texts:
 Together <mask> and David also worked with Britney on her second album Oops!…I Did It Again, co-writing and co-producing "What U See (Is What U Get)" and producing "Girl in the Mirror". The album came out in the US in May 2000 and equally as the first, it shot to No 1.First UK No 1s
<mask> and David's success on the UK Singles Chart soon followed. Westlife had approached Cheiron for material to their upcoming self-titled debut album and the duo co-wrote three songs which they also produced. "If I Let You Go" was released in August 1999 as Westlife's ever second single. It went straight to No 1 becoming <mask> and David's first top position in the UK. "Fool Again", which came out in March 2000 as the fifth single taken from the same album, became the duo's second in less than seven months. By the end of that same year, Westlife issued their follow-up album Coast to Coast. Five songs co-written and / or produced by the tandem had found their way onto the record."My Love" hit the UK record stores in October as the album's first single. It entered the charts at No 1. The close collaboration between Westlife and <mask> and David has continued ever since. The Backstreet Boys had in 1999 broken nearly every record in the book with their album Millennium. In 2000 the group turned to <mask> and David for help on their next, titled Black & Blue, which was released in November. Including the tandem's productions of "It's True" and "The Answer to Our Life", the record became another huge international success selling more than 12 million copies. These recordings turned out to be some of Cheiron's last before closing up.By the end of 2000, at the top of the industry, the

masks: Per Per Per Per Per


type: original

texts:
 studio's songwriters and producers decided to go separate ways. A Side Productions is formed
Shortly after the shutdown of Cheiron Studios, <mask> and David formed A Side Productions, their own production company. Located in the center of Stockholm, the duo soon embarked on several major projects including working on Westlife's upcoming third record World of Our Own. Together they co-wrote and produced four songs which all appear on the album. One of the songs was "Evergreen", that soon was about to enter Guinness World Records. Released in the UK in November 2001, the album instantly shot to No 1. In February 2002 Will Young became the first winner of Pop Idol, a new British reality talent show that was followed by spin offs all around the world, in the US named American Idol.Will Young's debut single was the double A-side "Anything is Possible" / "Evergreen", released in the UK on 25 February. The single instantaneously made it into the history books by becoming the Fastest Selling Debut Single for the First Day
as well as First Week. Co-written and co-produced by <mask> and David, "Evergreen" spent three consecutive weeks atop of the Top 40. More amazingly, in 2009 the single still holds the No 11th position on the UK Top 100 List of Best Selling Singles of all time. Pop Idol runner-up that season was Gareth Gates and just like Will Young he recorded "Evergreen", which was included on his first single. Released in March, Gareth Gates now knocked down his rival from the No 1, subsequently holding his position for four weeks straight. Gareth Gates' second success on the charts came only four months later, on 14 July, with his follow-up "Anyone of Us (Stupid

masks: Per Per


texts:
 Mistake)".The song, also co-written and produced by <mask> and David, spent three weeks at No 1. This was the duo's 5th top position in the UK. Il Divo brings opera to the pop charts
Already in 2001 Simon Cowell had come up with a new concept featuring four male singers interpreting romantic songs opera-style. Two years later, after numerous auditions across the globe, Il Divo was formed. The quartet's self-titled debut album was scheduled for release in the fall of 2004 and one of its first destinations was A Side Productions' studios for recordings. Including the productions of Ennio Morricone's "Nella Fantasia" and "Ti Amerò", which <mask> and David also had co-written exclusively for the group, the album Il Divo was released in the UK on 6 November. It instantly went to No 1
and remained in the Top 5 throughout the year.In the US the album was issued on April 19, 2005, rushing straight to No 4 on the Billboard 200. Only months later, Il Divo had reached No 1 in 12 countries, Top 5 in another 25
and sold more than 4 million copies. In 2005 Céline Dion started working on a new album, her first French compilation titled On Ne Changes Pas, including three new songs. <mask> and David co-wrote and produced "I Believe in You", a duet with Il Divo. Dion's album was released on 3 October and reached No 1 in Quebec, Belgium and France where it held the position for seven weeks straight subsequently spending an entire year on the chart. <mask> and David's duet "I Believe in You" was also included on Il Divo's follow-up album Ancora. Along with three more songs produced by the tandem, the quartet's record was released on 7 November 2005.It hit No 1 in the UK and Australia

masks: Per Per Per Per


texts:
 within one week. Released in the US on January 24, 2006,
Ancora entered the Billboard 200 at No 1 after selling more than 150,000 copies in its first week. Il Divo's third album, Siempre, also including four songs co-written and / or produced by <mask> and David, was released by the end of November 2006. Across their first three albums, Il Divo achieved 36 No 1's, selling more than 22 million records worldwide. The X Factor & Britain's Got Talent
The X Factor was devised in 2004 as a replacement for the massively successful Pop Idol, which in the UK had been put on indefinite hold. In the second season's final, aired on 17 December, 2005, Shayne Ward was crowned winner after performing the newly written song "That's My Goal". Produced by <mask> and David it was released as Ward's debut single only four days later, shooting straight to No 1.By selling an astonishing 310,000 copies in the first day, "That's My Goal" entered the Top 4 list of the Fastest Selling UK Singles of all time. On March 4, 2007, Paul Potts entered the stage in front of the skeptical looking jury of Britain's Got Talent. Ninety seconds later he made YouTube history with his rendition of Puccini's "Nessun Dorma". Potts had wowed the jury as well as the 2,000-strong audience which gave him a standing ovation. Still working as a mobile phone salesman in Wales, the unexpected tenor on June 17 won the whole show. Going straight into the music studios recording songs for his debut album, now with a full symphony orchestra backing him up in the world-famous AIR Studios in London, Potts recorded three songs produced by <mask> and David, "Nessun Dorma", "Con Te Partirò" and "Nella Fantasia". The album

masks: Per Per Per


texts:
 One Chance was released in the UK on 16 July.2007 and with first week sales exceeding 128,000 copies Potts shot straight to No 1
outselling the rest of his Top 10 rivals combined. The newly discovered tenor held the position for three consecutive weeks. Working with Katherine Jenkins and Leona <mask> and David were in 2007 involved in several other projects including working with Katherine Jenkins, the Welsh award-winning and best-selling classical crossover superstar. In 2004, at the age of 24, she became the fastest selling mezzo-soprano of all time with her debut album titled Première. By the end of 2005, as the first singer in musical history, Jenkins simultaneously held the number 1, 2 and 3 positions in the UK's Classical Chart with her three albums. Her fifth album, Rejoice including four songs produced by <mask> and David, was released on 19 November. 2007.It entered the UK's Album Chart at No 3. In 2006 more than 100,000 hopeful "artists to be" applied to the auditions for The X Factor season three, the previous season won by Shayne Ward. Leona Lewis was crowned winner on 16 December, soon breaking sales records with her first single. Decided however not to push the young singer's debut album release, Lewis instead went to the US signing a lucrative record deal with
Clive Davis, founder of Arista Records. Set for domestically release in late 2007 the album's recordings were coordinated in music studios around the US as well as in London. One of the songs was "Footprints in the Sand", written by <mask> and David together with Richard Page. The album, titled Spirit, reached the UK record stores on 12 November.With sales surpassing 375,000 copies in its

masks:
Lewis Per
Per
Per


texts:
 first week of release, Spirit is the fastest selling British debut album of all time. It spent seven weeks straight at No 1 on the Top 40. Released in the US almost five months later, on April 8, 2008, Spirit instantly shot to the top spot. This resulted in Leona Lewis becoming the first British female ever to debut at No 1 on the Billboard 200. Re-released in the UK almost exactly one year later, on 17 November, 2008, Lewis' Spirit The Deluxe Edition bounced back to the top of the charts to give <mask> and David a second consecutive No. 1, as the bestseller that previous week was Il Divo's The Promise including the tandem's production of "L'Alba Del Mondo". See also
The Official Website of A Side Productions
A Side Productions on MySpace
Interview, HitQuarters Aug 2009

References

1969 births
Living people
Swedish record producers
Swedish male


texts:
<mask> (Wlava, Russian Empire, 17 February 1901 - Bogotá, Colombia, 28 June 1990) was a Ukrainian-Colombian historian of Jewish descent who is recognised as one of the most important writers about Colombian history, the Spanish conquests and a proponent of indigenism; the defense of the rights and descriptions of the oppression of indigenous people. <mask> went to Colombia in 1926 for business and his fascination for the country, its climate and culture made him emigrate. He became a Colombian citizen in 1930. During the 1940s, Friede made extensive studies about various indigenous peoples in the country. He was a professor at the newly founded Department of Social Sciences of the National University of Colombia and is considered one of the pioneers of the "New History" movement in Colombia, together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez. His former house in San Agustín since 2006 bears the name Casa Museo Juan Friede. Biography

<mask> was born in a village called Wlava, indicated as Ukrainian or Polish, close to the border with Germany, part of the Russian Empire on February 17, 1901 in a Jewish family.Friede went to school in Moscow in the turbulent years of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The new regime drove the family to Germany and Friede studied Economical and Social Sciences at the Hochschule für Welthandel in Vienna, graduating in 1922. The environment of Vienna of the 1920s influenced Friede positively and he was a member of an anarcho-ecological society called Vanderfliegel. After his studies in Vienna, he continued his research at the newly founded London School of Economics. In 1923, Friede started working for the import-export firm J.

masks:
Juan Friede Alter
Juan Friede
Juan Friede Alter


texts: Stern & Co. The firm sent Friede to Colombia in 1926. Friede arrived first in Cartagena and later in Buenaventura.He was so much impressed by the country, its climate, poverty and people, that he decided to emigrate. <mask> first settled in Manizales, working for J. Stern & Co in trading coffee, automobiles and other imports, a job offering him to travel through Colombia. On February 20, or March 3, 1930, Friede became a Colombian national. After a decline in the activities of J. Stern & Co., Friede worked for Caldas Motors, a subsidiary of Ford Motors from 1935 to 1941. In 1939, Friede moved from Manizales to Bogotá and in 1940 he opened the first art gallery in the Colombian capital. Two years later  Colombian muralist Pedro Nel Gómez held an exposition in Friede's art gallery. During the Holy Week of 1942, Friede made the first documentary about the important archaeological and UNESCO World Heritage Site San Agustín.This formed the onset of further studies of the indigenous people of Colombia between 1943 and 1946. He lived in San Agustín until the end of 1945. In 1944, Friede published his book El indio en la lucha por la tierra, where he described the continuous repression of the indigenous people of the department of Cauca. Friede is considered together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez, one of the founders of "New History" in Colombia, after writing a voluminous work about the conquests and indigenous history in his 1955 publication Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Colombia. In 1959 the Department of Social Sciences of the National University of Colombia was founded, where <mask> was one of the main professors. Between 1962 and

masks:
Juan Friede
Juan Friede


texts:
 1990, Friede lived in Colombia and the United States. <mask> has published 682 works in Spanish and English.He spoke fluent Russian, German, French, English and Spanish. Research by <mask>e

Indigenous peoples of Colombia

Friede has published various books and articles about the indigenous peoples of Colombia, among others the Muisca, Andaquí, Arhuaco, Kofán and Quimbaya. Conquest

Many conquistadors as well as Spanish chroniclers in Colombia have been described in biographies by <mask>e. On Pedro de Aguado, whose birth date is uncertain, he wrote that De Aguado was baptised in Valdemoro on January 26, 1513. Friede published about Rodrigo de Bastidas and others in La conquista del territorio y el poblamiento. The abuse of the indigenous people by Pedro de Heredia was reported by Friede in Fuentes documentales para la historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada: desde la instalación de la Real Audiencia en Santafé. <mask> has published various works about the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and the foundation of Bogotá.He described the routes of the main conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and Nikolaus Federmann towards the Bogotá savanna and Eastern Hills in Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá (1536–1539). In 1960, Friede published a review of Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, an early publication about the conquest expeditions of the Spanish against the Muisca and Panche of uncertain authorship. Friede maintains the work has been written entirely by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the main conquistador of central-Colombia. History

Friede also published about the post-Spanish history of Colombia and Peru; the Battle of Boyacá in 1819, the Battle

masks:
Juan Friede
Juan Fried
Juan Fried
Juan Friede


texts:
 of Ayacucho in 1824, the foundation of the Mint in Bogotá in the seventeenth century, the history of Pereira and Popayán, especially <mask> del Valle, and the Colombian painters Carlos Correa and Luis Alberto Acuña. <mask> Alter wrote a critical review of friar Pedro Simón, and together with Benjamin Keen he published a major biography of friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1971. Works
This list is a selection. Books

Indigenous people
 1979 - Indígenas y represión en Colombia
 1974 - Los chibchas bajo la dominación española
 1973 - La explotación indígena en Colombia bajo el gobierno de las misiones el caso de los aruacos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
 1963 - Los quimbayas bajo la dominación española : estudio documental 1539-1810
 1963 - Problemas sociales de los aruacos: tierras, gobierno, misiones
 1953 - Los andakí, 1538-1947: historia de la aculturación de una tribu selvática
 1952 - Los Kofán: una tribu de la alta Amazonia colombiana
 1944 - Comunidades indígenas del macizo colombiano
 1944 - El indio en lucha por la tierra: historia de los resguardos del macizo central colombiano.Editorial Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, 2020
 1943 - Los indios del alto Magdalena (vida, luchas y exterminio) 1609-1931

Conquest
 1991 - Cristobal Colón y el encuentro de dos mundos
 1979 - El Adelantado don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
 1974 - Biografía de Nicolás Federman, conquistador de Venezuela, 1506?-1542
 1970 - Rutas de Cartagena de Indias a Buenos Aires y sublevaciones de Pizarro, Castilla y Hernández Girón, 1540-1570
 1966 - Invasión del país de los chibchas, conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada y fundación de Santafé de Bogotá: revaluaciones y rectificaciones
 1965 - Historia extensa de

masks:
Juan
Juan Friede


texts:
<mask> is an Indian film actor, producer and playback singer who appears in Bollywood films. He started his career as a lead actor, though he was more successful in supporting roles and as an antagonist. He received a Filmfare nomination for the Best Performance in a Negative Role for Yes Boss (1997). <mask> began his career with television movies produced by Nari Hira and ventured into mainstream Bollywood cinema with Sasti Dulhan Mehnga Dulha (1986). <mask> first came into the limelight with an important role in Maha-Sangram (1990). He had the peak of his career between the late 1980s and early 1990s. He succeeded by playing the second lead; most of his leading roles were not box office successes.Acting career

1985–87: Television movies and serials
He was signed for a few television video films produced by Hiba, which was owned by Stardust magazine owner Nari Hira. <mask> made his acting debut with Shahadat in 1985. In 1986, he did the television films Sone Ka Pinjra, Siyahi, Kalank Ka Tika, Afshar Ki Saali and Maryam Ki Beti. Later that year, he ventured into mainstream Bollywood with Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha. During this time, he adopted the stage name <mask> <mask>. In 1987, <mask> gave performances in two television movies: Abhishek and Khatarnaak Irade. In Abhishek, he portrayed a well-known businessman who used his father's wealth in enjoying leisure time and used a new costume to help depressed and troubled people.In Khatarnaak Irade, <mask> played the role of a womanising lifeguard who got himself into trouble while falling in love with a married woman played by Anju Mahendru. During 1995 he also starred in the TV series Mahashakti in DD Metro opposite Juhi Chawla. This series was to be released in 1989 as a

masks:
Aditya Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Aditya
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi


texts:
 Vaada raha milan ka, but the film was released as a TV series on DD Metro. In 2014 he starred in the television film (My Father Godfather), which was to be released in theatres, but was released on the World Wide Web and television. 1988–96: Lead roles
<mask> had his first prominent Bollywood role with a supporting role in Feroz Khan's Dayavan (1988), opposite Vinod Khanna and Madhuri Dixit. He appeared in Dharamyudh with Sunil Dutt, Suresh Oberoi and Shatrughan Sinha. Later that year, he collaborated with K.C.Bokadia in Kab Tak Chup Rahungi, opposite Amala. This was his first lead role in Bollywood and established him as a lead actor in the industry. His next release that year was Qatil, in which he starred opposite Sangeeta Bijlani. <mask> portrayed a lawyer's son who resists the death penalty and imprisonment and proves himself guilty of the murder of a prostitute, but was trapped when a friend betrayed him by removing all of the evidence. In 1989, <mask> starred in the romance Mohabat Ka Paigham, opposite Meenakshi Sheshadri. He had a major role in Mukul S. Anand's multi-starrer action film Maha Sangram, which featured an ensemble cast of Vinod Khanna, Govinda and Madhuri Dixit. He also sang a few lines in the song "Dhak Dhak Dhak" with Alisha Chinai.He next starred in the comedy film Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri, which became one of the highest-grossing films of the year. He next starred opposite upcoming actress Madhuri Dixit in Sailaab. <mask> would close the year with a double-role in Zakhmi Zameen, opposite Jaya Prada. His second role as an antagonist was in the sports action thriller Awwal Number, opposite Dev Anand and Aamir Khan. His other releases included Taqdeer Ka Tamasha, Atishbaaz and Veeru Dada. <mask>

masks: Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi


texts: began 1991 with Naamcheen, opposite Ekta Sohini, in which he played an unemployed young man who steps into the underworld to make money and becomes one of the wealthiest people of his city; but loses his family and friends in the race for wealth and decides to kill the two rival gangsters to rehabilitate their goons and surrenders to the police. His next major release was Vishnu-Devaa that saw him pair with Sunny Deol, Neelam and Sangeeta Bijlani.The film was the seventeenth highest-grossing film of the year. He paired with Jeetendra to play one of the title roles in Shiv Ram. Later that year, he collaborated with director Mahesh Bhatt in Saathi, opposite Mohsin Khan and Varsha Usgaonkar. He followed with a supporting role in the multi-starrer Akayla, opposite Kiran Juneja. The film featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Amrita Singh, Jackie Shroff and Meenakshi Sheshadri. It became the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year. His last release of the year was Jeevan Daata, opposite Chunky Pandey, Kimi Katkar and Sonu Walia.He started 1992 with the romance film Yaad Rakhegi Duniya, opposite debutant Rukhsar Rehman. <mask> portrayed a terminally ill man who falls in love with a girl, who herself suffers from a terminal illness. Also released in 1992 was the action movie Sahebzaade with Sanjay Dutt. His last release of the year was the multi-starrer action film Tahalka, opposite Dharmendra, Naseeruddin Shah. <mask> portrays an army officer and is paired with Ekta Sohini. The film emerged as the fifth-highest-grossing film of the year. <mask> turned producer for the first time in the 1993 romance action film Chor Aur Chaand and acted in the lead role opposite Pooja Bhatt.In the same year he starred in the action

masks: Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi


texts:
 film Muqabla opposite Govinda, Karishma Kapoor, Shakti Kapoor and Asrani. His next release was the action film Game, opposite Naseeruddin Shah, Rahul Roy and Sangeeta Bijlani. His only release of 1994 was Sanjay Gupta's multi-starrer action film Aatish: Feel the Fire, featuring an ensemble cast of Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon, Karisma Kapoor and Atul Agnihotri. Aatish was one of the highest-grossing movies at the box office. He began 1995 with the lead role in the action film Surakshaa, in which he was paired with Sheeba with an ensemble cast of Sunil Shetty, Saif Ali Khan, Divya Dutta and Monica Bedi. In the same year he acted in the movies Ravan Raaj: A True Story and The Gambler and Ram Shastra with Jackie Shroff, Manisha Koirala and Anupam Kher. <mask> reunited with Shetty and Khan for another multi-starrer lead role in the 1996 action film Ek Tha Raja, with Neelam, Pratibha Sinha and Indrani Banerjee.Later that year, Pancholi collaborated with South Indian director T. Rama Rao in Jung, portraying a double-role opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Ajay Devgan, Rambha and Sujata Mehta. <mask> played an innocent train driver who is wrongly punished for a murder that was committed by a look-alike gangster, which was a box office success. His next release of the year was Khilona, opposite Ayub Khan and Monica Bedi. His other movies included Zordaar, Muqadama and Mafia. 1997–present: Supporting roles and antagonists
Pancholi switched to antagonistic and supporting roles as 1997 approached, starting with Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy Yes Boss, opposite Shah Rukh Khan and Juhi Chawla. Yes Boss was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year. He earned a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role.His

masks: Pancholi Pancholi


texts: next release was Hameshaa, opposite Saif Ali Khan and Kajol, with <mask> in a negative role. During 1998 and 1999 he appeared in the movies Devta, Zanjeer: The Chain (1998), Hafta Vasuli, Benaam, Aaya Toofan(1999). <mask> paired with Sanjay Dutt and Manisha Koirala to play the antagonist in Baaghi (2000). Later that year, he reunited with Sanjay Gupta to play a police inspector in Jung, opposite Sanjay Dutt, Jackie Shroff, Raveena Tandon and Shilpa Shetty. His last release of the year was Tarkieb, opposite Nana Patekar, Tabu and Shilpa Shetty. Long delayed movie Bhai no 1 with Farah (actress) his only release in 2001 Bhagwaat Ek Jung with Mithun Chakraborty. In 2002, <mask> had his next major release with a supporting role in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's heist thriller Aankhen, which featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Arjun Rampal, Sushmita Sen and Paresh Rawal.The film was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. His other releases of 2002 were Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani, Gautam Govinda and Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa. In 2003 he appeared in a patriotic movie Border Hindustan Ka, with Faisal Khan, Rajat Bedi, Akshaye Khanna and Sudesh Berry. He made a cameo appearance in Chalte Chalte. Pancholi collaborated with Sanjay Gupta for the fifth time in the 2004 action thriller Musafir, playing the main antagonist opposite Anil Kapoor, Sameera Reddy, Mahesh Manjrekar, Koena Mitra, Shakti Kapoor and Sanjay Dutt. The movie received negative reviews, but Pancholi received positive reviews for his performance, with Taran Adarsh labelling his performance "first-rate". Pancholi had a comeback as the antagonist in Chandan Arora's low-budget action film Striker (2010).Pancholi restricted himself to antagonist and


texts:
 character roles, with films such as Rush (2012), Hridayanath (2012), Mumbai Mirror (2013), Race 2 (2013), Jai Ho (2014), Dishkiyaoon (2014), Hero (2015) and Bajirao Mastani (2015). Controversies
In 2016, after a decade-long trial, a local metropolitan court in Mumbai found <mask> <mask> guilty of assaulting a business associate in a fit of rage in 2005, and sentenced him to a one-year imprisonment with a fine of Rs. 20,000/- (US$300). <mask> has appealed against the judgment in a higher court. In 2019, actress Kangana Ranaut, who had previously been in a relationship with him, filed a police complaint claiming that <mask> had drugged, raped, assaulted and blackmailed her for sex repeatedly over a prolonged period starting in 2003. She repeated these claims in an interview to "Aap ki Adalat" on India TV and cited an incident of assault which had occurred in public. Eyewitnesses to the incident say that Pancholi stopped the rickshaw in which Ranaut was travelling, compelled her to get out of the vehicle and slapped her face.<mask> stated in his defence that the accusations was false and as despicable as her entire relationship with him. He said that in fact, Ranaut had exploited him both financially and emotionally in a calculated manner and used his influence to secure a foothold for herself as an actress. The trial is yet to begin. <mask> <mask> had earlier been accused of raping his ex-girlfriend Pooja Bedi's 15-year-old maid during the time when he and Pooja were dating - he was later found guilty. Awards and nominations

References

External links

Male actors from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male film actors
Living people
Gujarati people
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male

masks: Aditya Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi Pancholi Aditya Pancholi


texts:
<mask> (1840–1911) was the foremost residential architect in Amherst and Northampton, Massachusetts, in the last two decades of the 19th century. He designed more than 35 sizable houses in those two towns and several in nearby communities. His early house designs, mostly in the Queen Anne style, centered on Amherst. From 1893 to 1897 <mask> was in partnership with Lewis D. Bayley, and their firm, Putnam & Bayley, operated from an office in Northampton. The focus of the firm’s residential work shifted to Northampton and tended toward the Classical Revival and Colonial Revival styles. The firm undertook several commercial buildings, notably the Masonic Block in Northampton, the most expensive building yet to have been constructed in the downtown area. The firm’s work encompassed civic structures as well.<mask> or his firm also designed three public libraries in towns around the Pioneer Valley. Following the dissolution of the firm, <mask> continued his architectural practice in Northampton, though at a slower pace, until his death on April 16, 1911. He designed a number of school buildings and renovated still other schools in towns throughout Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Early Years and Schooling
Roswell Field <mask> was born in Leverett, Massachusetts, on 20 May 1840, the son of a farmer, <mask>, and his wife, <mask> (Bangs) <mask>. He was apparently named after <mask> <mask> (1767–1842), a magistrate and trial justice for Franklin County, Massachusetts, who represented the town of Leverett in the

masks:
Roswell Field Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Timothy Putnam
Sarah Field
Putnam
Roswell
Field


texts:
 state legislature for many years. <mask> took care of <mask> <mask> and his wife, Sarah Graves <mask>, in their later years; when he died in 1842, <mask> bequeathed his property to Timothy and his household goods and a thousand dollars to <mask>. In 1844, possibly on the strength of this inheritance, <mask> acquired a farm on Long Plain in Leverett, near the junction with Depot Road, together with a Greek Revival farmhouse for himself, his wife, and his four-year-old son.In 1852 he built a schoolhouse on the northwest corner of his property, which still stands at 159 Long Plain Road, although the <mask>s’ house at #153 was destroyed by fire. <mask> would have been twelve at the time of the schoolhouse construction, and this project may have sparked his interest in becoming an architect. <mask> <mask> initially attended not this school (which met in a private home across the road before the schoolhouse was built), but rather Leverett’s Center School, the “Little Red Schoolhouse” near the town center. As he grew older, he attended the Amherst Academy, a private school in Amherst, and then the Powers Institute in Bernardston, Massachusetts, which had opened in 1855. Although <mask> appears to have had no formal education beyond high school, the Daily Hampshire Gazette, 18 October 1893, p. 2, reported that “he has always been a close student and probably has the finest library outside of New York City.”

Professional Training and Early Work

<mask> would have completed his studies at the Powers Institute

masks:
Timothy Putnam
Roswell
Field
Field
Field
Sarah Putnam
Timothy Putnam
Putnam
Roswell
Roswell
Field Putnam
Putnam
Roswell


texts:
 around 1856 to 1858. He registered (as a farmer) for the Civil War draft in 1863, but there is no indication that he served; his registry entry bears the notation, “very near-sighted.”   Little is known of his life’s course between the end of school and the early 1880s. He is identified as a farmer in the 1855 state census.No occupation is given in the 1860 U.S. Census, which shows him living with his parents in Leverett. He is still recorded living with them in the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Census; in 1870 he styled himself an architect, and in 1880, a carpenter. <mask>’s earliest architectural venture may have been a store in Leverett that he designed for Payson Field in 1867, on the west side of the tracks just north of the railroad station, which had been built on Long Plain in 1865. This store functioned until the 1890s, when it was moved to a site on the east side of Shutesbury Road, just north of Mountain Brook, for use as a residence. <mask> as Carpenter

According to his obituaries, <mask> learned the carpentry trade in Amherst and trained as an architect in Worcester, Massachusetts, under James Fuller. He may also have trained under an architect in Boston, although his name does not appear in Boston city directories. The sequence and timing of these ventures is not clear.He is listed (in Leverett) under “Carpenters and Builders” in the Massachusetts Register and Business Directory of 1874. Among the carpenters and builders active in Amherst in the 1870s were Chauncey Lessey and John Beston, Jr.

masks: Roswell Putnam Roswell


texts:
 <mask> later designed houses on behalf of both their widows, as well as one for carpenter James White, indicating possible personal connections that may relate to his training in carpentry. There was no standardized training, examination, or license required in Massachusetts to become a carpenter or architect at the time. One learned on the job, through apprenticeship—formal or informal. <mask>’s Training as Architect

It was probably in the latter half of the 1870s that <mask> undertook training for the architectural profession. The customary path to becoming an architect in the U.S. in this period was to spend time as an apprentice in an architectural office, learning at the elbow of an established practitioner. Formal courses in architecture were not instituted until later in the century.The distinction between builder and architect was not always clear cut, but from the records that survive from 1883 onward, it appears that once <mask> established himself as “architect” in Amherst, he employed others as builders, contractors, or specialized craftsmen and did not pick up a hammer himself. According to the Daily Hampshire Gazette, <mask> learned architecture from James E. Fuller of Worcester, Massachusetts. Born in 1836, Fuller had already been a master-builder and a contractor in Athol, Massachusetts, though he was only 29 when he came to Worcester. In 1866 Fuller formed a partnership with Stephen C. Earle in Worcester, and the firm later opened an office in Boston as well. The partnership lasted 10

masks: Putnam Putnam Putnam Putnam Putnam


texts:
 years. “Though it is impossible to distinguish exactly the separate contributions of Earle and Fuller to their partnership, it appears that Earle was the designer, Fuller the builder,” according to Curtis Dahl, whose monograph on Earle is the most complete study of the architect. Dahl further posits that the Boston office was opened only to be able to attract inexpensive draftsmen, but that the heart of the firm’s work was in Worcester.The firm’s bread-and-butter work was designing stone churches in a Richardsonian Romanesque/Gothic idiom, although they did residential and commercial buildings as well. After Fuller parted from Earle, he partnered in 1878 with Ward P. Delano to form the firm Fuller & Delano, which for more than two decades was one of the most successful firms in Worcester. The latter firm’s practice seems to have been geared toward institutional buildings (schools, hospitals, libraries and firehouses), with relatively few residential commissions. Buildings in Amherst 1883-1893

On 9 May 1882 <mask> <mask> married Sarah P. Scott, a native of Hawley, Massachusetts, a schoolteacher who had been a boarder at his parents’ home, where <mask> was living. She was about 13 years his junior. A year later, the couple had a son whom they named Karl Scott <mask>. Sarah died in June 1884.At about this time, <mask>, still residing with his parents in Leverett, seems to have established himself as a professional architect and begun taking commissions in Amherst. He designed a house for B. H. Williams in

masks: Roswell Putnam Roswell Putnam Putnam


texts:
 1883 (no longer extant; photo in the Jones Library Special Collections, Amherst). Two documents preserved at the Jones Library, executed in September and December 1884, are agreements with John Beston, Jr., a contractor, to build homes in Amherst according to plans drawn up by R. F<mask>, Architect. One of these, at 24 North Prospect Street, was contracted for by the estate of Mrs. C. W. Lessey and completed in 1885; the other, at 22 Seelye Street, was contracted for by George S. Kendrick. <mask>’s practice in the 1880s and early 1890s was primarily in Amherst, designing inventive Queen Anne cross-gabled houses, many in the Shingle Style, for the town’s merchants and faculty members. The John C. Hammond house, at 222 Elm Street in Northampton (1891–94), is considered by many the apogee of his work in this style. Although he was the initial unanimous choice of the committee formed to recommend an architect for Amherst’s Town Hall, he did not win the commission.He did, however, design the North Amherst Library, which opened in 1893. Putnam & Bayley, 1893-1897

In 1893 <mask> <mask> formed a partnership with Lewis D. Bayley, an architect from Louisville, Kentucky. The firm Putnam & Bayley opened an office at 160 Main Street, Northampton, in the Columbian Building. “The people of this vicinity who contemplate building will not find it necessary to send away for their architectural work,” the local paper crowed, “as we now have a firm of architects here that are second to none in the country as to experience

masks:
. Putnam
Putnam
Roswell
Putnam


texts: and ability.” The article continues, “Although having been located here but three months they have over $75,000 worth of buildings in course of erection.” In 1896 the firm’s offices were moved into Northampton’s Lambie Block. Its houses, mostly in Northampton, became more Classical/Colonial Revival in style and symmetrical in design as the decade rolled on, but they still retained many Queen Anne features. <mask> <mask> was married for a second time in 1895, to Mrs. <mask> of Springfield, a 52-year-old widow from Leverett with three adult sons. <mask>’s son Karl would have been twelve at the time, presumably still living at home.<mask> <mask> built a new house for the family at 19 Columbus Avenue in Northampton. Forming a firm led to a dramatic increase in the number of jobs undertaken, as well as to broadening the scope of work beyond what <mask> had done on his own. In addition to pursuing residential work, the firm undertook several commercial building projects—repairs to the McCallum Block and rebuilding of the Lambie Block in Northampton,  and construction of a brick block at Maple and Cottage Streets in Easthampton, Massachusetts. They designed a new plumbing scheme for the Northampton City Hall, an addition to the Nonotuck Silk Company in Florence (a suburb of Northampton), a school in Easthampton, and the Meekins Library in Williamsburg, as well as projects in Buckland and South Deerfield, all towns in Western Massachusetts. Putnam & Bayley’s most significant undertaking was the Masonic Block at

masks:
Roswell
Putnam
Anna Field
Roswell
Roswell
Putnam
Putnam


texts:
 25 Main Street in Northampton, which opened in 1898. A profile of the firm in the Daily Hampshire Gazette supplement of 30 November 1895 lists 18 clients in Northampton and vicinity for whom it had done work in the past two years, “besides about 25 residences in Springfield, Amherst, Gilbertville, Holyoke, Enfield, Hatfield, Newton, Medford, Mass., Chicago, Ill., Louisville, Ky., and Hot Springs, Ark.”  The non-Massachusetts projects on this list were likely undertakings begun by Bayley and completed after the firm was formed. There is no indication that <mask> <mask> ever worked outside Massachusetts, whereas Bayley had quite a peripatetic career.<mask>’s Work After the Firm’s Dissolution (1897-1911)
As the Masonic Building was nearing completion, the partnership ended. A heated exchange of letters in the Daily Hampshire Gazette about which of the partners deserved credit for the Masonic Building probably reflects the conflict that caused the rift. Bayley moved on to Hartford, Connecticut, while <mask> continued to build in both Amherst and Northampton. He also designed the Shutesbury library, given to the town by M.N. Spear, and worked on new buildings and improvements for schools in Amherst, Easthampton, Leeds and Northampton. <mask>’s son, Karl Scott <mask> (1883–1965), also became an architect, earning a B.S. degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1910 and interning in the New York office of Edward Tilton.He is listed as a draftsman in his father’s office in the City Directory of Northampton

masks: Roswell Putnam Putnam Putnam Roswell Putnam


texts:
 in 1910. The firm was called R. Putnam & Son beginning in 1911. <mask> taught architecture at Smith College from 1930 onward, and his papers are in Smith’s archives. Although he and the firms to which he belonged designed many private houses, college buildings, and institutional structures in Northampton, Amherst and surrounding towns, <mask>’s papers reveal no buildings on which father and son collaborated. <mask> <mask> died on 16 April 1911, less than a year after his son’s graduation. <mask>’s earliest buildings in Northampton appear to date from 1911. <mask>’s obituary states that “Mr.<mask> was of a quiet and retiring nature, but a man pleasant to meet, ever ready to converse with anyone on business connected with his profession in which he took a great pride. He was conscientious in the work he did and as a citizen was interested in whatever was for the good of the community, but never desired to hold any public office. He belonged to the various Masonic orders, which included the Northampton commandery of Knights Templar.”

Chronology of Buildings  (all are in Massachusetts towns)

The most comprehensive compilation of photographs of <mask>'s buildings is Suzannah J. Fabing, <mask> Field <mask> (1840–1911):  Versatile Architect for the Pioneer Valley (Amherst, MA:  Privately published, 2020), copies of which can be found at the main public library in each of the towns in which <mask> or his firm designed a building. Many of the buildings listed below are described, with photographs, in the

masks:
Karl Putnam
Karl Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Karl Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Putnam


texts:
 Massachusetts Historical Commission's database, online at http://mhc-macris.net. The MHC numbers are included in parentheses in the listings below. Note that not all these records identify <mask> as the architect. Other frequently cited sources include the newspapers Amherst Bulletin, Amherst, Massachusetts; Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, Massachusetts; and Springfield Republican, Springfield, Massachusetts.Springfield Republican archives, on microfilm, may be searched for a fee at The Republican - MassLive.comIts year-end surveys of new construction in the region establish date, owner, and cost but ordinarily do not identify the architect. By R.F<mask>, 1867-1892
 1867		Depot Road, Leverett	   	Store for Payson Field (moved 1890; no longer extant)
 1883 17 North Prospect St., Amherst	Home of B.H. Williams (destroyed 1950)
 1884/5 24 North Prospect St., Amherst	House for the Lessey Estate (Mary Robison) (AMH.223)
1884/5 22 Seelye St., Amherst Home of George S. Kendrick
 1885	    320 North Pleasant St., Amherst	Home of James White. c. 1885 87 North Pleasant St., Amherst	Home of William Kellogg. (AMH.242). 1885/6 90 Spring St., Amherst	        “The Dell,” home of Mabel and David P. Todd.Rufus Underwood (NTH.596)
 1894		50 Phillips Pl., Northampton			Home of J.W. Reid (NTH.2080)
 1894		Round Hill, Northampton			Recitation hall, Clarke Institution
 1894		63 Dryads’ Green, Northampton				Home of Adeline Moffat (NTH.567). 1895		12 Bedford Terrace, Northampton		Home of Chas. N. Fitts/Mrs. R.A. Depew

masks:
Putnam
. Putnam


texts:
 (NTH.690)
 1895	   155 South St., Northampton			Home of Martha A. Strong (NTH.2190)
 1895		 34 Harrison, Northampton			Home of Caroline Thompson (NTH.539)
 1895		 53 Harrison, Northampton			Home of Edwin B.  and Mary Emerson (NTH.529)
 1895		210 Main St., Northampton			Plumbing, City Hall (NTH.790)
1895		Florence (296 Nonotuck St.?) Nonotuck Silk Co. addition (NTH.233)
1895		150 Main St., Northampton			Repairs to McCallum Block (NTH.2291)
1895		1-5 State St., Buckland				Reconstruction of Odd Fellows Hall (BUC.153)
1895/6	76-88 Main St., Northampton		Lambie Block (NTH.2414)
1895/6	19 Columbus Ave., Northampton		Home of Roswell F. <mask> (NTH.1047)
1895/7	2 Williams St., Williamsburg			Meekins Library (WLM.19)
1895/7 7 Chapel St., Easthampton Maple Street School  (EAH.347)
1896 23 Dryads' Green, Northampton Renovations, home of George W. Cable (NTH.576)
1896 12 East St., Northampton Home of John H. Maloney (NTH.Spear Library (SHU.9)
 1902		84-88 Main St., Northampton		Clarke Block reconstruction (destroyed)
 1902-03 75 Harrison Ave., Northampton		Home of Charles W. Spear (attributed) (NTH.530)
 1903	  	32 Gray St., Amherst				Second house for William T. Chapin (moved from N. Pleasant St., 2000)(AMH.193)
 1903		45 Elm St., Northampton			Addition to Burnham house
 1904	   170 South St., Northampton			Home of Frank Clapp (attributed) (NTH.1046)
 1905		Fair St., Northampton				Hall for Three-County Agricultural Society (no longer extant)
 1906		Leeds						Improvements, school-houses
 1906		Bridge St.,


texts:
 Northampton			Modifications, plumbing, Bridge-Street School
 1907		28 Columbus Ave., Northampton		Home of Myron C. Bailey (NTH.1037)
 1907		186 Bridge Street, Northampton		Home of George R. Turner (NTH.396)
 1910		Sanderson Academy, Ashfield		Remodeling (destroyed 1939)
 1910	         260 Lincoln Ave., Amherst			Home of Ernest M. Bolles (AMH.176)

Notes

1840 births
1911 deaths
American


texts:
<mask><mask> (born <mask>; March 10, 1945 – January 1, 2012) was an American archaeologist who taught at Northwestern University and Albion College. She had been a president of the American Anthropological Association. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended Evanston Township High School. She participated as a Peace Corps volunteer in La Paz, Bolivia in 1966–1967. She got her B.A. and Ph.D. degrees in anthropology from the University of Michigan in 1965 and 1976 respectively and in 1969 got her M.A. in the same field from the University of California, Los Angeles.Career
Brumfiel was a Peace Corps volunteer from 1966 to 1967 and until 1968 served as research assistant at the Center for Population Planning, University of Michigan. From 1970 to 1977, she served as lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Eastern Michigan University and between 1971 and 1972, was a teaching fellow at the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. She then relocated to Albion, Michigan, where she became an assistant professor at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Albion College and after serving as a chair of the department was promoted to assistant professor, serving as such from 1985 to 1989. Brumfiel was promoted to professor in 1989 at the same department of the same institution, and in 1996 became John S. Ludington, Endowed Professor. Research
Brumfiel's publications focused on gender, political economy, and the relationship between these areas of scholarship. She also worked to show how archaeology, as an

masks:
Elizabeth M
. Brumfiel
Elizabeth Stern
Brumfiel


texts: academic discipline, is connected to other fields of anthropology and to other disciplines such as gender studies and political science. Brumfiel conducted an archaeological project at the site of Xaltocan in Mexico starting in 1987.Before that, she participated with Richard Blanton at Monte Albán in Mexico and directed research at the Mexican sites of Xico and Huexotla. Brumfiel was one of the first scholars to examine the role of women in Aztec culture through their interactions. Brumfiel studied how these interactions evolved over time through food preparation methods as well as textile manufacturing. “Mexican archeologists respected her very strongly,” said Gabriela Vargas-Cetina, an anthropology professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, in Mérida, Mexico. Brumfiel also served on the editorial boards of Latin American Antiquity and Ancient Mesoamerica and was an advisory editor of the Current Anthropology. She helped found the World Council of Anthropological Associations and held strong feminist and liberal views. From 2000 to 2002, she was a distinguished lecturer at Sigma Xi and then taught at Albion College in Michigan for 25 years before joining Northwestern University in 2003.She was president of the American Anthropological Association from 2003 to 2005. In 2006, conservative author David Horowitz listed her among the most dangerous professors in his book "The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America" because of her strong voice on social justice and human rights. In 2007, she was honored with the Eagle Warrior Prize and from


texts:
 2008 to 2009 she served as lead curator of "The Aztec World" at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. Personal life and death
Prior to her death from cancer in Skokie, Illinois hospice in 2012, Brumfiel was married to her husband, Vincent, and had a son with him, Geoffrey. Significant works

Edited volumes
2003 Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World (John W. Fox, co-editor) Cambridge University Press. 2005 La Producción Local y el Poder en el Xaltocan Posclásico – Production and Power at Postclassic Xaltocan Instituto Nacional De Antropologia e Historía
2008 Specialization, Exchange and Complex Societies (Timothy K. Earle, co-editor) Cambridge University Press. 2008 The Aztec World (Gary M. Feinman, co-editor) Abrams.2010 Gender, Households, and Society: Unraveling the Threads of the Past and the Present (Cynthia Robin, co-editor) Wiley-Blackwell. Alien bodies, everyday people, and internal spaces: Embodiment, figurines and social discourse in Postclassic Mexico (with Lisa Overholtzer). In C. Halperin, K. Faust, and R. Taube, eds. in press
Mesoamerica. In The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, C. Gosden and B. Cunliffe, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. in press.Journal entries
"Gender, Cloth, Continuity and Change: Fabricating Unity in Anthropology". American Anthropologist 108:861–877. in press . "Methods in Feminist and Gender Archaeology: A Feeling for Difference—and Likeness". In The Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, S.M. Nelson, ed., pp. 31–58.Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira. 2006
Opting In and Opting Out: Tula,


texts:
 Cholula, and Xaltocan. In Settlement and Subsistence in Early Civilizations: Essays reflecting the contributions of Jeffrey R. Parsons, R.E. Blanton and M.H. Parsons, eds, pp. 63–88. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.20.2005. "Materiality, Feasts, and Figured Worlds in Aztec Mexico". In Rethinking Materiality, E. DeMarrais, C. Gosden, and C. Renfrew, eds., pp. 225–237. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2005. References

External links
"In Memoriam: <mask>l 1945–2012."Anthropology Report. N.p., 5 January 2012. 6 Mar 2012. "In Memoriam: <mask>l." Living Anthropologically. Jason Antrosio, 2 January 2012. 6 Mar 2012.1945 births
2012 deaths
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
American women archaeologists
20th-century American archaeologists
21st-century American archaeologists
21st-century American writers
21st-century American women writers
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Albion College faculty
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
American expatriates in Mexico
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
American women

masks:
Elizabeth Brumfie
Elizabeth Brumfie


texts:
<mask> (born 16 March 1990) is an Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Starting his career in 2011, <mask> racked up a 7–2–1 record in his native Brazil before trying out for The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 4 in late 2014. TUF Brazil 4
In the preliminary bout for the season, <mask> faced <mask>. <mask> won the fight via first-round technical knockout due to a jaw injury Sedório suffered. In the quarterfinals <mask> faced Dileno Lopes. <mask> lost the bout via first-round submission and was eliminated from the tournament. Post-TUF career
After the season <mask> moved to Arizona in 2015 in order to train at Fight Ready MMA.He competed mostly in United States, racking up 3–1–1 with his most memorable fights being winning the World Fighting Federation Flyweight title and also a draw against fellow future UFC fighter, Casey Kenney at LFA 11. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> was scheduled to face Khalid Taha on September 7, 2019 at UFC 242. However, on August 21, it was reported that the bout was moved to UFC 243. He lost the fight via submission in round three. On December 23, 2019 Taha received a one year USADA suspension for tested positive for  furosemide (diuretics} in an in-competition urine sample provided on October

masks:
Bruno Gustavo Aparecido da Silva
Silva
Silva
Gustavo Sedório
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva
Silva


texts: 6, 2019 where Taha took a medicine for reducing inflammation and swelling in his eyes which contained furosemide. The fight was overturned to a no contest. <mask> was scheduled to face <mask>ji in a flyweight bout at UFC Fight Night: Lee vs. Oliveira on March 14, 2020.However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, <mask> was forced to withdraw from the event as he would not travel to prepare for the fight and was replaced by promotional newcomer David Dvořák. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Tagir Ulanbekov on September 12, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Waterson vs. Hill. However, due to travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the pairing was rescheduled and took place four weeks later at UFC Fight Night: Moraes vs. Sandhagen. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced JP Buys on March 20, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 21. After knocking Buys down multiple times during the bout, <mask> won the bout via technical knockout in the second round.This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> signed a new, four-fight deal with the organization. <mask>, replacing Denys <mask>, faced Victor Rodriguez on May 22, 2021 at UFC Fight Night: Font vs. Garbrandt. He won the fight via knockout a minute into the first round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night

masks:
Silva
Su Mudaer
Mudaerji
Silva
Silva
da Silva
Silva
Silva
Bondar


texts:
<mask>, formerly known as Juka (ジュカ), is a Japanese visual kei metal singer who first became known in 2002 when he was recruited by Mana for his project Moi dix Mois. In late 2006 he joined HIZAKI's solo project, HIZAKI grace project. He then started a solo career before pausing all musical activities at the end of 2007. He returned in 2009, after changing his stage name to <mask>, as part of the duo XOVER. After his last band VII-Sense disbanded on mid-2012, in 2012, August he officially wrote on his blog that his music career is finished and there was no reason for him to get back on stage, now he took up fishing. Activities

Moi dix Mois
In 2002, Juka was recruited to join Mana's project, Moi dix Mois. Like his band colleague Kazuno he was a newcomer to the Japanese music scene.While Juka was in Moi dix Mois, they produced three singles, two albums and two live DVDs as well as countless live concerts with the band, even in Germany and France. Juka left Moi dix Mois right after the Invite to Immorality Tour Final concert on April 30, 2005. The official reason given for his departure was musical differences. As a result of lacking a vocalist, Mana's fellow band members Kazuno and Tohru also decided to leave the band soon after. From there, Moi dix Mois had to be formed completely anew. On March 20, 2013, he made an appearance as part of the encore of the final show of Moi dix Moi's Le Dixieme Anniversaire Live 2012-2013 tour performing a short set as part of a reunited original line up of the group followed by a second encore where they were joined on stage by the group's current members for a performance of the title track of the Pageant single. HIZAKI grace project
At the end of 2006, guitarist HIZAKI recruited Juka as vocalist for solo

masks: Shaura Shaura


texts:
 project, HIZAKI grace project.In early 2007 they released a new album named Dignity of Crest. A live DVD named Monshou was released on May 5, 2007. It contains the complete live footage of HIZAKI grace project's tour final concert on February 17. They released a second album called Ruined Kingdom on September 19 which contained some live tracks and three new songs, which are the last recordings featuring Juka. He officially left the band after the concert at Omotesandou Fab on October 5, 2007. During the "Nihon Tanbi Kakumei" tour in November 2007, Juka performed as support vocalist along with Kamijo and Kaya. Solo career
In the middle of February 2007 Juka announced the start of his solo career on Kamijo's record label Sherow Artist Society, while continuing activities with HIZAKI grace project.He also announced the release of his first maxi single "Aravesque" on March 28, 2007, which was produced by Kamijo, HIZAKI and Juka himself. The three tracks provide a large style selection. While the first song "Aravesque" is reminiscent of Moi dix Mois' gothic sound, the second track "S" leans in the direction of heavy metal music. The third track "Aimless" has much in common with a French chanson and doesn't share any kind of style with one of the first two tracks. Furthermore, all tracks are instrumental. Another release called Luxurious in the shape of a mini album was released in June 2007. He released his second single "Saint Croix" on October 31, 2007.Juka announced he would be pausing all musical activities at the end of 2007 due to personal matters; all future plans were on hold/cancelled. Node of Scherzo
In March 2007, the Node of Scherzo (ノード・オブ・スケルツォ) event took place. Juka takes the role of vocalist alongside Kamijo and Kaya while


texts:
 HIZAKI and Jasmine You support the three on guitar and bass. According to Kamijo, the show is supposed to be a theatrical show combined with music and illumination effects. While Juka and Jasmine You represent the dark side, Kamijo and HIZAKI form their opposite as the light side. Between them stands Kaya personifying beauty. A certain focus is cast on the tragic love story of Juka and Jasmine You.When the three vocalists performed a new specifically created song at the end of the show, the song found so much approval of the audience, that they decided after a second Node of Scherzo show in May 2007 to record this song on a CD. It was finally released on October 31, 2007. The buyers of all Halloween releases by the labels Reverie and Sherow Artist Society, which were "Carmilla" (by Kaya), "Saint Croix" (by Juka), Lyrical Sympathy (by Versailles) and the "Node of Scherzo" single, were given the possibility to obtain a special live clip DVD by sending all the coupons found on the obi slips wrapped around the CD case and five 80 Yen stamps to the label by December 12, 2007. The DVD contained a 5 minutes live clip accompanied with the Node of Scherzo song. Further performances of the song could be seen during the national tour "Nihon Tanbi Kakumei". XOVER
XOVER was a duo formed in 2009 with Kouichi (Everlasting-K, ex:Laputa), and marked Juka's return to music after changing his stage-name to <mask>. XOVER released one mini-album titled XGATE on July 22, 2009.They then released an album called Aureola on October 21. But after releasing a live DVD in November 2009, XOVER disbanded. VII-Sense
Seventh Sense was intended to be a new band by Juka and fellow ex:Moi dix Mois member Kazuno. However, due to Juka withdrawing himself from the music


texts:
 scene, this band was canceled and the Omnibus album that Seventh Sense would have been featured on now features Juka's song "Suimenka" instead. Juka would release a "best of" album on February 6, 2008, called Seventh Sense. In 2010 Seventh Sense was finally formed, stylized as VII-Sense. Their first release was the single "Black Bird" on March 24.The other members included guitarists Erina (ex:Dio - Distraught Overlord) and RayX, Kaz on guitar and piano, bassist Masato (ex:support for XOVER) and Mikage on drums (ex:Hizaki Grace Project, Kisaki Project). In May 2012, the band disbanded. On August 28, <mask> wrote on personal blog that he would not return to the music scene. The entry was deleted and <mask> instead wrote that he wanted to make new band. However, this entry was also deleted. Discography
Earlier activities:
see: Moi dix Mois
see: HIZAKI grace project

Solo as Juka
 "Aravesque" (March 28, 2007)
 Luxurious (June 13, 2007)
 "Suimenka" (水面華, October 5, 2007, sold only at concert at Omotesando Fab)
 "Saint Croix" (October 31, 2007)
 Ura Kizoku "Nihon Tanbi Kakumei" Tour Documentary DVD (裏貴族"日本耽美革命"ツアードキュメンタリーDVD, December 2007)
 Seventh Sense (February 6, 2008, compilation album)

XOVER
 XGATE (July 22, 2009)
 Aureola (October 21, 2009)

VII-Sense
 "Black Bird" (March 24, 2010)
 "Sexual Desire" (June 22, 2010, freely distributed at concerts only)
 "Cell Division" (July 28, 2010)
 The Reminiscence of War (April 20, 2011)

External links
 Official blog
 Juka Official webpage

 VII-Sense Official MySpace
 XOVER Official MySpace

References

Visual kei musicians
Japanese heavy metal singers
Japanese male rock singers
Musicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture
1981 births
Living people
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese


texts: <mask> (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as <mask> of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward, Prince of Wales (known to posterity as the Black Prince), and Joan, Countess of Kent. <mask>'s father died in 1376, leaving <mask> as heir apparent to his grandfather, King <mask>. Upon the death of <mask>, the 10-year-old <mask> succeeded to the throne. During <mask>'s first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of regency councils, influenced by <mask>'s uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. England then faced various problems, most notably the Hundred Years' War. A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis.Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. A firm believer in the royal prerogative, <mask> restrained the power of the aristocracy and relied on a private retinue for military protection instead. In contrast to his grandfather, <mask> cultivated a refined atmosphere centred on art and culture at court, in which the king was an elevated figure. The king's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant. By 1389 <mask> had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, he took his revenge on the Appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been

masks:
Richard II
Richard
Richard
Richard
Edward III
Edward III
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard


texts:
 described by historians as <mask>'s "tyranny".In 1399, after <mask> Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, he deposed <mask> and had himself crowned king. <mask> is thought to have been starved to death in captivity, although questions remain regarding his final fate. <mask>'s posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by William Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed <mask>'s misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century Wars of the Roses. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating <mask> from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as many historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, he may have had a personality disorder, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign.Most authorities agree that his policies were not unrealistic or even entirely unprecedented, but that the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, leading to his downfall. Early life

<mask> of Bordeaux was the younger son of Edward, Prince of Wales, and Joan, Countess of Kent. Edward, eldest son of Edward III and heir apparent to the throne of England, had distinguished himself as a military commander in the early phases of the Hundred Years' War, particularly in the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. After further military adventures, however, he contracted dysentery in Spain in 1370. He never fully recovered and had to return to England the next

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texts: year. <mask> was born at the Archbishop's Palace of Bordeaux, in the English principality of Aquitaine, on 6 January 1367. According to contemporary sources, three kings, "the King of Castile, the King of Navarre and the King of Portugal", were present at his birth.This anecdote, and the fact that his birth fell on the feast of Epiphany, was later used in the religious imagery of the Wilton Diptych, where <mask> is one of three kings paying homage to the Virgin and Child. His elder brother, Edward of Angoulême, died near his sixth birthday in 1371. The Prince of Wales finally succumbed to his long illness in June 1376. The Commons in the English Parliament genuinely feared that <mask>'s uncle, John of Gaunt, would usurp the throne. For this reason, <mask> was quickly invested with the princedom of Wales and his father's other titles. On 21 June the next year, <mask>'s grandfather King <mask>, who was for some years frail and decrepit, died after a 50-year reign. This resulted in the 10-year-old <mask> succeeding to the throne.He was crowned on 16 July 1377 at Westminster Abbey. Again, fears of <mask> Gaunt's ambitions influenced political decisions, and a regency led by the king's uncles was avoided. Instead, the king was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of "continual councils", from which Gaunt was excluded. Gaunt, together with his younger brother Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham, still held great informal influence over the business of government, but the king's councillors and friends, particularly Sir Simon de Burley and Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford, increasingly gained control of royal

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 affairs. In a matter of three years, these councillors earned the mistrust of the Commons to the point that the councils were discontinued in 1380. Contributing to discontent was an increasingly heavy burden of taxation levied through three poll taxes between 1377 and 1381 that were spent on unsuccessful military expeditions on the continent. By 1381, there was a deep-felt resentment against the governing classes in the lower levels of English society.Early reign

Peasants' Revolt

Whereas the poll tax of 1381 was the spark of the Peasants' Revolt, the root of the conflict lay in tensions between peasants and landowners precipitated by the economic and demographic consequences of the Black Death and subsequent outbreaks of the plague. The rebellion started in Kent and Essex in late May, and on 12 June, bands of peasants gathered at Blackheath near London under the leaders Wat Tyler, John Ball, and Jack Straw. John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace was burnt down. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury, who was also Lord Chancellor, and Lord High Treasurer Robert Hales were both killed by the rebels, who were demanding the complete abolition of serfdom. The king, sheltered within the Tower of London with his councillors, agreed that the Crown did not have the forces to disperse the rebels and that the only feasible option was to negotiate. It is unclear how much <mask>, who was still only fourteen years old, was involved in these deliberations, although historians have suggested that he was among the proponents of negotiations. The king set out by the River Thames on 13 June, but the large number of people thronging the banks at


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 Greenwich made it impossible for him to land, forcing him to return to the Tower.The next day, Friday, 14 June, he set out by horse and met the rebels at Mile End. He agreed to the rebels' demands, but this move only emboldened them; they continued their looting and killings. <mask> met Wat Tyler again the next day at Smithfield and reiterated that the demands would be met, but the rebel leader was not convinced of the king's sincerity. The king's men grew restive, an altercation broke out, and William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London, pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him. The situation became tense once the rebels realised what had happened, but the king acted with calm resolve and, saying "I am your captain, follow me! ", he led the mob away from the scene. Walworth meanwhile gathered a force to surround the peasant army, but the king granted clemency and allowed the rebels to disperse and return to their homes.The king soon revoked the charters of freedom and pardon that he had granted, and as disturbances continued in other parts of the country, he personally went into Essex to suppress the rebellion. On 28 June at Billericay, he defeated the last rebels in a small skirmish and effectively ended the Peasants' Revolt. Despite his young age, <mask> had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion. It is likely, though, that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority, and helped shape the absolutist attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign. Coming of age

It is only with the Peasants' Revolt that <mask> starts to emerge

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texts: clearly in the annals. One of his first significant acts after the rebellion was to marry Anne of Bohemia, daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, on 20 January 1382. It had diplomatic significance; in the division of Europe caused by the Western Schism, Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire were seen as potential allies against France in the ongoing Hundred Years' War.Nonetheless, the marriage was not popular in England. Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire, the political alliance never resulted in any military victories. Furthermore, the marriage was childless. Anne died from plague in 1394, greatly mourned by her husband. Michael de la Pole had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations; he had the king's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as <mask> came of age. De la Pole came from an upstart merchant family. When <mask> made him chancellor in 1383, and created him Earl of Suffolk two years later, this antagonised the more established nobility.Another member of the close circle around the king was Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who in this period emerged as the king's favourite. <mask>'s close friendship to de Vere was also disagreeable to the political establishment. This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl's elevation to the new title of Duke of Ireland in 1386. The chronicler Thomas Walsingham suggested the relationship between the king and de Vere was of a homosexual nature, due to a resentment Walsingham had toward the king. Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France. While the court party preferred negotiations, Gaunt and Buckingham urged a


texts:
 large-scale campaign to protect English possessions. Instead, a so-called crusade led by Henry le Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, was dispatched, which failed miserably.Faced with this setback on the continent, <mask> turned his attention instead towards France's ally, the Kingdom of Scotland. In 1385, the king himself led a punitive expedition to the north, but the effort came to nothing, and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle. Meanwhile, only an uprising in Ghent prevented a French invasion of southern England. The relationship between <mask> and his uncle <mask> Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure, and Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of Castile in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person. With Gaunt gone, the unofficial leadership of the growing dissent against the king and his courtiers passed to Buckinghamwho had by now been created Duke of Gloucesterand <mask>, 4th Earl of Arundel. First crisis of 1386–88

The threat of a French invasion did not subside, but instead grew stronger into 1386. At the parliament of October that year, Michael de la Polein his capacity of chancellorrequested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm.Rather than consenting, the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed. The parliament (later known as the Wonderful Parliament) was presumably working with the support of Gloucester and Arundel. The king famously responded that he would not dismiss as much as a scullion from his kitchen at parliament's request. Only when threatened with deposition was <mask> forced

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texts: to give in and let de la Pole go. A commission was set up to review and control royal finances for a year. <mask> was deeply perturbed by this affront to his royal prerogative, and from February to November 1387 went on a "gyration" (tour) of the country to muster support for his cause. By installing de Vere as Justice of Chester, he began the work of creating a loyal military power base in Cheshire.He also secured a legal ruling from Chief Justice Robert Tresilian that parliament's conduct had been unlawful and treasonable. On his return to London, the king was confronted by Gloucester, Arundel and Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, who brought an appeal of treason against de la Pole, de Vere, Tresilian, and two other loyalists: the mayor of London, Nicholas Brembre, and Alexander Neville, the Archbishop of York. <mask> stalled the negotiations to gain time, as he was expecting de Vere to arrive from Cheshire with military reinforcements. The three peers then joined forces with Gaunt's son Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, and Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottinghamthe group known to history as the Lords Appellant. On 20 December 1387 they intercepted de Vere at Radcot Bridge, where he and his forces were routed and he was obliged to flee the country. <mask> now had no choice but to comply with the appellants' demands; Brembre and Tresilian were condemned and executed, while de Vere and de la Polewho had by now also left the countrywere sentenced to death in absentia at the Merciless Parliament in February 1388. The proceedings went further, and a number of <mask>'s chamber knights were also executed, among these

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 Burley.The appellants had now succeeded completely in breaking up the circle of favourites around the king. Later reign

A fragile peace

<mask> gradually re-established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament. The aggressive foreign policy of the Lords Appellant failed when their efforts to build a wide, anti-French coalition came to nothing, and the north of England fell victim to a Scottish incursion. <mask> was now over twenty-one years old and could with confidence claim the right to govern in his own name. Furthermore, John of Gaunt returned to England in 1389 and settled his differences with the king, after which the old statesman acted as a moderating influence on English politics. <mask> assumed full control of the government on 3 May 1389, claiming that the difficulties of the past years had been due solely to bad councillors. He outlined a foreign policy that reversed the actions of the appellants by seeking peace and reconciliation with France, and promised to lessen the burden of taxation on the people significantly.<mask> ruled peacefully for the next eight years, having reconciled with his former adversaries. Still, later events would show that he had not forgotten the indignities he perceived. In particular, the execution of his former teacher Sir Simon de Burley was an insult not easily forgotten. With national stability secured, <mask> began negotiating a permanent peace with France. A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of Aquitaine possessed by the English Crown. However, the plan failed because it included a requirement that the

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 English king pay homage to the King of Francea condition that proved unacceptable to the English public. Instead, in 1396, a truce was agreed to, which was to last 28 years.As part of the truce, <mask> agreed to marry Isabella, daughter of Charles VI of France, when she came of age. There were some misgivings about the betrothal, in particular because the princess was then only six years old, and thus would not be able to produce an heir to the throne of England for many years. Although <mask> sought peace with France, he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland. The English lordships in Ireland were in danger of being overrun by the Gaelic Irish kingdoms, and the Anglo-Irish lords were pleading for the king to intervene. In the autumn of 1394, <mask> left for Ireland, where he remained until May 1395. His army of more than 8,000 men was the largest force brought to the island during the late Middle Ages. The invasion was a success, and a number of Irish chieftains submitted to English overlordship.It was one of the most successful achievements of <mask>'s reign, and strengthened his support at home, although the consolidation of the English position in Ireland proved to be short-lived. Second crisis of 1397–99
The period that historians refer to as the "tyranny" of <mask> began towards the end of the 1390s. The king had Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397. The timing of these arrests and <mask>'s motivation are not entirely clear. Although one chronicle suggested that a plot was being planned against the king, there is no evidence that this was the case. It is more likely that <mask> had simply

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texts: come to feel strong enough to safely retaliate against these three men for their role in events of 1386–88 and eliminate them as threats to his power. Arundel was the first of the three to be brought to trial, at the parliament of September 1397.After a heated quarrel with the king, he was condemned and executed. Gloucester was being held prisoner by the Earl of Nottingham at Calais while awaiting his trial. As the time for the trial drew near, Nottingham brought news that Gloucester was dead. It is thought likely that the king had ordered him to be killed to avoid the disgrace of executing a prince of the blood. Warwick was also condemned to death, but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment. Arundel's brother Thomas Arundel, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was exiled for life. <mask> then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities.While recruiting retainers for himself in various counties, he prosecuted local men who had been loyal to the appellants. The fines levied on these men brought great revenues to the crown, although contemporary chroniclers raised questions about the legality of the proceedings. These actions were made possible primarily through the collusion of John of Gaunt, but with the support of a large group of other magnates, many of whom were rewarded with new titles, who were disparagingly referred to as <mask>'s "duketti". These included the former Appellants Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who was made Duke of Hereford, and Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, who was created Duke of Norfolk. Also among them were John and Thomas Holland, the king's half-brother and

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texts: nephew, who were promoted from earls of Huntingdon and Kent to dukes of Exeter and Surrey respectively; the king's cousin Edward of Norwich, Earl of Rutland, who received Gloucester's French title of Duke of Aumale; Gaunt's son John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, who was made Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset; John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury; and Lord Thomas le Despenser, who became Earl of Gloucester. With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants, the king could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks. A threat to <mask>'s authority still existed, however, in the form of the House of Lancaster, represented by John of Gaunt and his son Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford.The House of Lancaster not only possessed greater wealth than any other family in England, they were of royal descent and, as such, likely candidates to succeed the childless <mask>. Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397, when Bolingbroke and Mowbray became embroiled in a quarrel. According to Bolingbroke, Mowbray had claimed that the two, as former Lords Appellant, were next in line for royal retribution. Mowbray vehemently denied these charges, as such a claim would have amounted to treason. A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle, but at the last moment <mask> exiled the two dukes instead: Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for ten years. On 3 February 1399, John of Gaunt died. Rather than allowing Bolingbroke to succeed, <mask> extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties.The king felt safe from Bolingbroke, who was residing in


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 Paris, since the French had little interest in any challenge to <mask> and his peace policy. <mask> left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland. In 1398 <mask> summoned the Parliament of Shrewsbury, which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void, and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the king. It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the king's friends, making <mask> an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again. Court culture

In the last years of <mask>'s reign, and particularly in the months after the suppression of the appellants in 1397, the king enjoyed a virtual monopoly on power in the country, a relatively uncommon situation in medieval England. In this period a particular court culture was allowed to emerge, one that differed sharply from that of earlier times. A new form of address developed; where the king previously had been addressed simply as "highness", now "royal majesty", or "high majesty" were often used.It was said that on solemn festivals <mask> would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the king. The inspiration for this new sumptuousness and emphasis on dignity came from the courts on the continent, not only the French and Bohemian courts that had been the homes of <mask>'s two wives, but also the court that his father had maintained while residing in Aquitaine. <mask>'s approach to kingship was rooted in his strong belief in the royal prerogative, the inspiration of which can be

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 found in his early youth, when his authority was challenged first by the Peasants' Revolts and then by the Lords Appellant. <mask> rejected the approach his grandfather <mask> had taken to the nobility. Edward's court had been a martial one, based on the interdependence between the king and his most trusted noblemen as military captains. In <mask>'s view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. To avoid dependence on the nobility for military recruitment, he pursued a policy of peace towards France.At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them livery badges with his White Hart. He was then free to develop a courtly atmosphere in which the king was a distant, venerated figure, and art and culture, rather than warfare, were at the centre. Patronage and the arts
As part of <mask>'s programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. Unlike any other English king before him, he had himself portrayed in panel paintings of elevated majesty, of which two survive: an over life-size Westminster Abbey portrait (c. 1390), and the Wilton Diptych (1394–99), a portable work probably intended to accompany <mask> on his Irish campaign. It is one of the few surviving English examples of the courtly International Gothic style of painting that was developed in the courts of the Continent, especially Prague and Paris. <mask>'s expenditure on jewellery, rich textiles and metalwork was far higher than on paintings, but as with his illuminated manuscripts, there are hardly any surviving works that can be connected

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 with him, except for a crown, "one of the finest achievements of the Gothic goldsmith", that probably belonged to his wife Anne. Among <mask>'s grandest projects in the field of architecture was Westminster Hall, which was extensively rebuilt during his reign, perhaps spurred on by the completion in 1391 of <mask> Gaunt's magnificent hall at Kenilworth Castle.Fifteen life-size statues of kings were placed in niches on the walls, and the hammer-beam roof by the royal carpenter Hugh Herland, "the greatest creation of medieval timber architecture", allowed the original three Romanesque aisles to be replaced with a single huge open space, with a dais at the end for <mask> to sit in solitary state. The rebuilding had been begun by <mask> in 1245, but had by <mask>'s time been dormant for over a century. The court's patronage of literature is especially important, because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a literary language. There is little evidence to tie <mask> directly to patronage of poetry, but it was nevertheless within his court that this culture was allowed to thrive. The greatest poet of the age, <mask>, served the king as a diplomat, a customs official and a clerk of The King's Works while producing some of his best-known work. Chaucer was also in the service of John of Gaunt, and wrote The Book of the Duchess as a eulogy to Gaunt's wife Blanche. Chaucer's colleague and friend John Gower wrote his Confessio Amantis on a direct commission from <mask>, although he later grew disenchanted with the king.Downfall

Deposition

In June 1399, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, gained control of the court of the

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texts: insane Charles VI of France. The policy of rapprochement with the English crown did not suit Louis's political ambitions, and for this reason he found it opportune to allow Henry Bolingbroke to leave for England. With a small group of followers, Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire towards the end of June 1399. Men from all over the country soon rallied around him. Meeting with Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who had his own misgivings about the king, Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony. Percy took him at his word and declined to interfere. The king had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Bolingbroke experienced little resistance as he moved south.Keeper of the Realm Edmund, Duke of York, had little choice but to side with Bolingbroke. Meanwhile, <mask> was delayed in his return from Ireland and did not land in Wales until 24 July. He made his way to Conwy, where on 12 August he met with the Earl of Northumberland for negotiations. On 19 August, <mask> surrendered to Henry Bolingbroke at Flint Castle, promising to abdicate if his life were spared. Both men then returned to London, the indignant king riding all the way behind Henry. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September. Henry was by now fully determined to take the throne, but presenting a rationale for this action proved a dilemma.It was argued that <mask>, through his tyranny and misgovernment, had rendered himself unworthy of being king. However, Henry was not next in line to the throne; the heir presumptive was Edmund Mortimer, 5th


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 Earl of March, great-grandson of <mask>'s second surviving son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence. Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third son to survive to adulthood. The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct male line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother, Philippa of Clarence. According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of lords and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, <mask> gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. On the other hand, the Traison et Mort Chronicle suggests otherwise. It describes a meeting between <mask> and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session.The king succumbed to blind rage, ordered his own release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife, and swore revenge, throwing down his bonnet, while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. When parliament met to discuss <mask>'s fate, John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. On 1 October 1399, <mask> was formally deposed. On 13 October, the feast day of Edward the Confessor, Henry Bolingbroke was crowned king. Death
Henry had agreed to let <mask> live after his abdication. This all changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury, and Lord Despenser, and possibly also the Earl of Rutlandall now demoted from the ranks they had been given by <mask>were planning to murder the new king and restore <mask> in

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 the Epiphany Rising. Although averted, the plot highlighted the danger of allowing <mask> to live.He is thought to have been starved to death in captivity in Pontefract Castle on or around 14 February 1400, although there is some question over the date and manner of his death. His body was taken south from Pontefract and displayed in St Paul's Cathedral on 17 February before burial in King's Langley Priory on 6 March. Rumours that <mask> was still alive persisted, but never gained much credence in England; in Scotland, however, a man identified as <mask> came into the hands of Regent Albany, lodged in Stirling Castle, and serving as the notionaland perhaps reluctantfigurehead of various anti-Lancastrian and Lollard intrigues in England. Henry IV's government dismissed him as an impostor, and several sources from both sides of the border suggest the man had a mental illness, one also describing him as a "beggar" by the time of his death in 1419, but he was buried as a king in the local Dominican friary in Stirling. Meanwhile, in 1413, Henry Vin an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of <mask>'s survivalhad decided to have the body at King's Langley moved to its final resting place in Westminster Abbey. Here <mask> himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed. Character and assessment
Contemporary writers, even those less sympathetic to the king, agreed that <mask> was a "most beautiful king", though with a "face which was white, rounded and feminine", implying he lacked manliness.He was athletic and tall; when his tomb was opened in

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texts: 1871 he was found to be six feet (1.82 m) tall. He was also intelligent and well read, and when agitated he had a tendency to stammer. While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. Religiously, he was orthodox, and particularly towards the end of his reign he became a strong opponent of the Lollard heresy. He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor, and around 1395 he had his own coat of arms impaled with the mythical arms of the Confessor. Though not a warrior king like his grandfather, <mask> nevertheless enjoyed tournaments, as well as hunting. The popular view of <mask> has more than anything been influenced by Shakespeare's play about the king, Richard II.Shakespeare's <mask> was a cruel, vindictive and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. Writing a work of fiction, however, Shakespeare took many liberties and made great omissions, basing his play on works by writers such as Edward Hall and Samuel Daniel, who in turn based their writings on contemporary chroniclers such as Thomas Walsingham. Hall and Daniel were part of Tudor historiography, which was highly unsympathetic to <mask>. The Tudor orthodoxy, reinforced by Shakespeare, saw a continuity in civil discord starting with <mask>'s misrule that did not end until <mask>'s accession in 1485. The idea that <mask> was to blame for the later-15th century Wars of the Roses was prevalent as late as the 19th century, but came to be

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texts: challenged in the 20th. Some recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of <mask> II. <mask>'s mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century.One of the first modern historians to deal with <mask> II as a king and as a person was Bishop Stubbs. Stubbs argued that towards the end of his reign, <mask>'s mind "was losing its balance altogether". Historian Anthony Steel, who wrote a full-scale biography of the king in 1941, took a psychiatric approach to the issue, and concluded that <mask> had schizophrenia. This was challenged by V. H. Galbraith, who argued that there was no historical basis for such a diagnosis, a line that has also been followed by later historians of the period, such as Anthony Goodman and Anthony Tuck. Nigel Saul, who wrote the most recent academic biography on <mask>, concedes thateven though there is no basis for assuming the king had a mental illnesshe showed clear signs of a narcissistic personality, and towards the end of his reign "<mask>'s grasp on reality was becoming weaker". One of the primary historiographical questions surrounding <mask> concerns his political agenda and the reasons for its failure. His kingship was thought to contain elements of the early modern absolute monarchy as exemplified by the Tudor dynasty.More recently, <mask>'s concept of kingship has been seen by some as not so different from that of his antecedents, and that it was exactly by staying within the framework of traditional monarchy that he was able to achieve as much as he did. Yet his

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 actions were too extreme, and too abrupt. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help <mask>'s popularity with the Commons in parliament. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and <mask>'s lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by Edward IV and <mask>, but <mask> II's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country. As Simon Walker concludes: "What he sought was, in contemporary terms, neither unjustified nor unattainable; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him." Family tree

See also
 Cultural depictions of <mask> II of England
 List of earls in the reign of <mask> II of England

Notes

a. John of Gaunt's brother Edmund of Langley was only one year younger, but it has been suggested that this prince was of "limited ability", and he took less part in government than Gaunt did.b. It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion. c. While both England and the Empire supported Pope Urban VI in Rome, the French sided with the Avignon Papacy of <mask>. d. This "appeal"which would give its name to the Lords Appellantwas not an appeal in the modern sense of an application to a higher authority. In medieval common law the appeal was criminal charge, often one of treason. e. Beaufort was the oldest of John of Gaunt's children with

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 Katherine Swynford; illegitimate children whom <mask> had given legitimate status in 1390. He was made Marquess of Dorset; marquess being a relatively new title in England up until this point.Rutland, heir to the Duke of York, was created Duke of Aumale. Montacute had succeeded his uncle as Earl of Salisbury earlier the same year. Despenser, the great-grandson of Hugh Despenser the Younger, <mask>'s favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited earldom of Gloucester. f. Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal succession in England. The precedence could indeed be seen to invalidate the English claim to the French throne, based on succession through the female line, over which the Hundred Years' War was being fought. References

Sources

Chronicles
 (1993) Chronicles of the Revolution, 1397–1400: The Reign of Richard II, ed. Chris Given-Wilson.Manchester: Manchester University Press. .
 Froissart, Jean (1978). Chronicles, ed. <mask>. London: Penguin. .
 (1977) Historia Vitae et Regni Ricardi Secundi, ed. George B. Stow. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. .
 Knighton, Henry (1995). Knighton's Chronicle 1337–1396, ed.G. H. Martin. Oxford: Clarendon Press. .
 Walsingham, Thomas (1862–64). Historia Anglicana 2 vols., ed. Henry Thomas Riley. London: Longman, Roberts, and Green

Secondary sources
 Alexander, Jonathan; Binski, Paul (eds.) (1987). Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400.London: Royal Academy/Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Levey, Michael (1971). Painting at Court. London: Weidenfeld and

masks:
Richard
Edward II
Geoffrey Brereton