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<mask> (July 31, 1856 – October 28, 1935) was a German indologist, tibetologist, archaeologist, and explorer of Central Asia. He was one of the first scholars to study the Lepcha language. Life

Grünwedel was born in Munich in 1856, the son of a painter. He studied art history and Asian languages, including Avestan, and in 1883 earned his doctorate at the University of Munich. In 1881 he began work as an assistant at the Museum of Ethnology in Berlin and in 1883 he was appointed deputy director of the ethnographic collection. Grünwedel  won accolades for his numerous publications on Buddhist art, archaeology Central Asia, and Himalayan languages. Two notable works were Buddhist art in India (1893) and Mythology of Buddhism in Tibet and Mongolia (1900), which concerned  the Greek origins of the Gandharan Greco-Buddhist artistic style and its development in Central Asia.In 1899 Grünwedel was invited to join a Russian archaeological research expedition led by Vasily Radlov into the north of Xinjiang province, China. In the same year he was appointed a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1902-1903 Grünwedel led the first German expedition to Turpan, in Xinjiang, becoming the first modern European to study the massive ruins near Gaochang. He recorded the events of


type: original

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 this expedition in his book Report on Archaeological work in Idikutschahri and Surrounding areas in Winter 1902-1903 (1905). The next expedition was led by <mask> Le Coq, who became famous for removing large numbers of frescos from sites across Xinjiang. Grünwedel himself headed the third German Turfan expedition in 1905-1907, the results of which were published in Ancient Buddhist Religion in Chinese Turkistan (1912). Grünwedel's expeditions were largely funded by the Krupp family.Grünwedel was joined by Heinrich Lüders who made major contributions to the epigraphical analysis of the Turpan-Expedition findings after being called to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Berlin as Professor for oriental languages in 1909. Grünwedel retired in 1921, and in 1923 moved to Bavaria, where his spent his last years at Bad Tölz writing a number of scientific papers. Later Works

A progressive illness, while not depriving him of energy and memory, repeatedly robbed him of the ability to differentiate between delusion and reality, from texts as early as 1920. Waldschmidt writes: “Already in some sections of ‘Alt-Kutscha’ it is difficult to distinguish between things based on facts, speculation and invention,” To an even greater extent this is true for such late works as Die Teufel des


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 Avesta und ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens, Die Legende des Na Ro Pa, or Tusca, in which Grünwedel claimed to have solved the Etruscan problem. Colleagues in the field sharply criticised these works but nevertheless not simply ignored them. Despite contemporaneous doubts, Grünwedel’s speculations Tusca about “Etruscan Satanism” were adopted by Alfred Rosenberg in Mythus. Grünwedel died in Lenggries in 1935.Works
Hr. Grünwedel spricht über den Fußtapfen des Buddha. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1883,(227)-(232)
Das sechste Kapitel des Rupasiddhi, nach drei singhalesischen Päli-Handschriften herausgegeben von <mask>. Berlin: Schade 1883. VIII,72 S. Phil. Diss.München v. 15.Mai 1879
Amerika 's Nordwest-Küste. Neueste Ergebnisse ethnologischer Reisen. Aus den Sammlungen der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. Herausgegeben von der Direc-tion der Ethnologischen Abtheilung. Berlin: A. Asher 1883. 13 S., 13 Taf. 2° Neue Folge.Berlin: A. Asher 1884. 1 Kte, 6 S., 11 Taf. 2°
Notizen zur Ikonographie des Lamaismus. Von A. Grünwedel. Original-Mittheilungen aus der ethnologischen Abtheilung der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin. 1.1885,38-45,103-131, 1  ( 4)
Kurze Charakteristik der «Hill-Tribes». Die


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 Hügelstämme von Chittagong.Ergebnisse einer Reise im Jahre 1882. Von Dr. Emil Riebeck. Berlin: A. Asher & Co. 1885. 2° 3.Abschnitt: Anthropologisches, S.l-5
[Review] W. Werner: Das Kaiserreich Ostindien und die angrenzenden Gebirgs-länder [nach den Reisen der Brüder Schlagintweit und anderer neuerer Forscher dargestellt.] Jena: Costenoble 1884. XII,639 S. 8° Verhandlungen der Ges. f. Erdkunde zu Berlin.12.1885,125-126
A. Grünwedel: Indien. Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft, im Auftrage der Historischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin hrsg. von J. Hermann, J. Jastrow, Edm. Meyer.5-8. Berlin: R. Gaertner. 5.1882[1886].I,51-72 6.1883[1888].I,52-72 7.1884 [1888]. I,44-70 8.1885[1889] .I,41-68 Hrsg.von J. Jastrow. Hr. Grünwedel legt Acht Schädelschalen der Aghöri vor und berichtet darüber. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft f. Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1888,(307)-(308)
Das Pantheon des Tschangtscha Hutuktu. Ein Beitrag zur Iconographie des Lamaismus von Eugen Pander. Hrsg.und mit Inhaltsverzeichnissen versehen von <mask>el. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl. Museum für Völkerkunde. 1.1890,45-116,301. Rez. : Russkoe obozrenie. 1890 [?], 932-936 (E. Uchtomskij)
Hr. Grünwedel teilt Folgendes mit über die Reise des Herrn A. Bastian. Verhandlungen der Berliner


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 Gesellschaft für Anthropologie. 22.1890,(613)-(614)
Hr. Grünwedel gibt folgenden Bericht über die Reise des Herrn Bastian [Terrakotten aus Afräsiäb bei Samarkand]. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie. 22.1890,(347)-(349)
Der zeitige Vertreter des Direktors der ethnologischen Abteilung des Museums für Völkerkunde, Hr.Grünwedel, übermittelt mit einem Schreiben ... einen .... Bericht... betreffend Rio grandenser Alterthümer. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1890,(31 )-(37)
Hr. Grünwedel überreicht einen Brief des Hrn. H. H. Risley .... betreffend die Förderung der ethnologischen Untersuchungen in Indien. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.23.\ 891, (83)-(85)
Hr. Grünwedel spricht, unter Vorlegung einer reichen Collection ethnographischer Gegenstände, über Die Reisen des Hrn.Vaughan Stevens in Malacca. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft f. Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 23.1891, (829)-(837), 1
[Review] Archaeological Survey of India. The Sharqi architecture of Jaunpur; with notes on Zafarabad, Sahet-Mahet and other places in the northwestern provinces and Oudh by A. Führer Ph. D., with drawings and architectural descriptions by


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 Ed. W. Smith, edited by Jas. Burgess.Calkutta 1889. Mit 74 Tafeln. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 23.1891,39-40 Grünwedel
[Review] Alois Raimund Hein: Die bildenden Künste bei den Dayaks auf Borneo; ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Kunstgeschichte. Wien: Alfred Holder 1890. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. 18.1891,195-196 Grünwedel
A Röng-English glossary.Compiled by <mask>el. Toung Pao.3.1892,238-309 Leiden: Brill 1892. Königliche Museen zu Berlin. - Materialien zur Kenntniss der wilden Stämme auf der Halbinsel Maläka. Von Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. [Herausgegeben von A. Grünwedel.]Berlin: W. Spemann 1892. 4° VII S., S.81-163 mit 55 Zinkdrucken, 1 Übersichtskarte (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl. Museum f. Völkerkunde.2:3/4.) V-VII: Vorrede, gez. : Berlin, im März 1892. Königliche Museen zu Berlin.- Materialien zur Kenntniss der wilden Stämme auf der Halbinsel Maläka. Von Hrolf Vaughan Stevens. Herausgegeben von A. Grünwedel. 2.Theil. Berlin: W. Spemann 1894. VIII S., S.96-190. 4° (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Kgl.Museum f. Völkerkunde.3.1894:3/4.) V-VIII: Vorrede, gez. : <mask>el
Hr. Grünwedel: [Photographie von Schädel und Hand eines Batak.] Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte.\S92,(\27)
Hr. Grünwedel legt eine

masks:
Albert Grnwed
Albert Grwed


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 Darstellung des Dämons Hüniyanyakshayä oder Süniyanyakshayä vor.Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1892,(511) [Aus Ceylon.] Hr. Grünwedel macht weitere Mitteilungen über die Forschungsreise des Hrn. Stevens, insbesondere über die Orang-Panggang und Orang-Benüa. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. 1892, (465)-(46S), 1
[Review] William Woodville Rockhill: The land of the Lamas; notes of a journey through China, Mongolia and Tibet, with maps and illustrations.London: Long-man, Green & Co. 1891. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.24.1892,238-240
Buddhistische Kunst in Indien. <mask> Grünwedel. Mit 76 Abbildungen. Berlin: W. Spemann 1893. VIII, 177 S. 1.8° (Handbücher der Königlichen Museen zu Berlin, mit Abbildungen.Bd 4.) Rez.: A. Foucher: L'art bouddhique dans l'Inde d'apres un livre recent. Revue de l'histoire des religions.30.1894,319-371; SD 1895. 53 S. MSOS 5.1902, 155-156. Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences. V,14   (S. Oldenburg). T'oung Pao 1,5.1894,92-93 (G. Schlegel)
Pflichten der Religiosen und Laien im südlichen Buddhismus. Von Prof. A. Grünwedel, Berlin.Globus.63.1893,233-238,1
Sinhalesische Masken. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>, Directorial Assistant am Kgl. Museum für

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Albert Grwedel


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 Völkerkunde, Berlin. (Mit Taf. VI-X). Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie.6.1893,71-88, 1  u. 4 Taf.Das Yakun-nätima, der Teufelstanz. Das Sanni-yakun-nätima. Die Zaubermuster 1. der Orang Semang 2.der Orang Hütan in Malakka. Nach den Materialien des Herrn Hrolf Vaughan Stevens bearbeitet von A. Grünwedel: 1. Die Kämme. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.25.1893,71-100, 4 Taf. [Review] F. J. Wershofen: Lehr- und Lesebuch der Siamesischen Sprache und Deutsch-Siamesisches Wörterbuch.Zum Selbststudium mit phonetischer Aussprachebezeichnung, Übungsaufgaben u. Lesebuch. Wien, Pest, Leipzig 1892. VII, 181 S. (Hartlebens Bibliothek der Sprachenkunde.) Literar. Zentralblatt. 1893, Sp.372 Grwdl. Bemerkungen über das Kilin.Feestbundel van taal-, letter-, geschied- en aardrijkskundige bijdragen ter gelegenheid van zijn tachtigsten geboortedag aan Dr. P[ieter] J[ohannes] Veth, oudhoogl. door eenige vrienden en oudleerlingen aangeboden. Leiden: Brill 1894,223-225 Berlin. <mask>el
König Maname. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894:1, S.l-6, 10
[Review] Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India. Edited by Sarat Candradäs C. I. E. Calcutta 1893.Vo.l und Vol. 2, Heft 1. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894:1, S.58 Grünwedel
Beschreibung der tibetischen und südindischen Handschriften in


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 Göttingen. Verzeichnis der Handschriften im preußischen Staate, hrsg. von W. Meyer: I.Hannover.3.Die Handschriften in Göttingen.Bd 3. Berlin: A. Bath 1894.VIIL551,244 S.
Prähistorisches aus Birma. Globus.68. 1895,14-15, 1  <mask>el Zu: Fritz Nötling: Werkzeuge der Steinperiode in Birma. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie.26, S.588-593
[Review] H. H. Risley: The gazetteer of Sikhim. Calkutta 1894. XIV,XXII,392 S., 21 Taf. 2Ktn.8° Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1895:2,93 <mask>el
Notizen über Indisches. 1. Pasten aus Pagan, Oberbirma. 2. Parnaka; Kapardin. 3.Padmasambhava-Legenden in Lepcha-Sprache. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:2(1895), S.6-11,4  Grünwedel
Ein Kapitel des Te-se-sun. Von <mask>rünwedel. Festschrift für Adolf Bastian zu seinem 70.Geburtstage, 26. Juni 1896. Berlin: Reimer 1896,459-482
Drei Leptscha Texte.Mit Auszügen aus dem Padma-thaii-yig und Glossar. Bearbeitet von <mask>el. T'oung Pao.7. 1896,526-561
Notizen aus den Reisen des Hrolf Vaughan Stevens in Maläka. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3( 1896) S. 1 -11. 9  Grünwedel
Notizen über eine Terracotta aus Magdischu.Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3(1896), S.12-14, 4  Grünwedel
Bericht über den Besuch des Königlichen Schlosses zu Schwedt zur Besichtigung alter Gemälde mit

masks:
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Albert Grwed
Albert G
Albert Grwed


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 ethnographischen Darstellungen. Ethnologisches Notizblatt. 1.1894/96:3(1896) S.15-22, 14  Grünwedel
[coeditor?] Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen: Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß.Kunstsammlungen - Museum für Völkerkunde: I.Ethnologische Abteilung. 18.1896ff. [Review] G. U. Pope: Munivar arulicceyda Näladiyar; the Näladiyar or four hundred quatrains in Tamil. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1893. 440 S. 8° Deutsche Literaturzeitung. 17.1896,1028-1029 Berlin. Buddhistische Studien.Von <mask>el. Mit 97 Abbildungen. Berlin: Geographische Verlagsanstalt Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) 1897. 136
[Review] Georg Huth, Dr.: Geschichte des Buddhismus in der Mongolei. Aus dem Tibetischen des 'Jigs.med nam.mk'a herausgegeben, übersetzt u. erläutert von -. 1 .Teil: Vorrede, Text, kritische Anmerkungen. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner 1893.X,296 S. - 2. Teil: Nachträge, Übersetzung. Ibid. 1896 Wiener Z für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 12.1898,70-74
Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. Compiled by the late General G. B. Mainwaring, revised and completed by <mask>. Berlin: Unger 1898.XVI,549 S.
Padmasambhava und Mandärava. <mask> Grünwedel. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 52.1898,447-461
Bhrikutf. Ethnologisches Notizblatt.2.1899,6-10, 2  <mask>el
[Review] Karl Eugen

masks:
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Albert Grwedel
Von Albert
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 Neumann: Die Lieder der Mönche und Nonnen Gotamo Buddho's, aus dem Theragäthä und Therigäthä zum erstenmal übersetzt. Berlin: Ernst Hofmann & Co. 1899. 392 S. 8° Ethnolog.Notizblatt.2.1899:1, S.55 <mask>el
Zur buddhistischen Ikonographie. Von <mask>el. Globus.75.1899,169-177, 16
Herr Professor A. Grünwedel aus Berlin: Die kunstgeschichtliche Stellung der sogenannten gräco-buddhistischen Kunst. Jahresbericht des Frankfurter Vereins für Geographie und Statistik. 61/63. 1899,66-67
Mythologie des Buddhismus in Tibet und der Mongolei. Führer durch die lamaistische Sammlung des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij.<mask> Grünwedel, Dr.phil. Mit einem einleitenden Vorwort des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij und 188 Abbildungen. Leipzig: Brockhaus 1900. XXXV,244 S., 188  Reviews: Globus.78. 1900,129 (B. Laufer). Deutsches Protestantenblatt 1900,418 (Achelis). Deutsche Rundschau.Jan. 1900,155 (ßlambdafix. ); Okt., 120ff. (Lady Blennerhasett). Westermanns III. Monatshefte 1900, Okt., 143 (F. D.) Deutsche Worte. 1900,219. Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde .4.1900,306 (G. Stein).Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 1900,352 (L. v. Schröder). Allgemeine Zeitung, Beilage. 1900,Nr 200, S.7-8 (M[aasJ.). Das literarische Echo. 1900,1439 (P. Lindenberg). Ostasien.3.1900,272. Allgemeines

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 Litteraturblatt.1901, Nr 11 (Jostenode). Kölnische Volkszeitung. 1900, Beil. 32, S.245-247 (D-n)
Mythologie du Bouddhisme au Tibet et en Mongolie basee sur la collection lamaique du prince Oukhtomsky par <mask>, Dr.phil. Traduit de l'allemand par Ivan Goldschmidt. 188 illustrations. Paris: Leroux 1900.XXXVII.247 S., 1 Bildn., 188  Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus 1900. Reviews: Revue critique. 1900. Nr 51, S.471-472 (Sylvain Levi). T'oung-pao 11,1.1900,349-353 (G. Schlegel). Luzac's Oriental List. 11.1900,181.Bronzen aus Chotan. Aus der Sammlung N. F. Petrovskij's. Übersetzt von <mask>el. Globus 77.1900,72-75,9  [Chotanskija bronzy iz sobranija N. F. Petrovskago]
[Review] Max Morris: Die Mentawai-Sprache. Berlin: Conrad Skopnik 1900. VIL356 S. Globus.lS. 1900,16-17 Berlin.[Review] H. Francke: Aus der Kesar-Sage. Separatabzug aus den Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne. Globus. 78.1900,97-98 Berlin. <mask>el
Alterthümer aus der Malakand- und Swat-Gegend: Die Bedeutung der Skulpturen. Von <mask>el. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften 1901,1, 208-217  (Sitzungsberichte der Kgl.Preuß. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.-histor. Kl. 1901.) Buddhist art in India. Translated from the «Handbuch» of Prof. <mask> by Agnes C. Gibson, revised and enlarged by Jas.Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D.,

masks:
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwedel


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 F.R.S.E. &c, late Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. With 154 illustrations. London: Bernard Quaritch 1901. VIIL229 S. gr.8° Rez. : 2MNP 343.1902 (S. von Oldenburg)
Temples and archaeological treasures of Burma. By Dr. <mask>.Open Court. 15.1901,464-479
Bilder zur Kesarsage. <mask> Grünwedel. Globus.79.1901,281-283, 2
[Aus dem 17.Kapitel: Flucht des Padamsambhava aus dem Hause seines königlichen Pflegevaters Indrabhuti.] Marksteine aus der Weltliteratur in Originalschriften. Herausgegeben von Johannes Baensch-Drugulin. Buchschmuck von L. Sütterlin.Leipzig: Drugulin 1902,113-115 Berlin, im August 1901. Über Darstellungen von Schlangengöttern (Nägas) auf den Reliefs der sogenannten gräkobuddhistischen Kunst. Von <mask>el. Globus 81.1902,26-30, 6
Einige praktische Bemerkungen über archäologische Arbeiten in Chinesisch-Turkistan. St.-Petersburg 1903. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>el. Bulletin de l'Association internationale pour l'exploration historique, archeologique, linguistique et ethnographique de l'Asie Centrale et de l'Extreme-Orient, publie par le Comite Russe.2.[Okt.]1903, 7-16
Î sobranii buddijskich statuetok, obrazov i drugich predmetov buddijskago kul'ta kn. E. E. Uchtomskago. Zapiski VORAO 15.1902/03,11
Die Kunst im alten Indien. Von Dr. <mask>el.

masks:
Albert Grwedel
Von Albert
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed


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 Allgemeine Geschichte der bildenden Künste. Berlin: Baumgärtel [1903].Teil 1, 2. Hälfte, S.543-612, 93
Bericht über archäologische Forschungen in Turfan und Umgebung (Nov. 1902-Febr.1903).Bulletin de l'Association internationale pour l'exploration historique, archeologique, linguistique et ethnographique de l'Asie Centrale et de l'Extreme-Orient, publie par le Comite Russe.3 [April] 1904, 18-25
Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903. <mask> Grünwedel. München: Verlag der Ê. Â. Akademie der Wissenschaften; G. Franz (J. Roth) in Komm. 1905. 196 S., 19 Ktn., 164 Fig. im Text, XXXI Taf. 4° (Abhandlungen der Kgl.Bayr. Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1.Kl., Bd 25:1.) Reviews: Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 6.1896,442-444 (A. F.) Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
Sceny iz zizni Buddy v «Traj-Pume» [Szenen aus dem Leben Buddhas im «Trai P'um»] St. Petersburg: Akademija nauk 1904. Zapiski vostocnogo otdelenija Imp. Russk. archeolog.obscestva. 16.1904/05, 075-076, 4 A. Grjunvedel'
Obzor sobranija predmetov lamajskago kul'ta kn. ¨. ¨. Uchtomskago. Sostavil A. Grjunvedel'. Cast' 1-2.Sanktpeterburg: Imperatorskaja Akademika Nauk 1905. (Bibliotheca Buddhica.6.) 1.


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 Tekst.138 S.
Zur Erinnerung an Adolf Bastian. Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß. Kunstsammlungen.26.1905,V-VIII, 1   <mask>ün wedel
Der Lamaismus.Von <mask>el.Berlin u.Leipzig: B. G. Teubner 1906, 136-161
Museum für Völkerkunde: Kopfbedeckungen der türkischen Bevölkerung von Hami. Amtliche Berichte aus den kgl. Kunstsammlungen.29.1907/08, Sp. 322-324,2
Chinesisch Turkistan und seine Bedeutung für die Kulturgeschichte. Von Prof. Dr. <mask>, Direktor an der ethnologischen Abteilung des Museums für Völkerkunde, Berlin. Dt. Literaturzeitung.29.1908,580-592
Kratkija zametki î buddijskom iskusstve v Turfane.Zapiski vostoänago otdelenija Imp. Russk. archeol. obscestva. 18.1907/08,068-073
Altertümer aus Borazan. Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen.30.1908/1909, Sp. 122-124,
Buddhistisches Wandgemälde aus Qyzyl bei Kutscha. Amtliche Berichte aus den Kgl. Kunstsammlungen. 30.1908/09, Sp. 171-176, 2
Herr Grünwedel hält alsdann einen Vortrag mit Lichtbildern über: Die archäologischen Ergebnisse der dritten Turfan-Expedition. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.41.1909,891 -916,22
[Review] Hans Leder: Das geheimnisvolle Tibet.Reisefrüchte aus dem geistlichen Reiche des Dalai Lama. Leipzig 1909. VIII, 110 S., 10 Taf. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 13.1909,371 -372
Museum für Völkerkunde:

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Albert Grwed
Albert Grwedel


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 Jaina-Skulpturen. Amtliche Berichte aus den kgl. Kunstsammlungen.31.1909/10, Sp.55-58, 2
Die politische Wirksamkeit des Buddhismus. Von Dr. <mask>el. Zeitschrift für Politik.4. 1911,301-328
[Review] Castes and tribes of Southern India by Edgar Thurston C. I. E., assisted by K. Rangachari M.A. 7 vols. Madras: Government Press 1909. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 43.1911,176-177 Grünwedel
Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch Turkistan.Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten von 1906 bis 1907 bei Kuca, QaraSahr und in der Oase Turfan. Von <mask>el. Mit 1 Tafel und 678 Fig. Herausgegeben mit Unterstützung des Baeßler-Instituts in Berlin. Berlin: Georg Reimer 1912. 370 S., 1 Farbtaf. 4° review: Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 1.1912/13,479-482 (J. Strzygowski) Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1
Berthold Laufer: Der Roman einer tibetischen Königin.Tibetischer Text und Übersetzung. Mit 8 lamaistischen Abbildungen nach den Originalen gezeichnet von Prof. Grünwedel. Leipzig: Harrassowitz 1911. X,264 S. 8°
Padmasambhava und Verwandtes. <mask> Grünwedel. Baeßler-Archiv.3.1912, 1-37,2  u. 2 Taf.; Nachtr. 256
Deli. <mask> Grünwedel. Bäßler-Archiv.4. 1913,46 S.66-69. Bka' babs bdun Idan. Täranätha's Edelsteinmine, das Buch von den Vermittlern der Sieben

masks:
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Von Albert


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 Inspirationen.Aus dem Tibetischen übersetzt von <mask>el. I-II. Petrograd: Academie Imperiale des Sciences 1914. 212 S. 8° (Bibliotheca Buddhica. 18.) Eine weibliche Inkarnation in Tibet. <mask> Grünwedel in Berlin.Archiv für Religionswissenschaft. 17.1914,437-454
Aus Fedor Jagor's Nachlaß. Mit Unterstützung der Jagor-Stiftung herausgegeben von der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte unter Leitung von <mask>el. l.Band. Südindische Volksstämme. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) 1914. IV,153 S., 160 Fig., 6 Taf., 1 Titelbildn.Der Weg nach Sambhala <Samb'alai lam yig> des dritten Groß-Lama von bKra sis lhun po bLo bzan dPal ldan Ye ses. Aus dem tibetischen Original übersetzt und mit dem Texte herausgegeben von <mask>el. (Vorgelegt am 5.Dezember 1914.) München: G. Franz in Komm. 1915. 118 S., 1, 4 Taf. 4° (Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Philosophisch-philologische und historische Klasse.29,3.) Die Geschichten der vierundachtzig Zauberer (Mahäsiddhas). Aus dem Tibetischen übersetzt von <mask>el. (Mit 10 Figuren im Text.) Bäßler-Archiv.5.1916,137-228, 10
[Editor] Der indische Kulturkreis in Einzeldarstellungen. München: Georg Müller. Karl Döhring: Buddhistische Tempelanlagen in

masks:
Albert Grwed
Von Albert
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed


texts:
 Siam.1916
Athene-Vajrapäni. <mask> Grünwedel. Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preuß. Kunstsammlungen.31.1916,174-180,5
Näro und Tilo. <mask> Grünwedel (Berlin). Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte, vornehmlich des Orients, Ernst Kuhn zum 70.Geburtstage 7.II.1916 gewidmet.Breslau: Marcus 1916,119-130, 2
Die Tempel von Lhasa. Gedicht des ersten Dalailama, für Pilger bestimmt, aus dem tibetischen Texte mit dem Kommentar ins Deutsche übersetzt von <mask>rünwedel in Berlin. Eingegangen am 30.Juni 1919. Vorgelegt von C. Bezold. Heidelberg: Carl Winter 1919. 92 S.,1 Plan. (Sitzungsberichte d. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.Philosophisch-histor. Klasse. 1919:14.) Indische Albums und ihre Bedeutung für die Ethnographie und Archäologie. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den Preußischen Kunstsammlungen. 41.1919/20, Sp.163-176, 53-58
Alt-Kutscha.Archäologische und religionsgeschichtliche Forschungen an Tempera-Gemälden aus buddhistischen Höhlen der ersten acht Jahrhunderte nach Christi Geburt. Von Professor Dr. <mask>el, Geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor beim Museum für Völkerkunde, Mitglied der Russischen und Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: Otto Eisner 1920. 89,118 S., 173, 49 Taf. gr.4° (Veröffentlichungen der Preußischen Turfan-Expeditionen. Mit Unterstützung d.

masks:
Von Albert
Von Albert
Albert G
Albert Grwed


texts:
 Alt-Kutscha : vol.1 Bäßlerinstituts.) Reviews:  OLZ 1921,101-109,145-154 (Hans Haas), Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 7.1918/19,245-246 (Selbstanz.), Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.52/53,1920/21,488-490 (H. v. Glasenapp)
[Review] Dr. W. Kirfel: Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt. Mit 18 Tafeln. Bonn, Leipzig: Kurt Schroeder 1920. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie.52/53,1920/21,306-307 <mask> wedel
Ein Gandhära-Relief der Sammlung Leitner und Verwandtes. Von <mask>el. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den Preuß.Kunstsammlungen. 42.1920/21,51-54, 3
Post tenebras lux. Von Professor Dr. <mask>el, Geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor beim Museum für Völkerkunde. Festgabe dargebracht dem Verlage Otto Elsner zum I.Juli 1921. Berlin: Elsner [1921], S.185-194, 4
Die tibetische Übersetzung von Kälidäsas Meghaduta 38 (36). <mask> Grünwedel. Festschrift Adalbert Bezzenberger z.14.April 1921, dargebracht von seinen Freunden und Schülern. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1921, S.60-67, 5
[Review] Karl Doehring [Prof. Dr.phil., iur. et ing., z. Zt. in Nürnberg]: Buddhistische Tempelanlagen in Siam. 3 Bde. Berlin: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger (W. de Gruyter) 1920.356 S.; VIII S., 90 Taf. ; VIII S., 90 Taf. Deutsche Literaturzeitung. 1921,427-428
Angeblich dekorative Elemente

masks:
Albert Grn
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed
Von Albert


texts:
 der Gandhära-Skulpturen.<mask> Grünwedel. Berliner Museen. Berichte aus den preuß. Kunstsammlungen.43.1922,21-27, 10
Die Sternschnuppen im Vaidürya dkar po. <mask> Grünwedel. Mit vier Abbildungen. Festschrift Eduard Seier dargebracht zum 70.Geburtstag von Freunden, Schülern u. Verehrern. Stuttgart: Strecker & Schröder 1922, S. 129-146,4
Tusca. 1. Die Agramer Mumienbinden.2. Die Inschrift des Cippus von Perugia. 3. Die Pulena-Rolle. 4. Das Bleitäfelchen von Magliano. 5.Die Leber von Piacenza. 6. Golini-Grab.I. 7. Die Inschrift von Capua. Unter Zuziehung anderen sachlich zugehörigen archäologischen Materials übersetzt. Additum est glossarium Tusco-Latinum.Leipzig: Hiersemann 1922. 228 S., 50
[Review] S. H. Ribbach: Vier Bilder des Padmasambhava und seiner Gefolgschaft. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg 1917, 5.Beiheft. 63 S., 5 Taf., 69  im Text. Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 25.1922,430-431
Tibetanische Zaubermärchen. Das Kunstblatt.6.1922,309-310
Die Teufel des Avesta und ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens. Von Professor Dr. <mask>, geheimer Regierungsrat und Direktor em. beim Museum für Völkerkunde, Mitglied der Russischen und Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin: Otto Elsner 1924. 448,113 S.,94  gr.4°

masks:
Von Albert
Von Albert
Albert Grwedel


texts:
 Auflage: 400 Exemplare Widmung: In memoriam gloriosissimi viri qui nobis primus sanctam veterum Aegyptiorum scripturam correcte enucleavit, Champollion. Reviews: OLZ 1927,796-797 (E. v. Zach) Die Teufel des Avesta und Ihre Beziehungen zur Ikonographie des Buddhismus Zentral-Asiens : vol.1
[Review] Meister Jämmerling oder: Die Abenteuer des Guru Paramartan. Ein tamulisches Narrenbüchlein in freier Wiedergabe von Otto Wolfgang.Mit Zeichnungen von Viktor Leyrer. Hannover: Orientbuchhandlung Heinz Lafaire 1927. 60 S. Völkischer Beobachter.220: 24.9.1927, Beil. 17 A. Gr. Grünwedels Buddhistische Kunst in Indien, unter Mitarbeit von R. L. Waldschmidt völlig neu gestaltet von Ernst Waldschmidt. 1 .Teil. Berlin-Lankwitz: Würfel-Verlag 1932.125 S., 95  auf 50 Taf. kl. 8° (Handbücher der Staatl. Museen zu Berlin. Museum für Völkerkunde.) Widmung: Heinrich Lüders in dankbarer Verehrung gewidmet. Die Legenden des Na ro pa, des Hauptvertreters des Nekromanten- und Hexen-tums.Nach einer alten tibetischen Handschrift als Beweis für die Beeinflussung des nördlichen Buddhismus durch die Geheimlehre der Manichäer. Übersetzt, in Umschrift herausgegeben und mit einem Glossar versehen von <mask>el. Mit 19 Strichätzungen und 1 Abbildung des Originaltextes. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz 1933. 250


texts:
 S., 20  Reviews: OLZ 1934,709-711 (J. Schubert), DLZ1935.2205-2212 (Joh. Nobel)
Buddhist art in India. Translated from the «Handbuch» of Prof. <mask>el by Agnes C. Gibson, revised and enlarged by Jas.Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.E. &c, late Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India. With 154 illustrations. Santiago de Compostela, London: Susil Gupta (1965). VII,22 S. gr.8° Nachdr. der Ausg. 1901.<mask>: Mythologie des Buddhismus in Tibet und der Mongolei. Führer durch die lamaistische Sammlung des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij. Mit einem einleitenden Vorwort des Fürsten E. Uchtomskij und 188 Abbildungen. Neudruck der Ausgabe (Leipzig: Brockhaus) 1900. Osnabrück: Otto Zeller 1970. XXXV,244 S. 8° Reviews: OE 30.1983/1986(1988),294-295 (Hartmut Walravens)

Works about Grünwedel
 H. G. Franz, Kunst und Kultur entlang der Seidenstraße, Graz 1986. G. Grönbold, Grünwedels Naropa-Handschrift, Central Asian Journal 17/4, 1974, S. 251-252.Hartmut Walravens (Hg. ), G. Grönbold, Briefwechsel und Dokumente, Wiesbaden 2001. H. Hoffmann, Grünwedel, Neue Deutsche Biographie VII, Berlin, 1966, S. 204-205. H. Hoffmann, Ein Bild Grünwedels, in: W. Rau (Hg. ), Bilder hundert deutscher Indologen, Wiesbaden, 1965, S. 60. R. F. G. Müller, <mask>, Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin,

masks:
Albert Grwed
Albert Grünwedel
Albert Grwedel


texts:
 der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik 35, 1936, S. 255. J. Schubert, <mask> und sein Werk, Artibus Asiæ 6, 1936, S. 124-142.V. Stache-Rosen, German Indologists: Biographies of Scholars in Indian Studies Writing in German, New Delhi, 1981, S. 138-140, 1990. Ernst Waldschmidt, <mask>, Ostasiatische Zeitschrift, N.S. 11/5, 1935, pp. 215–19. Hartmut Walravens, Schriftenverzeichnis <mask>el. References

External links

Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask>el

Tibetologists
German explorers
Explorers of Central Asia
1856 births
1935 deaths
German art historians
Writers from

masks:
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwedel
Albert Grwed
Albert Grwed


texts: <mask>. (December 6, 1921 – December 17, 2003) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback for the Cleveland Browns in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL). <mask> is regarded by critics as one of the most dominant players of his era, having taken the Browns to league championship games every year between 1946 and 1955, making ten championship appearances, and winning seven of them. With <mask> at quarterback, the Browns posted a record of 57 wins, 13 losses, and one tie, including a 9–3 win–loss record in the playoffs. He holds the NFL record for career average yards gained per pass attempt, with 8.63. He also holds the record for the highest career winning percentage for an NFL starting quarterback, at 0.810. Long-time New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner, a friend of <mask>'s, once called him "as great of a quarterback as there ever was." <mask> grew up in Waukegan, Illinois, the son of music teachers.He entered Northwestern University in 1940 on a basketball scholarship, but football soon became his main sport. After a brief stint in the military at the end of World War II, <mask> played for the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), winning the 1945–46 championship. Paul Brown, Cleveland's coach, signed <mask> to play for the Browns, where he thrived. <mask>'s 1946 NBL and AAFC titles made him the first of only two people to have won championships in two of the four major North American sports (the second was Gene Conley). After he retired from playing football in 1955, <mask> coached college teams in the College All-Star Game and became head football coach for the

masks:
Otto Everett Graham Jr
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


texts:
 Coast Guard Bears at the United States Coast Guard Academy. After seven years there, he was hired as head coach of the Washington Redskins in 1966. Following three unsuccessful years with them, he resigned and returned to the Coast Guard Academy, where he served as athletic director until his retirement in 1984.He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. Early life and college career
Born into a family of four boys in Waukegan, Illinois, <mask> set a first state record at birth weighing 14 lbs 12 oz. <mask>'s first interest growing up was music; both parents were music teachers. Encouraged by his parents—his father having taught famous comedian Jack Benny— he took up several instruments: the piano, violin, cornet and French horn. <mask> also excelled in athletics, and attended Northwestern University on a basketball scholarship in 1940. There he played on the varsity basketball team as a freshman and continued to study music. <mask> did not take up football until his sophomore year, when Northwestern coach Pappy Waldorf saw him throwing in an intramural game and invited him to practice with the team.Northwestern's coaches were impressed with his running and passing, and Waldorf convinced him to sign up. Although football became <mask>'s primary sport, he also played baseball and continued on the basketball team. As a senior, he was named a first-team basketball All-American, part of a squad selected by news outlets comprising the best players at each position. <mask>'s first game for the Northwestern Wildcats football team was on October 4, 1941, when he caught a Kansas State punt and returned it 90 yards for a touchdown. He ran and passed for two

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts: more touchdowns in the 51–3 victory. After scoring another pair of touchdowns in a win against Wisconsin, <mask> passed to his wide receivers for two touchdowns in a victory over the Ohio State Buckeyes, coached by Paul Brown, the Buckeyes' only loss of the 1941 season. Northwestern ended the year with an 11th-place showing in the Associated Press Poll of the best college teams in the country.As America's involvement in World War II intensified after the  attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> signed up for service alongside many fellow student-athletes, entering the U.S. Coast Guard. He was able to stay at Northwestern as he waited to be called for active duty. The Wildcats struggled in 1942 as their players joined the war effort, winning only one game. <mask> still had 89 completions, setting a single-season passing record in the Big Ten Conference, a division of major college teams from the Midwestern United States. The following year <mask> and some of his teammates enlisted in the military but continued to play for Northwestern. Enlistees from other schools also enrolled at Northwestern, where the U.S. Navy had a training station. The 1943 season was a strong one for Northwestern.The team beat Ohio State, the defending national champions, and a good military team at Great Lakes Naval Station. The Wildcats lost to Notre Dame and Michigan, however, and finished the season with an 8–2 record and a ninth-place ranking in the AP Poll. <mask> set another Big Ten passing record, was named the conference's Most Valuable Player, received All-American honors and finished third in Heisman Trophy voting. By the end of his college career, he held a Big Ten Conference record

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts:
 for passing yards with 2,132. <mask>'s career at Northwestern officially ended in February 1944, when he moved to Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, in the Navy's V-5 cadet program, a pilot training course. He played basketball for Colgate before moving to North Carolina Pre-Flight later in 1944, where he played on the Cloudbusters football team under coaches Glenn Killinger and Bear Bryant. Impressed by <mask>'s performances in Northwestern's wins over Ohio State in 1941 and 1943, Paul Brown came and offered him a contract worth $7,500 per year ($ in  dollars) in 1945 to play for a professional team he would be coaching in Cleveland in the new All-America Football Conference (AAFC).<mask> would not receive his salary until he started playing, however, and Brown added a monthly stipend of $250 ($ in ) until the end of the war. It was a large amount of money at the time. "All I asked was, where do I sign?" <mask> said later. "Some of the other navy men said I was rooting for the war to last forever." <mask> was also drafted by the National Football League's Detroit Lions, but he did not sign a contract or play a game with the team as the war wore on. Large numbers of athletes came home as the conflict wound down in Europe following Germany's surrender in mid-1945.The AAFC's first season was not set to start until the fall of 1946, and <mask> occupied the intervening months by joining the Rochester Royals of the National Basketball League (NBL), a forerunner of the National Basketball Association. In March 1946, the Royals swept a best-of-five series against the Sheboygan Red Skins to win the NBL title. Professional career

Cleveland Browns in the AAFC


texts:
 (1946–1949)

By the time <mask> was discharged from the Navy late in the summer of 1946, training camp for Brown's new team, the Cleveland Browns, had already begun. Concerned that <mask> was not ready to start, Brown put in Cliff Lewis at quarterback in the first game of the season. <mask>, however, soon replaced Lewis in Brown's T formation offense. Handing the ball to fullback Marion Motley and throwing to ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie, <mask> led the team to a 12–2 regular-season record and a spot in the championship game against the AAFC's New York Yankees. The Browns won that game, touching off a period of dominance.The team won each of the AAFC's four championships between 1946 and 1949, and had professional football's second perfect season in 1948 by finishing undefeated and untied. By doing this the Browns became pro football's first undefeated championship team. Between 1947 and 1949 the Browns played 29 consecutive games without a defeat. <mask>'s play was crucial to Cleveland's success. He averaged 10.5 yards per pass and had a quarterback rating of 112.1 in 1946, a professional football record until Joe Montana surpassed it in 1989. <mask> was named the AAFC's Most Valuable Player in 1947 and shared the Most Valuable Player award with Frankie Albert of the San Francisco 49ers in 1948. He led the league in passing yards between 1947 and 1949.The AAFC dissolved after the 1949 season, and three of its teams, including the Browns, merged into the more established National Football League. <mask> was the AAFC's all-time leading passer, throwing for 10,085 yards and 86 touchdowns. <mask> became the Browns' uncontested leader, but he was also "just

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts:
 one of the guys", tackle Mike McCormack said in 1999. "He was not aloof, which you see a lot of times today." He was good at spinning and moving in the pocket, skills he learned playing basketball. In his autobiography, Paul Brown praised <mask>'s ability to anticipate his receivers' route-running by watching their shoulders. "I remember his tremendous peripheral vision and his great athletic skill, as well as his ability to throw a football far and accurately with just a flick of his arm", Brown said.His short passes were hard and accurate, teammates later said, and his long balls were soft. "I used to catch a lot of them one-handed", Lavelli said. "He had great touch in his hands." He was nicknamed "Automatic Otto" for his consistency and toughness. Cleveland Browns in the NFL (1950–1955)
With <mask> at the helm, the Browns continued to succeed when they joined the NFL in 1950. <mask> led the Browns to a 10–2 record, which set up a playoff against the New York Giants for a spot in the championship game. The Browns' only two losses of the season had come against the Giants, but in a frozen Cleveland Stadium on  Cleveland beat New York.With the game tied 3–3 in the fourth quarter, <mask> gained 45 yards by running with the ball on a long drive to set up a 28-yard Lou Groza field goal that put the Browns ahead 6–3. A safety after the ensuing kickoff made the final score 8–3. The win put Cleveland in the NFL championship game against the Los Angeles Rams. <mask>'s rushing and passing were again key to the Browns' 30–28 victory. He drove the offense downfield as time expired to set up a last-minute Groza field goal that sealed the win. <mask> had 99 yards rushing


texts: in the game, adding 298 yards of passing and four touchdowns. Cleveland posted an 11–1 record in 1951, losing their only game to the San Francisco 49ers in the season opener.That gave the Browns another spot in the championship game, again against the Rams. This time, however, the Rams won 24–17. <mask> fumbled the ball in the third quarter, setting up a touchdown that put the Rams ahead 14–10. Three of his throws were intercepted, but he put up 280 yards of passing and a touchdown. After the season, <mask> was named the league's Most Valuable Player. With <mask> at quarterback, Cleveland finished the 1952 season with a 9–3 record and faced the Detroit Lions in the NFL championship game. Despite gaining 384 total yards to Detroit's 258, <mask> and the Browns lost their second straight championship, 17–7.Cleveland had several long drives that ended with missed field goals, and a fourth-quarter touchdown was negated because <mask>'s throw to Pete Brewster was first tipped by receiver Ray Renfro; under rules in place at the time, balls deflected by offensive teammates were automatic incompletions. After the season, as <mask> was practicing for the Pro Bowl in Los Angeles on  his six-week-old son Stephen died from a severe cold. The 1953 season began with a 27–0 win over the Green Bay Packers in which <mask> passed for 292 yards and ran for two touchdowns. It was the first of 11 straight victories for the Browns, whose only loss came in the final game of the season to the Philadelphia Eagles. Near the end of the season in a game against the 49ers, <mask> took a forearm to the face from Art Michalik that opened a gash on his chin requiring 15 stitches. <mask>'s

masks: Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham Graham


texts: helmet was fitted with a clear plastic face mask, and he came back into the game; the injury helped inspire the development of the modern face mask. Despite an 11–1 record, Cleveland lost in the championship game for the third year in a row, falling to the Detroit Lions 17–16.Two of <mask>'s passes were intercepted. He said after the game that he wanted to "jump off a building" for letting his teammates down. "I was the main factor in losing", he said. "If I had played my usual game, we would have won." Still, <mask> finished the season as the NFL's leading passer and again won the Most Valuable Player award. Before the start of the Browns' 1954 training camp, <mask> was questioned as part of the Sam Sheppard murder case. Sheppard, an osteopath, was accused of bludgeoning his pregnant wife to death, and <mask> and his wife, Beverly, were friends with the couple.<mask> told police that while he and Beverly liked the Sheppards, they did not know much about their relationship. The 1954 season was a transitional one for the Browns. Many of the players who joined the 1946 team had retired or were nearing the end of their careers. <mask>, meanwhile, told Brown that he would retire after the season. After losing the first three games, Cleveland won eight in a row and earned another shot at the championship, again against the Lions. This time, the Browns won 56–10 as <mask> ran for three touchdowns and passed for three more. He announced his retirement after the game.After <mask>'s potential replacements struggled during the 1955 training camp and preseason, Brown convinced <mask> to come back and play one more year. He was offered a salary of $25,000 ($ today),


texts: making him the highest-paid player in the NFL. The Browns lost the opener against the Washington Redskins, but went on to a 9–2–1 regular-season record and another chance at a championship. <mask> threw two touchdowns and ran for two more as the Browns beat the Rams 38–14. When Brown took <mask> out of the game in the fourth quarter, the crowd in the Los Angeles Coliseum gave him a standing ovation. It was the final performance of a 10-year career in which <mask>'s team reached the championship each year and won seven. "Nothing would induce me to come back", he said later.He was the NFL's passing leader and Most Valuable Player in 1955. He also won the Hickok Belt, awarded to the best professional athlete of the year. Without <mask>, the Browns floundered the following year and posted a 5–7 record, their first-ever losing season. <mask> and head coach Paul Brown created the modern T-formation quarterback position and the modern pro offense. <mask> led his league in every major passing category each in multiple seasons and finished his career with a career all-time pro record Yds/Att of 9.0. Until a few years ago he held the record for career rushing touchdowns by a pro quarterback with 44. The Browns' record with <mask> as starting quarterback was 57–13–1, including a 9–3 record in the playoffs.He still holds the NFL career record for yards per pass attempt, averaging 8.63. He also holds the record for the highest career winning percentage for an NFL starting quarterback, with 0.810. <mask> was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. Having won seven championships in 10 seasons and reached the championship game in every year he played, <mask> is


texts:
 regarded by sportswriters as one of the greatest winners of all time and one of the best professional quarterbacks ever to play the game. He never missed a game in his career. <mask> wore number 60 for much of his career, but he was forced to change it to 14 in 1952 after the NFL passed a rule requiring offensive linemen to wear jersey numbers 50–79 so referees could more easily identify ineligible receivers. The Browns retired his number 14, while 60 remains in circulation.While at Northwestern, <mask> wore number 48. Coaching career

When <mask> retired from football, he planned to focus on managing the insurance and appliance businesses he owned. However, in 1957 <mask> signed on as an assistant coach for the college squad in the annual College All-Star Game, a now-defunct exhibition contest between the NFL champion and a selection of the best collegiate players from around the country. The next year, he was named head coach of the team. With <mask> coaching the all-stars in 1958, the team beat the Detroit Lions 35–19. Coast Guard Academy
Following his convincing win in the all-star game, <mask>'s friend George Steinbrenner helped get him a job as the head football coach for the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. <mask>, by then 37 years old, was also named athletic director and given a salary "in five figures".School officials said the hiring did not mean Coast Guard would "go big time"; the Division III school played a relatively short schedule at the time against smaller schools in New England. The Coast Guard team had a 3–5 record in <mask>'s first year as coach in 1959, but improved steadily over the ensuing three years. The team went


texts:
 undefeated in 1963, earning the academy its first-ever post-season bowl appearance. Coast Guard lost to Western Kentucky 27–0 in the Tangerine Bowl. <mask> continued to coach in the College All-Star Game while at Coast Guard, and his college team beat Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers in a 20–17 upset in 1963. <mask> was offered coaching jobs in the NFL numerous times during his tenure at Coast Guard, but he said in 1964 that he was content to stay at the small school on a $9,000 salary. He said he deplored the "win at all costs philosophy" that was necessary to be successful in the professional ranks.Washington Redskins

Despite his reservations about the professional game, <mask>, who moonlighted as a television and radio commentator for the American Football League's New York Jets in 1964 and 1965, left the Coast Guard Academy after seven years in 1966 to become head coach and general manager of the NFL's Washington Redskins, <mask>'s three seasons (1966–1968) were similarly unsuccessful, with an overall record of 17–22–3. In 1968, calls for his firing had intensified as the team's performance worsened from 7–7 in 1967 to 5–9; The Washington Daily News called for his firing in a front-page editorial in November. Vince Lombardi took over as the Redskins' head coach in 1969. Return to Coast Guard Academy

After being dismissed as the Redskins' coach, <mask> returned to the Coast Guard Academy as athletic director and said he planned to stay there until he retired. He coached the college team in the College All-Star Game in 1970 for his tenth and final time. The college stars lost for the seventh time in a row that year, falling 24–3 to the Kansas City


texts:
 Chiefs. He was replaced in 1971 by Blanton Collier, who had retired after succeeding Brown as Cleveland's head coach.In 1974, <mask> was named Coast Guard's football coach once again, although he resigned two years later to focus on his duties as athletic director. In nine years of coaching, <mask>'s Coast Guard teams had a combined record of 44–32–1. After eight more years as the school's athletic director, <mask> retired in 1984. Later life and death

An avid golfer and tennis player, <mask> partnered with New York Yankees great Joe DiMaggio in numerous golf tournaments later in life. He retired to a house on a golf course in Florida. <mask> overcame colon cancer in 1977, but was later plagued by heart ailments and other health problems. He was diagnosed as being in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease in 2001, and died of a heart aneurysm in Sarasota, Florida, on December 17, 2003.He had two sons and a daughter with his wife Beverly. In 2013, Northwestern's fundraising department created the Otto Graham Society to honor his achievements at the school and support its athletics programs. In 2014, a new gymnasium at Waterford Country School was dedicated to <mask>'s memory. Career statistics

Source: Databasefootball.com

Head coaching record

College

NFL

See also

 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders
 Chicago Tribune Silver Football

References

References cited

External links

1921 births
2003 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American football quarterbacks
American men's basketball players
Cleveland Browns (AAFC) players
Cleveland Browns players
Coast Guard Bears athletic directors
Coast Guard

masks:
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Otto Graham


texts:
 Bears football coaches
New York Jets announcers
North Carolina Pre-Flight Cloudbusters football players
Northwestern Wildcats football players
Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball players
Rochester Royals players
Washington Redskins executives
Washington Redskins head coaches
American Football League announcers
National Football League general managers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League players with retired numbers
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Waukegan, Illinois
Coaches of American football from Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Basketball players from Illinois
Deaths from aneurysm
Burials in Florida
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award


texts:
<mask> (born 13 May 1988) is an Australian soccer player who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Arsenal in England's FA Women's Super League (WSL) and the Australia women's national soccer team. She previously played for Melbourne City and Canberra United in Australia's W-League; Reign FC, Houston Dash and the Western New York Flash in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) in the United States; and Piteå IF in Sweden's Damallsvenskan. <mask> was twice-named PFA Women's Footballer of the Year for 2011–12 and 2015–16 and to the PFA W-League Team of the Season for 2016–17. She was awarded W-League Goalkeeper of the Year for the 2010–11, 2011–12, and 2016–17 seasons. Inducted to the Aboriginal and Islander Sports Hall of Fame, <mask> earned for her first cap for the Australian national team, commonly known as the Matildas, at age 16. She is the author of the children's book, Saved!! !, published in 2019.Early life
Born in Katanning, Western Australia, <mask> was raised by her Aboriginal father and American mother in the frontier mining town of Kalgoorlie. She spent most of her primary school years in Kalgoorlie where she attended St Joseph's School. <mask>' family left Kalgoorlie for Canberra when she was eleven years old. In November 2019, <mask> authored a children's book called, Saved!! !, which drew on her life experiences, from growing up in the desert to achieving success as an Aboriginal female football player. Club career

After playing junior football for Tuggeranong and Woden in the Australian Capital Territory, <mask> joined the Australian Institute of Sport Football Program. <mask> joined Australian W-League team Canberra United in 2008 and made 11 appearances for the club as their starting goalkeeper during the 2009 W-League season.Canberra finished in fourth place during the regular season with a  record, earning a berth to the Playoffs. Canberra

masks:
Lydia Grace Yilkari Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


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 was defeated 3–0 by eventual Grand Final winners, Sydney FC. During the 2010–11 W-League, <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in all eleven matches. Canberra finished in third place with a  record. After advancing to the Playoffs, they faced Brisbane Roar in the semi-finals and tied 2–2 leading to a penalty kick shootout in which Canberra lost 2–4. Western New York Flash, Canberra United and Houston Dash: 2014–17
In 2014, <mask> signed with the Western New York Flash signed <mask> to be their starting goalkeeper following a season-ending injury to Adrianna Franch. <mask> started 14 games in goal for the Flash.She recorded two shutouts in 2014 prior to suffering a season-ending ACL injury while competing at the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup with the Australian national team. In September 2014, <mask> was waived by the Flash and was selected by Washington Spirit for the 2015 season, though she did not play for the team. After returning to Australia, <mask> played for Canberra United for the 2015–16 W-League season. She was the starting goalkeeper in the 10 games in which she played and helped Canberra finish second in the regular season with a  record, earning a berth to the Playoffs. Canberra was defeated 1–0 by Sydney FC's controversial goal in the semi-finals. In January 2016, <mask> signed with the Houston Dash. She was the starting goalkeeper in all 15 games that she played.Two of her saves were voted Save of the Week by fans in Week 5 and 19. The Dash finished in eighth place during the regular season with a  record. Melbourne City (loan): 2016–17
Following the season, <mask> signed on loan with Melbourne City for the 2016–17 W-League. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in 15 games helping Melbourne City finish in fourth place during the regular season with a  record, securing a berth to the Finals. <mask> was described as "impenetrable" after holding Canberra

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 United to a 1–0 shutout in extratime during the semi-final. She continued her effective, defensive armor in the 2–0 win over Perth Glory in the Grand Final. <mask> was named the league's Goalkeeper of the Year following the season.Reign FC and Melbourne City: 2017–20

Returning to Houston for the 2017 season, <mask> made 8 starts in goal before traded to Seattle Reign FC on August 31 in exchange for a 2018 2nd-round draft pick. She made three starts in goal for the Reign during the remainder of the season. The Reign finished in fifth place during the regular season. In October 2017, <mask> commenced pre-season training with Melbourne City, re-signing with them for the 2017–18 W-League season. She made 12 starts in goal helping lead Melbourne City to a fourth-place season during the regular season and berth to the Finals. After defeating the regular season premiers, Brisbane Roar,  in a 2–0 shutout in the semi-final, Melbourne City faced Sydney FC in the Grand Final and won 2–0, clinching the team's third consecutive title. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper for Reign FC in all 17 games that she played during the 2018 NWSL season.The Reign finished in third place during the regular season with a  record. The third place finished earned the team a berth to the Playoffs, though they were defeated 2–1 by local rivals Portland Thorns FC in the semi-finals. <mask> returned to Melbourne City for the 2019–20 W-League season. She was the starting goalkeeper in 14 matches, recording nine shutouts and a .871 save percentage. Melbourne City finished in first place during the regular season, claiming the premiership with an undefeated  record. During the playoffs, <mask> helped elevate City to a 5–1 win in the team's semi-final match against Western Sydney Wanderers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Final was not open to fans, though broadcast internationally.<mask>

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 helped hold Sydney FC to a 1–0 shutout to clinch the championship. Arsenal: 2020–present

<mask> signed a one-year contract with Arsenal in England's WSL in July 2020. She noted the "recent investment surge in European women's soccer" as a contributing factor to her signing. In late August, it was announced that she would be temporarily be sidelined by ankle surgery due to a pre-season injury. On 18 November 2020 <mask> made her debut as she started in the FA Women's League Cup against North London derby rivals Tottenham Hotspur. The game finished 2–2 with Arsenal winning 5–4 on penalties. She made her league debut on 6 December 2020 against Birmingham City.International career

<mask> has represented Australia on the senior and under-20 national teams. She earned her first training camp call-up with the senior national team at age 15. It was the first time she'd heard of the Matildas. In 2006, she competed with Australia at the AFC Women's Asian Cup and 2006 FIFA World Under 20 Women's Championship. At age 19, <mask> was selected to the Matildas squad for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China, though she did not play. Australia finished second in their group and were knocked out by Brazil during a 3–2 quarterfinal match. She shared the starting goalkeeper role with veteran Matilda Melissa Barbieri at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany.During the team's first group stage match against Brazil, Barbieri helped keep the rivals to a 1–0 scoreline. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper for Australia's next match against Equatorial Guinea and helped the Matildas win 3–2. Barbieri was in goal for the team's last group stage match: a 2–1 win over Norway. Australia finished second in their group and advanced to the quarterfinals where they were knocked out by Sweden 3–1 with Barbieri in goal. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper in all but one of Australia's matches

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texts: at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. The team lost 3–1 to the United States during their first group stage match with Barbieri between the posts. <mask> helped hold Nigeria to a 2–0 shutout in the team's second group stage match and a 1–1 draw against Sweden.Australia finished second in the "Group of Death" and advanced to the Round of 16 where they faced Brazil. During the match, <mask>' save on a long-range shot by Formiga made international headlines as the save of the tournament. In the 90th minute, <mask> stopped Christiane's header marking 10th-ranked Australia's first win against Brazil in World Cup history. She finished the match with six saves and a shutout. The Matildas faced 2011 champions, Japan in the quarterfinals and narrowly lost 1–0 after a goal against in the 87th minute. After qualifying for the 2016 Rio Olympics in Japan, the Matildas faced Canada in their first group stage match with <mask> in goal. The team tied their next group stage match against Germany 2–2.After defeating Zimbabwe 6–1, the team finished third in Group F and top ranking in the third place teams advancing to the knockout stage. During their "thrilling" quarterfinal match against Brazil, <mask> was put to the test in a penalty shootout after a 0–0 draw. Despite saving a penalty from Marta, the Matildas were ultimately edged out 7–6 during the shootout and knocked out of the competition. <mask> was the starting goalkeeper at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France — her fourth World Cup selection. During the team's first group stage match against Italy, a late Italian goal in the 5th minute of extratime resulted in a 2–1 surprising loss for the Matildas. They faced rivals Brazil next and won 3–2. After defeating Jamaica 4–1, Australia finished second in Group C and advanced to the Round of 16 where they faced Norway.After a 1–1 tie, Norway won 4–1 in penalties.


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<mask> (, , ;  – September 5, 1877) was a Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by white American settlers on Native American territory and to preserve the traditional way of life of the Lakota people. His participation in several famous battles of the Black Hills War on the northern Great Plains, among them the Fetterman Fight in 1866, in which he acted as a decoy, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, in which he led a war party to victory, earned him great respect from both his enemies and his own people. In September 1877, four months after surrendering to U.S. troops under General George Crook, <mask> was fatally wounded by a bayonet-wielding military guard while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American warriors and was honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. Early life

Sources differ on the precise year of <mask>'s birth, but most agree he was born between 1840 and 1845.According to Šúŋka Bloká (He Dog), he and <mask> "were both born in the same year at the same season of the year," which census records and other interviews place in 1842. Ptehé Wóptuȟ’a (Encouraging Bear), an Oglala medicine man and spiritual adviser to <mask>, reported that <mask> was born "in the year in which the band to which he belonged, the Oglala, stole One Hundred Horses, and in the fall of the year," a reference to the annual

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 Lakota calendar or winter count. Among the Oglala winter counts, the stealing of 100 horses is noted by Cloud Shield, and possibly by American Horse and Red Horse owner, as equivalent to the year 1840–41. Oral history accounts from relatives on the Cheyenne River Reservation place his birth in the spring of 1840. On the evening of his son's death, the elder <mask> told Lieutenant H.R. Lemly that the year of birth was 1840. Immediate family

<mask> was born to parents from two different bands of the Lakota division of the Sioux, his father being an Oglala and his mother a Miniconjou.His father, born in 1810, was also named Tȟašúŋke Witkó (<mask> Horse). <mask> was named Čháŋ Óhaŋ (Among the Trees) at birth, meaning he was one with nature. His mother, Tȟašína Ȟlaȟlá Wiŋ (Rattling Blanket Woman, born 1814), gave him the nickname Pȟehíŋ Yuȟáȟa (Curly Son/Curly) or Žiží (Light Hair) as his light, curly hair resembled her own. She died when <mask> Horse was only four years old. One account said that after the son had reached maturity and shown his strength, his father gave him his name and took a new one, Waglúla (Worm). Another version of how the younger <mask> Horse acquired his name is that he took it after going through the haŋbléčheya ceremony. <mask> Horse's cousin (son of Hewáŋžiča, Lone Horn) was Maȟpíya Ičáȟtagya (Touch the Clouds).He saved <mask>'s life at least once and was with him when he died. Rattling Blanket Woman or Tȟašína Ȟlaȟlá Wiŋ (1814–1844) was the daughter of Black Buffalo and White Cow (also known as Iron Cane). Her older siblings were Lone Horn

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texts: (born 1790, died 1877) and Good Looking Woman (born 1810). Her younger sister was named Looks At It (born 1815), later given the name They Are Afraid of Her. The historian George Hyde wrote that Rattling Blanket Woman was Miniconjou and the sister of Spotted Tail, who became a Brulé head chief. She may have been a member of either of the One Horn or Lone Horn families, leaders of the Miniconjou. She was said to be beautiful and a fast runner.In 1844, while out hunting buffalo, Waglula helped defend a Lakota village under attack by the Crow. In gratitude he gave Waglula his two eldest daughters as wives: Iron Between Horns (age 18) and Kills Enemy (age 17). Corn's youngest daughter, Red Leggins, who was 15 at the time, requested to go with her sisters; all became Waglula's wives. When Waglula returned with the new wives, Rattling Blanket Woman, who had been unsuccessful in conceiving another child, thought she had lost favor with her husband and hanged herself. Waglula went into mourning for four years. Rattling Blanket Woman's sister, Good Looking Woman, came to offer herself as a replacement wife, and stayed on to raise Crazy Horse. Other versions of the legend posit that she was grief-stricken by the deaths of those she knew; that her husband accused her of running off with her brother-in-law; or that she had had affair with a European-American man.According to Frederick Hoxie's Encyclopedia of North American Indians, <mask> was the third in his male line to bear the name of <mask>. The love of his life was Tȟatȟáŋkasápawiŋ (Black Buffalo Woman), whom he courted, but

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 she married another man named Mní Níča (No Water). At one point, <mask> persuaded Black Buffalo Woman to run away with him. No Water borrowed a pistol and ran after his wife. When he found her with <mask>, he fired at him, injuring him in the face and leaving a noticeable scar. <mask> was married two times, first to Tȟašinásápawiŋ (Black Shawl) and second to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Nellie Larrabee was given the task of spying on <mask> for the military, so the marriage is suspect.Only Black Shawl bore him any children, a daughter named Kȟokípȟapiwiŋ (They Are Afraid of Her), who died at age three. Visions
<mask> lived in a Lakota camp in present-day Wyoming with his younger half-brother, Little Hawk, son of Iron Between Horns and Waglula. Little Hawk was the nephew of his maternal step-grandfather, Long Face, and a cousin, <mask>. In 1854, the camp was entered by Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan and 29 other U.S. troopers, who intended to arrest a Miniconjou man for having stolen a cow. The cow had wandered into the camp, and after a short time someone butchered it and passed the meat out among the people. When the soldiers fatally shot Chief Conquering Bear, the Lakota returned fire, killing all 30 soldiers and a civilian interpreter in what was later called the Grattan massacre. After witnessing the death of Conquering Bear at the Grattan massacre, <mask> began to get trance visions.Curly went out on a vision quest to seek guidance but without going through the traditional procedures first. In his vision, a warrior on his horse rode out of a lake and the horse

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texts: seemed to float and dance throughout the vision. He wore simple clothing, no face paint, his hair down with just a feather in it, and a small brown stone behind his ear. Bullets and arrows flew around him as he charged forward, but neither he nor his horse was hit. A thunderstorm came over the warrior, and his people grabbed hold of his arms trying to hold him back. The warrior broke their hold and then lightning struck him, leaving a lightning symbol on his cheek, and white marks like hailstones appeared on his body. The warrior told Curly that as long he dressed modestly, his tribesmen did not touch him, and he did not take any scalps or war trophies, then he would not be harmed in battle.As the vision ended, he heard a red-tailed hawk shrieking off in the distance. Curly’s father later interpreted the vision and said that the warrior was going to be him. The lightning bolt on his cheek and the hailstones on his body were to become his war paint. Curly was to follow the warrior’s role to dress modestly and to do as the warrior's prophecy said so he would be unharmed in battle. For the most part, the vision was true and <mask> was rarely harmed in battle, except for when he was struck by an arrow after taking two enemy scalps. He was shot in the face by No Water when Little Big Man tried to hold <mask> back to prevent a fight from breaking out, and he was held back by one of his tribesmen—according to some reports, Little Big Man himself—when he was stabbed by a bayonet the night he died. His father Waglula took him to what today is Sylvan Lake, South Dakota, where


texts:
 they both sat to do a hemblecha or vision quest.A red-tailed hawk led them to their respective spots in the hills; as the trees are tall in the Black Hills, they could not always see where they were going. <mask> sat between two humps at the top of a hill north and to the east of the lake. Waglula sat south of Black Elk Peak but north of his son. <mask>'s vision first took him to the South where, in Lakota spirituality, one goes upon death. He was brought back and was taken to the West in the direction of the wakiyans (thunder beings). He was given a medicine bundle to protect him for life. One of his animal protectors would be the white owl which, according to Lakota spirituality, would give extended life.He was also shown his "face paint" for battle, to consist of a yellow lightning bolt down the left side of his face, and white powder. He would wet this and put marks over his vulnerable areas; when dried, the marks looked like hailstones. His face paint was similar to that of his father, who used a red lightning strike down the right side of his face and three red hailstones on his forehead. <mask> put no make-up on his forehead and did not wear a war bonnet. Lastly, he was given a sacred song that is still sung by the Oglala people today and he was told he would be a protector of his people. Black Elk, a contemporary and cousin of <mask>, related the vision in Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, from talks with John G. Neihardt:

<mask> received a black stone from a medicine man named Horn Chips to protect his horse, a

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 black-and-white pinto he named Inyan (rock or stone). He placed the stone behind the horse's ear so that the medicine from his vision quest and Horn Chips would combine—he and his horse would be one in battle.The more accepted account, however, is that Horn Chips gave <mask> a sacred stone that protected him from bullets. Subsequently, <mask> was never wounded by a bullet. In addition, "Horn Chips" is not the correct name of this medicine man, though it has become a repeated error since its first publication in 1982. His Lakota name was Woptura, and he was given the name "Chips" by the government and was referred to as Old Man Chips. Horn Chips was one of his sons, who was also known as Charles Chips. Personality
<mask> was known to have a personality characterized by aloofness, shyness, modesty and lonesomeness. He was generous to the poor, the elderly, and children.In Black Elk Speaks, Neihardt relays:

War leadership

Title of "Shirt Wearer"
Through the late 1850s and early 1860s, <mask>'s reputation as a warrior grew, as did his fame among the Lakota. The Lakota told accounts of him in their oral histories. His first kill was a Shoshone raider who had murdered a Lakota woman washing buffalo meat along the Powder River. <mask> fought in numerous battles between the Lakota and their traditional enemies, the Crow, Shoshone, Pawnee, Blackfeet, and Arikara, among Plains tribes. In 1864, after the Third Colorado Cavalry decimated Cheyenne and Arapaho in the Sand Creek Massacre, Oglala and Minneconjou bands allied with them against the U.S. military. <mask> was present at


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 the Battle of Platte Bridge and the Battle of Red Buttes in July 1865. Because of his fighting ability and for his generosity to the tribe, in 1865 <mask> was named an Ogle Tanka Un ("Shirt Wearer", or war leader) by the tribe.Battle of the Hundred in the Hand (Fetterman Fight)
On December 21, 1866, <mask> and six other warriors, both Lakota and Cheyenne, decoyed Capt. William Fetterman's 53 infantrymen and 27 cavalry troopers under Lt. Grummond into an ambush. They had been sent out from Fort Phil Kearny to follow up on an earlier attack on a wood train. <mask> Horse lured Fetterman's infantry up a hill. Grummond's cavalry followed the other six decoys along Peno Head Ridge and down toward Peno Creek, where several Cheyenne women taunted the soldiers. Meanwhile, Cheyenne leader Little Wolf and his warriors, who had been hiding on the opposite side of Peno Head Ridge, blocked the return route to the fort. The Lakota warriors swept over the hill and attacked the infantry.Additional Cheyenne and Lakota hiding in the buckbrush along Peno Creek effectively surrounded the soldiers. Seeing that they were surrounded, Grummond headed his cavalry back to Fetterman. The combined warrior forces of nearly 1,000 killed all the US soldiers in what became known at the time to the white population as the Fetterman Massacre. It was the Army's worst defeat on the Great Plains up to that time. The Lakota and Cheyenne call it the Battle of the Hundred in the Hand. Wagon Box Fight
On August 2, 1867, <mask> participated in the Wagon Box Fight, also near Fort Phil Kearny. Lakota forces

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 numbering between 1000 and 2000 attacked a wood-cutting crew near the fort.Most of the soldiers fled to a circle of wagon boxes without wheels, using them for cover as they fired at the Lakota. The Lakota took substantial losses, as the soldiers were firing new breech-loading rifles. These could fire ten times a minute compared to the old muzzle-loading rate of three times a minute. The Lakota charged after the soldiers fired the first time, expecting the delay of their older muskets before being able to fire again. The soldiers suffered only five killed and two wounded while the Lakota suffered between 50 and 120 casualties. Many Lakota were buried in the hills surrounding Fort Phil Kearny in Wyoming. Controversy over Black Buffalo Woman
In the fall of 1870, <mask> invited Black Buffalo Woman to accompany him on a buffalo hunt in the Slim Buttes area of present-day northwestern South Dakota.She was the wife of No Water, who had a reputation for drinking too much. It was Lakota custom to allow a woman to divorce her husband at any time. She did so by moving in with relatives or with another man, or by placing the husband's belongings outside their lodge. Although some compensation might be required to smooth over hurt feelings, the rejected husband was expected to accept his wife's decision. No Water was away from camp when <mask> Horse and Black Buffalo Woman left for the buffalo hunt. No Water tracked down <mask> and Black Buffalo Woman in the Slim Buttes area. When he found them in a teepee, he called <mask>'s name from outside.When <mask> answered, No Water stuck a

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 pistol into the teepee and aimed for <mask>. Touch the Clouds, <mask>'s first cousin and son of Lone Horn, was sitting in the teepee nearest the entry. He knocked the pistol upward as No Water fired, deflecting the bullet to <mask>'s upper jaw. No Water left, with <mask>'s relatives in hot pursuit. No Water ran his horse until it died and continued on foot until he reached the safety of his own village. Several elders convinced <mask> and No Water that no more blood should be shed. As compensation for the shooting, No Water gave <mask> three horses.Because <mask> was with a married woman, he was stripped of his title as Shirt Wearer (leader). Black Shawl and Nellie Larrabee
<mask> Horse married Black Shawl, a member of the Oglala Lakota and relative of Spotted Tail. The elders sent her to heal <mask> after his altercation with No Water. <mask> and Black Shawl Woman were married in 1871. Black Shawl gave birth to <mask>'s only child, a daughter named They Are Afraid Of Her, who died in 1873. Black Shawl outlived <mask>. She died in 1927 during the influenza outbreaks of the 1920s.Red Cloud also arranged to send a young woman, Nellie Larrabee, to live in <mask>'s lodge. Interpreter William Garnett described Larrabee as "a half-blood, not of the best frontier variety, an invidious and evil woman". Larrabee, also referred to as Chi-Chi and Brown Eyes Woman, was the daughter of a French trader and a Cheyenne woman. Garnett's first-hand account of <mask>'s surrender alludes to Larrabee as the "half blood woman" who caused <mask> to fall into a "domestic trap which insensibly

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 led him by gradual steps to his destruction." Great Sioux War of 1876–77
On June 17, 1876, <mask> led a combined group of approximately 1,500 Lakota and Cheyenne in a surprise attack against brevetted Brigadier General George Crook's force of 1,000 cavalry and infantry, and allied 300 Crow and Shoshone warriors in the Battle of the Rosebud. The battle, although not substantial in terms of human losses, delayed Crook's joining the 7th Cavalry under George A. Custer. It contributed to Custer’s subsequent defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.A week later at 3:00 p.m. on June 25, 1876, Custer's 7th Cavalry attacked a large encampment of Cheyenne and Lakota bands along the Little Bighorn River, marking the beginning of his last battle. <mask>'s actions during the battle are unknown. Hunkpapa warriors led by Chief Gall led the main body of the attack. <mask>'s tactical and leadership role in the battle remains ambiguous. While some historians think that <mask> led a flanking assault, ensuring the death of Custer and his men, the only proven fact is that <mask> was a major participant in the battle. His personal courage was attested to by several eye-witness Indian accounts. Water Man, one of only five Arapaho warriors who fought, said <mask> "was the bravest man I ever saw.He rode closest to the soldiers, yelling to his warriors. All the soldiers were shooting at him, but he was never hit." Sioux battle participant Little Soldier said, "The greatest fighter in the whole battle was <mask>." <mask> is said to have exhorted his warriors before the fight with the battle

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 cry "Hóka-héy! Today is a good day to die!" but the quotation is inaccurately attributed. The earliest published reference is from 1881, in which the phrase is attributed to Low Dog.The English version is not an accurate translation from the Lakota language, "Hóka-héy!" Both phrases are used in context by Black Elk in Black Elk Speaks. On September 10, 1876, Captain Anson Mills and two battalions of the Third Cavalry captured a Miniconjou village of 36 tipis in the Battle of Slim Buttes, South Dakota. <mask> and his followers attempted to rescue the camp and its headman, (Old Man) <mask>, but they were unsuccessful. The soldiers killed <mask> and much of his family after they holed up in a cave for several hours. On January 8, 1877, <mask> Horse's warriors fought their last major battle at Wolf Mountain, against the US Cavalry in the Montana Territory. His people struggled through the winter, weakened by hunger and the long cold.<mask> decided to surrender with his band to protect them, and went to Fort Robinson in Nebraska. Last Sun Dance of 1877
The Last Sun Dance of 1877 is significant in Lakota history as the Sun Dance held to honor <mask> one year after the victory at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and to offer prayers for him in the trying times ahead. <mask> attended the Sun Dance as the honored guest but did not take part in the dancing. Five warrior cousins sacrificed blood and flesh for <mask> at the Last Sun Dance of 1877. The five warrior cousins were three brothers, Flying Hawk, Kicking Bear and Black Fox II, all sons of Chief Black Fox, also known as

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 Great Kicking Bear, and two other cousins, Eagle Thunder and Walking Eagle. The five warrior cousins were braves considered vigorous battle men of distinction. Surrender and death
<mask> and other northern Oglala leaders arrived at the Red Cloud Agency, located near Fort Robinson, Nebraska, on May 5, 1877.Together with He Dog, Little Big Man, Iron Crow and others, they met in a solemn ceremony with First Lieutenant William P. Clark as the first step in their formal surrender. For the next four months, <mask> resided in his village near the Red Cloud Agency. The attention that <mask> received from the Army drew the jealousy of Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, two Lakota who had long before come to the agencies and adopted the white ways. Rumors of <mask>'s desire to slip away and return to the old ways of life started to spread at the Red Cloud and Spotted Tail agencies. In August 1877 officers at Camp Robinson received word that the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph had broken out of their reservation in Idaho and were fleeing north through Montana toward Canada. When asked by Lieutenant Clark to join the Army against the Nez Perce, <mask> and the Miniconjou leader Touch the Clouds objected, saying that they had promised to remain at peace when they surrendered. According to one version of events, <mask> finally agreed, saying that he would fight "till all the Nez Perce were killed."But his words were apparently misinterpreted by a half-Tahitian scout, Frank Grouard, a person not to be confused with Fred Gerard, another U.S. Cavalry scout during the summer of 1876. Grouard reported


texts: that <mask> had said that he would "go north and fight until not a white man is left." When he was challenged over his interpretation, Grouard left the council. Another interpreter, William Garnett, was brought in but quickly noted the growing tension. With the growing trouble at the Red Cloud Agency, General George Crook was ordered to stop at Fort Robinson. A council of the Oglala leadership was called, then canceled, when Crook was incorrectly informed that <mask> had said the previous evening that he intended to kill the general during the proceedings. Crook ordered <mask>'s arrest and then departed; leaving the post commander at Fort Robinson, Lieutenant Colonel Luther P. Bradley, to carry out his order.Additional troops were brought in from Fort Laramie. On the morning of September 4, 1877, two columns moved against <mask> Horse's village, only to find that it had scattered during the night. <mask> had fled to the nearby Spotted Tail Agency with his wife, who had become ill with tuberculosis. After meeting with military officials at Camp Sheridan, the adjacent military post, <mask> Horse agreed to return to Fort Robinson with Lieutenant Jesse M. Lee, the Indian agent at Spotted Tail. On the morning of September 5, 1877, <mask> and Lieutenant Lee, accompanied by Touch the Clouds as well as a number of Indian scouts, departed for Fort Robinson. Arriving that evening outside the adjutant's office, Lieutenant Lee was informed that he was to turn <mask> Horse over to the Officer of the Day. Lee protested and hurried to Bradley's quarters to debate the issue, but

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 without success.Bradley had received orders that <mask> was to be arrested and taken under the cover of darkness to Division Headquarters. Lee turned the Oglala war chief over to Captain James Kennington, in charge of the post guard, who accompanied <mask> to the post guardhouse. Once inside, <mask> struggled with the guard and Little Big Man and attempted to escape. Just outside the door, <mask> was stabbed with a bayonet by one of the members of the guard. He was taken to the adjutant's office, where he was tended by the assistant post surgeon at the post, Valentine McGillycuddy, and died late that night. The following morning, <mask>'s body was turned over to his elderly parents, who took it to Camp Sheridan and placed it on a burial scaffold. The following month, when the Spotted Tail Agency was moved to the Missouri River, <mask>'s parents moved the remains to an undisclosed location.There are at least four possible locations as noted on a state highway memorial near Wounded Knee, South Dakota. His final resting place remains unknown. Controversy over his death

McGillycuddy, who treated <mask> after he was stabbed, wrote that <mask> "died about midnight." According to military records, he died before midnight, making it September 5, 1877. John Gregory Bourke's memoir of his service in the Indian wars, On the Border with Crook, describes a different account of <mask>'s death. He based his account on an interview with <mask>'s rival, Little Big Man, who was present at <mask>'s arrest and fatal wounding. The interview took place over a year after <mask>'s

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texts: death.Little Big Man said that, as <mask> was being escorted to the guardhouse, he suddenly pulled two knives from under his blanket and held one in each hand. One knife was reportedly fashioned from an army bayonet. Little Big Man, standing behind him, seized <mask> by both elbows, pulling his arms up behind him. As <mask> struggled, Little Big Man lost his grip on one elbow, and <mask> drove his own knife deep into his own lower back. The guard stabbed <mask> with his bayonet in the back, who then fell and surrendered to the guards. When Bourke asked about the popular account of the guard bayoneting <mask> first, Little Big Man said that the guard had thrust with his bayonet, but that <mask>'s struggles resulted in the guard's thrust missing entirely and lodging his bayonet into the frame of the guardhouse door. Little Big Man said that in the hours immediately following <mask>'s wounding, the camp commander had suggested the story of the guard being responsible to hide Little Big Man's role in the death of <mask> and avoid any inter-clan reprisals.Little Big Man's account is questionable; it is the only one of 17 eyewitness sources (from Lakota, US Army, and "mixed-blood" individuals) that fails to attribute <mask>'s death to a soldier at the guardhouse. The author Thomas Powers cites various witnesses who said <mask> was fatally wounded when his back was pierced by a guard's bayonet. The identity of the soldier responsible for the bayoneting of <mask> is also debatable. Only one eyewitness account actually identifies the soldier as Private William Gentles.


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 Historian Walter M. Camp circulated copies of this account to individuals who had been present who questioned the identity of the soldier and provided two additional names. To this day, the identification remains questionable. Photograph controversy

Most sources question whether <mask> was ever photographed.Valentine McGillycuddy doubted any photograph of the war leader had been taken. In 1908, Walter Camp wrote to the agent for the Pine Ridge Reservation inquiring about a portrait. "I have never seen a photo of <mask>," Agent Brennan replied, "nor am I able to find any one among our Sioux here who remembers having seen a picture of him. <mask> had left the hostiles but a short time before he was killed and it's more than likely he never had a picture taken of himself." In 1956, a small tintype portrait purportedly of <mask> was published by J. W. Vaughn in his book With Crook at the Rosebud. The photograph had belonged to the family of the scout Baptiste "Little Bat" Garnier. Two decades later, the portrait was published with further details about how the photograph was produced at Fort Robinson, though the editor of the book "remained unconvinced of the authenticity of the photograph."In the late 1990s the original tintype was on exhibit at the Custer Battlefield Museum in Garryowen, Montana. The museum says that it is the only authentic portrait of <mask> Horse. Historians continue to dispute the identification. Experts argue that the tintype was taken a decade or two after 1877. The evidence includes the individual's attire, the length of the hair pipe

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 breastplate, and the ascot tie, which closely resembles the attire of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Indian performers active from 1883 to the early 1900s. Other experts point out that the gradient lighting in the photo indicates a skylight studio portrait, common in larger cities. In addition, no other photograph with the same painted backdrop has been found.Several photographers passed through Fort Robinson and the Red Cloud Agency in 1877—including James H. Hamilton, Charles Howard, David Rodocker and possibly Daniel S. Mitchell—but none used the backdrop that appears in the tintype. After the death of <mask> Horse, Private Charles Howard produced at least two images of the famed war leader's alleged scaffold grave, located near Camp Sheridan, Nebraska. Legacy

In the view of author Chris Hedges, "there are few resistance figures in American history as noble as <mask>," while adding that "his ferocity of spirit remains a guiding light for all who seek lives of defiance." Memorials
<mask> Horse is commemorated by the incomplete Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota, near the town of Berne. Like the nearby Mount Rushmore National Memorial, it is a monument carved out of a mountainside. The sculpture was begun by Polish-American sculptor Korczak Ziółkowski, who had worked under Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore, in 1948. Plans call for the completed monument to be  wide and  high.Ziółkowski was inspired to create the Crazy Horse Memorial after receiving a letter from native Lakota chief Henry Standing Bear, who asked if Ziółkowski would be interested in

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texts: creating a monument for the native North Americans to show that the Indian nations also have their heroes. The Native Americans consider Thunderhead Mountain, where the monument is being carved, to be sacred ground. Thunderhead Mountain is situated between Custer and Hill City. Upon completion, the head of <mask> Horse will be the world’s largest sculpture of the human head, measuring approximately  tall, more than 27 feet taller than the 60-foot faces of the U.S. Presidents depicted on Mount Rushmore, and the Crazy Horse Memorial as a whole will be the largest sculpture in the world. The memorial is funded entirely by private donations, with no assistance from the U.S. federal government. There is no target completion date at this time; however, in 1998, the face of Crazy Horse was completed and dedicated. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation regularly takes the lead in cultural, social and educational events, including the Volksmarch, the occasion on which the public is allowed into the actual monument grounds.The foundation generates most of its funds from visitor fees, with visitors numbering more than one million annually. The monument has been the subject of controversy. In Ziółkowski's vision, the sculpted likeness of <mask> is dedicated to the spirit of <mask> and all Native Americans. It is well-known that <mask> did not want to be photographed during his lifetime and is reportedly buried in an undisclosed location. While Lakota chief Henry Standing Bear believed in the sincerity of the motives, many Native Americans still oppose the intended meaning of the

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 memorial. Opponents of the monument have likened it to pollution and desecration of the landscape and environment of the Black Hills, and of the ideals of <mask> himself. Aside from the monumental sculpture, <mask> has also been honored by having two highways named after him, both called the Crazy Horse Memorial Highway.In South Dakota, the designation has been applied to a portion of US 16/US 385 between Custer and Hill City, which passes by the Crazy Horse Memorial. In November 2010, Nebraska Governor Dave Heineman approved designating US 20 from Hay Springs to Fort Robinson in honor of <mask> Horse, capping a year-long effort by citizens of Chadron. The designation may extend east another 100 miles through Cherry County to Valentine. <mask> Horse School in Wanblee, South Dakota is named after him. In popular culture
 In the film Chief Crazy Horse (1955), directed by George Sherman, <mask> is played by Victor Mature. In the film Crazy Horse (1995), <mask> Horse is played by Native American actor Michael Greyeyes. The middle-grade novel In the Footsteps of Crazy Horse (2015) by Joseph Marshall, III tells the story of a young Lakota boy who learns about <mask> Horse from his grandfather.An Excelsior-class Starfleet starship named after <mask> appears in two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. <mask>'s life was the subject of a four-part series of the podcast History on Fire by historian Daniele Bolelli. References

Further reading
 Ambrose, Stephen E. <mask> and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. 1975. Bray, Kingsley M. <mask> Horse: A Lakota

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 Life. 2006. Clark, Robert.The Killing of Chief <mask> Horse: Three Eyewitness Views by the Indian, Chief He Dog the Indian White, William Garnett the White Doctor, Valentine McGillycuddy. 1988. Marshall, Joseph M. III. The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. 2004. Guttmacher, Peter and David W. Baird. Ed.<mask> Horse: Sioux War Chief. New York Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1994. 0–120. McMurtry, Larry. Crazy Horse (Penguin Lives). Puffin Books. 1999.Pinn, Lionel Kitpu'se. Greengrass Pipe Dancers. 2000. Powers, Thomas. The Killing of Crazy Horse. Random House, Inc. 2010. .
 Sandoz, Mari. <mask> Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography.1942. "Debating <mask> Horse: Is this the Famous Oglala?" Whispering Wind magazine, Vol 34 #3, 2004. A discussion on the improbability of the Garryowen photo being that of <mask> Horse (the same photo shown here). The clothing, the studio setting all date the photo 1890–1910. The Authorized Biography of <mask> and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree. DVD.William Matson and Mark Frethem, producers. Documentary based on over 100 hours of footage shot of family oral history detailed interviews and all Crazy Horse sites. Family had final approval on end product. Reelcontact.com, 2006. The Authorized Biography of <mask> and His Family Part Two: Defending the Homeland Prior to the 1868 Treaty. DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers. Reel Contact Productions, 2007.Russell Freedman, The Life and Death of <mask> Horse. Holiday House. 1996. External links

 The Final Days and Death of <mask> Horse

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 PBS Biography of <mask> Horse
 A timeline of <mask> Horse's life
 Biography of <mask> and His Family Part 1 DVD

1840s births
1877 deaths
1877 crimes
Lakota leaders
Murdered Native American people
Native American history of South Dakota
Native American people of the Indian Wars
People of the Great Sioux War of 1876
Red Cloud's War
People of the American Old West
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
People murdered in Nebraska
Battle of the Little

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Phillipena (<mask><mask>,  (30 July 1910 to 7 December 2003) best known by the name <mask>, was an inspirational school teacher and advocate for children's literature and library services to children and young adults. <mask>'s name is synonymous in Australia with children's literature and with IBBY, the International Board on Books for Young People. In Australia, she is still affectionately known as 'Mrs IBBY'. Early life
<mask> was born in Sydney on 30 July 1910 to Russian immigrant parents. From childhood Ena developed an interest in all forms of art and literature, especially music, theatre and dance. Inspired by the first Bodenwieser Ballet performed in Sydney in 1939, she trained in ballet under Gertrud Bodenwieser. After dancing with the Bodenwieser Group for some years, Ena conducted a dance studio at Rose Bay for some twenty years.In 1952–53 she toured Britain and Europe with a solo lecture-dance program entitled The life cycle of an Australian Aboriginal woman, dancing to John Antill's music for Corroboree. She performed, representing Australia, in the festivities for the Royal coronation in 1953. In 1940 <mask> married Arthur Charles <mask>, a British sea captain. After her husband's death in 1966, <mask>, although remaining passionate about dance, pursued an academic career. From the University of Sydney she obtained a Bachelor of Arts and Diploma of Education. At first she taught English and History at various high schools. While teaching at Dover Heights Girls High School she became convinced that her highest goal was to turn young people into enthusiastic and discriminating readers by working in school libraries.In 1958 Ena was appointed librarian at South Sydney Boys High. Contribution to children's literature
Ena was invited to speak at many international conferences and from 1982 to 1986 served on the International Board on Books for Young People international executive committee. She believed literature to be a potent force in international understanding and goodwill. Ena's crowning moment in IBBY and in promoting Australian children's literature

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