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<mask> (August 16, 1820 – February 12, 1888) was an American politician from North Carolina. After studying law, he served as attorney, diplomat and state legislator. He was an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, the wounds received in it complicating his later life. <mask> was also a newspaper editor. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, the son of <mask> (1793–1880), Fayetteville's postmaster in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1825 the five-years old <mask> held the welcome speech at the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette. He attended the University of Virginia, located in Charlottesville, and the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg.Back in North Carolina he studied law under Judge Robert Strange, was admitted to the bar in 1841 and briefly practiced in Oxford before becoming a courier to Mexico for the State Department. Political career
In 1842 young <mask> was elected into the North Carolina House of Commons as Democratic representative for his native Cumberland County; serving a single term until 1843. Then he became a U.S. District Attorney, gaining a reputation as sharp lawmen and outstanding speaker. Partnering with Perrin Busbee he founded a short-lived newspaper, the Democratic Signal, in 1843. It was based in Raleigh, where he had moved to. He resigned in 1850 and moved to Wilmington the next year. <mask> served as Consul to Paris with the U.S.Ambassador to France during the administration of U.S. President Franklin Pierce from 1853 to 1857; he then relocated to New Bern. In 1858 he became a candidate for the governorship of North Carolina. He left the

masks:
Duncan Kirkland McRae
McRae
McRae
John McRae
Duncan
McRae
McRae


type: original

texts:
 Democratic Party and gained support from remnants of the Whig Party, but was criticized for his changing political positions. He became an Independent Democrat campaigning as the Land Distribution Democratic nominee, calling for public lands given by North Carolina to the federal government in 1790 to be sold and the money granted to North Carolina. He lost his candidacy to John Willis Ellis by a wide margin. Civil War
When the American Civil War began Governor Ellis, shortly before he died in office, appointed <mask> as commanding officer of the 5th North Carolina Infantry Regiment with the rank of Colonel in the Confederate States Army. During July the regiment was sent northwards to join the Army of the Potomac and was assigned to the brigade of Brig.Gen.James Longstreet. It participated in the First Battle of Manassas though <mask> was absent ill. He commanded his regiment, now in the brigade of Jubal Early, during the Peninsula Campaign and fought in the Battle of Williamsburg. There he was wounded while leading a charge against troops under Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock. As the wound was only minor he stayed on the field and temporarily took command of the brigade when Gen. Early was wounded; later relinquishing command to Samuel Garland Jr. <mask> fought in the Seven Days Battles but afterwards sickness and complications from his wound forced him leave his unit again. Colonel <mask> was able to return in time to command his regiment during the Maryland Campaign.He took over the brigade again after the death of Samuel Garland Jr. at South Mountain, leading it into the maelstrom of the Battle of Antietam where it nearly

masks: McRae McRae McRae McRae


texts:
 perished. <mask> himself was badly wounded but again stayed with his command until after the battle when he was hospitalized. When the recuperating colonel was passed over for promotion, the later going to Alfred Iverson Jr., he resigned his commission; effective on November 13, 1862. <mask> wrote letters describing the actions of the Maryland Campaign that survived as of today. In particular, he noted that at the Battle of South Mountain he was able to keep Garland's brigade fighting for two more hours after Samuel Garland death. At Antietam, he admitted that, "the unaccountable panic occurred, when I was left along on the field, with only Capatin Withers of Caswell and perhaps one other officer, and I had just gotten off, when I encountered ... General Lee, and it was while, with him I was trying to get some men out of the Hay Stacks that a piece of shell struck me in the forehead." In 1863 the new Governor of North Carolina, Zebulon B. Vance, appointed <mask> a special envoy and purchase agent; sending him to southern Europe to find a market for cotton and to procure supplies.After his return, and a failed run for the Confederate Congress, McRae found another Raleigh-based newspaper, The Confederate. Later life
When the war ended <mask> moved to Memphis, Tennessee, practiced law as partner of McRae & Sneed and published a law journal. After 14 years in Tennessee he moved back to Wilmington. In 1880 McRae gave a speech in favor of Winfield S. Hancock, his former adversary during the Battle of Williamsburg, when Hancock was running for the U.S. presidency. He became a bitter critic of the Civil War, though in private, writing on


texts:
 August 21, 1885 to D.H. Hill, who queried him on the battles of the past:

<mask>'s frail health and reappearing complications from his war wounds made him relocate - first to Chicago, then to New York City. He died in Brooklyn on February 12, 1888, and was buried on Woodlawn Cemetery. <mask> married Louise Virginia Henry, the daughter of Judge Louis D. Henry of Raleigh, on October 8, 1845.They had three daughters; <mask>, Virginia Henry, and Marie. See also

 List of College of William & Mary alumni
 List of University of Virginia people
 List of people from North Carolina
 North Carolina in the American Civil War

References

Further reading
 Clark, Walter. Fifth Regiment. In Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina, in the Great War 1861-1865. Raleigh: E.M. Uzzell, Printer and Binder. 1901, p. 281-285. Appendix to the life and times of <mask><mask> by George N. Sanders with his letter of resignation to Governor Vance as colonel of the 5th North Carolina Regiment, collection of the Boston Athenaeum

External links

1820 births
1888 deaths
Place of death missing
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American newspaper founders
19th-century American politicians
American expatriates in France
College of William & Mary alumni
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Confederate States Army officers
People from Chicago
Politicians from Fayetteville, North Carolina
People from Memphis, Tennessee
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
Politicians from Wilmington, North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
Presidency of Franklin Pierce
University of Virginia

masks:
McRae
Family McRae
Margaret Kirkland
Duncan K
. McRae


texts:
<mask>, known with his honorific as Maulana Barkatullah (7 July 1854 – 20 September 1927), was an  Indian revolutionary with sympathy for the Pan-Islamic movement. Barkatullah was born on 7 July 1854 at Itwra Mohalla Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, India. He fought from outside India, with fiery speeches and revolutionary writings in leading newspapers, for the independence of India. He did not live to see India independent. He died at San Francisco in 1927 and buried at Sacramento City Cemetery California. In 1988, Bhopal University was renamed Barkatullah University in his honour. He was also Prime Minister of first Provisional Government of India established at Afghanistan in 1915.Early life

Policy of revolution
While in England he came in close contact with Lala Hardayal and Raja Mahendra Pratap, son of the Raja of Hathras. He became a friend of Afghan Emir and the editor of the Kabul newspaper Sirejul-ul-Akber'. He was one of the founders of the Ghadar Party in 1913 at San Francisco. Later he became the first prime minister of the Provisional Government of India established on 1 December 1915 in Kabul with Raja Mahendra Pratap as its president. In England, in 1897, <mask> was seen attending meetings of the Muslim Patriotic League. Here, he came across other revolutionary compatriots around Shyamji Krishnavarma. After about a year spent in America, in February 1904 he left for Japan, where he was appointed Professor of Hindustani at the University of Tokyo.In the autumn of 1906, at 1 West 34th Street in New York City, a Pan-Aryan Association was formed by <mask> and Samuel Lucas Joshi, a Maratha Christian, son of the late Reverend Lucas Maloba Joshi; it was supported by the Irish revolutionaries of the Clan-na-Gael, the anti-British lawyer Myron H. Phelps and of the equally anti-British Swami Abhedananda who continued the work of Swami Vivekananda. According to a report in the Gaelic American, in June 1907, a

masks:
Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopali
Barakatullah
Barakatullah


texts:
 meeting of Indians, held in New York,  passed resolutions “repudiating the right of any foreigner (Mr. Morley) to dictate the future of the Indian people, urging their countrymen to depend upon themselves alone and especially on boycott and swadeshi, condemning the deportation of Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh, and expressing detestation of the action of the British authorities in openly instigating one class of Indians against another at Jamalpur and other places." (Source: Ker, p225). More vehement was his letter in Persian, which appeared in the Urdu Mualla of Aligarh, U.P., in May 1907, in which <mask> strongly advocated the necessity for unity between Hindus and Muslims, and defined the two chief duties of Muslims as patriotism and friendship with all Muslims outside India. This prophetic argument preceded by four years  the publication of Germany and the Coming War, by Bernhardi,  warning  England to be aware of the extreme danger represented by the unity of Hindu and Muslim extremists in Bengal, as reported by the Rowlatt Commission (Chapter VII). He thought that the performance of both these duties depended entirely upon one rule of conduct, namely concord and unity with the Hindus of India in all political matters. (Ker, p226).On 16 August 1908 arrived from Kolkata Bhupendra Nath Datta,  Vivekananda’s  hot-blooded brother. Invited by George Freeman to edit the Free Hindustan from the Gaelic American newspaper office, Taraknath Das went to New York to join his old colleague Datta. In March 1909 <mask> left again for Japan. Activities in Japan
Early in 1910, he started the Islamic Fraternity in Tokyo. In June–July 1911 he left for Constantinople and Petrograd, returned to Tokyo in October and published an article referring to the advent of a great pan-Islamic Alliance including Afghanistan which he expected to become  "the future Japan of Central Asia". In December he converted to Islam three Japanese: his

masks: Barakatullah Barakatullah


texts:
 assistant  Hassan U. Hatanao, his wife, and her father, Baron Kentaro Hiki. This is said to be the first conversion to Islam in Japan.In 1912, <mask> “became at once more fluent in his use of the English language and more anti-British in his tone,” observes Ker (p133). Discussing in his paper the “Christian Combination against Islam,” <mask> singled out the Emperor William of Germany as really the one man “who holds the peace of the world as well as the war in the hollow of his hand : it is the duty of the Muslims to be united, to stand by the Khalif; with their life and property, and to side with Germany.”  Quoting a Roman poet, <mask> reminded that the Anglo-Saxons had been sea-wolves, living on the pillage of the world. The difference in modern times was the added “refinement of hypocrisy which sharpens the edge of brutality.” On 6 July 1912, the entry of the paper into India was prohibited, before the Japanese Government suppressed it. Meanwhile, since September, copies of another paper called El Islam appeared in India, continuing <mask>’s political propaganda. On 22 March 1913 its importation was prohibited in India. In June 1913, copies were received in India of a lithographed Urdu pamphlet, "The Sword is the Last Resort". On 31 March 1914 <mask>’s teaching appointment  was terminated by the Japanese authorities.It was followed by another similar leaflet, Feringhi ka Fareb (“The Deceit of the English”) : according to Ker (p135), “it surpassed in violence <mask>’s previous productions, and was modelled more on the style of the publications of the Gadhar party of San Francisco with whom <mask> now threw in his lot.”

The Ghadar episode

In May 1913, G. D. Kumar had sailed from San Francisco for the Philippines and had written from Manila to Tarak Nath Das : “I am going to establish base at Manila (P.I.) forwarding Depôt, supervise the work near China, Hong Kong, Shanghai. Professor <mask> is all right in

masks: Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah


texts:
 Japan.” (Ker, p237). On 22 May 1914, <mask> returned to San Francisco with Bhagwan Singh (alias Natha Singh), the granthi (priest) of the Sikh temple at Hong Kong and joined the Yugantar Ashram and worked with Tarak Nath Das. With the outbreak of the War in August 1914, meetings were held at all the principal centres of the Indian population from Asia in California and Oregon and funds were raised to go back to India and join the insurrection : <mask>, Bhagwan Singh and Ram Chandra Bharadwaj were among the speakers. (Portland (Oregon) Telegram, 7 August 1914; Fresno Republican, 23 September 1914). Reaching Berlin on time, <mask> met Chatto  or Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and sided Raja Mahendra Pratap in the Mission to Kabul.Their role was significant in indoctrinating with anti-British feelings the Indian prisoners of war held by Germany. They arrived at Herat on 24 August 1915 and were given a royal reception by the Governor. Government of Free India

On 1 December 1915, Pratap's 28th birthday, he established the first Provisional Government of India at Kabul in Afghanistan, during First World War. It was a government-in-exile of Free Hindustan with Raja Mahendra Pratap as president, Maulana Barkatullah, Prime Minister, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi, Home Minister. Anti-British forces supported his movement. But, for some obvious loyalty to the British,  the Amir kept on delaying the expedition. Then they attempted to establish relations with foreign powers.” (Ker, p305).In Kabul, the Siraj-ul-Akhbar in its issue of 4 May 1916 published Raja Mahendra Pratap’s version of the Mission and its objective. He stated: "His Imperial Majesty the Kaiser himself granted me an audience. Subsequently, having set right the problem of India and Asia with the Imperial German Government, and having received the necessary credentials, I started towards the East. I had interviews with the Khedive of Egypt and with the Princes and

masks: Barakatullah Barakatullah Barakatullah


texts:
 Ministers of Turkey, as well as with the renowned Enver Pasha and His Imperial Majesty the Holy Khalif, Sultan-ul-Muazzim. I settled the problem of India and the East with the Imperial Ottoman Government, and received the necessary credentials from them as well. German and Turkish officers and Maulvi Barakatullah Sahib were went with me to help me; they are still with me." Unable to take Raja Mahendra Pratap seriously, Jawaharlal Nehru later wrote in An Autobiography (p. 151): "He seemed to be a character out of medieval romance, a Don Quixote  who had strayed into the twentieth century."Under pressure from the British, the Afghan government withdrew its help. The Mission was closed down. References

Dictionary of National Biography, ed. S.P. Sen, Vol. I, p. 139–140
The Roll of Honour, by Kalicharan Ghosh, 1965
Political Trouble in India: A Confidential Report, by James Campbell Ker, 1917, Reprint 1973
Sedition Committee Report, by Justice S.A.T. Rowlatt, 1918, Reprint 1973
Les origines intellectuelles du mouvement d’indépendance de l’Inde (1893–1918), by Prithwindra Mukherjee, PhD Thesis, 1986
In Freedom’s Quest, by Sibnarayan Ray, Vol.I, 1998
Communism in India, by Sir Cecil Kaye, compiled & edited by Subodh Roy, 1971
“The Comintern and the Indian revolutionaries in Russia in 1920s” by Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, in Calcutta Historical Journal, Vol. XVIII, No.2, 1996, p. 151–170. External links
Maulana Barkatullah materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1854 births
1927 deaths
Ghadar Party
Hindu–German Conspiracy
India House
Indian expatriates in Japan
Indian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Indian expatriates in the United States
Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh
Indian Muslims
Islam in Japan
Politicians from Bhopal
Writers from Bhopal
Indian political writers
19th-century Indian non-fiction writers
19th-century Indian politicians
20th-century Indian non-fiction


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<mask>va (, born 25 September 1988) is a Bulgarian female basketball player currently competing for WBC Beroe in the Bulgarian League. Zlatanova is considered to be among the most talented athletes in the country which in the past used to be among the most successful nations in the European female basketball. <mask>va was born on 25 September 1988 in the capital Sofia, where she spent most of her childhood in the family with long-run basketball tradition. Her mother Krassimira Banova had been a very successful basketball player, and with the team of Levski(Sofia) she won Euro league competition in 1984, Ronchetti cup in 1979 and other awards as well before she retired. National team: 2003–2021

Zlatanova has been part of the Bulgarian national team since 2003 when she competed for the first time with the Cadettes team on the European Championship Challenge Round. Since then she has played more than 100 games with the youth and women's representative team of the country. However, Bulgaria has not played in the European Championship for more than 20 years despite the efforts of three generations of female basketball players.Due to the three major injuries in the period, 2012-2014 Zlatanova missed one Round of the European Qualifications in 2014. The last time she took part of the official's games, during the EuroBasket campaign in 2013, she was the top scorer for her team with an average of 14.1 Points, 6.1 Rebounds and 1.5 Assist per game. Bulgarian National team statistics

Club career: 2005–2021

Most of her career Zlatanova has spent abroad, mainly in French and Spanish teams. In 2005 she was part of the Tarbes GB in southwest France where she made her debut on the European scene in the Euroleague competition. Having spent four years in the club (2005-2008), Zlatanova decided to move to Spain in Extrugasa's team at the beginning of 2009 season. She played in the EuroCup competition with an average of 14.3 points, 2.8 rebounds and 0.8 assists per game. In the following season 2010-2011, she joined the Grand Canaria's team.Following up on the former success, the squad took part in the Eurocup

masks:
Jaklin Dencheva Zlatano
Jaklin Zlatano


texts:
 competition with Zlatanova being one of the most important players with an average of 11.2 points, 7.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game. With the relatively young club Mann Filter Zaragoza, she began her seventh consecutive season in the European competitions, eventually ending up with an average of 10.2 points, six rebounds and 1.4 assists per game. Moreover, the most significant step in athlete's career was when she signed Rival Ecopolis in 2013. Unfortunately, during the training period, before the official start of the season, the athlete underwent rapture of the Achilles tendon which was the first out of three serious injuries. After four months of recovering she was able to play just a couple of games before the second intervention on the same leg. Having missed the entire season, <mask> Zlatanova decided to go back to Bulgaria, where she signed contract with Dunav 8806 Ruse in 2013. The first couple of rehabilitation months went very well, and she was even able to compete in the Eurocup again, becoming the most important player on the team with an average of 12.4 points, 6.2 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.The end of the remaining season was over when she got injured her left knee and underwent an operation in January 2014. Season 2013–2014

After ten years abroad Zlatanova returned home for the season 2013-2014 with the team of Dunav 8806 Ruse. The club confirmed their participation in the EuroCup, and the presence in the composition of Zlatanova gave them great hopes for good performance. Unfortunately, the existence of strong clubs from Turkey and Russia left the inexperienced team of Dunav 8806 at the bottom of the points table, and they had to focus their efforts only on the local league. Having recovered from the second Achilles tendon operation, Zlatanova was very close to becoming one of the most important players in the squad but unlucky she injured her left knee in one of the last games before the Christmas break. The medical examinations showed rupture of the ties of her knee, and she underwent a new intervention in early 2014. For the entire season, 2013-2014 <mask> Zlatanova

masks: Jaklin Jaklin


texts:
 participated in 11 games with an average of 12.4 points, 5.2 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.Meanwhile, Dunav 8806 Ruse continued competing in the league, being in position for the gold medal. Without Zlatanova they managed to defeat the strong team of Levski Sofia and to become the champions for the fourth time in their history. Season 2014–2015

After a long recovery, which lasted nearly nine months, the athlete was ready for her second season with the Dunav 8806. She played 31 games of the regular season and playoffs in 27 of which she has started. For the entire season, Zlatanova scored an average of 11.3 points, 7.4 rebounds, and 2.5 assists. Also, the lineup took part in the Bulgarian Cup competition where was eliminated in the semifinals, but Zlatanova reinforced its strong position by becoming one of the top three scorers of the tournament. However, this was not enough for her team, and competitors from Ruse won only the bronze medal.Just a month later the basketball players had the opportunity to revenge for the loss, and in the final playoff series against Neftohimik Bourgas, they eventually won the title after 3-0 in the series. Season 2015–2016

Season 2017–2018

The magical trio is now back! Having missed out the entire 2016-2017 season due to the pregnancy, Zlatanova joined Gaby Ocete and Pao Ferrari and started her second season with the jersey of Mann Filer Stadium Casablanca. Season 2019–2020

In 2019 <mask> signed with WBC Beroe, which is competing in the National Women's Basketball leagues in Bulgaria. Below is her statistics for the current season. WBC Beroe also participates in the WABA League, which is the regional basketball league, featuring female teams from Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Croatia. For the season 2019-2020, Zlatanova has played 12 games with 8.8 points per game and nine rebounds.See the statistics below. Season 2020–2021

In the current 2020-2021 season, Zlatanova renewed her contract with the team of WBC Beroe. However, due to the KOVID19 pandemic, the women's basketball league competitions in Bulgaria have been


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<mask> (; born January 3, 1960) is an American economist of the Austrian School. He is currently a professor of economics and philosophy at George Mason University; the BB&T Professor for the Study of Capitalism, vice president for research, and director of the F.A. Hayek Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the Mercatus Center at GMU. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Rahway, New Jersey, to Fred and <mask>. In high school and college, he played for the school basketball and tennis teams. He attended Thiel College in Greenville, Pennsylvania and later Grove City College in nearby Grove City, Pennsylvania. At Grove City, he became interested in economics when he took a course taught by Hans Sennholz, and there that he developed his religious convictions.After completing a B.A. (1983) in economics at Grove City, <mask> attended George Mason University where he earned an M.A. (1987) and a Ph.D. (1989) in economics. His thesis was The political economy of Soviet socialism, 1918–1928 under the supervision of Don Lavoie. Career
After receiving his doctoral degree, <mask> taught at several institutions, including Oakland University, Manhattan College and New York University. In 1998, he returned to George Mason University as a faculty member. In 2004, he was named a Hayek Fellow at the London School of Economics.He has also been a Faculty Fellow at the Charles University/Georgetown University American Institute for Political and Economic Studies in Prague and a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University. He has also been made an affiliated member of the Philosophy Department at George Mason University and, in 2012, he was awarded a doctorate honoris causa in social sciences from Universidad Francisco Marroquín. In addition to his academic positions, he is vice president for research at Mercatus Center and director of the F.A. Hayek Program for Advanced Study in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. Until 2007, <mask> held the position of director of graduate studies for

masks:
Peter Joseph Boettke
Boettke
Elinor Boettke
Boettke
Boettke
Boettke


texts:
 the Ph.D. program in economics at George Mason. He is the editor of George Mason University's Review of Austrian Economics and as vice president of the Mont Pelerin Society for the 2018-2020 term. He was the society's president from 2016 to 2018.Other pursuits
<mask> worked as a tennis instructor before pursuing his graduate degree in economics. After graduate school, he began coaching youth basketball and eventually coached at the high school and elite AAU level, qualifying for the AAU 16U National Championships in 2007. Several of his players reached college-level competition. In 2009, he was inducted as a coach into the local basketball Hall of Fame in Northern Virginia. Analytical anarchism
Analytical anarchism is the name given by Boettke to the positive political economy of anarchism, or anarchism from the economic point of view, in the libertarian tradition of Murray Rothbard's For a New Liberty (1973) and David Friedman's The Machinery of Freedom (1973). Boettke claims that analytical anarchism has developed out of this tradition and is currently being pursued by economists such as <mask>, Edward Stringham and Christopher Coyne. These professors are related to Mercatus Center and to the faculty of economics at George Mason University.Publications
Books
 Living Economics: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Independent Institute and Universidad Francisco Marroquin 2012) . Context Matters: Institutions and Entrepreneurship (co-authored with Christopher Coyne (professor)) (Now Publishers, 2009)
 The Battle of Ideas: Economics and the Struggle for a Better World
 Is an Independent Non-Profit Sector Prone to Failure? (co-authored with David Prychitko)
 The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 1918–1928 (Kluwer, 1990) . Why Perestroika Failed: The Economics and Politics of Socialism Transformation (Routledge, 1993) . Calculation and Coordination: Essays on Socialism and Transitional Political Economy (Routledge, 2001) . The Economic Way of Thinking with Paul Heyne and David Prychitko (Pearson, 2014) . Books as editor
 Market Process: Essays in

masks:
Boettke
Peter Leeson


texts:
 Contemporary Austrian Economics with David Prychitko.Edward Elgar, 1994. The Collapse of Development Planning. New York University Press, 1994. The Elgar Companion to Austrian Economics. Elgar, 1994
 The Market Process, 2 volumes, with David Prychitko. Elgar, 1998
 The Legacy of F. A. Hayek: Politics, Philosophy, Economics, 3 volumes. Edward Elgar, 1999
 Socialism and the Market: The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited, 9 volumes.Routledge, 2000. The Legacy of Ludwig von Mises: Theory and History, ed. with <mask>. 2 vols. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 2006. The Economic Point of View, the first volume of Israel Kirzner's Collected Works, edited with Frederic Sautet and published by Liberty Fund, December 2009. Handbook On Contemporary Austrian Economics, Edward Elgar, 2010.Market Theory and the Price System, the second volume of Israel Kirzner's Collected Works, edited with Frederic Sautet and published by Liberty Fund, May 2011. Essays on Capital, the third volume of Israel Kirzner's Collected Works, edited with Frederic Sautet and published by Liberty Fund, 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Austrian Economics, with Christopher Coyne. October 2015. The Economic Role of the State (ed. with <mask>). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2015.Personal life

<mask> resides in Fairfax, Virginia, with his wife and two sons. References

External links
 <mask>'s Coordination Problem blog (with Christopher Coyne, Steve Horwitz, <mask>, David Prychitko, and Frederic Sautet)
 <mask>'s biography at the Mercatus Center
 <mask>'s biography at the Institute for Humane Studies

 Liberty & Power Group blog

 "A Market Nobel", The Wall Street Journal op-ed, October 16, 2007

1960 births
Living people
American libertarians
Austrian School economists
George Mason University alumni
George Mason University faculty
Grove City College alumni
Manhattan College faculty
New York University faculty
Oakland University faculty
People from Rahway, New Jersey
Stanford University staff
Thiel College alumni
Mackinac Center for Public Policy
Mercatus Center
Economists from New Jersey
21st-century American

masks:
Peter Leeson
Peter Leeson
Boettke
Boettke
Peter Leeson
Boettke
Boettke


texts:
<mask> Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2000. A recipient of the TWAS Prize in 2014 and the Infosys Prize 2016 in the Engineering and Computer Science category, <mask> was listed in the Asian Scientist 100, a list of top 100 scientists from Asia, by the Asian Scientist magazine. Biography

V<mask>, born on 17 June 1966 in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, earned his graduate degree in chemical engineering (BTech) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM) in 1987 and moved to the US for his higher studies and secured a PhD in 1991 from Cornell University. His post-doctoral studies were at the University of California, Santa Barbara during 1991–93 and on his return to India, he joined the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) as an assistant professor where he holds the position of a senior professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering and heads V. Kumaran's Research Group. Legacy

<mask>'s work is focused on the field of complex flows of complex fluids and he is known to have carried out theoretical and experimental researches on the stability of flow past flexible surfaces.These researches, reported to be of significance in biological applications, microfluidics as well as in the marine and aerospace propulsion, were the first such studies in India and assisted him to demonstrate fluid inertia. The work has also assisted in developing Lab-on-a-chip devices used in cardiovascular and pulmonary Point-of-care diagnostics. He has documented his researches in several articles and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 48 of them.

masks:
Viswanathan Kumaranti Swarup
Kumaran
. Kumaran
Kumaran


texts:
 Besides, he has authored a book, Dynamics of suspensions with significant inertial effects and has contributed chapters to books edited by others which include Nonlinear Science and Complexity and Rheology of Complex Fluids, both published by Springer. <mask>, who has guided a number of master's and doctoral scholars in their studies and hosts many of them in his research group, coordinated the research program on Granular Physics organized by Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. He was one of the keynote speakers at The XVth International Congress on Rheology of the Society of Rheology held in August 2008 at Monterey, California, where he presented the theme papers on Rheology of dense sheared granular flows. His research group also hosts MicroX Labs, a start-up company, which won the first prize in the Tata Social Enterprise Challenge in 2013–14.His associations with science journals include memberships in editorial boards of Sadhana of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology of National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources and Soft Materials of Taylor & Francis as well as the editorial advisory board membership of Acta Mechanica of Springer. He has attended several seminars and conferences where he has delivered keynote or invited speeches Chemical Engineering Colloquium of the Indian Institute of Sciences in December 2013, 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and 68th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics in November, 2015 feature among them. Awards and honors
<mask> Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2000. <mask> became an elected

masks: Kumaran Kumaranti Kumaran


texts:
 fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 2002 and was selected for the Swarnajayanthi Fellowship of the Department of Science and Technology of India the same year; he received the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the DST, too, in 2007.Prof. Rustom Choksi Award for Excellence in Research of the Indian Institute of Science reached him 2011 and he shared the 2014 TWAS Prize with Chih-Yuan Lu of Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation. The American Physical Society, which chose him as the APS-IUSSTF Chair Professor in 2014, elected him as a fellow in 2015 and the Asian Scientist magazine included him in the Asian Scientists 100 list in 2016 for his work on laminarturbulent transition of flow through soft-walled tubes and channels carried out during the year 2015, placing him at 73. The Infosys Science Foundation awarded him the Infosys Prize in 2016 for his research on complex fluids and complex flows and especially in transition and turbulence in soft-walled tubes and channels. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters

Articles

Presentations

See also

 Very-large-scale integration
 Point-of-care testing
 Rheology

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
1966 births
Indian technology writers
Engineers from Tamil Nadu
Indian Institute of Science faculty
IIT Madras alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Indian chemical engineers
Rheologists
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of the American Physical Society
TWAS laureates
Living people
Fellows of the Indian National Academy of


texts:
Kunnathur Kesavan Raman Pillai, also known as <mask> (1745-1799; Sanskrit )  was the Dewan of Travancore during the reign of <mask>. He is well known for his military tactics and administrative acumen. He was the mastermind in developing the Alappuzha town. Early life
<mask>h <mask> was born Kesava Pillai in a Nair family at a small hamlet called Kunnathur village Southern Travancore, in Kanyakumari district on March17, 1745 in the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore. His full name was Keshav Raman Pillai. The name of his uncle Raman Pillai was added to his name as it was the time of matriarchy. His father Marthandan Thampi was in the Travancore army.Marthandan Thampi was also called the 'Great Master'. His mother's name was Kaliamma Pillai. After relinquishing the position of Commander-in-Chief of the palace, his father returned to Kashi after accepting asceticism and the entire burden of the family fell on Kesavapillai's head. Although he was not properly educated, Poovat Pokumusa Maraikkar, a local businessman, hired Keshav Pillai to look after the accounts in his shop. At a very young age, Keshav Pillai had a special talent. Through Kesava Pillai, the trade of Maraikar flourished. The woodcutter entrusted him with all the responsibilities of his shipping business.He used this opportunity to gain more economic knowledge and to learn Hindustani, Persian and Dutch. In Royal Service

The Maraikars, who were dependents of the then ruling Maharaja Karthika Thirunal (1758-1798: Travancore: 1758–1798), used to visit the king. At one point, Kesava Pillai captured the king's favor with his skills. Subsequently, the king gave him an extension in his palace. Keshava Pillai took full advantage of this golden opportunity. At about twenty-four years of age, Kesava

masks:
Raja Kesavadas
Dharma Raja Karthika Tl Rama Varma
Raja
( Kesavadas


texts:
 Pillai was appointed as a rayasam (writer) in the palace under the Samprathi (the State Secretary). He became quite knowledgeable and influential that even the prime minister used to consult him.After the Battle of Kulachal, he came to terms with Marthanda Varma, who became the Commander-in-Chief of Travancore, became acquainted with officers such as Dutch Captain Delanoy, mastered war tactics and learned languages such as Portuguese and English. Impressed by Kesava Pillai's intelligence, patriotism and devotion to God, the Maharaja promoted him to the rank of Rayasam in 1765. Keshava Pillai played an important role in boosting trade by constantly corresponding with Dutch companies residing in places like Purakkad and Kulachal and English companies residing in Anchuthengu and others. He rose through the ranks Samprati (1768) and Sovereign (1788) and became Diwan of Travancore on 22 September 1789. He became the Diwan following the resignation of Diwan Chembakaraman Pillai due to old age disability. He did not relish the title of Dalawa. With the sanction of the Maharaja, he changed the old title of Dalawa to that of Dewan eschewing the old designation of Dalawa, as better suited to the times.He was thus the first Dewan of Travancore

When Tippu Sultan of Mysore attacked Travancore, Kesava Pillai was the commandant of the state army. Travancore army fought against the Mysore force under the leadership of Kesava Pillai. Later when Mysore was attacked Tipu Sultan had to retreat to Srirangapatnam. Recognizing his victory over the Mysore, the Karthika Thirunal Maharaja of Travancore appointed Kesava Pillai as Diwan of Travancore. He was glorified by the British Governor Mornington, by the title Raja in appreciation of his administrative talents. As Diwan,


texts:
 <mask> was responsible for shifting the capital of Travancore from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. Military training
Kesava Pillai received military training under General Eustachius De Lannoy.This training perfected him to take active service as an efficient general. He was well trained in the military art and was competent to command a whole brigade in times of emergency. He learned the Dutch and Portuguese languages under General D’Lanoy and the Persian and Hindustani under the Pattan officers. Reforms
Kesava Das's foremost objective was to develop the economy of Travancore. He developed the economic condition of the people by improving trade. The profits from the trade helped the State to maintain a standing army. It also helped to make other necessary preparations for the struggle with Tippu Sultan.Essentially it was a kind of war finance system. He visited coastal areas from Kanyakumari to Alappuzha and converted two areas such as Alappuzha and Vizhinjam which had the potential to be upcoming ports. Military reforms
Of his military reforms, the most noteworthy is the repair of the old forts and the construction of many new roads. Guns and shorts were speedily manufactured in the arsenal at Udayagiri. Development of Alappuzha port

His all-time contribution is finding an ideal location and constructing a well-planned port city at Alappuzha. He found Alappuzha as the most suitable, because of geographical and oceanic reasons. He constructed two parallel canals for bringing goods to port and offered infrastructural facilities to merchants and traders from Surat, Mumbai and Kutch to start industrial enterprises, trading, and cargo centres.Alappuzha attained progress and became the financial nerve centre of Travancore during his time. Traders


texts:
 from  Bombay, Saurashtra and Surat were attracted to Alleppey. An effort was made to divert the trade of Cochin to Allepey port. The port was opened in 1762, mainly for the export of coir-matting and coir-yarn. <mask> built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and Alleppey afforded a convenient depot for the storage and disposal of goods produce in the east. Vizhinjam port
Vizhinjam was developed into a small port by <mask> Das. Construction of MC road
The Main Central Road (MC Road) which is the arterial State Highway in the Travancore region of Kerala state was constructed at the time when <mask> was the Dewan of Travancore.Opening of Chalai Market

Chalai Market was officially established towards end of 18th century by Raja Kesavadas with an intention to make this bazaar a central point for the supply of commodities to the Travancore kingdom. Killi and the Karamana rivers nearby were used to carry goods from different parts of Travancore state. Both of the rivers were bridged. In 1786, Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma shifted to Thiruvananthapuram from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu. This helped Chalai to flourish. Nedumkotta

The greatest achievement of Kesavadas was his defence of Travancore against Tippu Sultan. When Kesavadas came to power, Tipu was threatening at the gates of Travancore.He bought the Kranganur and Ayakotta forts from the Dutch. He repaired the fort at other places and strengthened the army with well-trained soldiers; In negotiations with the English at Madras, he secured two of the company's troops and stationed them at the fort. He succeeded in the fight against Tipu and expelled him from the borders of Travancore and even his retreat did not give him peace of mind. He followed Tipu until the soldiers travelled a long

masks:
Kesavadas
Raja Kesava
Raja Kesavadas


texts:
 distance and took heavy lives. Agricultural and Industrial Reforms
Raja Kesava Das took steps to develop Agriculture and related industries. Irrigation was prepared and fresh lands were brought. agriculturists were helped financially with loans and remission of taxes.Thiruvananthapuram city was modernized and beautified. Roads were widened and the fort was repaired. Revenue reforms
Gold coins such as Anantharayen fanam, Chinna fanam and Ananthavarahen were coined in the Travancore mint. A new contribution called Nilavary, upon Sircar pattam lands was raised which yielded a good round sum of money. For proper administration of the State, the Chattavariola (collection of rules and laws) were framed. Dewan succeeded in clearing away the greater part of the State-debt incurred in consequence of many wars and other emergencies. Later Years
His tenure of Diwanship ended with the demise of <mask> Karthika Thirunal in 1798.Balarama Varma, his successor aged sixteen became the crown prince who was too young in the hands of Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri. <mask> was proclaimed as a traitor and kept under house arrest which helped Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri to usurp the post of Diwan. Later his family assets were confiscated and were poisoned to death on 21 April 1799. Memorials
 A swimming pool in Alappuzha was built in 1997 in <mask>'s name. <mask>das N. S. S. Higher Secondary School in Sasthamangalam Thiruvananthapuram. His statue has been erected in Allepey- Changanassery road. Memorial Park in Allepey.A town at the start of M. C. Road is named Kesavadasapuram after him. References

External links
 Reforms of Raja Kesavadas, a journal

Diwans of Travancore
Politicians from Alappuzha
1745 births
1799 deaths
People of the Kingdom of Travancore
18th-century

masks:
Dharma Raja
Raja Kesavadas
Raja Kesavadas
Raja Kesava


texts:
Metropolitan <mask> (secular name <mask>, , at birth his surname was Pisarev, ; , village Peshalan, Arzamas county, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate – , St. Petersburg) was bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church; 18 October 1892 until his death he served as Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga, the first member of the Most Holy Synod. Biography

He was born into the family of the priest of the village of Peshelan of the Nizhny Novgorod diocese; studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological School and Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary (1848). In 1852 he graduated from the Kazan Theological Academy with a master's degree in theology and was appointed a teacher of logic and psychology to the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary, and a teacher of the Tatar language. On 15 August 1856, he was ordained a priest to the church of the intercession of Nizhny Novgorod (not preserved). In 1860, he was a widower, left with his children; 15 January 1861 took monastic vows with the name of Palladium in honor of the Monk Palladius, the desert of Antioch; 18 February 1862, was elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Since 28 August 1863 – Inspector of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary; from 2 December 1864 – rector of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary. 18 December 1866 Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Isidore (Nikolsky) in the cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra khirotonisan in the bishop of Ladoga, the first vicar of the St. Petersburg diocese.From 15 July 1869 – Bishop of Vologda and Ustyug. Wanting to see the bell tower of St. Sophia Cathedral of

masks:
Palladius
Pavel Ivanovich Rayev


texts: Vologda, the most majestic and high in the diocese, pointed out to build a new cathedral bell tower on the site of the bell tower of the middle of the 17th century. From 13 June 1873, Bishop Tambovsky and Shatsky. Since 9 September 1876 – the Bishop of Ryazan and Zaraisk. 12 April 1881 was elevated to the rank of archbishop. Since 21 August 1882 – Archbishop of Kazan and Sviyazhsky. In 1886, he founded Tsarevo-Kokshaiski Bogorodichno-Sergievsky female Cheremis monastery.Since 29 September 1887 – Archbishop Kartalinsky and Kakheti, Exarch of Georgia. In 1888 he was awarded a Diamond Cross for wearing on a klobuk. The highest rescript of 18 October 1892 was appointed "to the pulpit of the reigning city of St. Petersburg, with the elevation to the rank of Metropolitan and the title of the first member of the Holy Synod". Arrived in St. Petersburg on 19 November of the same year. Lover of solemn, "festive" services with a large number of employees: "in a magnificent setting – fussiness, running, talking". On 14 May 1896, on the day of the  Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, whose commission he headed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, he received a supreme rescript with a diamond cross for wearing at the mitre (as well as the metropolitans of Kiev  and Moscow ). He managed to significantly expand the refectory of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra – after perestroika it turned into a spacious double-lighted hall with windows in two tiers, decorated with palace luxury.23 March 1897 consecrated in her church of the Intercession and St.


texts:
 Palladium, located on the choir in the eastern part of the refectory. Having fallen ill at the end of 1898, he blessed to perform the sacrament of anointing on himself, and, having communicated sacred secrets, on 5 December, at 2:40 am, quietly and peacefully died. The funeral services were headed by Archbishop of Finland . He was buried in the Isidorovskaya Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (closed in 1932). The funeral dinner was given at the lavra's refectory from the two sons of the deceased. One of his sons – Nikolai Raev – later became the last Chief Procurator of the Most Holy Synod of Tsarist Time. In 1932, his remains were transferred to the Brotherhood Cemetery of the Lavra.Published works
 «Признаки истинности православного христианства и лживости мухаммеданства» // «Миссионерский противомусульманский сборник». Вып. 9. — Казань, 1875. «Слова и речи». — Рязань, 1880. «Речь при вступлении в управление Казанской паствою» // «Православный собеседник».— 1882, ноябрь. — С. 191—204. «Речь новопоставленному иноку Александру Вадковскому, постриженному с именем Антония» // «Православный собеседник». — 1883, март. — С. 304—306.«Слово в день Благовещения Пресвятыя Богородицы» // «Православный собеседник». — 1883. — С. 1—8. «Слово в день святителей и чудотворцев Казанских Гурия, Варсонофия и Германа» // «Православный собеседник». — 1883, октябрь, с. 1-8.«Слово в неделю святых праотец» // «Православный собеседник». — 1883, декабрь, с. 1-6. «Речь перед дворянскими выборами 16 января 1884 года» // «Православный собеседник». — 1884, январь, с. 1-4.


texts:
 «Слово в день Сретения Господня» // «Православный собеседник».— 1884, февраль, с. 1-8. «Слово в день тысячелетия со дня блаженной кончины св. Равноапостольного Мефодия» // «Православный собеседник». — 1885, апрель, с. 337—343. «Слово по случаю столетнего юбилея со дня пожалования дворянской грамоты» // «Православный собеседник».— 1885, май, с. 1-3. «Слово в день явления Казанской иконы Божией Матери» // «Православный собеседник». — 1885, июль, с. 1. «Речь, произнесенная в Казанском соборе 23 июня 1887 г.» // «Православный собеседник». — 1887, июль, с.251—252. «Речь по возвращении после присутствования в Свящ. Синоде, произнесенная 14 июня 1887 г.» // «Православный собеседник». — 1887, июль, с. 249—250. «Из поучений Высокопреосв. Палладия, Митрополита СПБ и Ладожского».«Народная Академия», кн. 1 Изд. С. Г. Рункевича. — Saint-Petersburg, 1895. «Доброе слово» // «Церковный вестник». — 1895. — № 47.— С. 1503. «Приветственная речь в Тифлисе» // «Прибавление к „Церковному вестнику“». — 1888. — № 41. — С. 1123.Literature

 "The Church Herald", 10 December 1898, No. 50, stb. 1716–1722 (obituary). See also

 Palladium (Raev-Pisarev) On the site Russian Orthodoxy
 Archpastors of Kazan 1555—2011 on the site of the Kazan Theological Seminary
 Andreevsky Chevalier – Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Novgorod Palladiy (Raev). Diocese of Vologda

References

1827 births
1898 deaths
Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Burials at the Isidorovskaya Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra
Burials at


texts: <mask> ( ; born May 9, 1951) is an American poet, musician, playwright, and author. She is the incumbent United States Poet Laureate, the first Native American to hold that honor. She is also only the second Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to serve three terms. <mask> is a member of the Muscogee Nation (Este Mvskokvlke) and belongs to Oce Vpofv (Hickory Ground). She is an important figure in the second wave of the literary Native American Renaissance of the late 20th century. She studied at the Institute of American Indian Arts, completed her undergraduate degree at University of New Mexico in 1976, and earned an MFA degree at the University of Iowa in its creative writing program. In addition to writing books and other publications, <mask> has taught in numerous United States universities, performed internationally at poetry readings and music events, and released seven albums of her original music.<mask> is the author of nine books of poetry, and two award-winning children's books, The Good Luck Cat and For a Girl Becoming. Her books include Poet Warrior (2021), An American Sunrise (2019), Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), Crazy Brave (2012), and How We Became Human: New and Selected Poems 1975–2002 (2004). She was a recipient of the 2017 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize, the Academy of American Poets Wallace Stevens Award, two fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and a Tulsa Artist Fellowship, among other honors. In 2019, she was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. <mask> founded For Girls Becoming, an art mentorship program for young Mvskoke women and is a Founding Board Member and Chair of the

masks:
Joy Harjo
Harjo
Harjo
Harjo
Harjo


texts:
 Native Arts & Cultures Foundation. Her signature project to date as U.S. Poet Laureate is called "Living Nations, Living Words: A Map of First Peoples Poetry", which focuses on "mapping the U.S. with Native Nations poets and poems".Early life and education

<mask> was born on May 9, 1951, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Her father, Allen W. Foster, was Muscogee, and her mother, Wynema Baker Foster, was Cherokee and European-American from Arkansas. As a member of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Harjo adopted her paternal grandmother's surname. At the age of 16, Harjo attended the Institute of American Indian Arts, which at the time was a BIA boarding school, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for high school. Harjo loved painting and found that it gave her a way to express herself. Harjo was inspired by her great-aunt, <mask> Ball, who was a painter. Harjo enrolled as a pre-med student the University of New Mexico.She changed her major to art after her first year. During her last year, she switched to creative writing, as she was inspired by different Native American writers. She graduated in 1976. <mask> earned her master of fine arts degree in creative writing from the University of Iowa in 1978. She also took filmmaking classes at the Anthropology Film Center in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Career
<mask> taught at the Institute of American Indian Arts from 1978 to 1979 and 1983 to 1984. She taught at Arizona State University from 1980 to 1981, the University of Colorado from 1985 to 1988, the University of Arizona from 1988 to 1990, and the University of New Mexico from 1991 to 1995.Her students at the University of New Mexico included future Congresswoman and Secretary of the Interior Deb

masks:
Harjo
Lois Harjo
Harjo
Harjo


texts:
 Haaland. Harjo has played alto saxophone with the band Poetic Justice, edited literary journals, and written screenplays. In 1995, Harjo received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas. In 2002, Harjo received the PEN/Beyond Margins Award for A Map to the Next World: Poetry and Tales. In 2008, she served as a founding member of the board of directors for the Native Arts and Cultures Foundation, for which she serves as a member of its National Advisory Council. <mask> joined the faculty of the American Indian Studies Program at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in January 2013. In 2016, <mask> was appointed to the Chair of Excellence in the Department of English at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.In 2019, <mask> was named the United States Poet Laureate. She is the first Native American to be so appointed. She is also the second United States Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to serve three terms. Literature and performance
<mask> has written numerous works in the genres of poetry, books, and plays. <mask>'s works often include themes such as defining self, the arts, and social justice. Harjo uses Native American oral history as a mechanism for portraying these issues, and believes that "written text is, for [her], fixed orality". Her use of the oral tradition is prevalent through various literature readings and musical performances conducted by Harjo.Her methods of continuing oral tradition include story-telling, singing, and voice inflection in order to captivate the attention of her audiences. While reading poetry, she claims that "[she] starts not even with an image but a sound," which is indicative

masks: Harjo Harjo Harjo Harjo Harjo


texts: of her oral traditions expressed in performance. Harjo published her first volume in 1975, titled The Last Song, which consisted of nine of her poems. <mask> has since authored nine books of poetry, including her most recent, the highly acclaimed An American Sunrise (2019), which was a 2020 Oklahoma Book Award Winner; Conflict Resolution for Holy Beings (2015), which was shortlisted for the Griffin Prize and named a Notable Book of the Year by the American Library Association; and In Mad Love and War (1990), which received an American Book Award and the Delmore Schwartz Memorial Award. Her first memoir, Crazy Brave, was awarded the PEN USA Literary Award in Creative Non Fiction and the American Book Award, and her second, Poet Warrior, was released from W.W. Norton in Fall 2021. She has published two award-winning children's books, The Good Luck Cat and For a Girl Becoming; a collaboration with photographer/astronomer Stephen Strom; an anthology of North American Native women's writing; several screenplays and collections of prose interviews; and three plays, including Wings of Night Sky, Wings of Morning Light, A Play, which she toured as a one-woman show and was recently published by Wesleyan Press. <mask> is Executive Editor of the anthology When the Light of the World was Subdued, Our Songs Came Through — A Norton Anthology of Native Nations Poetry and the editor of Living Nations, Living Words: An Anthology of First Peoples Poetry, the companion anthology to her signature Poet Laureate project featuring a sampling of work by 47 Native Nations poets through an interactive ArcGIS Story Map and a newly developed Library of Congress audio

masks: Harjo Harjo


texts:
 collection.<mask>'s awards for poetry include the Ruth Lily Prize for Lifetime Achievement from the Poetry Foundation, the Academy of American Poets Wallace Stevens Award, the New Mexico Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts, a PEN USA Literary Award, Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund Writers’ Award, the Poets & Writers Jackson Poetry Prize, a Rasmuson US Artist Fellowship, two NEA fellowships, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. Her poetry is included on a plaque on LUCY, a NASA spacecraft launched in Fall 2021 and the first reconnaissance of the Jupiter Trojans. Poetry
In the early stages of adolescence is when <mask>'s hardships started fairly quickly. Her family was challenged by her father's struggle with alcohol as well as an abusive stepfather. From this started her journey into the arts. She started painting as a way to express herself. After getting kicked out by her stepfather at the young age of 16, She attended school at the institute of Native American Arts in New Mexico where she worked to change the light in which Native American art was presented.From there, she became a creative writing major in college and focused on her passion of poetry after listening to Native American poets. She began writing poetry at twenty-two, and released her first book of poems called The Last Song, which started her career in writing. Music

As a musician, <mask> has released seven CDs. These feature both her original music and that of other Native American artists. Since her first album, a spoken word classic Letter From the End of the Twentieth Century (2003) and her 1998 solo album Native Joy for Real, <mask> has received numerous awards and recognitions for her

masks:
Harjo
Joy Harjo
Harjo
Harjo


texts:
 music, including a Native American Music Award (NAMMY) for Best Female Artist of the year for her 2008 album, Winding Through the Milky Way. I Pray for My Enemies is <mask>'s seventh and newest album, released in 2021. <mask> performs with her saxophone and flutes, solo and with pulled-together players she often calls the Arrow Dynamics Band.She has performed in Europe, South America, India, and Africa, as well as for a range of North American stages, including the Vancouver Folk Music Festival, the Cultural Olympiad at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, the 2010 Olympics in Vancouver, DEF Poetry Jam, and the U.S. Library of Congress in Washington D.C.

She began to play the saxophone at the age of 40. <mask> believes that when reading her poems, she can add music by playing the sax and reach the heart of the listener in a different way. When reading her poems, she speaks with a musical tone in her voice, creating a song in every poem. Activism

In addition to her creative writing, <mask> has written and spoken about US political and Native American affairs. She is also an active member of the Muscogee Nation and writes poetry as "a voice of the Indigenous people". <mask>'s poetry explores imperialism and colonization, and their effects on violence against women. Scholar Mishuana Goeman writes, "The rich intertextuality of Harjo's poems and her intense connections with other and awareness of Native issues- such as sovereignty, racial formation, and social conditions- provide the foundation for unpacking and linking the function of settler colonial structures within newly arranged global spaces".In her poems, Harjo often explores her Muskogee/Creek background


texts: and spirituality in opposition to popular mainstream culture. In a thesis at Iowa University, Eloisa Valenzuela-Mendoza writes about <mask>, "Native American continuation in the face of colonization is the undercurrent of Harjo’s poetics through poetry, music, and performance." <mask>'s work touches upon land rights for Native Americans and the gravity of the disappearance of "her people", while rejecting former narratives that erased Native American histories. Much of <mask>'s work reflects Creek values, myths, and beliefs. Harjo reaches readers and audiences to bring realization of the wrongs of the past, not only for Native American communities but for oppressed communities in general. Her activism for Native American rights and feminism stem from her belief in unity and the lack of separation among human, animal, plant, sky, and earth. Harjo believes that we become most human when we understand the connection among all living things.She believes that colonialism led to Native American women being oppressed within their own communities, and she works to encourage more political equality between the sexes. Of contemporary American poetry, <mask> said, "I see and hear the presence of generations making poetry through the many cultures that express America. They range from ceremonial orality which might occur from spoken word to European fixed forms; to the many classic traditions that occur in all cultures, including theoretical abstract forms that find resonance on the page or in image. Poetry always directly or inadvertently mirrors the state of the state either directly or sideways. Terrance Hayes’s American sonnets make a stand as post-election love poems.

masks: Harjo Harjo Harjo Harjo


texts:
 Layli Long Soldier’s poems emerge from fields of Lakota history where centuries stack and bleed through making new songs. The sacred and profane tangle and are threaded into the lands guarded by the four sacred mountains in the poetry of Sherwin Bitsui.America has always been multicultural, before the term became ubiquitous, before colonization, and it will be after." Personal life
In 1969 at the Institute of American Indian Arts, Harjo met fellow student Phil Wilmon, with whom she had a son, Phil Dayn (born 1969). Their relationship ended by 1971. In 1972, she met poet Simon Ortiz of the Acoma Pueblo tribe, with whom she had a daughter, Rainy Dawn (born 1973). She raised both her children as a single mother. <mask> is married to Owen Chopoksa Sapulpa, and is stepmother to his children. .
 .
 ; W. W. Norton & Company, 2008, .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 . (shortlisted for the 2016 Griffin Poetry Prize)
 .As editor
 . In anthology
 . Plays

Non-fiction
 .

 .

Children's literature
 .
 .

Discography

Solo albums

 Letter from the End of the Twentieth Century (2003)
 Native Joy for Real (2004)
 She Had Some Horses (2006)
 Winding Through the Milky Way (2008)
 Red Dreams, A Trail Beyond Tears (2010)
This America (2011)
I Pray For My Enemies (2021)

<mask> and Poetic Justice
 Letter from the End of the Twentieth Century (1997)

See also

 List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
 Native American Studies

Notes

References

 Azfar Hussain. "<mask> and Her Poetics as Praxis: A 'Postcolonial' Political Economy of the Body, Land, Labor, and Language." wicazo sa review: A Journal of Native American Studies 15.2 (2000) 27-61

masks:
Harjo
Joy Harjo
Joy Harjo


texts:
 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/36264

External links

 <mask>, U.S. Poet Laureate: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
<mask>: Academy of American Poet s

 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture <mask>, <mask>

 Interview with <mask> on BBC Outlook (starting at 26.30)
 Voices of Oklahoma interview. First person interview conducted on November 5, 2020, with <mask>.Interview with <mask> on WHYY Fresh Air

1951 births
Living people
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Muscogee (Creek) Nation people
Native American musicians
Native American poets
American women poets
Institute of American Indian Arts alumni
Native American children's writers
American children's writers
Writers from New Mexico
American women children's writers
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
American Book Award winners
Native American dramatists and playwrights
American Poets Laureate
Native American women writers
American people of Irish descent
American people of French descent
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Writers from Oklahoma
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Poets from Oklahoma
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
20th-century Native American women
21st-century Native American

masks:
Joy Harjo
Joy Harjo
– Harjo
Joy
Joe Harjo
Joy Harjo
Joe Harjo


texts:
<mask>, more commonly known simply as <mask>, (born in Pati, Dutch East Indies 1897, died 1976 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia) was a journalist and editor of Sinar Hindia, an activist in the Sarekat Islam and chairman of the Indonesian Communist Party from 1920 to 1925. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Pati, Central Java, Dutch East Indies in 1897. Despite his later prominence, he only had a primary school education, a fact which was later held against him by his critics. Involvement in Indonesian National Awakening
<mask> was converted to the cause of socialism when he attended the trial of Henk Sneevliet. He was impressed that a Dutch person would be willing to lose everything in order to side with the little person. He became a member of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging and became secretary of the Semarang branch in 1918. The Sarekat Islam (Malay: Islamic Union) was the first mass organization of Indigenous people in the Indies, who organized themselves loosely around the identity of Islam.But the organization contained quite a lot of ideological diversity, with Islamic nationalism (led by Cokroaminoto, Agus Salim and Abdul Muis), communists (led by Semaoen, <mask> and Alimin), and a synthesis of the two by Haji Misbach. In 1918, Darsono became a paid propagandist for the SI and became well known for his tireless effort to drive that organization to the left. Although the leaders of the "Central Sarekat Islam" based in Batavia were skeptical of the move towards communism, they appointed Semaoen to their board as well as making Darsono propagandist. For this the central organization tried to make a deal with them to not publicly split with the organization or propagandize

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Raden Darsono Notosudirdjo
Darsono
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 against them. During this time he was skeptical of the Insulinde party which had been founded by E.F.E. Douwes Dekker, Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo and Soewardi Soerjaningrat. He expressed in meetings and articles that he believed that party mainly represented Indo people and that if they came to power they would relegate native Indonesians to a subservient position.In May 1920, Semaoen refounded the ISDV as the Partai Komunis di Hindia (Malay: Communist Party in the Indies), which 9 months later would be renamed the Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party). At that time <mask> was still in prison in Surabaya. In October 1920 the Semarang wing of the Sarekat Islam, and <mask> in particular, came into conflict with the central group of the organization in Batavia. <mask> was accused of breaking the truce with the central Sarekat Islam that had been agreed upon in 1917. In the pages of Sinar Hindia, he accused Sarekat Islam leader Cokroaminoto of embezzling money from the organization. Of course, Cokroaminoto took it as a stab in the back. Soviet Union and Europe
Darsono left the Indies to travel through Siberia to Western Europe during 1921-23.During that trip, in 1921, he represented the PKI at the third Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. After that he worked for the Comintern in Berlin. He also spoke at a congress of the Dutch Dutch Communist Party in Groningen in 1921. In that speech he called for closer collaboration between the Dutch and Indonesian communist parties in the interest of reducing racial hatred. <mask> returned to Moscow in 1922. While he was abroad the Dutch authorities in the Indies discussed that he should be treated similarly to Semaoen and not allowed to reenter the colony

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texts: when he came back from Europe. However, he did manage to reenter the Indies in 1923.In 1923 the Semarang authorities and the Governor General debated whether <mask> and Semaoen should be deported from the Indies, but decided against it for the time being. Although they were aggressively organizing strikes and spreading the communist message, the authorities thought that deporting them might not change anything. During this time, <mask> was relatively moderate as a communist compared to Semaoen, in that he did not believe in the use of bombings, terror or other methods. <mask> was finally arrested in 1925 and expelled from the Indies in 1926 If he was a more moderate figure, with him and the other PKI founders gone, the party became far more radical. The ill-fated 1926 PKI revolt happened while he and Semaoen were out of the country, and even though they tried to negotiate on the Indonesian communists' behalf with the Soviet party, they were increasingly out of touch and unable to be of help from where they were. Adolf Baars, a Dutch communist who had been involved in the early years of the ISDV but had been deported from the Indies early on, mentioned Semaoen and <mask> in a 1928 book he published about life in the Soviet Union. He wrote that foreign representatives working in the country often had very limited social circles, and that people like Semaoen and <mask> worked in an office, received foreign letters and press clippings, and lived in a hotel, knowing little about the country they were living in.He returned to the Soviet Union via Singapore and China; under the pseudonym of Samin, he worked for the Comintern for a number of years. He was even elected as an alternate member of the Executive

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 Committee of the Communist International in 1928. In 1929 he also ran for office on the Dutch Communist Party list. However, he was expelled from the Comintern in 1931. <mask> was still in Berlin in 1935 when the Nuremberg Laws were passed. At this time many communists fled Germany, but he was unable to escape for a time, and so he left his son Alam <mask> to stay with Bran Bleekrode, a Jewish violinist living in Amsterdam whose cousin Bram Bleekrode was organizing places to stay for communists fleeing Germany. However, <mask> was apparently able to rejoin his son in Amsterdam later in 1935, where he stayed for a number of years.;

After Indonesian independence
Upon Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands, <mask> finally returned to the country in 1950, after twenty years of being barred from entry. He broke with his previous communist views and became an advisor at the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1960. <mask> died 1976 in Semarang. References

Dutch East Indies
Indonesian communists
Executive Committee of the Communist International
Indonesian exiles
Indonesian revolutionaries
Javanese people
Indonesian journalists
1897 births
1976 deaths
20th-century journalists
Indonesian newspaper editors
Newspaper editors from the Dutch East Indies
Sarekat Islam


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<mask> (August 3, 1841 – July 17, 1915) was an American physician, born in New York City. His father, Dr<mask>, was the son of the prominent <mask> who had emigrated to America from London, England in 1783 carrying the provisional peace treaty between England and The United States. While his father Edward graduated Yale in 1812, <mask> graduated at Yale (1860) and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (1863), and after further study abroad practiced medicine in New York. <mask> was appointed to the staff of Bellevue Hospital (1874), and to the chair of pathology and practice of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (1875–82). <mask> resided for many years at 5 West 50th Street in Manhattan, New York. In 1886, he became the first president of the Association of American Physicians. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of <mask> by his second marriage to Julia Floyd.Julia Floyd was the granddaughter of William Floyd, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. She was born, raised and married on the Floyd estate in Mastic, Long Island. <mask>'s mother Julia Floyd married Dr <mask> in 1839 on the Floyd family's property in Long Island (currently the William Floyd House museum). She kept an extensive journal of her life during the Civil war until her death. She was one of a few women invited to attend Lincoln's 2nd inauguration. Julia Floyd was also the first woman in New York to use ether to ease pain during childbirth. She endured hardship.Julia Floyd <mask> watched all of her husband's six children die of tuberculosis (his first wife had died of it also). Some of her five biological children also suffered from tuberculosis and died. And even her son [<mask>] became gravely sick and nearly died. <mask>' brother Augustus Floyd <mask>

masks:
Francis Delafield
. Edward Delafield
John Delafield
Francis
Francis
Francis Delafield
Francis Delafield
Edward Delafield
Francis Delafield
Edward Delafield
Delafield
Francis Delafield
Francis
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texts: travelled extensively around Scotland and brought back a set of golf clubs in 1880s. The sport became popular in Darien and Augustus founded the Wee Burn Country Club in 1893. From London, <mask>' grandfather (John Delafied) emigrated to New York City. The ship upon which he took passage bore letters of marque, and captured a French vessel.<mask> volunteered in the action, and shared the prize money to the extent of £100. He landed in New York City on April 5, 1783, and found himself especially welcomed as the bearer of a manuscript copy of the text of the treaty of peace, which had been handed him at the moment of sailing by an official in the British service. The conditions of peace were known, but the text had not yet been made public in England; and, although the official copy had been forwarded, the "Vigilant" had outstripped the bearer of the government dispatches by some days. <mask> was a founder and director of the Mutual insurance company, established on June 15, 1787, that being the first company organized to take risks against fire in the City of New York after the Revolution. On January 12, 1792, he was appointed director of the branch of the U. S. bank, and was afterward elected to the same office. He was one of forty gentlemen who subscribed $10,000 each, and founded (February 1, 1796) the United insurance company, also acting as a director, and serving as president for many years. His summer residence on the East River, opposite Blackwell's Island, known as" Sunswick," built in 1791, was one of the largest and best appointed private houses near New York.<mask> had nine sons and four daughters. Two of his sons died young. <mask> was fitted for college in private schools in New York City, and at Yale received a dissertation appointment in junior year and was a member of Phi Beta

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John Delafield
John Delafield
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 Kappa. In 1863, he graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia, and then for some months continued his medical studies abroad — in Paris, Berlin and London. Career
Upon his return to the U.S. in 1865, he became surgeon in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and physician and pathologist in 1871 to the Roosevelt Hospital (now Mount Sinai West). He was the founder of the first pathological laboratory in US, and his writings upon pathological subjects were accepted as standard authorities. His first important literary work, "A Handbook of Post-Mortem Examination and Morbid Anatomy" (1872) was later rewritten and enlarged into "A Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and Histology" (1885) and became a textbook for medical colleges.In 1878, appeared his "Manual of Physical Diagnosis," and in 1895 "Diseases of the Kidneys". Another achievement was his classification of the group of diseases generally treated under pulmonary consumption. Probably his most important contribution to medicine was "Studies in Pathological Anatomy," published in 1882. Since 1868, when he became a lecturer on pathological anatomy in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, <mask> had been a member of the Faculty of Columbia University. In 1875, he was appointed adjunct professor of medicine under Professor Alonzo Clark, and upon the latter's retirement in 1882 was elected his successor, as professor of pathology and the practice of medicine, being made professor emeritus in 1901. For a number of years since 1874, he was attached to the staff of Bellevue Hospital, at first as a member of the house staff, later as attending physician, and finally as consulting physician. He had served also as pathologist and attending physician to Roosevelt Hospital and as surgeon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.In


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 1890, he was honored with the degree of LL.D. from Yale, and, in 1904, Columbia conferred a similar degree upon him. He held membership in the New York County Medical Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, the Pathological Society, and the Association of American Physicians, becoming the first president of the latter organization in 1886. The Delafield Commission

<mask> was the nephew of Major <mask>. In 1855, Secretary of War Jefferson Davis dispatched Maj. <mask>, Maj. Alfred Mordecai, and Capt. George B. McClellan to the battlefields of Crimea to observe the European military in action. American military commanders had studied European armies before, but the Delafield Commission was the most ambitious military observation mission up to that time and the first to observe an ongoing war.Major <mask> procured illustrations of Crimean weaponry that informed designs for the United States Civil War. Attended William McKinley
<mask> was the primary physician who was consulted following the shooting of United States President William McKinley in September 1901. While <mask> argued to use the X-Ray machine to photograph McKinley's organs and assess the damage, he met opposition from others unwilling to use the new technology. Some attribute this inaction to contributing to McKinley's ultimate demise. Legacy
In 1948, in recognition for his career in medicine, the Francis Delafield Hospital opened as a cancer research center for Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The six-story building was located at 163rd Street and Fort Washington Avenue in Manhattan. Its 2,000,000 volt roentgen ray installation was the second ever in New York City.Terms
 Delafield's hematoxylin — a strong solution of hematoxylin crystals, 4 cc. ;  95% alcohol, 25 cc. ;  saturated aqueous solution of ammonia alum, 400 cc. ;

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Francis Delafield
Richard Delafield
Richard Delafield
Delafield
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  expose in an unstoppered bottle to sun and air three or four days;  filter and add 100 cc. of glycerin and 100 cc. of 95% alcohol. Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938)

Personal life
On January 17, 1870 in Mulenburgh's church (6th avenue and 20th)  <mask> married Katherine Van Rensselaer (1849–1901), the daughter of Henry Bell Van Rensselaer and the granddaughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer III.Together, they were the parents of one son and three daughters:

 Elizabeth "Bessie" Ray <mask> (1872–1923), who was active in the missions of the Episcopal Church and worked with the wounded during World War I.
 Julia Floyd <mask> (1874–1952), who married Frederick S. Crosby. They were the grandparents of the musician David Crosby. Cornelia Van Rensselaer <mask> (b. 1876)
 Edward Henry <mask> (1880–1955)

<mask> died in Noroton, Connecticut while visiting his sister. For some time he had been in poor health, and a week before his death suffered an attack of apoplexy. He was buried in Grace Church Cemetery at Jamaica, Long Island. Delafield Island
Between 1859 and 1865, his father Dr. <mask>, assembled a  tract of land in Darien, Connecticut.After his parents died, in the summer of 1879, <mask> inherited the  entirety of the property in Darien then called "Delafield Farm". After the death of <mask>, the property was looked after by his spinster sister Emma Harriot <mask>. When she died in 1921, the property then went to the only son of <mask>: Edward Henry <mask>. After the 1929 stock market crash, Edward partitioned and parcelled off the land over the ensuing years. In an effort to sell land, the name was changed to "Delafield Wood" then "Delafield Estates" until Edward settled on the current name "Delafield Island". Edward Henry <mask> was a graduate of Yale college. He married Winifred Folsom and had

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Francis Delafield
Delafield
Delafield
Delafield
Delafield
Delafield
Edward Delafield
Francis Delafield
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 four daughters.He lived on Delafield Island until his death in 1955. His daughter Elizabeth Van Rensselaer <mask> (1908–1983) lived on Delafield Island for many years. She had two children from her first marriage to the architect Robert Spurgeon; And two children from her second marriage to the attorney Frank A. Zunino Jr.

Lineage
<mask>ield was of the family of Count de la Feld, which dates back to the darkest period of the Middle Ages (about the sixth century) and seated at the Chateaux of La Feld, in Alsace (extensive ruins still remain). Hubertus De La Feld from Alsace-Lorraine near Colmar, was the first of the family that emigrated to England. Because of his service in Hastings during the 1066 invasion of England,  Hubertus De La Feld received large grants of land from William the Conqueror and settled near Halifax. In England, the family rose in stature when <mask> distinguished himself in the imperial service against the Turks: having taken a standard from the enemy at the Battle of Zenta in Hungary was in 1697 created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Leopold I. See also
 Pathology
 List of pathologists

References

Further reading
Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry, by John O'Hart
Reflections, by Edward V.R Spurgeon, 2001
The Delafields and Delafield Island, by Robert W. Baylis, 1981
Encyclopedia of Heraldry or General Armor, Edition of 1844 by John Burke
A Genealogical & Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage & Baronetage of the British Empire, 1853

External links

1841 births
1915 deaths
American science writers
Yale College alumni
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Columbia Medical School faculty
American pathologists
Cornell family
People included in New York Society's Four Hundred
Scientists from New York (state)
People from

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Delafield
Francis Delaf
John Delafield


texts: <mask> (religious name Saint Teresia Benedicta a Cruce ; also known as Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross or <mask>; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942) was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Christianity and became a Discalced Carmelite nun. She is canonized as a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church; she is also one of six patron saints of Europe. She was born into an observant Jewish family, but had become an agnostic by her teenage years. Moved by the tragedies of World War I, in 1915, she took lessons to become a nursing assistant and worked in an infectious diseases hospital. After completing her doctoral thesis at the University of Freiburg in 1916, she obtained an assistantship there. From reading the life of the reformer of the Carmelite Order, Saint Teresa of Ávila, <mask> was drawn to the Christian faith. She was baptized on 1 January 1922 into the Catholic Church.At that point, she wanted to become a Discalced Carmelite nun but was dissuaded by her spiritual mentor, the abbot of Beuron Archabbey. She then taught at a Catholic school of education in Speyer. As a result of the requirement of an "Aryan certificate" for civil servants promulgated by the Nazi government in April 1933 as part of its Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, she had to quit her teaching position. <mask> was admitted as a postulant to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Cologne on 14 October, on the first vespers of the feast of Saint Teresa of Avila, and received the religious habit as a novice in

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Edith Stein
Saint Edith Stein
Edith Stein
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 April 1934, taking the religious name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce (Teresia in remembrance of Saint Teresa of Avila, Benedicta in honour of Saint Benedict of Nursia). She made her temporary vows on 21 April 1935, and her perpetual vows on 21 April 1938. The same year, Teresa Benedicta a Cruce and her biological sister Rosa, by then also a convert and an extern (tertiary of the Order, who would handle the community's needs outside the monastery), were sent to the Carmelite monastery in Echt, Netherlands, for their safety. In response to the pastoral letter from the Dutch bishops on July 26, 1942, in which they picked up the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis as a central theme, all baptized Catholics of Jewish origin (according to police reports 244 people) were arrested by the Gestapo on the following Sunday, 2 August 1942.They were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered in a gas chamber on 9 August 1942. Early life

<mask> was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), Lower Silesia, into an observant Jewish family. She was the youngest of 11 children and was born on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Hebrew calendar, which combined to make her a favorite of her mother. She was a very gifted child who enjoyed learning, in a home where her mother encouraged critical thinking, and she greatly admired her mother's strong religious faith. By her teenage years, however, <mask> had become an agnostic. Though her father died while she was young, her widowed mother was determined to give her children

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 a thorough education and consequently sent <mask> to study at the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Breslau. At age 19, <mask> moved with her family to Breslau to a house bought by her mother, which she later described in her Autobiography.Today <mask> Stein House hosts a museum dedicated to the history of the <mask> family. Academic career
In April 1913, <mask> arrived at the University of Göttingen in order to study for the summer semester with Edmund Husserl. By the end of the summer, she had decided to pursue her doctoral degree in philosophy under Husserl and chose empathy as her thesis topic. Her studies were interrupted in July 1914 because of the outbreak of World War I. She then served as a volunteer wartime Red Cross nurse in an infectious diseases hospital at Mährisch Weißkirchen in 1915. In 1916, <mask> moved to the University of Freiburg in order to complete her dissertation on Empathy. Shortly before receiving her degree from Freiburg she agreed to become Husserl's assistant there.Her dissertation entitled Das Einfühlungsproblem in seiner historischen Entwicklung und in phänomenologischer Betrachtung (The Empathy Problem as it Developed Historically and Considered Phenomenologically) was awarded a doctorate in philosophy with the summa cum laude honor. <mask> then became a member of the faculty at Freiburg, where she worked until 1918 as a teaching assistant to Husserl, who had transferred to that institution. The University of Göttingen rejected her habilitation thesis in 1919. Although

masks: Edith Stein Edith Stein Stein Stein Stein


texts: <mask> passed her doctoral examination with distinction, her attempts to habilitate failed due to the fact that <mask> was a woman. Her rejected habilitation thesis, Beiträge zur philosophischen Begründung der Psychologie und der Geisteswissenschaften (Contributions to the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology and the Human Sciences), was published in the Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung in 1922. She is categorized as a realistic phenomenologist. While <mask> had earlier contacts with Catholicism, it was her reading of the autobiography of the mystic Teresa of Ávila during summer holidays in Bad Bergzabern in 1921 that prompted her conversion and eventually the desire to seek the life of a Discalced Carmelite.Baptized on 1 January 1922, and dissuaded by her spiritual advisers from immediately seeking entry to the enclosed and hidden life of a Carmelite nun, <mask> obtained a position to teach at the Dominican nuns' school in Speyer from 1923 to 1931. While there, <mask> translated Thomas Aquinas' De Veritate (Of Truth) into German, familiarized herself with Catholic philosophy in general and tried to bridge the phenomenology of her former teacher, Husserl, to Thomism. She visited Husserl and Heidegger at Freiburg in April 1929, the same month that Heidegger gave a speech to Husserl on his 70th birthday. In 1932 she became a lecturer at the Catholic Church-affiliated Institute for Scientific Pedagogy in Münster, but antisemitic legislation passed by the Nazi government forced her to resign

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 the post in 1933. In a letter to Pope Pius XI, she denounced the Nazi regime and asked the Pope to openly denounce the regime "to put a stop to this abuse of Christ's name." Her letter received no answer, and it is not known for certain whether the Pope ever saw it. However, in 1937 the Pope issued an encyclical written in German, Mit brennender Sorge (according to it's German first words, lit."With deep anxiety"), in which he criticized Nazism, listed violations of the Concordat between Germany and the Church of 1933, and condemned antisemitism. Discalced Carmelite nun and martyr
<mask> entered the Discalced Carmelite monastery St. Maria vom Frieden (Our Lady of Peace) in Cologne-Lindenthal in October 1933 and took the religious name Teresia Benedicta a Cruce (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross). In Cologne she wrote her metaphysical book Endliches und ewiges Sein (Finite and Eternal Being), which attempted to combine the philosophies of St. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Husserl. To avoid the growing Nazi threat, the Order transferred <mask> and her sister, Rosa, who was also a convert and an extern sister of the Carmel, to the Discalced Carmelite monastery in Echt, Netherlands. There she wrote Studie über Joannes a Cruce: Kreuzeswissenschaft ("Studies on John of the Cross: The Science of the Cross"). In her testament of 9 June 1939 she wrote:

<mask>'s move to Echt prompted her to be more devout and even more observant of the Carmelite rule. After having her teaching position revoked by the implementation of the

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texts: Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, <mask> quickly eased back into the role of instructor at the convent in Echt, teaching both fellow sisters and students within the community Latin and philosophy.Even prior to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, <mask> believed she would not survive the war, going so far as to write the Prioress to request her permission to "allow [<mask>] to offer [her]self to the heart of Jesus as a sacrifice of atonement for true peace" and made a will. Her fellow sisters would later recount how <mask> began "quietly training herself for life in a concentration camp, by enduring cold and hunger" after the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940. Ultimately, she would not be safe in the Netherlands. The Dutch Bishops' Conference had a public statement read in all churches across the nation on 20 July 1942 condemning Nazi racism. In a retaliatory response on 26 July 1942 the Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, ordered the arrest of all Jewish converts who had previously been spared. Along with two hundred and forty-three baptized Jews living in the Netherlands, <mask> was arrested by the SS on 2 August 1942. <mask> and her sister Rosa were imprisoned at the concentration camps of Amersfoort and Westerbork before being deported to Auschwitz.A Dutch official at Westerbork was so impressed by her sense of faith and calm, he offered her an escape plan. <mask> vehemently refused his assistance, stating: "If somebody intervened at this point and

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 took away [her] chance to share in the fate of [her] brothers and sisters, that would be utter annihilation." On 7 August 1942, early in the morning, 987 Jews were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. It was probably on 9 August that Sister Teresa Benedicta of the Cross, her sister Rosa, and many more Jewish people were killed in a gas chamber. Philosophy

<mask>'s development as a philosopher is frequently divided into three periods: an early, phenomenological (1916-25), a middle, comparative (1925-33) and a late, Christian (1935-42). In reality the same factors work themselves out throughout her work and propels it forward: 1. a profound understanding of and commitment to the phenomenological method as taught by Husserl and Reinach; 2. a deep sense of responsibility to the other for what we believe and 3. an acceptance of my own inability to form a complete, meaningful worldview without divine assistance. The three periods are best understood as stages of integration of these three factors, with <mask>'s baptism New Year's Day 1922, marking a decisive step on the way and her entering Carmel 14 October 1933 marking another.The early phenomenological period (1916-25)
<mask>'s dissertation on empathy was according to her own account an attempt to fill a gap in Husserl's work. In her autobiographical Life in a Jewish Family, she recalled that he took empathy to be the crucial act in which intersubjectivity was established, but nowhere detailed exactly what was meant by it. She therefore wanted to undertake

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 this task and thereby clarify this crucial idea for the development of the phenomenological movement. While working as Husserl's assistant (1916-18) she edited Husserl's manuscripts of what was later to be published as Ideas II and III, and in the process came to understand the extraordinary importance this act has for our constitution of the intersubjective world, and in particular for the objects studied by psychology and the humanities. When she resigned from her position as Husserl's assistant, the phenomenological constitution of those objects: the psyche and the spirit, it was thus the first work she undertook. The result was the two treatises of Philosophy of Psychology and the Humanities, published in Husserl's Jahrbuch 1922: Psychic Causality and Individual and Community. From this period also dates Introduction to Philosophy, An Investigation Concerning the State, and very importantly Freedom and Grace.The middle comparative period (1925-33)
Encouraged to study and compare Thomas Aquinas' philosophy with that of the phenomenological movement, <mask> embarked on a translation project of Aquinas' De Veritate, which was to be published in two volumes in 1932. The work, which translates Aquinas' way of thinking into a modern German idiom and restyles it as a contemporary academic treatise, occasioned that <mask> engaged with Aquinas' thought as a phenomenologist, i.e. as someone interested in the matters discussed by Aquinas, as distinct from providing an interpretation of Aquinas' thought or writing in

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 prolongation of it as a thomist. The most important works from this period are 'Husserl and Aquinas: A Comparison', in which she discusses the differing methodologies of Husserl and Aquinas and accounts for their differences, Potency and Act, in which she attempts a phenomenological investigation of 'potency' and 'act' and the twin work of anthropology: The Structure of the Human Person. Philosophical Anthropology and What is the Human Being? Theological Anthropology (the second volume remains a highly developed draft rather than a completed work, since <mask>'s lectures were canceled in 1933). During this period she also lectures on women's education and vocation and on education in general to very large audiences and to great acclaim.In these lectures, published in ESGA 13 and ESGA 16, she works out for herself the important questions concerning social type and essence, which find a fuller development in The Structure of the Human Person. The later Christian period (1934-42)
The first task <mask> was assigned in the monastery was the writing of her incomplete autobiography, Life in a Jewish Family, a confession of her life as much as an apology in the literal sense for being of Jewish descent. Her next assignment was to prepare Potency and Act for publication, a task she accomplished by writing a new book: Finite and Eternal Being – An Ascent to the Meaning of Being. This work proposed a phenomenological doctrine of being (Seinslehre), which knows itself to be Christian, i.e. as taking Christian Revelation to


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 contribute towards the view of the world in which it looks for and finds the meaning of being in being's unfolding. <mask> also worked on Dionysius the Areopagite, translating his works into German and writing (for him) a work supposed to be lost on symbolic theology. <mask>'s final work, the Science of the Cross, was a commentary on St. John of the Cross, which developed the specifically Carmelite understanding of the depths of the soul, already of interest to <mask> in her early work.Legacy and veneration

Teresa Benedicta of the Cross was beatified as a martyr on 1 May 1987 in Cologne, Germany, by Pope John Paul II and then canonized by him 11 years later on 11 October 1998 in Rome. The miracle that was the basis for her canonization is the cure of Benedicta McCarthy, a little girl who had swallowed a large amount of paracetamol (acetaminophen), which causes hepatic necrosis. The young girl's father, Emmanuel Charles McCarthy, a priest of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, immediately called together relatives and prayed for Teresa's intercession. Shortly thereafter the nurses in the intensive care unit saw her sit up, completely healthy. Ronald Kleinman, a pediatric specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston who treated the girl, testified about her recovery to Church tribunals, stating: "I was willing to say that it was miraculous." McCarthy would later attend Sr. Teresa Benedicta's canonization. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross is one of the six patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of