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 Penney and Gary Palmer, and consequently he fell out of favour with the governing body. Despite making a huge contribution to the improved way fielding was taught in professional cricket, he was unable to further his coaching career despite achieving all the relevant coaching qualifications and even becoming a tutor on ECB Courses.Director of Cricket, Pangbourne College 2002
In 2002, <mask> took up a pastoral position at Pangbourne College in Berkshire which allowed him to expand his coaching experience in the role of director of cricket and head coach. Whilst fulfilling this role he also gained valuable experience teaching physical education and coaching hockey. Pakistan tour of England 2006

In 2006, having both grown as a coach and gained valuable coaching experience, he was hired by Bob Woolmer to act as specialist fielding coach for the Pakistan national cricket team on their tour of England. During the tour his role as specialist fielding coach was reduced to allow greater input into the team's batting performance. He was used extensively by both junior and senior players such as Inzamam-ul-Haq, Younis Khan, Mohammad Yousuf, and Shahid Afridi as a one-to-one batting coach. He was in the Pakistan dressing room at The Oval on that fateful day in August 2006 when the infamous alleged "Ball tampering" incident occurred. England 'A' & ECB National Academy 2006/07
Over the winter of 2006/2007, with this new-found international experience and exposure, <mask> was hired by Peter Moores, the ECB national academy director at the time, to work with England 'A' Team players, England youth team players, National Skill Set and Regional Skill Set Players.West Indies Tour of England 2007
In 2007 the West Indies cricket team were touring England and the new head coach David Moore, on the


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 recommendation of the senior players, requested <mask>'s assistance as a specialist fielding coach for the remainder of the NPower Test Series and the ODI / T20 series. This proved to be a turning point for the team, as at the start of the series the fielding was below standard, however after having spent time reinforcing the skills, the team entered the ODI / T20 series with a new-found enthusiasm for fielding which proved instrumental in the Nat West ODI Series win for the West Indies. <mask> had to put on the whites as fielding 12th man yet again in 2007, against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Durham. Head coach England U16 & England T20 Squad 2007
After the Nat West ODI series finished, he returned to the National Cricket Performance Centre, continuing his work with both current and up and coming England Cricketers, culminating in his selection as head coach of the England Under 16 for a series against Australia Under 16, which England swept where he was able to pass on not only the elite fielding skills, but the batting and bowling knowledge he had gained over his extensive international career. This tenure was one of his proudest moments in coaching as not only did England U16 sweep the series against Australia U16, without losing a game, but finally he gained recognition as a coach in his own right capable of coaching all aspects of cricket, not simply fielding. It was also at this time that he achieved another seemingly unattainable milestone by coaching England T20 specialist players at the National Performance Centre, prior to their departure to South Africa for the T20 Cricket World Cup. Pro Batter Video Simulator Pitching Machines
Whilst at the National Performance Centre in September 2007, <mask>, after a recent research trip to the US, brought the concept of using

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 the Pro Batter Video Simulator Pitching Machine for cricket to the attention of Peter Moores and David Parsons.He introduced the company, Pro Batter Sports, to the England & Wales Cricket Board and in 2010 Pro Batter completed the installation of two units at the National Performance Centre at Loughborough. It was not until Dene Hills, an Australian Cricket Coach, joined the ECB in late 2008, as batting coach, that they finally got in touch with Pro Batter regarding the possibility of using the machines for cricket; something <mask> had identified over a year before. Stanford T20 Cricket, 2007 and 2008

Stanford Professional Franchise Teams

Late 2007 <mask> was contacted by the Stanford T20 Cricket organisation, who had established professional teams in Antigua, Nevis, St Lucia and Anguilla. He spent a few weeks not only assessing and coaching these newly formed professional teams, but conducting a complete audit of each organisation, looking at coaching, facilities, players and every aspect of their day-to-day operations. It was also at this time, and following the guidelines of the McLaurin Report, that England decided that they should hire a full-time fielding coach and despite his long standing involvement with the ECB, going back over 10 years, and his extensive international resume, which at that time had three full international teams and countless worldwide professional teams on it, was pipped to the post by part-time cricket coach, PE Teacher and Director of Sport at Wellington College Richard Halsall who was more familiar to the newly appointed England Head coach, Peter Moores, due to his link with Sussex County Cricket Club . Stanford Superstars
In 2008, the Stanford relationship was to prove crucial, as <mask> was again hired by Stanford T20 Cricket, to be the official


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 fielding coach for the newly formed Stanford Superstars professional cricket team. The Stanford Superstars were formed with the intention of playing a one off Twenty Million Dollar Game against England at the Stanford Cricket Ground in Antigua on 1 November 2008, which is incidentally, Antigua's Independence Day.The event became the Stanford Super Series of cricket where Middlesex County Cricket Club from England, along with Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team, both of which had won their respective domestic T20 tournaments, joined England and the Superstars to play in a round robin series of games in Antigua, culminating in the 20 million dollar game against England on 1 Nov. The Superstars beat England convincingly. As history shows the Stanford Superstars capitalised on their intensive coaching regime under Eldine Baptiste, Roger Harper, Cardigan Connor and <mask>, by winning every game they played that week and receiving 20 million dollars, the biggest winners pay cheque ever offered in cricket. There were mixed feelings across the world, both in the lead up to and following the series; and events have since proved that perhaps the Stanford connection within cricket may have been ill-advised for many, however the potential good that may have come from his involvement with West Indies cricket, will now never be fulfilled, leaving the regions cricketing future in the balance. ICC High Performance Program and Associate Teams

Ireland
In early 2009, <mask> was appointed as "Specialist Fielding Coach" to the Irish cricket team, under former West Indies Cricketer, Phil Simmons, during their World Cup Qualifying Tournament in South Africa, which proved to be highly successful, with Ireland not only winning the tournament, which they had previously never achieved, but retaining

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 their ODI status along with qualifying for the next cricket world cup in 2011. Later in 2009 he again assisted Ireland when they played in Aberdeen against Scotland and in Stormont, Ireland during their ODI game against England which they narrowly lost. Canada
In December 2009 <mask> held clinics in St Kitts for the Canada Under 19 and West Indies Under 19 Squads, prior to their entry into the Under 19 world Cup in New Zealand in 2010.In March 2010, <mask> joined Bermuda as part of their coaching staff, on the recommendation of former West Indies & Australian Commonwealth Bank Academy Coach, David JA Moore. This was as part of their preparation camp held at the HPC (High Performance Centre) University of Pretoria, South Africa, for a short tour of Namibia. Bermuda
In April 2010, <mask> was hired by the ICC, International Cricket Council, High Performance Unit to assist Ireland and Canada as part of their coaching staff, during their participation in the Jamaica Cricket Festival. Whilst on this assignment he also assisted with coaching Ireland in Trinidad, prior to their participation in the ICC World T20 Tournament in the Caribbean. In May, <mask> was again hired by Bermuda to help with the team's preparation for the ICC Americas Division 1 Championship to be held on Bermuda. He held a series of specialist fielding and T20 Batting Clinics for the Bermuda Team. He also held sessions for young Bermuda players, local coaches and local club teams.Trinidad
While in Trinidad, <mask> was invited to run "Specialist Fielding Clinics" for the highly acclaimed Trinidad & Tobago National Team, who were preparing for the Champions League qualification process. ICC High Performance Program
In July 2010, <mask> attended the ICC World Cricket League Division 1 Championships in the Netherlands as the

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 "Fielding Specialist Consultant" as part of the ICC High Performance Department. Other consultants included Mudassar Nazar (Batting), Dayle Hadlee (Bowling), Jeremy Snape / Michael Caulfied (Sporting Edge Performance), Dr Sherylle Calder / Christi Botha (Vision Training), Patrick Farhart (Physiotherapy / Player Management), Andy Russell (Strength & Conditioning), and SportsMechanics (I) Pvt Ltd (Match Analysis). Bangladesh 2010
In 2010 rumours flooded the cricket media that <mask> was set to become the fielding coach of the Bangladesh national cricket team with former South African Cricketer Lance Klusener set to become Bowling Coach
This story was proved at least partly correct, when it was announced by the BCB that <mask> had indeed, joined the coaching and support staff of the Bangladesh Team. Kleusener finally turned down the role of bowling coach, which was then awarded to the highly acclaimed, and significantly more qualified, Ian Pont. New Zealand tour of Bangladesh
Fountain and Pont got off to a good start with Bangladesh after "Tiger Washing" the New Zealand team 4-0 during the Micromax ODI Series in October 2010. This is the first time Bangladesh has had a series win over a full-strength, Test-playing nation in its 10-year history and subsequently rose to 8th place in the ODI rankings, above West Indies and into the elite top group of teams.This was followed in December 2010 by a 3–1 series win over Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh
As well as handling the fielding, <mask> took a small hand in both batting & bowling coaching whilst working with Bangladesh, assisting not only with fast bowlers with their slower balls, baseball style power mechanics for all batters, actions and release techniques with the spinners and batting fundamentals and tactics with the tail enders.


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 Temporary head coach of Bangladesh

During the 2010 micromax home series against Zimbabwe, <mask> was appointed temporarily awarded head coach status, whilst Jamie Siddons attended the birth of his second child back in Australia. This was for the third ODI at Sher-e-bangla National stadium in Dhaka, which Bangladesh won

Butterfly Ball

In 2010, whilst on assignment in Bangladesh <mask> and Ian Pont Fast Bowling Coach, combined to use their cricket and baseball backgrounds, to design a completely new slower ball for pace bowlers or variation ball for spin bowlers Having both had experience as baseball pitchers, <mask> and Pont were both well aware of the movement it is possible to achieve, with the correct ball release. The delivery has been named the "Butterfly Ball" due to its erratic movement patterns through the air, and is based on the same aerodynamic principles as baseball's knuckleball. ICC Cricket World Cup 2011
<mask> was part of the coaching staff for the Bangladesh National Cricket Team during the ICC Cricket World Cup. Bangladesh played six games at this ICC Cricket World Cup; beating England, Ireland and the Netherlands but losing to India, West Indies and South Africa.They were knocked out at the group stage. Australia tour of Bangladesh
After the World Cup had finished, Australia toured Bangladesh playing a 3 ODI series, which Australia won 3–0. Despite dramatically raising the standard of the Bangladesh team's fielding in only a matter of a few months, <mask>s contract was not renewed. Dhaka Gladiators 2012
In 2012 <mask> was hired as specialist fielding coach by the Dhaka Gladiators, a franchise team that plays in the Bangladesh Premier league. He helped them get to the final where they beat the Barisal Burners to win the inaugural BPL. Pakistan 2012–2014
In March


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 2012 <mask> was appointed as specialist fielding coach for Pakistan, and was based at the National Cricket Academy in Lahore, Pakistan. He worked exclusively with Pakistan cricketers at Test, ODI and T20 matches and during pre tour camps and clinics.These included, but were not limited to:

A mixture of Test, ODI, and T20 series against Sri Lanka, Australia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, West Indies, Scotland, Ireland and India. Major tournaments he was involved with were:

Asia Cup 2012 in Bangladesh
Pakistan played four matches; beating both Bangladesh and Sri Lanka in the group stage, but losing to India. Pakistan beat Bangladesh in the final and won the Asia Cup. ICC T20 World Cup in Sri Lanka
Pakistan played five matches at the 2012 T20 World Cup in Sri Lanka. They beat New Zealand & Bangladesh, to qualify for the super eight stage. They beat South Africa & Australia, but lost to India; however this still qualified them for the Semi Final. They were beaten by Sri Lanka in the semi finals.ICC Champions Trophy in England
Pakistan played three matches (plus a warmup). They were against South Africa, West Indies & India. Unfortunately Pakistan lost all three and failed to make it out of their group. Despite a clear improvement in Pakistan's fielding performances, <mask> was not retained after his contract expired. Head coach of South Korea and Asian Games 2014
In 2014 <mask> was hired as head coach of South Korea who hosted the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea The T20 Cricket tournament was played at the Yeonhui Cricket Ground. Korea played three games during the tournament, against Malaysia, China, and Sri Lanka. They made it into the quarter finals where they were beaten by Sri Lanka, despite a fantastic effort.Switch Hit 20
In January 2015, <mask> launched a project in the USA

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 designed to help former professional baseball players make the transition to playing T20 Cricket. ACF Honorary Advisory Board
In February 2015, <mask> was invited to join the Honorary Advisory Board of the American Cricket Federation. Off the field

"Direct Hit" performance analysis software system for fielding
Fielding, a major component of ricket, has little or no statistical data to call upon when selecting players or making tactical adjustments. This had always puzzled <mask>, as he had extensive experience of baseball where all elements of the game, fielding included, are recorded. In 2010, <mask>'s groundbreaking "Fielding Analysis System" for cricket was put into a software package, to allow every aspect of cricket fielding to be scored and analysed, giving a complete picture on a team or individuals performance. The system was first used by <mask> during his early stints with the West Indies on the 2000 / 2001 tour of Australia, and has been 10 years in development. Since that time various people have tried to imitate or copy it, including certain well known TV companies.TV, radio, magazines, coach education
<mask> has written many articles on fielding, cricket, baseball and coaching which have been widely read, thanks to the internet. He has been featured on a huge range of sports television and radio shows, in all parts of the world. He has been involved with the research, production and presentation of coach education material for a wide variety of organisations including the ICC, ECB, PCB and WICB. External links
 <mask>'s Cricinfo Player page
<mask>'s Pakpassion Blog

<mask>'s Switch Hit 20 website

References

1970 births
Living people
People from Shoreham-by-Sea
English baseball players
English cricketers
English cricket coaches
Fielding (cricket)
Pakistan Super

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<mask> FRS (20 August 1710 – 14 May 1761) was a British mathematician and inventor known for the eponymous <mask>'s rule to approximate definite integrals. The attribution, as often in mathematics, can be debated: this rule had been found 100 years earlier by Johannes Kepler, and in German it is called Keplersche Fassregel. Biography

<mask> was born in Sutton Cheney, Leicestershire. The son of a weaver, <mask> taught himself mathematics. At the age of nineteen, he married a fifty-year old widow with two children. As a youth, he became interested in astrology after seeing a solar eclipse. He also dabbled in divination and caused fits in a girl after 'raising a devil' from her.After this incident, he and his wife had to flee to Derby. He moved with his wife and children to London at age twenty-five, where he supported his family by weaving during the day and teaching mathematics at night. From 1743, he taught mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. <mask> was a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1758, <mask> was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He died in Market Bosworth, and was laid to rest in Sutton Cheney. A plaque inside the church commemorates him.Early work

<mask>'s treatise entitled The Nature and Laws of Chance and The Doctrine of Annuities and Reversions were based on the work of De Moivre and were attempts at making the same material more brief and understandable. <mask> stated this clearly in The Nature and Laws of Chance, referring to De Moivre's Doctrine of Chances: "tho' it neither wants Matter nor Elegance to recommend it, yet the Price must, I am sensible, have put it out of the Power of many to purchase it". In both works, <mask> cited De Moivre's work and did not claim originality beyond the presentation of some more accurate data. While he and De Moivre initially got along, De Moivre eventually felt that his income was threatened by <mask>'s

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 work and in his second edition of Annuities upon Lives, wrote in the preface:

"After the pains I have taken to perfect this Second Edition, it may happen, that a certain Person, whom I need not name, out of Compassion to the Public, will publish a Second Edition of his Book on the same Subject, which he will afford at a very moderate Price, not regarding whether he mutilates my Propositions, obscures what is clear, makes a Shew of new Rules, and works by mine; in short, confounds, in his usual way, every thing with a croud of useless Symbols; if this be the Case, I must forgive the indigent Author, and his disappointed Bookseller." Work

The method commonly called <mask>'s Rule was known and used earlier by Bonaventura Cavalieri (a student of Galileo) in 1639, and later by James Gregory; still, the long popularity of <mask>'s textbooks invites this association with his name, in that many readers would have learnt it from them. In the context of disputes surrounding methods advanced by René Descartes, Pierre de Fermat proposed the challenge to find a point D such that the sum of the distances to three given points, A, B and C is least, a challenge popularised in Italy by Marin Mersenne in the early 1640s. Simpson treats the problem in the first part of Doctrine and Application of Fluxions (1750), on pp.26–28, by the description of circular arcs at which the edges of the triangle ABC subtend an angle of pi/3; in the second part of the book, on pp. 505–506 he extends this geometrical method, in effect, to weighted sums of the distances. Several of <mask>'s books contain selections of optimisation problems treated by simple geometrical considerations in similar manner, as (for <mask>) an illuminating counterpart to possible treatment by fluxional (calculus) methods. But <mask> does not treat the problem in the essay on geometrical problems of maxima and minima appended to his textbook on Geometry of 1747,

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 although it does appear in the considerably reworked edition of 1760. Comparative attention might, however, usefully be drawn to a paper in English from eighty years earlier as suggesting that the underlying ideas were already recognised then:
 J. Collins A Solution, Given by Mr. John Collins of a Chorographical Probleme, Proposed by Richard Townley Esq. Who Doubtless Hath Solved the Same Otherwise, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 6 (1671), pp. 2093–2096.Of further related interest are problems posed in the early 1750s by J. Orchard, in The British Palladium, and by T. Moss, in The Ladies' Diary; or Woman's Almanack (at that period not yet edited by <mask>). Simpson-Weber triangle problem

This type of generalisation was later popularised by Alfred Weber in 1909. The Simpson-Weber triangle problem consists in locating a point D with respect to three points A, B, and C in such a way that the sum of the transportation costs between D and each of the three other points is minimised. In 1971, Luc-Normand Tellier found the first direct (non iterative) numerical solution of the Fermat and Simpson-Weber triangle problems. Long before Von Thünen's contributions, which go back to 1818, the Fermat point problem can be seen as the very beginning of space economy. In 1985, Luc-Normand Tellier formulated an all-new problem called the “attraction-repulsion problem”, which constitutes a generalisation of both the Fermat and Simpson-Weber problems. In its simplest version, the attraction-repulsion problem consists in locating a point D with respect to three points A1, A2 and R in such a way that the attractive forces exerted by points A1 and A2, and the repulsive force exerted by point R cancel each other out.In the same book, Tellier solved that problem for the first time in the triangle case, and he reinterpreted the space economy theory, especially, the theory of land rent, in the light of the


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 concepts of attractive and repulsive forces stemming from the attraction-repulsion problem. That problem was later further analysed by mathematicians like Chen, Hansen, Jaumard and Tuy (1992), and Jalal and Krarup (2003). The attraction-repulsion problem is seen by Ottaviano and Thisse (2005) as a prelude to the New Economic Geography that developed in the 1990s, and earned Paul Krugman a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2008. Publications
 Treatise of Fluxions (1737)
 The Nature and Laws of Chance (1740)

 The Doctrine of Annuities and Reversions (1742)

 A Treatise of Algebra (1745)
 Elements of Plane Geometry. To which are added, An Essay on the Maxima and Minima of Geometrical Quantities, And a brief Treatise of regular Solids; Also, the Mensuration of both Superficies and Solids, together with the Construction of a large Variety of Geometrical Problems  (Printed for the Author; Samuel Farrer; and John Turner, London, 1747) [The book is described as being Designed for the Use of Schools and the main body of text is <mask>'s reworking of the early books of The Elements of Euclid. <mask> is designated Professor of Geometry in the Royal Academy at Woolwich.] Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical (1748)
 Doctrine and Application of Fluxions.Containing (besides what is common on the subject) a Number of New Improvements on the Theory. And the Solution of a Variety of New, and very Interesting, Problems in different Branches of the Mathematicks (two parts bound in one volume; J. Nourse, London, 1750)
 Select Exercises in Mathematics (1752)

See also
 Probability
 Series multisection
 <mask>'s rules (ship stability)

References

External links
<mask> and his Work on Maxima and Minima at Convergence

1710 births
1761 deaths
People from Market Bosworth
English mathematicians
18th-century English mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the

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Michael A<mask> (born January 12, 1970) is a former Republican member of the Indiana State Senate representing the 29th district from 2005 to 2018. He is considered to be a "socially conservative Republican," who has courted support from the Tea Party movement. <mask> is known for his immigration legislation and his support for an Indiana Constitutional amendment that would ban same-sex marriages and civil unions. He is frequently mentioned and has shown interest in representing Indiana in statewide office or in US Congress. On November 6, 2018, <mask> lost reelection in the State Senate to J. D. Ford. Personal details
<mask> is the son of David W<mask>, who was an Indianapolis-based executive for Iowa Beef Processors, and <mask>, who worked at a bank, and he has three brothers, Jamie, Stephen and John. His parents were divorced.<mask> attended Carmel High School and was a member of the class of 1988. <mask> was educated at Indiana University and holds four degrees from the institution. He received his BA in 1992, MS in Environmental Science and Masters of Public Affairs in 1996, and his JD from Indiana University School of Law in 2010. In 2011, <mask> passed his Indiana State Bar exam. He is a fluent speaker of Spanish. He married Beth (née Frankel) in 1993 and they have five daughters, who are home schooled. <mask> and his family are members of the non-denominational Central Christian Church in Carmel, Indiana.After working as a Congressional staffer, <mask> represented Comcast Cable as regional director of government affairs. In 2012, <mask> joined CarDon & Associates as general counsel. <mask> is a major in the United States Army Reserve. He has served since 2001. Political career

Congressional staffer
From 1996-2004, <mask> worked as a Congressional staffer for US Representative Dan Burton, a Republican who at the time represented , although Burton would end his career in . <mask> has served as Burton's district director and chief of staff. During this time, <mask> was a Republican precinct committee leader.Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State
<mask> competed and lost the Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary

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 of State in 2002. He was running against then Marion County Coroner Dr. John McGoff, Vanderburgh County Commissioner Richard Mourdock and Deputy Secretary of State Todd Rokita. NBA basketball player Kent Benson briefly competed but dropped out in March and well before the June Republican convention in Indianapolis. Representative Burton introduced Delph before the Republican state convention delegates. Richard Mourdock's campaign made a controversial move when it issued a vote appeal handout to delegates inferring <mask> had withdrawn when Delph was still in competition for the nomination. The flier read: Delph Supporters Urged to Vote Mourdock: Conservatives must unite on the second ballot to guarantee strong candidate support in November. The Mourdock campaign congratulates <mask> on a hard-fought campaign and invites Delph supporters to join with Mourdock supporters to nominate a conservative on the second ballot!Even though Mourdock had the most votes on the initial ballot, Rokita won the nomination and later the general election in November against then-Democratic opponent Bloomington Mayor John Fernandez.State Senator, District 29, 2005

In December 2005, <mask> replaced retiring State Senator J. Murray Clark, who retired with one year remaining in his term. <mask> won the Republican Caucus vote, a special election, against his competitor Dan Gammon, who was at the time a Wayne Township trustee. The state senator of District 29 represents a section of Marion and Hamilton counties. Boone County was added later in 2011. His top supporters were Bill Schneider, a former Indianapolis City-County Council member; Paul Shoopman, a real estate businessman; and his employer US Representative Burton. First full term S-29 2006

During his first general election in 2006, <mask> won unopposed. The Democrats had nominated Mennonite minister Jennifer "Jeni" Umble but her filing was not validated because the submission occurred past deadline.Indiana State Senate, District 29, Election Results, November 7, 2006

Second full term S-29 2010

In 2010, <mask> ran for re-election and won in a race where he faced Democrat Robin Shackleford. She ran

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 against <mask>'s immigration legislation modeled after Arizona state's. After the 2010 election, the Indiana Republicans held a supermajority in the House and Senate, 37 Republican senators and 13 Democratic senators. Indiana State Senate, District 29, Election Results, November 2, 2010

Third Full Term S-29 2014
In November 2014, <mask> successfully stood for reelection against Democrat J.D. Ford. Initially, both candidates ran unopposed in their respective May primaries. J.D.Ford was a gay candidate who opposed <mask>'s stand on same-sex marriage. <mask>'s Twitter communication about an internal debate within the Republican caucus about recognition of same-sex unions in Indiana, which was the proposal for a state constitutional amendment passed in altered form during the 2014, provided publicity about his reelection with Ford. During the campaign, Ford made a statement that some felt called for discrimination against individuals with religious beliefs, while responding to a question regarding discrimination against LGBT individuals. Indiana State Senate, District 29, Election Results, November 4, 2014

Defeated for re-election S-29 2018
<mask> again faced Ford when he sought reelection for the fourth time in 2018. After winning the Republican primary, he was defeated in the general election, the only Republican State Senate casualty of the night. Indiana State Senate, District 29, Election Results, November 6, 2018

Political opportunities
For the 2012 election, <mask> was not standing in an election but he was mentioned as a Tea Party alternative to long-time Republican Indiana Senator Richard Lugar. At the time, he was fundraising and was the only US politician who accepted a donation from BP's political action committee in the period after its Deepwater Horizon spill and spoke out in favor of the company in defense of its critics.<mask> opposed the nomination of Elena Kagan to the US Supreme Court based on her views on "partial-birth abortion" (a medical procedure known as Intact dilation and extraction), the ratification of New START and the DREAM Act, all of which Lugar was identified with as a supporter. Delph appeared at Tea

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 Party events at Indiana with the eventual Tea Party backed-candidate and then State Treasurer Richard Mourdock. <mask> withdrew in September 2011. Mourdock was left as the Tea Party-backed candidate and mounted an insurgent campaign against Lugar, winning the nomination, but losing to Democrat Joe Donnelly in the November 2012 general election. In 2012, US Representative Dan Burton announced he would retire, which opened up his Congressional seat in 2012. <mask> had worked for Burton around eight years and Burton was a political ally in Delph's bid for Indiana Secretary of State in 2002. <mask> was considered to be a potential candidate.Among those who campaigned for the Burton's open seat were Susan Brooks, a former federal prosecutor; David McIntosh, a former Congressperson; John McGoff, a former Marion County coroner; and <mask>, a former state representative and former Marion County Republican chairperson. Delph later withdrew his name from further consideration. Brooks was elected in the November election. During the 2012 Presidential primary season, Delph supported Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania for the Republican Party nomination. After 2012, <mask> has been mentioned in the media as a possible candidate to represent Indiana as a Senator in Congress. 2016 U.S. Senate race
In 2015, talk increased about a possible Delph run for the U.S. Senate. "Delph does have strong support among the tea party and social conservative groups that propelled Richard Mourdock past Richard Lugar, the incumbent and political legend, in the 2012 GOP primary," noted Indianapolis Star columnist Tim Swarens."The Indiana Family Institute, for example, named Delph its 2014 legislator of the year." The columnist added: "A lot of strange things have happened in politics in recent years, and <mask>'s appeals to traditional values, fiscal conservatism and tell-it-like-it-is bluntness are attractive to some voters. And as Indiana turns a deeper shade of red with each election cycle that may be enough to at least be a credible player." Doug Ross,  editorial page editor of The Times of Northwest Indiana, speculated in July that <mask> would vie for the seat

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 being relinquished by U.S. Sen. Dan Coats, R, who opted not to run for re-election. "Picture <mask> on the high dive," Ross wrote, "toes curled around the edge of the diving board, bouncing gently, and looking down into the deep, deep waters far below. That's where he stands on diving into the 2016 U.S. Senate race." Committee assignments
 Tax and fiscal policy
 Judiciary
 Courts and juvenile justice subcommittee
 Insurance/financial institutions

Political positions

Government reorganization
Before <mask>'s appointment to finish J. Murray Clark's final term, Senator David Long, a Republican from Fort Wayne, proposed Senate Bill 225 that addressed the merging of Allen County's governmental units, but Long took his bill out of consideration after facing opposition from a crowd of 400 people at a February 2004 public meeting in Grabill, which became known as the "Grabill Massacre."During the 2006 session of the Indiana Legislature, then House Representative Jim Buck, a Republican from Kokomo, and <mask> authored and sponsored House Enrolled Act 1362 that would allow mergers of Indiana's governmental units without the legislature's approval. After Long successfully amended the voting process for a merger between city and county, the bill went on to pass both chambers, and its final passage occurred just one minute before its deadline. The Government Modernization Act of 2006 signed by Governor Mitch Daniels led to the consolidation of the city of Zionsville with Eagle and Union townships of Boone County in January 2010, an area which is part of Delph's current district. Abortion
While <mask> was heading toward his first general election in 2006, he threw his support behind a controversial Senate Bill (Indiana SB-90) that would  make it law to  strengthen informed consent requiring information presented to women before abortions that 1) life begins at conception and 2) education about the pain felt by the unborn child. Planned Parenthood and other opponents rejected it on the grounds that the communication was religious indoctrination, the science was inconclusive, and the legislation amounted to interference in the doctor and patient

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 relationship. Different versions passed the Indiana Senate and House and so the bills had to be reconciled in committee. In the end, the bill was unsuccessful by procedure because the necessary votes did not take place on time.Based upon the State Senate President Pro Tem Robert Garton's power to schedule votes, he lost the support of Right to Life groups and those groups threw their support behind his Republican primary challenger Greg Walker. This resulted in Garton's defeat in the May Indiana primary. Delph supported Senator Brent Steele, a Republican from Bedford and a strong opponent of abortion, during his bid to replace Garton for Senate leader in 2006, but Senator David Long won. Later, Delph was critical of a judge's decision in June 2012 on the state's law concerning the federal funding of abortion services. A US District Court judge ruled in favor of Planned Parenthood. The organization argued that state legislation to block its access to Medicaid funding for all of its services based upon its support of abortions created a conflict between state and federal powers. Delph said the courts were interfering with state executive and legislative powers.The judge's decision was upheld in October by 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. Immigration
While competing for Republican nomination for Indiana Secretary of State in 2002, <mask> was considered by political observers to be seeking support from Latinos. <mask> was an author and advocate for 2011 state immigration legislation, known as Indiana SB-590, that was modeled after Arizona's controversial 2010 immigration law. SB-590 passed in the State Senate. The Indiana House removed several controversial parts from the original Senate version. <mask> then negotiated the compromise between the House and Senate.After Governor Mitch Daniels signed it into law, a US District Court judge blocked two sections of the law. Other states, such as Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina and Utah also passed similar legislation, and like Arizona's those laws were challenged in court. Attorney General Greg Zoeller gave up on three warrantless arrest provisions of the law after the Supreme Court decided

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 the Arizona v. United States case in July 2012. Judge Sarah Evans Barker of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana heard the case and eliminated portions of it. Zoeller did not appeal the decision. Same-sex marriage amendment
In 2011, the Indiana legislature passed the Marriage Amendment to make Indiana's current statute on the definition of marriage as between a man and woman part of the Indiana Constitution. According to Indiana's constitutional amendment process, two consecutive elected legislatures must pass the same amendment before it is sent to voters.When Republicans raised the issue with HJR-3 in 2014, <mask> became a prominent spokesperson for passage in the media pushing for statewide vote. <mask> told WRTV that according to his survey 60 percent of his constituents wanted to vote on the amendment in November. The amendment did not pass during session because of a controversial second sentence that would have also banned on civil unions. During the process, the second sentence was removed by each chamber. <mask> was critical of traditional supporters of the amendment, especially Senate leader David Long and House Speaker Brian Bosma, who did not exert their political influence during the most favorable political climate for its passage. <mask> criticized Long for moving the hearing for the amendment from the Judiciary Committee, led by social conservative Senator Brent Steele, to the Rules and Legislative Procedures Committee, headed by Long, and the change to the second sentence was made in the less favorable committee. <mask> and some others then voted against the senate version as the second sentence, in their view, better protected a passed amendment from a later judiciary challenge.Controversies or media attention

Mother

While it had already been reported in 1990 that <mask>'s mother <mask> was in the employ of Dan Burton's federal reelection campaign and had at that time received US$1500, she was mentioned again during a time period when Dan Burton was one of Bill Clinton's most vocal critics during Clinton's impeachment process. In 1998, while <mask> worked on Congressman Dan Burton's

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 staff, Salon reported that <mask>'s mother was a possible "ghost employee" of Burton's federal political campaigns although her ex-husband and the state senator's father was unaware of her campaign work. <mask> had known Dan Burton since the 1960s. Burton had served as a reference for <mask> and he employed him out of college. The Washington Post also named Claudia Keller as another salary recipient who was a possible "ghost employee" and reported that her family members were also paid by Burton. In addition, Burton revealed in 1998 that he was the father of a child by a woman who was not his wife and that the boy was then fifteen years old. Although the Congressional Accountability Project filed a letter of complaint against Burton, which also made mention of <mask>, the ethics investigation in the media was never pursued by the Congressional Ethics Committee.Military uniform

In 2008, <mask> was investigated by the US military when a fellow reserve officer from his unit wore a military uniform and appeared alongside <mask> at Delph's press conference. The officer was speaking in favor of Delph's immigration legislation. Both officers were with the same 310th Expeditionary Sustainment Command. At the time, <mask> was a captain and a company commander with the 310th. The other officer was a lieutenant colonel with the same unit. Members of the military are prohibited from wearing uniforms at political events and appearing to side with any political group. <mask> was the one who suggested the officer wear his uniform to the press conference.Tim Durham

In 2011, <mask> announced he would return US$10,000 dollars in campaign funds from 2006 and 2007 donated by Tim Durham. The Indianapolis-based businessman would later be convicted and sentenced to 50 years for his role in a Ponzi scheme. Durham had supported Indiana Republicans, including then Governor  Mitch Daniels' acceptance of just under US$200,000. Brother
During a public debate over Twitter about his support for an amendment that would ban same-sex marriage by constitution in 2014, <mask> said his brother Stephen is a homosexual. His brother conducted interviews and said he

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 disagreed with his brother on the amendment but said all his brothers had always been supportive. Stephen said <mask> even suggested he date an old college friend; Senator <mask> said he was not a matchmaker but encouraged his brother to seek out positive friends. Discipline sanction by State Senate leader
In 2014, <mask> made what was called in Indiana "the tweet heard around the world" about the defeat of HJR-3 in a form social conservatives wanted to move to voters in the fall.During the 2014 session, <mask> was sanctioned by State Senate President Pro Tem David Long for "bluntly speaking his mind" about what he perceived as Long's and other party leaders' mishandling of the same-sex marriage amendment. <mask> also said in a press conference that he tweeted information from the Senate floor based on his own vote count. As a result of Long's punishment, <mask> lost his status as a ranking member of the State Senate Judiciary Committee, was stripped of his communication position within the majority and of his press secretary, and was moved in the chamber to sit with the minority Democrats. His press conferences and tweets promoted his name recognition throughout the state as a leader for the amendment's passage. He told journalists after he had "no regrets" and had "strong beliefs" about the issue. Awards and honors

Military service

 Army Commendation Medal
 Joint Service Achievement Medal

Public service

 2013 & 2006, Distinguished Public Service Award, awarded by the American Legion
 2010, Mr. Clean Award, awarded by Common Cause
 2006, Legislator of the Year, awarded by Disabled American Veterans
 2005 Sagamore of the Wabash Award

See also

 List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement

References

External links
State Senator <mask> official Indiana State Legislature site
Member page with State Senate Republicans

Indiana Senate District 29 map

1970 births
Living people
Carmel High School (Indiana) alumni
Indiana lawyers
Indiana Republicans
Indiana state senators
Indiana University alumni
People from Carmel, Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis
United States Army officers
United States Army

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<mask> (born 1971) is an Austrian artist, composer and musicologist. Biography
<mask> (a.k.a. Gal) works between the categories, creating music for instruments and electro-acoustic compositions, as well as art installations. Many of his intermedia art projects and sound installations present combinations of sound, light, objects, video projections and spatial concepts. He is director of the Austrian art organization "sp ce" and runs the record label Gromoga Records. <mask>'s work has been presented in concerts, installations and exhibitions throughout Europe, Asia and The Americas. He has been invited to music and art festivals including Donaueschinger Musiktage Germany; Donaufestival Austria; FILE São Paulo; ICMC Berlin; Inventionen Berlin; Jeunesse Festival Vienna; MaerzMusik Berlin; MATA Festival New York; Musashino Public Art Festival Tokyo, Musicacoustica Beijing; Mutek Montreal; Nuova Consonanza Rome; New Sound, New York-Festival, NYC; Sonambiente Berlin; Soundfield Festival Chicago; Festival Stimme+, ZKM, Karlsruhe; Wien Modern Festival.He has collaborated with artists such as Yumi Kori, P. Michael Schultes, G.S. Sedlak, and Emre Tuncer. For his work, Gal has received numerous awards, including the Karl Hofer Prize Berlin 2001, a fellowship from the DAAD Artists in Berlin Programme 2003, the Austrian State Scholarship for

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 Composition 2004, and the Outstanding Artist Award for Music of the City of Vienna 2010. His music has been made available on ca. 30 audio publications, by record labels such as Durian, Plate Lunch, Intransitive Records, Bremsstrahlung, Klanggalerie, Charhizma, and Gromoga. Currently Gál lives and works in Vienna, Austria. Selected electroacoustic works
 "Ur-Ur", series of electro-acoustic compositions, ca.40', 2016. "homesweethomes #3", 23', 2016. "Das himmlische Kind", 34', 2015. Book & DVD Video 'Zwischenbrücken', edition sp ce, 2015. "homesweethomes #2", 17', 2014. "homesweethomes #1", 32', 2013. "Void", 9', 2012."earlift", 16', 2011. Book & DVD Video 'Zwischenbrücken', edition sp ce, 2015. "xuan zhuan", 15', 2009. CD 'same difference', Gromoga, Austria, 2010. "relive", series of electro-acoustic compositions, 78', 2008. CD-Version released by Gromoga, Austria, 2008. "solo", four electro-acoustic compositions, 4 x 20', 2007.Book & DVD Video 'Zwischenbrücken', edition sp ce, 2015. "Reinstallation", 74', 2006. "le gocce dell' uomo del campo", 7', 2004. CD 'Danza De La Muerte', Klanggalerie, Austria, 2003. "Dreiband", 42', 2003. Catalogue book and Audio CD 'Installations', Kehrer, 2005. "Made in Austria", 2002."RGB", 42', 2001. CD 'relisten', Intransitive, USA, 2001. "Hinaus:: In den, Wald. ", 64', 2001. CD-Version released by


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 Klanggalerie, Austria, 2004. "zhu shui", 7', 2001. CD 'lowercase sound', Bremsstrahlung, USA, 2002."57A", 7', 2001. CD 'relisten', Intransitive, USA, 2001. "bestimmung darmstadt", nine voice sculptures, 41', 2000. "Defragmentation/blue", 56', 1998. CD-Version released by Plate Lunch, Germany, 2000. "bestimmung new york", 15 voice sculptures, 63', 1998. CD-Version released by Durian, Austria, 1999."68th Street",  14', 1998. CD 'relisten', Intransitive, USA, 2001. Selected instrumental works
 "Un-Un | ununtitled", for four female vocalists, 2015. "schwarzenberg", for piano, 2013
 "beshadowed II", for flute, violoncello, sound- and light projection, 2013. "flut", for bass flute and quadrophonic sound projection, 2011 (in collaboration with Belma Beslic-Gal). "becuadro", for brass quartet and light projection, 2008
 "behape", for 2 clarinets and sound projection, 2006
 "Klangschatten", for Chinese instruments, sound- and light projection, 2004
 "UTOO", for chamber ensemble and sound projection, 2004
 "belit", composition for chamber ensemble and light projection, 2004
 "uh-jeh-gal", for zheng, sheng and live electronics, 2004
 "vür fier", for quartertone-trumpet, guitar, sheng / xun and zheng, 2003
 "Defragmentation", for chamber ensemble, 2002
 "Mount Blanc", for (amplified) piano, 2002
 "beshadowed", for flute, violoncello, sound-


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 and light projection, 2002
 "Of Sound and Time", for traditional Chinese instruments and three listeners, 2000

Selected exhibitions

Solo Exhibitions / Intermedia Art Projects

 Das himmlische Kind; Zurich University of the Arts (Toni Campus), Zurich, 2015
 Silence is quiet. Listening; Radio Art Project; Kunstradio, Austria, 2013
 textur #8 (premiere); Kunstverein Alte Schmiede, Vienna, 2013
 textur #7 (premiere); Institut für neue Medien, Frankfurt, 2012
 textur #6 (premiere); Kunstverein Alte Schmiede, Vienna, 2011
 earlift; KunstQuartier, Salzburg, Austria.2011
 Sterngucker; Planetarium Judenburg, Austria, 2011
 stromlinien; KoFoMi 2010, Mittersill, Austria, 2010
 textur #5 (premiere); SESC Avenida Paulista, São Paulo, 2009
 mil águas. DMAE Gallery, Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2009
 solo. Allgemeiner Konsumverein, Braunschweig, Germany, 2009
 RGB. Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt (Austria), 2008
 solo. Lakeside Science & Technology Park, Klagenfurt (Austria), 2008
 Reinstallation. O Lugar, São Paulo, 2008
 Die Grüne Hölle. Kunstverein Alte Schmiede, Vienna, 2008
 Klangbojen, Festival Donaueschinger Musiktage, Germany, 2007
 Jukai.In collaboration with Yumi Kori. The David Winton Bell Gallery, Providence, 2007
 solo. Musik aktuell 2007, Gutenbrunn, Austria, 2007
 solo. Musik aktuell 2007, Tulln, Austria, 2007
 shinkai. In


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 collaboration with Yumi Kori. ISE Foundation, New York City, 2006
 Reinstallation. Festival Electric Eclectics, Meaford (Canada), 2006
 Die Grüne Hölle.Festival Sonambiente, Gallery of the Austrian Embassy, Berlin, 2006
 Airport. Musikinstrumenten-Museum, Berlin, 2006
 Infinitation (Seattle). In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Center of Contemporary Art, Seattle, 2005
 Hinaus:: In den, Wald. Diapason Gallery, New York, 2005
 Defragmentation (Krems). In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Donaufestival, Krems, 2005
 Night Pulses.O.K. Centrum für Gegenwartskunst, Linz, 2004
 RGBuSW. singuhr - hoergalerie in parochial, Berlin, 2004
 Klangbojen. Musik aktuell 2003, Hanslteich, Gutenbrunn (Austria), 2003
 Klangbojen. Musik aktuell 2003, Donau-Altarm, Tulln (Austria), 2003
 Machina temporis. In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Franziskaner-Klosterruine, Berlin, 2002
 RGB.Kunstverein Alte Schmiede, Vienna, 2001
 zhu shui. Jazzatelier Ulrichsberg, Austria, 2000
 Defragmentation/red. In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Kryptonale Festival, Berlin, 2000
 Dissociated Voices. Werkstadt Graz, Graz, 2000
 Defragmentation/blue. In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Studio Five Beekman, New York, 1999

Group Exhibitions

 sprachklanggesetzt; Festival EUROPA, Arena, Vienna, 2015
 Alsógál; Sound Art Group Exhibition 'On the Edge of Perceptibility', Kunsthalle


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 Budapest, 2014
 Revelator | Boxed Secret | Neon Pier; Sheila Johnson Design Center, New York City, 2014
 It's like...; Group Exhibition 'Ueber das Scheitern'; enter: Raum für Kunst, Salzburg, 2013
 homesweethomes; Espace Projet, Montreal, 2013
 Sterngucker; Festival Sláturtíð, Reykjavík Art Museum, Iceland, 2011
 vibrate space, Festival Coded Cultures, Vienna, 2011
 RGB.das weisse haus, Vienna, 2010
 enelten. Area 53, Vienna, 2010
 Reinstallation. Festival Musicacoustica, Beijing, 2007
 Hyohaku-no-Hakobune. In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Kobe Bienal, Kobe, 2007
 Shinkai. In collaboration with Yumi Kori. Japan Society, New York City, 2007
 Hinaus:: In den, Wald.Galeria Vermelho, São Paulo, 2007
 RADIO EARS (textur #2). Magyar Muehely Galéria, Budapest, 2007
 Infinitation (São Paulo). In collaboration with Yumi Kori. SESC Pinheiros, São Paulo, 2006
 RGB. Klangturm, St. Poelten, Austria, 2006
 Defragmentation (ISCP). In collaboration with Yumi Kori. ISCP, New York City, 2005
 soundbagism.Denver International Airport, USA, 2004
 Oelbilder. Festival Reservoir VIII. Grosser Wasserspeicher, Berlin, 2004
 Three Whites. Sound Art Exhibition ‘Rock’s Role‘, Art in General, New York, 2004
 zhu shui. MATA-Festival. Gallery ‘GAle GAtes et al.’ New York, 2003
 Green Voice / Green Box. In collaboration with Yumi Kori.Musashino, Tokyo, 2002


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 enelten. Sound Off Festival. Galéria Umenia, Nové Zámky, Slowakia, 2002
 I am sHitting in a room. Durian-Festival. Konzerthaus, Wien, 2002
 Hinaus:: In den, Wald. Sammlung Essl, Klosterneuburg (Austria), 2001
 bestimmung darmstadt. Museum Institut Mathildenhöhe, Darmstadt, 2000
 NYC Subway.Jonathan Shorr Gallery, New York City, 1998

Discography

Main publications

Zwischenbrücken (Book & DVD, edition sp ce/Gromoga, 2015)
same difference (Gromoga, 2010)
relive (Gromoga, 2008)
Installations (DVD version) (Gromoga, 2007)
Installations (CD version) (Gromoga, 2005)
going round in serpentines (with Kai Fagaschinski, Charhizma, 2005)
Installations (catalogue book and Audio CD) (Kehrer, 2005)
Hinaus:: In den, Wald. (Klanggalerie, 2004)
relisten (Intransitive, 2001)
Defragmentation/blue (Plate Lunch, 2000)
bestimmung New York (Durian, 1999)

Selected Compilations and Catalogue CDs

Web release 'Autumn Soundscapes Vol.2' (Mandorla Records, Mexico, 2014)
CD 'Black and White Statements' (Gramola, Austria, 2013)
Web release 'Somewhere on the edge' (Gruenrekorder, Germany, 2012)
Book/DVD 'singuhr 1996-2006' (Kehrer, Germany, 2010)
CD 'Sudamerica Electronica 3' (Sudamerica Electronica, Argentine, 2010)
DVD 'stadtklaenge | klangstaetten' (Allgemeiner Konsumverein Braunschweig, Germany, 2009)
CD 'Sound Art: Beyond Music, Between Media.' (Rizzoli,


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 USA 2007)
CD 'henri chopin remixed' (Extraplatte, Austria 2006)
CD 'triMIX' (Innova Recordings, USA 2006)
CD '90 Sekunden Wirklichkeit' (DEGEM/Cybele, Germany 2005)
Catalogue & CDR 'Night Pulses' (O.K Center for Contemporary Art, Austria 2004)
DVD 'Text & Language' (Aspect, Magazine of New Media Art, USA 2004)
CD 'Rock’s Role (After Ryoanji)' (Art in General, USA 2004)
CD 'Intransitive Twenty-Three' (Intransitive Recordings, USA 2004)
CD 'Danza De La Muerte' (Klanggalerie, Austria 2003)
CD 'Typewriting Aloud. Basis Wien, Austria - information about Bernhard Gal's intermedia art projects and sound installations at Basis Wien, Austria. Anderson, Christine. 2004. "Berlin für ein Jahr: Gastkomponisten des DAAD—Soo-Jung Shin, Jean-Luc Hervé, Bernhard Gál", edited by Carolin Naujocks.Positionen: Beiträge zur Neuen Musik, no. 61 (November): 42–45. Fischer, Tobias. 2007. "Interview with <mask>". www.tokafi.com, Germany, July 2007. Grundmann, Heidi.2000. "Dissociated Voices (Werkeinführung)", in: Catalogue „Dissociated Voices“, Werkstadt Graz, Austria 2000. Lendl, Klemens. 2004. "Auf Horchposten", hi!tech Magazin, Austria, April 2004. Metzger, Christoph. 2006."Klangbojen", in: „Sonoric Perspectives. Ostseebiennale der Klangkunst“, Saarbrücken 2006. Montgomery, Will. 2004. "Lost in translation". The Wire, UK, March 2004. Schöny,


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 Roland.2004. "Night Pulses (Werkeinführung)", in: Catalogue „Night Pulses“, O.K Centrum für Gegenwartskunst, Linz 2004. Weckwerth, Georg. "Soundkunst Österreich", in: „spike art quarterly“, Vienna 2006. External links
 www.bernhardgal.com - Official website of <mask>l. Calendar of events, biography, sound excerpts and relevant links:
 Complete list of works
 Information on Gal's upcoming and past exhibitions
 CDs
 sp ce, Austrian art organisation
 shut up and listen!, Interdisciplinary Festival for Music and Sound Art, Vienna
  - Interview with <mask>, published by the music information center Austria (mica), April 2011 (in German)
 Sound Field 04 Chicago New and Experimental Music Festival (October 1–31, 2004)
 Tokafi-Interview - Interview with <mask>
 Sands-Zine - Feature article - Feature article about <mask> (in Italian)
 Gromoga
 edition sp ce
 Klanggalerie

Austrian male composers
Austrian composers
Hungarian composers
Hungarian male composers
People from Leopoldstadt
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
1971 births
Living

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<mask> (born June 23, 1947), is an American artist and inventor. Personal life and education
<mask> was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin to parents <mask>, a Marine pilot and inventor, and <mask>. He has two brothers, John and James. <mask> attended the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He received his MFA in 1971 from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. On September 26, 1990 <mask> married Catherine Matisse Monnier, a great granddaughter of Henri Matisse and granddaughter of Marcel Duchamp. <mask> and his family live in New York City.Career
<mask>'s work incorporates scientific themes. <mask> built Squat, an interactive robotic sculpture at his father's battery manufacturing plant in the summer of 1966. Squat won the Pauline Palmer Prize at the Chicago Art Institute that year in a show juried by James Speyer and Walter Hopps. Squat, made at 19 years old, was included in the landmark exhibition The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1969. It is considered a seminal work in robotic art. In 2019, "Squat" was restored under the direction of the artist by a team led by Robert Sieger, at Guardian Fine Art, Milwaukee, WI. Restored, "Squat" was a key work of art in a June-August 2019 exhibition of international sculpture, curated by Laura Sims Peck, at The Warehouse, Milwaukee, WI.The exhibition included work by twenty-one artists from twelve countries and three continents. During the run of the exhibition, <mask> presented an overview of his work which was videoed, and is the core of a new documentary film being made on <mask>'s work and career. In 1981, the first of <mask>'s large

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 magnetically levitated sculptures, the seven-meter long Compass of Love, was exhibited in New York, then purchased by the Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. The system of permanent magnets employed was designed by <mask>. In 1983, <mask> patented and produced an edition of 20 World Clocks with the participation of Fuller and Sadao's cartography. An example is in the collection of the Buckminster Fuller Institute and the Smithsonian American History Museum. Pontus Hulten, through the French Ministry of Culture, commissioned <mask> to make a major work for La Villette.<mask> designed a 17-meter diameter spherical array of computer-controlled RGB LED nodes equidistantly spaced like atoms in a crystal, called The Crystal Ball.
. In 1991, the Moderna Museet in Stockholm purchased <mask>'s first room-sized magnetic array, Compass Moon Atom Room. In 2000, <mask> commissioned Aerovironment to perform a feasibility study for Air Genie Video Airship. A US Patent was granted 2003. <mask> was commissioned by the Grande Palais in Paris to make a movie of his Airlands project (aka Outlands) for a major millennial show covering ten thousand years of Visions of the Future. His sculptures have since been included in international exhibitions such as the Centre Pompidou, the Stedelijk Museum, Moderna Museet, the Venice Biennale, the Sao Paulo Biennial, the Biennale de Lyon, the Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Art Tower Mito and the Whitney Museum. He was a featured artist at the 2003 TED Conference where he presented Air Genie, a spherical helium airship whose entire surface is a LED video screen.He also presented a series of paintings

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 made by a remote-controlled pendulum in another TED talk in 2009. Sculpture
<mask>'s work is idea driven. His subject matter is that of existential conditions, i.e., the forces, properties, characteristics, proportions, the web of sensations and knowledge of which we are a part. For example, Ray (1986) is a sculpture of the spheres of the Sun and Earth in proportion, and the cone of energy, gravity, electromagnetic, luminous, that connects the two. <mask> makes magnetically levitated sculpture. The sculptures are suspended using permanent magnets. His series of suspended arrays includes room-filling three-dimensional crystalline arrangements of magnetic spheres each of which orient to Earth's magnetic field like a compass.His recent work includes large outdoor sculptures which behave as weightless objects. The sculpture's internal mechanisms consisted of axles, ball-bearings, universal joints, ball & sockets, fulcrums and massive counterweights, give them the ability to spin, tilt, rise/fall and glide horizontally and eventually return to equilibrium. <mask> designed the TED Prize, the Buckminster Fuller prize and the Trophee Jules Verne installed at the Musee de la Marine in Paris. In November 2019, the Science Museum Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK opened a year-long exhibition of new and older work by <mask> entitled "<mask>: Universe in the Mind | Mind in the Universe". In the spring of 2020, 30-foot sculpture of Platonic solids will be installed at the entrance of the museum. Paintings
Throughout his career <mask> has used several techniques for making paintings. At first he used traditional brush and ink (or watercolor or oil) to

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texts: create paintings the subjects of which were typically projects he was working on or projects in a setting, such as a sculpture in a landscape.<mask> then developed "Evaporations," a technique where aqueous paint was poured on a sheet of paper, and over time – a few days or weeks – the water would evaporate, leaving the pigment in dry "lakes" of color. An important concept in this painting technique is that the pigment is held "in suspension", a color particle, as it were, "floating" in a fluid. For <mask>, this was microscopic levitation, with a visual record of the pigment's "descent" onto a paper "ground". It was also for him a way to co-author a painting with nature, a lesson learned from John Cage. Another co-authoring with nature is <mask>'s Trajectory series, where he tossed rubber balls wet with paint on inclined canvases, capturing the natural parabolic curve of the ball's path in gravity. The Paint Pendulum paintings are made using a radio-controlled six color pendulum paint dispenser of the artist's invention. The pendulum paint dispenser, controlled by the artist, released paint in discrete drops, like a very large inkjet printer, or smooth flowing streams of color.Recently in mid-2015, <mask> experimented with another painting format, which he calls Aerial Painting, where viewers can look at two-dimensional pattern on a canvas, which optically becomes a three-dimensional image, this without red and green glasses or other mechanical aids. "Looking 'through' a painting is something you do naturally," said <mask>. "It's the same as gazing at a distant horizon. Your brain re-orders space on the canvas, creating a natural 3D

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 space, where objects hover in front and behind the canvas." An example of this technique is the painting "Mind Expansion." For <mask> this is another form of levitation, one of the recurring themes of his work. Patents

<mask> holds patents for the following:
 first tactile telephone – US Pat.3780225 – Filed January 3, 1972
 a color television projector (w/ Walter De Maria, Maris Ambats) – US Pat. 3800085 – Filed October 20, 1972
 a synchronous world clock US Pat. 4579460 – Filed May 17, 1984 featuring a Fuller-Sadao map face, which is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
 a double-reversible garments (w/ Caty <mask>)
 a Video Airship (Air Genie)[03].US Pat. 7173649 – Filed May 29, 2002
 patents pending for Graphene Floating Spheres and Magnetic Linking System

Air Genie Video Airship

The Video Airship is an ongoing project which weaves together several themes in <mask>'s work. In the late 60's <mask> proposed spherical televisions linked to orbiting camera satellites. Buckminster Fuller had earlier proposed a 200-ft sphere covered with lights to display Earth to the United Nations. <mask> designed a LED-covered spherical blimp with cameras that could land at school campuses and other public locations to deliver education and at night host rave dances.Aerovironment, Inc., the engineering firm founded by aeronautics legend Paul MacCready, found the design feasible; it can be aerodynamically controlled and can present clear computer video in daylight. References

External links

1947 births
American artists
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

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texts: <mask> (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council. <mask> played an important role in both the United States and the United Kingdom as a social awareness and moral reformer, and pioneered in promoting education for women in medicine. Her contributions remain celebrated with the <mask> Medal, awarded annually to a woman who has made significant contribution to the promotion of women in medicine. <mask> was initially uninterested in a career in medicine, especially after her schoolteacher brought in a bull's eye to use as a teaching tool for studying the anatomy enabling vision. Therefore, she became a schoolteacher in order to support her family. This occupation was seen as suitable for women during the 1800s; however, she soon found it unsuitable for her. <mask>'s interest in medicine was sparked after a friend fell ill and remarked that, had a female doctor cared for her, she might not have suffered so much.<mask> began applying to medical schools and immediately began to endure the prejudice against her sex that would persist throughout her career. She was rejected from each medical school she applied to, except Geneva Medical College, currently known as Norton College of Medicine at State University of New York Upstate Medical University, in which the male students voted for <mask>'s acceptance. Thus, in 1847, <mask> became the first woman to attend medical school in the United States. <mask>'s inaugural thesis on typhoid fever, published in 1849 in the Buffalo Medical Journal, shortly after she graduated, was the first medical article published by a female student from the United States. It portrayed a strong

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 sense of empathy and sensitivity to human suffering, as well as strong advocacy for economic and social justice. This perspective was deemed by the medical community as feminine. <mask> also founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister <mask> in 1857, and began giving lectures to female audiences on the importance of educating girls.She also played a significant role during the American Civil War by organizing nurses. Early life

<mask> was born on 3 February 1821, in Bristol, England, to <mask>, who was a sugar refiner, and his wife Hannah (Lane) <mask>. She had two older siblings, Anna and Marian, and would eventually have six younger siblings: Samuel (married Antoinette Brown), Henry (married Lucy Stone), Emily (second woman in the U.S. to get a medical degree), Sarah Ellen (a writer), John and George. She also had four maiden aunts: Barbara, Ann, Lucy, and Mary, who also lived with them. In 1832, the family emigrated from Bristol, England, to New York because <mask> had lost their most profitable sugar refinery to a fire. In New York, <mask>'s father became active in abolitionist work. Therefore, their dinnertime discussions often surrounded issues such as women's rights, slavery, and child labor.These liberal discussions reflected Hannah and Samuel's attitudes toward child rearing. For example, rather than beating the children for bad behavior, <mask> recorded their trespasses in a black book. If the offenses accumulated, the children would be exiled to the attic during dinner. <mask> was similarly liberal in his attitude towards the education of his children. <mask> was a Congregationalist and exerted a strong influence over the religious and academic education of his children. He believed that each child, including his girls, should be

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 given the opportunity for unlimited development of their talents and gifts. This perspective was rare during that time, as most people believed that the woman's place was in the home or as a schoolteacher.<mask> had not only a governess, but private tutors to supplement her intellectual development. As a result, she was rather socially isolated from all but her family as she grew up. The family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio a few years later. When <mask> was 17, her father died, leaving the family with little money. Early adulthood
The <mask>s' financial situation was unfortunate. Pressed by financial need, the sisters Anna, Marian and <mask> started a school, The Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, which provided instruction in most, if not all, subjects and charged for tuition and room and board. The school was not terribly innovative in its education methods – it was merely a source of income for the <mask> sisters.<mask>'s abolition work took a back seat during these years, most likely due to the academy. <mask> converted to Episcopalianism, probably due to her sister Anna's influence, in December 1838, becoming an active member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. However, William Henry Channing's arrival in 1839 to Cincinnati changed her mind. Channing, a charismatic Unitarian minister, introduced the ideas of transcendentalism to <mask>, who started attending the Unitarian Church. A conservative backlash from the Cincinnati community ensued, and as a result, the academy lost many pupils and was abandoned in 1842. <mask> began teaching private pupils. Channing's arrival renewed <mask>'s interests in education and reform.She worked at intellectual self-improvement: studying art, attending various lectures, writing short stories and attending various

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 religious services in all denominations (Quaker, Millerite, Jewish). In the early 1840s, she began to articulate thoughts about women's rights in her diaries and letters and participated in the Harrison political campaign of 1840. In 1844, with the help of her sister Anna, <mask> procured a teaching job that paid $1,000 per year in Henderson, Kentucky. Although she was pleased with her class, she found the accommodations and schoolhouse lacking. What disturbed her most was that this was her first real encounter with the realities of slavery. "Kind as the people were to me personally, the sense of justice was continually outraged; and at the end of the first term of engagement I resigned the situation." She returned to Cincinnati only half a year later, resolved to find a more stimulating way to spend her life.Education

Pursuit of medical education
Once again, through her sister Anna, <mask> procured a job, this time teaching music at an academy in Asheville, North Carolina, with the goal of saving up the $3,000 necessary for her medical school expenses. In Asheville, <mask> lodged with the respected Reverend John Dickson, who happened to have been a physician before he became a clergyman. Dickson approved of <mask>'s career aspirations and allowed her to use the medical books in his library to study. During this time, <mask> soothed her own doubts about her choice and her loneliness with deep religious contemplation. She also renewed her antislavery interests, starting a slave Sunday school that was ultimately unsuccessful. Dickson's school closed down soon after, and <mask> moved to the residence of Reverend Dickson's brother, Samuel Henry Dickson, a prominent Charleston physician. She started teaching in 1846 at a boarding school in Charleston run by a Mrs. Du Pré.With

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 the help of Reverend Dickson's brother, <mask> inquired into the possibility of medical study via letters, with no favorable responses. In 1847, <mask> left Charleston for Philadelphia and New York, with the aim of personally investigating the opportunities for medical study. <mask>'s greatest wish was to be accepted into one of the Philadelphia medical schools. Upon reaching Philadelphia, <mask> boarded with Dr. William Elder and studied anatomy privately with Dr. Jonathan M. Allen as she attempted to get her foot in the door at any medical school in Philadelphia. She was met with resistance almost everywhere. Most physicians recommended that she either go to Paris to study or take up a disguise as a man to study medicine. The main reasons offered for her rejection were that (1) she was a woman and therefore intellectually inferior, and (2) she might actually prove equal to the task, prove to be competition, and that she could not expect them to "furnish [her] with a stick to break our heads with".Out of desperation, she applied to twelve "country schools". Medical education in the United States
In October 1847, <mask> was accepted as a medical student by Geneva Medical College, currently known as Norton College of Medicine at State University of New York Upstate Medical University, located in Syracuse, New York. The dean and faculty, usually responsible for evaluating an applicant for matriculation, were not able to make a decision due to the special nature of <mask>'s case. They put the issue up to a vote by the 150 male students of the class with the stipulation that if one student objected, <mask> would be turned away. The young men voted unanimously to accept her. When <mask> arrived at the college, she was rather nervous. Nothing was familiar – the surroundings,

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 the students, and the faculty.She did not even know where to get her books. However, she soon found herself at home in medical school. While she was at school, she was looked upon as an oddity by the townspeople of Geneva. She also rejected suitors and friends alike, preferring to isolate herself. In the summer between her two terms at Geneva, she returned to Philadelphia, stayed with Dr. Elder, and applied for medical positions in the area to gain clinical experience. The Guardians of the Poor, the city commission that ran Blockley Almshouse, granted her permission to work there, albeit not without some struggle. <mask> slowly gained acceptance at Blockley, although some young resident physicians still would walk out and refuse to assist her in diagnosing and treating her patients.During her time there, <mask> gained valuable clinical experience but was appalled by the syphilitic ward and those afflicted with typhus. Her graduating thesis at Geneva Medical College was on the topic of typhus. The conclusion of this thesis linked physical health with socio-moral stability – a link that foreshadows her later reform work. On 23 January 1849, <mask> became the first woman to achieve a medical degree in the United States. The local press reported her graduation favorably, and when the dean, Dr. Charles Lee, conferred her degree, he stood up and bowed to her. Medical education in Europe
In April 1849, <mask> made the decision to continue her studies in Europe. She visited a few hospitals in Britain and then headed to Paris.Her experience there was similar to her experience in America; she was rejected by many hospitals because of her sex. In June, <mask> enrolled at La Maternité; a "lying-in" hospital, under the condition that she would be treated as a student midwife, not a

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 physician. She made the acquaintance of Hippolyte Blot, a young resident physician at La Maternité. She gained much medical experience through his mentoring and training. By the end of the year, Paul Dubois, the foremost obstetrician in his day, had voiced his opinion that she would make the best obstetrician in the United States, male or female. On 4 November 1849, when <mask> was treating an infant with ophthalmia neonatorum, she accidentally squirted some contaminated fluid into her own eye and contracted the infection. She lost sight in her left eye, requiring its surgical extraction and leaving her without hope of becoming a surgeon.After a period of recovery, she enrolled at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London in 1850. She regularly attended James Paget's lectures. She made a positive impression there, although she did meet  opposition when she tried to observe the wards. Feeling that the prejudice against women in medicine was not as strong there, <mask> returned to New York City in 1851 with the hope of establishing her own practice. Career

Medical career in the United States
Stateside, <mask> was faced with adversity, but did manage to get some media support from entities such as the New-York Tribune. She had very few patients, a situation she attributed to the stigma of women doctors as abortionists. In 1852, she began delivering lectures and published The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls, her first work, a volume about the physical and mental development of girls that concerned itself with the preparation of young women for motherhood.In 1853, <mask> established a small dispensary near Tompkins Square. She also took Marie Zakrzewska, a Polish woman pursuing a medical education, under her wing, serving as her preceptor in

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 her pre-medical studies. In 1857, Dr. Marie Zakrzewska, along with <mask> and her sister Emily, who had also obtained a medical degree, expanded Blackwell's original dispensary into the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. Women served on the board of trustees, on the executive committee and as attending physicians. The institution accepted both in- and outpatients and served as a nurse's training facility. The patient load doubled in the second year. Civil War efforts
When the American Civil War broke out, the <mask> sisters aided in nursing efforts.<mask> sympathized heavily with the North due to her abolitionist roots, and even went so far as to say she would have left the country if the North had compromised on the subject of slavery. However, <mask> did meet with some resistance on the part of the male-dominated United States Sanitary Commission (USSC). The male physicians refused to help with the nurse education plan if it involved the <mask>s. In response to the USSC, <mask> organized with the Woman's Central Relief Association (WCRA). The WCRA worked against the problem of uncoordinated benevolence, but ultimately was absorbed by the USSC. Still, the New York Infirmary managed to work with Dorothea Dix to train nurses for the Union effort. Medical career at home and abroad
<mask> made several trips back to Britain to raise funds and to try to establish a parallel infirmary project there.In 1858, under a clause in the Medical Act of 1858 that recognised doctors with foreign degrees practicing in Britain before 1858, she was able to become the first woman to have her name entered on the General Medical Council's medical register (1 January 1859). She also became a mentor to <mask> Anderson during this time. By 1866, nearly 7,000 patients were being

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 equals of men in all medical specialties. Time in Europe – social and moral reform

After leaving for Britain in 1869, <mask> diversified her interests, and was active both in social reform and authorship. She co-founded the National Health Society in 1871. She perceived herself as a wealthy gentlewoman who had the leisure to dabble in reform and in intellectual activities – the income from her American investments supported her. She was rather occupied with her social status, and her friend, Barbara Bodichon helped introduce <mask> into her circles.She traveled across Europe many times during these years, in England, France, Wales, Switzerland and Italy. Her greatest period of reform activity was after her retirement from the medical profession, from 1880 to 1895. <mask> was interested in a great number of reform movements – mainly moral reform, sexual purity, hygiene and medical education, but also preventive medicine, sanitation, eugenics, family planning, women's rights, associationism, Christian socialism, medical ethics and antivivisection – none of which ever came to real fruition. She switched back and forth between many different reform organisations, trying to maintain a position of power in each. <mask> had a lofty, elusive and ultimately unattainable goal: evangelical moral perfection. All of her reform work was along this thread. She even contributed heavily to the founding of two utopian communities: Starnthwaite and Hadleigh in the 1880s.She believed that the Christian morality ought to play as large a role as scientific inquiry in medicine and that medical schools ought to instruct students in this basic truth. She also was antimaterialist and did not believe in vivisections. She did not see the value of inoculation and thought it dangerous. She believed


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 that bacteria were not the only important cause of disease and felt their importance was being exaggerated. She campaigned heavily against licentiousness, prostitution and contraceptives, arguing instead for the rhythm method. She campaigned against the Contagious Diseases Acts, arguing that it was a pseudo-legalisation of prostitution. Her 1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children was an essay on prostitution and marriage arguing against the Contagious Diseases Acts.She was conservative in all senses except that she believed women to have sexual passions equal to those of men, and that men and women were equally responsible for controlling those passions. Others of her time believed women to have little if any sexual passion, and placed the responsibility of moral policing squarely on the shoulders of the woman. The book was controversial, being rejected by 12 publishers, before being printed by Hatchard and Company. The proofs for the original edition were destroyed by a member of the publisher's board and a change of title was required for a new edition to be printed. Personal life

Friends and family
<mask> was well connected, both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. She exchanged letters with Lady Byron about women's rights issues and became very close friends with Florence Nightingale, with whom she discussed opening and running a hospital together. She remained lifelong friends with Barbara Bodichon and met <mask> Stanton in 1883.She was close with her family and visited her brothers and sisters whenever she could during her travels. However, <mask> had a very strong personality and was often quite acerbic in her criticism of others, especially other women. <mask> had a falling out with Florence Nightingale after Nightingale

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 returned from the Crimean War. Nightingale wanted <mask> to turn her focus to training nurses and could not see the legitimacy of training female physicians. After that, <mask>'s comments upon Florence Nightingale's publications were often highly critical. She was also highly critical of many of the women's reform and hospital organisations in which she played no role, calling some of them "quack auspices". <mask> also did not get along well with her more stubborn sisters Anna and Emily, or with the women physicians she mentored after they established themselves (Marie Zakrzewska, Sophia Jex-Blake and <mask> Anderson).Among women at least, <mask> was very assertive and found it difficult to play a subordinate role. Kitty Barry

In 1856, when <mask> was establishing the New York Infirmary, she adopted Katherine "Kitty" Barry (1848–1936), an Irish orphan from the House of Refuge on Randall's Island. Diary entries at the time show that she adopted Barry half out of loneliness and a feeling of obligation, and half out of a utilitarian need for domestic help. Barry was brought up as a half-servant, half-daughter. <mask> did provide for Barry's education. She even instructed Barry in gymnastics as a trial for the theories outlined in her publication, The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. However, <mask> never permitted Barry to develop her own interests.She made no effort to introduce Barry to young men or women her own age. Barry herself was rather shy, awkward and self-conscious about her slight deafness. Barry followed <mask> during her many trans-Atlantic moves, during her furious house hunt between 1874 and 1875, during which they moved six times, and finally to <mask>'s final home, Rock House, a small house off Exmouth Place in

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 Hastings, Sussex, in 1879. Barry stayed with <mask> all her life. After <mask>'s death, Barry stayed at Rock House, and then moved to Kilmun in Argyllshire, Scotland, where <mask> was buried in the churchyard of St Munn's Parish Church. In 1920, she moved in with the <mask>s and took the <mask> name. On her deathbed, in 1936, Barry called <mask> her "true love", and requested that her ashes be buried with those of <mask>.Private life

None of the five <mask> sisters ever married. <mask> thought courtship games were foolish early in her life, and prized her independence. When commenting on the young men trying to court her during her time in Kentucky, she said: "...do not imagine I am going to make myself a whole just at present; the fact is I cannot find my other half here, but only about a sixth, which would not do." Even during her time at Geneva Medical College, she rejected advances from a few suitors. There was one slight controversy, however, in <mask>'s life related to her relationship with Alfred Sachs, a 26-year-old man from Virginia. He was very close with both Kitty Barry and <mask>, and it was widely believed in 1876 that he was a suitor for Barry, who was 29 at the time. The reality was that <mask> and Sachs were very close, so much so that Barry felt uncomfortable being around the two of them.Sachs was very interested in <mask>, then 55 years old. Barry was in love with Sachs and was mildly jealous of <mask>. <mask> thought that Sachs lived a life of dissipation and believed that she could reform him. In fact, the majority of her 1878 publication Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of the Children was based on her conversations with Sachs. <mask> stopped correspondence with Alfred Sachs after the publication of her book. Last years and death
<mask>, in

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 her later years, was still relatively active. In 1895, she published her autobiography, Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women.It was not very successful, selling fewer than 500 copies. After this publication, <mask> slowly relinquished her public reform presence, and spent more time traveling. She visited the United States in 1906 and took her first and last car ride. <mask>'s old age was beginning to limit her activities. In 1907, while holidaying in Kilmun, Scotland, <mask> fell down a flight of stairs, and was left almost completely mentally and physically disabled. On 31 May 1910, she died at her home in Hastings, Sussex, after suffering a stroke that paralyzed half her body. Her ashes were buried in the graveyard of St Munn's Parish Church, Kilmun, and obituaries honouring her appeared in publications such as The Lancet and The British Medical Journal.Legacy
The British artist Edith Holden, whose Unitarian family were <mask>'s relatives, was given the middle name "<mask>" in her honor. Influence
After <mask> graduated in 1849, her thesis on typhoid fever was published in the Buffalo Medical Journal. In 1857, <mask> opened the New York Infirmary for Women with her younger sister Emily. At the same time, she gave lectures to women in the United States and England about the importance of educating women and the profession of medicine for women. In the audience at one of her lectures in England, was a woman named <mask> Anderson, who later became the first woman doctor in England, in 1865. In 1874, <mask> worked together with Florence Nightingale, Sophia Jex-Blake, <mask> Anderson, <mask>, and Thomas Henry Huxley to create the first medical school for women in England, London School of Medicine for Women, for which she acted as the Chair of Hygiene.

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 <mask> settled in England in the 1870s and continued working on expanding the profession of medicine for women, influencing as many as 476 women to become registered medical professionals in England alone.Up until her death, <mask> worked in an active practice in Hastings, England, and continued to lecture at the School of Medicine for Women. Honors
Two institutions honour <mask> as an alumna:
Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the current name of Geneva College, the founding institution of Geneva Medical College. The State University of New York Upstate Medical University, which was acquired in 1950 by the State University of New York. Since 1949, the American Medical Women's Association has awarded the <mask> Medal annually to a female physician. Hobart and William Smith Colleges awards an annual <mask> Award to women who have demonstrated "outstanding service to humankind." In 1973, <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for <mask>.In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research. On 3 February 2016, National Women Physicians Day was declared a National Holiday championed by Physician Moms Group [www.Mypmg.com] after publishing a study in JAMA exposing that the majority of women physicians report still facing discrimination due to their gender and/or being a mother. The National Holiday pays tribute to Dr. <mask> of the role she has played influencing women physicians in present-day and their strive for equity and equality. On 3 February 2018, Google honoured her as a doodle in recognition of her 197th birth anniversary. In May 2018, a commemorative plaque was unveiled at the former location of the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and

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 Children, which <mask> and her sister <mask> founded. For the event, Jill Platner, a jewelry designer, designed a Blackwell Collection of jewelry inspired by <mask>. Hobart and William Smith Colleges erected a statue on their campus honoring <mask>.A 2021 book by Janice P. Nimura, The Doctors Blackwell, chronicles the life story of <mask> and her sister <mask>. Works

1849 The Causes and Treatment of Typhus, or Shipfever (thesis)
1852 The Laws of Life with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls (brochure, compilation of lecture series) pub. by George Putnam
1856 An appeal in behalf of the medical education of women
1860 Medicine as a Profession for Women (lecture published by the trustees of the New York Infirmary for Women)
1864 Address on the Medical Education of Women
1878 Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of their Children in Relation to Sex (eight editions, republished as The Moral Education of the Young in Relation to Sex)
1881 "Medicine and Morality" (published in Modern Review)
1887 Purchase of Women: the Great Economic Blunder
1871 The Religion of Health (compilation of lecture series to the Sunday Lecture Society, three editions)
1883 Wrong and Right Methods of Dealing with Social Evil, as shown by English Parliamentary Evidence
1888 On the Decay of Municipal Representative Government – A Chapter of Personal Experience (Moral Reform League)
1890 The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine
1891 Erroneous Method in Medical Education etc. (Women's Printing Society)
1892 Why Hygienic Congresses Fail
1895 Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women – Autobiographical Sketches (Longmans, reprinted New York: Schocken Books, 1977)
1898 Scientific Method in Biology
1902 Essays in Medical Sociology, 2 vols (Ernest Bell)

See

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 also
<mask> Anderson, first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain
<mask>, Sister <mask>, physician
James Barry, possibly the first female bodied doctor (assigned female at birth but living as a man)
List of first female physicians by country
Rebecca Lee Crumpler, first African American female physician
State University of New York Upstate Medical University

References

Further reading

 Baker, Rachel (1944). The first woman doctor: the story of Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. J. Messner, Inc., New York, OCLC 848388
Howard, Carol (2018). "Elizabeth Blackwell" Dictionary of Unitarian Universalist Biography.Morantz, Regina. "Feminism, Professionalism and Germs: The Thought of Mary Putnam Jacobi and <mask>," American Quarterly (1982)  34:461–478. in JSTOR
 Morantz-Sanchez, Regina. "Feminist theory and historical practice: Rereading <mask>," History & Theory (1992) 31#4 pp 51–69 in JSTOR

 Ross, Ishbel (1944). Child of Destiny. New York: Harper. Wilson, Dorothy Clarke (1970).Lone woman: the story of <mask>, the first woman doctor. Little Brown, Boston, OCLC 56257

External links

 Elizabeth Blackwell Collection on New York Heritage Digital Collections
 Women in Science
 An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
 An online biography of <mask>, with links to more articles on <mask> and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Net
 Biography from the National Institute of Health
 <mask> at the Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Elizabeth Blackwell Resources Available in Hobart and William Smith Colleges Archives
 Chronological Bibliography of Selected Scholarly Works by Dr. <mask>
 <mask> at winningthevote.org
 Papers, 1835–1960. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard

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 University. Michals, Debra. "<mask>". National Women's History Museum. 2015.Finding aid to <mask> letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1821 births
1910 deaths
American abolitionists
American feminists
19th-century American women physicians
19th-century American physicians
American women's rights activists
Anti-contraception activists
Anti-vivisectionists
<mask> family
Burials at Kilmun Parish Church
Christian abolitionists
English emigrants to the United States
Geneva Medical College alumni
Medical doctors from Bristol
People from Hastings
Physicians from Cincinnati
Physicians from New York City
Sex educators
American socialist feminists
Women in the American Civil War
Women medical researchers
Women of the Victorian era
Physicians from Rochester, New York
Anti-prostitution activists
American Christian socialists
American eugenicists
Education activists
Female Christian socialists
British socialist

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