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 April 9, 2008, <mask> declared himself eligible for the 2008 NBA draft, and later signed with an agent, forfeiting his remaining college eligibility. <mask> was described as the best athlete on paper at the draft overall, by having the second-most number of 185-pound bench reps (24), the second-highest max touch (12' ½") and the second-fastest three-quarter sprint time (2.99 seconds). He was drafted 8th overall in the NBA draft by the Milwaukee Bucks in June, and was signed by the team on July 8. In the 2008 NBA Summer League, <mask> averaged 9.2 points, 3.6 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game while starting all five games. In a December 7, 2008 Bucks loss to the L.A. Lakers, <mask> led the team in scoring with 15 points. Following the All-Star break, <mask> saw a streak of four consecutive games where he did not play.However, he rebounded in a loss to the Miami Heat by totaling 13 points, 5 rebounds and 5 assists in 20 minutes of playing time. He averaged 5.8 points for the month of January, the most of his rookie season in a month. In a March 30, 2009 win over the New Jersey Nets, <mask> scored a career-high 16 points. <mask> finished the season averaging 4.7 points in his 12.1 minutes per game. In the offseason prior to the 2009–2010 season, starting forward Richard Jefferson was traded to the San Antonio Spurs, potentially freeing up playing time for <mask>. On October 30, 2009, the Bucks declined <mask>'s rookie contract option that would have added a third season to his rookie contract. After missing time because of a hamstring injury, <mask> was assigned to the NBA D-League's Fort Wayne Mad Ants on January 20, 2010.Chicago Bulls (2010)
On February 18, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Chicago Bulls along with Hakim Warrick for John Salmons. New Orleans Hornets (2010)
On September 20, 2010, <mask> signed with the New

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 Orleans Hornets, but he was waived on November 13, 2010. Texas Legends (2010–2011)
On November 26, <mask> was signed by the NBA D-League's Texas Legends. He had a successful 2010–11 season with the Legends averaging 20.2 points and 8.9 rebounds per game and was awarded a spot at the D-League's 2011 All-Star game. He was in an Atlanta Hawks minicamp before the 2011 NBA lockout occurred. In June 2011, <mask> was listed as one of the NBA's "Biggest Draft Busts" by the New York Daily News, due to his struggles to transition from college to the NBA. Krasnye Krylia (2011)
In July 2011, <mask> signed with BC Krasnye Krylya Samara of Russia.He left in December 2011, after an X-ray revealed <mask> had a stress fracture in his left tibia. After a sabbatical year hoping the injury would heal itself, <mask> opted to fix his tibia through surgery in 2012. Santa Cruz Warriors (2013–2014)
On September 27, 2013, <mask> signed with the Golden State Warriors. On October 25, 2013, <mask> was waived by the Warriors. The reason was a magnetic resonance imaging showed his leg was not fully recovered yet. Instead <mask> was signed by team's D-League affiliate, the Santa Cruz Warriors, where treatment was administered to both his leg and overall muscle performance. A recovered <mask> played 13 games for Santa Cruz in the 2013–14 regular season.In the playoffs, <mask> appeared in 4 games through the Warriors' D-League runners-up campaign. In November 2014, he was reacquired by Santa Cruz. <mask> played 13 games through the 2014–15 NBA Development League season. Maccabi Tel Aviv (2014–2015)
On December 25, 2014, <mask> left Santa Cruz and signed with Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the Euroleague for the rest of the season. <mask> won the 2015 Israeli State Cup with Maccabi, as well as reaching the 2015 EuroLeague

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 Quarterfinals, where they eventually were eliminated by Fenerbahçe. Dinamo Sassari (2015–2016)
On August 3, 2015, <mask> signed a one-year deal with the Italian club Dinamo Sassari. On January 24, 2016, <mask> recorded a season-high 27 points, shooting 11-of-15 from the field, along four rebounds and two steals in a 78–86 loss to Red October Cantù.In 47 games played during the 2015–16 season, he averaged 12 points, 4.4 rebounds and 1 assist per game. Return to Maccabi (2016–2017)
On August 3, 2016, <mask> returned to Maccabi Tel Aviv for a second stint, signing a one-year deal with an option for another one. On May 6, 2017, <mask> recorded a season-high 25 points, shooting 10-of-11 from the field, along with three rebounds and two assists in an 88–74 win over Maccabi Rishon LeZion. <mask> won the 2017 Israeli State Cup title with Maccabi. Hapoel Holon (2017–2018)
On July 22, 2017, <mask> signed with Hapoel Holon for the 2017–18 season. On November 12, 2017, <mask> recorded a then career-high 29 points, shooting 12-of-16 from the field, in a 104–74 win over Maccabi Rishon LeZion. On November 30, 2017, <mask> was named Israeli Player of the Month for games played in November.On May 3, 2018, <mask> recorded a career-high 34 points, shooting 13-of-20 from the field, along with 8 rebounds in an 81–75 win over Hapoel Eilat. He was subsequently named Israeli League Round 28 MVP. <mask> won the 2018 Israeli State Cup title with Holon, as well as reaching the 2018 Israeli League Final, where they eventually were lost to his former team Maccabi Tel Aviv. In 50 games played during the 2017–18 season, he averaged 13.8 points, 5.2 rebounds, 1.4 assists and 1.4 blocks per game. On June 8, 2018, <mask> earned a spot in the All-Israeli League First Team. Beşiktaş (2018–2019)
On August 24, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with


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 Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball Super League. On April 21, 2019, <mask> recorded a season-high 26 points, shooting 10-of-19 from the field, along with eight rebounds in a 67–76 loss to Teksüt Bandırma.In 31 games played for Beşiktaş, he averaged 9.5 points and 4.3 rebounds, shooting 44.5 percent from three-point range. ESSM Le Portel (2019)
On November 11, 2019, <mask> signed with ESSM Le Portel of the French LNB Pro A. On December 23, 2019, he parted ways with Le Portel after appearing in five games. Return to Hapoel Holon (2019–2020)
On December 29, 2019, <mask> returned to Hapoel Holon for a second stint, signing for the rest of the season. Ironi Nahariya (2020–2021)
On August 13, 2020, <mask> signed with Ironi Nahariya of the Israeli Premier League. Jeonju KCC Egis (2021)
On March 25, 2021, <mask> signed with Jeonju KCC Egis of the Korean Basketball League. Third stint with Hapoel Holon (2021)
On May 24, 2021, <mask> signed for the third time with Hapoel Holon.Maccabi Rishon LeZion (2021–present)
On October 11, 2021, <mask> signed with Maccabi Rishon LeZion. The Basketball Tournament (TBT)
In the summer of 2017, <mask> played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for The Stickmen. He competed for the $2 million prize, and for The Stickmen, he averaged 6.0 points per game. <mask> helped take The Stickmen to the second round of the tournament, where they then lost to Team Challenge ALS, 87–73. players
Milwaukee Bucks draft picks
Milwaukee Bucks players
People from Mount Airy, Maryland
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Power forwards (basketball)
Santa Cruz Warriors players
Sportspeople from the Baltimore metropolitan area
Sportspeople from Frederick, Maryland
Sportspeople from Kaohsiung
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Maryland
Texas Legends players
West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball

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<mask> (born November 11, 1937) is an American former diplomat, university administrator and politician from Ohio. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 64th governor of Ohio from 1983 to 1991. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio and grew up in Lakewood, Ohio, the son of Margaret Louis and <mask>. His father was born in Cerisano, Italy. He graduated from Lakewood High School in 1955. In 1959, he graduated magna cum laude from Yale University where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. <mask> then received a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Exeter College at Oxford University, where he is an Honorary Fellow.There he met Dagmar Ingrid Braun, whom he married in Austria in 1962. After returning to the United States, <mask> served as staff liaison office in the Peace Corps and as special assistant to Chester Bowles. <mask> was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Cuyahoga County in 1970. His Ohio House District included western Cleveland and Lakewood, where his father Frank, had once served as mayor. He was subsequently elected the 55th lieutenant governor of Ohio in 1974 (defeating Republican John W. Brown, serving under the Republican James A. Rhodes—at the time, Ohio's lieutenant governor was elected separately from the governor, so the victors could be of different parties). In 1978, <mask> ran for governor, but lost to incumbent Rhodes. President Carter appointed <mask> Director of the Peace Corps from 1979 to 1981, where he was responsible for programs in 53 countries.Governor of Ohio

In 1982, <mask> defeated Attorney General William J. Brown and former Cincinnati Mayor Jerry Springer in the primary, and then the Republican candidate Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr., to become governor of Ohio. In 1986, <mask> was re-elected, defeating the Republican candidate, former governor James Rhodes who had served four prior terms (1962–70 and 1974–82). Thus <mask> served as governor of Ohio from 1983 to 1991. In 1988 he served as the

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 Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association. As governor, <mask> increased support for human services, mental health & addiction recovery  services, funding for education and children services including providing onsite daycare for state employees.Before the <mask> era, Ohio ranked near the bottom among states in funding for these programs. <mask> and the Democratic-controlled legislature increased the state income tax by approximately 40% while also retaining a temporary tax of 50% instituted by the Republican predecessors. <mask> is noted for opening many government positions to African Americans and women—he hired more women to cabinet positions than all previous governors combined. <mask> also allowed state employee unions to negotiate wages and benefits, rather than just working conditions. At the end of his last term he commuted several Ohio prisoners death sentences to life terms. Among them was Debra Brown's along with the sentences of most alleged battered women serving sentences at Marysville state prison for murdering their alleged aggressors. He also commuted Donald Lee Maurer to life in prison.Maurer had been convicted of raping and killing his 8 year old Massillon neighbor Dawn Marie Hendershot in the early 1980s. He opposed nuclear power in Ohio over evacuation plans. Under the <mask>s, the  Governor's art exhibits, chamber music concerts and First Lady's spiritual retreats and theology gatherings as well as Christmas and Hanukkah parties for neighborhood kids became regular seasonal events. The Residence Gardens, especially the rose garden, one of the oldest in the nation, were reconstituted and The Friends of the Residence were formed, with Les Wexner as their first president, to help raise private funds to defray the cost of those improvements. Post-gubernatorial political career

<mask> then established the consulting firm Celeste & Sabety Ltd. in Columbus. After he served as the director of the DNC's healthcare campaign in 1993, President

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 Clinton appointed him as United States Ambassador to India, a position he served in from 1997 to 2001. <mask> is a member of the advisory board of the Roosevelt Institution, a student think tank.He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. <mask>, along with Thomas Kean who co-chaired the 9/11 Commission, co-chairs the Homeland Security Project for The Century Foundation. He also sits on the board of the Independent Strategic Assessment Group, United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM), which is the military command over the USA established in the wake of the attacks of September 11. <mask> joined the board of Directors of Glimcher Realty Trust in September 2007. <mask> has also been a member of the CHF International Board of Trustees since January 2012. He is currently on the board of directors for Battelle for Kids, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to moving education forward for students by supporting the educators who work with them every day. In 2020, <mask>, with another former governor Bob Taft were appointed to establish and lead a task force to help expand COVID-19 testing in Ohio during the pandemic.President of Colorado College
<mask> was inaugurated as the 12th President of Colorado College in 2002. During his tenure as president, <mask> raised $200 million for such things as capital improvements and scholarships to help disadvantaged and minority students. His other accomplishments included Addition of 20 tenure-track faculty positions, a large increase in the size of the student applicant pool, from 3,533 in 2003 to 4,455 in 2010, and an increase in selectivity, with 55.9 percent of applicants accepted in 2003 to 33.3 percent accepted in 2010. <mask> oversaw major renovations of campus buildings, including Palmer Hall, Cossitt Hall and Packard Hall; construction of the interdisciplinary Edith Kinney Gaylord Cornerstone Arts Center. In 2004, a Jewish group called for <mask>'s resignation after he invited a high-profile Palestinian to give a

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 lecture. <mask> was known for bringing the community and the college together. He was the president of the Colorado Springs Downtown Partnership, the Colorado Economics Future Panel, the NCAA Presidential Task Force on the Future of Intercollegiate Athletics, and the Colorado Forum, which tackles public policy issues.<mask> has since retired as President of Colorado College. He started serving as president in 2002, and was replaced in July 2011 by Jill Tiefenthaler, provost and economics professor at Wake Forest University. Personal life
<mask> had six children (now grown) with his first wife, Dagmar. The couple divorced in 1995. <mask> is currently married to Jacqueline Lundquist. <mask> and Lundquist have one child, Sam. <mask> has 13 grandchildren, including two who were students at Colorado College and one who is a graduate of Case Western Reserve University.His brother, Theodore S<mask>, successfully ran as a Democratic Party candidate for the Ohio House in 2006. Legacy
The Celeste Center at the Ohio Expo Center and State Fair in Columbus, Ohio, is named in honor of <mask>. The Richard F. Celeste Laboratory of Chemistry on the Columbus Campus of The Ohio State University is named in honor of the former Governor. In addition, the Richard F. <mask> Theater at the Cornerstone Arts Center of Colorado College is named in honor of his tenure as president. See also
 Ohio gubernatorial elections

References

External links

1937 births
20th-century American politicians
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United States to India
American Methodists
American politicians of Italian descent
American Rhodes Scholars
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Ohio
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Living people
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Ohio Democrats
Politicians from Cleveland
Presidents of Colorado College
Peace Corps directors
Peace Corps volunteers
Yale University alumni
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century

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<mask> (October 1, 1963 – September 19, 2020) was an American self-employed logger and amateur poker player who was the runner-up of the 2009 World Series of Poker, (WSOP) US$10,000 no-limit Texas hold'em Main Event. It was his first time playing in the World Series of Poker. <mask>, who taught himself how to play poker, ran a small logging company in the Maryland Panhandle before earning a 2009 World Series seat by winning a $130 satellite tournament. <mask> earned the chip lead early in the tournament, and eventually entered the final table as the chip leader, with about 30 percent of the chips in play. Although <mask> briefly lost the lead, he eventually regained it after eliminating veteran players like Steve Begleiter and Phil Ivey. <mask> ultimately lost heads up against Joe Cada, earning <mask> US$5.18 million for his second-place finish. Although some criticized his playing style and lack of experience, <mask> was also praised for his working stiff personality and self-deprecating manner.<mask> participated in the 2010 National Heads-Up Poker Championship, but lost in the second round to poker professional Annie Duke. He also competed in the 2010 World Series of Poker Main Event, but was eliminated on Day 2. Early life
<mask> lived in the western Maryland town of Oakland, at the foot of Backbone Mountain. Prior to entering the World Series of Poker, <mask> lived in a  trailer with his wife, Wendy. <mask> owned and operated a small logging company with other family members. Most of his days were spent in pine forests scattered throughout the Maryland Panhandle. <mask> taught himself how to play poker, and he first started playing with his grandfather at a young age.He started playing frequently around 2006 and studied the game by watching televised poker. <mask> regularly played home games at such places as fire

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 departments, Elks Lodges, and American Legion buildings. In 1988, <mask>'s long time girlfriend, Cathy Ford went missing from Gormania, West Virginia (near Oakland, Maryland). Even though her body was never found, Grant County deputy sheriff Paul Ferrell was convicted of her abduction and murder based on a large body of other evidence. Critics of Ferrell's conviction explore two alternate theories: one where Cathy Ford was still alive and one where <mask> was the culprit in her disappearance. The evidence against Ferrell included that the victim's blood was found in Ferrell's mobile home, her burnt out vehicle was found in his yard, he used his authority as deputy sheriff to prevent searchers from finding the vehicle and had engaged in predatory behavior toward other women. 2009 World Series of Poker
<mask> earned his seat in the 2009 World Series of Poker no-limit Texas hold'em Main Event by winning a $130 satellite tournament at the Wheeling Island Casino in Wheeling, West Virginia.He lost in two Wheeling Island tournaments before finishing in first place on his third attempt, winning a $10,000 main event seat and $6,000 for expenses. The event marked <mask>'s first time playing in the WSOP, as well as visiting Las Vegas, Nevada and riding in a commercial plane. Due to the econommic downturn's impact on the logging business, <mask> considered keeping the $10,000 instead of entering the tournament, but decided to play after visiting the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino and watching World Series games there. On the first day of the tournament, <mask> was dealt pocket aces six times and got three-of-a-kind on the flop three times. He performed well on the first day and continued a successful streak throughout the tournament, although he himself proclaimed it was luck. He eliminated several professional poker players during the

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texts: tournament, including David Benyamine. He eventually obtained the chip lead and kept it until the seventh day of play.At that time, he fell to tenth place, but won a few big hands to recover and ended the day back in the lead. He eliminated Billy Kopp in one of the biggest hands in the tournament when his  led to a higher flush than Kopp's . <mask> entered the final table as the chip leader, holding 58.6 million chips, or about 30 percent of the chips in play. During the final table, <mask> eliminated Steve Begleiter and seasoned pro Phil Ivey. In both cases, <mask> was behind but caught cards to win; Ivey lost with A-K to <mask>'s A-Q when a queen came up on the flop, and Begleiter's pocket queens lost to <mask>'s A-Q when he caught an ace on the river. <mask> lost the chip lead during the November Nine game, but his elimination of Begleiter brought him back into the chip lead with 63.9 million chips. He made it to the final two players and went heads up against Joe Cada, with <mask> at 58.85 million and Cada at 135.95 million.<mask> briefly recovered the chip lead from Cada, but lost it during the 79th heads-up hand, where Cada bet 3 million chips with his J-9 on a 10-5-9-10 turn after the flop was checked, <mask> check-raised all in with 8-7. Cada called with his remaining 58 million chips, won the hand and regained the chip lead and the momentum for the duration of the match. Commentators later criticized <mask> for making such an expensive bluff for a small pot, and <mask> seemed visibly disappointed after the game. Storms Reback, of All In Magazine, said the hand was a crucial moment for <mask>, and that his fatigue from it may have resulted in a bad call in the final hand of the tournament. After 18 hours of play, <mask> ended up finishing second against Cada when his  succumbed to Cada's . He won $5,182,601 for his

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 second-place finish. After the tournament ended, <mask> was congratulated by professional poker player Phil Hellmuth, who said, "I'm proud of you, Darvin."Some were critical of both <mask> and Cada. Mike Matusow, a professional poker player with a reputation for trash-talking, called the heads-up contest between the two "a new low for poker as a skilled game". Storms Reback, of All In Magazine, said <mask> was "out of his league" at the tournament, and made a number of questionable calls and bets. As an example, Reback cited a hand in which <mask> attempted to bluff by re-raising a bet by Begleiter for 15 million chips, then folding when Begleiter went all in for an additional 6 million, even though <mask> was getting better than 7-to-1 odds on his money. <mask> said he planned to spend some of his World Series winnings on putting relatives through college and charitable contributions to his home town, including a new youth ball field and recreation center. <mask> said of his victory, "We ain't gonna change. The next time you see us, we'll be wearing jeans and everything else, like we always have."Post-WSOP poker career
<mask> played few major poker games after the 2009 World Series of Poker, preferring instead to play local games among friends in the Oakland area. When asked how he had done in those games, <mask> replied, "I've done all right. I've held my own." <mask> joined 63 other players in the 2010 National Heads-Up Poker Championship at the Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. He paid the $20,000 buy-in from his personal funds. <mask> was paired against online qualifier William Huntress in the first round of the tournament on March 5. ESPN writer Gary Wise said Huntress stood "as good a chance of toppling an invited player as any qualifier ever has", and questioned why <mask> participated in the tournament given <mask>'s past


texts: claims of disinterest in media exposure and sponsorship.However, PokerNews.com writer Mickey Doft predicted <mask> would do well in the tournament due to his unpredictable play. <mask> defeated Huntress when his  held out against Huntress' . The flop was , giving Huntress the better draw, but <mask> won with king-high when another club failed to come on the turn or river, advancing <mask> to the second round. He lost in that round to Annie Duke, whose three kings bested <mask>'s two pair of queens and tens. Duke went on to win the tournament. In August 2010, <mask> joined Main Event champions Chris Moneymaker and Jonathan Duhamel in hosting the Mega Stack Series XVII, a live poker tournament at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut which drew 2,200 participants and had a total prize pool of more than $1 million. The next month, <mask> entered the 2010 World Series of Poker no-limit Texas hold-em Main Event.Early in the tournament, <mask> doubled up with pocket kings against a player with pocket jacks. He was eliminated on day two, however, after moving all in with  on a  flop. His opponent had pocket aces, and <mask> received no help with a  turn and  river. Leaving the poker room, he said to his wife, "At least the pressure's off, honey." In 2011, <mask> accepted a deal to become Tour Ambassador for Heartland Poker Tour, wearing the patch of the nationally-televised tour and playing in several HPT events. HPT President Todd Anderson of Moon: "Darvin is our kind of guy. He's worked hard his entire life and now lives the dream that attracts so many to the game."<mask> became a fan favorite among HPT's tour regulars when he declined an invitation for the November Nine taping in 2010 to play an HPT stop in Iowa. A last minute replacement for an ill Scotty Nguyen, <mask> bonded with HPT's crew and players. <mask> said,


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 "I'm very comfortable with the HPT folks. They're like family." <mask> died on September 19, 2020, following complications from surgery. He was 56. Personality and style
<mask> displayed what he described as a humble and self-deprecating manner during the World Series of Poker, acknowledging his lack of poker experience throughout the course of the tournament, and often attributing his success to luck and a high number of strong cards, rather than talent.<mask> adopted a phrase, "If I win, I win. If I lose, I lose," which reflected his casual approach to the game. <mask> also said one of his philosophies was, "Make the other guy pay to see the cards", a strategy attributed to many re-raises <mask> made during the 2009 World Series of Poker despite weak hands. <mask> had almost no experience in heads-up poker, which some commentators said factored into his loss against Cada in the final hours of the 2009 World Series. Many fans and commentators praised his working stiff style, with some dubbing him "Darvin Gump", a reference to the underdog protagonist of the 1994 drama film, Forrest Gump. <mask> was also bestowed with the nickname the "Luddite Logger" because of his distaste for anything technological, including credit cards and online poker. <mask> refused to sign a sponsorship deal with an Internet poker company during the 2009 tournament because he said he did not want to answer to anybody.<mask> wore a New Orleans Saints hat throughout the tournament because, "I like cheering for the underdog." <mask> was invited as a guest at the Saints games for their entire playoff run in 2010, and was on hand to watch them win Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts in Miami. References

External links
Bluff Magazine player profile
Hendon Mob profile

1963 births
2020 deaths
American poker players
People from Oakland,

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<mask> (born December 3, 1935) is an American politician who represents Texas's  in the United States House of Representatives. <mask> is a member of the Democratic Party. Elected in 1992, <mask> was the first registered nurse elected to Congress. At the swearing in of the 116th United States Congress, she became dean of Texas's congressional delegation. She will retire at the end of the 117th Congress. <mask> formerly served in the Texas House of Representatives, where she was elected in 1972 in a landslide, the first black woman to win electoral office from Dallas. She also served three terms in the Texas Senate.<mask> worked for 16 years as chief psychiatric nurse at the Dallas Veterans Administration Hospital, the first African American woman to hold the position. Early life, education, and medical career
Born and raised in Waco, Texas, <mask> was born on December 3, 1935, to Lee Edward and Lillie Mae White <mask>. She and her three siblings grew up attending Toliver Chapel Baptist Church, where her mother was an active member. After attending A.J. Moore High School, <mask> graduated at age 16 and moved to Indiana to attend Saint Mary’s College of Notre Dame, where she graduated in 1955 with her nursing certificate. She grew up wanting to work in medicine. She transferred to Texas Christian University, from which she received a bachelor's degree in nursing.She later attended Southern Methodist University and earned a Master of Public Administration in 1976. <mask> was the first African American to serve as Chief Psychiatric Nurse at the Dallas Veterans Administration Hospital. She entered politics after 16 years in that position. Early political career
After passage of civil rights legislation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which enabled African Americans in the South to register and vote, more African Americans began to run for office and be elected. In 1972, as an underdog candidate running for a seat in the Texas House, <mask> won a landslide victory. She was the first black woman ever elected to public office from Dallas. She soon became the first woman in Texas history to lead a major Texas House

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texts: committee, the Labor Committee.<mask> left the State House in 1977, when President Jimmy Carter appointed her as the regional director for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the first African-American woman to hold this position. <mask> entered electoral politics again in 1986, when she was elected as a Texas state senator. She was the first woman and the first African American from the Dallas area to hold this office since Reconstruction. Her concerns included health care, education, public housing, racial equity, economic development, and job expansion. <mask> served on the Finance Committee, for which she chaired the subcommittee on Health and Human Services, and the Education Committee. She wrote legislation to regulate diagnostic radiology centers, require drug testing in hospitals, prohibit discrimination against AIDS victims, improve access to health care for AIDS patients, and prohibit hospital kickbacks to doctors. A fair housing advocate, she sponsored a bill to empower city governments to repair substandard housing at landlords' expense, and wrote a bill to enforce prohibitions against housing discrimination.<mask> worked against racism while dealing with discrimination in the legislature. "Being a woman and being black is perhaps a double handicap," she told the Chicago Tribune. "When you see who's in the important huddles, who's making the important decisions, it's men." <mask> sponsored several bills aimed at equity, including a bill to establish goals for Texas to do business with "socially disadvantaged" businesses. She crafted a fair housing act aimed at toughening fair housing laws and establishing a commission to investigate complaints of discriminatory housing practices. <mask> also held committee hearings and investigated complaints. In 1989, she testified in federal court about racism in Dallas's city government.In 1992, she formally asked the Justice Department to investigate harassment of local black students. That same year, she held hearings to examine discrimination charges about unfair contracting bids for the government's Superconducting Super Collider. <mask> fears

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 the legacy that discrimination leaves for youth. "I am frightened to see young people who believe that a racist power structure is responsible for every negative thing that happens to them," she told the New York Times. "After a point it does not matter whether these perceptions are true or false; it is the perceptions that matter." U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
Midway through her second term in the state senate, <mask> ran in the Democratic primary for the newly created 30th congressional district. She defeated Republican nominee Lucy Cain 72%-25% in the 1992 general election.In 1994, she defeated Cain again, 73%-26%. In 1996, after her district was significantly redrawn as a result of Bush v. Vera, she was reelected to a third term with 55% of the vote, the worst election performance of her congressional career. All the candidates in the race appeared on a single ballot regardless of party, and <mask> faced two other Democrats. Proving just how Democratic this district still was, the three Democrats tallied 73% of the vote. <mask> has never faced another contest nearly that close. She has been reelected nine more times with at least 72% of the vote. In 2012, <mask> easily beat two opponents in the Democratic primary, State Representative Barbara Mallory Caraway and lawyer Taj Clayton, gaining 70% of the vote; she won the general election with almost 79% of the vote.She was reelected in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. In October 2019, <mask> announced she would retire in 2022. Tenure
The 17th chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, <mask> opposed the Iraq Resolution of 2002. During debate on the House floor, she stated:

I am not convinced that giving the President the authority to launch a unilateral, first-strike attack on Iraq is the appropriate course of action at this time. While I believe that under international law and under the authority of our Constitution, the United States must maintain the option to act in its own self-defense, I strongly believe that the administration has not provided evidence of an imminent threat of attack on the United States that would justify a unilateral strike.

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


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 I also believe that actions alone, without exhausting peaceful options, could seriously harm global support for our war on terrorism and distract our own resources from this cause. In 2007, House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chair Jim Oberstar appointed <mask> chair of its Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment during the 110th and 111th Congresses.She was the first African American and first woman in Congress to chair this subcommittee. As Subcommittee Chair, <mask> sponsored the Water Resources Development Act. She led Congress in overriding President Bush's veto of it, the only veto override of his presidency. During the 2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign, <mask> initially supported U.S. Senator John Edwards. After he withdrew from the race, she pledged her support as a superdelegate to Barack Obama. Her district backed Obama heavily in the election.<mask> and Representative Donna Edwards proposed a publicly funded park on the moon to mark where the Apollo missions landed between 1969 and 1972. The Apollo Lunar Landing Legacy Act, H.R. 2617, calls for the park to be run jointly by the Department of the Interior and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). <mask> attended COP26 in 2021 and urged immediate climate action, warning, "Scientists have been sounding the alarm on climate for years" and "Inaction is not an option". "We are working to build a clean energy future while creating high quality jobs, and so much more", she said. Armenian genocide denial
<mask> has consistently opposed the historical consensus on the Armenian genocide. In 2009, when asked if she acknowledged the Armenian genocide, she responded "No, I don't."In 2017, when interviewed for a film and asked if she denied that the Armenian genocide occurred, <mask> replied "I do deny that." In 2019, <mask> was one of three House members to vote "present" on a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide. Presidential election objections
In 2001, <mask> and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes in the 2000 presidential election. Because no senator joined her

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts:
 objection, it was dismissed by Senate President Al Gore. In 2005, <mask> was one of 31 House Democrats who voted to not count Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Without Ohio's electoral votes, the election would have been decided by the U.S. House of Representatives, with each state having one vote, in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. <mask> voted to certify Joe Biden's win in the 2020 presidential election.<mask> called the 2021 United States Capitol attack "like a real war". Scholarship violations
In August 2010, Amy Goldson, counsel for the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, said that <mask> violated organizational rules by awarding at least 15 scholarships to relatives of her own or to children of her district director, Rod Givens. The awards violated an anti-nepotism rule and the recipients did not qualify for the scholarships because they were not residents of <mask>'s district. <mask> said she "unknowingly" made a mistake in awarding the grants and would work with the foundation to rectify it. Opponent Stephen Broden released letters bearing <mask>'s signature in which she requested that the scholarship check be made out to and sent directly to her relatives, instead of to the destination university as would normally be done. The Dallas Morning News ran an editorial questioning her changing story on the matter, saying that it was overshadowing her service in the House. Committees
In December 2010, <mask> became the first African American and the first female Ranking Member of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.From 2000 to 2002, she was the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Research and Science Education. <mask> has been a strong advocate of investing in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) education. In 2012, she introduced the Broadening Participation in STEM Education Act, which would authorize the Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to award grants to increase the number of students from underrepresented minority groups receiving STEM degrees. The bill would also expand the number of


texts:
 faculty members from underrepresented minority groups at colleges and universities. <mask> has been a member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee since being elected in 1992. She is also the highest-ranking Texan on this committee. <mask> also serves on the Aviation Subcommittee, Highways and Transit Subcommittee and Water Resources and Environment Subcommittee.Committee assignments
 Committee on Science and Technology (Chair)
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
 Subcommittee on Aviation
 Subcommittee on Highways and Transit
 Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Arts Caucus
 Congressional Black Caucus
 Congressional Tri Caucus (founder)
 LGBT Equality Caucus
 Congressional Progressive Caucus
 Rare Disease Congressional Caucus
 Congressional Cement Caucus
 Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus

Personal life
<mask> is a member of The Links. See also
 List of African-American United States representatives
 Women in the United States House of Representatives

References

External links

 Congresswoman <mask> <mask> official U.S. House website
 Campaign website

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1935 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
African-American members of the United States House of Representatives
African-American nurses
American nurses
American women nurses
African-American state legislators in Texas
African-American women in politics
Deniers of the Armenian genocide
Baptists from Texas
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Living people
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
People from Waco, Texas
Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
Texas Christian University alumni
Texas Democrats
Texas state senators
Women state legislators in Texas
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Eddie Bernice
Johnson


texts: <mask> (1613–1675) (sometimes referred to as junior to differentiate him from his uncle) was the oldest child of Massachusetts and Rhode Island magistrate <mask> and his wife, the dissident minister <mask>. He is noted for making peace with the authorities following his mother's banishment from Massachusetts during the Antinomian Controversy, returning to Boston, and ultimately dying in the service of the colony that had treated his family so harshly. Born in Alford, in eastern England, <mask> sailed to New England at the age of 20, a year ahead of the remainder of his family. Following the events of the Antinomian Controversy, he, his father, and his uncle <mask> were among 23 signers of a compact for a new government which they soon established at Portsmouth on Rhode Island. Young <mask> only remained there a short while, and had returned to Boston to occupy the family house. Here he had 11 children with two wives. He became a charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1638 and became its lieutenant (second in command) in 1654.He was elected the company's captain (commanding officer) in 1657 and served a one-year term. He also served as a Deputy to the General Court in 1658, and in this capacity voiced his opposition to the persecution of the Quakers that took place in the late 1650s. During King Phillips War, in 1675, Captain <mask> and Captain Thomas Wheeler were given an assignment to negotiate with the Nipmuck Indians to keep them out of the war. While searching for the tribal chief, Muttawmp, the two

masks:
Edward Hutchinson
William Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Edward
Hutchinson
Hutchinson


texts:
 captains, with a company of men, were ambushed, and both were wounded. Two weeks later <mask> died from his wounds, and was interred in a cemetery in Marlborough, Massachusetts. <mask> is the ancestor of three United States presidents, as well as the loyalist governor of Massachusetts, <mask>. Early life

Baptized in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on 28 May 1613, <mask> was the son of cloth merchant and magistrate <mask> and his famed wife <mask>.<mask> was the oldest of the <mask>'s 15 children, and in 1633 when <mask>'s pregnant mother realized that she was going to emigrate from England, she allowed <mask> to travel to New England a year ahead of the family, and he sailed aboard the Griffin with his uncle <mask> (Sr.) and wife, also being on the same ship as the Reverend John Cotton who soon became teaching minister in the Boston church. While <mask>'s uncle, <mask>, was admitted to the Boston church in 1633, the young <mask> wasn't admitted until 10 August 1634, just about the time that the remainder of the family arrived in Boston from England. In 1636 <mask> sailed back to England, and while there he married Katherine Hamby, likely in Lawford in Essex. His father-in-law, Robert Hamby, had been a legal counselor in Ipswich. With his wife, he returned to the colonies later the same year, and it was about this time that his mother became embroiled in the events of the Antinomian Controversy. As the controversy came to a peak, his mother was brought to trial in November 1637, then sentenced to banishment by the General Court of the colony. She was not allowed to leave, however, until enduring a second

masks:
Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Thomas Hutchinson
Edward Hutchinson
William Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson
Edward
Hutchinson
Edward
Edward
Edward Hutchinson
Edward
Edward
Edward
Hutchinson


texts: trial in March 1638, this time by the clergy, and she was held in detention in the interim.Many members of the colony who shared the views of Mrs. <mask>, including <mask>, met on 7 March 1638 to sign a document establishing a new government, and most of the signers left the Massachusetts colony shortly thereafter to go build houses on Aquidneck Island. <mask> was one of the few family members who stayed in Boston in March, and was present at his mother's church trial, when he argued on her behalf that she should not be condemned for holding opinions in which she was not yet settled. It was then deemed by the church that since he showed natural love for his mother, that he too should be admonished, along with a few others who were also close to Mrs. <mask>, and by removing the dissent from the family members, the ministers were able to proceed with the excommunication against her. <mask> likely accompanied his mother and siblings from Boston to Aquidneck Island in early April 1638, and there he became one of the founding settlers of the island community that was initially named Pocasset, but was soon renamed Portsmouth. However, since no charges were ever preferred against him by the Massachusetts authorities, he soon returned to Boston, and he and his young family became the residents and caretakers of the family house there. Ownership of the house went to his uncle, <mask>, ironmonger of London, who never came to New England, but had many land and business interests there. <mask>'s mother, <mask>, and many of his younger siblings perished in an Indian massacre in New Netherland in August 1643, and he

masks:
Hutchinson
Edward
Edward
Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Richard Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson


texts:
 likely learned of this in early September, about the same time that Governor John Winthrop recorded it in his journal.It is not clear when he learned that one of his siblings survived the attack and was taken hostage, but it was two and a half years after her capture that Winthrop wrote, "A daughter of <mask> was carried away by the Indians near the Dutch." After several years of living with the Siwanoy natives, <mask>'s young sister Susanna was released in an exchange, and brought back to Boston. While no record has survived detailing which of her siblings took her in, Kirkpatrick believes that it was <mask>'s house where she came to live. <mask>'s wife had seven children before her untimely death about 1650, and he soon after married the widow Abigail Button. Court records from the time show that in 1656 Abigail testified against Eunice Cole at her witch trial, Cole likely being the only woman convicted of witchcraft in New Hampshire. Later life

In the late 1650s strict laws had been enacted against the Quakers by the Massachusetts colony, but this didn't prevent Quaker evangelists from coming into the colony from outside. It was during this period that <mask> served for a year as a Deputy to the General Court from Boston, elected in 1658.While the magistrates were the most zealous enforcers of the laws against the Quakers, the general population was more sympathetic to their plight, and the Deputies, of which <mask> was one, made their opposition to the law known. <mask>'s first cousin, 11-year-old Patience Scott, the daughter of Providence Quakers Richard and Katherine Scott, had arrived in Boston

masks:
Mistress Hutchinson
Edward
Edward
Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Hutchinson
Hutchinson


texts:
 unaccompanied. It then became Captain <mask>'s "undertaking to send her home," and the Court took no action against her. Historian James Savage stated that <mask> "deserves honor for his firmness in opposing cruelty to the Quakers," and he was also tolerant of the Baptists, signing a 1668 petition for the release of those who were imprisoned. In November 1659, <mask> was admitted to an equal share with the seven original purchasers of the Humphrey Atherton land investment company for lands in the "Narragansett Country" (later North Kingstown, Rhode Island), with his share being about 1000 acres. The land was in disputed territory, with the three colonies of Connecticut, Rhode Island and Plymouth all staking claims to the area. Whether <mask> actually occupied his land is uncertain, but he and two others were appointed by the Connecticut colony as selectmen to the area which was given the name Wickford in 1663.<mask>'s youngest living sister, Susanna, with her husband John Cole, left Boston to become caretakers of his property, and they ended up staying there for the remainder of their lives. Military service

<mask> was active in the militia of the colony. In 1638, he was one of the charter member of the Military Company of Massachusetts (today known as the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts) and in 1641 he was a junior sergeant in the company. In 1654 he was elected and commissioned as the lieutenant (second in command) of the Company and, three years later, in 1657, he was elected as the captain (commanding officer) of the company. As a captain in the militia, <mask> was called to

masks: Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson


texts:
 active service during King Philip's War in 1675, and was given command of a company which fell under the overall command of his brother-in-law, Major Thomas Savage. On 28 July 1675 he co-lead an expedition with Captain Thomas Wheeler and a small company of men to negotiate a peace settlement with the Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp. The natives evaded the party, however, until on 2 August, near the town of Brookfield, the captains and their men were ambushed in what became known as Wheeler's Surprise.<mask> was seriously wounded during the engagement, and Wheeler was also wounded, but the survivors managed to get to a garrison house in Brookfield, where they spent over a week, while being continuously attacked by the natives. With some reinforcements, they eventually escaped from Brookfield, and Wheeler later recounted <mask>'s fate: "We came to Marlborough on 14 August when Capt. <mask> being not recovered of his wounds before his coming from Brookfield, and over-tired with his long journey, by reason of his weakness, soon grew worse, and more dangerously ill, and on the 19th day of the same month, died, and was there the next day after buried..." He was buried in the town cemetery, now the Springhill Cemetery, where a marker was erected in his honor in 1926. Commenting on his giving his life for the cause of the Massachusetts colony, historian Oliver Roberts noted that "he, who, with his mother, was persecuted, poured out his blood in the service of that uncharitable country." Family

<mask> had 11 children with two wives. His first wife was Katherine Hamby (Hanby/Hambie/Hemby) whom he married shortly after 19

masks: Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson Hutchinson


texts: October 1636 (the date of the marriage license), probably at Lawford, Essex, England. Katherine was baptized at St. Matthews parish in Ipswich, Suffolk on 10 December 1615, the daughter of Robert Hamby and Elizabeth Arnold, her father being a "counsellor at law in Ipswich, in England."Of the seven children of <mask> and Katherine, Elishua was baptized in Boston on 5 November 1637 and probably died young, and Elizabeth (1639–1728) married <mask>, the son of John Winslow and Mary Chilton, and grandson of Mayflower passenger James Chilton. Elisha (1641–1717) married first Hannah Hawkins, and second Elizabeth (Clark) Freak, and had 12 children. Anne (1643–1717) married first Samuel Dyre (Dyer), the son of William Dyer and Mary Barrett, then married second Daniel Vernon, and had a total of 11 children with both husbands. William, baptized 18 January 1645 and Katherine, baptized 14 May 1648 both probably died young. Susanna (1649-after 1716) married Nathaniel Coddington, the son of Rhode Island Governor William Coddington and his wife Anne Brinley, and the couple had six known children. Katherine died sometime after 10 June 1649 when her last child was born, but by 1650 when <mask> was married to his second wife. His second wife was Abigail (Fermayes) Button, the daughter of Alice (Blessing) Fermayes (or Vermais), and widow of Robert Button.The oldest child of this marriage was <mask>, who was born 4 January 1651 and died unmarried in 1692. Katherine, born in 1653, married Henry Bartholomew and was still living about 1730; and Benjamin, born at Boston 2 June 1656 probably died young. The youngest child of this

masks:
Edward
Edward Winslow
Hutchinson
Edward


texts:
 marriage was Hannah, born at Boston 16 May 1658, who married Peter Walker, probably at Taunton; the couple had six children. Descendants of <mask>, through his son Elisha, include United States Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, as well as the loyalist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, <mask>. See also

 List of early settlers of Rhode Island
 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
 Massachusetts Bay Colony

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
biography includes material on Wheeler's Surprise. History of New Braintree includes Wheeler's Surprise. Captain Wheeler's narrative

1613 births
1675 deaths
Colonial American and Indian wars
King Philip's War
People of colonial Massachusetts
People from colonial Boston
People from Alford,

masks:
Hutchinson
Thomas Hutchinson


texts: <mask>, commonly known as <mask> Impaler ( ) or <mask> (;  ; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania. He was the second son of <mask>, who became the ruler of Wallachia in 1436. <mask> and his younger brother, Radu, were held as hostages in the Ottoman Empire in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. <mask>'s father and eldest brother, Mircea, were murdered after John Hunyadi, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed <mask>'s second cousin, <mask>II, as the new voivode. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and <mask> accompanied him.<mask> broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but <mask> returned and <mask> sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. <mask> went to Moldavia in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. Relations between Hungary and <mask> later deteriorated, and in 1456 <mask> invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support. <mask> died fighting against him. <mask> began a purge among the Wallachian boyars to strengthen his position. He came into conflict with the Transylvanian Saxons, who supported his opponents, Dan and Basarab Laiotă (who were <mask>'s brothers), and <mask>'s illegitimate half-brother, <mask> the Monk. <mask> plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them impaled (which inspired his cognomen).Peace was restored

masks:
Vlad III
Vlad the
Vlad Dracula
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vladislav
Vladislav
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vladislav
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad


texts: in 1460. The Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, ordered <mask> to pay homage to him personally, but <mask> had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled. In February 1462, he attacked Ottoman territory, massacring tens of thousands of Turks and Bulgarians. Mehmed launched a campaign against Wallachia to replace <mask> with <mask>'s younger brother, Radu. <mask> attempted to capture the sultan at Târgoviște during the night of 1617June 1462. The sultan and the main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. <mask> went to Transylvania to seek assistance from Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in late 1462, but Corvinus had him imprisoned.<mask> was held in captivity in Visegrád from 1463 to 1475. During this period, anecdotes about his cruelty started to spread in Germany and Italy. He was released at the request of Stephen III of Moldavia in the summer of 1475. He fought in Corvinus's army against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. Hungarian and Moldavian troops helped him to force Basarab Laiotă (who had dethroned <mask>'s brother, Radu) to flee from Wallachia in November. Basarab returned with Ottoman support before the end of the year. <mask> was killed in battle before 10January 1477.Books describing <mask>'s cruel acts were among the first bestsellers in the German-speaking territories. In Russia, popular stories suggested that <mask> was able to strengthen his central government only through applying brutal punishments, and a similar view was adopted by most Romanian historians in the 19th century.

masks: Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad


texts:
 <mask>'s patronymic inspired the name of Bram Stoker's literary vampire, Count Dracula. Name

The name Dracula, which is now primarily known as the name of a fictional vampire, was for centuries known as the sobriquet of VladIII. Diplomatic reports and popular stories referred to him as Dracula, Dracuglia, or Drakula already in the 15thcentury. He himself signed his two letters as "Dragulya" or "Drakulya" in the late 1470s. His name had its origin in the sobriquet of his father, <mask> ("<mask> the Dragon" in medieval Romanian), who received it after he became a member of the Order of the Dragon.Dracula is the Slavonic genitive form of Dracul, meaning "[the son] of Dracul (or the Dragon)". In modern Romanian, dracul means "the devil", which contributed to <mask>'s reputation. <mask> is known as <mask> (or <mask> the Impaler) in Romanian historiography. This sobriquet is connected to the impalement that was his favorite method of execution. The Ottoman writer Tursun Beg referred to him as  (Impaler Lord) around 1500. Mircea the Shepherd, Voivode of Wallachia, used this sobriquet when referring to <mask> in a letter of grant on 1April 1551. Early life

<mask> was the second legitimate son of <mask> Dracul, who was himself an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia.<mask> had won the moniker "Dracul" for his membership in the Order of the Dragon, a militant fraternity founded by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. The Order of the Dragon was dedicated to halting the Ottoman advance into Europe. Since he was old enough to be a candidate to the

masks:
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad III
Vlad Țepeș
Vlad
Vlad III
Vlad
Vlad II
VladII


texts: throne of Wallachia in 1448, <mask>'s time of birth would have been between 1428 and 1431. <mask> was most probably born after his father settled in Transylvania in 1429. Historian Radu Florescu writes that <mask> was born in the Transylvanian Saxon town of Sighișoara (then in the Kingdom of Hungary), where his father lived in a three-story stone house from 1431 to 1435. Modern historians identify <mask>'s mother either as a daughter or kinswoman of Alexander I of Moldavia or as his father's unknown first wife. <mask> Dracul seized Wallachia after the death of his half-brother Alexander I Aldea in 1436.One of his charters (which was issued on 20January 1437) preserves the first reference to <mask> and his elder brother, Mircea, mentioning them as their father's "first born sons". They were mentioned in four further documents between 1437 and 1439. The last of the four charters also referres to their younger brother, Radu. After a meeting with John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, <mask> Dracul did not support an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania in March 1442. The Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, ordered him to come to Gallipoli to demonstrate his loyalty. <mask> and Radu accompanied their father to the Ottoman Empire, where they were all imprisoned. <mask> was released before the end of the year, but <mask> and Radu remained hostages to secure his loyalty.They were held imprisoned in the fortress of Eğrigöz (now Doğrugöz), according to contemporaneous Ottoman chronicles. Their lives were especially in danger after their father supported <mask>,

masks:
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad II
Vlad III
Vlad II
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vladislaus


texts:
 King of Poland and Hungary, against the Ottoman Empire during the Crusade of Varna in 1444. <mask> Dracul was convinced that his two sons would be "butchered for the sake of Christian peace," but neither <mask> nor Radu was murdered or mutilated after their father's rebellion. <mask> again acknowledged the sultan's suzerainty and promised to pay a yearly tribute to him in 1446 or 1447. John Hunyadi (who had by then become the regent-governor of Hungary in 1446), invaded Wallachia in November 1447. The Byzantine historian Michael Critobulus wrote that <mask> and Radu fled to the Ottoman Empire, which suggests that the sultan had allowed them to return to Wallachia after their father paid homage to him. <mask> and his eldest son, Mircea, were murdered.Hunyadi made <mask> II (son of <mask>'s cousin, Dan II) the ruler of Wallachia. Reigns

First rule

Upon the death of his father and elder brother, <mask> became a potential claimant to Wallachia. <mask> of Wallachia accompanied John Hunyadi, who launched a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in September 1448. Taking advantage of his opponent's absence, <mask> broke into Wallachia at the head of an Ottoman army in early October. He had to accept that the Ottomans had captured the fortress of Giurgiu on the Danube and strengthened it. The Ottomans defeated Hunyadi's army in the Battle of Kosovo between 17and 18October. Hunyadi's deputy, Nicholas Vízaknai, urged <mask> to come to meet him in Transylvania, but <mask> refused him.<mask> returned to Wallachia at the head of the remnants of his army.

masks:
Vlad II
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
Vlad Dracul
Vladislav
Vlad Dracul
Vlad
VladislavII
Vlad
Vlad
Vlad
VladislavII


texts:
 <mask> was forced to flee to the Ottoman Empire by 7December 1448. In exile

<mask> first settled in Edirne in the Ottoman Empire after his fall. Not long after, he moved to Moldavia, where BogdanII (his father's brother-in-law and possibly his maternal uncle) had mounted the throne with John Hunyadi's support in the autumn of 1449. After Bogdan was murdered by Peter III Aaron in October 1451, Bogdan's son, Stephen, fled to Transylvania with <mask> to seek assistance from Hunyadi. However, Hunyadi concluded a three-year truce with the Ottoman Empire on 20November 1451, acknowledging the Wallachian boyars' right to elect the successor of <mask> if he died. <mask> allegedly wanted to settle in Brașov (which was a center of the Wallachian boyars expelled by <mask>II), but Hunyadi forbade the burghers to give shelter to him on 6February 1452.<mask> returned to Moldavia where Alexăndrel had dethroned Peter Aaron. The events of his life during the years that followed are unknown. He must have returned to Hungary before 3July 1456, because, on that day, Hunyadi informed the townspeople of Brașov that he had tasked <mask> with the defense of the Transylvanian border. Second rule

Consolidation

The circumstances and the date of <mask>'s return to Wallachia are uncertain. He invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support either in April, July or August 1456. <mask> died during the invasion. <mask> sent his first extant letter as voivode of Wallachia to the burghers of Brașov on 10September.He promised to protect them in case of an Ottoman invasion of

masks: Vlad Vlad Vlad VladislavII Vlad Vladislaus Vlad Vlad Vlad VladislavII Vlad


texts:
 Transylvania, but he also sought their assistance if the Ottomans occupied Wallachia. In the same letter, he stated that "when a man or a prince is strong and powerful he can make peace as he wants to; but when he is weak, a stronger one will come and do what he wants to him", showing his authoritarian personality. Multiple sources (including Laonikos Chalkokondyles's chronicle) recorded that hundreds or thousands of people were executed at <mask>'s order at the beginning of his reign. He began a purge against the boyars who had participated in the murder of his father and elder brother, or whom he suspected of plotting against him. Chalkokondyles stated that <mask> "quickly effected a great change and utterly revolutionized the affairs of Wallachia" through granting the "money, property, and other goods" of his victims to his retainers. The lists of the members of the princely council during <mask>'s reign also show that only two of them (Voico Dobrița and Iova) were able to retain their positions between 1457 and 1461. Conflict with the Saxons

<mask> sent the customary tribute to the sultan.After John Hunyadi died on 11August 1456, his elder son, Ladislaus Hunyadi became the captain-general of Hungary. He accused <mask> of having "no intention of remaining faithful" to the king of Hungary in a letter to the burghers of Brașov, also ordering them to support <mask>II's brother, DanIII, against <mask>. The burghers of Sibiu supported another pretender, "a priest of the Romanians who calls himself a Prince's son". The latter (identified as

masks: Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vlad Vladislaus Vlad


texts: <mask>'s illegitimate brother, <mask> the Monk) took possession of Amlaș, which had customarily been held by the rulers of Wallachia in Transylvania. Ladislaus V of Hungary had Ladislaus Hunyadi executed on 16March 1457. Hunyadi's mother, Erzsébet Szilágyi, and her brother, Michael Szilágyi, stirred up a rebellion against the king. Taking advantage of the civil war in Hungary, <mask> assisted Stephen, son of BogdanII of Moldavia, in his move to seize Moldavia in June 1457.<mask> also broke into Transylvania and plundered the villages around Brașov and Sibiu. The earliest German stories about <mask> recounted that he had carried "men, women, children" from a Saxon village to Wallachia and had them impaled. Since the Transylvanian Saxons remained loyal to the king, <mask>'s attack against them strengthened the position of the Szilágyis. <mask>'s representatives participated in the peace negotiations between Michael Szilágyi and the Saxons. According to their treaty, the burghers of Brașov agreed that they would expel Dan from their town. <mask> promised that the merchants of Sibiu could freely "buy and sell" goods in Wallachia in exchange for the "same treatment" of the Wallachian merchants in Transylvania. <mask> referred to Michael Szilágyi as "his Lord and elder brother" in a letter on 1December 1457.Ladislaus Hunyadi's younger brother, Matthias Corvinus, was elected king of Hungary on 24January 1458. He ordered the burghers of Sibiu to keep the peace with <mask> on 3March. <mask> styled himself "Lord and ruler over all of Wallachia, and the


texts: duchies of Amlaș and Făgăraș" on 20September 1459, showing that he had taken possession of both of these traditional Transylvanian fiefs of the rulers of Wallachia. Michael Szilágyi allowed the boyar Michael (an official of <mask>II of Wallachia) and other Wallachian boyars to settle in Transylvania in late March 1458. Before long, <mask> had the boyar Michael killed. In May, <mask> asked the burghers of Brașov to send craftsmen to Wallachia, but his relationship with the Saxons deteriorated before the end of the year. According to a scholarly theory, the conflict emerged after <mask> forbade the Saxons to enter Wallachia, forcing them to sell their goods to Wallachian merchants at compulsory border fairs.<mask>'s protectionist tendencies or border fairs are not documented. Instead, in 1476 <mask> emphasized that he had always promoted free trade during his reign. The Saxons confiscated the steel that a Wallachian merchant had bought in Brașov without repaying the price to him. In response, <mask> "ransacked and tortured" some Saxon merchants, according to a letter that Basarab Laiotă (a son of DanII of Wallachia) wrote on 21January 1459. Basarab had settled in Sighișoara and laid claim to Wallachia. However, Matthias Corvinus supported DanIII (who was again in Brașov) against <mask>. DanIII stated that <mask> had Saxon merchants and their children impaled or burnt alive in Wallachia.Dan III broke into Wallachia, but <mask> defeated and executed him before 22April 1460. <mask> invaded southern Transylvania and destroyed the suburbs of Brașov,

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 ordering the impalement of all men and women who had been captured. During the ensuing negotiations, <mask> demanded the expulsion or punishment of all Wallachian refugees from Brașov. Peace had been restored before 26July 1460, when <mask> addressed the burghers of Brașov as his "brothers and friends". <mask> invaded the region around Amlaș and Făgăraș on 24August to punish the local inhabitants who had supported DanIII. Ottoman war

Konstantin Mihailović (who served as a janissary in the sultan's army) recorded that <mask> refused to pay homage to the sultan in an unspecified year. The Renaissance historian Giovanni Maria degli Angiolelli likewise wrote that <mask> had failed to pay tribute to the sultan for three years.Both records suggest that <mask> ignored the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, already in 1459, but both works were written decades after the events. Tursun Beg (a secretary in the sultan's court) stated that <mask> only turned against the Ottoman Empire when the sultan "was away on the long expedition in Trebizon" in 1461. According to Tursun Beg, <mask> started new negotiations with Matthias Corvinus, but the sultan was soon informed by his spies. Mehmed sent his envoy, the Greek Thomas Katabolinos (also known as Yunus bey), to Wallachia, ordering <mask> to come to Constantinople. He also sent secret instructions to Hamza, bey of Nicopolis, to capture <mask> after he crossed the Danube. <mask> found out the sultan's "deceit and trickery", captured Hamza and Katabolinos, and had them executed. After the


texts: execution of the Ottoman officials, <mask> gave orders in fluent Turkish to the commander of the fortress of Giurgiu to open the gates, enabling the Wallachian soldiers to break in the fortress and capture it.He invaded the Ottoman Empire, devastating the villages along the Danube. He informed Matthias Corvinus about the military action in a letter on 11February 1462. He stated that more than "23,884 Turks and Bulgarians" had been killed at his order during the campaign. He sought military assistance from Corvinus, declaring that he had broken the peace with the sultan "for the honor" of the king and the Holy Crown of Hungary and "for the preservation of Christianity and the strengthening of the Catholic faith". The relationship between Moldavia and Wallachia had become tense by 1462, according to a letter of the Genoese governor of Kaffa. Having learnt of <mask>'s invasion, Mehmed II raised an army of more than 150,000 strong, that was said to be "second in size only to the one" that occupied Constantinople in 1453, according to Chalkokondyles. The size of the army suggests that the sultan wanted to occupy Wallachia, according to a number of historians (including Franz Babinger, Radu Florescu, and Nicolae Stoicescu).On the other hand, Mehmed had granted Wallachia to <mask>'s brother, Radu, before the invasion of Wallachia, showing that the sultan's principal purpose was only the change of the ruler of Wallachia. The Ottoman fleet landed at Brăila (which was the only Wallachian port on the Danube) in May. The main Ottoman army crossed the

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texts: Danube under the command of the sultan at Nicoplis on 4June 1462. Outnumbered by the enemy, <mask> adopted a scorched earth policy and retreated towards Târgoviște. During the night of 1617 June, <mask> broke into the Ottoman camp in an attempt to capture or kill the sultan. Either the imprisonment or the death of the sultan would have caused a panic among the Ottomans, which could have enabled <mask> to defeat the Ottoman army. However, the Wallachians "missed the court of the sultan himself" and attacked the tents of the viziers Mahmut Pasha and Isaac.Having failed to attack the sultan's camp, <mask> and his retainers left the Ottoman camp at dawn. Mehmed entered Târgoviște at the end of June. The town had been deserted, but the Ottomans were horrified to discover a "forest of the impaled" (thousands of stakes with the carcasses of executed people), according to Chalkokondyles. Tursun Beg recorded that the Ottomans suffered from summer heat and thirst during the campaign. The sultan decided to retreat from Wallachia and marched towards Brăila. StephenIII of Moldavia hurried to Chilia (now Kiliya in Ukraine) to seize the important fortress where a Hungarian garrison had been placed. <mask> also departed for Chilia, but left behind a troop of 6,000 strong to try to hinder the march of the sultan's army, but the Ottomans defeated the Wallachians.Stephen of Moldavia was wounded during the siege of Chilia and returned to Moldavia before <mask> came to the fortress. The main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but <mask>'s brother Radu and his Ottoman

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 troops stayed behind in the Bărăgan Plain. Radu sent messengers to the Wallachians, reminding them that the sultan could again invade their country. Although <mask> defeated Radu and his Ottoman allies in two battles during the following months, more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. <mask> withdrew to the Carpathian Mountains, hoping that Matthias Corvinus would help him regain his throne. However, Albert of Istenmező, the deputy of the Count of the Székelys, had recommended in mid-August that the Saxons recognize Radu. Radu also made an offer to the burghers of Brașov to confirm their commercial privileges and pay them a compensation of 15,000 ducats.Imprisonment in Hungary

Matthias Corvinus came to Transylvania in November 1462. The negotiations between Corvinus and <mask> lasted for weeks, but Corvinus did not want to wage war against the Ottoman Empire. At the king's order, his Czech mercenary commander, John Jiskra of Brandýs, captured <mask> near Rucăr in Wallachia. To provide an explanation for <mask>'s imprisonment to Pope Pius II and the Venetians (who had sent money to finance a campaign against the Ottoman Empire), Corvinus presented three letters, allegedly written by <mask> on 7November 1462, to MehmedII, Mahmud Pasha, and Stephen of Moldavia. According to the letters, <mask> offered to join his forces with the sultan's army against Hungary if the sultan restored him to his throne. Most historians agree that the documents were forged to give grounds for <mask>'s imprisonment. Corvinus's court historian, Antonio Bonfini,

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 admitted that the reason for <mask>'s imprisonment was never clarified.Florescu writes, "[T]he style of writing, the rhetoric of meek submission (hardly compatible with what we know of Dracula's character), clumsy wording, and poor Latin" are all evidence that the letters could not be written on <mask>'s order. He associates the author of the forgery with a Saxon priest of Brașov. <mask> was first imprisoned "in the city of Belgrade" (now Alba Iulia in Romania), according to Chalkokondyles. Before long, he was taken to Visegrád, where he was held for fourteen years. No documents referring to <mask> between 1462 and 1475 have been preserved. In the summer of 1475, StephenIII of Moldavia sent his envoys to Matthias Corvinus, asking him to send <mask> to Wallachia against Basarab Laiotă, who had submitted himself to the Ottomans. Stephen wanted to secure Wallachia for a ruler who had been an enemy of the Ottoman Empire, because "the Wallachians [were] like the Turks" to the Moldavians, according to his letter.According to the Slavic stories about <mask>, he was only released after he converted to Catholicism. Third rule and death

Matthias Corvinus recognized <mask> as the lawful prince of Wallachia, but he did not provide him military assistance to regain his principality. <mask> settled in a house in Pest. When a group of soldiers broke into the house while pursuing a thief who had tried to hide there, <mask> had their commander executed because they had not asked his permission before entering his home, according to the Slavic stories about

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texts: his life. <mask> moved to Transylvania in June 1475. He wanted to settle in Sibiu and sent his envoy to the town in early June to arrange a house for him. MehmedII acknowledged Basarab Laiotă as the lawful ruler of Wallachia.Corvinus ordered the burghers of Sibiu to give 200 golden florins to <mask> from the royal revenues on 21September, but <mask> left Transylvania for Buda in October. <mask> bought a house in Pécs that became known as Drakula háza ("Dracula's house" in Hungarian). In January 1476 John Pongrác of Dengeleg, Voivode of Transylvania, urged the people of Brașov to send to <mask> all those of his supporters who had settled in the town, because Corvinus and Basarab Laiotă had concluded a treaty. The relationship between the Transylvanian Saxons and Basarab remained tense, and the Saxons gave shelter to Basarab's opponents during the following months. Corvinus dispatched <mask> and the Serbian Vuk Grgurević to fight against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. They captured Srebrenica and other fortresses in February and March 1476. In the Bosnian campaign, <mask> once again resorted to his terror tactics, mass impaling captured Turkish soldiers and massacring civilians in conquered settlements.His troops mostly destroyed Srebrenica, Kuslat, and Zvornik. Mehmed II invaded Moldavia and defeated StephenIII in the Battle of Valea Albă on 26July 1476. Stephen Báthory and <mask> entered Moldavia, forcing the sultan to lift the siege of the fortress at Târgu Neamț in late August, according to a letter of Matthias Corvinus. The


texts: contemporaneous Jakob Unrest added that Vuk Grgurević and a member of the noble Jakšić family also participated in the struggle against the Ottomans in Moldavia. Matthias Corvinus ordered the Transylvanian Saxons to support Báthory's planned invasion of Wallachia on 6September 1476, also informing them that Stephen of Moldavia would also invade Wallachia. <mask> stayed in Brașov and confirmed the commercial privileges of the local burghers in Wallachia on 7October 1476. Báthory's forces captured Târgoviște on 8November.Stephen of Moldavia and <mask> ceremoniously confirmed their alliance, and they occupied Bucharest, forcing Basarab Laiotă to seek refuge in the Ottoman Empire on 16November. <mask> informed the merchants of Brașov about his victory, urging them to come to Wallachia. He was crowned before 26November. Basarab Laiotă returned to Wallachia with Ottoman support, and <mask> died fighting against them in late December 1476 or early January 1477. In a letter written on 10January 1477, StephenIII of Moldavia related that <mask>'s Moldavian retinue had also been massacred. According to the "most reliable sources", <mask>'s army of about 2,000 was cornered and destroyed by a Turkish-Basarab force of 4,000 near Snagov. The exact circumstances of his death are unclear.The Austrian chronicler Jacob Unrest stated that a disguised Turkish assassin murdered <mask> in his camp. In contrast, Russian statesman Fyodor Kuritsyn –who interviewed <mask>'s family after his demise– reported that the voivode was mistaken for a Turk by his own troops


texts:
 during battle, causing them to attack and kill him. Florescu and Raymond T. McNally commented this account by noting that <mask> had often disguised himself as a Turkish soldier as part of military ruses. According to Leonardo Botta, the Milanese ambassador to Buda, the Ottomans cut <mask>'s corpse into pieces. Bonfini wrote that <mask>'s head was sent to MehmedII; it was eventually placed on a high stake in Constantinople. Local peasant traditions maintain that what was left of <mask>'s corpse was later discovered in the marshes of Snagov by monks from the nearby monastery. The place of his burial is unknown.According to popular tradition (which was first recorded in the late 19th century), <mask> was buried in the Monastery of Snagov. However, the excavations carried out by Dinu V. Rosetti in 1933 found no tomb below the supposed "unmarked tombstone" of <mask> in the monastery church. Rosetti reported: "Under the tombstone attributed to <mask> there was no tomb. Only many bones and jaws of horses." Historian Constantin Rezachevici said <mask> was most probably buried in the first church of the Comana Monastery, which had been established by <mask> and was near the battlefield where he was killed. Family

<mask> had two wives, according to modern specialists. His first wife may have been an illegitimate daughter of John Hunyadi, according to historian Alexandru Simon.<mask>'s second wife was Jusztina Szilágyi, who was a cousin of Matthias Corvinus. She was the widow of Vencel Pongrác of Szentmiklós when "Ladislaus Dragwlya" married her,


texts:
 most probably in 1475. She survived <mask>, and married thirdly Pál Suki, then János Erdélyi. <mask>'s eldest son, Mihnea, was born in 1462. <mask>'s unnamed second son was killed before 1486. <mask>'s third son, <mask>a family.Legacy

Reputation for cruelty

First records

Stories about <mask>'s brutal acts began circulating during his lifetime. After his arrest, courtiers of Matthias Corvinus promoted their spread. The papal legate, Niccolo Modrussiense, had already written about such stories to Pope PiusII in 1462. Two years later, the pope included them in his Commentaries. Meistersinger Michael Beheim wrote a lengthy poem about <mask>'s deeds, allegedly based on his conversation with a Catholic monk who had managed to escape from <mask>'s prison. The poem, called  ("Story of a Despot Called Dracula, Voievod of Wallachia"), was performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in Wiener Neustadt during the winter of 1463. According to one of Beheim's stories, <mask> had two monks impaled to assist them to go to heaven, also ordering the impalement of their donkey because it began braying after its masters' death.Beheim also accused <mask> of duplicity, stating that <mask> had promised support to both Matthias Corvinus and MehmedII but did not keep the promise. In 1475, Gabriele Rangoni, Bishop of Eger (and a former papal legate), understood that <mask> had been imprisoned because of his cruelty. Rangoni also recorded the rumour that while in prison <mask> caught rats to cut them up into pieces or stuck them on small pieces of

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Vlad Dracul
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Vlad Drakwlyaakwl
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 wood, because he was unable to "forget his wickedness". Antonio Bonfini also recorded anecdotes about <mask> in his Historia Pannonica around 1495. Bonfini wanted to justify both the removal and the restoration of <mask> by Matthias. He described <mask> as "a man of unheard cruelty and justice". Bonfini's stories about <mask> were repeated in Sebastian Münster's Cosmography.Münster also recorded <mask>'s "reputation for tyrannical justice". German stories

Works containing the stories about <mask>'s cruelty were published in Low German in the Holy Roman Empire before 1480. The stories were allegedly written in the early 1460s, because they describe <mask>'s campaign across the Danube in early 1462, but they do not refer to MehmedII's invasion of Wallachia in June of the same year. They provide a detailed narration of the conflicts between <mask> and the Transylvanian Saxons, showing that they originated "in the literary minds of the Saxons". The stories about <mask>'s plundering raids in Transylvania were clearly based on an eyewitness account, because they contain accurate details (including the lists of the churches destroyed by <mask> and the dates of the raids). They describe <mask> as a "demented psychopath, a sadist, a gruesome murderer, a masochist", worse than Caligula and Nero. However, the stories emphasizing <mask>'s cruelty are to be treated with caution because his brutal acts were very probably exaggerated (or even invented) by the Saxons.The invention of movable type printing contributed to the popularity of the stories about

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 <mask>, making them one of the first "bestsellers" in Europe. To enhance sales, they were published in books with woodcuts on their title pages that depicted horrific scenes. For instance, the editions published in Nuremberg in 1499 and in Strasbourg in 1500 depict <mask> dining at a table surrounded by dead or dying people on poles. Slavic stories

There are more than twenty manuscripts (written between the 15th and 18th centuries) which preserved the text of the Skazanie o Drakule voievode (The Tale about Voivode Dracula). The manuscripts were written in Russian, but they copied a text that had originally been recorded in a South Slavic language, because they contain expressions alien to the Russian language but used in South Slavic idioms (such as diavol for "evil"). The original text was written in Buda between 1482 and 1486. The nineteen anecdotes in the Skazanie are longer than the German stories about <mask>.They are a mixture of fact and fiction, according to historian Raymond T. McNally. Almost half of the anecdotes emphasize, like the German stories, <mask>'s brutality, but they also underline that his cruelty enabled him to strengthen the central government in Wallachia. For instance, the Skazanie writes of a golden cup that nobody dared to steal at a fountain because <mask> "hated stealing so violently ... that anybody who caused any evil or robbery ... did not live long", thereby promoting public order, and the German story about <mask>'s campaign against Ottoman territory underlined his cruel acts while the Skazanie emphasized

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 his successful diplomacy calling him "zlomudry" or "evil-wise". On the other hand, the Skazanie sharply criticized <mask> for his conversion to Catholicism, attributing his death to this apostasy. Some elements of the anecdotes were later added to Russian stories about <mask> Terrible of Russia. Assertion by modern standards
The mass murders that <mask> carried out indiscriminately and brutally would most likely amount to acts of genocide and war crimes by current standards. Romanian defense minister Ioan Mircea Pașcu asserted that <mask> would have been condemned for crimes against humanity had he been put on trial at Nuremberg.National hero

The Cantacuzino Chronicle was the first Romanian historical work to record a tale about <mask> the Impaler, narrating the impalement of the old boyars of Târgoviște for the murder of his brother, Dan. The chronicle added that <mask> forced the young boyars and their wives and children to build the Poenari Castle. The legend of the Poenari Castle was mentioned in 1747 by NeofitI, Metropolitan of Ungro–Wallachia, who complemented it with the story of Meșterul Manole, who allegedly walled in his bride to prevent the crumbling of the walls of the castle during the building project. In the early 20th century, Constantin Rădulescu-Codin, a teacher in Muscel County where the castle was situated, published a local legend about <mask>'s letter of grant "written on rabbit skin" for the villagers who had helped him to escape from Poenari Castle to Transylvania during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia. In other

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Vlad
Ivan the
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texts: villages of the region, the donation is attributed to the legendary Radu Negru. Rădulescu-Codin recorded further local legends, some of which are also known from the German and Slavic stories about <mask>, suggesting that the latter stories preserved oral tradition. For instance, the tales about the burning of the lazy, the poor, and the lame at <mask>'s order and the execution of the woman who had made her husband too short a shirt can also be found among the German and Slavic anecdotes.The peasants telling the tales knew that <mask>'s sobriquet was connected to the frequent impalements during his reign, but they said only such cruel acts could secure public order in Wallachia. Most Romanian artists have regarded <mask> as a just ruler and a realistic tyrant who punished criminals and executed unpatriotic boyars to strengthen the central government. Ion Budai-Deleanu wrote the first Romanian epic poem focusing on him. Deleanu's Țiganiada (Gypsy Epic) (which was published only in 1875, almost a century after its composition) presented <mask> as a hero fighting against the boyars, Ottomans, strigoi (or vampires), and other evil spirits at the head of an army of gypsies and angels. The poet Dimitrie Bolintineanu emphasized <mask>'s triumphs in his Battles of the Romanians in the middle of the 19thcentury. He regarded <mask> as a reformer whose acts of violence were necessary to prevent the despotism of the boyars. One of the greatest Romanian poets, Mihai Eminescu, dedicated a historic ballad, The Third Letter, to the valiant princes of


texts:
 Wallachia, including <mask>.He urges <mask> to return from the grave and to annihilate the enemies of the Romanian nation:

In the early 1860s, the painter Theodor Aman depicted the meeting of <mask> and the Ottoman envoys, showing the envoys' fear of the Wallachian ruler. Since the middle of the 19th century, Romanian historians have treated <mask> as one of the greatest Romanian rulers, emphasizing his fight for the independence of the Romanian lands. Even <mask>'s acts of cruelty were often represented as rational acts serving national interest. Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol was one of the first historians to emphasize that <mask> could only stop the internal fights of the boyar parties through his acts of terror. Constantin C. Giurescu remarked, "The tortures and executions which [<mask>] ordered were not out of caprice, but always had a reason, and very often a reason of state." Ioan Bogdan was one of the few Romanian historians who did not accept this heroic image. In his work published in 1896, <mask> and the German and Russian Narratives, he concluded that the Romanians should be ashamed of <mask>, instead of presenting him as "a model of courage and patriotism".According to an opinion poll conducted in 1999, 4.1% of the participants chose <mask> the Impaler as one of "the most important historical personalities who have influenced the destiny of the Romanians for the better". Vampire mythology

The stories about <mask> made him the best-known medieval ruler of the Romanian lands in Europe. However, Bram Stoker's Dracula, which was

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 published in 1897, was the first book to make a connection between Dracula and vampirism. Stoker had his attention drawn to the blood-sucking vampires of Romanian folklore by Emily Gerard's article about Transylvanian superstitions (published in 1885). His limited knowledge about the medieval history of Wallachia came from William Wilkinson's book entitled Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them, published in 1820. Stoker "apparently did not know much about" <mask> the Impaler, "certainly not enough for us to say that <mask> was the inspiration for" Count Dracula, according to Elizabeth Miller. For instance, Stoker wrote that Dracula had been of Székely origin only because he knew about both Attila the Hun's destructive campaigns and the alleged Hunnic origin of the Székelys.Stoker's main source, Wilkinson, who accepted the reliability of the German stories, described <mask> as a wicked man. Actually, Stoker's working papers for his book contain no references to the historical figure, the name of the character being named in all drafts but the later ones 'Count Wampyr'. Consequently, Stoker borrowed the name and "scraps of miscellaneous information" about the history of Wallachia when writing his book about Count Dracula. Appearance and representations

Pope Pius II's legate, Niccolò Modrussa, painted the only extant description of <mask>, whom he had met in Buda. A copy of <mask>'s portrait has been featured in the "monster portrait gallery" in the Ambras Castle at Innsbruck. The

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 picture depicts "a strong, cruel, and somehow tortured man" with "large, deep-set, dark green, and penetrating eyes", according to Florescu. The color of <mask>'s hair cannot be determined, because Modrussa mentions that <mask> was black-haired, while the portrait seems to show that he had fair hair.The picture depicts <mask> with a large lower lip. <mask>'s bad reputation in the German-speaking territories can be detected in a number of Renaissance paintings. He was portrayed among the witnesses of Saint Andrew's martyrdom in a 15th-century painting, displayed in the Belvedere in Vienna. A figure similar to <mask> is one of the witnesses of Christ in the Calvary in a chapel of the St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. In popular culture

Historical representations
 The play about <mask> the Impaler A Treia țeapă (The Third Stake) (1978) was written by Marin Sorescu and staged at the height of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s totalitarian regime. The play focused on cruelty and ultimate failure of the absolute power of the historical <mask>. It was translated into English in 1987 as <mask> the Impaler.<mask> (1979), Romanian historical drama film directed by Doru Năstase with Ștefan Sileanu as <mask>. It portrayed <mask> in positive light. Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula (2000), American horror-war television film, which premiered on Halloween. Rudolf Martin played <mask>. <mask>pes Dracula, a Swedish video game in 1997. In Assassin's Creed: Revelations (2011), the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze has to find <mask>' tomb, with his skull and sword

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 inside. The video game Age of Empires II: The Forgotten (2013) contains a five-chapter campaign depicting Dracula, starting with his conflict with <mask> II, and concluding with a battle against Basarab Laiotă and other Ottoman forces.<mask> (played by Paul Rhys) appears in TV series Da Vinci's Demons (2013–2015), a historical fantasy drama series that presents a fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life. In the light novel and anime series Fate/Apocrypha, <mask> appears under the title of "Lancer of Black". In this incaration, he is a "Heroic Spirit" or "Servant" summoned to fight in an event called the "Great Holy Grail War" alongside and against other summoned heroes. He has the ability to recreate and summon the "forest of the impaled", but also the ability to transform into a vampire from his name being associated with Bram Stoker's Dracula of which he despises. See also

 Curtea Veche
 Dracula (Castlevania)

References

Sources

Primary sources

 Thomas M. Bohn, Adrian Gheorghe, Albert Weber (Hrsg. ): Corpus Draculianum. Dokumente und Chroniken zum walachischen Fürsten Vlad dem Pfähler 1448–1650.Band 3: Die Überlieferung aus dem Osmanischen Reich. Postbyzantinische und osmanische Autoren. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2013, . Laonikos Chalkokondyles: The Histories, Volume II, Books 6–10'' (Translated by Anthony Kaldellis) (2014). Harvard University Press. . Secondary sources

Further reading

External links

 Count Dracula's War on Islam, a geopolitical context to the military campaigns of <mask> the Impaler
 The Tale of

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Vladislav
Vlad Tepes
Vlad III
Vlad


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 DraculaRussian manuscript c. 1490, with English translation
 Original coins issued by <mask> III the Impaler

Dracula
1420s births
1470s deaths
15th-century Romanian people
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Former Romanian Orthodox Christians
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
House of Drăculești
Monarchs killed in action
Roman Catholic monarchs
Romanian expatriates in Hungary
Romanian Roman Catholics
Rulers of


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<mask>  (born 24 September 1985) is a New Zealand novelist and screenwriter. Born in Canada, <mask> moved to New Zealand as a child and grew up in Christchurch. She completed a Master's degree in creative writing at the International Institute of Modern Letters. Her award-winning debut novel, The Rehearsal, written as her Master's thesis, was published in 2008, and has been adapted into a 2016 film of the same name. Her second novel, The Luminaries, won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, making <mask> the youngest author ever to win the prize (at age 28) and only the second New Zealander. It was subsequently adapted into a television miniseries, with <mask> as screenwriter. Early life
<mask> was born in Canada, where her father was a graduate student completing his doctorate at the University of Western Ontario on a Commonwealth scholarship.Her mother Judith is a New Zealander from Canterbury, while her father, philosopher <mask>, comes from Washington State. Her family returned to New Zealand when she was six years old, and Catton grew up in Christchurch. Her mother was a children's librarian at the time, and the family had no TV; <mask> was an avid reader and writer from an early age. At age 13 the family spent a year living in Leeds while her father was on a sabbatical at the university, and Catton attended local comprehensive Lawnswood School which she referred to as "amazing" and "gloriously rough". Back in Christchurch she attended Burnside High School, studied English at the University of Canterbury, and completed a Master's degree in Creative Writing at the International Institute of Modern Letters, Victoria University of Wellington. She is related to historian <mask>. Literary career

The Rehearsal
<mask>'s debut novel, The Rehearsal, was published in 2008 when she was 22.Written as her Master's thesis, it deals with reactions to an affair between a male teacher and a girl at his secondary school. The Rehearsal won the 2009 Betty Trask Award in the UK, and was longlisted for the Orange Prize and on the shortlist of the Guardian First Book Award. That year <mask> was

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Eleanor Catton
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Philip Catton
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