texts:
 J. GENDER & L. 63 (2013)
 The Constitutionalization of Abortion, in Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo, eds., THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1057 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012), reprinted in ABORTION LAW IN TRANSNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: CASES AND CONTROVERSIES (Rebecca J. Cook, Joanna Erdman & Bernard H. Dickens 2014)
 Dignity and Sexuality: Claims on Dignity in Transnational Debates Over Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage, 10 INTL. J. CON.L. 335 (2012)
 Before (and After) Roe v. Wade: New Questions About Backlash, 120 Yale L.J. 2028 (2011) (with Linda Greenhouse)
 From Colorblindness to Antibalkanization: An Emerging Ground of Decision in Race Equality Cases, 120 YALE L.J. 1278 (2011)
 Roe Roots: The Women's Rights Claims that Engendered Roe, 90 B. U. L. Rev. 1875 (2010)
 Struck By Stereotype: Ruth Bader Ginsburg on Pregnancy Discrimination as Sex Discrimination, 59 DUKE L.J. (2010) (with <mask>)
 Pregnancy and Sex-Role Stereotyping, From Struck to Carhart, 70 OHIO ST. L.J. (2009) (with <mask>)
 Dignity and Reproductive Rights. SELA (The Seminario en Latinoamérica de Teoría Constitucional y Política – the Seminar in Latin America on Constitutional and Political Theory), June 2009 (Asunción, Paraguay)
 Heller and Originalism's Dead Hand - In Theory and Practice, 56 U.C.L.A.L. REV. 1399-1424 (2009)
 Introduction: The Constitutional Law and Politics of Reproductive Rights, 118 YALE L.J.

masks:
Neil Siegel
Neil Siegel


type: original

texts:
 1312-17 (2009)
 Dead or Alive: Originalism as Popular Constitutionalism in Heller, 122 HARV. L. REV. 191 (2008)
 Dignity and the Politics of Protection: Abortion Restrictions Under Casey/Carhart , 117 YALE L.J. 1694-1800 (2008)
 2007 Brainerd Currie Lecture. The Right's Reasons: Constitutional Conflict and the Spread of Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument, 57 DUKE L.J.1641 (2008)
 Roe Rage: Democratic Constitutionalism and Backlash, 42 HARV.C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 373 (2007) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 Sex Equality Arguments for Reproductive Rights: Their Critical Basis and Evolving Constitutional Expression, 56 EMORY L. J. 815 (2007)
 2006 Baum Lecture. The New Politics of Abortion: An Equality Analysis of Woman-Protective Abortion Restrictions, 2007 U. ILL. LAW REV 991 (2007)
 Originalism As a Political Practice: The Right's Living Constitution, 75 FORDHAM L. REV. 546-74 (2006) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 2005-06 Brennan Center Symposium Lecture, Constitutional Culture, Social Movement Conflict and Constitutional Change: The Case of the de facto ERA, 94 CAL. L. REV.1323-1419 (2006)
 Mommy Dearest? : Woman-Protective Antiabortion Argument, AMERICAN PROSPECT (October 2006) (with Sarah Blustain)
 Democratic Constitutionalism: A Reply to Professor Barron, 1 HARV. L. & POL'Y REV. (Online) (Sept. 18, 2006) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 "You've Come A Long Way, Baby": Rehnquist's New Approach to Pregnancy


texts:
 Discrimination in Hibbs, 58 STAN. L. REV. 1871-98 (2006)
 Principles, Practices, and Social Movements, 154 U. PENN. L. REV.927-50 (2006) (co-authored with Jack M. Balkin)
 Questioning Justice: Law and Politics in Judicial Confirmation Hearings, YALE LAW JOURNAL (THE POCKET PART), Jan. 2006, (co-authored with Robert Post)
 Roe as Sex Equality Opinion in WHAT ROE SHOULD HAVE SAID (J.M. Balkin ed. NYU Press 2005)
 The Jurisgenerative Role of Social Movements in U.S.Constitutional Law (for publication with the papers of the Seminario en Latino América de Teoria Constitucional y Politica (SELA), June 10–12, 2004, Oaxaca, México)
 Popular Constitutionalism, Departmentalism, and Judicial Supremacy, 92 CALIF. L. REV. 1027-43 (2004) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 Gender and the United States Constitution: Equal Protection, Privacy, and Federalism, in CONSTITUTING WOMEN: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES (eds. Ruth Rubio-Marin & Beverley Baines, Cambridge Press 2004)
 Equality Talk: Antisubordination and Anticlassification Values in Constitutional Struggles Over Brown, 117 HARV. L.  REV. 1470-1547 (2004)
 The American Civil Rights Tradition—Anticlassification or Antisubordination?, in ISSUES IN LEGAL SCHOLARSHIP, THE ORIGINS AND FATE OF ANTISUBORDINATION THEORY: A SYMPOSIUM ON OWEN FISS'S "GROUPS AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE," reprinted in 58 U. MIAMI L. REV.9 (2004)
 Legislative Constitutionalism and Section Five Power:


texts:
 Policentric Interpretation of the Family and Medical Leave Act, 112 YALE L.J.1943-2059 (2003) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 Protecting the Constitution from the People: Juricentric Restrictions on Section Five Power, 78 IND. L.J. 1-45 (2003)  (co-authored with Robert Post)
 She the People: The Nineteenth Amendment, Sex Equality, Federalism, and the Family, 115 HARV. L. REV. 947-1046 (2002)
 Text in Contest: Gender and the Constitution from a Social Movement Perspective, 150 U. PENN. L. REV. 297-351 (2001)
 Equal Protection By Law: Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation After Morrison and Kimel, 110 YALE L.J.441-526 ( 2000) (co-authored with Robert Post)
 Discrimination in the Eyes of the Law: How "Color Blindness" Discourse Disrupts and Rationalizes Social Stratification, 88 CALIF. L. REV. 77-118 (2000), reprinted in Prejudicial Appearances (Duke Press 2001)
 Collective Memory and the Nineteenth Amendment: Reasoning About "the Woman Question" in the Discourse of Sex Discrimination in HISTORY, MEMORY, AND THE LAW (Austin Sarat & Thomas R. Kearnes eds. 1999)
 The Racial Rhetorics of Colorblind Constitutionalism: The Case of Hopwood v. Texas in RACE AND REPRESENTATION: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION (Robert Post & Michael Rogin eds.1998)
 Valuing Housework: Nineteenth-Century Anxieties about the Commodification of Domestic Labor, in Special Issue: Changing Forms of Payment, 41 AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST 1437-51 (1998)


texts:
 Civil Rights Reform in Historical Perspective: Regulating Marital Violence in REDEFINING EQUALITY (Neil Devins & David Douglas eds.1998)
 Why Equal Protection No Longer Protects: The Evolving Forms of Status-Enforcing State Action, 49 STAN. L. REV.1111-1148 (1997)
 "The Rule of Love": Wife Beating as Prerogative and Privacy, 105 YALE L.J. 2117-2206 (1996)
 In the Eyes of the Law: Reflections on the Authority of Legal Discourse in LAW'S STORIES: NARRATIVE AND RHETORIC IN THE LAW (Peter Brooks & Paul Gewirtz eds., 1996)
 Modernizing Wife Beating in YALE LAW REPORT (Fall 1996)
 Abortion in A COMPANION TO AMERICAN THOUGHT (R. Fox & J. Kloppenberg eds., 1995)
 Abortion As a Sex Equality Right:  Its Basis in Feminist Theory in MOTHERS IN LAW: FEMINIST THEORY AND THE LEGAL REGULATION OF MOTHERHOOD (Martha Fineman & Isabel Karpin eds., 1995)
 The Modernization of Marital Status Law:  Adjudicating Wives' Rights to Earnings, 1860–1930, 82 GEO. L.J. 2127-2211 (1995)
 Home As Work:  The First Woman's Rights Claims Concerning Wives' Household Labor, 1850–1880, 103 YALE L.J.1073-1217 (1994)
 Reasoning From the Body:  An Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection, 44 STAN. L. REV. 261-381 (1992)
 Book Review, 3 Berkeley Women's L.J. 171 (1988) (reviewing S. LEHRER, ORIGINS OF PROTECTIVE LABOR LEGISLATION FOR WOMEN, 1905 - 1915 (1987))
 Employment Equality Under the Pregnancy Discrimination


texts:
 Amendment of 1978, 94 YALE L.J. 929 (1985)

Books
 Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking (6th ed., 2014) (with Paul Brest, Sanford Levinson, Jack Balkin, and Akhil Amar)
 Before Roe v. Wade: Voices that Shaped the Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court's Ruling (Kaplan Publishing, 2010) (with Linda Greenhouse). The Constitution in 2020 (forthcoming) (edited with Jack Balkin), including an essay by Professors <mask> and Balkin on Remembering How to Do Equality and an essay co-authored with Robert Post on Democratic Constitutionalism
 Directions in Sexual Harassment Law, co-edited with Catharine A. MacKinnon (Yale University Press, 2004). Collection of 40 essays, including authored introductory essay, A Short History of Sexual Harassment

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> faculty profile

American women lawyers
American legal scholars
Feminist studies scholars
1956 births
Living people
Yale Law School alumni
Yale Law School faculty
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Women legal scholars
Harvard Law School people
American women academics
21st-century American

masks: Siegel Reva Siegel


texts:
<mask> (born 11 November 1935) is a South African artist from the Ndebele nation. She is known for her bold large-scale contemporary paintings that reference her Ndebele heritage. <mask> was conferred with an honorary doctorate (Philosophiae Doctor honoris causa) by the University of Johannesburg, 9 April 2018. Early life
<mask> was born on 11 November 1935 in a farm located outside of Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa, and belongs to the South Ndebele people. Mahlangu began painting at 10 years of age, and was taught the skill of mural painting by her mother and grandmother, following a tradition of her native South Ndebele people for women and girls to paint the exterior of houses. It is in this cultural tradition where Mahlangu began her artistic journey. She had eight younger siblings, which was made up of six boys and three girls (including her).She and her husband had 3 sons. Later on, she lost her husband and two out of her three sons. Artistic career
Mahlangu's art references patterns found in clothing and jewellery of the Ndebele people. The patterns she uses are typically very colourful and geometric. Her paintings are large in scale. Mahlangu first gained international attention in 1989 at a European art exposition titled Magiciens de la terre (Magicians of the World). Later in 1991, she was commissioned by BMW to create an art car, as other BMW Art Car creators had done before (including Andy Warhol, David Hockney and Frank Stella).The car, a BMW 525i, was the first "African Art Car" and was painted with typical motifs of the Ndebele tribe. She was the first non-Western person and female to design one of these art cars. The car was later exhibited at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, DC in 1994. It was also exhibited at the British Museum, London in 2017. Between 1980 and 1991 she was a resident at the Botshabelo open-air museum, which presents Ndebele culture to visitors. Her designs were also reproduced in 1997 on the

masks:
Esther Mahlangu
Esther Mahlangu
Esther Nikwambi Mahlangu


texts:
 tails of British Airways planes and more recently the same technique was used by the artist to paint on the new Fiat 500 on the occasion of the exhibition "Why Africa?" (2007, Turin).Mahlangu is one of the African artists whose art is often exhibited internationally. Her works are in major private collections including that of The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) of Jean Pigozzi and in many Western museums. Despite being an internationally recognized artist, <mask>ngu lives in her village in close contact with her culture. Themes
Mahlangu follows a local tradition through which this particular type of painting technique is handed down in the family, communicated, learned and transmitted only by women (in the past). These paintings are closely connected with the ancient tradition of decorating the houses on the occasion of the rite of passage for boys. Between 18 and 20 years of age, the youth of the tribe go to "a school of circumcision", the ritual that confirm their passage to adulthood. To celebrate this event the women completely repaint the inside and the outside of their houses with a preparation of cow dung and natural pigments.Brightly coloured acrylic paints are also applied in designs outlined by black lines. Although seemingly simple, the geometric abstraction that is revealed by these paintings is underscored by the constant repetition and symmetry of such simple shapes that make the whole work quite complex. The art of <mask>u highlights the tension between local and global, between the anchor and detachment. Despite continuing to use the same "artistic vocabulary" closely tied to her traditions, Mahlangu has applied the designs to various objects including canvas, sculpture, ceramics, automobiles and airplanes. She has also collaborated with various brands like BMW, Fiat, EYTYS, Melissa's, Beleverde, the British Museum and Rolls Royce. Present day

<mask>'s 1991 BMW Artcar was on view at the British Museum as part of 'South Africa:

masks:
Esther Mahala
Esther Mahlang
Esther Mahlangu


texts:
 the art of a nation', from 27 October 2016 - 27 February 2017. The new BMW Individual 7 series with unique internal wooden trims painted by her was exhibited at Frieze Art Fair 2016 with accompanying exhibition of work co-curated by BMW and 34FineArt.She recently completed a special edition premium Belvedere Vodka bottle design (50% of all profits to help fight HIV/AIDS in Africa). As an artist in residence, Mahlangu was commissioned in 2014 by the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts to create two large works of art. Mahlangu directs a school which teaches young girls not only painting but also the technique of painting designs on particular compositions of beads. The tradition is not a static entity. As the work of the same Mahlangu suggests, "tradition" is a mobile field, future-oriented and ready to incorporate diverse stimuli. In fact, although South Africa is now one of the African States which is able to facilitate and promote the work of their artists both nationally and internationally with the likes of the biennial event in Johannesburg, the work of <mask>u is even more courageous because she was born and grew up in political and social turmoil. <mask>u has worked tirelessly exposing and developing her talent travelling around the world, and she is very passionate about sharing her knowledge with the younger generation so that she leaves a legacy that lives on for generations to come.References

External links

<mask>u 80 Exhibition online 2015
Contemporary African Art Collection, Geneva
 <mask>angu 2003 Exhibition catalogue 2003
Mam' <mask>angu: the Ndebele Picasso, Ayiba Magazine, December 2015
"In conversation with <mask>u" , ARTsouthAfrica (2015)

1935 births
Living people
People from Middelburg, Mpumalanga
Southern Ndebele people
South African women painters
Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga
20th-century South African painters
21st-century South African painters
20th-century South African women artists
21st-century South African women

masks:
Esther Mahlang
Esther Mahlang
Esther Mahlang
Esther Mahl
Esther Mahl
Esther Mahlang


texts:
<mask>, M.D. (September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was a US surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anaesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Along with <mask> (Professor of Medicine), Howard Atwood Kelly (Professor of Gynecology) and <mask>. Welch (Professor of Pathology), <mask> was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. His operating room at Johns Hopkins Hospital is in Ward G, and was described as a small room where medical discoveries and miracles took place. According to an intern who once worked in Halsted's operating room, <mask> had unique techniques, operated on the patients with great confidence and often had perfect results which astonished the interns. He was later called the Father of Modern Surgery. Throughout his professional life, he was addicted to cocaine and later also to morphine, which were not illegal during his time.As revealed by Osler's diary, <mask> developed a high level of drug tolerance for morphine. He was "never able to reduce the amount to less than three grains daily" (approximately 200 mg). <mask>'s addictions resulted from experiments on the use of cocaine as an anesthetic agent that he performed on himself. Early life

<mask><mask> was born on September 23, 1852 in New York City. His mother was Mary Louisa Haines and his father <mask> <mask>, Jr. He was the oldest of four children. His father was a businessman with Halsted, Haines and Company which was an organization that supplied dry goods.<mask>, Jr. was very involved in the

masks:
William Stewart Halsted
William Osler
William H
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
William S
. Halsted
William Mills
Halsted
William Halsted


texts:
 community. <mask><mask>'s family was of English heritage and was very wealthy with two homes in the state of New York. One of their homes was on Fifth Avenue in New York City and the other was an estate in Westchester County, New York. Though raised a Presbyterian, <mask> was an agnostic by adulthood. <mask> was educated at home by tutors until 1862, when he was sent to boarding school in Monson, Massachusetts at age ten. He didn't like his new school and even ran away at one point. He was later enrolled at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1869.<mask> entered Yale College after a year of studying at home. At Yale, <mask> was captain of the football team, played baseball and rowed on the crew team, but his academic achievements were below average. One of his social setbacks was in his senior year when he wasn't accepted into the prestigious Skull and Bones Secret Society. At the end of his senior year at Yale, a newfound interest in medicine seemed to arise. <mask> attended medical lectures at Yale Medical School and studied books on the subjects of anatomy and physiology. Medical education
Upon graduation from Yale in 1874, <mask> entered Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Historians are not certain why <mask> attended medical school.Some believe he was inspired by his father's involvement with medical organizations. Others think he couldn't imagine himself in the family business. Once he entered medical school, he left his early academic difficulties behind him. Physicians central to his emergence as a medical scholar include Henry B Sands, a well-known surgeon, who was Halsted's tutor during

masks:
William S
. Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted


texts:
 this time. <mask> served as assistant to Professor of Physiology John Call Dalton, another influence. During medical school, <mask> worked in a pharmacy in his free time. After two years of medical school, <mask> started to burn out.He complained about his memory not working correctly among other things so during the summer of his second year he went to Block Island in Rhode Island. Here, he studied while participating in activities like fishing and sailing. He then took a competitive exam to apply for an internship at Bellevue Hospital in New York even though this program was only open to students with medical degrees. <mask> did very well on the exam and was awarded the internship for House Surgeon at Bellevue where he remained for a year. <mask> spent most of his internship in the medical wards but also helped with some surgical operations. The conditions in the hospital were very unsanitary; bleeding patients was a common practice during this time, and surgical tools weren't as well cared for as they are modernly. Interns ran around the hospital with buckets full of pus from the patients.During the internship, <mask> was introduced to the use of antiseptic through physicians using Joseph Lister's technique created in 1867. This sparked an interest in <mask>, and he helped with the issue of infections at Bellevue during the rest of the internship. He ended his academic career in the top ten of his medical school class. He then participated in a competition that placed him at the top of his class. He graduated in 1877 with a Doctor of Medicine degree. Medical career
After graduation, <mask> joined the New York Hospital as house physician in

masks: Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted


texts: April 1878, where he introduced the hospital chart which tracks the patient's temperature, pulse and respiration. It was at New York Hospital that <mask> met the pathologist <mask>. Welch, who would become his closest friend.He left New York Hospital in October 1878. <mask> had exhausted all of the medical training opportunities the United States had to offer in his position, for there was no program to train recent medical school graduates for a career in medicine at this time. <mask> then went to Europe to study under the tutelage of several prominent surgeons and scientists, including Edoardo Bassini, Ernst von Bergmann, Theodor Billroth, Heinrich Braun, Hans Chiari, Friedrich von Esmarch, Albert von Kölliker, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki, Max Schede, Adolph Stöhr, Richard von Volkmann, Anton Wölfler, Emil Zuckerkandl. He became especially close to Anton Woelfler among others which gave him unlimited access to resources. The relationships <mask> forged with these future leaders in their fields would last a lifetime. During this time in Europe, cancer was just starting to be studied more widely, making the timing of his arrival ideal. This experience inspired him with multiple new medical ideas and practices that he would contribute to in the United States.<mask> returned to New York in 1880 and for the next six years led an extraordinarily vigorous and energetic life. Like when <mask> visited Europe, it was an opportune time for <mask>'s involvement because surgery was on the brink of various important discoveries. He operated at multiple hospitals including the Chambers Street Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons where he was Assistant

masks:
Halsted
William H
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted


texts: Demonstrator in Anatomy, Charity Hospital, Bellevue Hospital and Roosevelt Hospital (currently Mount Sinai West) where he was a visiting physician at all three, and Emigrant Hospital where he was Surgeon-in-Chief. At Bellevue Hospital, he convinced the hospital to erect a tent that was used as his surgical area where he could practice the idea of antiseptic surgery. This project cost $10,000 at the time. <mask> also started teaching, but he greatly strayed from classical teaching methods. He reformed the classroom by creating a more hands-on experience coupled with theory for his students who were generally at the top of their classes.He was an extremely popular, inspiring and charismatic teacher due to this. In 1882 he performed one of the first gallbladder operations in the United States, a cholecystotomy performed on his mother on the kitchen table at 2 am in which he removed seven gallstones. His mother completely recovered. <mask> also performed one of the first emergency blood transfusions in the United States. He had been called to see his sister after she had given birth. He found her moribund from blood loss, and in a bold move withdrew his own blood, transfused his blood into his sister, and then operated on her to save her life. Because of these operations, <mask> became known for being bold, and his reputation as a surgeon was gradually increasing.In 1884, <mask> read a report by the Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Koller, describing the anesthetic power of cocaine when instilled on the surface of the eye. <mask>, his students, and fellow physicians experimented on each other, and demonstrated that cocaine could produce safe and

masks: Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted


texts: effective local anesthesia when applied topically and when injected. <mask> would also inject himself with the drug to test it before using it on his patients during surgeries. In the process, <mask> and some of his other colleagues became addicted to the drug. <mask> and Dr. Richard Hall were the only colleagues who became addicted that would survive their cocaine problems. <mask> maintained an active career while dealing with his addiction for five years. However, there were some clues to his condition during this time.<mask> published an article in 1885 in the New York Medical Journal, and it was incoherent. This showcased what state <mask> was in with his addiction to cocaine. His close friend Harvey Firestone recognized the gravity of the situation, and arranged for <mask> to be abducted and put aboard a steamer headed for Europe. In the two weeks it took to complete the voyage, <mask> underwent an early, crude form of detoxification. Upon his return to the United States he became addicted again, and voluntarily admitted himself to Butler Sanatorium in Providence, Rhode Island, where they attempted to cure his cocaine addiction with morphine. He was there for seven months. Even though he remained dependent upon morphine for the remainder of his life, he continued his career as a pioneering surgeon; many of his innovations remain standard operating room procedures.However, his addiction to cocaine ended his medical career in New York City. Following his discharge from Butler in 1886, <mask> moved to Baltimore, Maryland, to join his friend <mask> in organizing and launching the new Johns Hopkins Hospital. <mask> began working in Welch's

masks:
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
William Welch
Halsted


texts:
 experimental laboratory, and he presented a paper at Harvard Medical School. Soon thereafter, he was readmitted to Butler Hospital and remained there for nine months. He returned to Baltimore thereafter. When Johns Hopkins University Hospital opened in May 1889, he became Head of the Outpatient Department, acting Surgeon to the hospital, and Associate Professor of Surgery after being recommended by Welch when the first choice for the position fell through. These lesser positions alluded to the fact that the administration was still worried about <mask>'s past cocaine addiction.In 1890, he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief of the hospital. In 1892, <mask> joined Welch, <mask>, and Howard Kelly in founding the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and was appointed its first Professor of Surgery. Compared to his teaching in New York, <mask>'s teaching was declining. He would pay attention to specific students and ignore the rest. But, he would also give certain residents that worked under him unprecedented learning experiences because of the amount of responsibility he awarded them. During these years at Johns Hopkins, he is credited with multiple achievements in the surgical world. Achievements
<mask> was credited with starting the first formal surgical residency training program in the United States at Johns Hopkins.He based this mainly on the ideas that he obtained in Europe, especially those of the Germans, Austrians, and Swiss. This was the foundation for the residency training programs in place today. The program began with an internship of undefined length (individuals advanced once <mask> believed they were ready for the next level of training),

masks:
Halsted
Halsted
William Osler
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted


texts: followed by six years as an assistant resident, and then two years as house surgeon. This program was also developed to create role models and teachers for the next generation of surgeons. <mask> trained many of the prominent academic surgeons of the time, including <mask> Cushing and Walter Dandy, founders of the surgical subspecialty of neurosurgery; and Hugh H. Young, a founder of the specialty of urology. His methods of training surgeons spread, first to the rest of Baltimore and then throughout the United States. Many prominent figures in medical surgery were affected and influenced by his new system of training, and it has had a profound impact on American medicine.<mask> held the belief that cancers spread through the bloodstream, which led him to think that sufficient local removal of the tumor would cure the cancer. This belief led him to perform  the first radical mastectomy for breast cancer in the U.S. at Roosevelt Hospital in New York in 1882; an operation first performed in France a century earlier by Bernard Peyrilhe (1735-1804). <mask> had observed a German surgeon perform increasingly aggressive surgeries to remove cancerous tumors from the breast, but the patients still relapsed even with this more aggressive surgery. An English surgeon, Charles Moore, believed that even more breast tissue should be removed and doctors who were trying to save women from disfigurement were doing them a disservice. <mask> took this to the next level, eventually resorting to removing the pectoralis major, lymph nodes near the collar bone, and lymph nodes near the armpit. Some surgeons in Europe even removed ribs from women with breast cancer. This

masks:
Halsted
Harvey Williams
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted


texts: caused great disfigurement of the women operated on.<mask> presented his findings at the American Surgical Association conference in New Orleans in 1898, concluding that the procedure significantly decreased the percentage of local reoccurrence. He also presented more findings in 1907, showing the same results. Although, the radical mastectomy throughout the years has come under fire. It is now known that survival from breast cancer is more closely related to how much the cancer has spread before surgery than how much is removed during surgery. <mask> created multiple techniques for surgery so damage to tissues and blood supply would be minimized. Some of these new advances included different types of forceps, sutures, and ligatures. Besides working on breast cancer, <mask> also contributed to the surgical treatment for other diseases including vascular aneurysm, inguinal hernia, and a certain kind of primary carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.In addition, he helped develop anesthesia, an integral part of modern surgery. As one of the first proponents of hemostasis and investigators of wound healing, <mask> pioneered <mask>'s principles, modern surgical principles of control of bleeding, accurate anatomical dissection, complete sterility, exact approximation of tissue in wound closures without excessive tightness, and gentle handling of tissues. <mask> was also involved in the introduction of rubber gloves into the operating room for surgery in 1889. The main reason for the introduction of rubber gloves was to protect the hands of scrub nurse Caroline Hampton. She suffered from contact dermatitis and painful eczema as a result of the antiseptics

masks: Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted Halsted


texts: used, so <mask> arranged for Goodyear Rubber Company to make "bespoke" rubber gloves for her. Caroline Hampton would later give up her job as a nurse to become <mask>'s wife. Although, the use of gloves wasn't originally championed for sanitary reasons, such gloves drastically increased the cleanliness of operations, as was later demonstrated by Joseph Colt Bloodgood.Other achievements included advances in thyroid, biliary tract, hernia, intestinal and arterial aneurysm surgery. H.L. Mencken considered <mask> the greatest physician of the whole Johns Hopkins group, and Mencken's praise of his achievements when he reviewed Dr. MacCallum's 1930 biography is a memorable tribute. "His contributions to surgery were numerous and various. He introduced the use of local anesthetics, he was the first to put on rubber gloves, and he devised many new and ingenious operations. But his chief service was rather more general, and hard to describe. It was to bring in a new and better way of regarding the patient.Antisepsis and asepsis, coming in when he was young, had turned the attention of surgeons to external and often extraneous things. Fighting germs, they tended to forget the concrete sick man on the table. Dr. <mask> changed all that. He showed that manhandled tissues, though they could not yell, could yet suffer and die. He studied the natural recuperative powers of the body, and showed how they could be made to help the patient. He stood against reckless slashing, and taught that a surgeon must walk very warily. Dr. <mask>, one of the cofounders of the Mayo Clinic, once commented that Dr. <mask> took so long to perform procedures that the patients

masks:
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
Halsted
William Mayo
Halsted


texts:
 usually healed before he had a chance to close the incision.Though, like most men of his craft, he had no religion, he yet revived and reinforced the ancient saying of Ambroise Paré: 'God cured him; I assisted.' Above all, he was a superb teacher, though he never formally taught. The young men who went out from his operating room were magnificently trained, and are among the great ornaments of American surgery today." Personal life
In 1890, <mask> married Caroline Hampton, the niece of Wade Hampton III, a former general in the Confederate States Army and also a former Governor of South Carolina. They purchased the High Hampton mountain retreat in North Carolina from Caroline's three aunts. There, <mask> raised dahlias and pursued his hobby of astronomy; he and his wife had no children. He died on September 7, 1922, 16 days short of his 70th birthday, from bronchopneumonia as a complication of surgery for  gallstones and cholangitis.Eponyms
<mask>'s law: transplanted tissue will grow only if there is a lack of that tissue in the host
<mask>'s operation I: operation for inguinal hernia
<mask>'s operation II: radical mastectomy for breast cancer
<mask>'s sign: a medical sign for breast cancer
<mask>'s suture: a mattress suture for wounds that produced less scarring
<mask> mosquito forceps: a type of hemostat
Halsted ligament (Costoclavicular ligament): it is formed from dense condensation of clavipectoral fascia

See also
The Knick

References

Further reading

Garrison, Fielding H. "<mask>," American Mercury, v. 7, no. 28 (April 1926) 396–401. First mention of rubber gloves in the operating room. External links
  An interview with Gerald Imber,

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 author of Genius on the Edge, and an excerpt from the book. A documentary on the life of Dr. <mask> recently aired on the public broadcasting station WETA
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1852 births
1922 deaths
Phillips Academy alumni
American agnostics
American surgeons
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Wade Hampton family
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
Yale College


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<mask> is an American lawyer, diplomat, mediator and author who is a former United States Representative to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (“ASEAN”) with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. He was nominated by President Barack Obama in November 2010 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate in March, 2011. He resigned his post in December 2013. <mask> was a partner at Jones Day, an international law firm, where he was, at various times, the Partner in Charge of the firm's Asian offices and practices, the head of its International Securities practice, and the head of Litigation in its New York office. Legal career
<mask> began his legal career in the Chicago office of Kirkland & Ellis, where he was in the Litigation Department. While at Kirkland, Carden was a member of the team that represented Amoco in connection with the oil spill that resulted from the grounding of the Amoco Cadiz. <mask> was a partner in the Chicago law firm of Coffield Ungaretti, before joining the Chicago office of Jones Day in 1990.In 2000 <mask> moved from Chicago to the firm’s New York office. <mask> led Jones Day’s New York Trial Practice department, which included its Intellectual Property and Labor practices. <mask> later became Co-Chair of the Jones Day’s worldwide Securities Litigation and Enforcement Practice. While at Jones Day, <mask> was responsible for representing clients in some of the largest securities fraud cases ever litigated, including those concerning Enron, Parmalat and AIG. Carden defended cases concerning derivatives, collateralized debt obligations,  credit default swaps, currencies, commodities, options, various direct investments and more traditional financial products. Carden also coordinated the defense of litigation brought in the courts of numerous foreign countries, including the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Netherland Antilles, Thailand, Italy and Barbados, and defended and prosecuted claims and conducted investigations for and against entities in numerous countries, including Indonesia, Singapore, China, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Syria. <mask> was recognized by Chambers, New York Super Lawyers and The New

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David Lee Carden
Carden
Carden
Carden
Carden
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 York Times “Super Lawyer Section” for his accomplishments defending securities litigation.He also was listed as being one of Lawdragon’s “Lawyers You Need to Know in Securities Litigation”. Mediation
<mask> currently is serving as a mediator in commercial disputes in the United States and is on the board of the Weinstein International Foundation, a non-profit foundation that provides training and promotes the mediation of non-commercial, public interest disputes abroad. Involvement with Indiana University
<mask> currently is Ambassador-At-Large at Indiana University, where, among other responsibilities, he is Chairman of the Advisory Board for The Center for Rural Engagement. According to the CRE’s website, the goal of the CRE is to improve the lives and opportunities of the citizens of Indiana “by working with partners to discover and deploy evidence-based, data informed and scalable solutions to common challenges facing rural communities.”

Involvement in politics
<mask> has been a friend and golf partner of President Barack Obama’s for over twenty years and was an early supporter of his political career. He was an initial member of the National Finance Committee for the Obama 2008 Presidential Campaign. He and his wife, Rebecca Riley, were among the 2008 Campaign’s top bundlers, raising over $500,000. Ambassadorship
As U.S.Ambassador, <mask> oversaw the broadening engagement of the United States in Southeast Asia, which included the Obama Administration's 2011 "pivot" or "rebalance" to the region. Based in the U.S. Mission to ASEAN in Jakarta, he traveled throughout ASEAN's 10 member states and Asia. His responsibilities included supporting ASEAN as it moves toward economic integration in 2015 and advocating for the systemic changes necessary to promote peaceful and prosperous growth in the region. Under his leadership, the U.S. Mission addressed the issues inherent in realizing ASEAN's aspirations, including economic development, trade liberalization, intellectual property protection, developing the rule of law and more effective governance, pandemic prevention and preparedness, providing more effective responses to natural disasters, advancing health

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 care and educational opportunities, addressing human and wildlife trafficking, terrestrial and maritime environmental protection, managing the region's fisheries and natural resources, responding to deforestation and climate change, food and water security, advancing programs to increase the resilience of ASEAN's people and institutions, promoting historical and cultural preservation, and focusing on sustainable cities. He worked to build alliances in the region, including facilitating efforts by the embassies of countries in the European Union and Latin America in their engagement with ASEAN. The U.S. Mission to ASEAN, which tripled in size during <mask>'s tenure, encouraged better decision making in both the ASEAN Member States and in the region. To this end, he hired the first ever science advisor to be posted in an American embassy or mission and advocated successfully for the creation of an ASEAN Fulbright Scholarship Program.The Mission also created an ASEAN-U.S. Science and Technology Fellows Program. Honors and awards
In recognition of his efforts, Ambassador <mask> was given the U.S. Department of State's Superior Honor Award. The Award was given in December 2013. In May, 2014 he received the Thomas Hart Benton Mural Medallion from Indiana University in recognition of his relationship and contributions to the University and for his public service. In 2016 and 2017, Ambassador <mask> was in Residency at the Rockefeller Foundation’s Bellagio Center, where he was working on a book. Speaking Engagements
<mask> has maintained an active speaking schedule since his departure from his post as the Ambassador to ASEAN, including presentations at the Milken Global Conference and the Milken London Summit, the In House World Counsel Summit, the US Japan South East Asia Workshop, the ASEAN Business and Investment Summit and the CIFOR Forestry Conference, among others. In 2012, Ambassador Carden gave the commencement addresses at Indiana University for students graduating from its graduate programs and the law school.Books, Articles and Other Writings
Ambassador <mask> is the author of Mapping ASEAN: Achieving Peace, Prosperity and Sustainability in Southeast

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 Asia, Indiana University Press, 2019. He also has authored articles on foreign and domestic policy, including the following: To Save Democracy, America Needs a Mandatory Public Service Program, Foreign Policy, 2021; Concepts of Ownership Shouldn’t Apply to the Parthenon Marbles, ekathimerini, 2021; Finding Common Ground: The Effect of Geography on Domestic and Foreign Policy, The SAIS Review of International Affairs, 2021; To Pay for the Pandemic, Dry Out the Tax Havens, Foreign Policy, 2020; My Solution to the Parthenon Marbles Row: a Museum for the 21st Century, The Guardian, 2020; From Climate Change to the Coronavirus, Complex Adaptive Systems Thinking is Key to Handling Crises, South China Morning Post, 2020; Why We Need a New Approach to North Korea, Politico, 2018; Why Asian Trade is a National-Security Issue (with Ambassador <mask>. Adelman), Politico, 2015; and Sustaining ASEAN’s Science and Technology Future, (with Dr. Montira Pongsiri), The Strategic Review, 2015

Board Memberships

Ambassador <mask> is the Chairman of the Advisory Board for The Center for Rural Engagement at Indiana University. He also is on the Board of the Weinstein International Foundation, a non-profit foundation that provides training and promotes the mediation of non-commercial, public interest disputes abroad. Family and personal life
<mask> was born in Indiana. He graduated magna cum laude from DePauw University and from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law, where he was Order of the Coif. Carden is married to Rebecca Riley, a former Vice President of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. In 1997, Riley arranged for Obama to speak in Chicago at a Valentine’s Day gathering of the “Futures Committee”, a civic leadership group created by the Local Initiatives Support Corp.The speech has been reported to have been “the speech that launched Obama.”

See also
Ambassadors of the United States

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to ASEAN
American expatriates in Indonesia
New York (state) lawyers
DePauw University alumni
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
Kirkland & Ellis

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David I
Carden
Carden


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<mask>, born on October 27, 1947 in New York City, is an American historian who specializes in colonialization, decolonialization, and African history. After finishing his BA at Stanford University in 1969, <mask> received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1974. From 1974 to 1982 he was Assistant, then Associate Professor at Harvard University. Becoming Professor of History at the University of Michigan in 1982, he left for a professorship of history at New York University where he has worked since 2002.

<mask> initially studied the history of labor and of labor movements in East Africa, but later moved on to broaden his scope to embrace francophone West Africa as well. Though a firm base in social and polit-economical history is a constant of his works, one characteristic of <mask>`s approach to history is a strong concern with epistemological questions and the possibilities and limits of knowledge production, as can best be seen in his articles on globalization and identity, reprinted in his book "Colonialism in Question" in 2005. <mask>`s contributions to the history of colonialism in Africa and to contemporary African history have been crucial in the fields of African studies and beyond. One of his best known conceptual contributions is the concept of the gatekeeper state that he developed in a number of article contributions in the late 1990s, his book-length essay on "the past of the present" in 2002, and his masterful "Africa since 1940".Stanford Humanities Center 2010
<mask> made some important impacts on the growing field of global history, not least with "Empires in World

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Frederick Cooper
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Cooper
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 History" co-written with his wife, the historian Jane Burbank, and published in 2010.Moreover, over the course of the last decades, several topical collections of articles by a wide array of international scholars which <mask> edited or co-edited, have had a lasting impact on global historical thought and research directions. These include "Struggle for the City" (1983), "International Development and the Social Sciences" (1997), and "Tensions of Empire" (1997). (2000) Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies (The University of North Carolina Press)
<mask>, F. (2002) Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) ; French translation: L'Afrique depuis 1940 (Paris, Payot, 2008)
<mask>, F. (2005) Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge History (Berkeley: University of California Press) ; French translation: Le Colonialisme en question. Théorie, connaissance, histoire (Paris, Payot, 2010) ; German translation Kolonialismus denken: Konzepte und Theorien in kritischer Perspektive (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2012)
<mask>, F. in co-operation with Jane Burbank (2010) Empires in World History. Power and the Politics of Difference, (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press) ; German translation: Imperien der Weltgeschichte: Das Repertoire der Macht vom alten Rom und China bis heute (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2012)
<mask>, F. (2013) Out of Empire: Redefining Africa`s Place in the World (Goettingen: Vienna University Press)
<mask>, F. (2014) Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (Cambridge, MA:

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 Harvard University Press) ; French translation: L'Afrique dans le monde: Capitalisme, empire, Etat-nation (Paris: Payot, 2015)
Cooper, F. (2014) Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945-60 (Princeton: Princeton University Press) ; French translation: Français et africains? Etre citoyen au temps de la décolonisation (Paris: Payot, 2014)
Cooper, F. (2018) Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference: Historical Perspectives (Princeton: Princeton University Press)

Articles
Cooper, F. (1996) "'Our Strike': Equality, Anticolonial Politics, and the French West African Railway Strike of 1947-48," Journal of African History, 37: 81-118.
Cooper, F. (2000) "Africa's Pasts and Africa's Historians," Canadian Journal of African Studies, 34: 298-336.
Cooper, F. (2001) "What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian's Perspective," African Affairs, 100: 189-213.
Cooper, F. (2004) "Empire Multiplied," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46: 247-72.
Cooper, F. & Brubaker, R. (2000) "Beyond Identity," Theory and Society, 29: 1-47.’’’<mask>, F. & Burbank, J.’’’  (2019) “Empires after 1919: Old, New, Transformed,” International Affairs, 95 : 81-100. References

External links
<mask>'s web page at Department of History, New York University

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of Africa
Historians of colonialism
New York University faculty
Historians of Kenya
Historians of the British Empire
Labor historians
University of Michigan faculty
American male non-fiction

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<mask> (4 July 1919 – 16 October 1998) was an eminent Melbourne colorectal surgeon. He was a professor of surgery at Monash University and served as president of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and chairman of the Menzies Foundation. He played a significant role in influencing the Victorian Government to become the first jurisdiction in the world to introduce legislation for the compulsory use of seat belts in motor vehicles. Early life

<mask> was born on 4 July 1919  in Bruthen, Victoria. He was the third of four children of <mask> and Annie Grace Langford. He was known throughout his life as "Bill", a nickname arising from the fact that he was born during the prime ministership of William Morris ("Billy") <mask>. Education

<mask> attended St Paul's Preparatory School in Malvern, Victoria between 1924 and 1926 and then Melbourne Church of England Grammar School between 1927 and 1937.At school, he distinguished himself in Australian rules football, tennis and athletics. <mask> studied medicine at the University of Melbourne between 1938 and 1943. In the course of his undergraduate studies, he was awarded the Dwight's Prize in Anatomy and Physiology (1940), the Walter and Eliza Hall Exhibition in Pathology (1941), the Keith Levi Memorial Scholarship for Medicine (1943) and was placed first in his final year class list in

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Edward Stuart Reginald Hughes
Reginald Hawkins Hughes
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 obstetrics and gynaecology (1943). He represented Melbourne University in Australian rules football and was awarded an Australian Blue for football in 1938. Professional experience

<mask> began work as a junior medical resident officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1943. Between 1946 and 1949 he occupied various positions in Oxford and London whilst studying for his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS) and then in 1950 he resumed work in Australia as an assistant surgeon at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne. Variously described as "brilliant", a "surgeon of international repute" "one of the most brilliant surgeons and surgical teachers in Australia", a "world-leader in the field of colorectal surgery" and "one of the most distinguished Australian surgeons of the second half of the twentieth century", <mask> was appointed in 1974 as Professor of Surgery at Monash University, a position he retained until 1984.Between 1977 and 1979, he was also Associate Dean of the Monash University Faculty of Medicine and, throughout this period, he was a consultant surgeon and a member of the Board of Management at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. A "man of big ideas and concepts" , <mask> founded the Ileostomy Association of Victoria in 1957, the first Australian association to cater

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texts: for the needs of ostomates, and in 1977 he convened and chaired the inaugural meeting of the Australian Association of Stomal Therapists, now the Australian Association of Stomal Therapy Nurses. <mask> had a longstanding involvement with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. He was elected as a member of the Victorian State Committee in 1966 and appointed to the Court of Examiners in 1968. He became Censor-in-Chief of the College in 1969 and ultimately served as President between 1975 and 1978. The <mask> Room at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons premises in Melbourne is named in his honour. A significant initiative undertaken by <mask> in the course of his involvement with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons was to establish the College's Road Trauma Committee.The advocacy of the Committee is widely acknowledged as directly resulting in the introduction by the Victorian Government of the world's first compulsory seat belt legislation in 1970. It was said that "his determination to make Victoria the first place in the world for compulsory wearing of seatbelts meant that he saved far more lives through this single initiative than he could ever save with his surgical endeavours" . The Committee's work under <mask> was led to the enactment of legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests for all adult road crash

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 casualties, and in 1976 to random breath test legislation. In 1979, <mask> was appointed founding chairman of the Sir Robert Menzies National Foundation. He held the position until 1988 when the Foundation merged with the Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Trust, whereupon he held the position of Deputy Chairman of the merged entity until 1996. In the course of his career, <mask> authored or co-authored 6 text books and wrote or co-wrote over 300 papers, many of which were published in leading peer-reviewed journals such as the Medical Journal of Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, the Lancet and the British Medical Journal. Asian involvement

<mask> had an intense interest in advancing the surgical skills of practitioners in South East Asia.He organised a series of medical teams from the Royal Melbourne Hospital to visit Vietnam in 1964, followed by a team from St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne in 1965 and teams from Prince Henry's Hospital and the Alfred Hospital in 1966. As chairman of the Royal Melbourne Hospital's Vietnam Committee, he travelled extensively through South East Asia demonstrating operating techniques with "energetic enthusiasm" . In India in 1964, and in Vietnam in 1966, he was accompanied on his travels by fellow surgeon Sir <mask> ("Weary") Dunlop. Awards and recognition

<mask> was made a Commander of

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 the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1971 for "services to medicine and international relations", and he was knighted in 1977 for "distinguished services to medicine in the field of surgery". <mask> was awarded numerous honorary fellowships of surgical colleges including the American College of Surgeons (1976), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (1977) and the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1985). Between 1964 and 1965, <mask> was the recipient of the Sir Arthur Sims Commonwealth Travelling Scholarship, resulting in an extended lecturing commitment in Hong Kong, Malaysia, India and South Africa. Significant lectures delivered by <mask> during this career included the Moynihan Lecture in London (1965), the Hunterian Oration in London (1972), the Ismail Oration in Kuala Lumpur (1976) and the Digby Memorial Lecture in Hong Kong (1979).Military service

Between 1939 and 1940, <mask> was a member of the AMF 4th Division, 6th Field Ambulance. He had enlisted at the outbreak of the Second World War but was ordered to return to his studies in 1940 so as to complete his medical training. Between 1950 and 1951, he served as a lieutenant-colonel and senior surgeon at Kure Hospital, Japan, as a member of the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces in the course of the Korean War. In later years, <mask> served as a colonel

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 in the Australian Army Reserve. Family

<mask> married Alison Clare Lelean on 30 December 1944. They had four children, Jennifer (born 1947), Gordon (1949), Ann (1954) and John (1957). Later life

Sir <mask> died on 16 October 1998 after a 15-year battle with Parkinson's Disease.His wife Alison died on 9 June 2018. Sources
Books in which <mask>'s work is mentioned include the following:
 Beasley, A.W, Portraits at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 1993 pp. 48–49
 Beasley, A.W, The Mantle of Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 2002 pp. 23, 86, 91, 111, 131, 147-8, 149, 151, 156, 166, 183, 190, 191, 195, 237
 Butler, J. M, Time Isn't Long Enough, The Hawthorne Press, 1971, pp 70, 93
 Ebury,S, Weary: the Life of Sir <mask>nlop, Viking Australia, 1994, pp 564, 584, 585, 587
 Kingsley Norris, F, No Memory for Pain, William Heinemann, 1970, p 270-271
 Terry, S, House of Love: Life in a Vietnamese Hospital, Lansdowne Press, 1966, p 144
 The Alfred Healthcare Group Heritage Committee, Alfred Hospital: Faces and Places, The Alfred Healthcare Group, 1996, pp 99–101, 114
 Watts, J.C, Surgeon at War, George Allen & Unwin, 1955, p 144
 Wigglesworth, E.C. (ed), The Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Trust and Foundation: the First Fifteen Years 1978-1993, The Menzies Foundation, 1996, Ch

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 2

References

https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002f380882/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E008699%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier

Australian colorectal surgeons
1919 births
1998 deaths
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Medical doctors from Sydney
20th-century


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<mask> (born August 26, 1973) is a former American football center who played nine seasons for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for Texas Christian University, he was taken by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in 2002. He was the leader of the Raiders offensive line that led them to Super Bowl XXXVII. Professional career
After playing college football for Texas Christian University, <mask> was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft, with the 49th overall pick. In 1996, Mike White's last year as head coach, the second-year <mask> replaced Dan Turk in the lineup, becoming only the fifth starting center in Raider history, after Turk, Don Mosebar, Dave Dalby, and Jim Otto. The first sign of his mental health problems turned up during the season when he was found disoriented and wandering around the team hotel in Denver shortly before a game with the Denver Broncos.<mask> missed that game and was hospitalized. During the 2000 NFL season with Jon Gruden as head coach and Rich Gannon at quarterback, Oakland scored 479 points (29.9 points/game), 3rd of 31 teams in the NFL, thanks to a strong offensive line which included <mask> playing between Steve Wisniewski at left guard and Mo Collins at right guard in all 16 games (also both playoff games), finishing with a won-lost record of 12–4 and an AFC West title. In the divisional round of the 2000–01 NFL playoffs, Oakland shut out the Miami Dolphins 27–0, gaining 140 yards on the ground. An early sign of <mask>' future trouble was displayed when he went missing a week before the AFC championship game, though in this case he did show up 24 hours before the game started and played in the Raiders 16–3 loss to the

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texts: Baltimore Ravens. During the 2001 NFL season, <mask> was injured, playing in only 2 regular season games, replaced by Adam Treu (also in both playoff games), when Oakland scored 399 points (24.9 points/game), 4th of 31 teams in the NFL, and won the AFC west again with a 10–6 record, defeating the New York Jets in a wildcard game but losing to the New England Patriots in the divisional round, in controversial fashion (see Tuck Rule Game). In the 2002 NFL season with Bill Callahan in his first year as head coach, <mask> rebounded strongly by starting all 16 regular season games and making the Pro Bowl. Oakland won the AFC west for the third straight year, with an 11–5 record, scoring 450 points (28.1 points/game), 2nd of 32 teams in the NFL.In the 2002–03 NFL playoffs, the Raiders defeated the New York Jets again with 399 total yards, with an offensive line composed of <mask>, Frank Middleton and Mo Collins at guard, Barry Sims and Lincoln Kennedy at tackle. The Raiders then beat with the same offensive line the Tennessee Titans in the AFC championship game, gaining 375 total yards. Then, inexplicably, the day before Super Bowl XXXVII, <mask> was reported as missing for most of the day before the game after not taking his depression medication. When he resurfaced that night, he was so incoherent that he didn't even know where he was. According to one of his teammates, <mask> didn't even recognize Callahan. Despite this, Al Davis still wanted <mask> in the game, and development coach Willie Brown had <mask> running sprints in the parking lot on the morning of the game to see if he could still play. Callahan had initially intended to let <mask> play, but not start.However, he ultimately decided to suspend <mask> for the game after concluding that he was not fit to take the field at all. He initially wanted

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 to fly <mask> back to Oakland, but was unable to get him a plane ticket because he was missing his wallet and identification. He spent 30 days at the Betty Ford Center, during which time he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder (or manic-depressive disorder). He'd been diagnosed with depression while at TCU, but it is common for the two to be confused in the early stages. It turned out that he had gone into a manic episode after not taking his medication. According to his wife, <mask> spent most of the day before the Super Bowl partying across the border in Tijuana, Mexico; he had thought the Raiders already won the game and he was celebrating their "victory." With Adam Treu as the starting center, the Raiders were blown out in an ugly loss in the Super Bowl to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 48–21.<mask> regained his starting job the next year in the 2003 NFL season with the same linemates, a disastrous 4–12 for the team. However, his name and those of several of his teammates were found on the list of clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative that had given performance-enhancing drugs to Marion Jones and others. The Raiders released him in the summer of 2004 after he tested positive for "the clear," a steroid known to have come from the BALCO lab. Treu replaced him as the starting center. Post-football troubles
A few months later, on Christmas Eve, he was arrested for punching a security guard who tried to keep him from going to a bar at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco. On January 15, 2005, <mask> was shot three times during a brawl with police in Miami Beach, and was subsequently charged with attempted murder for his role. Under a plea agreement, <mask> pleaded guilty to five charges, including the attempted murder charge, and was sentenced to five years' probation, ordered to receive

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 treatment for his bipolar disorder, and to avoid alcohol.He has spent most of the last decade in jail or in rehab facilities due to problems with substance abuse. He ultimately ended up in a rehab facility in Houston in 2008, and was transferred to a halfway house in May 2009. In a 2009 interview with HBO's Real Sports, <mask> told Andrea Kremer that before being diagnosed as bipolar, he had dealt with his mood swings by taking alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and steroids. He also said that he had been in a manic mood for both Raider playoff games prior to the Super Bowl. His ex-wife, Marisa, also interviewed for the story, said that before the diagnosis there were days where he had breakfast and went right back to bed. In early 2010, a police officer pulled him over near Dallas and found crack cocaine in his car. On March 25, 2011, <mask> was sentenced to five years in a Florida prison for a drug-related probation violation and was released on September 25, 2012.In August 2016, <mask> was alleged to have punched a mother and her daughter in Boca Raton, Florida resulting in his arrest and two subsequent charges of felony battery before being sent to a mental health facility. In November 2020, <mask> was accused of leaving a restaurant in Delray Beach, Florida without paying for his meal. A restaurant employee followed <mask> as he fled the restaurant on foot. During his flight, <mask> allegedly threw a rock at the restaurant employee. Delray Beach Police were called and <mask> was taken into custody. See also
List of doping cases in sport

References

1973 births
Living people
American football centers
People with bipolar disorder
TCU Horned Frogs football players
Oakland Raiders players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Doping cases in American football
American sportspeople in doping cases
American

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<mask><mask> (July 26, 1817 – January 18, 1906) was a freethinker, abolitionist and feminist campaigner. She campaigned for racial justice and for the education of African Americans. Colman wrote an autobiography, called Reminiscences in 1891, covering her memories of the abolitionist movement. Personal life
Colman – also referred to as <mask> and <mask> during different times of her life – was born in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, to parents <mask> (who died in 1824) and Erastus Danforth (a blacksmith). She first married John Maubry Davis (also a universalist) in 1835 but he died six years later from tuberculosis. Eight years later she married Luther Coleman, who was killed 11 years later in a work accident at the New York Central railroad. She argued that it was negligence, due to the fact that the company did not spend the money that was needed for repairs.The company paid for the funeral, but when prompted by Colman to financially support her thereafter, refused. Colman had one child, a daughter, named Gertrude. Having her made her think about why married women and mothers had such few rights and seemed to utterly depend on the "goodwill of their husbands" for any kind of freedoms. When Gertrude died in 1862, she opted for a secular memorial conducted by Frederick Douglass as opposed to holding a traditional funeral. First yearnings for justice
Very early in her life, Colman felt disturbed by injustices in the world. At age six, she was "horrified" to discover that slavery existed and often asked her mom about it. By the time she was 35 years old, she had renounced Christianity, "more because of [the church's] complicity with slavery than from a full understanding of the foolishness of its creeds."Teacher
Following the death of her second husband, in 1854 Colman became a teacher in a segregated colored school in Rochester. However, she was so horrified by this that she lobbied for the parents to withdraw their children, causing the closure of the

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Lucy N
. Colman
Lucy Davis
Lucy Newhall Danforth Colman
Hannah Newhall


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 school. Together with Susan B. Anthony, she spoke at the State Teachers' Convention against corporal punishment in schools and unfairness of different salary for male and female teachers. It was during this time Colman developed a reputation for being a liberal cause campaigner by "silencing Christian hecklers," as she threw their principles back at them. But within two years, Rochester started offering education to both white and black children. Accomplishments
Colman visited President Abraham Lincoln (together with Sojourner Truth). In 1878, at the New York State Freethinkers' Association Convention in Watkins Glen, she arranged bail for one of the associates of D. M. Bennett who were selling a marriage reform and birth control tract and were arrested.She then got the charges dropped against them all. In 1880 she spoke at that very same convention, together with Robert Green Ingersoll. Career
Between 1856 and 1860, Colman worked with the Western Anti-Slavery Society and the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1859 she assisted in the petition drive for women's right to vote in New York. In 1863, she was appointed secretary at the Women's National Loyal League. In America's largest petition drive to date, the League presented almost 400,000 signatures to Congress. This substantially facilitated the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, eliminating slavery in America.In 1864, Colman became matron at the National Orphan Asylum in Washington, DC. This organization was run by the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children. At the same time, she taught and served as a superintendent in schools in Washington and Arlington, Virginia, for the National Freedman's Relief Association, an institution founded to help former slaves. National Women's Rights Convention
This annual series of meetings was established in order to "increase the visibility of the early women's rights movement" in America. <mask> attended the first meeting


texts:
 in Worcester in 1850. The array of topics discussed included: women's property rights, marriage reform, career opportunities and greater educational access. Encouraged by her friend Amy Kirby Post, who would later write a foreword to her autobiography, Colman also spoke at this convention on the topic of the anti-slavery movement.Publications
Colman's writings occasionally appeared in the anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, as well as The Truthseeker, for example in 1858 covering a conference speech by Douglass. Recognition
In 1898, Samuel Porter Putnam, in 400 Years of Freethought, described Colman as follows: "<mask><mask>, in whom the ardor of youth finds no ashes in snowy age, and the silver morn is radiant ever ... Mrs. Colman is radical in every direction. She is opposed to white slavery as well as black slavery, and has devoted herself to woman's rights as well as to the rights of man. She is a radical Freethinker, having outgrown superstitions of every kind. She has not lost her interest in any living question. She has had a busy and eventful career; has mingled with the world, among its characters and great movements, and has done her share to bring about the great gains of the present time. She has shown what a woman can do who has self-reliance, energy, and devotion to truth and right.Her name shines in the annals of progress." <mask> is remembered on International Women's Day and Women's History Month as "one of nineteenth-century America's most active – and best-connected – freethinkers." She was referred to as "the Zelig of the Golden Age of Freethought." References

1817 births
1907 deaths
American abolitionists
American women novelists
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American writers
19th-century American slaves
Feminism and history
American suffragists
Women civil rights activists
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American women
Freethought in the United

masks:
Lucy N
. Colman
Colman


texts:
<mask> (1563 – 21 August 1631) was a Bosnian Franciscan and writer. He is considered to be the founder of Bosnia and Herzegovina literature. Life

<mask> was born in Jelaške near Olovo in the then-Eyalet of Bosnia. He probably joined the Franciscans in the nearest monastery in Olovo and was schooled there. He continued his studies in Italy, but then returned to Bosnia to work there. In 1609 he was a chaplain in Sarajevo. It is plausible that he also performed other duties, since the monasteries of that age usually had schools.It was there that <mask> wrote his first work, Christian Doctrine for the Slavic People, and started to translate One Hundred Miracles or Signs of the Blessed and Glorious Virgin. In 1611 <mask> <mask> traveled to the Republic of Venice, where he first had the Cyrillic letters molded, and then printed both works. In 1612, <mask> came to the monastery of Kreševo and started writing his greatest and most important book, <mask>'s Words on Sunday Gospel All Year Round, completed in Olovo (1614). It was also printed in bosančica in Venice 1616 (2nd edition in 1704), as well as Christian Doctrine with Many Spiritual Matters (1616, several later editions). <mask> <mask> published his works with the advice and support of Bartul Kačić-Žarković, bishop of Makarska (1615–1645), who managed some parishes in Bosnia. There were also links between Bosnian Franciscans and the Franciscan monasteries around Makarska (Živogošće, Zaostrog, Makarska). Nothing else is known about <mask>'s life.He died in Olovo on 21 August 1631. Analysis of his work

<mask> wrote his books to meet the needs of the Catholic folk. The big Christian Doctrine from 1611 was intended for clerics, while the small Christian Doctrine from 1616 became a textbook for the people. The former is made up of several unidentified Latin works (the sermons of John Herolt, Bernardine Bastio, etc.). The latter looks like a dialog between a teacher

masks:
Matija Divković
Divković
Divković
Matija
Divković
Divković
Divković
Matija
Divković
Divković
Divković


texts:
 and a student, mixing verses and prose, with various religious and educational themes. The Small Doctrine was one of the most popular books in Bosnia and Herzegovina and widely used in neighboring Dalmatia. The Small Doctrine had as many as eight editions.<mask> had its content "made into one from Ledezmo's and Bellarmino's learning". More precisely, <mask> used the Croatian translation of the catechism of James Ledezmo (1578), the Italian original of Roberto Bellarmino and the Croatian translation of his book by A. Komulović. The Small Doctrine includes the Tears of the Blessed Virgin Mary in eight-syllable verses, written as a variation on the "crying" literature from the age of Croatian glagolitic literature. Verses on Abraham and Isaac are a paraphrase of the Abraham of Mavro Vetranović; the life of St Catherine, also in verses, is a paraphrase of an older peoples legend. One Hundred Miracles… is a loose translation of the medieval legends of John Herolt (Promptuarium discipuli de miraculis B. M. Virginis, Venice, 1598). Words... is a collection of sermons for priests and nuns, mostly after the collections of Herolt (Sermones discipuli de tempore et de Sanctis) and some other Catholic authors. Meaning and legacy
<mask> <mask> is distinguished with the historical title of the founder of the Bosnia and Herzegovina literature.This means that he was Bosnian Franciscan who wrote in narodni jezik (), which was, beside Bosnian, at the time a common name among Bosnians for the South Slavic language, Štokavian dialect. Such medieval writings, found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Old Herzegovina, like the Gršković's Apostle, the Hrvoje's Missal, the Hval's Codex, the Venetian Apocalypse, belong to the Bosnian literature, and are considered the written heritage, but not a literature in the strict modern sense. The above analysis shows that <mask> was not always an original writer, but a translator and compiler.

masks: Divković Divković Matija Divković Divković


texts:
 As a translator, he was not meticulous about being faithful to his sources, which means that he modified them to bring them closer to the folk mixed idiom of the Eastern-Bosnian Štokavian dialect and Ikavian–Ijekavian accent, spoken between Olovo and Kreševo in Bosnia. Considering the sources he used within the Counter-Reformation, his choice was already obsolete in his age, since during the Catholic Baroque period, he found his models in Catholic literature of the late Middle Ages, which doesn't mean that he was not well versed in the literature of his time. Actually, researchers believe that <mask> was very interested in his local public, so he chose those works that would have the strongest impact on the overall goal of Counter-Reformation, which explain why <mask> had such a great success and gained reputation within Croatian circles that only Andrija Kačić Miošić could surpass. While the other Counter-Reformers went along with the times, using rationalism to lure people, <mask> went back to the Middle Ages to attract his public.His retelling of the biblical stories and ancient legends exemplify medieval imagination. In that regard, <mask>'s didactic prose is saturated with fiery imagery of hell and purgatory for sinners and paradisical bliss for the just, while his sermons abound with the tales of the miraculous and the supernatural. Influence on Croatian literary development
<mask> and his style had been largely followed by Croatian writers, who all contributed to the eventual victory of the Štokavian dialect in Croatian literature. Some of them were Stjepan Margitić and Stjepan Matijević in Bosnia, Toma Babić in Skradin, Pavao Stošić in Lika, Antun Depope on Krk and Đuro <mask> in Dubrovnik. Finally, <mask> was one of the reasons why Croats finally accepted Štokavian-Ijekavian as the dialectal basis of the standard language in the 19th century, hence the claim for belonging to Croatian written

masks: Divković Divković Divković Divković Divković Matijašević Divković


texts:
<mask> (, ; born 27 June 1980) is a Syrian-Armenian singer-songwriter known for her soprano voice and unique style, which fuses jazz, Middle Eastern folk music and Western classical music. Personal life
<mask> was born in Damascus to <mask>, an Armenian Catholic from Aleppo with roots from Marash, and Ghada, a Syriac woman originally from Mardin. Her paternal great-grandfather, <mask>, was an Armenian Catholic from Marash, Cilicia, and a calligrapher. She has said that his educations and skills saved him and his family during the Armenian genocide, since the Ottoman army made use of his skills to write military communiqués and spared him his life. After the war, he and his family settled in Aleppo, along with a large number of Armenians who had been deported from Cilicia. Her grandfather, <mask>, worked as a tailor in Aleppo and member of the Syrian Communist Party. While many of his friends and family repatriated to Soviet Armenia in 1947, Hovannes chose to remain in Aleppo.In the 1960s, as the Syrian government began cracking down on political dissidents, Hovhannes was arrested. His possessions were confiscated and he spent many years in prison. As a result, most of his children migrated to Canada, except for Artine, <mask>'s father, who chose to remain in Aleppo. After finishing his high school education, Artine received a scholarship to study engineering in Damascus, there he met <mask>'s mother, Ghada. The couple married in 1977 and <mask> was born a few years later, in 1980. <mask> grew up with her identity split between her father's and her mother's community. As a child, she attended an Armenian Catholic school in the old city of Damascus, where she has stated that she had a hard time finding her place, as the children considered her only half-Armenian.Chamamyan is multilingual and speaks four languages fluently: Arabic, Armenian, English and French. Musical career

Early years
<mask>'s interest in singing began at a young age. As a child, she sang in an Armenian church in the winter and in a Syriac church in the summer. <mask>

masks:
Lena Chamamyan
Lena
Artine Chamamyan
Sarkis Chamamyan
Hovhannes Chamamyan
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena


texts: began studying basic music theory and solfège at the age of nine. Her first instrument was the xylophone. <mask> owes much of her early musical education and experience to her maternal grandmother and to her father. Her grandmother introduced her to classical singing and traditional Armenian music, while her father, a saxophonist, shared with her his love for the Armenian language and its music.At home, she grew up speaking Armenian with her father. While finishing a degree in Financial Management at the University of Damascus in 2002, Chamamyan experienced problems in her relationship, she has said that her fiancé broke up with her on graduation day. This, Chamamyan has stated, led her to search for new ways to express herself, which led her back to the world of music. Chamamyan took part in a singing competition at the French Cultural Institute in Damascus, following which someone suggested that she study at the Conservatory for Music in Damascus. <mask> entered the Higher Institute of Music in Damascus, there she studied classical singing and classical piano. She has stated that she would have preferred to study jazz, but there was no such option at the conservatory. <mask> stood out as a lyric soprano, a rare voice type in the Arab world.While studying at the conservatory, <mask> started a musical project, travelling throughout the Syrian countryside with fellow students, seeking to combine jazz influences with the Oriental, Arab-Armenian musical heritage. This project eventually led to the production of her first two albums, Hal Asmar Ellon in 2006 and Shamat in 2007, in which she remixed new versions of traditional and classical Levantine songs, breathing new air into such well-known Arabic classics as Lamma Bada Yatathanna, a song based on an old Andalusian muwashshah and the titular Hal Asmar Ellon. During her studies, <mask> also entered the Radio Monte Carlo's Middle Eastern music competition, the first of its kind, which she won in 2006. She graduated from the conservatory in 2007. At that time, she had already become one of the

masks: Lena Lena Lena Lena Chamamyan


texts:
 most famous female Arabic singers in the Middle East. In 2010, the Gulf-based Arabian Business Magazine ranked her as one of the 500 most influential figures in the Arab world. In 2011, following the eruption of the Syrian Civil War, <mask> relocated to Paris, where she currently lives and creates her music.Later years
Following her relocation to Paris, <mask>'s music continued to develop. While in France, she began to study jazz piano, and she began writing and composing her own music. Her music continued to take inspiration from folk music and especially from her Syrian-Armenian roots. In her 2013 album, Ghazl El Banat, <mask>'s musical style came to maturity as she showed her full range of musical talent, which includes writing, composing, producing, playing instruments, and singing. <mask> has performed throughout Europe and the Middle East, from London to Geneva and from Cairo to Beirut, even performing in the Gulf countries and Turkey. In 2014, she took part as a jury member and special guest in "Tsovits Tsov – ArmVision 2014", an international contest for Armenian music at the Kremlin Theatre in Moscow, which gathered Armenian musicians from all over the world. This led <mask> to a collaboration with French-Armenian songwriter and jazz pianist André Manoukian.Together they produced in 2015 a version of Moutn Er (Black Sky), an Armenian poem by Hovannes Toumanian, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. Her fourth album, LAWNAN (Two Colors), came out in 2016, born out of a three-year collaboration with Turkish composer and kanun player Göksel Baktagir. <mask> has described the album as "a pure partnership between people who chose to unite [in] music...despite the pain of life divid[ing] us, about love and longing for home, about the exile inside and outside". <mask> has also shown an interest in social issues. In October 2012, she pulled out of the Salam Orient Festival in Vienna, along with several other artists, after being informed by BDS activists that the festival was being sponsored by the Israeli government.

masks: Chamamyan Chamamyan Chamamyan Chamamyan Chamamyan Chamamyan Chamamyan


texts:
 She has been active with Syrian refugees in Germany and has been vocal in her support for them. Her 2019 single, "I am Syrian", describes the experience of a Syrian living in exile.Musical style
<mask>'s music is known for its fusion of Arab (particularly Syrian) and Armenian folk songs together with Western classical music and modern styles, such as jazz. In her style of singing, she has stated that she was strongly influenced by Lebanese singer Fairuz, who revolutionized Arabic singing styles with her extensive use of her "head voice". Throughout her musical work, Chamamyan sings mainly in Arabic and Armenian. <mask> has stated in interviews that the multilingual nature of her music is significant and important to her, and she hopes to perform in more languages in the future, such as English, French or even Greek. <mask> remains close to her Armenian roots, both cultural and musical, and includes an Armenian folk song in each of her albums and concerts. <mask> is known for her style of combining folkloric music with modern styles and arrangements, crossing genres and creating a new fusion of both the traditional and the new. She has stated that she keeps an open mind when it comes to musical style.She sees music as a universal language and takes inspiration from all sorts of musical genres, including the Portuguese Fado and the Spanish-Andalusian Flamenco. Discography

Albums
 Hal Asmar Ellon (2006)
 Shamat (2007)
 Ghazl El Banat (2013)
 LAWNAN (2016)

Singles
 Khayt El Kassab (2015)
 Shwey W Byehda El Omer (2015)
 Sareri Hovin Mernem (2016)
 Yakhi Ana Souriyeh (2019)
 remember (2020)

Soundtracks
 Nizar Qabbani (2005)
 Grandma's Tattoos (2011)
 Love in Damascus (2017)
 Han3esh w nshof (2020) for Egyptian TV series "Ella Ana"

References

External links
Official Website

Official Facebook Page

Official YouTube Channel

Official Instagram Account

Official Twitter Account

1980 births
21st-century Syrian women singers
Syrian expatriates in France
People from Damascus
Ethnic Armenian women singers
Syrian people of Armenian descent
Living

masks: Chamamyan Chamamyan Lena Chamamyan


texts:
<mask>,  (12 January 1906 – 20 October 1995), was a British historian and archaeologist, particularly associated with the excavation of the forts of Hadrian's Wall, notably at Vindolanda. He was born in Eccles, Lancashire, England, on 12 January 1906. He died at Carvoran House, Greenhead, Northumberland, England, on 20 October 1995, age 89. Education and career
<mask> was educated at Clifton College. He then studied classics at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he obtained a double first in Mods and Greats. He was influenced in the study of history and archaeology by Michael Holroyd, his Brasenose tutor; R. G. Collingwood, the renowned authority on Roman Britain; and F. G. Simpson, Director of Field Studies at Durham, and a great influence on Birley vis-à-vis the art and science of excavation. Under the direction of F.G. Simpson, Birley began excavating at Hadrian's Wall in 1927 while an undergraduate.<mask>'s first archaeological dig occurred at Birdoswald. After graduating from Oxford, Birley worked for a short time for the Society of Antiquaries of London acting as a construction site observer for the Society. It was during this period in London that <mask> befriended Mortimer Wheeler of the London Museum engendering in Birley a lifelong interest in "imported Roman 'samian' pottery with moulded decoration." A chance discovery in 1929 of two inscription stones in the praetentura at Birdoswald led Birley to suggest redating the Wall periods. This discovery, and Birley's redating, impacted the study of Roman Britain tremendously inasmuch as it "has formed the basis of all subsequent work on the chronology of Hadrian's Wall." In 1929, having developed a keen interest in the Wall through his excavations, Birley succeeded in buying the Clayton Estate at Chesterholm that had belonged to Anthony Hedley, the 19th century antiquary. Nearby Houselands would also come up for sale; however, Birley could not afford the purchase of both properties, although he would eventually excavate them

masks:
Eric Barff Birley
Birley
Birley
Birley


texts: both.Chesterholm-Vindolanda would eventually be converted into a museum and research centre, in which the spectacular finds from Vindolanda would be displayed and interpreted. In 1931, at the age of 24, he became a lecturer at the University of Durham, "already with an impressive record of excavation on Hadrian's Wall, partly under the guidance of F.G. Simpson," whom he would replace upon the latter's stepping down as Director of Field Studies. Through trips to Germany and Switzerland, he began to expand his expertise in samian pottery, epigraphy, and his primary field of interest, the Roman army. As a consequence of these trips abroad, his continental reputation grew. In 1943, he was promoted to reader. In 1947, he became Vice Master of Hatfield College. In 1949, he was promoted to Master of Hatfield.He would finish his academic career having been Master of Hatfield College (1949–1956); Professor of Romano-British History and Archaeology (1956–1971); Head of the Department of Archaeology (1956–1971); and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences (1968–1971). In 1949, Birley established the first International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. During his tenure, he was president of all three of the local archaeological societies. Also, during his years at Durham, he would influence such notable students as George Jobey and John Gillam, each of whom would go on to hold prestigious university teaching positions. One student recalls that Birley was "incredibly generous and trusting in … [his] … support to students." Birley would become known as an expert on the Roman army. For his "practical experience of the ways in which modern armies work," he was inspired in asking questions about organisation and methods of the Roman army.His expertise and work in this field served to make <mask>veral highly-talented and influential postgraduate students to the Department, whose research has … "epitomised, and to a large degree set the agenda for, British work on the Roman military for much of the twentieth


texts:
 century." Often known collectively as the "Durham School," they include David Breeze (Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Historic Scotland and Visiting Professor at Durham University since 1994), Brian Dobson (Emeritus Reader at Durham University), the late Mike Jarrett (former Professor at Cardiff University), Valerie Maxfield (Professor at Exeter University) and John Wilkes (Emeritus Professor at the London Institute of Archaeology).Birley's influence is still very much alive in the Archaeology Department at Durham University: "Durham Archaeology is still founded on the vision and determination of its early pioneers, notably <mask> and … [his] … influence lives on in successive generations of staff and students." In <mask>'s obituary, former Durham PhD student and Emeritus Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, John Wilkes wrote in The Independent that "<mask> dominated the study of the Roman army, of Hadrian's Wall and Roman frontiers in general for much of his 40 years as a teacher at Durham University, interrupted only by six years of war service, when he was engaged in the study of the German army for Military Intelligence." World War II service

During World War II, he worked in military intelligence. Birley was appointed to the Territorial Army Reserve of Officers Special List (a list of officers not formally attached to a unit) as a second lieutenant on 25 August 1939, just prior to the outbreak of war. In the New Years Honours of 1943 Birley, by then promoted to the rank of captain and temporary major, became a member of the military division of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). On 24 May 1945 Birley, since promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel, received permission from the war office to accept the award of the Polish order of Polonia Restituta fourth class (officer's cross).On 16 January 1948 he received permission to accept the American award of the Legion of Merit third class (officer). On 8 September 1953 <mask>, whose

masks:
Eric Birley
Birley
Eric Birley
Birley


texts:
 permanent commission during the war had only been that of a lieutenant and who held the war substantive rank of major, was granted the permanent rank of major backdated to 1 January 1949. Major <mask> reached the age limit (50 years) for service on 12 January 1956 and retired from the army on that date, being granted the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel. Personal life

In 1934, he married Margaret Isabel Goodlet, a former student of his who excavated at Housesteads and Vindolanda and with whom he published a report on the Vindolanda excavations. The marriage that would last over 60 years until his death. Their two sons, Robin (1935–2018) and Anthony (1937–2020), would both become eminent in their field, and would continue their father's work at Vindolanda. The elder, Robin, was named after Birley's great influence, R.G.Collingwood, while the younger, Anthony, was named after Anthony Hedley, the former owner of Chesterholm. While still excavating at Chesterholm-Vindolanda to this day, the <mask> family no longer reside there having left Chesterholm for Durham in 1950. Birley family

<mask> was the great-great-nephew of Hugh Hornby <mask>, who led the troops at the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Selected publications

<mask>, <mask> & Devijver, Hubert (1988). The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben

See also
Official Vindolanda Site
<mask> (son)
<mask> (son)
Andrew Birley (grandson)
Brian Dobson
David Breeze

References

British archaeologists
English archaeologists
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
People educated at Clifton College
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
1906 births
1995 deaths
British people of English descent
Scholars of Hadrian's Wall
Scholars of Roman history
20th-century British historians
<mask>
Masters of Hatfield College, Durham
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of

masks:
Birley
Birley
Eric
Birley
Birley
Eric
Robin Birley
Anthony Birley
Eric Birley


texts:
<mask>nt <mask> () (1871-1936) was a Spanish Catalan publisher and politician. He is best known as director of El Correo Catalán, the newspaper he periodically owned and managed between 1903 and 1933. As a politician he was active within Carlism; he remained the regional Catalan party leader in 1915-1916 and in 1919–1933. He twice served in the Cortes, in 1907-1910 as member of the Congress of Deputies and in 1918-1919 as member of the Senate. He is counted among moderate Carlists, who favored alliance with conservative Catalanists and opposed the violent faction within his party. Family and youth

The Catalan Junyent family was first noted in the 13th century and a few of its representatives distinguished themselves in the history of Spain, yet it is not clear whether any counted among the forefathers of <mask>. None of the sources consulted provides any information on his distant ancestors; the only one identified along the patriline is his father, <mask> (1836-1900).He spent all his life in the Catalan town of Piera and it seems that he ranked in the local bourgeoisie, listed as one of the local propietarios and at times among the "more important" ones; he owned an estate known as Can Perevells. Salvador married a girl from Cornella de Llobregat, Prudencia <mask> Oller (1837-1914), possibly related to a local industrialist family. It is not clear how many children they had; it is known that <mask> had at least one sister. Nothing is known about the childhood of <mask> in general or about his early education in particular. At unspecified time though probably in the late 1880s he entered the law faculty of the Barcelona University; he graduated in jurisprudence shortly before or in 1895. He formally entered the Barcelona colegio de abogados in 1897 and in the very late 19th century he was officially recorded as a practicing lawyer. In 1901 he was listed among juzgados municipales, noted as fiscal in Distrito de San Gervasio de Cassolas; in the early 20th century he acted as defense attorney and specialized in civil law.At unspecified time though prior

masks:
Miguel Junye
Rovira
Miguel
Salvador Junyent Boés
Rovira
Miguel
Miguel


texts:
 to 1898 <mask>nt married Joaquína Quintana Padró (1874-1912); close to nothing is known about her or her family. The couple settled in Barcelona and had 3 children. As a widower and sometime before 1916 Junyent remarried with a widow, Mercedes Canalías Vintró (died 1934); the couple had no own children. The oldest daughter of <mask> and Joaquína died in early childhood. Their son, José María <mask> Quintana (1901-1982), already in the 1930s was a locally known Carlist politician; he briefly served in the Barcelona ayuntamiento in the 1940s, but he made his name mostly as periodsta and partially as a writer, assuming distinguished positions in the Catalan press corps of the 1950s. The younger daughter María de Montserrat <mask> Quintana (1905-1985) married Juan Baptista Roca Caball, a well-known Catalan Christian-democratic politician of late Francoism. Among Junyent's grandchildren <mask> Junyent became one of the most recognized politicians of early post-Francoist era, counted among "fathers of the 1978 constitution"; <mask>yent Armenteras grew to high executive positions in the world of Catalan commercial finance.Early public engagements (1894-1906)

None of the sources consulted provides information on political preferences of Junyent's ancestors, though it seems that his father was a Traditionalist, possibly close to Integrism. The young <mask> already during his academic period was active in conservative organizations; in 1891 he acted as secretary of Junta Directiva del Asociación de San Luis Gonzaga and engaged in the Barcelona branch of Juventud Carlista, growing to its vice-treasurer prior to 1894. In the mid-1890s noted in various religious initiatives he was also speaking at local Carlist círculos, reportedly applauded by the public and by some party heavyweights. This is how he attracted attention of the regional Carlist jefé Luis Llauder y Dalmases, also the owner and manager of the unofficial regional party mouthpiece, El Correo Catalán. Llauder invited Junyent to contribute to El Correo, which soon turned into a permanent collaboration.

masks:
Miguel Junye
Miguel
Junyent
Junyent
Miguel Roca
Miguel Jun
Miguel