texts:
 many big names at the clubs such as Antonis Vardis, Tolis Voskopoulos, Anna Vissi, Pashalis Terzis, Glykeria, Eleni Dimou, and many more. At the same time <mask> also provided backing vocals for a number of artists' albums. In 1992, <mask> <mask> moved to Los Angeles, CA where she studied for two years voice and piano at the Musicians Institute of Technology. Her relocation to the United States offered her the chance to be taught by strong names in the music industry such as Carl Schroeder, pianist for Sarah Voaghn, and Scott Henderson. In 1994 she graduated and returned to Greece. 1996–2002: Kapia Mera, Epikindyna Paihnidia, and Andriki Kolonia
In 1996, <mask> <mask> signed a contract with Sony Music Greece and in 1998 she released her first CD single titled Kapia Mera (Someday).Music was by Antonis Vardis, with lyrics by Manou Tsilimidis and Gioula Gerorgiou. In 1999, <mask> <mask> released her debut album titled Epikindyna Paihnidia (Dangerous games). In 2000 she released her second album titled Andriki Kolonia (Male cologne). The song "Pao Pao" became a hit single off the album. 2002–2004: Sto Kokkino
In 2002, she signed with Heaven Music and the following year started collaborating with popular songwriter Phoebus. In May 2003, she released the album Sto Kokkino (In red) which was one of the most successful releases in Greece of the year, reaching double platinum status. The album's first platinum certification was attained within two months and was also a great success in neighboring Turkey.<mask> performed with Giorgos Mazonakis in the song "To Gucci Ton Masai" which made it into the Greek top ten. Following the success of Sto Kokkino, her former label Sony Music

masks: Kokkinou Elli Kokkinou Elli Kokkinou Elli Kokkinou Kokkinou


type: original

texts:
 released a greatest hits album titled Paradinomai (I'm surrendering). Following the platinum status, Sto Kokkino was repackaged as Sto Kokkino Platinum Edition in 2004 with four bonus songs including a duet with Giorgos Tsalikis and a DVD. The four new songs became instant hits, while the re-release help push the certification up to 2x platinum. On April 14, 2005, <mask> <mask> won the international award for "Best New International Artist" by the "Union of Journalists of Turkey" (MGD), as her songs from Sto Kokkino were big hits in Turkey. 2005–2006: SEX
Following a series of concerts in the United States and Australia with Christos Dantis, <mask> <mask> returned in the summer of 2005 and began recording songs for her next studio album with Phivos. On November 10, 2005 <mask> released her fourth studio album titled SEX which was certified gold on the day of its release.The album shortly reached platinum status and was repackaged on November 13, 2006 as Ki' Allo Platinum Edition (More). Ki' Al'lo featured 4 new songs and a bonus DVD, including a duet with Thanos Petrelis and the French-language version of the single "SEX" first performed at the "MAD Music Video Awards" in 2006. For the winter season of 2006-2007, Kokkinou performed with Petrelis at club "Apollon". 2007–2009: Eilikrina
On April 1, 2007, <mask> announced on her official website that she had left Heaven Music and Phoebus stating she would like more creative input as one of her reasons. She also stated that Heaven Music had offered her to resign, which she decided not to do. Following a couple months without a label, <mask> announced in July 2007, that she has signed with her original label Sony BMG Greece. In

masks: Elli Kokkinou Elli Kokkinou Kokkinou Elli Elli


texts:
 September 2007, she started appearances with Nikos Kourkoulis and Natassa Theodoridou at club "Votanikos".In November 2007, she released her fifth studio album titled Eilikrina (Honestly). The album peaked at number 2 on the Greek IFPI charts, while her lead single "Lypamai Eilikrina" peaked at number 2 on the Nielsen's Greece Radio Airplay Chart. The album quickly certified gold. Due to her pregnancy, she stopped singing at Votanikos club on January 5, 2008 and Sarbel replaced her. In November 2008, Kokkinou released a song titled "Mi Ta Paratas" with music by Dimitris Kontopoulos, which was the title track to the Greek film "O Ilias Tou 16ou". She also recorded a track titled "Demenes" for the Barbie movie "I Barbie Kai To Diamantenio Kastro", releasing the video through her official Myspace page. In late March 2009, she released a digital single titled "Pame Ksana" (Let's go again) composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos with lyrics by Alexandra Zakka.In June 2009 <mask> started performing at club Romeo, marking the first time in a year that she was back on a stage. In October 2009 <mask> embarked on a North American tour, appearing in cities in the United States and Canada. It was the most successful tour by any female Greek singer in North America since 2004. 2010–present: Greek Idol and Ta Genethlia Mou
On 11 December 2009, <mask> signed officially a five-year contract with Phoebus's new record label, The Spicy Effect, the very same day that Nino signed his. As a result, <mask> will once again collaborate with Phoebus on her new album. Speaking at the signing, <mask> stated that the first single from her upcoming album written by Phoebus has been recorded and will be released

masks: Elli Kokkinou Kokkinou Kokkinou Kokkinou


texts: in January. On January 22, 2010, Kokkinou released a digital single titled "Ontos" (Indeed), which featured rapper Ypochthonios.A remix followed, while in March 2010, <mask> released another digital single titled "Apohoro" (I'm departing). On 23 July 2010, <mask> kicked off a summer tour across Greece and Cyprus with Despina Vandi. For the winter season, <mask> will be appearing with Vasilis Karras at club FIX in Thessaloniki set to kick off on October 22, 2010. Songwriter Phoebus has written them a duet titled "Den Tin Palevo" which premiered on October 12, 2010. Her new album is expected to be released in November 2010. On 26 October 2010, Alpha TV announced that <mask> <mask> will be a judge for season 2 of reality singing competition Greek Idol, which started in February 2011., In late October 2010 she embarked on a joint North American tour with Despina Vandi and Kosta Karafotis. On 9 December 2011, she released the studio album Ta Genethlia Mou (My Birthday), her first since 2007's Eilikrina, and her first on The Spicy Effect.The album was released as a Deluxe Digipak, featuring a booklet and fifteen songs in total. The album was certified platinum in March 2012. For promotion of the album, <mask> collaborated with singers Despina Vandi and Nikos Oikonomopoulos for a concert series at club Fever for the 2011-2012 winter season. Following the concert series, <mask> continued performing with Oikonomopoulos in Thessaloniki at club "Thea" from 24 August until October 2012. In May 2012, she opened an English language nursery school in the Athens suburb of Glyfada called Happy Faces. When asked why she decided to open a nursery school, she stated the idea came about a year

masks: Kokkinou Kokkinou Kokkinou Elli Kokkinou Kokkinou Kokkinou


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 and a half prior when she was reading the story "Bondo in Kindergarten" to her son Alexander about a little bear that attended nursery school. In a personal statement posted on the nursery school's official website, Kokkinou elaborates that she wanted to create a place that was happy, colorful, and fairytale like, that felt more like home rather than a school.In September 2012, after over 160,000 votes from around the world, <mask> was awarded "Best Song in the Balkans from Republic of Greece for 2011" at the Balkan Music Awards for her song "Eroteftika". On October 15, 2012, <mask> released a new single entitled "Kardia Apo Giali" (Heart of Glass). The song reached number one on over 20 radios stations in Greece within its first week of release, and generated over 75,000 views on YouTube within the first week. Personal life
In the 1990s, <mask> <mask> had a relationship with fellow singer  Dionisis Schinas. Later, in 2000, she began dating her business manager, Panayiotis Vassiliadis, and in September 2007 the two married. She became a stepmother to his three children from a previous marriage. In December 2007, she revealed that she was pregnant with her first child after much media scrutiny.In May 2008 Kokkinou gave birth to a boy. After much speculation and no public joint appearance of the two in six month, <mask> and her son moved to a new house in March 2010 with the couple announcing their divorce shortly after. From September 2010 to Summer 2017, was dating Greek basketball player Georgios Bogris. <mask> has hails from the village Epitalio. Discography

Studio albums

All the albums listed underneath were released and charted in Greece and Cyprus. CD

masks: Kokkinou Elli Elli Kokkinou Kokkinou Kokkinou


texts:
 singles

Compilations

Digital singles

Filmography

Music videos

References

External links

Official US Tour Website

Biography (in Greek)
iTunes Ping profile

1970 births
Living people
Greek laïko singers
Greek dance musicians
20th-century Greek women singers
Heaven Music artists
MAD Video Music Awards winners
Singers from Athens
Sony Music Greece artists
The Spicy Effect artists
Musicians Institute alumni
21st-century Greek women


texts:
<mask> (5 April 1935 – 8 April 2018) was a British writer, best known for his books about parapsychology and his investigation of the Enfield poltergeist. Early life and work

Born in Quetta, British India, he was one of two sons of British Army officer and writer I. S. O<mask> and novelist Jocelyn Malan. He was educated in England and studied modern languages at the University of Cambridge. After completing National Service as a translator with the Royal Air Force in Iraq, he pursued a career in journalism and working for Life magazine. In the early 1960s he moved to Rio de Janeiro where he worked for the next 10 years as a freelance journalist for a number of international business magazines, The Economist, Time, The Guardian and Associated Press. He also served for four years with the press corps of the US Agency for International Development. It was in Brazil that he first became interested in the paranormal, following direct experience with a psychic healer.In 1973 he investigated a poltergeist outbreak in a private apartment in São Paulo, and joined the Society for Psychical Research the same year. He was elected to its council in 2004. In his first book, The Flying Cow, on the subject of Brazilian paranormal phenomena, including events connected with Francisco Candido 'Chico' Xavier and Zé Arigó was published in 1975. His second book The Indefinite Boundary, was published in 1976. He then famously investigated the Enfield poltergeist case in 1977. Enfield poltergeist
<mask> is most famous for his endorsement of the Enfield poltergeist. He investigated the case alongside the inventor Maurice Grosse in 1977.Although <mask> maintained the haunting was genuine and wrote in his later book This House Is Haunted: The True Story of a Poltergeist (1980) that an "entity" was to blame for the Enfield disturbances, he often doubted the children's veracity and wondered if they were playing tricks and exaggerating. Still, Grosse and <mask> believed that even though some of the alleged poltergeist activity was faked by the girls, other incidents were genuine.

masks:
Guy Lyon Playfair
. Playfair
Playfair
Playfair
Playfair


texts:
 <mask>'s belief that poltergeists are disembodied, mischievous spirits influenced the paranormal research of Colin Wilson. The sceptical investigator Joe Nickell has written "As a magician experienced in the dynamics of trickery, I have carefully examined <mask>'s lengthy account of the disturbances at Enfield and have concluded that they are best explained as children's pranks." The American demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren also visited the Enfield house in 1978. <mask> claimed that the Warrens did not truly investigate the case, and expressed frustration with the 2016 film The Conjuring 2 which dramatises the Enfield case and, according to <mask>, greatly exaggerates the Warrens' involvement. Despite his involvement in the case, <mask> does not feature as a character in the film.Later life
As well as investigating other cases of poltergeists and hauntings he also conducted experiments with mediums and investigated claims of psychokinesis and metal-bending. <mask> was described as a "devoted believer in Uri Geller" and collaborated with him on the 1986 book The Geller Effect. He was a "psychic consultant" for the infamous BBC production Ghostwatch which aired on Halloween night 1992 on BBC One in the United Kingdom. He was also particularly interested in cases of telepathy between identical twins, publishing the book Twin Telepathy: the Psychic Connection in 2002. He was active in psychical research until shortly before his death on 8 April 2018. Reception

<mask>'s book The Flying Cow expressed his admiration for the Brazilian medium Chico Xavier. A review in the New Scientist wrote "Many books misuse science to gull the reader (and, perhaps the author as well, and The Flying Cow is just one more)".The science writer Martin Gardner criticised <mask>'s endorsement of Geller and described him as a "hack writer on the occult". The magician Ben Harris, author of the book Gellerism Revealed: The Psychology and Methodology Behind the Geller Effect, shows step-by-step photographs and explains the process bending keys and cutlery by trick methods. In

masks: Playfair Playfair Playfair Playfair Playfair Playfair Playfair Playfair


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 reviewing <mask> and Geller's book, Harris concluded <mask> was not an experienced observer of sleight of hand and was fooled by Geller's tricks. According to Harris "Mr <mask> turns out to be a weak observer due to his own misplaced confidence in his abilities as an observer ... [he] rushes along crucifying the skeptics, the magicians and almost anyone who has questioned the Geller myth." In a review for The Geller Effect the parapsychologist Michael Goss wrote "<mask> provides little evidence to support the existence of paranormal powers. His main theory boils down to the fact that, because so many people imitate spoonbending, someone with real paranormal abilities must have started it off." Richard Whittington-Egan in a review for <mask>'s book This House is Haunted wrote "a shade credulous in some areas, but its value as a most capable scrutiny of a classic modern haunting makes it an indispensable addition to the relatively sparse literature of full-scale poltergeist investigation in the field."Selected bibliography
 The Unknown Power. Panther Books, St. Albans 1977,
 The Indefinite Boundary. Panther Books, 1977,
 with Scott Hill: The Cycles of Heaven: Cosmic Forces and What They Are Doing to You. St. Martin’s Press, New York 1978
 This House Is Haunted: The Investigation of the Enfield Poltergeist. Stein & Day, 1980,
 The Haunted Pub Guide. 1985,
 If This Be Magic. Jonathan Cape, 1985,  and
 with Uri Geller: The Geller Effect.Grafton, Jonathan Cape, Hunter Publishing,
 Twin Telepathy: the Psychic Connection, Vega, 2002,
 New Clothes for Old Souls: World Wide Evidence for Reincarnation. Druze Heritage Foundation, 2006,  and
 Chico Xavier, Medium of the Century. Roundtable Publishing, 2010,

References

External links
 Ghostwatch, article by Stephen Volk in Fortean Times, January 2003
 <mask> Playfair Answers.com
http://www.enfieldhaunting.co.uk/

1935 births
2018 deaths
20th-century British writers
21st-century British writers
British expatriates in Brazil
English journalists
English occult writers
English

masks:
Playfair
Playfair
Playfair
Playfair
Playfair
Guy Lyon


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Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi ( – 13 December 1466), better known as <mask> ( ), was a Florentine sculptor of the Renaissance period. Born in Florence, he studied classical sculpture and used this to develop a complete Renaissance style in sculpture, whose periods in Rome, Padua, and Siena introduced to other parts of Italy a long and productive career. Financed by Cosimo de' Medici, <mask>'s David was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. He worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, stucco, and wax, and had several assistants, with four perhaps being a typical number. Although his best-known works mostly were statues in the round, he developed a new, very shallow, type of bas-relief for small works, and a good deal of his output was larger architectural reliefs. Early life

<mask> was the son of Niccolò di Betto Bardi, who was a member of the Florentine Arte della Lana. He was born in Florence, probably in the year 1386.<mask> was educated in the house of the Martelli family. He apparently received his early artistic training in a goldsmith's workshop, and then worked briefly in the studio of Lorenzo Ghiberti. In Pistoia in 1401, <mask> met the older Filippo Brunelleschi. They likely went to Rome together around 1403, staying until the next year, to study the architectural ruins. Brunelleschi informally tutored <mask> in goldsmithing and sculpture. Brunelleschi's buildings and <mask>'s sculptures are both considered supreme expressions of the spirit of this era in architecture and sculpture, and they exercised a potent influence upon the artists of the age. Work in Florence

In Florence, <mask> assisted Lorenzo Ghiberti with the statues of prophets for the north door of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral, for which he received payment in November 1406 and early 1408.In 1409–1411 he executed the colossal

masks: Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello


texts: seated figure of Saint John the Evangelist, which occupied a niche of the old cathedral façade until 1588, and now is placed in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo. This work marks a decisive step forward from late Gothic Mannerism in the search for naturalism and the rendering of human feelings. The face, the shoulders, and the bust are still idealized, while the hands and the fold of cloth over the legs are more realistic. In 1411–1413, <mask> worked on a statue of St. Mark for the guild church of Orsanmichele. In 1417 he completed the Saint George for the Confraternity of the Cuirass-makers. From 1423 is the Saint Louis of Toulouse for the Orsanmichele, now in the Museum of the Basilica di Santa Croce. <mask> also had sculpted the classical frame for this work, which remains, while the statue was moved in 1460 and replaced by the Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Verrocchio.Between 1415 and 1426, <mask> created five statues for the campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, also known as the Duomo. These works are the Beardless Prophet; Bearded Prophet (both from 1415); the Sacrifice of Isaac (1421); Habbakuk (1423–25); and Jeremiah (1423–26); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details. From the 1420's is the Pazzi Madonna relief in Berlin. In 1425, he executed the notable Crucifix for Santa Croce; this work portrays Christ in a moment of the agony, eyes and mouth partially opened, the body contracted in an ungraceful posture. From 1425 to 1427, <mask> collaborated with Michelozzo on the funerary monument of the Antipope John XXIII for the Battistero in Florence. <mask> made the recumbent bronze figure of the deceased, under a shell. In 1427, he completed in Pisa a marble relief for the funerary monument of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci at the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in

masks: Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello


texts:
 Naples.In the same period, he executed the relief of The Feast of Herod () and the statues of Faith and Hope for the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Siena. The Feast of Herod is mostly in stiacciato (a very low bas-relief), with the foreground figures done in bas-relief, and is one of the first examples of one-point perspective in sculpture. <mask> also restored antique sculptures for the Palazzo Medici. Bronze David

<mask>'s bronze David, now in the Bargello museum, is <mask>'s most famous work, and the first known free-standing nude statue produced since antiquity. Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it is arguably the first major work of Renaissance sculpture. It was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici for the courtyard of his Palazzo Medici, but its date remains the subject of debate. It is most often dated to the 1440s, but dates as later as the 1460s have support from some scholars.It is not to be confused with his stone David, with clothes, of about 1408–09. Some have perceived the David as having homoerotic qualities and have argued that this reflected the artist's own orientation. The historian Paul Strathern makes the claim that <mask> made no secret of his homosexuality, and that his behaviour was tolerated by his friends. The main evidence comes from anecdotes by Angelo Poliziano in his "Detti piacevoli, where he writes about <mask> surrounding himself with "handsome assistants" and chasing in search of one that had fled his workshop. This may not be surprising in the context of attitudes prevailing in the 15th- and 16th-century Florentine republic. However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the


texts:
 Florentine archives (in terms of denunciations) albeit which during this period are incomplete. Rome, Prato, and Venice
When Cosimo was exiled from Florence, <mask> went to Rome, remaining until 1433.The two works that testify to his presence in this city, the Tomb of Giovanni Crivelli at Santa Maria in Aracoeli, and the Ciborium at St. Peter's Basilica, bear a strong stamp of classical influence. <mask>'s return to Florence almost coincided with Cosimo's. In May 1434, he signed a contract for the marble pulpit on the facade of Prato cathedral, the last project executed in collaboration with Michelozzo. This work, a passionate, pagan, rhythmically conceived bacchanalian dance of half-nude putti, was the forerunner of the great Cantoria, or singing tribune, at the Duomo in Florence on which <mask> worked intermittently from 1433 to 1440 and was inspired by ancient sarcophagi and Byzantine ivory chests. In 1435, he executed the Annunciation for the Cavalcanti altar in Santa Croce, inspired by 14th-century iconography, and in 1437–1443, he worked in the Old Sacristy of the San Lorenzo in Florence, on two doors and lunettes portraying saints, as well as eight stucco tondoes. From 1438 is the wooden statue of St. John the Baptist for Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. Around 1440, he executed a bust of a Young Man with a Cameo now in the Bargello, the first example of a lay bust portrait since the classical era.In Padua

In 1443, <mask> was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni (better known as the Gattamelata, or "Honey-Cat"), who had died that year. Completed in 1450 and placed in the square facing the Basilica of St. Anthony, his Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata was the first example of such a monument since ancient times. (Other equestrian statues, from the 14th century, had not been

masks: Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello


texts:
 executed in bronze and had been placed over tombs rather than erected independently, in a public place.) This work became the prototype for other equestrian monuments executed in Italy and Europe in the following centuries. For the Basilica of St. Anthony, <mask> created, most famously, the bronze Crucifix of 1444–47 and additional statues for the choir, including a Madonna with Child and six saints, constituting a Holy Conversation, which is no longer visible since the renovation by Camillo Boito in 1895. The Madonna with Child portrays the Child being displayed to the faithful, on a throne flanked by two sphinxes, allegorical figures of knowledge. On the throne's back is a relief of Adam and Eve.During this period—1446–50—<mask> also executed four extremely important reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. This discovery has been evaluated historically, considering that the work belonged to the Compagnia di Sant'Agostino that was based in the oratory adjacent to the mother church of Sant'Angelo a Legnaia. Silvia Bensì performed restoration work on the crucifix. In popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series Medici: Masters of Florence. The fictional crimefighter <mask>, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, is named after him. <mask> is portrayed by Rhett McLaughlin in the 2014 Epic Rap Battles of History video Artists versus Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, in which he appears working on Gattamelata and is mocked for being less famous than other Renaissance artists. The Donatello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station.The others were named Leonardo and Raffaello. References

Further reading
 Avery, Charles, <mask>:

masks: Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello Donatello


texts:
 An Introduction, New York, 1994. Avery, Charles, <mask>. Catalogo completo delle opere, Firenze 1991. Avery, Charles and McHam, Sarah Blake. "Donatello". Grove Art Online.Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Bennett, Bonnie A. and Wilkins, David G., <mask>, Oxford 1984. Coonin, A. Victor, Donatello and the Dawn of Renaissance Art, Reaktion Books, London, 2019. Greenhalgh, Michael, <mask> and His Sources, Holmes & Meier Pub., 1982. Hartt, Frederick and Wilkins, David G., History of Italian Renaissance Art (7th ed. ), Pearson, 2010.Janson, Horst W., The Sculpture of Donatello, Princeton University Press, 1957. Leach, Patricia Ann, Images of Political Triumph: <mask>'s Iconography of Heroes, Princeton University Press, 1984. Olson, Roberta J.M., Italian Renaissance Sculpture, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art),
 Randolph, Adrian W.B., Engaging Symbols: Gender, Politics, and Public Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence. Yale University Press, 2002. Vasari, Giorgio, Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Firenze 1568, edizione a cura di R. Bettarini e P. Barocchi, Firenze, 1971. Wilson, Carolyn C., Renaissance Small Bronze Sculpture and Associated Decorative Arts, 1983, National Gallery of Art (Washington),

External links

 Donatello: Biography, style, and artworks
 Donatello: Art in Tuscany
 Donatello at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Donatello: Photograph Gallery
 Donatello, by David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford, from Project Gutenberg
 The Chellini Madonna Sculpture. Victoria and Albert Museum

Italian Renaissance sculptors
1380s births
1466 deaths
Sculptors from Florence
Italian male sculptors
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
Italian Roman Catholics
Renaissance sculptors
15th-century


texts:
General <mask>,  (11 November 1865 – 7 September 1945) was a British Army officer who held senior commands during the First World War. After being dismissed from his position as Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, he received some acclaim as a competent divisional commander on the Western Front. After the war, he was commissioned to produce a report analysing the performance of British staff officers during the conflict. Early life
Braithwaite was born in Alne, the son of the Reverend <mask> and Laura Elizabeth Pipon. He was the youngest of twelve children. He was educated at Victoria College between 1875 and 1880, and at Bedford School between 1880 and 1884. Military career
Braithwaite studied at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Somerset Light Infantry on 3 January 1886.He was promoted to captain on 8 November 1894. He served in the Second Boer War, seeing action at Ladysmith, Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz and Tugela Heights. He was mentioned in despatches three times and in a South Africa honours list received the brevet rank of major on 29 November 1900. Staying in South Africa until the war ended, he only returned to the United Kingdom on the SS Briton three months later in September 1902. After his return he was on in early October posted to Southern Command as a deputy assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Sir Evelyn Wood, General Officer in Command of the 2nd Army Corps. In 1906, Braithwaite was promoted to major, and transferred to The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel, and served as an instructor at the Staff College, Camberley.In 1909, he was assigned to the staff of Douglas Haig at

masks:
Sir Walter Pipon Braithwaite
William Braithwaite


texts:
 the War Office, and promoted to colonel. He was subsequently named commandant of the Staff College, Quetta, a position he still held at the outbreak of the First World War. At this point, the college was closed, and he was again transferred to the War Office, this time as Director of Staff Duties. First World War
In 1915, during the First World War, he was appointed Chief of Staff for the Mediterranean Expedition, commanded by Ian Hamilton. He was regarded by many of the Australians involved in that effort as "arrogant and incompetent". After the failure of the Mediterranean expedition, Braithwaite was recalled to London. He was later assigned to command of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division, a Territorial Force (TF) formation, which was posted to France in January 1917.Here he experienced considerable success. Although the division struggled to make headway during the Battle of Arras, it proved a solid and reliable unit during the German spring offensive the following year. Following success in repelling German advances at Bullecourt and Cambrai, he was given command of IX Corps on 13 September 1918 and later XII Corps. On 29 September 1918 Braithwaite's IX Corps was on the southern front line at the village of Bellenglise facing the canal, when the order came from Haig to attack through the Hindenburg Line. The assault was much more successful than earlier American and Australian efforts, encountering as they did, multiple gas attacks. The spearhead was led by the 46th (North Midland) Division. As Major H. J. C. Marshall, a divisional staff officer, recorded they were not expected to advance far, leaving that to the Americans and Australians to their left.If they could not get a foothold they were had


texts:
 orders to swim across the canal in ice cold water. But divisional HQ had spared no effort to find all necessary equipment to achieve the objective. They advanced one hour later than the Americans under a hail of machine gun bullets and "cyclone of shells". A thick fog came down helping to mask them from German sight. Pushing on through the dawn's early light, a battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment overran the German machine gun positions; the bridge's defenders were shot and killed, as the infantry fixed bayonets and charged. 5,000 German prisoners of war (POWs) were taken. For almost the first time in the war the attack had been an outstanding success.Brathwaite received plaudits from Monash and Rawlinson. The 46th Division recovered over 1,000 machine guns. Weeks later King George V visited Bellenglise, the site where the Hindenburg Line was breached by a Territorial unit. Braithwaite was devastated by his son's death on 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Having no heir, he burnt all his family papers. As successes emerged in late 1918, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, was effusive in praise of his officer's and men's achievement, showing the friendship and esteem for which he was held by General Braithwaite all his life. Post war
After the war, Braithwaite was commissioned by Haig to produce a report evaluating the performance of British staff officers in all theatres of the conflict.Although the decision-making abilities of many staff officers (including Braithwaite) had been seriously questioned during the war, Braithwaite's report was generally favourable. He became General Officer


texts:
 Commanding-in-Chief Western Command, India in 1920, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Scottish Command in 1923, and then General Officer Commanding-in Chief at Eastern Command in 1926 before being appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces in 1927. In 1928 he was in charge of arranging Douglas Haig's funeral. He retired in 1931. He served as a commissioner of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission from 1927 to 1931, as Governor of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 1931 to 1938, and as King of Arms of the Order of the Bath from 1933 until his death. He died at his home in Rotherwick on 7 September 1945. Family
Braithwaite married in 1895 Jessie Ashworth, with whom he had a son, Valentine.Captain <mask> MC was killed in action at Serre while serving with his father's former regiment, the Somerset Light Infantry, on 1 July 1916 aged 20. Notes

Bibliography

 Sir John Edmonds and R Maxwell-Hyslop (eds.) Military Operations France and Belgium 1918, volume V, London, HMSO, 1947

External links

 <mask> at Western Front Association
 <mask> at First World War.com
 <mask> at the Western Front Association
 <mask> at the Birmingham Centre for First World War studies
 <mask> at This is Jersey.com

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Somerset Light Infantry officers
British Army generals of World War I
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
People educated at Victoria College, Jersey
People educated at Bedford School
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
1865 births
1945 deaths
People from Hambleton District
Loyal Regiment officers
Commandants of the Staff College, Quetta
British Army generals
Academics of the Staff College, Camberley
Military personnel from

masks:
Valentine Braithwaite
Walter Braithwaite
Walter Braithwaite
Walter Braithwaite
Walter Braithwaite
Walter Braithwaite


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<mask> (born 5 March 1939) is a British-American retired actress. After beginning her career in Shakespearean theatre, she rose to fame for her performance in William Wyler's thriller The Collector (1965), which earned her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. She later appeared as Emma Fairfax in Doctor Dolittle (1967), and the American drama The Molly Maguires (1970). In the early 1970s, Eggar relocated to the United States and Canada, where she later starred in several horror films, including The Dead Are Alive (1972), The Uncanny (1977), and David Cronenberg's cult thriller The Brood (1979). Eggar has also worked as a voice actress, as Hera in Walt Disney's Hercules (1997), and lent her voice to several video games, including Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned and 007: Nightfire. Her television work includes roles on Fantasy Island, and a recurring part as Charlotte Devane in the soap opera All My Children in 2000. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 5 March 1939 in Hampstead, London, to <mask> (a brigadier in the British Army) and Muriel Olga Palache-Bouma, who was of Dutch and Portuguese descent.The initials of the two triplets of given names form the initials of each of her parents' first lovers. Soon after her birth, her family relocated to rural Bledlow, Buckinghamshire, during World War II, where she spent her childhood. Eggar was brought up as a Catholic and educated at St Mary's Providence Convent in Woking, Surrey. Reflecting on her time in convent school, Eggar said: "The nuns didn't have too much success with me – I've always had a violent temper. In fact, once I almost killed one of the nuns." At age 16, she began to go by the name <mask>. Although Eggar expressed interest in acting at a young age, she was urged against a career in the theatre by her parents.She was

masks: Victoria Louise Samantha Marie Elizabeth Therese Eggar


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 offered a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts, but instead studied fashion for two years at the Thanet School of Art. After completing her studies, she enrolled at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Career

Theatre and early work
Eggar began her acting career in several Shakespearean companies, notably playing Titania in a 1962 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, directed by Tony Richardson. She also appeared onstage in a production of Douglas Seale's Landscape with Figures, where she was noticed by a talent scout, and from there was cast in the biographical film Dr. Crippen (1962), opposite Donald Pleasence. Her second film role was in 1962 in The Wild and the Willing; the same year, she appeared onstage again as Olivia in a production of Twelfth Night by George Devine. In 1965, Eggar appeared in the thriller The Collector, directed by William Wyler, playing a kidnap victim. She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress, and won a Golden Globe award for her performance.She was also awarded Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival in 1966. On her role as Miranda in The Collector, Eggar has said: "My biggest relationship on set was with William Wyler. The tension on set was real. And if the tension wasn't there – if I didn't exude precisely what he wanted – well, Willi just poured cold water over me." The following year, Eggar starred in the comedy Walk, Don't Run (1966) with Cary Grant (his last motion picture) and Jim Hutton, followed by a lead role as Emma Fairfax in Richard Fleischer's musical adaptation of Doctor Dolittle (1967). In 1963, she played the title character in "Marcia", a second-season episode of The Saint. After her appearance in The Saint, Eggar did not appear in television for 10 years, instead focusing exclusively on feature films.These included The Molly Maguires


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 (1970), in which she starred with Sean Connery, The Walking Stick, opposite David Hemmings, and The Light at the Edge of the World (1971), in which she starred with Kirk Douglas. Although she co-starred with Yul Brynner in the television series Anna and the King (1972), she did not make another television guest appearance until 1973, when she starred in the episode "The Cardboard House" of the romantic anthology series Love Story. That same year, she played Phyllis Dietrichson in a TV remake of the 1944 film Double Indemnity. Move to United States
In 1973, Eggar relocated to the United States, settling in Los Angeles, and appeared first in television, guest starring on episodes of Starsky & Hutch and Columbo, the latter with Peter Falk and Theodore Bikel in the episode "The Bye-Bye Sky High IQ Murder Case". She would go on to star in a number of horror films, including The Dead Are Alive (1972), A Name for Evil (1973), The Uncanny (1977), and David Cronenberg's cult sci-fi film The Brood (1979). In 1980, she filmed the Canadian slasher film Curtains, released in 1983. She also appeared as Maggie Gioberti in "The Vintage Years", the pilot for the drama Falcon Crest, but was replaced by Susan Sullivan when the series went into production.She appeared twice on The Love Boat first charming ship's captain Merrill Stubing (played by Gavin McLeod) as fortune teller Mary-Louise Murphy on 2 March 1979's "A Funny Valentine". Her second sailing in "Touchdown Twins" which was aired on 14 February 1981, as she was Meg Chase, the mother of Billy (played by Philip Brown (actor)) whose friend Frank (played by Vincent Van Patten) develops a crush on Eggar's character. She appeared in the drama Dark Horse (1992), followed by the superhero film The Phantom (1996). In 1997, she provided the voice of Hera in Disney's animated film Hercules; she would also supply


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 the voice for the subsequent television series. Eggar also had a role in the sci-fi thriller The Astronaut's Wife (1999), which starred Johnny Depp. She has appeared as the wife of Captain Jean-Luc Picard's brother Robert on the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and as Sarah Templeton, the wife of Speaker of the House Nathan Templeton (Donald Sutherland), on the short-lived television series Commander in Chief, which starred Geena Davis. In the year 2000, she had a brief run as Charlotte Devane in the American soap opera All My Children.In 2003, she appeared in the first season of Cold Case, episode 14 ("The Boy in the Box") as Sister Vivian. In 2009, she played the mother of Jack and Becky Gallagher in season 1, episode 11 ("Lines in the Sand") of the Fox television series Mental. Personal life
In 1964, she married actor Tom Stern, and the couple have two children: film producer Nicolas Stern (b. 1965), and actress Jenna Stern (b. 1967). Eggar and Stern divorced in 1971. Eggar holds dual UK and American citizenship.She is retired and resides in Los Angeles. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage credits

Awards and nominations

References

Notes

Sources

External links

 Official website

1939 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress winners
British expatriate actresses in the United States
English Shakespearean actresses
English expatriates in the United States
English film actresses
English people of Dutch descent
English people of Irish descent
English people of Portuguese descent
English Roman Catholics
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
Living people
People


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<mask> (August 14, 1891 – May 19, 1931) was an American artist best known for his cartoons and caricatures of actors and other celebrities. Though his work was heavily in demand through the 1920s and is often considered to epitomize the era, his personal life was troubled by mental illness, and he was nearly forgotten soon after his suicide, shortly before his fortieth birthday. Early life
<mask> was the youngest of four children born to Abraham Pool and Catherine Josephine (Wigginton) <mask>. His father was an attorney by profession, but around the time of <mask>'s birth made a career change to publish journals on metaphysics. His mother, an accomplished portrait painter, ran an art studio. The young <mask> showed his mother's aptitude for art, and by the time he was in his mid-teens he had already seen several of his cartoons and illustrations published in The Kansas City Star and the Kansas City Journal-Post. Buoyed by this success, in 1908 <mask> dropped out of Kansas City's Central High School before graduating.He moved to Chicago in 1909 to attend the Art Institute of Chicago, but soon found he didn't "like Chicago or Chicago people and worst of all the art institute. I could learn twice as much at work" he confided in a letter to his mother. Returning to Kansas City within a matter of months, he married his first of four wives, Marie Jennings. Career

While back in Kansas City <mask> resumed his work for the Star and Journal-Post to support his wife and daughter, born in 1910. His first break, or national exposure, came in 1912 when <mask> sold an illustration to the humor magazine Puck. Encouraged, the <mask>s moved to New York City, where <mask> found steady work with Puck, McCall's and  other publications. His wife was not happy with life in the Big Apple however, and returned to Kansas City within a few months.<mask> rented studio space, which he shared with another famous Missouri artist, Thomas Hart Benton, and the two became fast

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Ralph Waldo Emerson Barton
Ralph Barton
Barton
Ralph
Barton
Ralph Barton
Barton
Barton
Barton
Ralph
Barton


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 friends. It was Benton in fact who served as the subject of <mask>'s first caricature. In 1915 Puck magazine sent <mask> to France to sketch scenes of World War I. It was then that <mask> developed a great love of all things French, and throughout his life he would return to Paris to live for periods of time. In 1927 the French government awarded <mask> the Legion of Honour

<mask>'s first caricature was of Thomas Hart Benton; his last, of Charlie Chaplin. In between he knew everyone and drew everyone in the social and cultural scene of New York. Some of his most famous works were group drawings, and perhaps the most noted was a stage curtain created for a 1922 revue, depicting an "audience" of 139 faces looking back at the real theater-goers."The effect was electrifying, and the applause was great," said another caricaturist of the era, Aline Fruhauf. Much of <mask>'s work from the mid-1920s onward was for The New Yorker magazine, which he joined as an advisory editor from its very beginning in 1924. He would also be a stockholder in the publication. Other prominent magazines of the era to feature his work were Collier's, Photoplay, Vanity Fair, Judge, and Harper's Bazaar. While many would be published unsigned, there was no mistaking <mask>'s unique style. <mask> would illustrate one of the 1920s most popular books, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. With the urging of friend Charlie Chaplin, <mask> also made one movie, Camille.The short film featured such notables as Paul Robeson, Ethel Barrymore, and Sinclair Lewis. At the height of his popularity, <mask> enjoyed not only the acquaintance of the famous, but a solid and impressive income. All of this concealed a terribly unhappy life. He was beset by manic-depressive disorder, and each of his four marriages ended in divorce. (One of his wives was the French composer Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) who was a member of Les Six.) A self-portrait, painted around 1925 and modeled on an El Greco, shows

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Barton
Barton
Barton
Barton
Barton
Ralph Barton
Barton
Ralph Barton
Barton
Barton


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 a drawn and unhappy figure. A year later he wrote, "The human soul would be a hideous object if it were possible to lay it bare."Death
On May 19, 1931, in his East Midtown Manhattan penthouse apartment, <mask> shot himself through the right temple. He was 39 years old. His suicide note said he had irrevocably "lost the only woman I ever loved" (the actress Carlotta Monterey had divorced <mask> in 1926 and married Eugene O'Neill in 1929), and that he feared his worsening manic-depression was approaching insanity. He wrote: "I have had few difficulties, many friends, great successes; I have gone from wife to wife and house to house, visited great countries of the world—but I am fed up with inventing devices to fill up twenty-four hours of the day." Almost immediately, his reputation dropped from sight; several years after his death, a caricature of George Gershwin sold for a mere $5. <mask>'s ashes were returned to his native Kansas City and interred in Mount Moriah Cemetery. Legacy
Toward the end of the century, his work was included in several exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery.A 1998 conference on cartooning at the Library of Congress also considered his work. Bibliography

Books

 Exhibition catalog. Essays and reporting

Critical studies and reviews of <mask>'s work
Bruce Kellner. The Last Dandy: <mask>, American Artist, 1891-1931. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1991. John Updike. Just Looking: Essays on Art, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1989.References

External links

Exhibition of Drawings for Contes Drolatiques of Balzac, an exhibition catalog available from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, containing descriptive information about the artworks. American cartoonists
American caricaturists
American comics artists
Artists who committed suicide
The New Yorker cartoonists
People with bipolar disorder
Suicides by firearm in New York City
1891 births
1931 deaths
Artists from Kansas City, Missouri
1931

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Barton
Barton
Ralph Barton
Barton
Ralph Barton


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<mask> of Ephesus (or of Asia) (c. 507 – c. 588) was a leader of the early Syriac Orthodox Church in the sixth century and one of the earliest and the most important historians to write in Syriac. Life
Born at Amida (modern Diyarbakır in southeastern Turkey) about 507, he was there ordained as a deacon in 529 by <mask> of Tella
at Zuqnin Monastery, but in 534 we find him in Palestine, and in 535 he passed to Constantinople. He returned to the east in later years of the 530s, where he witnessed the devastations of the great plague first hand. He travelled the region, going so far as Egypt, in order to collect stories for his collection of saints' lives, which he compiled in a book (containing 58 such lives) around the year 565. He was back in Amida at the start of the furious persecution directed against the Monophysites by Ephrem, Melkite Patriarch of Antioch, and Abraham, bishop of Amida c. 520-541. Around 540 he returned to Constantinople and made it his residence. In Constantinople he seems to have early won the notice of Justinian I, one of the main objects of whose policy was the consolidation of Eastern Christianity as a bulwark against the Zoroastrian power of Persia, through persecution of all the remaining pagans of the empire.<mask> is said by Barhebraeus (Chron. eccl. i. 195) to have succeeded Anthimus as Monophysite bishop of Constantinople, but this is probably a mistake. In any case, he enjoyed the emperor's favor until the death of the latter in 565 and (as he himself tells us) was entrusted with the administration of the entire revenues of the Monophysite Church. He was sent by Justinian on a mission for

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 the conversion of such pagans as remained in Asia Minor in 542, and informs us that the number of those whom he baptized amounted to 70,000. He also built a large monastery at Tralles on the hills skirting the valley of the Meander, and more than one hundred other monasteries and churches, mostly on top of demolished pagan temples.Of the mission to the Nubians which he may have promoted, though he did not himself visit their country, an interesting account is given in the 4th book of the 3rd part of his History. He was ordained bishop of Ephesus (Asia) for the anti-Chalcedonians in 558 by Jacob Baradaeus, although his title was largely nominal and he remained in Constantinople. In 546, he collaborated with the emperor during a persecution targeting pagans in Constantinople and its neighborhood. He carried out this task faithfully, torturing all suspected of the "wicked heathenish error", as <mask> himself calls it, and finding much worship of the ancestral gods amongst the Empire's aristocracy. But his fortunes changed soon after the accession of Justin II. About 571 <mask> the Scholasticus, the orthodox or Chalcedonian patriarch, began (with the sanction of the emperor) a rigorous persecution of the Monophysite Church leaders, and <mask> was among those who suffered most. He gives us a detailed account of his sufferings in prison, confiscation of his property, etc., in the third part of his History.The latest events recorded are of the date 588, and the author cannot have lived much longer; but of the circumstances of his death nothing is known. Writings
<mask>'s main work was his Ecclesiastical History, which covered

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John
John III
John
John


texts: more than six centuries, from the time of Julius Caesar to 588, although <mask> himself employs the Seleucid era. It was composed in three parts, each containing six books. The first part seems to have wholly perished. The second, which extended from Theodosius II to the 6th or 7th year of Justin II, was, according to F. Nau, reproduced in full or almost in full in <mask>'s own words in the third part of the Zuqnin Chronicle, which was until recently mistakenly attributed to the patriarch Dionysius Telmaharensis. Modern research has shown that it is more likely that large parts are missing. Of this second division of <mask>'s History, in which he may have incorporated the so-called Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite, considerable portions are found in the British Museum manuscripts Add.14647 and 14650, and these have been published in the second volume of J. P. N. Land's Anecdota Syriaca. But the whole is more completely presented in the Vatican manuscript (Codex Zuquenensis, shelfmark Vatican Syriac 162), which incorporates much of <mask>'s chronicle in a kolophon dated to the eighth century. (English translation, with notes, by Amir Harrak, The Chronicle of Zuqnin, Parts III and IV (Toronto, 1999) and by Witold Witakowski, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre: Chronicle, Part III (Liverpool, 1997)). The third part of <mask>'s history, which is a detailed account of the ecclesiastical events which happened in 571-588, as well as of some earlier occurrences, survives in a fairly complete state in Add. 14640, a British Museum manuscript of the seventh century. It forms a contemporary record of great value to the historian. Its

masks: John John John John John


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 somewhat disordered state, the want of chronological arrangement, and the occasional repetition of accounts of the same events are due, as the author himself informs us (ii.50), to the work being almost entirely composed during the times of his imprisonment in Constantinople. The same cause may account for the somewhat slovenly Syriac style. The writer claims to have treated his subject impartially, and though written from the narrow point of view of one to whom Miaphysite Orthodoxy was all-important, it is largely a faithful reproduction of events as they occurred. This third part was edited by William Cureton (Oxford, 1853) and E.W. Brooks (CSCO 105, Louvain, 1935), and was translated - sometimes paraphrase - into English by Robert Payne Smith (Oxford, 1860), into German by J. M. Schonfelder (Munich, 1862) and into Latin by Brooks (CSCO 106, Louvain, 1936). <mask>'s other known work was a series of Biographies of Eastern Saints, compiled about 565-7. These have been edited by Land in Anecdota Syriaca, ii.1-288, and translated into Latin by Douwen and Land (Amsterdam, 1889), and into English by Brooks (Patrologia Orientalis vols 17-19, 1923–26). An estimate of <mask> as an ecclesiastic and author was given by the Louis Duchesne in a memoir read before the five French Academies on October 25, 1892. Climatic observations

Writings by <mask> of Ephesus describe the sun's light as going dim during the years 535 and 536 AD, which was subsequently followed by a cooling that lasted for just over a decade:

There was a sign from the sun the like of which had never been seen or reported before. The sun became dark and its


texts:
 darkness lasted for eighteen months. Each day it shown for about four hours and still, this light was but a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light again. Previously, these were explained as religiously symbolic or a local occurrence.These were shown to be, in 2010, an actual report of two distant volcanic eruptions which resulted in a dimming of the sun for close to two years and created an artificial winter in the Northern Hemisphere that lasted for just over a decade. A search for writings mentioning these dark years was undertaken when dendrochronologists around the world began to realize that the rings of ancient trees indicated that there was a miniature Ice Age lasting about two years that began at around this time. The hypothesis at that time was that it was possibly the result of a supervolcano that erupted in South America. A subsequent search puts forward that it may have been two different volcanoes that were some distance away from each other. Notes

References
 Susan Ashbrook-Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis: <mask> of Ephesus and the "Lives of the Eastern Saints". Berkeley, 1990. Jan Jacob van Ginkel, <mask> of Ephesus.A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium. Groningen, 1995. Attribution

External links
Public domain translation of part 3 of the Ecclesiastical history
 Translation of portions of part 2 dealing with the Justinianic plague

Syriac writers
507 births
586 deaths
6th-century Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
Syrian archbishops
6th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
6th-century historians
Historians of Justinian I
6th-century Byzantine

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<mask> (born December 28, 1953) is an American businessman. Pittman was the CEO of MTV Networks and the cofounder and programmer who led the team that created MTV, and is the cofounder of iHeartMedia and Casa Dragones Tequila. Pittman joined iHeartMedia's predecessor company Clear Channel in November 2010 as an investor and the company's Chairman of Media and Entertainment Platforms, was named CEO in 2011 and chairman in 2013. Pittman led Clear Channel's transformation into iHeartMedia, Inc. in September 2014 to reflect its new multiplatform business and expanded mission. Pittman has also been the former chairman and CEO of Clear Channel Outdoor, CEO of AOL Networks, Six Flags Theme Parks, Quantum Media, Century 21 Real Estate and Time Warner Enterprises, and COO of America Online, Inc. and AOL Time Warner. Pittman has also been a radio and TV programmer, marketer, investor and media entrepreneur who has had multiple careers in a number of consumer-focused industries. According to Sean Parker, Pittman is the only media mogul who is genuinely an entrepreneur.In giving him its first 'Media Visionary" award, advertising publication Adweek referred to him as a "jack of all media" and former MTV executive Tom Freston referred to him as "the wonder boy of branding". Biography

Early life
The son of a Methodist minister, Pittman was born in Jackson, Mississippi, but raised in Hattiesburg and Brookhaven, where he attended Brookhaven High School and became a radio announcer at the age of 15 to earn money for flying lessons. He was an announcer in a number of cities and then successfully programmed radio stations in Pittsburgh, Chicago (WMAQ AM 670 and WKQX FM) and finally at the NBC flagship station, WNBC (AM), in New York when he was 23 years old. He also produced and co-hosted a music video and news show in 1978 that ran on NBC's O&O Television stations. He did learn to fly and has been a pilot for almost 50 years: He now has over 6,000 flight hours; currently holds an Airline


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 Transport Pilot's license for airplanes; and is rated for helicopters and three types of jets. MTV Years
At MTV, he oversaw the creation and growth of MTV and the transition of Nickelodeon from a failing network geared to preschoolers to the highest-rated channel aimed at older kids as well as overseeing the launches of VH-1 and Nick at Nite, and led the initial public offering for MTV Networks and its expansion into international markets. Under <mask>'s leadership, MTV became the first profitable cable network; then-Warner Communications' Co-chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer Steve Ross also noted that MTV became the most profitable basic cable network during Pittman's tenure there.During his tenure at MTV, the network was criticized harshly for its initial reluctance to play videos from African American artists. During <mask>'s tenure, MTV responded to this criticism by Rick James by actively soliciting and championing videos by Black artists, including Michael Jackson and Tina Turner, and later launched Yo! MTV Raps to introduce rap music to the MTV audience. During <mask>'s time at MTV the channel also launched what became an extremely successful live event business—broadcasting the entire groundbreaking Live Aid global concert for Ethiopian famine relief on June 13, 1985, and launching the MTV Video Music Awards show in 1984. For his development of the MTV brand, Advertising Age selected Pittman in 2010 as one of the ten most influential marketers who transformed American Culture. Pittman also received a 1984 Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Award in recognition of MTV's impact on fashion and popular culture. Quantum Media and Time Warner
After MTV, Pittman founded Quantum Media with MCA (one of the company's ventures was the Morton Downey Jr. show, an early television shock talk show).The company was founded in 1986, and it was initially bankrolled by MCA to handle the record labels of the company. As described in the October 15, 2020 episode

masks: Pittman Pittman Pittman


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 of his podcast Math & Magic, in 1987 this joint venture company built an equity stake in the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency with the goal of acquiring the company, but – after briefly discussing joining forces with Sir Martin Sorrell, founder of WPP, lost to him just as he was beginning to build his company. In 1989, <mask> bought out MCA, sold the assets to Warner Communications and became senior advisor to Warner Communications CEO Steve Ross just as Warner was merging with Time Inc. to create Time Warner. In 1990, <mask> was appointed president and CEO of Time Warner Enterprises, the new business group of Time Warner, and in 1991 became chairman and CEO of Six Flags Theme Parks where his team oversaw the revitalization of the Six Flags brand, taking attendance from 17 million to 25 million using a “classic second-place strategy” with their “Bigger than Disneyland, closer to home” positioning of the brand. Century 21 Real Estate
After Pittman led a process that led to Time Warner selling a controlling interest in Six Flags to Boston Ventures in 1995, he left to join Century 21 Real Estate as CEO. Pittman and his team grew Century 21 Real Estate through a strategy that included brand-building and national marketing, a new franchise sales organization, and the early adoption of the Internet as a lead-generating tool. America Online and AOL Time Warner
While at Century 21, Pittman met Steve Case and joined the board of directors of America Online, Inc.; he joined the company as president and CEO of AOL Networks in 1996 and later became president and COO of America Online Inc.While at AOL, <mask> led the operating team that moved AOL from 6 million members to over 30 million; took the company profitable; and continued the mission of making the Internet as easy for consumers to use as the telephone or television. During <mask>'s tenure, AOL had almost 50% of all Internet traffic in the U.S. and pioneered the development of digital advertising. The company's most

masks: Pittman Pittman Pittman Pittman


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 memorable ad of that time had the tagline “America Online: So easy to use, no wonder it’s number one”. After AOL merged with Time Warner in 2001, <mask> became the Co-COO (and eventually COO) of the combined AOL Time Warner before leaving the company in 2002. Pilot Group
<mask> joined a number of his longtime operating team colleagues when he co-founded Pilot Group LLC, a private investment firm based New York in 2003. Pilot Group previously owned and sold investments including Thrillist, which is now part of Group Nine Media and in which Pilot Group is still a minority investor; DailyCandy, sold to Comcast Ventures for a reported $125 million; IdealBite, which was sold to the Walt Disney Company; and entertainment research company OTX (sold to Ipsos America). Pilot also owned and sold significant minority investments in David's Bridal and Nutrisystem, and owned and sold the Barrington Broadcasting television group to Sinclair Broadcast Group in 2013 for $370 million and its radio station group Double O Radio to a variety of regional radio station groups including Town Square Media.Pilot and Pittman have also held various minority positions in digital content and technology venture companies including social gaming company Zynga, in which Pilot was an early investor; Huffington Post and Facebook. In April 2018, Pilot Group sold its stake in Casa Dragones tequila brand to BDT Capital Partners LLC — Warren Buffett's banker—which is taking the lead investor role and providing capital to take Casa Dragones to the next level—although <mask>, as the co-founder, maintained his personal stake and remains on the board. Clear Channel Media Holdings, Inc. and iHeartMedia, Inc. In November 2010, <mask> took on the role of Chairman of Media and Entertainment Platforms for Clear Channel, and made a personal equity investment in the company. In this role, Pittman worked to leverage the company's media assets and spearhead the further development of a digital strategy for Clear


texts: Channel Radio, particularly with regard to its iHeartRadio digital radio platform. At this time, the company was burdened with $20 billion in debt as the result of a 2008 leveraged buyout. In September 2014, <mask> led the company's transformation to iHeartMedia, Inc. to better reflect the company's multi-platform focus.Today <mask> is chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, Inc., with multi-platform assets across broadcast radio; digital; podcasting; mobile; social; data; and live events. Under <mask>'s leadership the company's debt was significantly reduced—from $16.1 billion to $5.75 billion—and the company emerged from restructuring in May 2019. At that time, T. Rowe Price referenced the company as one that had been revived by disruptive change. iHeartMedia, Inc. is now the No. 1 commercial podcast publisher globally, and in October 2018 closed its acquisition of podcasting pioneer Stuff Media, LLC, the leading for-profit publisher of entertaining and informative podcast content, which includes the HowStuffWorks (HSW) brand and content. Pittman played a pivotal role in developing the iHeartRadio Music Festival, the biggest live concert festival in radio history, the first of which took place in Las Vegas on September 23–24, 2011 in conjunction with the launch of the New iHeartRadio. The company has since expanded its national tentpole live events platform to include the nationally televised iHeartRadio Music Awards; the iHeartRadio Country Festival; iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina; the iHeartRadio Summer Pool Party; and the iHeartRadio Jingle Ball Tour.In December 2016, the company launched its two new on demand subscription platforms, iHeartRadio Plus and iHeartRadio All Access. In conjunction with this position, <mask> also maintains his role as Founding Member of Pilot Group and continues his activities as a venture investor; in an indication of his continued interest in emerging technologies and businesses, he also serves on the board of live social video company Airtime.


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 With his return to radio, Huffington Post's media business expert Charles Warner dubbed him “best radio programmer ever” and in 2011 he was ranked by Radio Ink magazine as the "Most Powerful Man in Radio". "Never before has anyone taken the number one slot on the list in their inaugural year," stated Radio Ink Publisher/CEO B. Eric Rhoads. Pittman retained that designation in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and was also named Radio Ink's 2019 Radio Executive of the Year. Recent years
<mask> is a philanthropist, building community and philanthropic projects into businesses he managed from Live Aid at MTV to educational efforts using the Internet at AOL. He is former chairman of the non-profit Robin Hood Foundation, which fights poverty in New York City, and still serves on the board; and is former chairman of the New York Public Theater.He is also on the boards of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and is a former board member of the non-profit Lupus Research Alliance, the New York City Ballet and NYU Medical Center. Pittman has also served on the boards of companies including Electronic Arts, Atari Games, Excite, 3DO, MTV Networks, America Online, HFS/Cendant/Realogy and AOL Time Warner. Pittman was one of the minority owners of the New York Mets, holding a 4% stake in the baseball team, before selling his interest to Steven Cohen in 2020. Awards and honors
<mask>'s many honors include: <mask> F. Kennedy Memorial's 2000 “Ripple of Hope Award” for his commitment to civic and community affairs and his contributions to the advancement of education; receiving the Broadcasters Foundation of America's 2016 'Golden Mike Award'; induction into the Advertising Hall of Fame and the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame; received Adweek’s first Media Visionary award in 2013 and Cablevision Magazine's "20/20 Vision" award for the 20 people who have had the greatest impact on the cable industry; selection as

masks: Pittman Pittman Robert


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 one of Advertising Age’s "10 Marketers Who Changed American Culture” and "50 Pioneers and Visionaries of TV" and recognition as one of Business Week magazine's Top 25 Executives of 1998. He was also named one of Life magazine's "Five Original Thinkers of the '80s"; recognized as the eighth of Life magazine's "50 Most Influential Boomers"; included in Time magazine's 1984 Man-of-the-Year issue "Seven Others who Succeeded"; received the "Star of Hope Award” in January 2014 from the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi; was named Success Magazine’s “Pioneer of the New American Start-Up” in 1989; received the 1986 White House Conference on Small Business Award for Entrepreneurial Excellence and the 1984 Council of Fashion Designers of America award; Performance Magazine’s 1982 “Innovator of the Year” award for his work developing MTV and Billboard Magazine’s “Radio Program Manager of the Year” in 1977. In October 2012, he was awarded the Henry A. Grunwald Award for Public Service by Lighthouse International. He also received the American Academy of Achievement’s Golden Plate Award in 1990; International Teleproduction Society’s Lifetime Achievement International Monitor Award and The President's Award and an Honorary Doctorate from Bank Street College of Education, the school's highest honor, for his many contributions to the advancement of education."Math & Magic" podcast
On May 4th, 2019, <mask> announced his podcast "Math & Magic: Stories from the Frontiers of Marketing." The show is produced by iHeartRadio. Personal life
<mask> married Sandy Hill, a merchandise editor at Mademoiselle, in July 1979; they divorced in 1997. They have one son. Pittman married Veronique Choa in 1997. They have two children. References

1953 births
Living people
American television company founders
American Methodists
Businesspeople from Jackson, Mississippi
People from Brookhaven, Mississippi
Philanthropists from Mississippi
American corporate directors
AOL people
MTV

masks: Pittman Pittman


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<mask> (; February 17, 1891 – October 15, 1965) was a German-born Israeli mathematician. He was an early Zionist and the first Dean of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory, especially his additions to Ernst Zermelo's axioms, which resulted in the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. Biography
<mask> studied mathematics at the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Marburg and Breslau. After graduating, he lectured at the University of Marburg from 1916, and was promoted to professor in 1922. In 1919 he married Wilhelmina Malka A. Prins (1892–1983). Due to the severe housing shortage in post-war Germany, for a few years the couple lived as subtenants at professor Hensel's place.After leaving Marburg in 1928, <mask> taught at the University of Kiel for a year. He then made the fateful choice of accepting a position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had been founded four years earlier, where he spent the rest of his career. He became the first Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics, and for a while served as Rector of the University. <mask> was a fervent Zionist and as such was a member of Jewish National Council and the Jewish Assembly of Representatives under the British mandate. He also belonged to the Mizrachi religious wing of Zionism, which promoted Jewish religious education and schools, and which advocated giving the Chief

masks:
Abraham Fraenkel
Abraham Adolf Halevi Fraenkel
Fraenkel
Fraenkel


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 Rabbinate authority over marriage and divorce. Mathematician
<mask>'s early work was on Kurt Hensel's p-adic numbers and on the theory of rings. He is best known for his work on axiomatic set theory, publishing his first major work on the topic Einleitung in die Mengenlehre (Introduction to set theory) in 1919.In 1922 and 1925, he published two papers that sought to improve Zermelo's axiomatic system; the result is the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. <mask> worked in set theory and foundational mathematics. <mask> also was interested in the history of mathematics, writing in 1920 and 1930 about Gauss's works in algebra, and he published a biography of Georg Cantor. After retiring from the Hebrew University and being succeeded by his former student <mask>, <mask> continued teaching at the Bar Ilan University in Ramat Gan (near Tel Aviv). Awards
 In 1956, <mask> was awarded the Israel Prize, for exact sciences. Published works
1908. "Bestimmung des Datums des jüdischen Osterfestes für die Zeitrechnung der Mohammedaner".In Zeitschrift für Mathematik und naturwissenschaft Unterricht (39). 1909. "Eine Formel zur Verwandlung jüdischer Daten in mohammedanische". In Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, vol. 53, issue 11–12. 1910. "Die Berechnung des Osterfestes".Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, vol 138. 1914. "Über die Teiler der Null und die Zerlegung von Ringen". J.

masks:
Fraenkel
Fraenkel
Fraenkel
Abraham Robinson
Fraenkel
Fraenkel


texts: Reine Angew. Math. 145: 139–176. 1918."Praktisches zur Universitätsgründung in Jerusalem". Der Jude 3:404–414. 1918b. "Mathematik und Apologie". Jeschurun, 5:112–126. 1919. Einleitung in die Mengenlehre.Berlin: Julius Springer. 1920. Materialien für eine wissenschaftliche Biographie von Gauss. 1921. "Die neueren Ideen zur Grundlagung der Analysis und Mengenlehre". In Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung. 1922.1922b. "The notion of 'definite' and the independence of the axiom of choice". In Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Harvard University Press: 284–289. 1922c. 1924."Die neueren Ideen zur Grundlegung der Analysis und Mengenlehre". In Jahrsebericht Der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, Vol 33, 97–103. 1924. "The Jewish University in Jerusalem (From the Viewpoint of Orthodoxy)". Jewish Forum, January: VII (1), 27–31. 1924b "The Jewish University in Jerusalem (From the Viewpoint of Orthodoxy)". Jewish Forum, May: VII (5), 299–302.1925. "Leben, Natur, Religion". Jeschurun 12:337–348. 1927. Zehn Vorlesungen über die Grundlegung der Mengenlehre. B. G. Teubner. 1930."Georg Cantor". In Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 39, 189–266. Also appeared separately as Georg Cantor Leipzig: B. G. Teubner and is abridged in Cantor's Gesammelte Abhandlungen. 1930–1931 (5691). "אמונות ודעות לאור מדעי הטבע". Part 1 in


texts:
 ההד VI(8) 16–19, part 2 in ההד VI(9). Reprinted together as a monograph by ההד in 1931 Reprinted in 1987-8.Translated by Mark Zelcer in Hakirah vol. 12. 1930–1931b. "Die heutigen Gegensätze in der Grundlegung der Mathematik." In Erkenntnis vol. 1. 1935."Zum Diagonalverfahren Cantors". Fundamenta Mathematicae 25, 45–50. 1935. "Concerning the Method of Number Pairs". Philosophy of Science 2 (1). 1938. "Alfred Loewy (1873–1935)".In Scripta Mathematica vol. V(1). 1939. "Natural Numbers as Cardinals". In Scripta Mathematica VI (2). 1940. "Natural Numbers as Ordinals".In Scripta Mathematica VII (1–4). 1941. "מכתב למערכת". In הצופה September 12, p8. 1943. הילודה בישוב ובעיותיה. Jerusalem: D. B. Aaronson.1943b. יצחק ניוטון 1642–1942: דברים שנאמרו על-ידי ד"ר י.ל. מאגנס, ... , א.ה. פרנקל ... י.רקח ... בחגיגת ניוטון שנערכה באוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים, ביום ג' אדר תש"ג [1943]. ירושלים : חברה להוצאת ספרים על-יד האוניברסיטה העברית
1943c. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 1". In Scripta Mathematica IX (1).1943d. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 2". In Scripta Mathematica IX (2). 1943e. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 3". In Scripta Mathematica IX (3). 1943c."Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 4". In Scripta Mathematica IX (4). 1944. "Problems and Methods in Modern Mathematics – 5". In Scripta Mathematica X (3–4). 1945. "על נימוקיהם של דחיית אד"ו ושל הסדר גו"ח


texts:
 אדז"ט לשנים המעוברות".In Y. L. Fishman (ed.) זכרון לנשמת הרב אברהם יצחק הכהן קוק למלאות עשר שנים לפטירתו, קובץ תורני-מדעי. Jerusalem Mossad HaRav Kook. 1946. "Address by <mask><mask>". In Founder’s Day: The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate learning. Addresses: The Honorable Herbert H. Lehman, Professor <mask>.Philadelphia: Dropsie College. 1946. "The Recent Controversies about the Foundations of Mathematics". In Scripta Mathematica XII(4). 1947. "The Hebrew University and the Regulation of Secondary Education in Palestine". In Jewish Education 18:2.1947. "The recent controversies about the foundation of mathematics". In Scripta Mathematica XIII, pp 17–36. 1951. "On the Crisis of the Principle of Excluded Middle". In Scripta Mathematica XV (1–2). 1953.מבוא למתמטיקה: בעיות ושיטות מן המתמטיקה החדישה. Ramat Gan: Masada Publishing. 1953b. Abstract Set theory. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co.
1955. Integers and the Theory of Numbers. New York: [Scripta Mathematica], Yeshiva University.1955b. ."על סדר התפילות בקיבוץ הדתי" In שי לישעיה: ספר יובל לר' ישעיהו וולפסברג בן הששים. Y. Tirosh (ed.). Tel Aviv: Merkaz LeTarbut Shel HaPoel Mizrahi; 193–194. 1958. "משום ירקיא – משום מתיא". In Shimon Braunstein and Gershon Chorgon (eds.) ספר יובל לכבוד שמואל קלמן מירסקי.New York: Vaad HaYovel; 248–250. 1960. "Jewish mathematics and astronomy". In Scripta Mathematica XXV, pp 33–47. (Appeared in Hebrew in

masks:
Abraham A
. Fraenkel
Abraham Fraenkel


texts:
 Tekhnika Umada, Tel Aviv, 1947. Footnote 12 of the Scripta Mathematica version claims that the essay was written in the 1930s.) 1960."Epistemology and logic". In Synthese 12, pp. 333–337. 1960. "Theory of Sets". In Encyclopædia Britannica. 1961.Essays on the foundations of mathematics, dedicated to A. A<mask> on his seventieth anniversary. Y. Bar-Hillel, E. I. J. Poznanski, M. O. Rabin and A. Robinson, eds. Jerusalem, the Hebrew University: Magnes Press. 1966 (1953). Abstract Set Theory. North Holland.1966. Set Theory and Logic. Addison-Wesley. 1966. "עיבור שנים וקידוש החודש". In אמונה, דת ומדע. Jerusalem: Misrad HaChinuch VeHaTarbut.1967. Lebenskreise: Aus den Erinnerungen eines jüdischen Mathematikers. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 1969. "הלוח העברי". Encyclopedia Hebraica, vol 26. 1973 (1958).(with Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Azriel Levy, and Dirk van Dalen) Foundations of Set Theory. North Holland. 2016 Recollections of a Jewish Mathematician in Germany. Translated from the German 1967 edition by Allison Brown. Edited by Jiska Cohen-Mansfield. Basel: Springer Birkhäuser History of Science. See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
Frankel

References

External links

1891 births
1965 deaths
20th-century Israeli mathematicians
Bar-Ilan University faculty
German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
19th-century German Jews
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Ludwig


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 Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Israeli Jews
Israel Prize in exact science recipients who were mathematicians
Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Scientists from Munich
Set theorists
University of Breslau alumni
University of Kiel faculty
University of Marburg


texts:
[[File:<mask>.jpg|thumb|<mask> (1723-1799)]]Jean-<mask>, Comte de Sanois' (1723-1799), was a French nobleman and army officer. In his later years his wife committed him unjustly to the Asylum of Charenton under a lettre de cachet, an incident which because it illustrated the despotic and arbitrary nature of the legal system of the ancien régime became a cause célèbre known as the Affaire Sanois on the eve of the Revolution, in the course of which the count also became increasingly well known for his many political pamphlets. Biography
The Comte <mask> was born in 1723 near Vitré in Brittany into an old aristocratic family, whose properties included the fief of Sanois in Annet-sur-Marne, and Pantin. In 1745, he joined the prestigious regiment of the Gardes Françaises and shortly afterwards was present at the Battle of Fontenoy. Soon after his marriage in 1761, he left military service and withdrew to his estates. His wife, however, the only daughter of a rich counsellor of the Parlement de Paris, was not happy at the prospect of a quiet country life. Despite some legacies which made the couple relatively wealthy, they nevertheless fell into debt, which caused many domestic disputes and eventually a public drama.In 1785, in despair at his financial position and crippled by illness, <mask> fled to Lausanne. Under the mistaken impression that he had taken with him what remained of their fortune, his wife obtained a lettre de cachet from Lenoir, lieutenant-general of police, under which a police inspector was authorised to follow him and force him to return, whereupon he was

masks:
Cote de Sanois
Cote de Sanois
François Joseph Geffrard de La Motte
de Sanois
de Sanois


texts:
 imprisoned in the Asylum of Charenton. Ceaselessly protesting his innocence, he was finally released after nine months and immediately began proceedings against his wife to compel her to abandon her request for separation and to clear his good name and reputation. The Sanois Affair

In 1786 the Sanois Affair (Affaire Sanois) erupted into an extremely tense social climate which transformed what would otherwise have been a banal private case into a headline-grabbing lawsuit. There was huge public indignation over the principle of the lettre de cachet, a symbol of despotism, and there was sympathy for the unfortunate old man whom his unnatural wife had had thrown into Charenton. The business thus lent itself to media exploitation by ambitious and talented lawyers like Pierre Louis <mask>, the new champion of individual freedoms. De Lacretelle dashed off his Memoir for the Comte de Sanois which denounces in passing the abusive use of the lettre de cachet.Exempt from censorship, the legal memoir (mémoire judiciaire or factum) had become a fashionable literary genre. Initially a straightforward working document written by lawyers for the judges, it had now become a means of communication of frightening power which circulated among the salons and the coffee houses. Thanks to this currency of the legal memoir, readers could easily become engaged in famous cases such as the Affair of the Diamond Necklace or the Kornmann case. The press also played a decisive part in provoking the curiosity of the public. Among the publications which revealed the background and details of topical


texts: affairs, one of the most reliable is certainly the "Mémoires secrets", an anonymous serial published over many years Various authors have been credited with contributing to it, among them a certain Mouffle d’Angerville, to whom are attributed no less than thirty-four articles favourable to the Comte de Sanois. In 1788, the count assembled these articles and amplified them with his own comments in a work entitled Mon honneur finalement justifié ("My honour finally justified"). Although he rectifies some errors, generally his tone is highly enthusiastic before the authenticity of these chronicles: "Sirs, you have reproduced this scene with such exactitude that there is not a comma to remove here, nor a point to be added there."The defence of the countess was undertaken by the lawyer Tronson du Coudray. In 1787, the lawsuit concluded in a compromise: Mme <mask> was to keep the totality of the couple's goods but agreed to pay an income to her husband and acknowledged that her charges against him were unfounded. <mask> then went into exile again, this time at Neuchâtel, where he hoped to publish the full account of his misfortunes with the Société Typographique de Neuchâtel. But apparently he encountered some difficulties. It was with joy that he learnt the news of the convocation of the Estates-General in 1789 and returned to Paris to make his voice heard against the lettres de cachets and ministerial despotism. He was initially closely aligned to the patriots who were demanding reforms, and full of enthusiasm published booklet after booklet in support of the Revolution. Although

masks:
de Sanois
De Sanois


texts:
 he was the feudal lord of Pantin (near Paris), he even had printed the cahiers de doléances ("lists of grievances") of his own parish, accompanied by his own annotations.As Lacretelle observed, "He initially turned to the ideas of freedom: but soon, the abuses that were made of it turned him against them". Faithful to the king and religion, he was then imprisoned as a counter-revolutionary. Although arrested twice, he escaped the guillotine and died in Paris on the 24 pluviôse in year VII, or 12 February 1799. Works
The Comte <mask> was an original personality, unrepentant, as a litigant confident of his own right and good faith, but became inebriated by the notoriety he acquired in 1786. He took advantage of the contemporary wind of reform to present his ideas and by the time of his death had produced about fifty political booklets strewn with many autobiographical testimonies. Literary references
 Lacretelle, P.L. de, nd: Œuvres, vol.1, pp. viij and xij; vol. 2, pp. 99ff., pp. 218ff., pp. 276ff., pp. 446ff.; vol. 3, ppp. 77ff., p. 399ff. Maza, Sarah: "Domestic Melodrama as Political Ideology, The Case of the Comte <mask>ois" in The American Historical Review, vol. 94, 1989
 Maza, Sarah, 1993: Private Lives and Public Affairs : the Causes Celebres of Pre-Revolutionary France''
 Richard, Hélène-Claire, Caroff, André, 2006: Le comte de <mask>, Paris, Ed. Paradigme

External links
Portrait of Sanois in Museum, Palace of Versailles

1723 births
1799 deaths
French military personnel
French political writers
Counts of France
People imprisoned by lettre de cachet
French male

masks:
de Sanois
de San
Sanois


texts:
<mask> (March 12, 1818 – October 19, 1897) was a U.S. Navy officer in the American Civil War, who took part in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first-ever engagement between ironclad steamships at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 9 March 1862. Commanding the Union's only warship of this class, , Worden challenged the Confederate vessel Virginia, a converted steam-frigate that had sunk two Union blockaders and damaged two others. After a four-hour battle, both ships withdrew, unable to pierce the other's armour. Background and early career
<mask> was born in Scarborough, New York. He grew up in Swartwoutville, Dutchess County, New York, and was married to Olivia Toffey, the aunt of Daniel Toffey, captain's clerk of the USS Monitor. He was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 10, 1834. He served his first three years in the sloop-of-war Erie on the Brazil Station.Following that, he was briefly assigned to the sloop  before he reported to the Naval School at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for seven months of instruction. He returned to sea in July 1840 for two years with the Pacific Squadron. Between 1844 and 1846, Worden was stationed at the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. During the Mexican–American War, he cruised the west coast, primarily in the store ship Southampton, but in other ships as well. In 1850, he returned to the Naval Observatory for another two-year tour of duty. The ensuing nine years were filled with sea duty which took Worden on several cruises in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. Civil War service

Brought to Washington early in 1861, he received orders in April to carry secret dispatches—regarding the reinforcement of Fort Pickens—south to the warships at Pensacola. During the return journey

masks:
John Lorimer Worden
Worden


texts:
 north, <mask> was arrested near Montgomery, Alabama, and was held prisoner until exchanged about seven months later.Taking command of the Monitor
Though still ill as a result of his imprisonment, Lieutenant <mask> accepted orders to command the new ironclad Monitor on January 16, 1862. He reported to her building site at Greenpoint in Brooklyn on Long Island and supervised her completion. He placed the new warship in commission at the New York Navy Yard on February 25 and two days later sailed for Hampton Roads. However, steering failure forced the ironclad back to New York for repairs. On March 6, she headed south again, this time under tow by Seth Low. On the afternoon of March 8, Monitor approached Cape Henry, Virginia, while inside Hampton Roads, the Confederacy's own ironclad, CSS Virginia, wrought havoc with the Union Navy's wooden blockading fleet. During that engagement, the Southern warship sank both the sloop  and the frigate , as well as severely damaging the steam frigate  before retiring behind Sewell's Point.Arriving on the scene too late to participate in the engagement, <mask> and his ship set about assisting the grounded Minnesota. The battle of the ironclads
At daybreak on the 9th, Virginia emerged once more from behind Sewell's Point to complete her reduction of the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads. As the Confederate ironclad approached Minnesota, Worden maneuvered Monitor from the grounded ship's shadow to engage Virginia in the battle that revolutionized naval warfare. For four hours, the two iron-plated ships slugged it out as they maneuvered in the narrow channel of Hampton Roads, pouring shot and shell at one another to almost no visible effect. Three hours into the slug fest, Worden received

masks: Worden Worden Worden


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 facial wounds when a Confederate shell exploded just outside the pilot house that partially blinded him. He relinquished command to his first officer, Samuel D. Greene. About an hour later, Monitor withdrew from the battle temporarily and, upon her return to the scene, found that Virginia, too, had withdrawn.The first battle between steam-driven, armored ships had ended in a draw. Other wartime commands
After the battle, Worden moved ashore to convalesce from his wounds. During that recuperative period, he received the accolade of a grateful nation, the official thanks of the United States Congress, and promotion to commander. Late in 1862, he took command of the ironclad monitor Montauk and placed her in commission at New York on December 14, 1862. Later in the month, <mask> took his new ship south to join the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Port Royal, South Carolina. On January 27, 1863, he led his ship in the bombardment of Fort McAllister. A month later, newly promoted Captain <mask> took his ship into the Ogeechee River, found the Confederate privateer Rattlesnake (formerly CSS Nashville), and destroyed her with five well-placed shots.His last action came of April 7, 1863, when Montauk participated in an attack on Charleston, South Carolina. Post-war career and last years
Not long after the Charleston attack, Capt. <mask> received orders to shore duty in conjunction with the construction of ironclads in New York. That assignment lasted until the late 1860s. He was promoted to commodore in May 1868. In 1869, Commodore <mask> began a five-year tour as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. In 1872, Worden was promoted to rear admiral.In 1873 he became the first president of the United States Naval

masks: Worden Worden Worden Worden


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 Institute. During the late 1870s, he commanded the European Squadron, visiting ports in northern Europe and patrolling the eastern Mediterranean during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. He returned ashore and concluded his naval career as a member of the Examining Board and as President of the Retiring Board. When he retired on December 23, 1886, Congress voted him full sea pay in his grade for life. Admiral <mask> was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Sons of the American Revolution, Naval Order of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars. Rear Admiral <mask> resided in Washington, D.C., until his death from pneumonia on October 19, 1897. After funeral services at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, he was buried in the Pawling Cemetery in Pawling, New York.He was married to Olivia Toffey (1820–1903), and she and three of their four children survived him. His oldest son was <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1845–1873), who served as a volunteer captain in the U.S. Army during the Civil War and later as a first lieutenant in the regular army until his death in 1873. The second son was Daniel Toffey <mask> (1847–1914), a Wall Street stock broker. Worden also had two daughters, <mask> (1852–1905) and Olivia Steele <mask> (1856–1933). Worden's widow and all of his children except Daniel were buried with him in Pawling, New York. Tiffany & Co. sword

After the battle of the Monitor and Virginia the state of New York celebrated their hero with the commissioning of a custom-made  gold-and-silver inlaid sword from Tiffany & Co. The handle was emblazoned with the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, and included a gold-plated sheath and gold embroidered belt made at the cost of $550.In

masks:
Worden
Worden
John Lorimer
Worden
Worden
Grace Worden
Worden


texts:
 1912, fifteen years after his death, <mask>'s family donated the sword to the Naval Academy, where it rested until 1931, when it was stolen. The subsequent naval investigation yielded no leads. The sword was missing for over six decades until 1998, when the FBI began an investigation into several dealers of the PBS show Antiques Roadshow. By 2002, three men were in jail for $1 million in memorabilia fraud. The FBI continued to delve further into the records of the appraisers, searching for more stolen items. The sword had been purchased by an appraiser and then resold to a collector. After the FBI verified the sword was stolen, it was confiscated and returned to the Naval Academy.Namesake
Fort Worden, located in Port Townsend, Washington, and four United States Navy ships have been named <mask> for him. The parade field at the United States Naval Academy is named in his honor. The John L. Worden Camp 150, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, is based in Peekskill, New York, not far from <mask>'s grave in Pawling, New York. See also

List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy

References

Bibliography

 Nelson, James L. 2004. The Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack. HarperCollins Publishers, NY. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14275

External links

 Rear Admiral <mask><mask>, USN
 Mizzentop's History

1818 births
1897 deaths
American Civil War prisoners of war
Battle of Hampton Roads
People from Pawling, New York
People from Mount Pleasant, New York
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy
Union Navy officers
United States Navy admirals
People from Briarcliff Manor, New

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Worden
USS Worden
Worden
John L
. Worden


texts:
<mask> (née Bailey; March 10, 1924 – August 2, 2017) was an American writer and editor, best known for having rescued The Diary of Anne Frank from the reject pile. <mask> also championed Julia Child's Mastering the Art of French Cooking. She retired as senior editor and vice president at Alfred A. Knopf in 2011. <mask> was also a cookbook author and memoirist. She won multiple lifetime achievement awards, including the James Beard Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. Career

Editor
<mask> joined Knopf in 1957 as an assistant to Blanche Knopf and editor working mainly on translations of French writers such as Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. Before that she worked for Doubleday, first in New York City and then in Paris, where she read and recommended The Diary of Anne Frank, pulling it out of the rejection pile.<mask> recalled that she came across Frank's work in a slush pile of material that had been rejected by other publishers; she was struck by a photograph of the girl on the cover of an advance copy of the French edition. "I read it all day," she noted. "When my boss returned, I told him, 'We have to publish this book.' He said, 'What? That book by that kid?'" She brought the diary to the attention of Doubleday's New York office. "I made the book quite important because I was so taken with it, and I felt it would have a real market in America.It’s one of those seminal books that will never be forgotten," <mask> said. <mask>'s relationship with Julia Child similarly began when <mask> became interested in Child's manuscript Mastering the Art of French Cooking, which had been rejected by a publishing house. After her years in Paris,

masks:
Judith Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


texts:
 <mask> had moved to New York, where she was frustrated with the ingredients and recipes commonly available in the U.S. <mask> said of the book Mastering the Art of French Cooking, "This was the book I had been searching for," and she got it published. In America's postwar years, home cooking was dominated by packaged and frozen food, with an emphasis on ease and speed. After the success of Child's cookbook, <mask> continued to expand the resource options for American home cooks. "I got so excited by Julia's book and what it did for making people better cooks, and the tools that you needed to make it really work in an American city or small town, and I thought, If we could do this for French food, for heavens' sake, let's start doing it for other exotic cuisines!" <mask> recalled."I used the word "exotic," and that meant the Middle East with Claudia Roden, it meant better Indian cooking with Madhur Jaffrey." After working with Edna Lewis on The Taste of Country Cooking, <mask> focused more on American regional cooking. Major culinary authors <mask> brought into print include Julia Child, Lidia Bastianich, James Beard, Marion Cunningham, Rosie Daley, Edward Giobbi, Marcella Hazan, Madhur Jaffrey, Irene Kuo, Edna Lewis, Joan Nathan, Scott Peacock, Jacques Pépin, Claudia Roden, and Nina Simonds. The 18-book Knopf Cooks American series was <mask>' creation. <mask> was also the longtime editor of noted authors John Updike, Anne Tyler, John Hersey, Elizabeth Bowen, Peter Taylor, and William Maxwell. Other major authors whom <mask> edited include Langston Hughes, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Author
<mask> wrote three books with her husband Evan, and

masks: Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones Jones