texts:
 celebrated along with the Feast of the Arrival of the Virgin of Salawag. <mask> is the principal patron of the village, and secondary patron of the local parish since 1987. United States
In 1947, at the request of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference, he was officially named patron of farmers, with a feast day on May 10 in all dioceses of the United States, with a proper Mass and Office. When <mask>'s feast was first inserted into the calendar for the United States in the year 1947, the feast day of Saint John Baptist de La Salle was still being celebrated on May 15, with the result that the celebration of his feast was assigned to March 22. With the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the memorial of Saint John Baptist de la Salle was moved to his day of death, April 7, and <mask>'s was restored to the May 15 date and is celebrated as an optional memorial. In some places within the US and Canada, his feast is celebrated on October 25, and other locations and some Traditionalist Catholics in that area, though not elsewhere, keep the March 22 date. Corrales, New Mexico
In Corrales, New Mexico, the town celebrates the San Ysidro Feast day on May 15.Matachines dance through the streets and the fiesta is a big part of the celebrations in the city. See also
 Saint Isidore the Laborer, patron saint archive

References

External links
 St Isidore the Farmer
 Visitors guide to the Fiestas San Isidro in Madrid
 Yucatan, Mexico celebrates San Isidro Labrador in multiple town fiestas
 Lucban San Isidro Pahiyas Festival website
 The Life of San Isidro, Labrador
 Saint Isidore the Laborer at the Christian Iconography web site

1070s births
1130 deaths
12th-century people from León and Castile
12th-century Christian saints
Burials in Madrid
Canonizations by Pope Gregory XV
Spanish farmers
Incorrupt saints
Medieval Spanish saints
Spanish Roman Catholic

masks:
Saint Isidore
St Isidore
Saint Isidore


type: original

texts: <mask> (born 1946) is a South Korean writer. She was born in Wolseong, North Gyeongsang Province, and graduated Hyehwa Girls’ High School in Busan. She studied creative writing and literature at Seorabeol Art University, during which she wrote her first novel Munuijyeo buneun baram (무늬져 부는 바람 Winds Filled with Patterns). The novel was published in 1968, quickly followed by a number of other works: Geuraedo deulyeogen hetsari (그래도 들녘엔 햇살이 Still There Is Sunshine on the Fields) in 1972, Saengui yeoroeseo (생의 여로에서 On the Road of Life's Journey) in 1973, and Jeo barami kkotnipeul (저 바람이 꽃잎을 Flower Petals in That Wind) in 1973. Her 1981 novella Barambyeokui ttaldeul (바람벽의 딸들 Daughters of the Wall) won the Yeoseong Joongang Contest. In 1988, she received the Sin Dong-yup Grant for Creative Writing and the Danjae Literature Prize. Her recent works include the short story collections Sumerian (수메리안 Sumerian) and Gilgamesh (길가메시


texts:
 Gilgamesh), which were published in 2005 and 2007, respectively.She also has a fan page. Life

<mask> was born in Wolseong, North Gyeongsang Province, in 1946. She grew up under the influence of her uncles at her maternal grandparents’ home, to which she had followed her mother when her parents divorced. She attended Hyehwa Girls’ High School in Busan and studied creative writing under novelist Kim Dong-ni at Seorabeol Art University. She began writing in earnest, and in 1968 her first novel Munuijyeo buneun baram (무늬져 부는 바람 Winds Filled with Patterns) was published. After graduating university, she worked as a proofreader for several publishers. She made her official literary debut when Barambyeokui ttaldeul (바람벽의 딸들 Daughters of the Wall) won the Yeoseong Joongang Contest in the Novella category.In May 1980, Hong Hee-dam, author of Gitbal (깃발 Flag) and a member of a women's organization in Gwangju, asked <mask> to hide

masks: Yun Yun


texts: two Gwangju Uprising activists wanted by the government and offered a monthly payment of KRW 200,000 in return. Struggling to make ends meet, she accepted. She ended up learning a lot about history and society from the two activists, as she would later confess. Experiencing the Gwangju Uprising both directly and indirectly, <mask> began to explore the sad history of the Korean people, the reality of the peninsula's division, class struggles, and the plight of women. The rage and defiance she felt towards the Gwangju Uprising were channeled into creative expression, resulting in novels that are now representative of South Korea in the 1980s. Examples include Deungnamu (등나무 Wisteria, 1983), Bamgil (밤길 Night Road, 1985), Nim (님 Thee, 1985), and Goppi (고삐 Reins, 1988). Since the 1990s, <mask> has written novels that reflect a broader view of history and reality.These novels deal with topics ranging from the concerns of farming


texts:
 communities to the life of <mask>-sang (a South Korean-born composer who defected to Germany) to the tragic realities of Korea and Ireland. Recently, she adapted her 1982 novel Emi ireumeun josenppiyeotda  (에미 이름은 조센삐였다 Your Ma's Name Was Chosun Whore) into a play entitled Bongseonhwa (봉선화 Touch-me-not). These two works raise the issue of Korean “comfort women” forced into sexual slavery for Japanese soldiers during World War II. Writing

Since the 1980 Gwangju Uprising, <mask> has shifted her literary focus to social criticism. In particular, she has probed in depth the tragic national experience of colonization, the division of Korea, and conflicts between the rich and poor, among others. This artistic vision is evident in many of her works: the novella Emi ireumeun josenppiyeotda  (에미 이름은 조센삐였다 Your Ma's Name Was Chosun Whore) tells the story of women sexually enslaved by Japanese troops during the late colonial period;

masks:
Yun I
Yun


texts:
 Seom (섬 Island), later revised to Geurigo hamseongi deulyeotda (그리고 함성이 들렸다 And Then We Heard the Roar), chronicles the struggles of lepers during Japanese occupation; Goppi (고삐 Reins) investigates the relationship between foreign rule and the commercialization of sex; and Nabiui kkum (나비의 꿈 A Butterfly's Dream) illustrates the unfortunate interplay between a nation's fate and an artist's achievements by following the life of Korean-born German composer <mask>-sang. Given that these works were written based on <mask>'s firsthand experience and research, they are grounded in historical accuracy.They have also been recognized for literary merit due to their vividness of portrayal and expression. Since the 2000s, <mask> has closely studied the Sumer civilization, based on which she wrote Sumerian (수메리안, 2005), Gilgamesh (길가메시, 2007), and Sumer (수메르, 2010). Works

Novels

 『저 바람이 꽃잎을』, 동민문화사, 1972. Flower Petals in That Wind.

masks:
Yun I
Yun
Yun


texts: Dongminmunhwasa, 1972. 『무늬져 부는 바람』, 오륜출판사, 1973. Winds Filled with Patterns.Oryun, 1973. 『그래도 들녘엔 햇살이』, 범우사, 1973. Still There Is Sunshine on the Fields. Bumwoosa, 1973. 『생의 여로에서』, 고려문화사, 1973. On the Road of Life’s Journey. Goyreomunhwasa, 1973.『13월의 송가』, 집현각, 1975. Ode of the Thirteenth Month. Jiphyeongak, 1975. 『광화문통 아이』, 서음출판사, 1976. The Child on Gwanghwamun Street. Seoeumchulpansa, 1976. 『관계』, 서음출판사, 1977.Relationship. Seoeumchulpansa, 1977. 『독사의 혼례』, 지소림, 1978. Viper's Wedding. Jisorim, 1978. 『너의 성숙은 거짓이다』, 산하, 1980. Your Maturity Is False.Sanha, 1980. 『밤길』, 문예출판사, 1983. Night Road. Moonye Books, 1983. 『섬』, 한마당, 1983. Island. Hanmadang, 1983.『가자, 우리의 둥지로』, 문예사, 1985. Let's Go, to Our Nest. Moonyesa, 1985. 『그리고 함성이 들렸다』, 실천문학사, 1986. And Then We Heard the Roar. Silcheon Munhak, 1986. 『님』, 한겨례, 1987.Thee. Hanibook, 1987. 『빛』, 동아, 1991. Light. Donga, 1991. 『들』, 창작과비평사, 1992. Field.Changbi, 1992. 『고삐』, 풀빛, 1993. Reigns.


texts:
 Pulbit, 1993. 『고삐2』, 풀빛, 1993
Reigns 2. Pulbit, 1993. 『봄비』, 풀빛, 1994.Spring Rain. Pulbit, 1994. 『굴레』, 인문당, 1994. Bridle. Inmundang, 1994. 『나비의 꿈』, 한길사, 1996. A Butterfly’s Dream.Hangilsa, 1996. 『에미 이름은 조센삐였다』, 당대, 1997. Your Ma's Name Was Chosun Whore. Dangdae, 1997. 『그들의 오후』, 창작과비평사, 1998. Their Afternoon. Changbi, 1998.『딴 나라 여인』, 열림원, 1999. Foreign Woman. Yolimwon, 1999. 『슬픈 아일랜드』, 1-2, 열림원, 2000. Sad Island Vol. 1-2. Yolimwon, 2000.『꾸야삼촌』, 다리미디어, 2002. Uncle Kkuya. Dari Media, 2002. 『수메리안』 1-2, 파미르, 2005. Sumerian Vol. 1-2. Pamir, 2005.『길가메시』, 파미르, 2007. Gilgamesh. Pamir, 2007. 『수메르』 1-3, 다산책방, 2010. Sumer Vol. 1-2. Dasanchekbang, 2010.Essay collections

 『황새울 편지』, 푸른숲, 1990.
Letters from Hwangseul. Prunsoop, 1990. 『우리는 특급열차를 타러 간다』, 눈과마음, 2001. We're Off to Take the Express Train, Nungwamaeum, 2001. Other

 『전쟁과 소년』, 푸른나무, 2003. The War and the Boy. Purunnamu, 2003.『누나의 오월』, 산하, 2005. Nuna' May. Sanha, 2005. 『봉선화가 필


texts:
 무렵』, 푸른나무, 2008. When Rose Balsams Bloom. Purunnamu, 2008. 『수난 사대』, 웃는돌고래, 2015.Tragedy over Four Generations. Smiling Dolphin, 2015. Works in translation

 Father and Son : Volume 077 (English)
 Meine Mutter war einen "Korea-Nutte" (German)
 母・従軍慰安婦- かあさんは「朝鮮ピー」と呼ばれた (Japanese)

Awards

 1988: Sin Dong-yup Grant for Creative Writing
 1993: Danjae Literature Prize
 1996: Seorabol Literature Prize

Further reading
 유기성, ｢『고삐』 작가 윤정모의 운동적 삶｣, 『월간 말』, 1989년 6월호. Yoo, Gi Seong. "Reigns Author <mask>-Mo's Life of Movement." Monthly Magazine Mal, 1989 June Issue. 임헌영, ｢우리 시대의 거울로서의 윤정모｣, 『우리 시대의 소설읽기』, 글, 1992.Im, Heon Yeong. "<mask>-Mo as the Mirror of Our Age." In Reading Novels in this Age. Geul, 1992. 김성호, ｢사실적 문학과 시적 문학 : 윤정모 장편 『들』을 읽으며｣, 『창작과비평』, 1992년 가을호. Kim, Seong Ho. "Realistic Literature and Poetic Literature: On Reading <mask>-Mo's Novel Field."Changbi, 1992 Fall Issue. 신윤덕, ｢윤정모의 절대적 고독과 희망｣,『월간 말』, 1993년 1월호.

masks:
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong


texts: Sin, <mask>. "<mask>-Mo's Absolute Solitude and Hope." Monthly Magazine Mal, 1993 January Issue. 방현석, ｢시리도록 선명한 문학적 긍지-이 계절의 작가 윤정모｣, 『실천문학』, 1996년 겨울호. Bang, Hyeon Seok."Literary Pride That Is Dazzlingly Clear: Writer of the Season, <mask>-Mo." Silcheon Munhak, 1996 Winter Issue. 고미숙, ｢‘덴동어미’와 ‘이갈리아의 딸’을 넘어서-여경자의 『사랑의 상처』와 윤정모의 『그들의 오후』｣, 『비평기계』, 소명출판, 2000. Go, Mi Suk. "Beyond Dendongeomi (Mother of the Burnt Child) and Egalia's Daughters: Yeo Gyeong Ja's Scars of Love and <mask>-Mo's Their Afternoon." In Criticism Machine. Somyung Books, 2000.고명철, ｢다시 타오를 민족문제에 대한 역사적 각성-윤정모, 『슬픈 아일랜드』｣, 『실천문학』, 2000년 겨울호. Go, Myeong Cheol. "Historical Eye-Opener on National Issues That Will Flare up Again: <mask>-Mo's Sad Island." 최은경, 「윤정모의 『고삐』를 통해서 본 여성의 경험과 자아의 구성」, 서울대 학위논문, 2004. Choi, Eun Gyeong. "Women's Experience and Development of Self as Seen through <mask>-Mo's Reigns." Master's thesis, Seoul National University, 2004.송명희,

masks:
Yun Deok
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong


texts:
 「윤정모의 『고삐』에 나타난 제3세계 민족주의의 페미니즘」, 『비평문학』, 청원, 1994. Song, Myeong Hui. "Third-World Nationalistic Feminism in <mask>-Mo's Reigns." Literary Criticism, 1994. 『고삐』 작가 윤정모의 영국생활」, 『여성동아』, 1999.11. "Reigns Author <mask>-Mo's Life in the UK." W Dong-A, November 1999.References

1946 births
Living people
Chung-Ang University alumni
South Korean women

masks:
Yun Jeong
Yun Jeong


texts:
<mask> (died June 24, 1606) was a Spanish military officer and colonial official in the New World and the Philippines. From 1602 to 1606 he was the eleventh governor of the Philippines. Early career and arrival in the Philippines
<mask> was recognized for his bravery in the Battle of Lepanto. He became a knight of the Order of St. John, and was named governor of Cartagena de Indias in Tierra Firme on the Caribbean coast in 1593. In 1601 he was named governor of the Philippines. In May 1602, he arrived in Manila in a convoy of four ships from New Spain, to take up his position as governor of the Philippines and president of the Audiencia of Manila. <mask>, his predecessor, was awaiting his juicio de residencia (grievance tribunal), and for that reason he remained in Manila.He died of an illness the following year, in April. <mask> <mask> promptly began to construct galleys and other vessels in the shipyard, to defend the sea, which was full of enemies and pirates from other islands, especially from Mindanao. He was much preoccupied with settling matters with the Empire of Japan and with the Sultanate of Sulu, in addition he also had to see that the ships were robust enough to make the voyage to New Spain. Relations with Japan
A few days after his arrival in Manila, <mask> <mask> received Chiquiro, an envoy from Tokugawa Ieyasu (or Daifu Sama, as he was known to the Spanish), ruler of Japan. Ieyasu wanted to establish trade and friendship with New Spain, and asked for masters and workmen to be sent to Japan to build ships for that purpose and for a navy. Earlier, Viceroy Tello had sent Fray Geronimo <mask>, a Franciscan, to

masks:
Pedro Bravo de Acuña
Bravo de Acuña
Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
Bravo de
Acuña
Bravo de
Acuña
de Jesús


texts: negotiate a trade and friendship treaty with Ieyasu, and Geronimo had apparently promised Spanish help with these projects. Viceroy <mask>, however, was opposed.To begin with, the greatest security of the Philippines from Japanese attack had been their lack of ships and their ignorance of navigation. As often as the latter had intended to attack Manila, they had been prevented by this obstacle. Secondly, the Philippines had a monopoly on trade between Asia and New Spain (and beyond that, to Spain). The economy of the occupiers was based largely on this trade, and <mask> was not anxious to share it with Japan. Fray Geronimo was written and instructed to tell Ieyasu with what pleasure the governor had received the good-will that he manifested to him, and the peace and friendship with the Spaniards, and all the other things that he was doing for them; and that he, the governor, would keep it and observe it insofar as he was concerned, and that every year he would send a Spanish ship to trade at Quanto according to Daifu's desire, and that he would despatch it quickly. As to the navigation which the latter wished to undertake to Nueva España and his desire to have masters sent him for that purpose, to build ships for that voyage, that was a matter which — although the governor would do his best to effect, and to please him in everything — was not within his control, without first informing his Majesty and the latter's viceroy in Nueva España thereof; for he, the governor, had no power or authority outside of the affairs of his government of the Philippines. <mask> promised that he would write to the king immediately, and hoped

masks: Bravo Bravo Bravo


texts: that there matter would be properly settled there.Until the reply came from Spain, which would necessarily take three years because that country was so far, he begged Daifu to be patient, since nothing else could be done. The ship carrying Chiquiro back to Japan, however, was wrecked on Hermosa Island, and the vessel, the messenger and the message were lost. Letters had also been received from Fray Geronimo, reporting that Ieyasu had agreed to permit Christian missionaries and churches in Japan. Franciscans, Dominicans and Augustinians all set out hastily for that country. Also in 1602 two merchant ships sailed from the Philippines to New Spain. They were beset by storms and unable to complete the voyage. The Santa Maria took refuge in the Ladrones Guam for forty days before sailing back to Manila.They were able to pick up most of the Spaniards left there by the Santa Margarita in 1600. The other ship, the Espiritu Santo, having lost its mainmast, put into port in Japan. There they were on the point of being held captive by the Japanese, who apparently intended to gain control of its cargo. Nevertheless, they did manage to sail out of the harbor with a jury-rigged mainmast. To do so, they had to leave a few hostage crewmen behind and cut a rattan cable across the harbor entrance. There was some gunfire on both sides, and a few people were killed. When Ieyasu was informed of the skirmish, he ordered the hostages released, and all the goods returned to the Spanish.The promised trading ship was later sent with a cargo of red wood, deerskins, raw silk and other commodities. Fray Geronimo made a quick visit to Manila to find out


texts:
 the fate of ambassador Chiquiro, and then returned with the information to Japan. The missionaries that had been allowed into the country found their reception to be much cooler than anticipated, apparently because permission was a political measure intended to obtain Spanish help with shipbuilding. In 1600, a fleet from Satsuma raided a Chinese trading fleet, stole all its merchandise and attempted to sell it at the port in Manila. The Spanish authorities crucified all 400 of the crew. Thereafter relations between Japan and the Philippines were basically closed. The situation in Jolo, and raids from Mindanao
The Spanish had maintained a fort on Jolo, but controlled very little of the island.Upon his arrival, Governor <mask> sent some reinforcements, but the Spanish there were so worn out that even with the reinforcements, they abandoned the island, retreating to the Pintados. This emboldened the people of Jolo and nearby Mindanao to make raids on the Spanish in the Pintados and elsewhere. The governor hastily started for the island of Panay to ascertain the state of affairs, leaving the government in Manila in charge of Licenciado <mask> Ribera, auditor of the Audiencia. Soon afterwards raiders from Mindanao attacked Luzon, taking some Spaniards captive and holding them for ransom, and burning the town of Calilaya. After these initial successes they encountered greater resistance, and so passed over to Mindoro. After taking more captives and booty, the raiders left Mindoro to return to Mindanao. They put into the river of a little uninhabited island to get water and wood.Just at that time Governor <mask>, who was hastily

masks:
Bravo
Antonio de
Bravo


texts:
 returning to Manila after he had received news of the pirates, passed the island. He passed so near the mouth of the river, in three small boats with very few men, that it was a wonder that he was not seen and captured by the enemy. He learned that the enemy was there, and then he met with the twelve vessels sent from Manila in search of the raiders. The governor ordered the commander to make more haste and gave him some of his own men to guide him to where he had left the pirates the day before, whereupon they went to attack them. However, the sentinels of the raiders raised the alarm, and they left the river in haste, throwing into the sea goods and slaves in order to flee more lightly. The Spanish vessels were not as fast, but they did manage to sink a few boats and capture two. The others escaped over the high seas.Without accomplishing anything else, the fleet returned to Manila. The governor had already arrived there, very much disturbed that these enemies, who had never dared to leave their settlements, should have been so daring as to come to the very gates of the city, doing great damage and taking captives. The first expedition to the Moluccas
Some years before this the king of Spain had ordered an expedition be sent from Portuguese India for the capture of the fort of Terrenate in the Moluccas. (From 1580 to 1640 Spanish kings ruled in Portugal.) Terrenate was in the power of a Moro who had rebelled and driven out the Portuguese. The necessary preparations of ships, munitions, and men were made for this undertaking in India, and Andrea Furtado <mask>, an able and experienced soldier, was chosen general of the


texts: expedition. He sailed from Goa with six galleons, fourteen galliots and fustas, and other ships, and 1,500 fighting men, with supplies and munitions for the fleet.However, some of the smaller vessels were unable to keep up. Furtado stopped first in Amboina, which was also in revolt against Portugal and attacked the rebels. He was very successful at this, winning every battle and pacifying the island, but he needed six months to do so. The stragglers among his fleet did not arrive, and neither did requested help from Malacca. Being short on men and supplies, Furtado <mask> sent a request to Governor <mask> <mask> in the Philippines to send both for the undertaking against Terrenate. The request was that the aid arrive at Terrenate in January, 1603. Governor <mask> had had his eye on the Moluccas himself, and had intended to dispatch a Spanish force there at a later, opportune moment.Nevertheless, he felt it best to comply with the Portuguese request. At the end of 1602 the Spanish force was dispatched from the Philippines, taking with them the ship Santa Potenciana and three large frigates, with 150 well-armed Spanish soldiers, 10,000 fanégas of rice, 1,500 earthen jars of palm wine, 200 head of salt beef, 20 hogsheads of sardines, conserves and medicines, 50 quintals of powder, cannonballs and bullets, and cordage and other supplies, the whole in charge of Captain Joan Xuarez Gallinato, with orders to take that help to Terrenate and to place himself under the command of the Portuguese general. He made his voyage there in a fortnight, and anchored in the port of Talangame, in the island of Terrenate, two leguas from the fort.

masks:
de Mendoça
Bravo de
Acuña
Bravo


texts:
 There he found Andrea Furtado <mask>doça with his galleons at anchor, awaiting him. The combined force besieged the fort at Terrenate. After having considerable effect, however, they found themselves without powder and were forced to raise the siege and return to Amboina. The second great fire of Manila
On April 30, 1603, a fire started in a little field house used by some Filipinos and Negroes of the native hospital in the city, at three o'clock in the afternoon, and passed to other houses so quickly, with the force of the rather fresh wind, that it could not be stopped.It burned houses of wood and stone, even the monastery of St. Dominic, the royal hospital for the Spaniards, and the royal warehouses, without leaving a building standing among them. Fourteen people died in the fire, Spaniards, Filipinos and Negroes, among them Licentiate Sanz, canon of the cathedral. In all 260 houses were burned, with much property that was in them. The damage was estimated at more than one million pesos. The first insurrection of the Chinese

There were many Chinese-Filipino mestizos in Manila, referred to as Sangleys. The Spanish were distrustful of them, partly because they suspected that the Chinese Empire had designs on the Philippines. Rumors began in the Sangley community that the Spanish and Japanese intended to massacre them.A rich Christian and very Hispanicized Chinese, Juan Bautista <mask> by name, began organizing the Chinese community for the anticipated fighting. It was thought that an insurrection of the Chinese was likely to succeed because an auspicious start would likely bring in imperial Chinese forces to conquer the

masks:
de Men
de Vera


texts: islands. Vera began recruiting men and building a fort in a swamp in a hidden location near Manila. The revolt was scheduled for late November, but fearing that the plot had been discovered, the date was advanced to October 3, 1603. On that date, 2,000 men gathered at the fort. Vera himself, still pretending to be loyal to the Spanish, reported the insurrection to the viceroy. Viceroy <mask>, however, was suspicious and had him arrested.He was later executed. That night the rebels attacked some outlying houses and one village, burning it. A skirmish took place the next day at Tondo between about 200 Spanish and 1,500 Chinese. The badly armed Chinese suffered heavy losses and were forced to withdraw. The Spaniards soon tried to follow up their victory, but after pursuing the Chinese for some distance, they were surrounded by a large force and cut to pieces. Only four of them escaped, badly wounded. These men carried the news to Manila.The Spanish weapons fell into rebel hands. The following day, Sunday, the rebels, flushed with the victory of the preceding day and their army swelled by the additional men that joined them, attacked the city. Burning and destroying everything in their path, they crossed the river. There was no vessel with which to resist them, as all those of the Spanish fleet were in the provinces of the Pintados. The Chinese rebels entered the Parián, the Chinese quarter, and furiously assaulted the city gate, but were driven back by the arquebuses and muskets of the Spanish defenders, with the loss of many Chinese. The Chinese were unable to take the walls of Manila, but remained in the parián and at Dilao


texts: until the return of part of the Spanish fleet forced them to abandon those locations. The Spanish burned everything in the parián.The Chinese now retreated from the environs of Manila. The majority fortified themselves in the mountains of San Pablo and Batangas, burning everything in their path. There they intended to await reinforcements from China. Many other Chinese, however, were killed by the Spanish around Manila or on the retreat. The governor sent Captain Cristoval <mask> Menchaca with soldiers to pursue and finish the enemy. He left with 200 Spaniards — soldiers and volunteers — 300 Japanese, and 1,500 Pampanga and Tagál Filipinos, on October 20, 1603. He was so expeditious that with little or no loss of men, he found the Sangleys fortified in San Pablo and Batangas, and, after fighting with them, killed and destroyed them all.None escaped, except two hundred, who were taken alive to Manila for the galleys. This assault took 20 days, and with it the war was ended. At the beginning of the war there were not seven hundred Spaniards in the city capable of bearing arms. More than 5,000 Chinese were thought to have been killed. After the war Manila was in great need, for not having Sangleys to work at the trades and bring in all the provisions, there was no food, nor shoes, nor other provisions, not even at excessive prices. In June of this year two vessels were sent from Manila to New Spain. The flagship was the Nuestra Señora de los Remedios and the other vessel was the San Antonio.Many rich men of Manila, frightened by the past troubles, took passage in these vessels (especially the San Antonio) with their households


texts:
 and property, with the greatest wealth that had ever left the Philippines. Both vessels experienced such severe storms during the voyage, that the flagship, without masts and greatly lightened and damaged, put back in distress to Manila. The San Antonio was swallowed up in the sea, and no one was saved. The second expedition to the Moluccas
The Dutch had now encroached on the Moluccas, largely displacing the Portuguese and establishing forts and trading posts. <mask> <mask> assembled a fleet ("which consisted of five ships, four galleys with poop-lanterns (galeras de fanal), three galliots, four champans, three funeas, two English lanchas, two brigantines, one barca chata for the artillery, and thirteen fragatas with high freeboard") in Pintados. There were 1,300 Spaniards, including volunteers. There were also some Portuguese survivors of the Dutch occupation of Tidore, 400 Filipinos, a quantity of artillery and ammunition, and provisions for nine months.The governor sailed at the head of the expedition. While he was away, Manila was left in charge of the Audiencia. On March 15, 1606 this fleet sailed from Pintados. It arrived in Tidore later that month, where the local king welcomed them. The king complained of mistreatment by the Sultan Saidi Berkat, an ally of the Dutch on Terrenate. Reinforced with some boats and 600 men supplied by the king (and the king himself), on March 31 the fleet set out for Ternate. On April 1, after much fighting, the town and fort of Terrenate fell to the Spanish, and the Dutch and Moros fled.The Moros soon came to make peace and do homage to the king of Spain. Leaving garrisons at Tidore (100

masks:
Bravo de
Acuña


texts:
 soldiers) and Ternate (500), the Spanish sailed back to Manila. With them were the king of Terrenate, his son, and other nobles. These individuals were well treated and shown every honor, but they were hostages. The governor entered Manila in triumph with the fleet on May 31, 1606. The first Japanese insurrection
During the governor's absence in the Moluccas, the royal Audiencia of the islands governed in Manila. The Audiencia wished to drive a number of Japanese from the city, but when this was attempted and force employed, the Japanese resisted, and the matter came to such a pass that they took arms to oppose it.It became necessary for the Spaniards to do likewise. The affair assumed threatening proportions, and some on each side wished to give battle. However, battle was postponed by various means until, through the efforts of certain religious, the Japanese were quieted. Afterward as many as possible were embarked in vessels, much against their will. This had been a great danger to Manila, for the Spaniards were few in number, and the Japanese more than 1,500, and spirited. End of his term in office
Governor <mask> <mask> died in Manila in 1606, soon after his return from the Moluccas, and the Audiencia again took over the government. <mask> <mask> died very suddenly, and there were suspicions he had been poisoned.He had accumulated considerable wealth during his administration, and as a result was subjected to a juicio de residencia (grievance tribunal), as his predecessor had been. After his death, his property was confiscated by the Audiencia under <mask> Vivero y Velasco. Vivero was sent by the viceroy of New Spain

masks:
Bravo de
Acuña
Bravo de
Acuña
Rodrigo de


texts:
 in 1608 to assume temporary charge of the government and to investigate the colonial officials. References

 History of the Philippine Islands by Dr. <mask> Morga (1907), Chapter VII, "Of the government of Don <mask> Acuña". This work is also available at Project Gutenberg:

External links
The residencias against Tello and <mask> de Acuña
Relations with Japan

1606 deaths
Captains General of the Philippines
Year of birth

masks:
Antonio de
Pedro de
Bravo


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; April 5, 1924 – November 25, 2001) was an internationally recognized concert accordionist and Professor of Accordion and Music Theory at the University of Denver's Lamont School of Music. As the chairman of the Department of Accordion for three decades, he is credited with establishing one of the few collegiate academic programs in advanced accordion studies offered in the United States during the 1950s. His concert performances of 20th century classical music with leading orchestras and chamber ensembles helped to demonstrate the accordion's suitability as an orchestral instrument on the modern concert hall stage. Biography

Early life and education

<mask>e initiated his musical education on the piano as a young child. He was first exposed to the accordion at the age of ten. During the 1930s he encountered an accordionist who served as an accompanist in a Spanish dance troupe. The sight of the accompanist performing such an exotic instrument intrigued the young musician and his life long interest with the accordion took flight.As Davine grew older, performances of contemporary popular music in school concerts became more frequent. Davine's interest in classical music developed during his last years in high school while he was exposed to transcriptions of classical music. Private lessons with several noted accordionists and composers of the early 20th century in America soon followed. They included such musicians as: Joseph Biviano, <mask>, John Kirkland, Joseph Mann, Anthony Pennetti, Andrew  Rizzo, and John Serry in New York City. His interest in the integration of the accordion into the chamber music ensemble was encouraged by a Belgian violinist while he studied trumpet as an undergraduate student at Northwestern University. Davine completed his Bachelor of Arts in Music as well as his Masters of Music degrees in Chicago, Illinois at Northwestern University. Career
<mask> emerged as the founder of the Lamont School of Music's Department of Accordion in the 1950s where he

masks:
Robert Davine
Aubrey Robert Davine
Robert Davin
Robert Delaney
Robert Davine


texts:
 established and chaired an advanced course of study leading to an Artist Diploma in Concert Accordion Performance.During this time he married his wife Jacqueline in 1954. He also appeared in Chicago with the noted cellist Ennio Bolognini at Orchestra Hall and was invited to join the Mantovani Orchestra on its first tour in the United States. In addition, he concertized as a staff musician on WGN in Chicago during this time

By 1969 <mask>'s artistry achieved international recognition. He eagerly traveled to Paris where he supervised a summer program of music studies in classical accordion and chamber music at the Paris American Academy. International interest in his artistry extended beyond Europe into the Far East as well. In 1984 he was one of the first academic scholars of music in America who were invited to contribute to the development of a modern program of instruction for the accordion in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Musicians Association and the Ministry of Culture. Davine noted during his visit that the accordion apparently enjoyed widespread popularity in China by surviving the cultural revolution as a result of its widespread utilization in the performance of traditional revolutionary songs by choirs.Consequently, during his concert tour Davine emphasized contemporary 20th century music from America and Europe, conducted Master Classes on modern accordion performance technique and shared his insights into modern musical harmonic theory as conceptualized in the western world. Davine continued to serve on the faculty of the Lamont School of Music during the 1980s and the 1990s. During this time he performed works from the classical repertoire by David Diamond. Cecil Effinger, Hans Lang and Matyas Seiber. He also premiered works for accordion by leading 20th century composers including: Normand Lockwood, Dick Boyell, and Max Di Julio. His research interests included academic studies into the Tango, as well as the compilation of an annotated bibliography of composers and


texts:
 their works for accordion. In recognition of his musicianship and his talent for educating students of several generations, the University of Denver awarded Davine its Distinguished Teaching Award in 1999.He was also honored by his alma mater as a recipient of Northwestern University's Distinguished Alumnus certificate in 1997. <mask>'s musical interests also extended beyond the university campus. During the course of his extensive career as a concert artist, <mask>e appeared with several notable orchestral ensembles including: Denver Symphony Orchestra, Denver Chamber Orchestra, Mantovani Orchestra, Aspen Music Festival Orchestra, Da Vinci Quartet, Lake Superior Chamber Orchestra, Lamont Chamber Players, the Norwegian Broadcasting Co. and the Paganini String Quartet. He also concertized as a staff accordionist for the NBC network in Denver and the WGN network in Chicago. As a member of the faculty at the Lamont School of Music he appeared in six to eight concerts per year. Included among his compositions is a  Divertimento for Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon and Accordion. Death

<mask>e passed away on November 25, 2001.Works

Included among <mask>'s works are several transcriptions of classical music for accordion  as well as the following original compositions:
  Divertimento for Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon and Accordion. Discography

<mask>'s legacy as a recording artist includes several albums produced in Philadelphia as a member of the Montavani Orchestra in the 1950s as well as the following albums:

 <mask>e Accordion with the Lamont String Quartet and James Carroll String Bass - Snow Records (S106, 1979)
 The Concert Accordion Artistry of <mask> - Crystal Records (CD 160, 1995)
 Tango! : The Spirit of Argentina- ASV/Living Era/White Line (CDWHL 2148, 2005)

References

External links

 <mask> on worldcat.org
 <mask> on allmusic.org

2001 deaths

American classical accordionists

20th-century accordionists
American classical composers
University of Denver faculty
Northwestern University alumni

1924

masks:
Robert Davine
Robert Davin
Robert Davin
Robert Davine
Robert Davine
Robert Davin
Robert Davine
Robert Davine
Robert Davine


texts:
<mask> (born May 11, 1960) is an American author, talk show host, animal rights advocate, anti-revenge porn activist, former Los Angeles politician, and actress (under the stage name <mask>). <mask> is a former BBC News contributor and was an Emmy-nominated weekly commentator on KNBC-TV's The Filter with Fred Roggin from 2009 to 2013. She was also a co-host on the Internet show Every Way Woman from 2008 - 2013 and hosted a local television show called Uncommon Sense from October 2007 to September 2010. <mask> is a former member of the Greater Valley Glen Council in Valley Glen, California. She was termed out of office in 2012, after serving four two-year terms. In May 2006, <mask> was appointed by Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa to serve on the city's 912 Commission, also known as the Neighborhood Council Review Commission. <mask> is the founder and president of two organizations: the Directors of Animal Welfare (DAW) and the League for Earth and Animal Protection (LEAP).In 2006, <mask> was the recipient of the Los Angeles Animal Humanitarian Award. <mask> is a vegan and an advocate of that diet. Biography

Education

After completing high school at The Lovett School in Atlanta, Georgia, <mask> attended the University of Florida in Gainesville and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. She moved to Los Angeles in 1981 and completed bachelor's degrees in Theatre (1985) and Philosophy (1996) at California State University, Northridge (CSUN). She earned two master's degrees from the University of Southern California (USC) in Professional Writing (1986) and in Social Ethics (1997), as well as a Ph.D. in Social Ethics (2000) from the University of Southern California. In 2003, she completed post-doctoral coursework at Oxford University, England. Acting and writing career

<mask> studied acting at the Academy Theatre of Atlanta, Joe Bernard's Acting Studio in Las Vegas and the Estelle Harman Actors

masks:
Charlotte Anne Laws
Missy Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws


texts: Workshop in Los Angeles.She worked as a model and actress in movies and television until her late 20s. She has performed as a stand-up comic at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles. In 1988, <mask> authored the book Meet the Stars, which details how the average person can succeed in the entertainment industry. She promoted the book on Larry King Live, Oprah Winfrey, The Late Show, and over a hundred radio and television shows throughout America and Canada. From 1997 to 2000, <mask> wrote for the British magazine Mad Dogs and Englishmen and since then has become a syndicated columnist. Her articles on current events, politics, philosophy and social issues have been published in the "Los Angeles Daily News," "E the Environmental Magazine," "The Huffington Post," "Opinion Editorials," "Los Angeles Times," Jezebel (website), "Gawker," "Newsweek," "Salon (website)," the New York Daily News, and "The Washington Post." On April 11, 2015, <mask>' memoir titled Rebel in High Heels was released.The book details her fight against revenge porn and the first 22 years of her life. Her book Devil in the Basement was released on March 14, 2018. This nonfiction novel is about <mask>' grandfather, who devil worshipper Ernie Yost murdered in 1948. The book also spotlights the rampant prejudice directed at Italian-Americans in the early twentieth century and delves into the real-life romance between <mask>’ great aunt Rose and Vito Giacalone, a former Detroit mobster and prime suspect in the death of labor union leader, Jimmy Hoffa. On August 15, 2019, <mask>'s second memoir, "Undercover Debutante: The Search for My Birth Parents and a Bald Husband," was published. The book won a Publishers Weekly book award and covers <mask>' life from age 22 until 39. The book explains how the author tracked down her birth family and found a husband after a number of disastrous boyfriends.It also includes some of the author's celebrity

masks: Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws


texts:
 escapades. <mask> plays Human #46 on the 2020 Netflix series 100 Humans. Activism against revenge porn
In January 2012, after an unreleased topless photo of <mask>' daughter, Kayla, was posted on the revenge porn website Is Anyone Up?, <mask> began an investigation of Hunter Moore, who ran the site. She contacted the FBI who launched their own investigation of Moore and his website. <mask> determined a large number of the photos on the site had been hacked. She contacted dozens of victims and became known as the "Erin Brockovich of revenge porn." <mask> detailed her revenge porn battle in an article published on Jezebel.Her experiences were further detailed in her book, Rebel in High Heels, which was released in April 2015. Moore removed his website in the midst of the FBI investigation, but announced on November 28, 2012, that he would start a new site that would include address information. This prompted <mask> to make Moore's home address public on Twitter and Moore threatened to ruin her life. She soon received death threats, computer viruses, and a stalker appearing at her home. Internet hackers professing to be affiliated with Anonymous came to her aid, hacking into his servers and posting his personal information on the Internet. The FBI arrested Hunter Moore and his hacker, Charles Evens of Studio City, California, who went under the alias of "Gary Jones", on January 23, 2014. On February 18, 2015, it was announced that Moore would plead guilty to federal computer hacking and identity theft charges.He faced up to 7 years in prison and a $500,000 fine. He received two and a half years in federal prison. With no plea deal in place and facing 42 years in prison, Moore's hacker, Charlie Evens, confessed his crimes to CNN on tape at <mask>' house during an interview that CNN was filming with <mask>. The taped confession aired on April 27, 2015. Evens received 26 months in federal prison. On June

masks: Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws


texts:
 4, 2013, <mask> gave testimony before the California State Senate in favor of SB 255, a law designed to protect victims from revenge porn or "cyber rape," a term <mask> coined. The bill was sponsored by State Senator Anthony Cannella of Modesto, CA and was signed into law on October 1, 2013, making California the second state to pass a law designed to help victims of nonconsensual pornography.Until 2018, <mask> was a board member of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI), an organization dedicated to helping victims of online harassment. Since 2012, <mask> has been meeting with state and federal legislators, urging them to pass laws to protect victims. In 2017, Speier and several other legislators, introduced the Ending Nonconsensual Online User Graphic Harassment (ENOUGH) Act., A federal bill called The SHIELD Act (Stopping Harmful Image Exploitation and Limiting Distribution) was later introduced in 2019. In addition to pushing for a federal anti-revenge porn law, <mask> has recently been tackling the problem of deep fake pornography and sextortion. She claims to have assisted over 500 victims of nonconsensual pornography, morphed porn (or deep fakes) and sextortion since the inception of her activism in 2012. Political commentator

<mask> is a political analyst and has worked as a BBC News contributor since 2015. She has also made appearances on the Al Jazeera network, and participated in a Reddit AMA in September 2015 with Rick Wilson (political consultant).<mask> was the first person to publicly discuss “hidden Trump supporters” and to call Trump a feminist and a pacifist. Some of her controversial articles about Trump and politics have appeared in The Huffington Post and The Daily Caller. In 2019, she stated she was supporting Cory Booker and Tulsi Gabbard for the 2020 election. Bill Cosby scandal

On November 30, 2014, <mask> spoke out about her "34-year-old Bill Cosby secret." In a Salon

masks:
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Laws
Charlotte Laws
Laws
Laws


texts:
 article, she detailed her experiences with Mr. Cosby and a friend she calls "Sandy." <mask> claims that Mr. Cosby drugged "Sandy" in 1981 and had sex with her. <mask> was interviewed on the Dr. Drew Show on December 1, 2014 about this issue.In a Fox News interview, <mask> pondered whether Cosby has somnophilia. Gay rights activism
In March 2015, <mask> came to defend the LGBTQ communities when a Southern California attorney proposed a statewide ballot initiative that permitted the execution of gays by "bullets to the head or any other convenient method." The initivate was called the Sodomite Suppression Act. In response to what was seen as a vicious and repugnant attack on LGBTQ people, <mask> registered a rebuttal initiative with the Attorney General's office, titled "The Intolerant Jackass Act". <mask>’ proposal called for sensitivity training and a steep fine for anyone submitting a state initiative related to the killing of gays. In June 2015, the initiative was cleared to move forward, but <mask> said that she did not plan to gather signatures, adding "I'm glad my proposal made an impact. My intent was to send a message and support gay rights.[The proposal] has served its purpose." Party crashing
<mask> was voted the fourth most notorious party crasher in the world, beating Bill Murray, Queen Elizabeth II, Serena Williams, Lady Gaga, and the Salahis. She says gate crashing began as a hobby when she was a teenager but later became a creative way to get face time with business leaders, politicians, and A-list celebrities in order to lobby for legislation, get exclusive interviews, and obtain business partners. She has crashed the Secret Service four times. <mask>’ 1988 how-to book, Meet the Stars, is believed to be the first party crashing book ever written. <mask> also includes some of her gatecrashing techniques in her memoirs Rebel in High Heels (2015) and Undercover Debutante (2019).

masks: Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws


texts:
 Personal life
<mask>, a former Atlanta debutante, was adopted at birth and tracked down her birthparents in her late twenties.<mask> has revealed that she has never had a glass of alcohol or tried illegal drugs or a cigarette. Prior to acting and writing, <mask> was employed in a number of other jobs. She was a cab driver, private investigator, bodyguard, backup singer for an Elvis imitator, nurse, fashion designer, aerobics instructor, antiques shop owner, and president of a mid-size legal corporation. <mask> was a lecturer for the FBI in Quantico, Virginia in 2006 and has also been a licensed realtor since 1987. In April 2015, <mask> went public about her three-year romance with singer Tom Jones in her memoir, Rebel in High Heels. She says he was her first boyfriend and that she dated him from age 18 until age 21. She married English barrister and California attorney Charles Parselle in the 1990s and has a daughter named Kayla <mask>, who is an actress.She also has three rescue dogs and six rescue chickens and calls herself a Jewish Jain. <mask>’ father-in-law, Thomas Parselle, was captured by the Nazis during World War II, transported to a German POW camp and witness to the notorious break-out attempt as depicted in the movie, The Great Escape. In 2012, <mask>' chicken, Mae Poulet, was a write-in vice presidential candidate. A dog selected her from Tennessee to be his running mate on the Bully ticket. Mae Poulet was also involved in a 2011 fundraiser with actress Natalie Portman and actor Jason Alexander to raise money for poultry in need. In March 2013, Mae Poulet was inducted into the National Museum of Animals and Society. <mask>' grandfather, Tucker Moroose (a lawyer and aspiring U.S.Senator), was murdered by a devil worshipper in Fairmont, West Virginia in 1948. The story is detailed in <mask>' book, Devil in the Basement. In July 2019, <mask> admitted in an article that she committed a

masks: Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws


texts:
 crime which may have violated the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act when she conspired to rescue pigeons. Bibliography
 <mask>, Missy. Meet the Stars. Ross Books, 1988, . <mask>, Charlotte."Jains, the ALF, and the ELF: Antagonists or Allies?" Igniting a Revolution: Voices in Defense of Mother Earth, edited by Steven Best and Anthony J. Nocella. AK Press, 2006. .
 <mask>, Charlotte. ARMed for Ideological Warfare. <mask>, Charlotte. "The Jain Center of Southern California" A Call to Compassion: Religious Perspectives on Animal Advocacy, edited by Anthony J. Nocella and Lisa Kemmerer. Lantern Books, March 2011. .
 <mask>, Charlotte."Omniocracy" Uncaged: Top Activists Share Their Wisdom on Effective Farm Animal Advocacy, edited by Ben Davidow. Davidow Press, March 2013. ASIN: B00C0NF36G. <mask>, <mask>. "Recipe for Cooperation: Omniocracy and the Definitional Good." Animals and the Environment: Advocacy, activism and the quest for common ground, edited by Lisa Kemmerer. Routledge, April 28, 2015. .
 <mask>, <mask>."Rebel in High Heels: True story about the fearless mom who battled—and defeated—the kingpin of revenge porn and the dangerous forces of conformity." Stroud House Publishing, 2015, . <mask>, Charlotte. "Devil in the Basement: White Supremacy, Satanic Ritual, and My Family" Stroud House Publishing, 2018
 <mask>, Charlotte. "Undercover Debutante: The Search for my Birth Parents and a Bald Husband" Stroud House Publishing, August 2019. See also
 List of animal rights advocates
 Party for the Animals
 Marianne Thieme

References

External links

1960 births
American bloggers
American Jains
Living people
California State University, Northridge alumni
University of Southern California alumni
California city council members
University of Florida alumni
American women bloggers
Converts to Jainism
Women city councillors in California
Activists from California
The Lovett School alumni
21st-century

masks: Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws Charlotte Laws Charlotte Laws Laws


texts:
<mask> was a military surgeon, chief doctor of the French Navy, born on 24 February 1773 in Toulon and died on 3 September 1828 in Néoules in the Var. Joining the Navy in 1787, at the age of 14, he rose through the ranks of Navy surgeon, operating during 16 years on most of the major ships of the Ancien Régime and of the French Revolutionary Wars. Received doctor at the Montpellier Faculty of Medicine in 1803, he was appointed Chief Medical Officer of the squadron shortly after the advent of the First Empire under the command of Admiral de Latouche-Tréville, then on his death, under the command of Admiral de Villeneuve on the Bucentaure. In this capacity, he took part in the battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) where he was recognised for his devotion to wounded sailors. For a few years, he still embarked on hospital ships, but, in 1811, weakened by his health, he applied for a position as an instructor and was appointed to the Army training ship, the Duquesne. As this service was abolished after the fall of Napoleon I, he was appointed to the direction of the Navy's health services in the port of Marseille, where he ended his career. He died in a small village in the Haut-Var.Biography
His father was <mask> <mask>, a Navy surgeon, and his mother, Henriette Brémond. He married Marie Elisabeth Jaume. Their daughter Sophie Héloïse (1805-1836) married Fortuné Joseph César Racord, a surgeon at the French hospital in Smyrna from 1836 to 1849. Old Regime and Revolution
As soon as 12 June 1787, <mask> <mask> was employed in the Navy hospitals in Toulon as an

masks:
Jean Boniface Textoris
Boniface
Textoris
Jean Boniface
Textoris


texts: auxiliary surgeon. Attached to the health service of the bagne of Toulon, he caught typhus imported by a chaîne (chain) of convicts who arrived at that time. On September 12, 1790, he became a surgical assistant on the frigate the Minerve which was sent to the Adriatic to observe its coasts and positions. The campaign of this frigate corresponded to the naval stations of the navy to ensure the French presence in the eastern Mediterranean and the security of its trade in the Levant.During this trip, he took notes that would later form the basis of the dissertation he will read on the antiquities of the island of Thasos, at the Academy of Toulon, of which he will be one of the founders and the first secretary. He was appointed surgeon major on 14 March 1791 on the brig Chasseur until 3 June 1792 and then on the corvette Brune until 17 September 1792, then the frigate Sensible and finally the frigate Iris until 12 March 1793 as second surgeon, then on the Duquesne as surgeon major until 17 May 1794. He then served on the 12 Vestale frigate (18 May to 29 September 1794), the ship Berwick (5 April to 14 May 1795), the Aquilon (15 May to 3 June 1795), the Jemmapes (1796), the Tonnant until 25 April 1798. In this capacity he participated in the fall of the Republic of Venice. On his return to Toulon, he treated the crews of Vice-Admiral François Paul de Brueys d'Aigalliers' squadron at the Toulon lazaret and contracted the "reigning disease" himself. Promoted to the rank of first class surgeon on 2 July 1801, he was at the same time ordered to go to Cadiz to


texts:
 be attached to the naval division of Rear Admiral Dumanoir le Pelley. On arrival at his destination, he was given the task of running the hospital in Algesiras where the many wounded from the second battle of Algeciras were kept.From 19 July 1801 to 1 January 1802 it was embarked on the Annibal. On his return from Cadiz, he locked himself up again in the lazaret because he had again contracted the "reigning disease". He then embarked on the brig the Speedy (1 January 1802), the ship Formidable (6 April 1803), the ship Bucentaure (14 September 1803 to 16 August 1804) under the command of Vice-Admiral Louis-René-Madeleine de Latouche-Tréville. On 18 May 1803, he was awarded a doctorate in medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier, where his inaugural thesis was on scurvy. Empire
Textoris re-embarked on the Formidable on 7 August 1804 with the title of chief doctor of the squadron under the orders of Vice-Admiral de Latouche-Tréville (died 19 August 1804), then again on the flagship Bucentaure from 24 October 1804 to 23 October 1805, under the command of Vice-Admiral de Villeneuve, where he became surgeon major on 28 March 1805. In this capacity, he took part in the battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. The officers of the health service, under the orders of Textoris, were distributed as follows:
Clément, 1st class health officer on board the Neptune.Bodran, health officer 1st class on board the Indomptable. Martiny, health officer 1st class aboard the Redoutable. Lerebourg, health officer 1st class aboard the Héros. Lefort, health officer 1st


texts: class on board the Formidable. Peyron aboard the Scipion, Truc aboard the Intrépide, Landon aboard the Dugay-Trouin, Barale aboard the Mont-Blanc, Laborde aboard the Algésiras, Descarrière aboard the Fougueux, Fournier aboard the Pluton, Fichet aboard the Aigle, Delivet aboard the Argonaute, Lasserre aboard the Berwick, Saint-Hilaire aboard the Achille, Grillon aboard the Cornélie, Dumonteuil aboard the Hermione, Isnard aboard the Hortense, Guigou aboard the Rhin, Pépin aboard the Thémis, Daudi aboard the Furet, Mercey aboard the Observateur. When the French flagship surrendered to the enemy with Admiral Villeneuve on board, the ship was very heavily damaged, almost dismasted, and covered with corpses and wounded. Taken in tow by the , the Bucentaure broke her towing cable.The French officers still on board took the ship from the British and, despite the state of the ship, set course for Cadiz in the middle of a storm. In the early morning, while in sight of the port, she ran aground in the swell, and despite attempts to lighten and free her, the ship began to sink. Some 450 survivors found refuge on the Indomptable which came to the rescue. On board the Indomptable there were more than 1200 men (crew and survivors of the Bucentaure). On the evening of 23 October, the storm broke her anchors and drove her back to the coast. Only 150 men were saved. On 28 October 1805, <mask> embarked on the ship Héros as chief doctor of the Navy then passed with the same title on the hospital transport Achille on 21 April 1806, chartered to Cadiz to take to Toulon the


texts:
 wounded of Admiral François Étienne de Rosily-Mesros' naval army.On 24 July 1807, he was on the Commerce de Paris until 22 January 1808. However, his health, weakened by years of a service made him desire a sedentary position; he was requested and obtained an assignment in the maritime hospitals. He re-embarked from 27 September 1811 to 12 August 1815 on the training ship Duquesne anchored in the port of Toulon. He was assigned to the training of officer cadets. <mask> <mask> was to meet his son Marius, a young aspirant freshly graduated from his college in Draguignan. Bourbon Restoration
<mask> <mask> passed through the port of Marseille in 1816, where he was in charge of the health service. In 1821, following the yellow fever epidemic in Catalonia the inhabitants of Marseilles have taken fright.<mask>, wanting to reassure them, read an "Overview on yellow fever" at a meeting of the Royal Medical Society of Marseille on 19 October 1821. He was appointed vice-president and then president of the same academy on November 8, 1823. Suffering from ophthalmia, followed by supra-orbital neuralgia and rheumatic pain, he was forced to ask for his retirement after thirty years of service. <mask> <mask> died at Néoules (Var) on 3 September 1828. Distinctions
  Knight of the Légion d'honneur (28  avril 1821). Works
 Étude des eaux (1826)
 Dissertation sur le scorbut (1803)

Notes

References

Bibliography

French military doctors
1773 births
1828 deaths
19th-century physicians
Military personnel from Toulon
Physicians from Toulon
Chevaliers of the Légion

masks:
Boniface
Textoris
Jean Boniface
Textoris
Textoris
Jean Boniface
Textoris


texts:
<mask> (born January 16, 1987) is a former Venezuelan professional basketball player, who spent six seasons in the NBA. He is currently a coach, most recently working as the associate head coach for the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League. <mask> also represented the Venezuelan national team in international competitions, as he was born in Caracas and moved to the United States to attend high school at Montrose Christian School in Rockville, Maryland in 2004. During his senior year at Montrose he committed to the University of Maryland to play under head coach Gary Williams. He was drafted in 2010 after a U.S. college career with the University of Maryland men's basketball team, where <mask> finished second on the Terrapins' all-time scoring list, with 2,171 career points. In 2007, <mask> played on the Venezuelan national basketball team in the FIBA America Championships. In his final college season of 2009–10, he was one of three Venezuelans playing in NCAA Division I men's basketball, with the others being David Cubillan of the Marquette Golden Eagles and Gregory Echenique of the Creighton Bluejays.Early life
<mask> grew up in Caracas, Venezuela, where he lived with his parents, Ivis Rodriguez and Gregorio <mask>, and brother, Ingerman Sanoya. His first name is a portmanteau of his parents' first names. After an impressive youth career in his country where he also led the Venezuelan U-15 National Team to the FIBA U-15 South American Championship title in 2003, he was selected to participate at the NBA Basketball Without Borders camp (2004) being a headliner at the event. He started to

masks:
Greivis Josué Vásquez Rodríguez
Vásquez
Vásquez
Vásquez
Vásquez
Vásquez


texts:
 garner international attention and accepted a scholarship to continue his development in Maryland. At Montrose Christian, <mask> played under head coach Stu Vetter, and helped the Mustangs post a 43–5 record over his junior and senior seasons. While at Montrose Christian he played for coach Stu Vetter with future NBA star Kevin Durant. College career

Freshman year (2006–07)
In the beginning of his freshman year (2006–07), <mask> did not start for the Terps, but still played solid minutes.Midway through the season, he began starting at the 2 guard position, alongside fellow freshman Eric Hayes at the starting point guard position. He remained a starter for the rest of the season. He heavily contributed to the Terrapins' six-game winning streak at the end of the season, giving Maryland a #4 seed in the NCAA Tournament. <mask> averaged 9.8 points, 4.7 assists and 3.3 rebounds per game during his freshman season, and shooting percentages of 44.4 for field goals, 31.6 for three-pointers and 79.8 for free throws. Sophomore year (2007–08)
<mask> had per-game averages of 17 points, 6.8 assists and 5.7 rebounds, and shooting percentages of 43.2 for field goals, 30.9 for three-pointers and 78.2 for free throws. Junior year (2008–09)
As a junior, <mask> led the Terrapins in scoring (17.5), rebounds (5.4), assists (5.0), steals (1.4), and minutes (34.6) per game. He became the first Terrapin basketball player to ever lead the team in points, rebounds and assists in a single season, and only the sixth to accomplish that task in the ACC.On February 21, 2009, <mask> registered a then career-high

masks: Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez


texts:
 35 points, and 11 rebounds and 10 assists—Maryland's third triple-double in history and the first since 1987—in a come-from-behind 88–85 overtime win over North Carolina. At the end of his junior year, <mask> ranked seventh in scoring, third in free throw percentage (.867), third in assists per game, third in assist-to-turnover ratio (1.80) and fifth in minutes per game in the ACC. He reached double figures in scoring in 57 of his last 61 games, including each of his last 17. In Maryland's final ten games, he recorded five 20-point games. <mask> was named to the All-ACC second team at the close of the regular season. After the season, <mask> participated in NBA workouts, where he received mostly positive feedback from professional scouts. He twice met with coach Gary Williams and his Montrose Christian coach, Stu Vetter, to discuss his future.Three hours before the deadline, <mask> withdrew his name from the NBA Draft in order to return to Maryland for his senior season. Williams said, "He talked to about 14 or 15 teams and really got a good feel for his situation. I think he's made a great move. He returns as possibly the best guard in the ACC and one of the best guards in the country." Senior year (2009–10)
As a senior, <mask> averaged 19.6 points, 6.3 assists, 4.6 rebounds and 1.7 steals per game over 33 games. <mask> was the only player in the country to average more than 18 points and 6 assists per game. His honors included the 2010 Bob Cousy Award given by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame to the nation's best collegiate point guard, for which he edged out Sherron


texts: Collins (Kansas), Scottie Reynolds (Villanova), Jon Scheyer (Duke), Evan Turner (Ohio State) and John Wall (Kentucky).Against Georgia Tech on February 20, 2010, <mask> scored the 2,000th point of his collegiate career, making him the only player in ACC history to compile at least 2,000 points, 700 assists and 600 rebounds. The following week, <mask> set a new career scoring high with 41 points in the Terrapins' double-overtime victory at Virginia Tech. <mask> also scored 20 points in Maryland's home win over Duke on Senior Night, and made several critical baskets and assists in the final minutes to secure a victory. <mask> helped lead Maryland to a 13–3 conference record to tie Duke for the regular season ACC championship. He was named a unanimous first-team All-ACC selection on March 8, 2010, and the ACC Player of the Year on March 9, 2010, beating out Duke's Jon Scheyer and Virginia Tech's Malcolm Delaney. <mask> also won three ACC Player of the Week honors in his final season, which brought his career total to seven. <mask> was named a consensus second-team All-American.Throughout the regular season of his rookie year, <mask> received spot minutes and scored in double digits only twice, but he gained extensive playing time in the 2011 NBA Playoffs. Memphis faced the first-seeded San Antonio Spurs in the first round, where the Grizzlies won their first postseason game in franchise history. In Game Four, <mask> substituted for starting point guard Mike Conley, who had gotten into foul trouble. During his 13 minutes of playing time, he had nine points and two assists as Memphis won,

masks: Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez


texts:
 104–86. Memphis advanced to meet the four-seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in the Conference Semifinals, where <mask> faced off with his former Montrose Christian classmate, Kevin Durant. The Thunder would win the series. In the 2011 offseason, <mask> took part in a United States State Department sponsored trip to his native Venezuela to hold clinics and meet with sports officials.New Orleans Hornets (2011–2013)
On December 24, 2011, <mask> was traded to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Quincy Pondexter. On February 1, 2012 against the Phoenix Suns, Vasquez recorded 20 points and 12 assists off the bench. Vasquez received his first set of starts for the Hornets after a sore knee injury to Hornets guard Jarrett Jack. Vasquez received the starting job as point guard for the Hornets in the 2012–13 NBA season. On November 23, 2012, Vasquez tallied 25 points and 14 assists (both career highs) in a loss to the Phoenix Suns. On January 1, 2013, Vasquez earned Western Conference Player of the Week honors. On February 8, 2013, in the game against the Atlanta Hawks, Vasquez scored 21 points, dished out 12 assists, and had 11 rebounds to secure his first career NBA triple-double

Vasquez finished the 2012–13 season as the league leader in total assists, with 704, and finished second in voting for the NBA Most Improved Player award.Sacramento Kings (2013)
On July 10, 2013, Vasquez was traded to the Sacramento Kings in a three-team deal that also involved the Portland Trail Blazers. Toronto Raptors (2013–2015)

On December 9, 2013, the Kings traded <mask>, along with Patrick Patterson, John

masks: Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez Vásquez


texts:
 Salmons, and Chuck Hayes to the Toronto Raptors for Rudy Gay, Quincy Acy, and Aaron Gray. On July 17, 2014, <mask> re-signed with the Raptors to a reported two-year, $13 million contract. On April 18, 2015, <mask> hit a game tying three-pointer with 25 seconds left in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference quarter-finals. Milwaukee Bucks (2015–2016)
On June 25, 2015, <mask> was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for the draft rights to Norman Powell and a protected 2017 first-round pick. He made his debut for the Bucks in the team's season opener against the New York Knicks on October 28, recording 15 points, 7 rebounds and 5 assists in a 122–97 loss. On December 15, he underwent successful surgery to remove a bone spur and loose bodies from his right ankle.He was subsequently ruled out for three to four months. Brooklyn Nets (2016)
On July 13, 2016, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets. On November 9, 2016, he was waived by the Nets after appearing in three games. Venezuela's National Team career
After winning at the U-15 level in 2003, <mask> was called up for the U-21 Venezuelan NT for the 2004 U-21 Americas Tournament being four years under the tournament's age. Those were his only appearances on the youth national team setup. <mask> made his Senior National Team debut in 2007 during the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship in Las Vegas while being a sophomore at the University of Maryland. He was the second leading scorer of his squad averaging 12.1 points per game, third in rebounds with 4.1 per game and second best in assists with 3.3 Ast per contest.Venezuela finished 8th (2-6 record)


texts:
 out of 10 ten participating teams. His ascent was headlined during the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship, where he carried the Venezuelan team to a 5th-place finish. Already an NBA player, <mask> was the second best scorer of the tournament with 19.3 PPG and first in assists with 5.8 APG. Coaching career
On August 15, 2019, the New Orleans Pelicans announced that <mask> would serve as the associate head coach for the Erie

masks: Vásquez Vásquez


texts:
<mask> (4 October 1289 –  5 June 1316), called the Quarrelsome, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (), was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as <mask> () from 1305 until his death. He abolished slavery, emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom, and readmitted Jews into the kingdom. His short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralisation reforms initiated by Grand Chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny under the reign of his father. <mask>' uncle—Charles of Valois, leader of the feudalist party—managed to convince the king to execute Enguerrand de Marigny. Biography

<mask> was born in Paris, the eldest son of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. He inherited the kingdom of Navarre on the death of his mother, on 4 April 1305, later being crowned 1 October 1307. On 21 September 1305, at age 15, he married Margaret of Burgundy and they had a daughter, Joan.<mask> was known as "the Quarreler" as the result of the tensions prevailing throughout his reigns. Both <mask> and Margaret became involved in the Tour de Nesle affair towards the end of Philip's reign. In 1314, Margaret, Blanche and Joan—the latter two being the wives of <mask>' brothers Charles and Philip, respectively—were arrested on charges of infidelity. Margaret and Blanche were both tried before the French parliament later that year and found guilty. Their alleged lovers were executed, and the women had their hair shorn and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Philip stood by his wife Joan, who was ultimately found innocent and released. Margaret

masks:
Louis X
Louis I
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis


texts:
 would be imprisoned at Chateau Gaillard, where she died.On the death of his father in 1314, <mask> became King of France. Margaret of Burgundy, the imprisoned Queen of France died on 14 August 1315 and <mask> remarried five days later, on 19 August to Clementia of Hungary, the daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou and the niece of <mask>' own uncle and close advisor, Charles of Valois. <mask> and Clementia were crowned at Reims in August 1315. Marriage and issue
In 1305, <mask> married Margaret of Burgundy, with whom he had a daughter, Joan II of Navarre. Margaret was later convicted of adultery, was imprisoned in Château Gaillard, and eventually strangled to death. In 1315, <mask> married Clementia of Hungary, who gave birth to John I of France five months after the king's death. The infant John's death a few days later led to a disputed succession.With an unknown woman, <mask> had a daughter, Eudeline, who joined the Order of St. Claire and became the abbess of the Franciscan nuns of Paris, 1334-1339. Domestic policy

<mask> was king of Navarre for eleven years and king of France for less than two years. He abolished slavery, but his reign was dominated by continual feuding with the noble factions within the kingdom, and major reforms designed to increase royal revenues, such as the freeing of the French serfs and the readmittance of the Jews. Regional leagues

By the end of Philip IV's reign opposition to the fiscal reforms was growing. With Philip's death and the accession of <mask>, this opposition rapidly developed in more open revolt, some authors citing

masks: Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis


texts:
 <mask>' relative youth as one of the reasons behind the timing of the rebellions. Leagues of regional nobles began to form around the country, demanding changes. Charles of Valois took advantage of this movement to turn against his old enemy, Philip IV's former minister and chamberlain Enguerrand de Marigny, and convinced <mask> to bring corruption charges against him.When these failed, Charles then convinced <mask> to bring sorcery charges against him instead, which proved more effective and led to de Marigny's execution at Vincennes in April 1315. Other former ministers were similarly prosecuted. This, combined with the halting of Philip's reforms, the issuing of numerous charters of rights and a reversion to more traditional rule, largely assuaged the regional leagues. Abolition of slavery and serfdom

In 1315, <mask> issued an edict effectively abolishing slavery within the Kingdom of France, having proclaimed that "France signifies freedom", that "as soon as a slave breathes the air of France, he breathes freedom" and therefore that any slave setting foot on French soil should be freed. This prompted subsequent governments to circumscribe slavery in the overseas colonies. As a way of raising revenues and having alighted on a reform of French serfdom as a way of achieving this, arguing that all men are born free, he also declared in 1315 that French serfs would be freed, although each serf would have to purchase his freedom. A body of commissioners was established to undertake the reform, establishing the peculium, or value, of each serf.For serfs owned directly

masks:
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis X


texts:
 by the King, all of the peculium would be received by the Crown; for serfs owned by subjects of the King, the amount would be divided between the Crown and the owner. In the event, not all serfs were prepared to pay in this fashion and in due course <mask> declared that the goods of these serfs would be seized anyway, with the proceeds going to pay for the war in Flanders. Readmittance of Jews
<mask> was also responsible for a key shift in policy towards the Jews. In 1306, his father, Philip IV, had expelled the Jewish minority from across France, a "shattering" event for most of these communities. <mask> began to reconsider this policy, motivated by the additional revenues that might be forthcoming to the Crown if the Jews were allowed to return. Accordingly, <mask> issued a charter in 1315, readmitting the Jews subject to various conditions. The Jews would only be admitted back into France for twelve years, after which the agreement might be terminated; Jews were to wear an armband at all times; Jews could only live in those areas where there had been Jewish communities previously; Jews were initially to be forbidden from usury.This was the first time that French Jews had been covered by such a charter, and <mask> was careful to justify his decision with reference to the policies of his ancestor Saint <mask>, the position of Pope Clement V and an argument that the people of France had demanded a return of the Jews. The result was a much weakened Jewish community that depended directly upon the King for their right of abode and protection. Challenge of

masks:
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis IX


texts:
 Flanders

<mask> continued the effort of his predecessor to achieve a military solution to the vexing problem of Flanders. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state" which enjoyed a largely autonomous existence on the margins of the French realm; French kings claimed to exercise suzerainty over Flanders, but heretofore with little success. Philip IV had attempted to assert royal overlordship, but his army, led by Robert II of Artois, had been defeated at Courtrai in 1302; despite a later French victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained testy and unsettled. <mask> mobilised an army along the Flemish border, but the French position rapidly become strained by the demands of maintaining a wartime footing. <mask> had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315.This proved challenging to enforce, and the king had to pressure officers of the Church in the borderlands, as well as Edward II of England, to support his effort to prevent Spanish merchant vessels from trading with the embargoed Flemish. An unintended result of the embargo was the rise of smuggling activities that reduced the advantage (and consequently the amount) of trading in compliance with royal restrictions in the border region. <mask> was also forced to requisition food directly for his forces, resulting in a series of complaints from local lords and the Church. Death and legacy

<mask> was a keen player of jeu de paume, or real tennis, and became notable as the first person to construct indoor tennis courts in the modern style. <mask> was

masks:
Louis X
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis


texts:
 unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, enclosed courts made in Paris "around the end of the 13th century". In due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. In June 1316 at Vincennes, following a particularly exhausting game, <mask> drank a large quantity of cooled wine and subsequently died of either pneumonia or pleurisy, although there were also suspicions of poisoning.Because of the contemporary accounts of his death, <mask> is history's first tennis player known by name. He and his second wife Clementia are interred in Saint Denis Basilica. <mask>' second wife Clementia was pregnant at the time of his death, leaving the succession in doubt. A son would have primacy over <mask>' daughter, Joan. A daughter, however, would have a weaker claim to the throne, and would need to compete with Joan's own claims – although suspicions hung over Joan's parentage following the scandal in 1314. As a result, <mask>' brother Philip was appointed regent for the five months remaining until the birth of his brother's child, John I, who lived only five days. Philip then succeeded in pressing his claims to the crowns of France and Navarre.All de jure monarchs of Navarre from 1328 onwards were descended from <mask> through his daughter, Joan, including Jeanne d'Albret, the mother of Henry IV of France, and therefore the entire royal House of Bourbon. In fiction
<mask> is a major character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. He was portrayed by  in the 1972 French miniseries

masks: Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis Louis


texts:
 adaptation of the series, and by Guillaume Depardieu in the 2005 adaptation. Ancestry

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Baynes, Thomas Spencer (ed). (1890) The Encyclopædia Britannica. Henry G. Allen Company. Bradbury, Jim.(2007) The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328 Hambledon Continuum. Bishop, Morris. (2001) The Middle Ages. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Chazan, Robert. (1979) Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages. Behrman House.Emmerson, Richard Kenneth and Sandra Clayton-Emmerson. (2006) Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. Gillmeister, Heiner. (1998) Tennis: A Cultural History. London: Leicester University Press. .
 Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition.Oxford: Blackwell. Jeudwine, John Wynne. (1983) Tort, Crime, and Police in Mediaeval Britain: a review of some early law and custom. London: Wm. S. Hein Publishing. Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century.Princeton: Princeton University Press. Konta, Annie Lemp. (1914) The History of French literature from the Oath of Strasburg to Chanticler. London: D. Appleton and Company. Kulsrud, Carl Jacob. (2005) Maritime Neutrality to 1780: a history of the main principles governing neutrality and belligerency to 1780. Clark: Law Book Exchange.Lea, Henry Charles. (1887) A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Part Three. London: Harper. Newman, Paul B. (2001) Daily Life in the Middle Ages. Jefferson: McFarland. Rose, Hugh James.(1857) A New General Biographical Dictionary, Volume


texts:
 11. London: Fellows. Sellery, George C. (2007) The Founding of Western Civilization. Read Book. Stephen, James. (2008) Lectures on the History of France. Read Book.Wagner, John. A. (2006) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press. Further reading
 Marie-Anne Polo de Beaulieu. (2002) La France au moyen âge : De l'An mil à la Peste noire, 1348. Roselyne Callaux.(2002) Robert III d'Artois. External links

 French history timeline
 Biography
 Medieval History of Navarre

|-

|-

1289 births
1316 deaths
14th-century kings of France
14th-century Navarrese monarchs
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Sportspeople from Paris
<mask> X
Counts of Champagne
French real tennis players
Navarrese monarchs
Sport deaths in France
14th-century French people
14th-century peers of France
French


texts:
<mask> (c. 1605/06 – c. 1660) was a Flemish baker and a painter who played an important role in the development of Flemish genre painting in the mid-17th century through his tavern scenes and dissolute portraits. His genre scenes depict low-life figures as well as scenes of middle-class people. He created a few religiously themed compositions. Life
<mask> was born in Neerlinter (now a village in Flemish Brabant, Belgium). His father was also called <mask> and is believed to have been a baker. His mother's name was <mask>ch. In 1630 or 1631 <mask> married Johanna Tielens.His wife's father was a baker but her family also counted artists among its members: the landscape painter Jan Tielens was her uncle while two of her uncles on her mother's side were the sculptors Melchior and Caspar Grison. The Tielens family was also responsible for the operation of the bakery in Antwerp Citadel. When the painter Adriaen Brouwer was imprisoned in the citadel, <mask>ck likely got to know him. Based on information provided by contemporary Flemish biographer Cornelis de Bie in his book Het Gulden Cabinet <mask> is believed to have become Brouwer's pupil and best friend. Their relationship was described by de Bie as 'Soo d’oude songhen, soo pypen de jonghen' (As the old ones sang, so the young ones chirp'). The stylistic similarities of <mask>'s early work with that of Brouwer seems to corroborate such pupilage. <mask> became a master in Antwerp's Guild of Saint Luke in 1633–1634 as a baker and painter.In 1637 he was widowed and obtained an inheritance. That year he is recorded as the owner of a new house with a bakery in Antwerp. From this time onwards he was able to dedicate himself full-time to painting. The movements

masks:
Joos van Craesbeeck
Joos van Craesbeeck
Joos
Gertruid van Callenbor
Joos van Craesbeeck
van Craesbee
van Craesbeeck
van Craesbeeck
Van Craesbeeck


texts:
 of <mask>k between 1637 and 1651, the year he became master in the Brussels Guild of Saint Luke are not clear. It is likely that his move to Brussels was linked to that of David Teniers the Younger who settled in Brussels on 7 September 1650. In 1653, Adriaen Rombouts was his pupil. The death date of <mask>ck is not known with certainty but it must be situated between 1660 and 1661 since in 1660 a Lucas Viters was registered as his pupil at the Guild and a year later Cornelis de Bie reported him as deceased.Work

Evolution

<mask> <mask>ck painted mainly genre scenes and a few religiously themed compositions. His genre scenes depict low-life figures as well as scenes of middle-class people. The chronology of his work is difficult to establish since only one painting, the now missing Self-portrait in front of a Mirror, is signed. In addition to the one painting signed with his full name, there are about 30 other paintings with the monogram cb or jvcb. Despite the difficulty of dating his paintings, it is believed that his earliest works are largely indebted to the subject matter and style of Brouwer. In these early works he relied on the types of Brouwers and he followed Brouwer's palette in its subtle harmonies with occasional gleaming highlights. Like Brouwer he applied colour very thinly leaving parts of the ground visible.After Brouwer's death in 1638 <mask>ck turned to other artists for inspiration and borrowed ideas from contemporary Dutch painters. Antwerp painters remained, however, his main source of inspiration. He was able to find his own individual interpretation of the everyday subjects, which formed the bulk of his output. His palette became dominated by browns and greys. In a still later

masks:
van Craesbee
van Craesbee
Joos
van Craesbee
van Craesbee


texts:
 phase when he was a resident of Brussels, he painted his mature work, which was largely independent of Brouwer. A set of works from this period is characterized by its vivid colours and the use of his own repertory of figures: bearded men with flat or fur-decked caps, women with white bonnets or conspicuous straw hats. Tronies
His master Brouwer played an important role in the development of the genre of the 'tronie'.The term tronie typically refers to figure studies not intended to depict an identifiable person, but rather to investigate varieties of expression. Tronies are thus a form of genre painting in a portrait format. Van Craesbeeck was also a talented practitioner of the genre. Many of his tronies are in fact self-portraits. He painted at least five presumed self-portraits in which he depicts himself in a 'dissolute' manner. The dissolute self-portrait was a form of self representation of artists that arose in Dutch and Flemish genre painting in the 17th century. It was an inversion of the Renaissance ideal of the 'pictor doctus', which regarded the artist as an intellectual and gentleman.This ideal was replaced by the new model of the prodigal artist characterized by his creative inspiration and talents. These self-portraits aimed to emphasize the artists' dissolute nature by creating associations with traditional moral themes such as the Five Senses and the Prodigal Son in the tavern. Van Craesbeeck painted himself four times in low-life guises. These self-portraits can also be regarded as tronies, since they depict the artist with exaggerated expressions, and often represent one of the five senses. In his self-portraits, <mask>ck typically represented the sense of 'taste', which he


texts:
 expressed by painting himself as a drinker or a smoker. An example is The Smoker in the Louvre Museum. Most frequently he depicted himself as a drinker as in the Self-Portrait as a Drinker.This painting shows him grinning, with bulging eyes, untamed hair and dressed in peasant's clothes. He is clutching a full glass of wine. The rough style of these self-portraits is typical for the peasant vernacular of the genre. His lively, boorish expressions show his deep understanding of the peasant character. Van Craesbeeck often developed on the theme of the five senses. His composition the Painter’s Studio is a tableau vivant showing figures symbolizing the Five Senses seated around a table while the artist is working at his easel. Each figure in the group represents one of the senses: a lute-player (Hearing), a man holding a wineglass (Taste), a man with a pipe (Smell), an intimate couple (Touch) and a woman reading (Sight).Tavern scenes
He painted many tavern interiors. Some of these works are a reflection of the new themes that had been introduced in genre painting by the Northern followers of Caravaggio such as that of the musician. An example is the Lute Player (Liechtenstein Museum), which shows two women entertaining a cavalier, who seems to have passed out with a full glass of wine in front of him. A flute hanging above the head of an old man leaning over the shoulder of the female lute player symbolises the man's thoughts. Van Craesbeeck modernized the pattern introduced by the Caravaggisti of showing figures seated around a table with those in front shown in silhouette by more full describing the interior space, showing the effect of the daylight and opting for a more vertical format. Paintings such


texts:
 as Death is Violent and Fast are typical of his small, theatrical images of peasant brawls crowded with violent expressive figures already depicted by Brouwers. A tiny skeleton placed inside a tankard in the lower right foreground plays the role of death in the composition.Guardroom scene
Van Craesbeeck also painted A guardroom interior with soldiers playing cards, which falls within the genre of the guardroom scene. A guardroom scene typically depicts an interior scene with officers and soldiers engaged in merrymaking. Guardroom scenes often included mercenaries and prostitutes dividing booty, harassing captives or indulging in other forms of reprehensible activities. "Piskijken"
He also painted a few paintings in the subgenre referred to as "piskijken" ("pee looking"), which typically shows a woman with a doctor or quack performing a pregnancy test by looking at a sample of her urine. An example is The doctor's visit (Brukenthal Museum), which shows in the background a young woman who seems to have collapsed and is being comforted. In the foreground stands a person (a doctor or a quack?) who is holding up a vial with the woman's urine.A shadow of a foetus is visible in the vial, a sign that the young woman is pregnant. Further reading
 Hans Vlieghe (1998). Flemish Art and Architecture, 1585-1700. Pelican History of Art. New Haven: Yale University Press. Karolien De Clippel (2006), <mask> Van Craesbeeck (1605/06-ca 1660): een Brabants genreschilder (Pictura Nova XI). Turnhout": Brepols Publishers.References

External links

Flemish Baroque painters
Flemish history painters
Flemish genre painters
Artists from Antwerp
Artists from Brussels
Painters from Antwerp
Painters from Brussels
1625 births
1678


texts:
<mask> (; née Campion; born 27 January 1934) is a French politician. She is the first, and so far only, woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France. Other than her breakthrough gender role, her term was uneventful. Her political career ended in scandal as a result of corruption charges dating from her tenure as European Commissioner for Research, Science and Technology. French Prime Minister
<mask> was appointed to the prime ministerial post by President François Mitterrand on 15 May 1991. She soon became strongly unpopular among the electorate and had to leave office after less than one year, following the Socialists' poor showing in 1992's regional elections. Her premiership is one of the shortest in the history of the Fifth Republic.Her strong criticism of Japanese trade practices, going so far as to compare the Japanese to "yellow ants trying to take over the world", led to charges of racism. She also said, discussing the sexual activities of Anglo-Saxon males, "Homosexuality seems strange to me. It's different and marginal. It exists more in the Anglo-Saxon tradition than the Latin one." In social policy, <mask>'s government enacted the Urban Framework Act of 1991, which sought to ensure a "right to the city" for all citizens. The
Act required "local bodies to provide living and dwelling conditions which will foster social cohesion and enable conditions of segregation to be avoided." The Cresson Government also placed considerable emphasis during its time in office on facilitating the international competitiveness of firms with under 500 employees.A law was passed in July 1991 which included several measures aimed at improving access of people with disabilities to housing, work places, and

masks:
Édith Cresson
Cresson
Cresson


texts:
 public buildings. In addition an Act of July 1991 on legal aid "gave the public (above all, foreigners who are lawfully domiciled in France) wider access to the courts." In January 1992, housing allowances were extended to all low-income households in cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants. Under a law of 10 July 1991, access to legal information “was also included as part of the legal aid system.” A water law was passed in January 1992 "to ensure the protection of water quality and quantity and aquatic ecosystems," and in February 1992 a law was passed to promote citizens' consultation. Cresson is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development. European Commissioner
While a European Commissioner, Cresson was the main target in the fraud allegations that led to the resignation of the Santer Commission in 1999. Subsequent to a fraud inquiry the European Commission said that Cresson in her capacity as the Research Commissioner "failed to act in response to known, serious and continuing irregularities over several years".Cresson was found guilty of not reporting failures in a youth training programme from which vast sums went missing. Appointing a friend
When Cresson took up her functions, she intended to appoint dental surgeon Philippe Berthelot, one of her close acquaintances, as a "personal advisor". Because Berthelot was 66 years old, he could not be appointed as a member of a Commissioner's Cabinet. When Cresson took up office, her Cabinet was already fully staffed


texts: with personal advisors. Berthelot was instead engaged as a "visiting scientist" in September 1995. Berthelot worked only as a personal advisor to Cresson. His contract expired on 1 March 1997, and he was offered another visiting scientist's contract for a period of one year.EU rules specify a maximum duration of 24 months for visiting scientists, but Berthelot spent two and a half years in the position. On 31 December 1997, Berthelot requested the termination of his contract on medical grounds, and his application was accepted. A complaint was made by a member of parliament, and a criminal investigation concerning Berthelot was opened in Belgium in 1999. In June 2004, the Chambre du conseil of the Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles (Court of First Instance, Brussels) decided that no further action should be taken in the case. European Commission vs. <mask> <mask> Cresson), the Court declared that <mask> <mask> acted in breach of her obligations as a European Commissioner. While the breach of the obligations arising from the office of Member of the Commission calls, in principle, for the imposition of a penalty, the Court held that, having regard to the circumstances of the case, the finding of breach constituted, of itself, an appropriate penalty and, accordingly, decided not to impose on Cresson a penalty in the form of a deprivation of her right to a pension or other benefits. <mask> claimed that where the conduct complained of in criminal and disciplinary proceedings was the same, the findings of the criminal court were binding on the disciplinary authorities.However, the Court held that it was not bound by the legal characterisation of facts made in the context of the criminal proceedings and that

masks: Édith Cressondith Édith Cresson Cresson


texts:
 it was for the Court, exercising its discretion to the full, to investigate whether the conduct complained of in proceedings brought under Article 213(2) EC constituted a breach of the obligations arising from the office of Commissioner. Accordingly, the decision of the Chambre du conseil of the Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles that there was no evidence of criminal conduct on Cresson's part could not bind the Court. Political career

European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science, 1995–1999. Governmental functions

Prime minister, 1991–1992 (Resignation). Minister of Agriculture, 1981–1983. Minister of Foreign trade and Tourism, 1983–1984. Minister of Industrial Redeployment and Foreign Trade, 1984–1986.Minister of European Affairs, 1988–1990 (Resignation). Electoral mandates

European Parliament

Member of European Parliament, 1979–1981 (Elected in parliamentary elections, and became minister in 1981). Elected in 1979. National Assembly of France

Member of the National Assembly of France for Vienne (4th constituency), Elected in 1981, but she became minister in June / 1986–1988. Elected in 1981, reelected in 1986, 1988. General Council

General councillor of Vienne, 1982–1998 (Resignation). Reelected in 1988, 1994.Municipal Council

Mayor of Châtellerault, 1983–1997 (Resignation). Reelected in 1989, 1995. Deputy-mayor of Châtellerault, 1997–2008. Reelected in 2001. Municipal councillor of Châtellerault, 1983–2008. Reelected in 1989, 1995, 2001. Mayor of Thuré, 1977–1983.Municipal councillor of Thuré, 1977–1983. <mask>'s Cabinet, 15 May 1991 – 2 April 1992
<mask> <mask> – Prime Minister
Roland Dumas – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Pierre Joxe – Minister of Defense
Philippe Marchand –

masks: Cresson Édith Cresson


texts:
 Minister of the Interior
Pierre Bérégovoy – Minister of Economy, Finance, Budget, and Privatization
Roger Fauroux – Minister of Industry
Martine Aubry – Minister of Labour, Employment, and Vocational Training
Henri Nallet – Minister of Justice
Lionel Jospin – Minister of National Education
Jack Lang – Minister of Culture and Communication
Louis Mermaz – Minister of Agriculture and Forests
Brice Lalonde – Minister of Environment
Frédérique Bredin – Minister of Youth and Sports
Louis Le Pensec – Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
Paul Quilès – Minister of Transport, Housing, Space, and Equipment
Jean Poperen – Minister of Relations with Parliament
Edwige Avice – Minister of Cooperation and Development
Jean-Pierre Soisson – Minister of Civil Service and Administrative Modernization
Michel Delebarre – Minister of City and Regional Planning
Hubert Curien – Minister of Research and Technology
Jean-Louis Bianco – Minister of Social Affairs and Integration

Personal life
<mask> is married and has two daughters. Selected publications
1976: Avec le soleil, Paris: Éditions Jean-Claude Lattès
1989: L'Europe à votre porte: manuel pratique sur les actions de la CEE intéressant les opérateurs économiques, Centre français du commerce extérieur (with Henri Malosse)
1998: Innover ou subir. Paris: éditions Flammarion
2006: Histoires françaises. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher  (autobiography)

References

Further reading
 Northcutt, Wayne, ed. "Cresson, Edith" in Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 (Greenwood, 1992) pp 114–16. Perry, Sheila."Gender Difference in French PoliticalCommunication: From Handicap to Asset?." Modern & Contemporary France 13.3 (2005): 337-352. Schemla,