texts: Jesus. <mask> placed much emphasis on faith in God for healing and taught against the medical practice, except in the case of "repair" (setting of broken bones, cleansing of wounds, etc.). Medical intervention was consequently frowned-upon, there were consequently numerous controversial incidents involving death of members or member's children due to lack of medical attention. <mask> spoke highly of principles of good diet (outside of the Levitical food regulations) and proper living, and members of the Worldwide Church of God as a result tended to gravitate towards whole grains, home-grown vegetables etc., although such acts were not an express tenet of faith. <mask> taught against fornication, masturbation, adultery, homosexuality and other practices he viewed as aberrations, authoring the book God Speaks Out On The 'New Morality (later retitled The Missing Dimension in Sex) on the subject. As a result of this fundamentalist view on morality, he also taught against the use of cosmetics, long hair on men, and other matters of personal appearance. <mask> and the Worldwide Church of God viewed Revelation 2 and 3, (which contains seven messages to seven churches in Asia Minor at the time of its writing), to also be descriptive of seven "church eras" to pass, in chronological order.He stated that the "Sardis" era ended with his severance from the Church of God (Seventh-Day) and that the "Philadelphia" era officially began in October 1933. "Laodicea" would follow wherein lukewarmness would be the "dominant Church attitude at the end." His great concern was that they, "undoubtedly of the Philadelphia era", were "in serious danger of BECOMING also the Laodicean


type: original

texts:
 era." He apparently modified such era teaching from an earlier version preached by a previous Church of God, Seventh Day minister, G. G. Rupert. This concept has assumed greater importance among current WCG splinter groups, as those that practice <mask>'s teachings tend to view the modern Worldwide Church of God (and sometimes other splinter groups) as "Laodicean" or entirely Protestant. <mask> instituted a three-tiered annual tithing process for his followers. The first tithe (10% of member's gross household income) went to the Worldwide Church of God organization, which viewed itself as the "Melchizedek priesthood" with Jesus Christ as the High Priest with the rank of Melchizedek, which priesthood superseded the Levitical priesthood, and thereby entitled to support by tithes.The second tithe (a second 10% of member's gross household income) was saved by members and used as individual support during the "Feast of Tabernacles." The third tithe (a third 10% of members gross household income), which was paid every three years per member, was used to support widows and other members in need. The church did not overtly solicit funds from outside but did accept donations from "co-workers" and commonly sent "co-worker" letters that often called for money to be sent. Criticism and controversy
<mask>'s teachings and the church he created have been the subject of much criticism and controversy. <mask>'s theology and teachings are defended by his followers, but face criticism from ex-followers and the greater Christian community. Common points of criticism and controversy include:

Theological
 Salvation: <mask> believed that repentance, faith and the indwelling of

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


texts: God's Holy Spirit enables true and full obedience to God's law, but stressed that keeping God's law (and repentance upon having sinned) is a requirement for salvation. Critics state that <mask> taught salvation as being legalistic obedience to God's law, including such laws as Sabbath keeping, dietary laws, and other laws kept by Ancient Israelites but not typically kept by 'mainstream' Christian denominations.The Covenants: <mask> taught that the New Covenant is an 'amplification' of the Old Covenant, and that certain laws (excluding temple and unenforceable ancient civil laws) from the Old Covenant are still in effect for Christians. This included laws such as literal Sabbath keeping, 'Clean and Unclean' meats and Holy Day observances. He believed that the New Covenant was yet future, to be finalized as a marriage covenant between Christ and the Church and that Christians currently existed 'between' the two Covenants. Critics say that <mask> confused the two Covenants and selectively picked which aspects of the two Covenants to keep. Gospel of the Kingdom: <mask> taught that a reason for Jesus Christ's presence on earth was to proclaim the Gospel message of a literal Kingdom of God that will be established on earth at Christ's 'second coming', and that the message of the Kingdom should be the focus of the gospel rather than the person of Christ. Critics indicate that this represents a diminishment of the person and importance of Christ, through whom salvation is attained, and that this represents a flawed understanding about the nature of the Kingdom. <mask> taught that – the gospel "of" Christ – began to change to – a gospel "about" Christ – around twenty


texts:
 to thirty years after the founding of the Church in 31 A.D.He made the extraordinary claim that the gospel Christ brought (of the Kingdom) had "not been proclaimed to the world" for about 1,900 years "until the first week in 1953" when he began preaching it again on Radio Luxembourg. Prophetic predictions: Proponents believe that <mask> was inspired by God and had the gift to understand prophecy. They believe that many of his predictions were inspired. <mask> was considered gifted with spiritual understanding also and that, through him, God was revealing the true meaning of parts of the Bible which, till his time, had remained locked or sealed (so could not be correctly understood). That desire for understanding had been with <mask> since he was a small boy, "always wanting to know 'why?' or 'how?' That obsession for understanding was to have a great influence on founding the Plain Truth magazine and Ambassador College in later years."According to critics, <mask>'s predictions were rife with speculation and remain mostly unfulfilled. British Israelism: <mask> taught a form of British Israelism, which is the belief that those of Western European descent, notably England (Ephraim) and the United States (Manasseh), are direct descendants of the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel. This theory is inconsistent with the findings of modern research on the genetic history of Jews. It is commonly criticized for poor standards of research, and general inconsistency with archeological, anthropological and linguistic research. Personality, personal conduct, and governance
<mask> was often criticized for having lived in extravagant wealth in comparison to a few church

masks:
Herbert Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


texts:
 members. Personal luxuries enjoyed by <mask> included a personal jet, the finest clothing, furniture and other conveniences. Teachings inferred from the Bible
<mask> taught the observance of principles that he believed could be inferred from biblical intent.Examples of these teachings include:
 Women were not allowed to wear makeup because it was believed that this was not pleasing to God. <mask> stated

God's Church, the now imminent Bride of Christ, is not going to rise to meet the returning Christ in the air with painted faces and plucked and repainted eyebrows! How cleverly, without our suspecting it, did Satan influence leading ministers to derail the Church in many ways!...Now JESUS CHRIST, through His chosen apostle, is going to RULE on this question once and for all!...How did it get into our mid-and-latter 20th century society? FROM PROSTITUTES!...Women do not use makeup to PLEASE GOD today – for I can tell you ON HIS AUTHORITY it is NOT pleasing to HIM! The use of medicine and doctors was discouraged because members were expected to place their faith in God for healing. <mask> stated:

Here's God's instruction to YOU, today, if you are ill. If we are to live by every Word of God, we should obey this Scripture.God does not say call your family physician...He does not say, call the doctors and let them give medicines and drugs, and God will cause the medicines and drugs and dope to cure you.... Instead God says call GOD'S MINISTERS. And let them PRAY, anointing with oil (the type and symbol of the Holy Spirit). Then GOD PROMISES He will HEAL YOU! Various members suffered discomfort and even death due to reluctance to resort to medical help, yet

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


texts: <mask> made use of doctors and medicine later in his life. Divorce was strongly discouraged. At times this was strictly enforced by requiring members that had previously divorced and remarried to divorce their new spouses so that they were not "living in adultery".<mask> acknowledged that this belief caused significant hardship for many members but argued that this hardship was the consequent result of the earlier 'sin of divorce'. This policy was changed by <mask> at a later time. Interracial marriage was also discouraged as <mask> emphasized requirements for Ancient Israelites (who, according to British Israelism, became Western Europeans) to remain racially and religiously separate from other nations. As the Bible teaches that "the body is the temple of God's Spirit," <mask> believed that it should therefore be kept in good health and presented in a manner glorifying to Christ. Members were consequently expected to conform to strict dress codes. Long hair and piercings were not allowed for men, whereas makeup and short hair were frowned upon for women. Members were expected to dress conservatively and modestly, and required to do so for church.Smoking was considered to be a spiritual sin and was grounds for a minister to refuse baptism. Critics contend that these requirements base salvation on the 'teachings of men' rather than the grace of God or the instructions of the Bible. <mask> concluded that a third resurrection would take place, in which the incorrigibly wicked and those who had been converted (baptized members of WCG) but had 'fallen away' (left WCG) and who also had not repented in the "Great Tribulation" would be resurrected and sentenced to

masks: Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong


texts:
 eternal death in the 'lake of fire.' Critics reject this interpretation. Honors
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, from the Japanese government
 King Albert I A watch (one of four specially commissioned by King Albert, after the armistice, to be made from an iron cannonball), presented by His Majesty Leopold III of Belgium in November 1970, for most significant contribution toward world peace; <mask> was also a founding board member of the King Leopold III Foundation for the Conservation of Nature
 Presidential Merit Medal, presented by President Marcos of the Philippines in 1983 in the Manila Presidential Palace
 Commander of Our Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
 The Cross of Constantine, presented by the Patriarch of Jerusalem Diodoras in 1982 in Jerusalem
 Honorary Doctorates in Humanities from both Iloilo University and Angeles University in the Philippines
 <mask><mask> Professor of Constitutional Law Emeritus from the University of Southern California (1983)

Bibliography

 Pagan Holidays—or God's Holy Days—Which? Proof of the Bible

 The Incredible Human Potential
 The Missing Dimension in Sex
 The Seven Laws of Success
 The United States and Britain in Prophecy
 The Wonderful World Tomorrow
 What Is Faith? What Science Can't Discover About the Human Mind
 Who or What Is the Prophetic Beast?Why Marriage – Soon Obsolete? See also
 Grace Communion International
 Assyria-Germany connection

Citations

References

Further reading and video resources

<mask>
 "The World Tomorrow starring <mask><mask>"
 Herbert W. Armstrong Searchable Library His writings before they were edited by the Philadelphia Church of God which now owns the copyrights to

masks:
Armstrong
Herbert W
. Armstrong
Pro Armstrong
Herbert W
. Armstrong


texts:
 some of his works. Herbert W Armstrong Library & Archive
 <mask> W. <mask> Compendium

Anti-Armstrong
 Transformed by Truth: The Worldwide Church of God Rejects the Teachings of Founder <mask><mask> and Embraces Historic Christianity
 The Painful Truth. A collection of Facts, Opinions and Comments from survivors of <mask>. <mask>, Garner Ted <mask>, The Worldwide Church of God and its Daughters. 1892 births
1986 deaths
19th-century apocalypticists
20th-century apocalypticists
American Christian clergy
American Quakers
American television evangelists
British Israelism
Christians from California
Churches of God Christians
Armstrong01
Clergy from Des Moines, Iowa
Educators from Oregon
Former Quakers
Founders of schools in the United States
Radio evangelists
People from Eugene, Oregon
People from Pasadena, California
Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Merit

masks:
Herbert
Armstrong
Herbert W
. Armstrong
Herbert W
Armstrong
Armstrong


texts:
<mask>, 1st Baronet,  (22 March 1778 – 10 November 1852) was a member of a prominent family of English Roman Catholics. He served as commander of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry at the time of the Peterloo Massacre. He was born at Croston Hall near Chorley, Lancashire on 22 March 1778, son of <mask> and Elizabeth Tempest, and was christened <mask> (no de). Marriage and family
<mask> married Laura Anne Colman (born 18 August 1780, baptized 9 November 1780, Cullompton), daughter of Francis Colman (d. 1820) of Hillersdon, Devon, and Jemima Searle (d. 1807), on 17 August 1803, and the couple lived at Trafford Hall, in Trafford Park. They had nine daughters and five sons, including:
Elizabeth Jane, born 22 October 1804, died September 1813, aged 8
Laura Ann, born 23 November 1805, who married <mask> of Felton, Northumberland on 4 September 1845 at All Saints Catholic Chapel, Barton-upon-Frode and died 16 May 1877
Jemima, born 30 January 1807, died 17 January 1883, who in 1829 married her father's first cousin Henry Tempest of Heaton (near Bolton), Lancashire, who was a JP for Lancashire. Their daughter, Jemima Monica Mildred Tempest (1841-1907) married Le Gendre Starkie in 1867. Humphrey Francis, born 1 May 1808, died 4 May 1886, who became the Second Baronet
Jane Seymour, born 27 July 1809, who in 1842 married George Archer Shee, eldest son of Sir Martin Archer Shee, a former President of the Royal Academy.Jane and George's great-grandson George Archer-Shee was the subject of a notorious 1910 prosecution for allegedly

masks:
Sir Thomas Joseph de Trafford
John Trafford
Thomas Joseph Trafford
Thomas
Thomas William Riddell


texts:
 stealing a 5 shilling postal order. The case formed the basis for the play The Winslow Boy. Maria, born 16 November 1810, died 9 May 1826, aged 15
Caroline, born 29 March 1812, married William Gerard Walmesley of Westwood, Lancashire, son of Charles Walmesley (1781–1833), on 18 October 1838, and died 21 December 1883
<mask>, born 23 August 1813, never married, died 7 May 1844
Sybilla Catherine (or Catherine-Sybilla), born 23 September 1815, who married Reverend John Sparling, third son of William Sparling of Petton Park, Shropshire in 1843, and died 22 May 1886
Belinda, born 29 November 1816, never married, died 19 February 1900
Harriet (or Harriotte), born 25 August 1818, who married James Cunningham, a captain in the Fourth Dragoon Guards, on 27 April 1853
John Randolphus, born 11 April 1820, married Lady <mask>, daughter of General Sir Charles Murray Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart and Henrietta Mather, on 13 July 1850, died 3 February 1879 (or possibly 15 February 1871). Succeeded to the Croston Estates, previously held jointly by his father with the Trafford estates. Eldest son Sigismund <mask>. Charles Cecil, born 18 or 28 December 1821, never married, died 15 December 1878, a captain in the Third Regiment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Militia and also an officer in the 1st Dragoons
Augustus Henry, born 12 April 1823 (or 1828), married <mask> Walmesley, daughter of Herman Walmesley, on 19 September 1876, died 19 January 1895 at Haselour Hall, Tamworth

Estates
After his father's death on 29 October 1815, and

masks:
Thomas William
Adelaide Cathcart
de Trafford
Gertrude Mary


texts: despite his position as the fifth son, <mask> inherited his father's estates in Lancashire and Cheshire. Two elder brothers, both named Joseph, had died in infancy and two others, Humphrey and John, had both died before their father.By 12 November 1819, he is recorded as selling the advowson of the parish of St Bartholomew's Church, Wilmslow to Edward Vigor Fox for £6,000. This gave the right to nominate the rector when the parish became vacant, and was a right conferred by lordship of the manor in many cases. Selling that right was legal, so long as the post was not already vacant. However, in this case it appears that Trafford and Fox drew up the sale after they learned that Joseph Bradshaw, the incumbent, was close to death. The sale was concluded at ten to three in the afternoon, and Bradshaw died at half past eleven the same night. At the time of the sale, Trafford was major-commandant of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry, and Fox was a lieutenant in the same force. Fox's subsequent nomination of George Uppleby as rector, on 30 December 1819, was contested by the Bishop of Chester, and the case wound through the courts during the 1820s.Eventually on 3 June 1829, the House of Lords heard Fox's appeal of earlier decisions voiding the appointment. The Lords could not find any evidence that Uppleby had conspired with <mask> and Fox to buy the appointment (an offence known as simony) and so they ruled in favor of Fox and Trafford. Slater's Directory for 1845 names <mask> as Sir T. J<mask> <mask>'s land agent in

masks:
Thomas
Trafford
Thomas Ayres
. de
Trafford


texts:
 Stretford. In Edward Twycross's The Mansions of England and Wales (1847), <mask> is noted as the owner of Trafford Hall in the parish of Eccles on the southern bank of the Irwell,  west of Manchester. The mansion is described as built of stone with a front featuring a classical portico with columns and a pediment. Tithe maps from the mid-19th century show that <mask> owned more than 700 plots in the Bollin valley near Wilmslow, amounting to about . <mask> is recorded as having divided the Manors of Trafford and Stretford, giving land including a portion of Croston Manor to his son John Randolphus.In 1853, John Randolphus applied for a £5,000 government loan to drain lands in "Croston, Penwortham, Wigan." In 1874, John Randolphus reunited Croston Manor for the first time since 1318 by purchasing the remainder from trustees of <mask>. It appears that <mask> was alert to the financial opportunities presented by the burgeoning coal mining industry. He leased mining rights at the Pemberton Four Feet Mine in Hindley to a partnership of Byrom, Taylor and Byrom for 33 years from 24 December 1849. Trafford was entitled to rent of "£75 per foot per Cheshire acre, and £100 per annum at the least." This venture evidently did not prove as profitable as the lessors had hoped. Within three years the partnership was bankrupt and the mine lease was auctioned on 27 October 1852.Military service and role in Peterloo Massacre
<mask> was commissioned as a Captain in the Third Battalion of the Royal Lancashire Militia on 6 March 1801,

masks:
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Norris
Thomas Trafford
Thomas Trafford


texts:
 towards the end of Britain's involvement in the French Revolutionary Wars. Much later, after the Blanketeers' march of 10 March 1817, the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry was formed in response to the perceived threat of riot, <mask> was commissioned as the Major-Commandant in charge of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry on 23 August 1817. By 1819, social discontent because of rising food prices and lack of suffrage had fueled a rise in radical groups in northern England. On 16 August 1819, Major <mask> was sent a note by a magistrate, local coalowner William Hulton, urging him to dispatch the cavalry regiment to a public meeting being addressed by the orator Henry Hunt. Major <mask> did send his 116 troops in response, but he appears not to have been present for the disastrous attack on the assembled crowd. Fifteen people died and hundreds were wounded. The government and landowners viewed the yeomanry's actions at Peterloo as a courageous defence against insurrection.Following the Peterloo Massacre, on 27 August 1819, Lord Sidmouth sent a message of thanks from the Prince Regent to Major <mask>, among others. However, public horror at the actions of the yeomanry grew after the massacre. Major <mask> resigned his commission in 1820, and the yeomanry corps was disbanded on 9 June 1824. Public office and creation of baronetcy
After the repeal of the Test Acts and the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, the <mask> family became eligible for offices previously barred to them by their religion. <mask> was

masks:
Trafford
Trafford
Trafford
Trafford
Trafford
Trafford
Thomas Trafford


texts:
 appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1834. He is also recorded as serving as Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire. He was created the First Baronet <mask> on 7 September 1841.On 8 October 1841, Queen Victoria issued a royal licence to "Sir <mask> <mask> ... that he may henceforth resume the ancient patronymic of his family, by assuming and using the surname of De Trafford, instead of that of '<mask>' and that such surname may be henceforth taken and used by his issue." The anglicisation to Trafford had probably occurred in the 15th century, when the Norman article "de", signifying that a family originated from a particular place, was generally dropped in England. The resumption of such older versions of family names was a romantic trend in 19th-century England, encouraged by a mistaken belief that the article "de" indicated nobility. Later life
<mask> <mask> is recorded as living at 12 Grosvenor Street, in Mayfair, London from 1847 to 1852. In 1852, <mask> was thrown from his horse and broke several ribs. While he was convalescing, his wife, Laura, died on 22 October 1852. The family delayed Laura's burial to 5 November, and <mask> died five days later at Trafford Park on 10 November 1852.<mask> <mask>'s funeral was held on 19 November 1852, with a procession departing Trafford Park at 8:30am. An immense crowd attended the service at Salford Cathedral. Notes

Bibliography
 Baines, Edward (1836), History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster, Fisher, Son, & Co.
 Richards, W.S.G. (1896), The History of the De

masks:
de Trafford
Thomas Joseph
Trafford
Trafford
Thomas de
Trafford
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas de
Trafford


texts:
 Traffords of Trafford. Circa A.D. 1000-1893. Including the Royal and Baronial descents of the family. 202 pages, printed for private circulation, Plymouth

1778 births
1852 deaths
English Roman Catholics
People from Croston
British Yeomanry officers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire
High Sheriffs of Lancashire
English landowners
<mask> Trafford


texts:
<mask> (born 15 September 1944) is a Ugandan politician and retired senior military officer who is the ninth and current President of Uganda. <mask> was involved in rebellions that toppled Ugandan presidents Milton Obote and Idi Amin before he captured power in 1986. In the mid-to-late 1990s, Museveni was celebrated by the West as part of a new generation of African leaders. Museveni's presidency has been marred by involvement in the Congo wars, the Rwandan Civil War and other Great Lakes region conflicts; the rebellion in Northern Uganda by the Lord's Resistance Army, which caused a humanitarian emergency; and constitutional amendments, scrapping presidential term limits in 2005 and the presidential age limit in 2017. Museveni's rule has been described by scholars as competitive authoritarianism or illiberal democracy. Press has been under the authority of government. None of the Ugandan elections of the last 30 years have been found to be free and transparent.On 16 January 2021 the Electoral Commission found that <mask> appointed himself, announcing himself as the winner having won 58.6% of the vote, despite many videos and reports that show ballot box stuffing, over 400 polling stations with 100% voter turnout, and human rights violations. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 15 September 1944 to parents Mzee Amos Kaguta (1916–2013), a cattle keeper, and Esteri Kokundeka Nganzi (1918–2001), in Rukungiri. He is an ethnic Hima of the kingdom of Mpororo (now part of Ankole). According to Julius Nyerere, <mask>'s father, Amos Kaguta, was a soldier in the King's African Rifles during the Second World War. He was in the 7th battalion. So when Yoweri was born, relatives used to say, "His father was a

masks:
Yoweri Kaguta Tibuhaburwa Museveni
Yoweri Museveni
Museveni
Museveni
Museveni


texts:
 mu-seven" (meaning in the seventh). This is how he obtained the name <mask>.His family later migrated to Ntungamo, then within the British Protectorate of Uganda. Museveni attended Kyamate Elementary School, Mbarara High School, and Ntare School for his primary and secondary education. He also attended the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania for his tertiary education. He studied economics and political science. The university at the time was a hotbed of radical pan-African and Marxist political thought. While at university, he formed the University Students' African Revolutionary Front student activist group and led a student delegation to FRELIMO-held territory in Portuguese Mozambique where they received military training. Studying under the leftist Walter Rodney, among others, Museveni wrote a university thesis on the applicability of Frantz Fanon's ideas on revolutionary violence to post-colonial Africa.Career

1971 – 1979: Front for National Salvation and the toppling of Amin

The exile forces opposed to Amin invaded Uganda from Tanzania in September 1972 and were repelled. In October, Tanzania and Uganda signed the Mogadishu Agreement that denied the rebels the use of Tanzanian soil for aggression against Uganda. Museveni broke away from the mainstream opposition and formed the Front for National Salvation in 1973. In August of the same year, he married Janet Kainembabazi. In October 1978 Ugandan troops invaded the Kagera Salient in northern Tanzania, initiating the Uganda–Tanzania War. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere ordered the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) to counter-attack and mobilised Ugandan dissidents to fight Amin's regime. Museveni was pleased by this development.In December


texts:
 1978 Nyerere attached Museveni and his forces to Tanzanian units under Brigadier Silas Mayunga. 1980 – 1986: Ugandan Bush War

Obote II and the National Resistance Army
With the overthrow of Amin in 1979 and the contested election that returned Milton Obote to power in 1980, Museveni returned to Uganda with his supporters to gather strength in their rural strongholds in the Bantu-dominated south and south-west to form the Popular Resistance Army (PRA). They then planned a rebellion against the second Obote regime (Obote II) and its armed forces, the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA). The insurgency began with an attack on an army installation in the central Mubende district on 6 February 1981. The PRA later merged with former president Yusufu Lule's fighting group, the Uganda Freedom Fighters, to create the National Resistance Army (NRA) with its political wing, the National Resistance Movement (NRM). Two other rebel groups, the Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF) and the Former Uganda National Army (FUNA), engaged Obote's forces. The FUNA was formed in the West Nile sub-region from the remnants of Amin's supporters.The NRA/NRM developed a "Ten-point Programme" for an eventual government, covering: democracy; security; consolidation of national unity; defending national independence; building an independent, integrated, and self-sustaining economy; improvement of social services; elimination of corruption and misuse of power; redressing inequality; cooperation with other African countries; and a mixed economy. The Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook estimates that the Obote regime was responsible for more 100,000 civilian deaths across Uganda. 1985 Nairobi Agreement

On 27 July 1985,


texts:
 subfactionalism within the Uganda People's Congress government led to a successful military coup against Obote by his former army commander, Lieutenant-General Tito Okello, an Acholi. Museveni and the NRM/NRA were angry that the revolution for which they had fought for four years had been "hijacked" by the UNLA, which they viewed as having been discredited by gross human rights violations during Obote II. Despite these reservations, however, the NRM/NRA eventually agreed to peace talks presided over by a Kenyan delegation headed by President Daniel arap Moi. The talks, which lasted from 26 August to 17 December, were notoriously acrimonious and the resultant ceasefire broke down almost immediately. The final agreement, signed in Nairobi, called for a ceasefire, demilitarisation of Kampala, integration of the NRA and government forces, and absorption of the NRA leadership into the Military Council.These conditions were never met. Battle of Kampala

While involved in the peace negotiations, Museveni was courting General Mobutu Sésé Seko of Zaire to forestall the involvement of Zairean forces in support of Okello's military junta. On 20 January 1986, however, several hundred troops loyal to Amin were accompanied into Ugandan territory by the Zairean military. The forces intervened following secret training in Zaire and an appeal from Okello ten days previously. By 22 January, government troops in Kampala had begun to quit their posts en masse as the rebels gained ground from the south and south-west. <mask> was sworn in as president on 29 January. "This is not a mere change of guard, it is a fundamental change," said Museveni, after a ceremony conducted by British-born Chief Justice Peter Allen.Speaking to crowds


texts:
 of thousands outside the Ugandan parliament, the new president promised a return to democracy: "The people of Africa, the people of Uganda, are entitled to a democratic government. It is not a favour from any regime. The sovereign people must be the public, not the government." Rise to power: 1986–1996

Political and economic regeneration
Uganda began participating in an IMF Economic Recovery Program in 1987. Its objectives included the restoration of incentives in order to encourage growth, investment, employment, and exports; the promotion and diversification of trade with particular emphasis on export promotion; the removal of bureaucratic constraints and divestment from ailing public enterprises so as to enhance sustainable economic growth and development through the private sector and the liberalisation of trade at all levels. Human rights and internal security

The NRM came to power promising to restore security and respect for human rights. Indeed, this was part of the NRM's ten-point programme, as Museveni noted in his swearing in speech:

Although Museveni now headed up a new government in Kampala, the NRM could not project its influence fully across Ugandan territory, finding itself fighting a number of insurgencies.From the beginning of Museveni's presidency, he drew strong support from the Bantu-speaking south and south-west, where Museveni had his base. Museveni managed to get the Karamojong, a group of semi-nomads in the sparsely populated north-east that had never had a significant political voice, to align with him by offering them a stake in the new government. The northern region along the Sudanese border, however, proved more troublesome. In the West Nile sub-region, inhabited by Kakwa and


texts: Lugbara (who had previously supported Amin), the UNRF and FUNA rebel groups fought for years until a combination of military offensives and diplomacy pacified the region. The leader of the UNRF, Moses Ali, gave up his struggle to become the second deputy prime minister. People from the northern parts of the country viewed the rise of a government led by a person from the south with great trepidation. Rebel groups sprang up among the Lango, Acholi, and Teso peoples, though they were overwhelmed by the strength of the NRA except in the far north where the Sudanese border provided a safe haven.The Acholi rebel Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) failed to dislodge the NRA occupation of Acholiland, leading to the desperate chiliasm of the Holy Spirit Movement (HSM). The defeat of both the UPDA and HSM left the rebellion to a group that eventually became known as the Lord's Resistance Army, which would turn upon the Acholi themselves. The NRA subsequently earned a reputation for respecting the rights of civilians, although Museveni later received criticism for using child soldiers. Undisciplined elements within the NRA soon tarnished a hard-won reputation for fairness. "When Museveni's men first came they acted very well – we welcomed them," said one villager, "but then they started to arrest people and kill them." In March 1989, Amnesty International published a human rights report on Uganda, entitled Uganda, the Human Rights Record 1986–1989. It documented gross human rights violations committed by NRA troops.According to Olara Otunnu, a United Nations Diplomat argued that Museveni pursued a genocide to nilotic - luo people living in the Northern part of the country. In one of the most intense phases of the


texts:
 war, between October and December 1988, the NRA forcibly cleared approximately 100,000 people from their homes in and around Gulu town. Soldiers committed hundreds of extrajudicial executions as they forcibly moved people, burning down homes and granaries. In its conclusion, however, the report offered some hope:

However, on 13 September 2019, <mask>'s former Inspector General of Police (IGP) General Kale Kayihura was placed on the United States Department of the Treasury sanctions list for gross violation of Human rights during his reign as the IGP (from 2005 to March 2018). This was due to activities of the Uganda Police's Flying Squad Unit that involved torture and corruption. Kayihura was subsequently replaced with Martin Okoth Ochola. First elected term (1996–2001)

Elections
The first elections under Museveni's government were held on 9 May 1996.Museveni defeated Paul Ssemogerere of the Democratic Party, who contested the election as a candidate for the "Inter-party forces coalition", and the upstart candidate Kibirige Mayanja. <mask> won with 75.5 percent of the vote from a turnout of 72.6 percent of eligible voters. Although international and domestic observers described the vote as valid, both the losing candidates rejected the results. <mask> was sworn in as president for the second time on 12 May 1996. In 1997 he introduced free primary education. The second set of elections were held in 2001. President <mask> got 69 percent of the vote to beat his rival Kizza Besigye.Besigye had been a close confidant of the president and was his bush war physician. They, however, had a fallout shortly before the 2001 elections, when Besigye decided to stand for the presidency. The 2001 election campaigns were a

masks: Museveni Museveni Museveni Museveni


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 heated affair with President Museveni threatening to put his rival "six feet under". The election culminated in a petition filed by Besigye at the Supreme Court of Uganda. The court ruled that the elections were not free and fair but declined to nullify the outcome by a 3–2 majority decision. The court held that although there were many cases of election malpractice, they did not affect the result in a substantial manner. Chief Justice Benjamin Odoki and Justices Alfred Karokora and Joseph Mulenga ruled in favor of the respondents while Justices Aurthur Haggai Oder and John Tsekoko ruled in favor of Besigye.International recognition
Museveni was elected chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1991 and 1992. Perhaps <mask>'s most widely noted accomplishment has been his government's successful campaign against AIDS. During the 1980s, Uganda had one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world, but now Uganda's rates are comparatively low, and the country stands as a rare success story in the global battle against the virus (see AIDS in Africa). One of the campaigns headed by Museveni to fight against HIV/AIDS was the ABC program. The ABC program had three main parts "Abstain, Be faithful, or use Condoms if A and B are not practiced." In April 1998, Uganda became the first country to be declared eligible for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, receiving some US$700 million in aid. Museveni was lauded by some for his affirmative action program for women in the country.He served with a female vice-president, Specioza Kazibwe, for nearly a decade, and has done much to encourage women to go to college. On the other hand, Museveni has resisted calls for


texts:
 greater women's family land rights (the right of women to own a share of their matrimonial homes). The New York Times in 1997 said about Museveni:

These are heady days for the former guerilla who runs Uganda. He moves with the measured gait and sure gestures of a leader secure in his power and his vision. It is little wonder. To hear some of the diplomats and African experts tell it, President <mask> K. Museveni started an ideological movement that is reshaping much of Africa, spelling the end of the corrupt, strong-man governments that characterized the cold-war era. These days, political pundits across the continent are calling Mr. Museveni an African Bismarck.Some people now refer to him as Africa's "other statesman," second only to the venerated South African President Nelson Mandela. In official briefing papers from Madeleine Albright's December 1997 Africa tour as Secretary of State, Museveni was claimed by the Clinton administration to be a "beacon of hope" who runs a "uni-party democracy", despite Uganda not permitting multiparty politics. Museveni has been an important ally of the United States in the War on Terror. Regional conflict

Following the Rwandan genocide of 1994, the new Rwandan government felt threatened by the presence across the Rwandan border in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) of former Rwandan soldiers and members of the previous regime. These soldiers were aided by Mobutu Sese Seko, leading Rwanda (with the aid of Museveni) and Laurent Kabila's rebels during the First Congo War to overthrow Mobutu and take power in the DRC. In August 1998, Rwanda and Uganda invaded the DRC again during the Second Congo War, this time to overthrow Kabila, who was a former ally of Museveni


texts: and Kagame. Museveni and a few close military advisers alone made the decision to send the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) into the DRC.A number of highly placed sources indicate that the Ugandan parliament and civilian advisers were not consulted over the matter, as is required by the 1995 constitution. Museveni apparently persuaded an initially reluctant High Command to go along with the venture. "We felt that the Rwandese started the war and it was their duty to go ahead and finish the job, but our President took time and convinced us that we had a stake in what is going on in Congo", one senior officer is reported as saying. The official reasons Uganda gave for the intervention were to stop a "genocide" against the Banyamulenge in the DRC in concert with Rwandan forces, and that Kabila had failed to provide security along the border and was allowing the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) to attack Uganda from rear bases in the DRC. In reality, the UPDF were deployed deep inside the DRC, more than  to the west of Uganda's border with the DRC. Troops from Rwanda and Uganda plundered the country's rich mineral deposits and timber. The United States responded to the invasion by suspending all military aid to Uganda, a disappointment to the Clinton administration, which had hoped to make Uganda the centrepiece of the African Crisis Response Initiative.In 2000, Rwandan and Ugandan troops exchanged fire on three occasions in the DRC city of Kisangani, leading to tensions and a deterioration in relations between Kagame and Museveni. The Ugandan government has also been criticised for aggravating the Ituri conflict, a sub-conflict of the Second Congo War. The Ugandan army officially withdrew from the Congo in 2003


texts:
 and a contingent of UN peace keepers was deployed. In December 2005, the International Court of Justice ruled that Uganda must pay compensation to the DRC for human rights violations during the Second Congo War. Second term (2001–2006)

2001 elections
In 2001, Museveni won the presidential elections by a substantial majority, with his former friend and personal physician Kizza Besigye as the only real challenger. In a populist publicity stunt, a pentagenarian Museveni travelled on a bodaboda motorcycle taxi to submit his nomination form for the election. Bodaboda is a cheap and somewhat dangerous (by western standards) method of transporting passengers around towns and villages in East Africa.There was much recrimination and bitterness during the 2001 presidential elections campaign, and incidents of violence occurred following the announcement of the win by Museveni. Besigye challenged the election results in the Supreme Court of Uganda. Two of the five judges concluded that there were such illegalities in the elections and that the results should be rejected. The other three judges decided that the illegalities did not affect the result of the election in a substantial manner, but stated that "there was evidence that in a significant number of polling stations there was cheating" and that in some areas of the country, "the principle of free and fair election was compromised." Political pluralism and constitutional change

After the elections, political forces allied to Museveni began a campaign to loosen constitutional limits on the presidential term, allowing him to stand for election again in 2006. The 1995 Ugandan constitution provided for a two-term limit on the tenure of the president. Moves to alter


texts:
 the constitution and alleged attempts to suppress opposition political forces have attracted criticism from domestic commentators, the international community, and Uganda's aid donors.In a press release, the main opposition party, the Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), accused Museveni of engaging in a "life presidency project", and for bribing members of parliament to vote against constitutional amendments, FDC leaders claimed:

The country is polarized with many Ugandans objecting to [the constitutional amendments]. If Parliament goes ahead and removes term limits, this may cause serious unrest, political strife and may lead to turmoil both through the transition period and thereafter ... We would therefore like to appeal to President Museveni to respect himself, the people who elected him, and the Constitution under which he was voted President in 2001 when he promised the country and the world at large to hand over power peacefully and in an orderly manner at the end of his second and last term. Otherwise, his insistence to stand again will expose him as a consummate liar and the biggest political fraudster this country has ever known. As observed by some political commentators, including Wafula Oguttu, Museveni had previously stated that he considered the idea of clinging to office for "15 or more" years ill-advised. Comments by the Irish anti-poverty campaigner Bob Geldof sparked a protest by Museveni supporters outside the British High Commission in Kampala. "Get a grip Museveni. Your time is up, go away," said the former rock star in March 2005, explaining that moves to change the constitution were compromising Museveni's record against fighting poverty and HIV/AIDS.In an opinion article in the Boston


texts: Globe and in a speech delivered at the Wilson Center, former U.S. Ambassador to Uganda Johnnie Carson heaped more criticism on Museveni. Despite recognising the president as a "genuine reformer" whose "leadership [has] led to stability and growth", Carson also said, "we may be looking at another Mugabe and Zimbabwe in the making". "Many observers see Museveni's efforts to amend the constitution as a re-run of a common problem that afflicts many African leaders – an unwillingness to follow constitutional norms and give up power". In July 2005, Norway became the third European country in as many months to announce symbolic cutbacks in foreign aid to Uganda in response to political leadership in the country. The UK and Ireland made similar moves in May. "Our foreign ministry wanted to highlight two issues: the changing of the constitution to lift term limits, and problems with opening the political space, human rights and corruption", said Norwegian Ambassador Tore Gjos.Of particular significance was the arrest of two opposition MPs from the FDC. Human rights campaigners charged that the arrests were politically motivated. Human Rights Watch stated that "the ref>arrest of these opposition MPs smacks of political opportunism". A confidential World Bank report leaked in May suggested that the international lender might cut its support to non-humanitarian programmes in Uganda. "We regret that we cannot be more positive about the present political situation in Uganda, especially given the country's admirable record through the late 1990s", said the paper. "The Government has largely failed to integrate the country's diverse peoples into a single political process that is viable over the long term...Perhaps most


texts: significant, the political trend-lines, as a result of the President's apparent determination to press for a third term, point downward." Museveni responded to the mounting international pressure by accusing donors of interfering with domestic politics and using aid to manipulate poor countries."Let the partners give advice and leave it to the country to decide ... [developed] countries must get out of the habit of trying to use aid to dictate the management of our countries." "The problem with those people is not the third term or fighting corruption or multipartism," added Museveni at a meeting with other African leaders, "the problem is that they want to keep us there without growing.". In July 2005, a constitutional referendum lifted a 19-year restriction on the activities of political parties. In the non-party "Movement system" (so-called "the movement") instituted by Museveni in 1986, parties continued to exist, but candidates were required to stand for election as individuals rather than representative of any political grouping. This measure was ostensibly designed to reduce ethnic divisions, although many observers have subsequently claimed that the system had become nothing more than a restriction on opposition activity. Before the vote, the FDC spokesperson stated, "Key sectors of the economy are headed by people from the president's home area.... We have got the most sectarian regime in the history of the country in spite of the fact that there are no parties." Many Ugandans saw Museveni's conversion to political pluralism as a concession to donors – aimed at softening the blow when he announces he wants to stay on for a third term.Opposition MP Omara Atubo has said Museveni's desire for change was


texts:
 merely "a facade behind which he is trying to hide ambitions to rule for life". Death of John Garang
On 30 July 2005, Sudanese vice-president John Garang was killed when the Ugandan presidential helicopter crashed while he was flying back to Sudan from talks in Uganda. Garang had been Sudan's vice-president for only three weeks before his death. Widespread speculation as to the cause of the crash led Museveni, on 10 August, to threaten the closure of media outlets that published "conspiracy theories" about Garang's death. In a statement, Museveni claimed that the speculation was a threat to national security. "I will no longer tolerate a newspaper which is like a vulture. Any newspaper that plays around with regional security, I will not tolerate it – I will close it."The following day, popular radio station KFM had its license withdrawn for broadcasting a debate on Garang's death. Radio presenter Andrew Mwenda was eventually arrested for sedition in connection with comments made on his KFM talk show. February 2006 elections

On 17 November 2005, <mask> was chosen as NRMs presidential candidate for the February 2006 elections. His candidacy for a further third term sparked criticism, as he had promised in 2001 that he was contesting for the last time. The arrest of the main opposition leader Kizza Besigye on 14 November – charged with treason, concealment of treason, and rape – sparked demonstrations and riots in Kampala and other towns. Museveni's bid for a third term, the arrest of Besigye, and the besiegement of the High Court during a hearing of Besigye's case (by a heavily armed Military Intelligence group dubbed by the press as the "Black Mambas Urban Hit Squad"), led Sweden, the Netherlands, and the


texts:
 United Kingdom to withhold economic support to <mask>'s government because of their concerns about the country's democratic development. On 2 January 2006, Besigye was released after the High Court ordered his immediate release.The 23 February 2006 elections were Uganda's first multi-party elections in 25 years and were seen as a test of its democratic credentials. Although Museveni did worse than in the previous election, he was elected for another five-year tenure, having won 59 percent of the vote against Besigye's 37 percent. Besigye alleged fraud and rejected the result. The European Union and independent Ugandan electoral observers described the 2006 elections as not a fair and free contest. The Supreme Court of Uganda later ruled that the election was marred by intimidation, violence, voter disenfranchisement, and other irregularities; however, the Court voted 4–3 to uphold the results of the election. Third term (2006–2011)

In 2007, Museveni deployed troops to the African Union's peacekeeping operation in Somalia. Also in this term, <mask>dek, to promote Uganda's call centre and outsourcing industry and create employment to the country.September 2009 riots
In September 2009 Museveni refused Kabaka Muwenda Mutebi, the Buganda King, permission to visit some areas of the Buganda Kingdom, particularly the Kayunga district. Riots occurred and over 40 people were killed while others remain imprisoned to this date. Furthermore, nine more people were killed during the April 2011 "Walk to Work" demonstrations. According to the Human Rights Watch 2013 World Report on Uganda, the government has failed to investigate the killings associated with both of these events. Fundamentalist Christianity
In 2009, MSNBC

masks: Museveni Musevenis


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 and NPR reported on Jeff Sharlet's investigation regarding ties between Museveni and the American fundamentalist Christian organization The Fellowship (also known as "The Family"). Sharlet reports that Douglas Coe, leader of The Fellowship, identified Museveni as the organization's "key man in Africa." LGBT rights
Further international scrutiny accompanied the 2009 Ugandan efforts to institute the death penalty for homosexuality, with British, Canadian, French, and American leaders expressing concerns for human rights.British newspaper The Guardian reported that Museveni "appeared to add his backing" to the legislative effort by, among other things, claiming "European homosexuals are recruiting in Africa", and saying gay relationships were against God's will. In June 2021 44 people were arrested at an LGBT center, with the pretext of violating Covid SOPs. <mask> and members of NRM continue to use 'gay' and 'homosexuals' to degrade opponents and in particular members of the National Unity Platform. On 19 November 2020, during  the campaign for the presidential elections, Museveni describes the Bobi Wine campaign as financed by foreigners, and, in particular, foreign homosexuals. Fourth term (2011–2016)

<mask> was re-elected on 20 February 2011 with a 68 percent majority with 59 percent of registered voters having voted. The election results were disputed by both the European Union and the opposition. "The electoral process was marred with avoidable administrative and logistical failures", according to the European Union election observer team.Following the fall of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, <mask> became the fifth-longest serving African leader. In October 2011, the annual inflation

masks: Museveni Museveni Museveni


texts:
 rate reached 30.5 percent, principally due to food and fuel increases. Earlier in 2011, opposition leader Kizza Besigye staged "Walk to Work" protests against the high cost of living. On 28 April 2011, Besigye was arrested because Museveni said Besigye had attacked first, a charge he denied. Besigye's arrest led to more riots in Kampala. Besigye promised that "peaceful demonstrations" would continue. The government's response to the riots has been condemned by donor nations.In more recent years, infringements on press freedom have increasingly been a central focus. According to Human Rights Watch, "Between January and June [2013], a media watchdog organization registered 50 attacks on journalists, despite multiple pledges to respect media freedom." During this period, two widely read periodicals, The Daily Monitor and The Red Pepper, were shut down and seized by the government because they published allegations about a "plot to assassinate senior government and military officials who [were] opposed to Ugandan President <mask> Museveni ... and his plans to hand over power to his son when he retires". Another issue of human rights became an issue in early 2014 when Museveni signed an anti-homosexuality bill into law. In an interview with CNN, Museveni called homosexuals "disgusting" and said that homosexuality was a learned trait. Western leaders, including United States President Obama, condemned the law. Museveni has criticised the US's involvement in the Libyan Civil War, and in a UN speech argued that military intervention from African countries produces more stable countries in the long term, which he calls "African solutions for African problems."Fifth term (2016–2021)

2016 election

The presidential


texts:
 candidates included incumbent <mask> <mask>, in power since 1986, and Kizza Besigye, who complained of rigging and violence at polling stations. Voting was extended in several locations after reports of people not being allowed to cast their votes. According to the Electoral Commission, Museveni was re-elected (18 February 2016) with 61 percent of the vote to Besigye's 35 percent. Opposition candidates claimed that the elections were marred by widespread fraud, voting irregularities, the repeated arrest of opposition politicians, and a climate of voter intimidation. 2018 age limit bill
President <mask> <mask>, as the incumbent president of Uganda, signed the Constitutional Amendment Bill No. 2 2017, commonly known as the "Age Limit" bill on 27 December 2017. The bill was successfully passed by the 10th parliament of Uganda on 20 December 2017.As of 27 December 2017, in accordance with articles 259 and 262 of the Constitution of Uganda, the bill has effectively amended the Constitution to remove the presidential age limit caps. Before the amendment, article 102 (b) barred people above 75 and those below 35 years from running for the highest office. The current age limit bill also extends the term of office of parliament from the current five years to seven years. The bill also restores presidential two-term limits which had been removed in a 2005 constitutional amendment. Challenge to the bill
After Museveni signed the 2018 Age Limit Bill into law on 27 December 2017 (but parliament received the letter on 2 January 2018), the general public protested as they had been doing prior to the signing of the bill, using all avenues including on social media. In October 2017, some MPs returned what they alleged were

masks: Yoweri Museveni Yoweri Museveni


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 bribes to facilitate the bill. The Uganda Law Society and members of the opposition house sued and challenged the bill in court, citing that the process leading to the vote was in violation of Articles 1, 2, 8A, 44 (c), 79 and 94 of the Ugandan constitution because the Speaker of Parliament [Kadaga] closed debate on the Amendment after only 124 out of 451 legislators had debated the bill.They also argue that the use of force by the army and police during the bill debate was inconsistent with and in contravention of Articles 208(2), 209 and 259 among others. The third argument they make is that the bill violates other constitutional clauses in relation to the extension of terms and electoral procedures. One legislature [Mbwaketamwa Gaffa] is quoted as saying, “…when the president ascents [sic] to the bill, it might be legal, but it will be illegitimate, and we are going to challenge it.”

Public reaction to the new bill
The law enforcement agencies in Uganda, i.e. the police, the military etc., have arrested at least 53 people, including opposition leader Kizza Besigye for demonstrating against the bill to scrap the presidential age limit. A group of legislators from the ruling party, the National Resistance Movement (NRM), clandestinely agitated to remove the age limit because it would give the incumbent President <mask> <mask> a leeway to run for another term in the elections that would take place in 2021. A three-month survey conducted between September and November by civil society organizations recorded that 85 percent of the sampled population opposed to the removal of the age limit, with only 15 percent in support of the bill. Ugandan lawmakers have voted overwhelmingly to remove the presidential age

masks: Yoweri Museveni


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 limits because they want to pave way for the current President <mask> Museveni to serve a sixth term in office.Human rights lawyer Nicholas Opiyo said that removing the age limit—one of the most important safeguards—will entrench a dictatorial and autocratic regime in Uganda. Sixth term (2021–)
On 16 January 2021 the electoral commission of Uganda announced that <mask> won re-election for a sixth term with 58.6% of the vote. Runner-up Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu and other opposition leaders refused to accept the results, claiming that the election was the most fraudulent in Uganda's history. Independent organisations and democracy experts confirmed the elections were neither free or fair. The Electoral Commission published a Declaration of Results form that turned out to be fraudulent. The Electoral Commission promised an investigation which did not take place. Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu was placed under house arrest on 15 January.Independent international observers called for investigation into potential election fraud amidst a nationwide internet shutdown, human rights abuses, and denied accreditation requests. Wine was released on 26 January. Personal life
<mask> is an Anglican and a member of the Anglican Church in Uganda. He is married to Janet Kataaha <mask> , née Kainembabazi, with whom he has four children:
 Lt. General Muhoozi Kainerugaba – Born in 1974, Senior Presidential Advisor for Special Operations  in the UPDF
 Natasha Karugire – Born in 1976, Fashion designer and consultant. Married to Edwin Karugire. Private Secretary to the President of Uganda for Household Affairs. Patience Rwabwogo – Born in 1978, Pastor of Covenant Nations Church, Buziga, Kampala.– Married to Odrek Rwabwogo. Diana Kamuntu

masks: Yoweri Museveni Museveni Museveni


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 – Born in 1980, Married to Geoffrey Kamuntu. Honours and awards

Foreign honours

  Order of Playa Girón

  Chief of the Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya

  Order of the Republic of Serbia, Second Class

  Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope

Honorary degrees

See also

 Political parties of Uganda
 Politics of Uganda
 Tokyo International Conference on African Development
 History of Uganda (1979–present)
 Uganda Salvation Front
 Henry Tumukunde

References

Further reading

Books

 Museveni, <mask>. Sowing the Mustard Seed: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda, Macmillan Education, 1997, . Museveni, <mask>. What Is Africa's Problem?, University of Minnesota Press, 2000,
 Ondoga Ori Amaza, Museveni's Long March from Guerrilla to Statesman, Fountain Publishers,
 Tripp, Aili Mari, Museveni's Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime, Lynne Rienner Publishers,

Helen C. Epstein, Another Fine Mess: America, Uganda and the War on Terror, New York, Columbia Global Reports, 2017

Academic papers

 Uganda, 1979–85: Leadership in Transition, Jimmy K. Tindigarukayo, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 26, No.4. (December 1988), pp. 607–622. (JSTOR)
 Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics, E. A. Brett, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1. (March 1995), pp.129–152. (JSTOR)
 Called to Account: How African Governments Investigate Human Rights Violations, Richard Carver, African Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 356. (July 1990), pp. 391–415. (JSTOR)
 Uganda after Amin: The Continuing Search for Leadership and Control, Cherry Gertzel, African Affairs, Vol.79, No. 317. (October 1980), pp. 461–489. (JSTOR)
 Social Disorganisation in Uganda:

masks: Yoweri Yoweri


texts:
 Before, during, and after Amin, Aidan Southall, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4.(December 1980), pp. 627–656. (JSTOR)
 Ugandan Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s: What Impact on Democratisation?, Ellen Hauser, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4. (December 1999), pp. 621–641.(JSTOR)
 Reading Museveni: Structure, Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics, Ronald Kassimir, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2/3, Special Issue: French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations. (1999), pp. 649–673. (JSTOR)
 Uganda: The Making of a Constitution, Charles Cullimore, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 32, No.4. (December 1994), pp. 707–711. (JSTOR)
 Uganda's Domestic and Regional Security since the 1970s, Gilbert M. Khadiagala, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2. (June 1993), pp.231–255. (JSTOR)
 Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, Wm. Cyrus Reed, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3. (September 1996), pp. 479–501.(JSTOR)
 Operationalising Pro-Poor Growth, A Country Case Study on Uganda, John A. Okidi, Sarah Ssewanyana, Lawrence Bategeka, Fred Muhumuza, October 2004
 "New-Breed" Leadership, Conflict, and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's <mask> Kaguta Museveni, Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Africa Today – Volume 50, Number 3, Spring 2004, pp. 29–52 (Project MUSE)
 "No-Party Democracy" in Uganda, Nelson Kasfir, Journal of Democracy – Volume 9, Number 2, April 1998, pp. 49–63 (Project MUSE)
 "Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations", John F. Clark, The Journal of Modern African


texts:
 Studies, 39: 261–287, 2001 (Cambridge Journals)
 "Uganda's 'Benevolent' Dictatorship", J. Oloka-Onyango, University of Dayton website
 , James Katorobo, No. 17, Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'est
 "Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda", Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, 1 October 1999
 "Uganda: From one party to multi-party and beyond", Ronald Elly Wanda, The Norwegian Council for Africa, October 2005. Protracted conflict, elusive peace – Initiatives to end the violence in northern Uganda, editor Okello Lucima, Accord issue 11, Conciliation Resources, 2002
 Profiles of the parties to the conflict, Balam Nyeko and Okello Lucima
 Reaching the 1985 Nairobi Agreement, Bethuel Kiplagat

External links

 Official website of Yoweri Museveni
 State House Official Website

|-

1944 births
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Living people
National Resistance Movement politicians
People from Ntungamo District
Presidents of Uganda
Speakers of the Parliament of Uganda
Ugandan evangelicals
Ugandan military personnel
Ugandan exiles
Ugandan rebels
Ugandan writers
University of Dar es Salaam alumni
Military personnel of the Uganda–Tanzania War
Ugandan generals
People educated at Ntare School
People educated at Mbarara High School
Leaders who took power by coup
Leaders of political parties in Uganda
21st-century Ugandan


texts:
<mask> (born 24 January 1964) is an English former professional footballer. He is currently at Watford in the role of Head of Technical Development and has also coached at Nottingham Forest, Wimbledon, MK Dons and with The FA. He holds a UEFA Pro License. His son <mask> is also a professional footballer. Playing career
Born in Hammersmith, <mask> later moved to Stevenage. He started his career as an apprentice at Watford after joining the club at the age of thirteen. He was spotted playing for a Hertfordshire FA XI by Watford scout Tom Walley and a Chelsea scout.Both scouts approached his parents, who accepted Watford's offer and he signed schoolboy terms with the club following his fourteenth birthday. He turned professional in August 1981, making a goalscoring debut against Aldershot. He helped Watford defeat Manchester United to win the FA Youth Cup in 1982 whilst also gaining representative honours, appearing for the England Youth team. In October 1982, he joined Lincoln City on loan for one month in an attempt to gain first-team experience, but made only three substitute appearances during a spell he later described as "disappointing". Returning to Watford, he began making intermittent appearances for the first team, the undoubted highlight being scoring Watford's first goal in Europe in their very first game against Kaiserslautern in the 1983–1984 UEFA Cup; he would later score in the quarter final defeat to Sparta Prague. However, he never established a regular starting role in his four seasons as a professional. Having come to Grimsby Town's attention when scoring against them in an FA Cup Fourth Round tie in January 1985, <mask> moved to Grimsby in

masks:
James Martin Gilligan
Ryan Gilligan
Gilligan
Gilligan


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 the summer of 1985 for a fee of £100,000.However, his season at Blundell Park was disappointing: he managed just six goals in the season at the club, including two in a League Cup match against York City. Grimsby cut their losses in the summer of 1986 by allowing him to move on to Swindon Town for a fee of £30,000. Once again, he struggled to make an impression and in January 1987 joined Newport County on loan before moving to Lincoln City in March 1987. <mask> failed to fire for the Red Imps, scoring a solitary goal as Lincoln slipped to relegation from the Football League. A fee of £17,500 saw him join Cardiff City where he enjoyed the most productive spell of his career. He scored on his debut in a 1–1 draw with Leyton Orient and went on to finish as the club's top scorer in his first year. Virtually ever present during his two years at the club he scored vital goals in several competitions including the second goal during a 2–0 Welsh Cup final victory over Wrexham and a hat-trick against Derry City in the European Cup Winners Cup.After two defeats in the opening two games of the 1989–90 season, Cardiff's manager Frank Burrows accepted an offer to become assistant manager to John Gregory at Portsmouth. The pair soon tabled an offer of £215,000 for <mask> which the Cardiff board readily accepted. After a year on the South Coast, <mask> returned to South Wales to play for Swansea City before injury finished his league career. In March 1993, he resumed playing in the non-league with Boreham Wood before moving on to Stamco. Coaching career
Following his retirement, he returned to Watford, heading up their Football in the Community scheme. After spells as

masks: Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan


texts:
 Youth Development Manager and Youth Team Manager, he was appointed Watford's Assistant Academy Director. He left Watford in 1999 with David Platt appointing him Reserve Team Manager at Nottingham Forest.In July 2001, following Platt's departure and the appointment of Paul Hart to the manager's position, <mask> left his role at Nottingham Forest. A month later, he was appointed manager of Boreham Wood, succeeding Graham Roberts in the role. However, less than three months later he resigned from the role. He joined the PFA as a regional coach educator, whilst also helping out David Platt with the England U21s, before being appointed Technical Director at Wimbledon in February 2003. Integral to <mask>'s appointment was Stuart Murdoch whom <mask> had forged a friendship with from his coaching days at Watford. With Wimbledon suffering financial difficulties and the move to Milton Keynes, <mask> moved up the ranks at Milton Keynes Dons, becoming Assistant Manager to Murdoch. Following Murdoch's sacking in November 2004, <mask> was placed in temporary charge.He remained in charge until the appointment of Danny Wilson in December, a move which saw <mask> depart the Dons shortly afterwards. England National Team
In August 2007, he left his post at Thurrock to become a scout for Stuart Pearce and the England U21 team, as well as the England National Team. He played a central role in developing England's scouting structures and a modern player selection system. In May 2010 it was announced that <mask> would take up the role of Head of Youth for Stevenage from 1 July. Nike Football Academy
In July 2011, <mask> moved to become head coach of the Nike Football Academy.

masks: Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan


texts:
 <mask> remained in charge of the Nike Academy for three seasons, and is widely credited with discovering and developing players who have gone on to play at the FIFA World Cup, such as Tom Rogic and Seon-Min Moon. <mask> and his team scouted and coached over 130 players, out of whom 40 made it from amateur level to professional during this period, including Abdul Waris, David Accam, Petar Golubovic, Anfernee Dijksteel, Jorge Grant, Kevin Salazar and others.They also played competitive fixtures against Arsenal, FC Barcelona, Inter Milan and others, and grew a sizeable YouTube presence. During this period, <mask>'s coaching methods and motivational half-time talks gained publicity in media such a FourFourTwo magazine. Nottingham Forest
In March 2014 he was appointed Lead Professional Development Coach at Nottingham Forest. In July 2015, <mask> progressed to take charge of first team coaching and spent some time in charge of first team affairs as caretaker. After a spell at The FA as national coach educator, he returned to Forest as U23 Lead Coach. In June 2019, <mask> gained the UEFA Pro License, the highest coaching qualification, from The FA, having completed the course alongside Steven Gerrard and Peter Schmeichel. References

1964 births
Living people
English footballers
Watford F.C.players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Newport County A.F.C.players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. managers
Footballers from Hammersmith
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
Association football forwards
English football

masks: Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Gilligan Jimmy


texts:
<mask>, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, (25 July 1421 – 29 March 1461) was an English magnate. The Earldom of Northumberland was then one of the greatest landholdings in northern England; Percy also became Lord Poynings on his marriage. This title would bring him into direct conflict with the Poynings family themselves, and indeed, feuds with neighbouring nobles, both lay and ecclesiastical, would be a key occupancy of his youth. Percy married Eleanor Poynings, who outlived him; together they had four children. He was a leading Lancastrian during the Wars of the Roses, from which he managed to personally benefit, although his father died early in the war. He was not, however, to live to enjoy these gains, being killed at the Battle of Towton in 1461 on the defeated Lancastrian side. Early life and war with Scotland
Percy was the son of <mask>, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and Lady Eleanor Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and his second wife, Joan Beaufort.Percy was knighted in 1426 together with <mask>. He was appointed Warden of the Eastern March on the Scottish border on 1 April 1440, originally for four years, and subsequent extensions in 1444, and 1445, for the next seven years. This came as well with the custody of Berwick Castle and responsibility for its defence He was to hold this post until March 1461. In May 1448, Percy, with his father and Sir Robert Ogle, invaded Scotland

masks:
Henry Percy
Henry Percy
Henry VI


texts:
 and burnt Dunbar and Dumfries, for which, in revenge, the Scots attacked his father's castles of Alnwick and Warkworth. King <mask> made his way north, and whilst at Durham sent Percy – now Lord Poynings – to raid Dumfrieshire; the sortie – "only to return with some 500 cattle" – of around 5,000 men failed, and he was captured whilst caught in a marsh following his father's  defeat at the River Sark on 23 October. Sir Robert Ogle was now outlawed and the king used half of his estates to compensate Poynings for the ransom he had expended arranging his release from captivity. Tensions with Scotland remained, to the extent that Poynings, his father, and other nobles were requested to stay and guard the border rather than attend Parliament, for which they were excused.In summer 1451, with an Anglo-Scottish truce pending, Poynings was commissioned to treat with Scottish embassies. In July 1455, he successfully prevented an assault on Berwick by the Scottish King, James II, and was congratulated by the English King as a result. Feud with the Poynings
In the late 1440s, the Yorkshire tenants of his father, the Earl of Northumberland, were in almost constant conflict with their neighbours, those of the Archbishop of York, involving armed skirmishes which Percy's brothers led. These events were deemed so severe that in 1448 they led to the only progress north for the King during his reign. The same year, because of


texts:
 a dispute over the inheritance his family received as a result of <mask>'s marriage, the Earl of Northumberland's retainers had ejected the earl's relative, Robert Poynings, from his Sussex manors. A year later, <mask> – now Lord Poynings by right of his wife – took direct part, with his father, in raiding the manor of Newington Bertram in Kent, which was also enfeoffed by Robert. This attack also apparently involved cattle rustling and theft, and Robert later claimed it to be so brutal that he was "deterred from seeking a remedy at law for three years".Feud with Nevilles

By the early 1450s, relations with a powerful neighbouring family, the Nevilles, became increasingly tense, and Poyning's brother Thomas, Lord Egremont, had finally ambushed a Neville force, returning from a wedding, near Sheriff Hutton, with a force of between 1,000 and 5,000 men. Although this was a bloodless confrontation, a precedent for the use of force in this particular dispute had already been laid in the previous violence in the region. By October 1453, Poynings was directly involved, with his father, brothers Egremont and Richard, and joined by Lord Clifford, in forcing a battle with John and Richard Neville at Topcliffe. The feud continued into the next year, when Poyning reportedly planned on attending parliament accompanied by a large force of men in February, and three months later both he and the earl were summoned by the

masks:
Henry Percy
Henry Percy


texts:
 king to attend council in attempt to impose a peace; a second letter was "written but not despatched". Neither, along with John Neville or Salisbury, did as requested. Wars of the Roses

During the Wars of the Roses, Percy followed his father in siding with the Lancastrians against the Yorkists. The Earl himself died at what is generally considered to be the first battle of the wars, at St Alban's on 22 May 1455, and Poynings was elevated as third Earl of Northumberland, without having to pay relief to the Crown, because his father had died in the King's service.He in his turn "swore to uphold the Lancastrian dynasty". Although a reconciliation of the leading magnates of the realm was attempted in October 1458 in London, he arrived with such a large body of men (thought to be around 1,500) that the city denied him entry. The new earl and his brother Egremont were bound over £4,000 each to keep the peace. When conflict broke out again, he attended the so-called Parliament of Devils in October 1459, which condemned as traitors those Yorkists accused of, among other offences, causing the death of his father four years before. On 30 December 1460, Percy led the central "battle" or section of the victorious Lancastrian army at the Battle of Wakefield, following which, the army marched south, pillaging on the road to London. He fought against Warwick at the second Battle of St. Albans on 17 February 1461, and he


texts:
 commanded the Lancastrian van at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461, however, "his archers were blinded by snowstorms", and he was either slain in close fighting, or died of his wounds soon after. He was buried at St Denys's Church, York.He was posthumously attainted by the first parliament of the victorious Edward IV in November 1461, and his son and namesake was committed to the Tower. Estates, offices and finances
The estates of the Earls of Northumberland had traditionally been in constant use as a source of manpower and wages in defence of the border since the Percy family first gained the office the previous century. The wages assigned to the third Earl were substantial: £2,500 yearly in time of peace, and £5,000 during war, as well as an annual payment for the maintenance of Berwick's upkeep (£66 in peacetime and £120 in wartime). Percy often had to provide from his own resources, however, as "securing payment was not easy" from the Exchequer, (for example, in 1454 he received no payments at all). In July 1452 he gained a twenty-year fee-farm (£80 yearly, from Carlisle), although he subsequently lost it in favour of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, in July 1454. Throughout the 1450s, the Crown continually made efforts at paying Percy his Warden's wages and fees promptly (paying him full wartime rates for the whole of the year 1456–7, for example), and since he was a loyal Lancastrian he


texts: achieved this more often than his counterpart on the west march, Salisbury, who by now had publicly aligned himself with York. The fee farm of Carlisle was returned to Percy in November 1459, following Salisbury's attainder in Coventry.He also benefited from the attainder of York, being granted an annuity of £66 from the latter's forfeited Wakefield Lordship in Yorkshire; he also received £200 from the profits of Penrith. As a reward for his role in the Lancastrian victory at Ludford Bridge, he was made Chief Forester north of the River Trent and the Constable of Scarborough Castle on 22 December 1459 for life. He was nominated to a wide-ranging commission of oyer and terminer (from the old French, literally a commission "to hear and determine") on 30 May 1460, his new rank was a tactic to deal with the treasons and insurrections in Northumberland. On 3 July, he was granted Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Cambridgeshire, all belonging to Salisbury, on a twelve-year lease. After the Yorkists captured <mask> VI at the Battle of Northampton in 1460, they accused Percy of having looted York's northern estates during his exile in Ireland. This charge was likely to have had some truth in it, as it was his continued pillaging of those estates, with the Lords Clifford and Dacre, that led to York marching north to Wakefield in December 1460. These incomes, however collected, would have been vital to the Earl both


texts:
 personally and militarily as his northern estates especially had been a victim of feudal decline for most of the first half of the fifteenth century: even on the forfeit of the earldom to the Crown in 1461, his arrears have been calculated as still standing at approximately £12,000.Family

On or before 25 June 1435, by the arrangement in 1434 of his father and Cardinal Beaufort, he married Eleanor Poynings (c.1422-11 February 1484), suo jure Baroness Poynings, daughter and heiress of Sir Richard Poynings of Poynings in Sussex, by his second wife Eleanor Berkeley, a daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverston Castle in Gloucestershire. In 1446 she became heir general to her grandfather Robert Poynings, 4th Baron Poynings (1380–1446), inherited his title of Baron Poynings (which having been created by writ was able to descend to females) and his large estates across the south of England. He was summoned to Parliament from 14 December 1446 to 26 May 1455, by writs directed Henrico de Percy, chivaler, domino de Ponynges ("<mask> Percy, Knight, lord of the manor of Poynings"). His wife was a legatee in the 1455 will of her mother, Eleanor, Countess of Arundel (widow of John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel). They had at least one son and four daughters:

Anne Percy (1444–1522), who married Sir Thomas Hungerford in 1460. Margaret Percy (b. c. 1447), who married Sir William Gascoigne Potential ancestors of notably


texts:
 Catherine  Middleton
<mask>, 4th Earl of Northumberland (c. 1449 – 28 April 1489), who married Maud Herbert, daughter of the first Earl of Pembroke. Eleanor Percy (1455-c. 1477), who married Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr; they had no children.Elizabeth Percy (1460–1512), who married <mask>, 6th Baron Scrope of Bolton. Ancestry

Notes

References
, older version available at

. Further reading

  — a section of the last page of the 2nd earl's biography. 1421 births
1461 deaths
3
English military personnel killed in action
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms
Lords Warden of the Marches
Poynings, <mask>, 5th Baron Poynings
People from Leconfield
People of the Wars of the Roses
<mask>, 03rd Earl of

masks:
Henry Percy
Henry Scrope
Henry Percy
Henry Percy


texts:
<mask>. (born July 19, 1966) is a Mexican luchador and professional wrestler. He is the adopted son of the legendary original <mask> and is the first Mexican and the second masked wrestler to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship thus making him a one-time world champion. His real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico, where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. Professional wrestling career

Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (1996–2001)
In Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) he formed the team Los Juniors with La Parka Jr., Mascara Sagrada Jr. and Perro Aguayo Jr. On April 18, 1999 in Zapopan, Jalisco they won the Mexican National Atómicos Championship by defeating Los Vatos Locos, a team of Charly Manson, May Flowers, Nygma and Picudo. On September 17, 1999 in Mexico City, D.F. they lost the championship to Los Vipers, a team of Histeria, Maniaco, Mosco de la Merced II and Psicosis II. National Wrestling Alliance (2008–2010)

On October 25, 2008, <mask>. became the first Mexican professional wrestler, as well as first masked luchador to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated champion Adam Pearce.His win was also the first time the title changed hands in Mexico, although not with CMLL as would have been the case before the mid-1980s (It happened in Blue Demon Jr.'s own promotion: NWA Mexico). Pearce protested the loss with the NWA as his arm was under the bottom rope when he passed out from Blue Demon Jr's Single leg Boston crab. Blue <mask> Jr. managed to hold on to the championship for 505 days before dropping it back to

masks:
Blue Demon Jr
Blue Demon
Demon Jr
Demon


texts:
 Pearce in a triple-threat match also involving Phill Shatter on March 14, 2010 at NWA New Beginnings. Pro Wrestling Revolution (2010–2013)
Demon Jr. defeated Oliver John at an NWA Mexico event at the Lucha Libre Expo in Mexico City on July 23, 2010 to capture the Pro Wrestling Revolution (PWR) Heavyweight Championship. On May 11, 2013, El Hijo del Santo and his rival, Blue <mask>., joined forces to win the Pro Wrestling Revolution Tag Team Championship after defeating Brian Cage and Derek Sanders On September 6, 2012, Blue <mask> Jr. lost the PWR World Heavyweight Championship to Carly Colón in a match that also involved La Parka II. On November 13, 2013, Blue <mask>. disbanded NWA Mexico and became officially affiliated with PWR. Lucha Underground (2014–2015)
In August 2014, <mask> Jr. was announced as one of five AAA wrestlers to star in the El Rey network's new television series Lucha Underground.<mask> Jr. wrestled in the first match of the debut episode of Lucha Underground on October 29, defeating Chavo Guerrero Jr. In the LU storyline, <mask> Jr. was hospitalized due to vicious after-match attacks by both Mil Muertes and Chavo Guerrero Jr. following <mask>'s loss to Mil Muertes in the November 5 main event match. Upon his return, he attacked Chavo and later in a face-to-face meeting with Chavo blocked another attack and emerged triumphant after laying Chavo out. On July 8, 2015, <mask> turned rudo attacking Texano Jr.

Return to AAA (2013–present)
<mask> Jr. returned to AAA on March 3, 2013, challenging El Texano Jr. to a match for the AAA Mega Championship. The match took place on March 17 at Rey de Reyes

masks:
Demon Jr
Demon
Demon Jr
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Demon
Demon
Blue Demon


texts:
 and saw El Texano Jr. retain his title. After the match, <mask> Jr. challenged El Texano Jr. to a Mask vs. Hair Lucha de Apuestas.On April 15, <mask> Jr. announced that he had signed to become a regular member of AAA's roster. On June 16 at Triplemanía XXI, <mask> Jr. defeated El Mesías to win the vacant AAA Latin American Championship. He was stripped of the title on March 16, 2014, after he was unable to attend a scheduled title defense against Chessman at Rey de Reyes. In films and TV
In 2007, he appeared in the film Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy (also known as Mil Mascaras Resurrection). In an episode of ¡Mucha Lucha!, a cartoon version of <mask> Jr. appears as a super hero wrestler. He competed on the Mexican dancing show Mira Quien Baila in 2011. He has a cameo in Mel Gibson's 2012 movie Get the Gringo.He also participated in Como dice el dicho in 2011. In 2021, it was announced that <mask> Jr. would star in a new television series for Disney Channel titled Ultra Violet and <mask> Demon. The series would have focused on Ultra Violet, played Scarlett Estevez, who discovers that her uncle is <mask> Jr. and teams up with him to become superheroes. However, later that year, it was announced that the series would be retitled Ultra Violet and Black Scorpion with J.R. Villarreal replacing <mask> as an original character. Personal life
<mask> Jr.'s son is training for a career in professional wrestling. Championships and accomplishments

Cauliflower Alley Club
Lucha Libra Award (2018)
International Wrestling All Stars
IWAS World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
AAA Latin American

masks:
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue
Blue Demon
Blue Demon
Blue Demon


texts:
 Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Atómicos Championship (1 time) - with La Parka Jr., Perro Aguayo Jr. and Máscara Sagrada Jr.
Mexican National Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Copa Hijo del Perro Aguayo (2019)
NWA SOUTHWEST/World of Wrestling
WOW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Revolution
PWR Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
PWR Tag team Championship (1 time) - with El Hijo del Santo
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 22 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2009
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWA Middleweight Championship (1 time)
WWA World Welterweight Championship (1 time)

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

General sources - Championship Information

General sources - Career

Specific

External links

Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy Official Page
PopMatters review of Mil Mascaras vs. the Aztec Mummy

1966 births
Living people
Masked wrestlers
Mexican male professional wrestlers
NWA World Heavyweight Champions
Professional wrestlers from Mexico City
Unidentified


texts:
<mask> ( ; June 6, 1842 – February 25, 1894) was an American playwright, actor, theater manager and inventor. Having acted, written, directed and produced numerous and popular plays and theatrical spectaculars of the day, he became one of the most famous actors and theater producers of his generation. Biography
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York. His father, Colonel James M<mask>, was a successful attorney and an ardent abolitionist; <mask>'s mother died when he was young. His aunt was <mask> (1809–1904) and he had two sisters, <mask> (1838–1919), <mask> (1840–1876) and two half-brothers, <mask> (1834–1888) and <mask> (1856–1913). While young, <mask> attended Roe's Military Academy in Cornwall-on-Hudson and the William Leverett Boarding School in Newport. Under the influence from his father, who was also an art connoisseur, MacKaye initially planned to become an artist.During his teens he studied painting with William Morris Hunt, then continued his studies at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He returned to the U.S. in order to serve for the Union Army during the American Civil War. A member of New York's Seventh Regiment, he eventually rose to the rank of Major before an illness forced his retirement. MacKaye would later model in full uniform for John Quincy Adams Ward's Seventh Regiment Memorial statue, which stands in Central Park. In 1869, MacKaye traveled to Paris with his family, where he became the disciple of the renowned French acting teacher François Delsarte. Under Delsarte, MacKaye learned to enhance performance through pose and gesture. He would later teach and utilize this system during his

masks:
James Morrison Steele MacKaye
Steele MacKaye
. MacKaye
Steele
Sarah MacKaye Alling
Emily MacKaye von Hesse
Sarah MacKaye Warner
William Henry MacKaye
Henry Goodwin MacKaye
Steele


texts: career.On his return to the United States a year later, he lectured on the philosophy of ethics and "natural" acting in New York, Boston and elsewhere. In 1873 he became the first American actor to portray Hamlet in London. MacKaye was the author of thirty plays. As a dramatist, MacKaye is seen as representative of the transition from an older theatrical tradition to a newer one, incorporating realism and naturalistic portrayals. His first play to be published was Hazel Kirke, which was privately printed in New York in 1880. The play, while a smash-hit with audiences, received neutral-to-negative response from theatre critics, who criticized its lack of a primary antagonist. In the mid-1880s he helped establish the first school of acting in the United States, the Lyceum Theatre School, which later became the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA).He was also well known for his theatrical innovations, having invented a variety of devices including flame-proof curtains, folding theater seats and the "Nebulator", a machine for creating clouds onstage. In all, he patented over 100 theatrical inventions. By 1885, MacKaye had established three theaters in New York City: the St. James, Madison Square and the Lyceum Theatre. For the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, he began to construct a theatre capable of seating 10,000 people—the "Spectatorium"—but the Panic of 1893 deprived the project of necessary funds. The project was left incomplete. MacKaye married Jeannie Spring, the daughter of Marcus Spring, during the time he was teaching art at Marcus Spring's Eagleswood Military Academy, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. After a


texts:
 brief marriage to Jeannie, which ended in divorce, MacKaye married his second wife, Mary K. Medbery, in 1865.The couple had six children, four of whom attained notability: philosopher <mask>, poet and playwright <mask>, conservationist <mask>, and suffragist <mask>. <mask> fell ill in February 1894, and his physicians urged him to move to a warmer climate. He left Chicago on February 22 on a private train headed for San Diego. The train was near Timpas, Colorado on February 25 when MacKaye's health began to rapidly decline up until his death at 7:45 in the morning. His son, Percy, published his father's biography, Epoch: The Life of <mask>, in 1927. Inventions
<mask> was widely known for being an innovator in theater technology. He patented and invented more than 100 inventions including the Folding Theater Chair, the Fire Curtain, and the unique Double-Stage System.The Double-Stage System was a large elevator-like structure that was used to load scenery on and off of the stage. It was only ever installed in the Madison Square Theatre (not to be confused with Madison Square Garden) because of its cost and complexity. The system cut the time of intermissions between scenes of plays from around 6 minutes to 40 seconds, which made the theatre more enjoyable to go to as a whole. <mask> is also responsible for converting the Lyceum Theatre to an overhead-lit theater. This is the first recorded occurrence of an overhead lighting structure in a North-American theater. Works

He wrote the plays Monaldi and Marriage. Other works include:
 The Twins (1876) (with Andrew Carpenter Wheeler)
 Won at Last (1877)
 Through the

masks:
James MacKaye
Percy MacKaye
Benton MacKaye
Hazel MacKaye
Steele MacKaye
Steele MacKaye
Steele MacKaye
MacKaye


texts:
 Dark (1878), later called Money Mad
 Hazel Kirke (1880)
 Anarchy (1887), originally called Paul Kauvar; or Anarchy, later shortened to Anarchy, and then again changed to Paul Kauvar.A Fool's Errand
 In Spite of All

References

Sources

Bordman, Gerald. 1994. American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1869–1914. Oxford University Press. Brace, Gerald Warner. Days that Were. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.1976. .
Brown, Thomas Allston. 1903. A History of the New York Stage From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901, vol. III. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. Glassberg, David. 1990.American Historical Pageantry: The Uses of Tradition in the Early Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: UNC Press. Hewitt, Barnard. Theatre U.S.A.. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1959. Hornblow, Arthur. 1919. A History of the Theatre in America from Its Beginnings to the Present Time.Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. <mask>, Percy. Epoch: the Life of <mask>, Genius of the Theatre, in Relation to His  Times & Contemporaries. Vol. 1-2, New York, Boni & Liveright, 1927. Quinn, Arthur Hobson. 1917.Representative American plays. New York: The Century Co.
Rocher, Yann, 2014. Le théâtre fatal du réalisme américain, in Théâtres en utopie. Paris: Actes sud. Ruyter, Nancy Lee Chalfa. 1999. The Cultivation of Body and Mind in Nineteenth-century American Delsartism.Greenwood Publishing Group. External links

1842 births
1894 deaths
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
Male actors from Buffalo, New York
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Broadway theatre producers
Writers from Buffalo, New

masks:
MacKaye
Steele MacKaye


texts:
<mask> (February 22, 1869 – May 8, 1939) was a prominent western American architect, best known for his projects in Idaho. His work in Boise included the Idaho State Capitol, the Boise City National Bank, the Carnegie Library, and numerous other buildings for schools, universities, churches, and government institutions. From 1922 to 1930, he worked in Portland, Oregon. He was associated with partnerships John E. Tourtellotte & Company and Tourtellotte & Hummel, based in Boise. Works by these firms were covered in a 1982 study and many of the buildings were immediately or later listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Early years
Tourtellotte was born in East Thompson, Connecticut, to a well-respected French Huguenot family. His father, Charles W. Tourtellotte, was a prosperous farmer and grist-mill owner.At age 17, he enrolled as an apprentice to the architectural firm of Cutting & Bishop, based in Webster, Massachusetts, where he studied architectural drawing for two years. During this time, he supervised roof construction for the Butler Insane Asylum in Providence, Rhode Island, and the Anne & Hope factory in Lonsdale, the largest factory in the United States. Following his apprenticeship, Tourtellotte travelled westward, working on construction projects in Chicago, Kansas City, Albuquerque, and Pueblo, Colorado, before arriving in Boise in 1890, months after Idaho achieved statehood. Idaho and Oregon
His architectural and construction


texts: business thrived in Boise, and by 1894, Tourtellotte devoted his business entirely to architecture. In 1903, he formed a partnership with German immigrant Charles Hummel (1857–1939), a university-trained architect who had previously worked for Tourtellotte's architecture and construction business. Though the firm's headquarters were moved to Portland in 1913, the Boise office was retained. The partnership was dissolved in 1922, and  Tourtellotte then partnered with one of Charles Hummel's sons, fellow architect Frank K. Hummel (1892–1961).The two shared a Portland office from 1922 until Tourtellotte's retirement in 1930, and Frank Hummel worked there until its closure around 1934, when he returned to Boise. *Tourtellotte continued to work as he designed a proposed Portland City Hall in 1933 with architect Truman E. Phillips as well as a completed project, Linn County Courthouse in Albany, OR, which was in the building stages at the time of his death, also with Mr. PHillips, according to "Architect and Engineer", Vols. 136-139, page 55. After retiring, Tourtellotte continued to live in Portland, where he died on May 8, 1939. He and his wife Della (1869–1946) are buried in Idaho at Morris Hill Cemetery in Boise. Tourtellotte was known for combining architectural motifs from disparate styles and eras, and the domed Idaho State Capitol is celebrated for its use of natural light. To celebrate the opening of the state capitol, Tourtellotte wrote an essay