in the presidential election, <mask> indicated her readiness to emerge from "the woods" and become politically active again. However, the following month she

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 confirmed she would not seek public office again. She reiterated her comments in March 2019 and stated she would not run for president in 2020. In May 2017, <mask> announced the formation of Onward Together, a new political action committee that she wrote is "dedicated to advancing the progressive vision that earned nearly 66 million votes in the last election". During 2017, she spoke out on a number of occasions against Republican plans to repeal the Affordable Care Act and replace it with the American Health Care Act, which she called "a disastrous bill" and a "shameful failure of policy & morality by GOP". In response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack, <mask> said the U.S. should take out Bashar al-Assad's airfields and thereby "prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them". On April 28, 2020, <mask> endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, for president in the 2020 election and she addressed the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August.On October 28, 2020, <mask> announced that she was on the 2020 Democratic slate of electors for the state of New York. After Biden and Kamala Harris won New York State, thereby electing the Democratic elector slate, <mask> and her husband served as members of the 2020 United States Electoral College and cast the first of the state's electoral votes for Biden and Harris. Comments on President Trump
On May 2, 2017, <mask> said Trump's use of Twitter "doesn't work" when pursuing important negotiations. "Kim Jong Un ... [is] always interested in trying to get Americans to come to negotiate to elevate their status and their position". Negotiations with North Korea should not take place without "a broader strategic framework to try to get China, Japan, Russia, South


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 Korea, to put the kind of pressure on the regime that will finally bring them to the negotiating table with some kind of realistic prospect for change." While delivering the commencement speech at her alma mater Wellesley College on May 26, <mask> asserted President Trump's 2018 budget proposal was "a con" for underfunding domestic programs. On June 1, when President Trump announced the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement, <mask> tweeted that it was a "historic mistake".On September 29, 2019, in an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning, <mask> described Trump as a "threat" to the country's standing in the world; an "illegitimate president", despite having won the election; and a "corrupt human tornado". Comments on politics during the Biden administration

In March 2021, <mask> voiced her support for the United States Senate to abolish the Senate filibuster if it proves necessary to do so in order to pass voting rights legislation. <mask> called the Senate filibuster "another Jim Crow relic". Writing career

<mask>'s third memoir, What Happened, an account of her loss in the 2016 election, was released on September 12, 2017. A book tour and a series of interviews and personal appearances were arranged for the launch. What Happened sold 300,000 copies in its first week, less than her 2003 memoir, Living History, but triple the first-week sales of her previous memoir, 2014's Hard Choices. Simon & Schuster announced that What Happened had sold more e-books in its first-week than any nonfiction e-book since 2010.As of December 10, 2017, the book had sold 448,947 hardcover copies. An announcement was made in February 2017 that efforts were under way to render her 1996 book It Takes a Village as a picture book. Marla Frazee, a two-time winner of the Caldecott Medal, was announced


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 as the illustrator. <mask> had worked on it with Frazee during her 2016 presidential election campaign. The result was published on the same day of publication as What Happened. The book is aimed at preschool-aged children, although a few messages are more likely better understood by adults. In October 2019, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience, a book <mask> co-wrote with her daughter Chelsea, was published.In February 2021, <mask> announced that she was co-writing her first fiction book with Louise Penny. The book, a political mystery thriller, is titled State of Terror and was released in October 2021. <mask> has also written occasional op-eds in the years since her 2016 election defeat. In September 2018, The Atlantic published an article written by <mask> titled "American Democracy Is In Crisis". In April 2019, The Washington Post published an op-ed by <mask> calling for congress to be, "deliberate, fair, and fearless" in responding to the Mueller Report. In their November/December 2020 issue, Foreign Affairs published a piece by <mask> titled "A National Security Reckoning". On January 11, 2021, following the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol, an op-ed by <mask> titled "Trump should be impeached.But that alone won’t remove white supremacy from America." was published in The Washington Post. In July 2021, Democracy Docket published an op-ed by <mask> on Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election. Media ventures
<mask> collaborated with director Nanette Burstein on the documentary film <mask>, which was released on Hulu in March 2020. On September 29, 2020, <mask> launched an interview podcast in collaboration with iHeartRadio titled You and Me Both. <mask> is slated to be an executive producer of a

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 drama series about the fight for women's suffrage in the United States titled The Woman's Hour. The series, based upon Elaine Weiss' book of the same name, will air on The CW.Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast
On January 2, 2020, it was announced that <mask> would take up the position of Chancellor at Queen's University Belfast. <mask> became the 11th and first female chancellor of the university, filling the position that had been vacant since 2018 after the death of her predecessor, Thomas J. Moran. Commenting on taking up the position, she said that "the university is making waves internationally for its research and impact and I am proud to be an ambassador and help grow its reputation for excellence". Queen's Pro-Chancellor Stephen Prenter said that <mask> on her appointment "will be an incredible advocate for Queen's" who can act as an "inspirational role model". However, her inauguration was protested by some students. Political positions

Using her Senate votes, several organizations have attempted to measure <mask>'s place on the political spectrum scientifically. National Journals 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned <mask> a rating of 30 on the political spectrum, relative to the Senate at the time, with a rating of1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.National Journals subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007. A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D<mask> of Princeton University and Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her likely to be the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal senator. The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating,

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texts: in three areas: Economic, Social and Foreign. Averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Total average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative. According to FiveThirtyEights measure of political ideology, "<mask> was one of the most liberal members during her time in the Senate." Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of <mask> after she reentered elective politics in 2015.Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances. Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative). In March 2016, <mask> laid out a detailed economic plan, which The New York Times called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, <mask> proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas. <mask> currently opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), though previously


texts: described it as "the gold standard" of trade deals. She supports the U.S. Export-Import Bank and holds that "any trade deal has to produce jobs and raise wages and increase prosperity and protect our security". As senator (2001–2009), her record on trade was mixed; she voted in favor of some trade agreements but not others.Given the climate of unlimited campaign contributions following the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision, <mask> called for a constitutional amendment to limit "unaccountable money" in politics. In July 2016, she "committed" to introducing a U.S. constitutional amendment that would result in overturning the 2010 Citizens United decision. On December 7, 2015, <mask> presented her detailed plans for regulating Wall Street financial activities in the New York Times. Accepting the scientific consensus on climate change, <mask> supports cap-and-trade, and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline. She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. <mask> has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool. These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge".<mask> supported the Affordable Care Act and would have added a "public option" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare. On LGBT rights, she supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has changed throughout her political career. In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated


texts: her opposition to same-sex marriage, although expressed her support of civil unions. 2013 marked the first time that <mask> expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage. In 2000, she was the first spouse of a US president to march in an LGBT pride parade.In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper (Philadelphia Gay News). <mask> held that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "s at its heart a family issue", and expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States. However, in 2014, <mask> stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back." She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States. Expressing support for Common Core she said, "The really unfortunate argument that's been going on around Common Core, it's very painful because the Common Core started off as a bipartisan effort. It was actually nonpartisan. It wasn't politicized ... Iowa has had a testing system based on a core curriculum for a really long time.And  you see the value of it, you understand why that helps you organize your whole education system. And a lot of states unfortunately haven't had that and so don't understand the value of a core, in this sense a Common Core." On foreign affairs, <mask> voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in October 2002, a vote she later "regretted". She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. She supported the NATO bombing

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 of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. <mask> is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East. She has told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival."<mask> expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War and 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. In a 2017 interview, after a poison gas attack in Syria, <mask> said that she had favored more aggressive action against Bashar al-Assad: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them." In 2000, <mask> advocated for the elimination of the electoral college. She promised to co-sponsor legislation that would abolish it, resulting in the direct election of the president. She reiterated her position against the Electoral College as she cast her vote as an elector in the electoral college for Joe Biden in 2020. Religious views
<mask> has been a lifelong Methodist, and has been part of United Methodist Church congregations throughout her life.She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning. Professor Paul Kengor, author of God and <mask>: A Spiritual Life, has suggested that <mask>'s political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maxim often attributed to John Wesley: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can." Cultural and political image

Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about <mask>. A 2006 survey by the New York Observer found "a

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texts: virtual cottage industry" of "anti-<mask> literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, <mask>'s Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House and Can She Be Stopped? : <mask> Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ... Books praising <mask> did not sell nearly as well (other than her memoirs and those of her husband).When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham <mask> sprang up to oppose her. Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich. <mask> has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of The New York Times characterized <mask> as a Rorschach test, an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of <mask> is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society." She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on Saturday Night Live, beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers. Jonathan Mann wrote songs about her including "The Hillary Shimmy Song", which went viral.She has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure, though some argue otherwise. In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate

masks:
Clinton
Hillary
Hillary Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Clinton


texts:
 Her". Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: <mask>". Following <mask>'s "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse. Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between <mask> and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though <mask> <mask> has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics". Once she became secretary of state, <mask>'s image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure. Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more.By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever. In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed." Electoral history

2000 Senate election

2006 Senate election

2008 presidential election

2016 presidential election

Books and recordings

 It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996).<mask> received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998)
 An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000)
 Living History (Simon & Schuster, 2003). The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,

masks:
Hillary
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Rodham
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton


texts:
 went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication, and was translated into twelve foreign languages. Hard Choices (2014). The book has sold about 280,000 copies.With Tim Kaine, Stronger Together (2016)
 What Happened (Simon & Schuster, 2017, in print, e-book, and audio read by the author)
 With <mask>, The Book of Gutsy Women: Favorite Stories of Courage and Resilience (Simon & Schuster, 2019, in print, e-book, and audio)
 With Louise Penny, State of Terror is set to release on October 12, 2021, and be published by Simon & Schuster & St. Martin's


texts:
<mask> (), born 4 August 1952, Bohodukhiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is a Russian philosopher, educator and expert in the field of organization and management science. Biography
Chernyshev was born into a military family and attended school in Akhtubinsk. After graduating from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in (1976), he worked as a management scientist at research centers and think tanks under the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology and the State Committee for Construction. From 1980 to 1987, he was an aide and academic advisor to the Chairman of the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR. Between 1983 and 1987,  Chernyshev co-authored a series of classified papers for the then Soviet leadership, in an attempt to develop a reformist ideology and a strategy of change to address the challenges facing the country. These papers were considered at over 100 meetings with leading figures in the Party and  the Government. In 1989, they were published (after being declassified) as a book, «After Communism» under the pseudonym «S.Platonov».Between 1985 and 1991, <mask> was a founding member of “Project Space Shield”, which aimed to draw up a political and economic framework for a space-based anti-ballistic missile system to be developed, built and deployed jointly by the US and USSR. The project was initiated from meetings with  executives of the «Heritage Foundation», a think tank closely associated with the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1987, Chernyshev co-founded the «Cultural Initiative Foundation», a body jointly established by the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Peace Foundation, and the Soros Foundation, NY. For its first three years, Chernyshev led the organization as Executive Secretary of the Board. The foundation operated as an impact investing fund, supporting socially beneficial projects selected by competition. In the same year, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established a  new research center, under the umbrella of the Scientific Research Institute for External Economic Relations, with the

masks:
Sergei Chernyshev
Chernyshev


texts: aim of further advancing the reformist ideas put forward in After Communism. In 1988 and 1989 this center, in collaboration with the Cultural Initiative Foundation, initiated and coordinated a major international program known as “The Open Sector in the Soviet Economy”.An international committee comprising experts from 16 countries was set up under the patronage of Council of Ministers chairman Nikolai Ryzhkov. Six different task forces brought together over 60 top officials from government ministries and agencies, as well as leading economists, lawyers and sociologists. The objective was to create and establish a system of inter-currency exchanges, locked into special economic zones built around economic growth poles, to facilitate modernization of the Soviet economic system and its evolutionary integration into the global economy. From 1989 to 1993, Chernyshev was President of Humanus, a think tank. In 1990, Chernyshev's work New Milestones (Новые Вехи) was published under his own name for the first time, in issue #1 for that year of the journal “Znamya”. Since 1991, he has been on the Board of the Foreign Policy Association, whose President is Soviet diplomat and former Foreign Minister <mask>kh. From 1993 to 1994, he was on the Academic Board of Intercenter, a British-Russian interdisciplinary center for the social sciences.In 1993, Chernyshev published the book Meaning: A Periodic System of its Elements. Between 1992 and 1995, Chernyshev conceived, compiled and edited a four-volume collection of essays, The Other "(‘Tertium Datur’). Readings on the  New Russian Public Identity". 1996-2006:  Professor and Head of the Institute for Corporate Entrepreneurship at  State University – Higher School of Economics. In 1996, together with Yaroslav Kuzminov and Gleb Pavlovsky, Chernyshev founded the Russian Institute. He has been CEO of the Institute since its inception. In 1997, the Russian Institute launched the Russian Journal, a daily online bulletin about culture, politics and society - the first of its kind in Russia.The Institute went on to deliver a number of


texts:
 other online and offline projects. The Russian Journal team subsequently launched a series of popular online resources including lenta.ru, gazeta.ru and strana.ru. 1997-1998:  Advisor to First Deputy Chairman, MDM Bank; participated in the Financial Institutions Development Project (FIDP) of the World Bank and the EBRD. 1997-2000: Founding member of the non-governmental Millennium Committee, which later evolved into the Russian National Millennium Committee. 1999-2006: Conceived and co-founded the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship, a non-profit partnership, serving as its CEO. In the summer of 2001 Chernyshev was an initiator, and an organizing committee and working group member, of the Civic Forum of Russia. From 2005 to 2011, Chernyshev became co-founder and chairman of the Advisory Board of Management Consulting Company No.1. From 2006 to 2008, <mask> was a partner in the ROEL Group management consultancy. In 2008, he directed a research project to analyze the efficiency of government property management in the industrial and energy sectors, commissioned by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2008 to 2010, he was an independent director of the IPF-AGRO management company. From 2009 to 2014, Chernyshev was on the Board of the Russian Association for International Co-operation (RAMS). From 2010 to 2014, he accepted a position on the Public Council of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation. From 2012 to 2015, he became Director of the Center for Corporate Entrepreneurship at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT).Since 2012, he has been Head of Research at the Laboratory of Institutional Project Engineering. Since 2013, he has been coordinator of the Working Group on Impact Investing. Since 2016, he has been on the Government Expert Council (Russia). Since 2016, he is part of the team of international blockchain platform EGaaS. He is the author of eight books (three of them co-authored) and over 170 articles

Higher School of Economics
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
1952 births
Living


texts:
<mask> (September 4, 1892 – January 12, 1979), known as <mask>, was an American producer
and narrator of "short subject" films. A native of New York City, <mask> began working as a publicist at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer during the 1920s. He later became involved with movie making. He is best known for his series of short movies, the <mask> Specialties, which were produced from the 1930s to the 1950s. <mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him two Best Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. In 1953, he was awarded an Academy Honorary Award for his short subjects. <mask>'s later years were spent in a Santa Monica convalescent home due to ill health.In January 1979, <mask> jumped to his death from the roof of the home. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New York City. He began his career as an aide for a vaudeville performers union. <mask> then worked as an editor and critic for a trade magazine before becoming a press agent. By 1915 he was doing movie publicity for Bosworth, Inc., followed by the Oliver Morosco Photoplay Co., Artcraft Pictures Corporation, and Famous Players-Lasky. He was one of the founding members of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers. During 1925, <mask> was hired as the manager of publicity for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by Louis B. Mayer.He was later recruited to overdub the actions of trained dogs for the studio's Dogville Comedies. <mask> would later narrate the studio's sports newsreels; he would embellish the action by running certain scenes in reverse, or adding his own commentary. <mask> Specialties
Both MGM and the movie-going public learned of <mask>'s flair for comedy, and he was given his own series, <mask> Specialties; he produced and narrated 150 short movie subjects for MGM from the 1930s to 1955. His distinctive tenor voice and nasal tone were very recognizable and a

masks:
Peter Schmidt
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Smith
Pete Smith


texts: trademark of the series. Most of <mask>'s movies were comedy documentaries, typically one reel (9 to 11 minutes long). Short-movie subjects in this era were part of the studios' exhibition packages, along with serials, animated cartoons, newsreels, travel documentaries, etc. Among the diverse topics <mask> featured by his short movies were Emily Post-style household hints, insect life seen through a microscope, military training and hardware (during World War II), and dancing lessons.There were even several "series-within-the-series", such as general-knowledge quizzes, professional-football news (in the days before widespread television), quirky features concerning different kinds of animals (for example, Donkey Baseball and Social Sea Lions), and "Goofy Movies" (playing antique silent dramas humorously). <mask> narrated a patriotic short movie for the U.S. Government, The Tree In a Test Tube (1943), filmed in color, featuring Laurel and Hardy in a demonstration of household wood products, with <mask> explaining the various exhibits for the viewer. During the 1940s, movie stuntman and actor Dave O'Brien became the primary actor of Pete Smith Specialties. The hapless O'Brien would personify everyday nuisances: dealing with pests at the movies, demonstrating pet peeves, tackling hazardous home-improvement projects, and other problems with which the audience could identify. O'Brien's scenes were silent, compelling O'Brien to express his satisfaction or frustration entirely in visual terms as narrator <mask> offered commentary. O'Brien knew the format so well that he also directed many of the short movies, using the name "David Barclay." He staged many of the sight gags himself, taking stupendous pratfalls for the camera.<mask> produced and narrated more than 150 short movies which earned him fourteen Academy Award nominations and two Best

masks: Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith Smith


texts:
 Live Action Short Film Academy Awards. At the 26th Academy Awards, <mask> was awarded an Academy Honorary Award "for his witty and pungent observations on the American scene in his series of Pete Smith Specialties." <mask> announced his retirement in 1954. The MGM unit that produced the Pete Smith Specialties was terminated the next year, a casualty of short movies' decreasing popularity at the time. Personal life
<mask>, under his birth name "<mask>. Schmid," married – on February 6, 1919, in Manhattan – Marjorie Ganss (1893–1958). They had one son, Douglas Mosely Schmid (1919–1984), who later became a technician for RKO. <mask> and Ganss remained married until her death in 1958.<mask>'s second marriage was to his secretary, Anne Dunston, whom he married in Las Vegas in October 1962. Later years and death

<mask> spent his later years in poor health at a convalescent home in Santa Monica, California. On January 12, 1979, <mask> committed suicide by leaping off the building's roof. <mask> was survived by his second wife, Anne, and his son Douglas. For his contribution to the movie industry, <mask> received a star symbol on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1621 Vine Street. Selected filmography

Home media availability
<mask>’s short films are included as extras on DVDs of many classic Warner Home Video films of the era. These include:

 Menu - Morning Glory (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #1 - Midnight Mary (1933)
 Goofy Movies, #2 - Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #3 - Evelyn Prentice (1934)
 Goofy Movies, #4 - Sadie McKee (1934)
 Penny Wisdom - The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
 Romance of Radium - Madame Curie (1943)
 Quicker 'n a Wink - Go West (1940)
 Wedding Bills - Strike Up the Band (1940)
 Flicker Memories - The Big Store (1941)
 How to Hold Your Husband - Back - Babes on Broadway (1941)
 Marines in the Making - Random Harvest (1942)

masks:
Smith
Smith
Smith
Peter J
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Pete Smith
Pete Smith


texts:
 Studio Visit - Cabin in the Sky (1943)
 Hollywood Daredevils - Girl Crazy (1943)
 Fala - The President's Dog - Lassie Come Home (1943)
 Seeing Hands - DuBarry Was a Lady (1943)
 Movie Pests - Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
 Football Thrills of 1944 - Blu-Ray release of Anchors Aweigh (1945)
 Hollywood Scout - The Clock (1945)
 Sure Cures - Easy to Wed (1946)
 I Love My Husband, But!- Without Reservations (1946)
 Now You See It - This Time for Keeps (1947)
 Fala at Hyde Park - Hills of Home (1948)
 You Can't Win! - The Pirate (1948)
 Let's Cogitate! - Battleground (1949)
 Those Good Old Days - Madame Bovary (1949)
 Water Trix - Neptune's Daughter (1949)
 Sports Oddities - That Midnight Kiss (1949)
 Pest Control - The Stratton Story (1949)
 Crashing the Movies - Two Weeks with Love (1950)
 Did'ja Know? - Summer Stock (1950)
 Wrong Way Butch - Nancy Goes to Rio (1950)
 Curious Contests - Pagan Love Song (1950)
 Musiquiz - The Belle of New York (1952)
 Reducing - Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)
 This is a Living? - Dangerous When Wet (1953)
 Things We Can Do Without - The Naked Spur (1953)
 Ain't It Aggravatin'? - The Long, Long Trailer (1954)
 Out for Fun - Executive Suite (1954)
 The Fall Guy - Hit the Deck'' (1955)

References

External links

1892 births
1979 suicides
20th-century American male actors
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Film producers from California
American public relations people
American male screenwriters
American male voice actors
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Santa Monica, California
Suicides by jumping in California
Writers from Santa Monica, California
Film directors from New York City
Film directors from California
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Film producers from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American


texts:
<mask> (pseudonym Ikhorov, 1869–1942) – Russian professor, financier, economist, urban planning specialist, prose writer. Biography

Born in 1869 in a peasant family. He studied at a two-year folk school and showed such abilities there that teachers strongly advised and helped his mother arrange <mask> at the Chukhloma city school, and then he studied at the Kostroma gymnasium for a Susanin scholarship (1881–1889). After graduating from high school with a gold medal, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. Under the leadership of professor I. I. Yanzhula engaged in economic sciences. After graduating from Moscow University with a diploma of the 1st degree, he was appointed in November 1893 as a junior candidate for judicial positions in the Moscow Court of Justice and from January 1894 left at the Department of Financial Law to prepare for a professorship. From March 1895 – privat-docent of Moscow University.In January 1896 he was sent on a scientific mission to Europe. In (Germany), England, France and Switzerland, he collected materials about the features of the development of tax systems and the basic principles of financial law, customs policy, the relationship of entrepreneurs and wage workers, the evolution of cooperation and so on. In 1898 he received a master's degree for his thesis "Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence". In February 1900 he defended his doctoral thesis "The main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany in connection with economic and social conditions" and was appointed first extraordinary (1901), and

masks:
Ivan Christoforovich Ozerov
Ivan


texts: since March 1903 – ordinary professor of the department of financial law of Moscow University. In the 1900s I. Kh. Ozerov won the reputation of one of the most respected Russian scholarlys – economists. Thanks to his lectures, Ozerov enjoyed the same respect and sympathy among the students of Moscow University (among his students and friends were the poets M. A. Voloshin and L. L. Kobylinsky).Ozerov had the idea of creating a Student Bank in Moscow to issue loans for education with the condition of repaying them after the end of the course, growing to its cliff: economic life waves are currently rising high, and it is necessary that a person know how to break away from cliffs in time, change places, adapt to new conditions, and here the state has major tasks – this is why the task of expanding the horizons of the population, the task public education plays a major role in the present". Ozerov was not a desk scientist, but a practical scientist, enthusiastic and tireless enlightener. "I, as the son of the working people, wanted to be useful, and, being raised at the expense of the people, climbing up through his shoulders, I wanted to be useful in spreading knowledge among him and awakening in him energy and creativity in economic life", –  he wrote. In 1901, he took part in the activities of the Moscow Society of Mutual Assistance of Mechanical Production Workers, created on the initiative of S. V. Zubatov. He organized popular lectures for workers in the Historical Museum in Moscow and drafted a charter for the Society. When it became known that the security department was involved in the


texts: creation of society, Ozerov did not give up lectures and convened something like an arbitration court of public figures, who found the lecturers useful. He told about his participation in the activities of the Company in detail in the book "Policy on the Work Issue in Russia over the past years".In the summer of 1907, <mask> was transferred to St. Petersburg University, while remaining at the same time a lecturer at Moscow University – was a private assistant professor at the faculty of law. He also taught at the Bestuzhev women's courses and at the highest women's courses of N. P. Raev in St. Petersburg, as well as at the Pedagogical Academy. In July 1911, he was again appointed an ordinary professor at Moscow University and headed the department of financial law until April 1917. At the same time, he was from October 1912 a supernumerary ordinary professor at the Moscow Commercial Institute, taught finance and a history of economic life and economics at the A. L. Shanyavsky Moscow city National University. Since 1914 – member of the legal test committee at Moscow University. Since 1909 – elected member of the State Council of the Academy of Sciences and universities. I. Kh.Ozerov spoke in many cities of Russia with public lectures. He took part in the work of various government commissions of the Ministry of Finance, trade and industry. With research and development goals going around Russia, getting acquainted with real production and banking activities, Ozerov gave entrepreneurs, engineers and accountants a wide variety of vital advice: "I saw that there was something to attach to the head


texts: torso or tail": so, he recommended that he buy a forest area in a paper mill so as not to depend on wood prices; cement plant – to build a driveway to use cheap Moscow region coals; Moscow Mayor – to use the coal burned in the mines near Moscow to light and heat the city. From January 1, 1914 – State Councilor; he was awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 2nd degree (1909) and the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree (1912). In April 1917 he resigned from Moscow University. After the revolutionary year of 1917, the Ozerov, unlike many Russian bankers and entrepreneurs, did not follow in emigration and stayed in Russia, where he continued his scientific activities, in particular, he developed the concept of creating an agricultural bank, studied the financial problems of domestic and foreign trade, and studied the scientific organization of labor. In 1918, I. Kh.<mask> became the economic adviser to Hetman Skoropadsky in Ukraine. In 1919 he returned to Moscow. Lectured at the Industrial Institute. He served at the Institute for Environmental Research (since 1919), collaborated with the Financial and Economic Institute of the People's Commissariat of Finance. He taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences of Moscow State University (1920/1921); taught the course "Introduction to Financial Science". Cooperating with the Economist magazine of the industrial and economic department of the Russian Technical Society, he proposed effective, in his view, ways to get the country out of the chaos. In 1919–1921 he taught at the MFEU, taught the course "Fundamentals of Financial Science".In 1922, the


texts:
 possibility of expelling Ozerov on a "philosophical ships" was considered, but in the end the scientist was recognized as not dangerous. In 1927 he retired. He was arrested on January 28, 1930 and sentenced to capital punishment with the replacement of 10 years in prison. The whole of 1930 was in the Butyrka prison, then he served his sentence on Solovki and on the White Sea-Baltic Canal. In 1933, he was amnestied and he went to Voronezh, where his wife was exile. By a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 19, 1935, his conviction was lifted and in 1936 he and his wife were settled in the Nursing House of Scientists in Leningrad. There Ozerov and died during the blockade of Leningrad; He was buried at Piskaryovsky cemetery.In St. Petersburg, in the Department of Manuscripts of the Public Library there are unpublished memories of Ozerov (F.541.Op.1.D..4). According to the conclusion of the USSR Prosecutor's office of January 21, 1991, it was fully rehabilitated. Economic views

At the beginning of the 20th century, I. Kh<mask> became famous for his numerous works on the modernization of the socio-economic and state system of Russia. Ozerov left behind more than 50 books, dozens of articles. <mask> was the author of the first and only before the revolution textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Science", which withstood five reprints. He is the author of the book "On the New Way.To the economic liberation of Russia, "" What does America teach us? "," The society of consumers. Historical sketch of their development in Western Europe, America and Russia "," Financial reform in

masks:
. Ozerov
Ozerov


texts:
 Russia. Where does the state take money from us and what does it spend for them? "," The struggle of society and the state with bad working conditions "," The development of universal solidarity "," To fight against the people's darkness! " and others. He advocates, in particular, reforming the structure of the university social sciences teaching, the creation in classical universities of the faculties of economics, with the obligatory introduction of courses of national and world history, and the extensive professional training of management personnel for Russian industry and banking institutions.The main topics in the works of I. Kh. Ozerov were questions of the development of the domestic economy and the recovery of the financial system of the country. However, he paid no less attention to the problems of institutionalizing group interests, considering them in the context of changes in the economic life of Europe and the United States. His research echoed in general the theoretical developments of representatives of the German historical school (including in the analysis of specific historical and economic problems), as well as the findings of T. Veblen. Views on industrialization

Views on entrepreneurship and cooperation

Ozerov believed that "we need to create a new type of entrepreneur, with a broad outlook, on a large scale, with other methods" He spoke and wrote about the need to establish in Russia "an elastic social system that would give everyone the opportunity to develop their strength," advocated raising interest in science, raising "another generation with different heads and


texts:
 other habits," spoke in favor of switching from low-paid labor to highly paid. Ozerov was looking for more fair socially-organized forms of production and considered co-operation counter-monopoly. He believed that in a historical perspective, cooperation could make adjustments to the legal system, improve the budget, and reveal its potential.<mask> was the most consistent of the so-called consumer societies, capable of uniting different classes, reducing or completely blocking social tensions that inevitably grow under capitalism. According to him, in the consumer society "people of different classes, estates <...> come together for a common cause, and they learn to appreciate each other and respect. The upper classes will not be so indifferent to the demands of the working class, and the workers, in turn, will become familiar with the production mechanism, marketing conditions, market influence on him, and will make practical demands". It is noteworthy that the Old Believers entrepreneurship relied on the ideas of Ozerov in their successful entrepreneurial activity. Views on state intervention in the economy

Ozerov was convinced that much depends on the government, that the far-sighted government will build Russia's economic well-being "on its natural foundation – the well-being of the Russian peasant. Otherwise, all this economic development will be ephemeral. " The economic life of Russia under Nicholas II reminded Ozerov "the life of a player depending on the harvest and crop failure".Ozerov emphasized that without a reversal of the general economic policy of the Stolypin agrarian


texts:
 reforms, which he hailed as a "creative" undertaking of the government of "great importance", "there can't be much confusion". Views on financial policy

Ozerov was outraged by the course of the Ministry of Finance, when huge sums were sent to the current accounts of foreign banks, feeding the foreign money market, instead of using these funds for the development of the national economy. Ozerov spoke out against setting up a wine-vodka foundation for the budget of agricultural Russia and called for "pumping up and pumping very energetically into the pockets of the population". The country has been practicing tax-paying taxation for decades – even for certain segments of the population. This, moreover, that the peasants had long been different in terms of property, and the landowners – who had become rich and who had gone bankrupt – and the heterogeneity of the trading brethren was clearly conspicuous. For years, Ozerov advocated the introduction of a differentiated (elastic) income tax, argued in the stimulating value of this innovation (long known in Europe and America) for the development of classes and economic life, for replenishing state coffers. Ozerov had his own ("non-partisan") program for the recovery of the Russian budget, which was mainly fed by consumption taxes.It provided for a redistribution of the tax burden in favor of the poor and a wider taxation of inheritances, review of official salary rates for senior officials, stopping the pernicious practices of unspoken budgets, strengthening the state control system and turning it into an effective force, nurturing


texts:
 conscientiousness with Russian taxpayers. In the book "How People's Money Is Spent in Russia" (1908), Ozerov writes:

Urban planning

In 1906 he published the book “Big Cities, Their Tasks and Management Tools”, becoming one of the founders of the theory of urban planning. Criticized Russian cities compared to European ones for backwardness of transport communications. Writing activities

At the beginning of the 20th century, under the pseudonym Z. Ikhorov published the artistic works "Confession of a Man", "Notes of a Suicide", "Songs of a Homeless Man". Commercial activity

In 1911, Ozerov was invited to the board of the Russian-Asian Bank A. I. Putilov. Then Ozerov in the "Russian Word" published an article about the speculation of Russian banks, for which all members of the board took up arms against him, and he was forced to leave the bank. Ozerov was a shareholder and board member of the Lena gold mines, the Erivan cement plant, the Tula land bank, the Khanzhonkov joint-stock company, the Russian paper-processing factory, the Sytin publishing house, the Lapshin match factory and others.offered I. D. Sytin cooperation for publishing his own newspaper in order to "gain influence on the formation of public opinion in our country", however, Sytin did not want to quarrel with the government, which gave orders for printing textbooks. Shortly before the February Revolution, Ozerov bought up the shares of the Erinsky cement plant for 105 rubles, and then sold them for 300, earning more than 1 million rubles. Lifestyle

I.Kh. Ozerov walked in the same clothes for years, did not chic in


texts:
 restaurants, traveled in second grade. However, this did not prevent him from giving in to various temptations: “he did not mind, in his words,“ drink and take a walk with ballerinas, ”he tried drugs, wrote screenplays for A. A. Khanzhonkov". In 1911, he bequeathed all of his capital to the economic education of the population, free distribution of millions of copies of his books and articles, "calling for creativity" in all villages, villages, parish governments, factories.In this act, he followed in the trail of a well-known entrepreneur-philanthropist Kh. S. Ledentsov, who was among the executors, fulfilling his testamentary will. Attitude towards revolutionary transformations

In 1915, Ozerov sharply criticized the current situation:

<mask>, more clearly than many (especially after the 1905 revolution), saw what misfortunes threatened Russia with the unresolved political, economic and social problems. The tsarist regime, he considered obsolete, barren, contrary to the interests of the country. In 1917, a scientist unflatteringly responded to the Provisional Government, whose ministers "did not argue about land reform, but about whether it was possible to allow meetings in the territory along which the trams pass and their rails run". In January 1918, Ozerov published in the newspaper "Our Time" an article entitled "Coming builders – cold and hunger." In it he writes:

Writings

Income tax in England and the economic and social conditions of its existence (1898; master's thesis);
"The main trends in the development of direct taxation in Germany" (1900; doctoral dissertation);
"What is a


texts:
 consumer society?How to establish and lead it "(St. Petersburg, 1896) – the gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris (1900) and the prize of the law faculty of Moscow University;
"The results of the economic development of the XIX century" (St. Petersburg, 1902);
"Mail in Russia and abroad" (St. Petersburg, 1902);
"Factory committees and collective agreement" (Moscow, 1902);
"Consumer society. A historical sketch of their development in Western Europe, America and Russia. Brief Guide to the Foundation and Management of Consumer Societies "1st edition in 1894, 2nd augmented edition issued by" S. Dorovatovsky and A. Charushnikov "in 1899 with a circulation of 3200 copies. In 1909 it was reissued in an abbreviated form Sytin. "The development of universal solidarity" (Moscow, 1902);
"On the methods of studying financial science" (Moscow, 1903);
"America goes to Europe" (St. Petersburg, 1903);
"Sketches of the economic and financial life of Russia and the West" (2nd collection of articles, Moscow, 1904);
"Confessions of a person at the turn of the 20th century" (under pseudo. Ihor, M., 1904);
On the new path! To the economic liberation of Russia (Moscow, 1904)
"Financial right.Issue I. The doctrine of ordinary income "; issue II: “Budget, local finance, govt. credit ”(Moscow, 1905);
"The needs of the working class in Russia" (Moscow, 1905);
"Insurance of workers in Germany" (brochure). "Policy on the working question in Russia in recent years (according to unpublished documents)" (Moscow, 1906). "Financial Policy" (Oserow, I. Die Finanzpolitik. In: Melnik, J.(1906): Russen über Russland.


texts:
 Frankfurt a. M., Rütten & Loening, S. 208–250). The Russian Budget (1907);
"What does America teach us?" (1908)
"Mining plants of the Urals" (1910);
"Fundamentals of Financial Science" (university course; 4th edition, 1913. Ozerov I. Kh. Large cities, their tasks and management tools. With 15 diagrams (public lecture).– M., 1906. – 52 p.
Ozerov I. Kh. Basics of financial science. Budget. Forms of charging. Local finance. Credit / (reissue of 1906).– M .: YurInfor-Press, 2008. – 622 p. (inaccessible link)
Ozerov I. Kh. How are people's money spent in Russia? Criticism of the Russian expenditure budget and state control (according to unpublished documents). – M .: Type. T.-v. I. D. Sytin, 1908.– 305 p.
Ozerov I. Kh. Economic Russia and its financial policy at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century / Edition of DS S. Gorshkov. – M .: Type. t-va I. N. Kushnerev and Co., 1905. – 259 p.
I. Kh. From the life of work. Digest of articles.(Issue 1. Articles on the working question.) / D. S. Gorshkov’s publication. – M .: B.I., 1904. – 293 p.
Our higher school and life (for youth) // Journal "New Word" No. 1, 1914
Notes suicide (under pseudo. Ihor; M., 1911)
Songs of the homeless (under the pseudo.Ihor; M., 1912)

Modern edition

Ozerov I. Kh. How are people's money spent in Russia ?. – Society of Merchants and Industrialists of Russia, 2005. – 312 p. – (Economic history of Russia). Literature

Imperial Moscow University: 1755–1917: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Andreev A. Yu., Tsygankov D. A. .. – Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN), 2010.– p. 527—528. – 894


texts:
 s. – 2 000 copies – . Volkov V. A., Kulikova M. V., Loginov V. S. Moscow professors of the XVIII – beginning of the XX centuries. Humanities and social sciences. – M .: Janus-K, 2006. – p. 180. – 300 p. – 2000 copies – .External sources
 М. Н. Барышников At the root of Russian institutionalism (from the creative heritage of I. Kh. Ozerov)
 M.N. Baryshnikov I. Kh. Ozerov: INSTITUTES, GROUP INTERESTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY
 Evgeny Efimov Happy bitter life of <mask>v

References

1869 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Russian scientists
Russian economists
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Bankers of the Russian Empire
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Economists of the Russian Empire
Soviet urban planners
Soviet rehabilitations
Victims of the Siege of Leningrad
Russian


texts:
<mask> (born 13 February 1981) is a Scottish former professional footballer and assistant manager of Grimsby Town

As a player, he was a defender who played from 1996 until 2015. He started his career with Queen of the South, where he made four appearances before being signed by Nottingham Forest in 1997. Having made 93 appearances for Forest, he was released in 2005. He joined Northampton Town, who he had previously played for on loan. In his first permanent season with Northampton, <mask> won promotion to League One before being released by the club in 2009. After spells abroad with Central Coast Mariners in Australia and Pelita Jaya in Indonesia, he returned to England with Aldershot Town in 2011. He then moved to York City, with whom he won promotion to League Two after playing in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final.He was released in 2013 before signing for Grimsby Town, where he later became assistant to Paul Hurst. He later followed Hurst to Shrewsbury Town and Ipswich Town to continue as his assistant. Club career

Queen of the South
Born in Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Doig started his career with hometown club Queen of the South as an Associated Schoolboy. Graduating from Queen's youth programme, he played four league games for the side. Nottingham Forest
In 1997, <mask> joined Nottingham Forest in the club's youth system, going on to sign a professional contract on 7 March 1998. At Forest, Doig played 92 games scoring one goal against Rotherham United. He enjoyed a successful spell on loan in 2003 at Northampton Town.Northampton Town
Doig signed for former club Northampton on 30 June 2005 and finished his first season with 45 appearances and three goals, as the side earned promotion to League One as League Two runners-up. He was retained as club captain by Stuart Gray when he took charge on 2 January 2007, due to Scott McGleish, former club captain, being transfer listed. Shortly before the match against Huddersfield

masks:
Christopher Ross Doig
Doig
Doig


texts:
 Town in April 2007, <mask> came third in the club's Player of the Year awards, behind Jason Crowe and Mark Bunn. Doig penned a two-year contract that would expire in 2009. Having made 32 appearances and scored 1 goal in the 2008–09 season, he was released by Northampton, with the side having been relegated to League Two. Central Coast Mariners
On 9 June 2009 he signed a two-year contract with the Central Coast Mariners of the Australian A-League. Pelita <mask> left the Mariners after no regular game time in the 2010–11 season.He then signed with Indonesia Super League side Pelita Jaya in February 2011. Aldershot Town
After returning from Indonesia, Doig played two pre-season games for Wycombe Wanderers. After not being offered a deal by Wycombe he joined League Two side Aldershot Town on a month-by-month deal on 8 December 2011. York City

After his deal with Aldershot ended, <mask> began a trial with former his club Northampton. He eventually signed for Conference Premier club York City on a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season on 2 February 2012. He made his debut in York's 1–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United in the FA Trophy third round on 14 February. He played in the 2–1 victory over Luton Town in the 2012 Conference Premier play-off Final at Wembley Stadium, seeing the club return to the Football League after an eight-year absence with promotion to League Two.Having finished the season with 15 appearances for York he signed a new one-year contract with the club in July 2012. <mask> started York's 2012–13 opening game away at League One Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup first round on 11 August 2012, which the side lost 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw after extra time. He then played in York's first Football League fixture since their promotion, a 3–1 defeat at home to Wycombe Wanderers on 18 August 2012. <mask> finished the season with 16 appearances, before being released by York on 30 April 2013.

masks:
Doig
Jaya Doig
Doig
Doig
Doig


texts:
 Grimsby Town
<mask> signed for Conference Premier side Grimsby Town a one-year contract on 1 August 2013 as a player-coach, following a trial with the club. <mask> also took over as the club's reserve team manager. He made his debut in Grimsby's away fixture at Gateshead on 14 August 2013 and scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win, as he headed home from a Paddy McLaughlin cross.On 27 May 2014 <mask> signed a new contract as Grimsby's new player-assistant manager. International career
<mask> played for Scotland at schoolboy level before representing the under-18 team, making his debut as captain in a 3–0 defeat to France on 25 October 1999. He was capped again two days later to earn his second and last under-18 cap, with Scotland beating Armenia 2–1. <mask> made his under-21 debut less than a year later, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute for Andrew Jordan in a 2–0 defeat to the Netherlands on 25 April 2000. His first start at under-21 level came in his next outing, which was a 1–1 draw with Northern Ireland on 29 May 2000. <mask> made his last under-21 appearance in a 3–1 defeat to Norway on 19 August 2003, meaning he finished his under-21 career with 14 caps. Coaching career
In 2014 <mask> was appointed as player/assistant manager at Grimsby Town under the stewardship of Paul Hurst.He later combined this role with managing the club's Reserve Team after he announced his retirement in the summer of 2015. When Hurst moved to League One side Shrewsbury Town in October 2016, <mask> was once again named as his assistant. <mask> later claimed he had no say on him or Hurst's departure from Grimsby to join The Shrews. <mask> added  "We got to the play-off places in League Two early in the season, then an offer came in for Paul to go to Shrewsbury, he went and I was included as part of the deal, and that’s the way it’s kind of gone. You’d need to ask Paul, but I think he knows I’m loyal and I’m honest, and I think he appreciates that. “When

masks: Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig Doig


texts:
 we’ve moved, it’s not really been a decision for me to make, it’s been made for me. When I left Grimsby, it was Paul that phoned me and said ‘a deal’s been done, we’re both leaving.When we both left Shrewsbury, Paul phoned me again, ‘deal’s done, we’re both going’. Nothing for me to decide really, I was included in things without having any real say as such." On 30 May 2018, <mask> joined Paul Hurst as assistant manager at Ipswich Town. However, <mask> the pair on 25 October 2018 after achieving one win in the opening 14 games of the 2018/19 season. In May 2019 <mask> followed Hurst once more to Scunthorpe United, but the pair were dismissed on the 30 January 2020 with the club struggling in EFL League Two. On 30 December 2020, Hurst and <mask> returned to Grimsby, signing 18 month contracts and replacing Ian Holloway who had resigned seven days earlier. Career statistics

Honours
Northampton Town
Football League Two runner-up: 2005–06

York City
Conference Premier play-offs: 2011–12

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Dumfries
Scottish footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scotland youth international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Queen of the South F.C.players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Central Coast Mariners FC players
Pelita Bandung Raya players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
A-League Men players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Expatriate footballers in Indonesia
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Grimsby Town F.C. non-playing staff
Shrewsbury Town F.C.non-playing staff
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing

masks: Doig Doig Doig Doig


texts:
<mask> was an Indonesian military officer, bureaucrat, and politician who served as the Mayor of Kupang from 1986 until 2007. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Surabaya, the capital of East Java, on 25 December 1945. He was the youngest child of L. Ch. P. <mask> and M. <mask>. He graduated from elementary school in 1957, junior high school in 1960, and senior high school in 1964. <mask> then attended the Animal Husbandry Faculty of the Udayana University, but dropped out several months later due to his interest in joining the Indonesian Army. He entered the Officer Candidate School in Cimahi after he dropped out and became a non-commissioned officer in 1965.Military career
<mask>'s first deployment in the military was in Kupang, where he became a section officer at the Wirasakti (East Nusa Tenggara) Military Resort Command. <mask> was rotated from his post two years later in 1967 and held the same position at the Belu Military District. <mask> returned to Kupang after three years and was put in command of a platoon in the city. As with other members of the armed forces at that time, <mask> joined the Golkar political organization after attending an indoctrination course held by Golkar in 1971. After holding command of a platoon in Kupang, <mask> underwent several other assignments in Kupang until 1980. He moved to Bali that year and became an officer at the Udayana Military Regional Command. He was reassigned in 1981 and became an assistant officer for American and European affairs in the army headquarters for three years.Speaker of the Kupang Regional People's Representative Council
Following his service in the army for two decades,

masks:
Samuel Kristian Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik Laisina
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik
Lerik


texts:
 <mask> became an appointee from the Armed Forces to the Kupang Regional People's Representative Council. He was elected as the council's speaker and installed on 12 August 1984. Several years before the end of his speakership, <mask> was promoted from the rank of major to lieutenant colonel on 1 April 1986. He resigned from the speaker's office following his appointment as a mayor. Administrative Mayor of Kupang
<mask> became the administrative mayor of Kupang on 26 May 1986, replacing Messakh Amalo who had served as mayor since the city's formation in 1978. <mask> undertook several courses during this period, such as a course on national alert held by the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1988 and a course on city management in 1996. Works
<mask>'s early years as administrative mayor saw him focusing on resolving the city's hygiene problem.He also took steps to improve the city's layout by constructing various monuments and statues. He also set up additional street lamps around Kupang, with emphasis around the Solor and Lahi Lai Bessi Kopam subdistrict. He instructed a mass plantation of various trees all over Kupang in order to freshen up the city's arid and dry climate. <mask> conducted a review of the city's spatial planning legislation. He stated that most of the land which was initially intended as an open space in the city had hundreds of houses, markets, and public facilities build over it. <mask> then put forward a proposal to demolish the buildings but stated that he would observe the situation before starting the demolition process. The provincial government formed a team led by the Chairman of the Provincial Development Planning Agency S.

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


texts:
 Therik to research solutions for the problem.The team approved <mask>'s plan to demolish the buildings and the process began on 4 March 1992. However, the demolition was reduced in scope to just 58 buildings that had no permits. The demolition process of a particular building, the partially finished Timor Beach Hotel, was personally led by <mask> and the regent of Kupang, Paul Lawarihi. Despite the development during his term as administrative mayor, Lerik still failed to resolve water shortage, a problem that has plagued the city since its formation. Although the city has an abundant supply of water during rainfall, water supply often declined sharply during the dry season. As a result of this, the city often experienced clean water crises, with one of the worst occurring during <mask>'s term from September to November 1990. City status
Kupang was an administrative city during this period, meaning that the city has no legislative body and the mayor is responsible to its parent region's government instead of the provincial government.<mask> pushed to elevate the city's status into an autonomous city during his term and his efforts finally bore fruit after the Regional Autonomy Advisory Council listed the city as one of the cities that would be made autonomous. Preparations for the status upgrade began in February 1996, and a group of parliamentarians from the armed forces and Golkar conducted an inspection into the preparation process that month. The city officially became autonomous with the enactment of law regarding Kupang's status on 11 April 1996. <mask> became the city's first mayor in an acting capacity and he was sworn into office on 25 April

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


texts:
 1996. Mayor of Kupang

Election
After having an acting mayor for about a year, the city council decided to hold an internal election to choose a definitive mayor who would serve for a five-year term. The election was held at the end of March 1997 and saw <mask> winning with 15 out of 19 city council members voting in favor of him. <mask> was installed on 23 April 1997 by Minister of Home Affairs Yogie Suardi Memet.As <mask>'s first mayoral term was about to end, the city council began preparations to elect a new mayor. <mask> was nominated by the Golkar and the armed forces to serve for a second term as mayor, with bureaucrat Daniel Adoe as his running mate. The election, which was conducted on 23 March 2002, was held in three separate rounds. In the final round, <mask> and Adoe became the winner with 16 out of 30 city council members voting in favor of him. <mask>'s second-term victory became the subject of dispute when a city council member named Ferdinand "Ferry" A. T. Nonna resigned several hours after the election commenced. Ferry admitted that he had been bribed ten million rupiahs by an associate of <mask> and Adoe and that he resigned as part of his moral responsibility. Edwin Fanggidae, the chairman of Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle — the nominator of Lerik's opponent — branch in Kupang, stated that he had formed a team to investigate fraud allegations in the elections.Due to this dispute, <mask>'s inauguration was delayed, and he kept serving as mayor in an acting capacity. The results were confirmed several months later and <mask> was sworn in for a second term on 6 July 2002. <mask>'s 21-year rule over the city finally ended on 6

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


texts:
 July 2007 and Governor Piet Alexander Tallo became the acting mayor for about a month. 1998 riots
A few months after he was sworn into office, a religious riot occurred in Kupang. The riot was sparked after a group of people provoked masses standing in front of Kupang's main mosque, the At-Taqwa mosque. The provocateurs urged the masses to take revenge against church arsons by Muslims in Jakarta and Ketapang. The mob then set fire and ransack Bugis — a Muslim-majority ethnic — neighborhoods, markets, and kiosks.Eventually, several other larger buildings such as Muhammadiyah University, the Religious Bureau office, and several mosques, were also arsoned. As a result, transportation in Kupang went into a halt, with Kupang's main airport El Tari Airport being closed to prevent rioters from coming in and several ferry routes from Kupang being cancelled by port authorities. Access to main roads in Kupang were closed, food supply in the city began to decrease due to the closing of markets and neighborhoods in Kupang began organizing community patrol to prevent further riots. Lerik condemned the riots, stating that the riots was the worst incident the city had ever seen, and urged the responsible authorities to prosecuted the rioters. Corruption and nepotism
<mask>'s longevity in office was credited for his strong control of Kupang's civil service. Sylvia Tidey, an anthropologist from the University of Virginia, argued that Lerik was the manifestation of Bapakisme ("Fatherism") governance system that combined "strict authoritarianism with the clientelist dispersion of formal and informal favors to loyal subordinates". Most of Lerik's civilian appointment


texts:
 was based on relations and favoritism instead of merits and achievement.An example of this could be seen in <mask>'s choice for the city secretary post — the third highest office in the city, Jonas Salean. Although Salean placed lowest in a competency test for the office, and lacking in skill, authority and seniority, <mask> appointed him for the office nonetheless. <mask> made Salean as one of his cronies, and eventually his "corruption friend" and "collusion friend". According to longtime civil servants in the city, <mask> was often seen to have bypassed Adoe — who was not part of Lerik's inner circle — in favor of Salean in decision making processes. Family
<mask> was married to Maria Louisa <mask> Adu during his service in Belu on 3 August 1969. The couple has four children, namely M. Dinah Charlota, Viktor, Endang Susilowati, and Gustaf Eliezer. His son Viktor became the Speaker of the Kupang city council from 2009 until 2011 and a member of the East Nusa Tenggara provincial council from 2014 until 2018.Viktor attempted to follow his father's footsteps and run as the Mayor of Kupang in 2012 and 2017, but his candidacy was rejected by the local electoral commission. Death
<mask> died at the Syaiful Anwar Hospital in Malang on 17 August 2010. Previously, <mask> had been treated for kidney failure in the hospital since December 2009, and an implant was installed in his bone six days before his death. His body was laid at the Kupang mayor's office a day after his death and was buried at the Dharmaloka Public Cemetery in Kupang on 19 August 2010. Legacy
A street in Kupang was named after <mask>. The central hospital of Kupang was renamed to S. K.

masks: Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik Lerik


texts:
 Lerik Regional Public Hospital in 2015. Awards
  Timor Military Campaign Medal () (1976)
  Star of Service, 2nd Category () (1988)
  Military Long Service Medals, 2nd Category () (1989)
  Social Welfare Medal () (1995)
  Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 3rd Class () (1996)
 Health Medal, 2nd Class () (1996)

References

1945 births
2010 deaths
Indonesian military personnel
Mayors and regents of places in East Nusa


texts:
<mask>, MD (15 January 1913 – 24 January 2009) was an Australian physician and political activist who founded the Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC). He made a number of speaking tours in the United States in the 1950s, and in 1960, he moved his base of operations to California. He was the author of the international bestseller, . Schwarz worked with his wife, <mask>, from abroad and, in his later years, at their Australian home in Camden, New South Wales, near Sydney. Early life
<mask> was born in Brisbane, Australia, the fourth of twelve children. His father was a Viennese Jew who emigrated to Australia after his conversion to Christianity. Schwarz obtained dual degrees in Arts and Science at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, and later completed a degree in medicine.He specialized as both a general practitioner and psychiatrist and from 1953 kept a private practice at home in the Sydney suburb of Strathfield. Career
In 1940, following a debate with an Australian communist, Schwarz felt compelled to study communist ideology. Eventually he became a recognised expert on Marxist-Leninist philosophy. He founded and was chairman of the not-for-profit Christian Anti-Communism Crusade (CACC), based originally in Sydney and later in Long Beach, California. He held that position until the late 1990s. During his time with the CACC, Schwarz gave lectures and seminars across the United States on the subject of communism, placing an emphasis on the role of education in understanding Marxism-Leninism from that movement's source documents by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Mao Zedong, and others. Under Schwarz's leadership, the CACC financed an orphanage

masks:
Frederick Charles Schwarz
Lillian Schwarz
Schwarz