texts:
 permanent.Coaching career

Leyton Orient
<mask> joined Leyton Orient in 2011 as Under 14's coach. Since then he has progressed through the age groups and led the under-16s to National Category Three Cup final victory in 2014. <mask> stepped up to assist Academy Director Andy Edwards at the start of 2015–16 season with the under-18s. After Edwards was promoted to assist Kevin Nolan on a more regular basis, <mask> led Orient's youngsters to the Merit League Two title — finishing unbeaten from their 10 games. On 1 July 2016, <mask> was promoted to First Team Coach. On 29 January 2017, he was appointed manager at Orient after Andy Edwards resigned to take a role on the FA's coaching staff. On 30 March 2017, after 12 games in charge <mask> resigned as manager of Leyton Orient.On 1 July 2017, <mask> returned to Leyton Orient as Youth Team Coach. Managerial statistics

Personal life

<mask> is the son of former Chelsea player <mask>, with whom he has had a number of links throughout his playing career. References

External links

1983 births
Sportspeople from Poole
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Association football defenders
Southampton F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C.players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Marsaxlokk F.C. players
AFC Wimbledon players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Sutton United F.C.players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Salisbury City F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Leyton Orient F.C. non-playing staff
Leyton Orient F.C. managers
English

masks:
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
David Webb


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born May 5, 1978) is a Russian citizen and U.S. resident currently residing in Virginia who works as a Eurasia political risk, defense and economics analyst. Together with Clifford Gaddy he analyzed Vladimir Putin's 1996 university dissertation and presented examples of plagiarism. In July 2020, <mask> was revealed to have worked for Christopher Steele's Orbis Business Intelligence as a source for the 2016 Steele dossier. In November 2021, he was arrested and indicted for lying to the FBI. Education
<mask> grew up in Perm Oblast, Russia. In 1996, <mask> graduated from Specialized English Language School 7 in Perm, Russia. <mask> graduated from the Law Faculty of Perm State University and the Department of Political Science at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, United States.While working at the Brookings Institution, <mask> earned a master's degree from Georgetown University. From 2006 to 2009 he attended the CERES (Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies) program at the Walsh School of Foreign Service there. Career
Early in his career, <mask> worked at Lukoil subsidiary Permtex in Perm and at UralSubSoetStroy in Iran. Between 1999 and 2005, he was a facilitator for the Open World Russian Leadership Program, US Library of Congress and a leader for senior Russian federal and regional delegations to the US. From 2003 to 2005, <mask> worked as a graduate teaching assistant at the University of Louisville. <mask> worked at the Brookings Institution from 2005 to 2010. While there, <mask> worked closely with Fiona Hill.In 2010, <mask>, Hill and Erica Downs co-authored a paper called "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? The Realities of a Rising China and Implications for Russia’s Energy Ambitions". Hill introduced <mask> to Christopher Steele and to

masks:
Igor Yurievich Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko
Danchenko


texts:
 U.S.-based public-relations executive Charles Dolan Jr., who would later become one of <mask>'s sources for the Steele dossier. Since 2010, <mask> has been an analyst on political risk and business intelligence, managing projects on Russia and Eurasia. <mask> has been quoted by media outlets on topics ranging from energy politics to defense matters. Putin plagiarism accusations
<mask> first made the news alongside his Brookings Institution colleague, Cliff Gaddy, when they obtained a copy of the previously inaccessible 218-page dissertation of Vladimir Putin entitled The Strategic Planning of Regional Resources Under the Formation of Market Relations, which he defended at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute in 1996. <mask> and Gaddy revealed their findings on March 30, 2006, at a Brookings Institution event, where they discussed the dissertation's relevance to Putin's views on governance and the economy.They also presented evidence of extensive plagiarism in the dissertation, including a translation of a 1978 textbook. The Russian dissertation committee disputed their accusations. Early FBI investigation and contact with Russian intelligence officers
In May 2009, the FBI opened a preliminary investigation into <mask> after he had reportedly told two associates from the Brookings Institution that he knew of a way they could "make a little extra money” if they were able to "get a job in the government and had access to classified information.” The investigation was upgraded from preliminary to full once further information revealed that <mask> had prior contacts with Russian intelligence officers in 2005 and 2006. The FBI's investigation into <mask> was closed in March 2011. Connection to Christopher Steele and indictment
Beginning in March 2016, <mask> was tasked by

masks: Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko


texts: Christopher Steele to investigate Paul Manafort, as well as Donald Trump, Sergei Ivanov, Carter Page, and Michael Cohen. Some parts of the information contributed by <mask> became part of the FBI's foreign intelligence surveillance warrants on Carter Page. One of <mask>'s primary sources for information about the alleged collusion between the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and the Russian government was allegedly Olga Galkina, a Russian public-relations executive and former parliamentary correspondent for RIA Novosti.Galkina, a longtime friend of <mask>, has denied being one of his sources. Other information was alleged to have come from Charles Dolan Jr., who was "a longtime participant in Democratic Party politics". In January 2017, shortly after BuzzFeed News published the Steele dossier, <mask> was contacted by the FBI for an interview. About a week and a half later, in exchange for legal immunity, he agreed to answer questions about his working relationship with Steele, as well as his opinion on the accuracy of the Steele dossier. The FBI found that <mask> was "truthful and cooperative", but the FBI's Supervisory Intel Analyst said that "it was his impression that the Primary Sub-source may not have been 'completely truthful' and may have been minimizing certain aspects of what he/she told Steele". He also "believed that there were instances where the Primary Sub-source was 'minimizing' certain facts but did not believe that he/she was 'completely fabricating' events". He added that he "did not know whether he could support a 'blanket statement' that the Primary Sub-source had been truthful".In July 2020, the Senate Judiciary Committee released a 59-page summary of the FBI's interview with <mask>, where he was referred to anonymously as the "Primary

masks: Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko


texts:
 Subsource" for the Steele Dossier. Shortly after the release of the summary, online sleuths identified the "Primary Subsource" as <mask>. In December 2020, Special Counsel John Durham subpoenaed the Brookings Institution for <mask>'s personnel files. In November 2021, <mask> was arrested in connection with the John Durham investigation and was charged with five counts of making false statements to the FBI on five different occasions (between March 2017 and November 2017) regarding the sources of material he provided for the Steele dossier. This includes <mask> having allegedly obscured his relationship with Charles Dolan Jr. and having allegedly fabricated contacts with Sergei Millian. <mask> has pleaded "not guilty" to all charges. Right-wing columnist and attorney Andrew C. McCarthy reacted to what he described as the "if not irrational, then exaggerated" reactions by Trump supporters to these reports of arrests.He urged them to be cautious as John Durham's "indictments narrowly allege that the defendants lied to the FBI only about the identity or status of people from whom they were getting information, not about the information itself. References

1978 births
Living people
People from Perm, Russia
Perm State University alumni
Russian expatriates in the United States
University of Louisville alumni
Walsh School of Foreign Service

masks: Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko Danchenko


texts:
<mask> (born May 4, 1966 in Uddevalla, Sweden) is an American singer-songwriter. He tours solo and with a band, and often plays in North Mississippi Osborne (N.M.O), a group formed by <mask> and North Mississippi Allstars. Early life
As a teen, <mask> started playing guitar and listening to Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and Joni Mitchell records. He was influenced by the vocal styles of Ray Charles, Van Morrison and Lowell George, Robert Johnson and recordings of African drumming. "Blues connected everything together for me," <mask> recalls. "The early rock, the R&B, the jazz, the singer-songwriters. Blues was like a thread running through everything."He began playing in Open D tuning, which gives his fretwork a signature sound and feel. "I first heard Open D on Joni Mitchell's Blue," he says, "and my fingers just fit the tuning." Okeh records

<mask> and his band toured the U.S. during these years and in 1995, he was signed to Okeh Records. He released Which Way to Here, an album that dealt with spirituality and tolerance. The record became <mask>'s first commercial break with two top-five singles  "Favorite Son" and "Pleasin' You." Both were featured in several Hollywood movies, and the latter was later recorded by Jonny Lang. Shanachie Entertainment
Shanachie Entertainment signed <mask> in 1998 and, in 1999, released his fourth album, Living Room, a personal record that signified some new directions in <mask>'s music after the breakup with his longtime accompanist <mask>, drug use, and a family death.This album also features guest appearances by Keb' Mo', Kirk Joseph and Tommy Malone. Besides writing for his own album, <mask> has had a number of his songs successfully recorded by other artists. Keb' Mo's 1999 Grammy Award winning album Slow

masks:
Anders Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Theresa Andersson
Osborne


texts:
 Down, featured two songs co-written with <mask>. After his Shanachie recordings, <mask> worked as a professional songwriter in New Orleans and then in Nashville, first for PolyGram and then its successor Universal Music. His song, "Watch the Wind Blow By," was recorded by the country musician Tim McGraw, hitting No. 1 on the country charts for two weeks and selling over three million albums. More recently, he has co-written with Tab Benoit, Mike Zito and Johnny Sansone, for whom he's also served as producer.M.C. Records

Returning to New Orleans from Nashville, he recorded Coming Down (2007), a stripped-down semi-acoustic album which was released on the M.C. label and was nominated for the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards Folk/Singer-Songwriter Album of the Year. Alligator records
In 2009, <mask> recorded a new, full band album co-produced by <mask>, Galactic’s Stanton Moore and Pepper Keenan. All songs on the album were written or co-written by <mask>. The album was picked up by Chicago-based Alligator Records, who signed <mask> and released the new recording in 2010 under the title American Patchwork. New Orleans’ OffBeat magazine praised the album, saying, "American Patchwork is the album <mask> fans have been waiting for.The record is a focused and tuneful triumph. <mask>'s gifts as a guitar player are significant. His voice is so emotionally intense it feels like an explosion. He writes with remarkable eloquence...this is the living definition of great art." Relix described the album as "raging, expressive guitar and soulful singing...from scorched-earth rock to sweet, tender ballads." Since the release of American Patchwork, <mask> has toured virtually non-stop, performing with his own band, solo with Keb Mo, with The Stanton Moore Trio, with

masks: Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne


texts: Toots and the Maytals, alongside Karl Denson’s Tiny Universe and with Luther Dickinson as well as with The Voice of the Wetlands All-Stars. He appeared on Galactic’s song "Dark Water" from their Ya Ka Ma album, and in 2011 produced and played on critically acclaimed albums by Tab Benoit, Johnny Sansone and Mike Zito.In 2012, he played on and acted as associate producer of Billy Iuso’s Naked album. Along the way, he also found time to write and record Black Eye Galaxy, released in 2012. Recorded at Dockside Studio in Maurice, Louisiana, the album was produced by <mask> along with engineer Warren Riker and Galactic's Stanton Moore. It's sounds range from heavy electric mayhem to acoustic melodicism. Blurt Magazine said, "Black Eye Galaxy is a work of art – a throwback to the days before corporations completely controlled and corrupted media and culture. It is the struggle of a man to survive addiction and find some peace and redemption. Great art is not afraid to say something and take big risks.And on each work he does, <mask> grows as an artist. We are lucky to get a chance to witness this. The blues is about hard truth and healing. And to the extent he covers both; you could say he is a blues guy. Kudos must go to Alligator Records – a great if not our greatest-blues label – for letting <mask> follow his vision, inspire us with his story and dazzle us with his craft. Black Eye Galaxy is a great album." In late 2012, he was back in the studio recording a six-song EP entitled Three Free Amigos, which was released by Alligator early in 2013.The EP, produced by <mask> and Warren Riker, focused more on <mask>'s melodic, acoustic side. Players included <mask>'s touring band of bassist Carl Dufresne and drummer Eric Bolivar, plus guitarist Billy Iuso and

masks:
Osborne
Osborne
Anders Osborne
Osborne
Osborne
Osborne


texts:
 multi-instrumentalist Johnny Sansone, <mask> himself played guitar, bass, keyboards and drums on various tracks. It was described by Relix as "rugged, soulful singing superb hard-hitting songs...A phenomenal blend of self-awareness, spirit and muscle." <mask> continues to tour almost constantly, both with his own band and in combination with other artists. He's appeared multiple times at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival as well as at Bonnaroo Music Festival, The High Sierra Festival, The Telluride Blues & Brews Festival, The Hollowbaloo Music & Arts Festival in Honolulu, the Hangout Festival, WYEP Summer Music Fest, Central Park SummerStage, Miami Valley Music fest, as well as playing with Phil Lesh and others at Terrapin Crossroads. In 2015, <mask> was included in the all-star cast headed by Derek Trucks and Susan Tedeschi of Tedeschi Trucks Band in a memorial concert to honor Joe Cocker Mad Dogs & Englishmen at the Lockn' Festival. His album, Peace, was released on October 8, 2013.<mask> was quoted as saying, "Peace is light from darkness. The songs are written from the outside looking in. They are not making any judgments. I'm just stating facts. I'm writing from a brighter perspective. There's less dusk and dark, and much more sunlight. The results are greater than I expected.The driving tones and sounds are free and natural. This is one of the coolest records I’ve ever made." Back on Dumaine records
In fall of 2014 and March 2015, <mask> recorded album Spacedust & Ocean Views in New Orleans; it was released on March 18, 2016. His next album, Flower Box, was released on July 22, 2016. <mask>' third offering on the label the award winning Buddha and the Blues came out in 2019. Discography

Albums

1989: Doin' Fine (Rabadash)
1993: Break

masks: Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Osborne Anders


texts:
 The Chain (Rabadash)
1995: Which Way to Here (Okeh)
1996: Break the Chain (Shanachie)
1998: Live at Tipitina's (Shanachie)
1999: Living Room (Shanachie)
2001: Ash Wednesday Blues (Shanachie)
2002: Bury the Hatchet (Shanachie) with Big Chief Monk
2007: Coming Down (M.C. Records)
2010: American Patchwork (Alligator Records)
2012: Black Eye Galaxy (Alligator Records)
2013: Peace (Alligator Records)
2016: Spacedust & Ocean Views (Back on Dumaine Records)
2016: Flower Box (Back on Dumaine Records)
2019: Buddha & The Blues (Back on Dumaine Records)
2021: Orpheus and the Mermaids (5th Ward Records)

Live albums
2006" Live at Tippitinas"  (MunckMix, Inc. )
2011: Live at 2011 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival (MunckMix, Inc.)

EPs

2013: Three Free Amigos EP (Alligator Records)

Singles

2017: "Liquor Drought" (Back on Dumaine Records)

North Mississippi Allstars and Anders Osborne

Freedom & Dreams (NMO Records)

Awards

Best of the Beat Awards
Offbeat's Best of the Beat Awards pay tribute each year to musicians who are voted best in a variety of musical categories and genres.The Big Easy Music Awards
The Big Easy Music Awards recognize top male and female performers, the best album of the year and winners in 15 music categories, including blues, jazz, Cajun, zydeco, rock and others. References

External links

 About <mask>
 Biography at Alligator Records
 Gambit Weekly: <mask> is the Big Easy Music Awards Entertainer of the Year (30 April 13)
 Living Room review by George Graham
 <mask>: A direct language, a beautiful mystery Feature interview from HonestTune.com
 Feature interview with Ira Haberman, The Sound Podcast

1966 births
Living people
People from Uddevalla Municipality
Songwriters from Louisiana
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish male

masks:
Anders Osborne
Anders Osborne
Anders Osborne


texts:
<mask> (; ; 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays. She is best known for several children's book series, featuring Pippi Longstocking, Emil of Lönneberga, Karlsson-on-the-Roof, and the Six Bullerby Children (Children of Noisy Village in the US), and for the children's fantasy novels Mio, My Son, Ronia the Robber's Daughter, and The Brothers Lionheart. Lindgren worked on the Children's Literature Editorial Board at the Rabén & Sjögren publishing house in Stockholm and wrote more than 30 books for children. In January 2017, she was calculated to be the world's 18th most translated author, and the fourth most translated children's writer after Enid Blyton, Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm. Lindgren has so far sold roughly 165 million books worldwide. In 1994, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "her unique authorship dedicated to the rights of children and respect for their individuality." Biography

<mask> grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, Sweden, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories.Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson (1875–1969) and Hanna Jonsson (1879–1961). She had two sisters,  and , and a brother, , who eventually became a member of the Swedish parliament. Upon finishing school, Lindgren took a job with a local newspaper in Vimmerby. She had a relationship with the chief editor, who was married but eventually proposed marriage in 1926 after she became pregnant. She declined and moved to the capital city of Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer (she would later write most

masks:
Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren
Astrid Lindgren


texts:
 of her drafts in stenography). In due time, she gave birth to her son, Lars, in Copenhagen and left him in the care of a foster family. Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and traveled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars, often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth.Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm. Since 1928 <mask> worked as secretary at the Royal Automobile Club (Kungliga Automobil Klubben) and by 1931 she married her boss, Sture <mask> (1898–1952), who left his wife for her. Three years later, in 1934, <mask> gave birth to her second child, Karin, who would become a translator. The character Pippi Longstocking was invented to amuse her daughter while she was ill in bed. Lindgren later related that Karin had suddenly said to her, "Tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking," and the tale was created in response to that request. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where <mask> remained until her death on 28 January 2002 at the age of 94, having become blind. <mask> <mask> died in her home in central Stockholm.Her funeral took place in the Storkyrkan in Gamla stan. Among those attending were King Carl XVI Gustaf with Queen Silvia and others of the royal family, and Prime Minister Göran Persson. The ceremony was described as "the closest you can get to a state funeral." Career
<mask> worked as a journalist and secretary before becoming a full-time author. She served as a secretary for the 1933 Swedish Summer

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Lindgren


texts: Grand Prix. In the early 1940s, she worked as a secretary for criminalist Harry Söderman; this experience has been cited as an inspiration for her fictional detective Bill Bergson. In 1944 <mask> won second prize in a competition held by Rabén & Sjögren, with the novel Britt-Marie lättar sitt hjärta (Britt-Marie Unburdens Her Heart).A year later she won first prize in the same competition with the chapter book Pippi Långstrump (Pippi Longstocking), which had been rejected by Bonniers. (Rabén & Sjögren published it with illustrations by Ingrid Vang Nyman, the latter's debut in Sweden.) Since then it has become one of the most beloved children's books in the world and has been translated into 60 languages. While <mask> almost immediately became a much appreciated writer, the irreverent attitude towards adult authority that is a distinguishing characteristic of many of her characters has occasionally drawn the ire of some conservatives. The women's magazine Damernas Värld sent <mask> to the United States in 1948 to write short essays. Upon arrival she is said to have been upset by the discrimination against black Americans. A few years later she published the book Kati in America, a collection of short essays inspired by the trip.In 1956, the inaugural year of the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the German-language edition of Mio, min Mio (Mio, My Son) won the Children's book award. (Sixteen books written by <mask> <mask> made the Children's Book and Picture Book longlist, 1956–1975, but only Mio, My Son won a prize in its category.) In 1958 <mask> received the second Hans Christian Andersen Medal for Rasmus på luffen

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Lindgren


texts:
 (Rasmus and the Vagabond), a 1956 novel developed from her screenplay and filmed in 1955. The biennial International Board on Books for Young People, now considered the highest lifetime recognition available to creators of children's books, soon came to be called the Little Nobel Prize. Prior to 1962 the Board cited a single book published during the preceding two years. On her 90th birthday, she was pronounced International Swede of the Year 1997 by Swedes in the World (SVIV), an association for Swedes living abroad. In its entry on Scandinavian fantasy, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy named <mask> the foremost Swedish contributor to modern children's fantasy.Its entry on <mask> was: "Her niche in children's fantasy remains both secure and exalted. Her stories and images can never be forgotten." Translations
By 2012 <mask> <mask>'s books had been translated into 95 different languages and language variants. Further, the first chapter of Ronja the Robber's Daughter has been translated into Latin. Up until 1997 a total of 3,000 editions of her books had been issued internationally, and globally her books had sold a total of 165 million copies. Many of her books have been translated into English by the translator Joan Tate. Politics

In 1976 a scandal arose in Sweden when it was publicised that <mask>'s marginal tax rate had risen to 102 percent.This was to be known as the "Pomperipossa effect", from a story she published in Expressen on 3 March 1976, entitled Pomperipossa in Monismania, attacking the government and its taxation policies. It was a satirical allegory in response to the marginal tax rate Lindgren had

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Lindgren


texts: incurred in 1976, which required self-employed individuals to pay both regular income tax and employers' deductions. In a stormy tax debate, she attracted criticism from Social Democrats and even from her own colleagues, and responded by raising the issue of the lack of women involved in the Social Democrats' campaign. In that year's general election, the Social Democratic government was voted out for the first time in 44 years, and the <mask> tax debate was one of several controversies that may have contributed to the result. Another controversy involved Ingmar Bergman's farewell letter to Sweden, after charges had been made against him of tax evasion. <mask> nevertheless remained a Social Democrat for the rest of her life. In 1978, when she received the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, <mask> made a speech, Never Violence!.She spoke against corporal punishment of children. After that she teamed up with scientists, journalists and politicians to achieve non-violent upbringing. In 1979, a law was introduced in Sweden prohibiting violence against children. Until then there was no such law anywhere in the world. From 1985 to 1989 <mask> wrote articles concerning animal protection and mass production in the Swedish magazines Expressen and Dagens Nyheter along with the veterinarian Kristina Forslund. They wanted to launch an awareness campaign to promote better animal treatment in factory farming. Eventually their activities led to a new law which was called Lex Lindgren and was presented to <mask> <mask> during her 80th birthday.During that time it was the strictest law concerning animal welfare in the world.

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Astrid Lindgren


texts:
 However, <mask> and Forslund weren't satisfied with it. Not enough had been done and only minor changes occurred. The articles Forslund and <mask> wrote were later published in the book Min ko vill ha roligt. <mask> was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights and for her opposition to corporal punishment and the EU. In 1994 she received the Right Livelihood Award, "For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature." Honors and memorials

In 1967 the publisher Rabén & Sjögren established an annual literary prize, the Astrid Lindgren Prize, to mark her 60th birthday.The prize—40,000 Swedish kronor—is awarded to a Swedish-language children's writer every year on <mask>'s birthday in November. Following <mask>d Lindgren Memorial Award in her memory. The award is the world's largest monetary award for children's and youth literature, in the amount of five million Swedish kronor. The collection of <mask> <mask>'s original manuscripts in Kungliga Biblioteket in Stockholm (the Royal Library) was placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005. On 6 April 2011 Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank announced that <mask>'s portrait will feature on the 20 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–15. In the run-up to the announcement of the persons who would feature on the new banknotes, Lindgren's name had been the one most often put forward in the public debate. Asteroid Lindgren
Asteroid 3204 Lindgren, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named after her.The name of the Swedish microsatellite Astrid 1,

masks: Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgren Lindgrentri Astrid Lindgren Lindgren


texts:
 launched on 24 January 1995, was originally selected only as a common Swedish female name, but within a short time it was decided to name the instruments after characters in Astrid <mask>'s books: PIPPI (Prelude in Planetary Particle Imaging), EMIL (Electron Measurements – In-situ and Lightweight), and MIO (Miniature Imaging Optics). Astrid's Wellspring

In memory of <mask> <mask>, a memorial sculpture was created next to her childhood home, named Källa Astrid ("Astrid's Wellspring" in English). It is situated at the spot where <mask> <mask> first heard fairy tales. The sculpture consists of an artistic representation of a young person's head (1.37 m high), flattened on top, in the corner of a square pond, and, just above the water, a ring of rosehip thorn (with a single rosehip bud attached to it). The sculpture was initially slightly different in design and intended to be part of a fountain set in the city center, but the people of Vimmerby vehemently opposed the idea. Furthermore, <mask> <mask> had stated that she never wanted to be represented as a statue. (However, there is a statue of Lindgren in the city center.)The memorial was sponsored by the culture council of Vimmerby. <mask>'s childhood home is near the statue and open to the public. Just  from Astrid's Wellspring is a museum in her memory. The author is buried in Vimmerby where the Astrid Lindgren's World theme park is also located. The children's museum Junibacken, in Stockholm, was opened in June 1996 with the main theme of the permanent exhibition being devoted to <mask> <mask>; at the heart of the museum is a theme train ride through the world of

masks: Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Lindgren Astrid Lindgren


texts:
 <mask> <mask>'s novels. Many of the plays were created in the 1940s and 1950s in collaboration with her friend Elsa Olenius, a pioneer in the Swedish children's theater. Many of the stories were written exclusively for the theater.They have been translated into several languages, including Danish, Finnish and Romanian. Most of <mask> <mask>'s plays have not been translated into English. Kalle Blomkvist, Nisse Nöjd och Vicke på Vind Mästerdetektiven Kalle Blomkvist: För kasperteater två korta akter Jul hos Pippi Långstrump Serverat, Ers Majestät! En fästmö till låns Huvudsaken är att man är frisk Jag vill inte vara präktig Snövit Pippi Långstrumps liv och leverne Filmography

This is a chronological list of feature films based on stories by <mask> <mask>.<mask> <mask> at IMDb. There are live action films as well as animated features. The most films were made in Sweden, followed by Russia. Further reading
<mask> <mask> – en levnadsteckning.Margareta Strömstedt. Stockholm, Rabén & Sjögren, 1977. Paul Berf, <mask> Surmatz (ed. ): <mask> <mask>. Zum Donnerdrummel! Ein Werk-Porträt. Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt 2000
Vivi Edström: <mask> <mask>.Im Land der Märchen und Abenteuer. Oetinger, Hamburg 1997
Maren Gottschalk: Jenseits von Bullerbü. Die Lebensgeschichte der Astrid Lindgren. Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 2006
Jörg Knobloch (ed. ): Praxis Lesen: <mask> <mask>: A4-Arbeitsvorlagen Klasse 2–6, AOL-Verlag, Lichtenau 2002
Sybil Gräfin Schönfeldt: <mask> Lindgren. 10. ed., Rowohlt, Reinbek 2000
Margareta Strömstedt: <mask> Lindgren.Ein Lebensbild. Oetinger, Hamburg 2001
Astrid Surmatz: Pippi Långstrump als Paradigma. Die

masks: Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Astrid


texts:
 deutsche Rezeption Astrid Lindgrens und ihr internationaler Kontext. Francke, Tübingen, Basel 2005
Metcalf, Eva-Maria: <mask> <mask>. New York, Twayne, 1995

External links

AstridLindgren.se – official site produced by license holders

<mask> <mask>'s World – official site of the theme park
Astrid Lindgrens Näs – official site produced by the Astrid Lindgren-museum and culture center Astrid Lindgrens Näs in Vimmerby
Astrid Lindgren – Right Livelihood Award (1994)
Astrid Lindgren – fan site

Astrid spacecraft description at NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
<mask> <mask> – profile at FamousAuthors.org

1907 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Swedish novelists
20th-century Swedish women writers
Children's songwriters
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Memory of the World Register
Selma Lagerlöf Prize winners
Sommar (radio program) hosts
Swedish children's writers
Swedish eurosceptics
Swedish fantasy writers
Swedish-language writers
Swedish satirists
Swedish screenwriters
Swedish Social Democratic Party
Swedish pacifists
Swedish women children's writers
People from Vimmerby Municipality
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers from Småland
20th-century

masks: Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren Astrid Lindgren


texts:
<mask> (born October 8, 1955) is a California politician. He was a member of the California State Assembly district 28 from 2000 to 2006. His district included all of Salinas and Watsonville. Before going to the Assembly, <mask> was a County Supervisor, a City Council Member, a community college instructor, and an elementary school teacher. <mask> is a Democrat. He left the assembly in 2006 because he was termed out. He surprised the political establishment by not challenging Republican incumbent Jeff Denham for the California State Senate district 12.<mask> returned to local politics and was elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in 2006, representing District 3. <mask> has lived most of his life in the Salinas area, growing up around agribusiness. He has one son. Background

Family life
<mask> was born in Slaton, Texas, one of twelve children of migrant farmworkers. His family originates from the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí, where his mother attended school until the 3rd grade. His father had no formal education and originally came to the United States under the Bracero Program in the 1940s, living and working in Kansas. He returned to Mexico, married, and years later returned with his wife and children to the United States in the 1950s, settling in Texas.This was the beginning of his experience as a farmworker over a 15-year period of fieldwork that included many migratory moves between the states of California and Texas, working in cotton and orange fields and whatever else was in season. Later, when Simón and his family picked up contract labor work, he picked strawberries in the central coast region of California at the age of 9. Due to the

masks:
Simon Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas


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 seasonal farmwork they followed, Simón moved constantly and never fully settled for long periods of time in one place. For his parents, this pattern continued until their retirement in 1985. Education
<mask> finally settled permanently in the city of Watsonville, California, at the age of 18, so that he could focus on his education. He graduated from Watsonville High School in 1974, and then went on to Claremont McKenna College to receive a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and Latin American Studies in 1978. In 1981, Simón earned a Bilingual Teaching Credential from San Jose State University and in 1984 graduated with a J.D.from Santa Clara University Law School in California. Teaching
<mask> credits his motivation in seeking a higher education to his parents, who instilled in him the motivation to succeed. He points to the example set by his father who, without any formal education, taught himself to read and write. It was this fact that encouraged <mask> to take advantage of the educational opportunities his parents were never given. <mask> was a bilingual 6th grade teacher at Bardin Elementary School in east Salinas. He became a professor at Hartnell College, in Salinas, from 1989 through 1993. Local politics
<mask> began his public service career in June 1989 when he was elected as the first Mexican-American to serve on the Salinas City Council.During his tenure with the City of Salinas, Mr. <mask> served as Mayor Pro-Tem. <mask> was first elected to the Monterey County Board of Supervisors in 1993, representing District One, and was reelected in 1997. During his second term, he was elected Chair of the Board and was the first Mexican-American to serve on the

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Simon Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas


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 Monterey County Board of Supervisors in over 100 years. State legislature
In 2000, <mask> ran for the California state Assembly. After winning the Democratic primary, he won an expensive, hard-fought general election against Republican Jeff Denham, who went on to be elected state Senator in 2002. <mask> was sworn in to represent the 28th District in the California State Assembly on December 4, 2000. He authored legislation addressing issues in affordable housing, agriculture, healthcare, public safety, transportation, local government, and education.For his legislative efforts on these and other issues, he was named "Legislator of the Year" by a few organizations that include Skills USA-VICA, California Transit Association, the League of California Cities, and the American Planning Association. In <mask>'s first year in the Legislature, he sent 11 bills to the Governor and 9 were signed into law. <mask> served as the Chair of the Local Government Committee and as a Member of the Agriculture, Education, Health and Housing, Community Development Committees and other non-profit organization. He was Chair of the Select Committee on Rural Economic Development and vice president and co-founder of Caminos Del Arte, a non-profit organization that provides services for at-risk youth. As an assembly member, <mask> was a supporter of the 2006 bond measures. He was also a supporter of raising taxes, universal healthcare, improving social services, closing loopholes in Proposition 13, and independent redistricting. Return to local politics
On January 9, 2007, <mask> became a Monterey County Supervisor, this time representing the 3rd district.He retired from the Board of Supervisors

masks: Salinas Salinas Salinas Salinas Salinas Salinas


texts: <mask> ( ; born <mask>; February 8, 1921June 29, 1995) was an American actress. Over the course of her nearly 50-year career, she achieved fame as both a pin-up model and a film actress, as well as for her highly publicized personal life. In the mid-1940s, she was one of the highest-paid actresses in the United States, and one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's (MGM) biggest stars, with her films earning more than $50 million for the studio during her 18-year contract with them. <mask> is frequently cited as a popular culture icon of Hollywood glamour and a screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema. Born to working-class parents in northern Idaho, <mask> spent her childhood there before her family relocated to San Francisco. In 1936, when <mask> was 15, she was discovered while purchasing a soda at the Top Hat Malt Shop in Hollywood. At 16, she was signed to a personal contract by Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy, who took her with him when he transferred to MGM in 1938.She soon attracted attention by playing the role of a murder victim in her film debut, LeRoy's They Won't Forget (1937), and she later moved into supporting roles, often appearing as an ingénue. During the early 1940s, <mask> established herself as a leading lady and one of MGM's top stars, appearing in such films as the film noir Johnny Eager (1941); the musical Ziegfeld Girl (1941); the horror film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941); and the romantic war drama Somewhere I'll Find You (1942), one of several films in which she starred opposite Clark Gable. <mask>'s reputation as a glamorous femme fatale was enhanced by her critically acclaimed performance in the noir The Postman Always Rings Twice

masks:
Lana Turner
Julia Jean Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner


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 (1946), a role which established her as a serious dramatic actress. Her popularity continued through the 1950s in dramas such as The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) and Peyton Place (1957), the latter for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Intense media scrutiny surrounded the actress in 1958 when her teenage daughter Cheryl Crane stabbed <mask>'s lover at the time Johnny Stompanato to death in their home during a domestic struggle. Her next film, Imitation of Life (1959), proved to be one of the greatest commercial successes of her career, and her starring role in Madame X (1966) earned her a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress. <mask> spent most of the 1970s in semi-retirement, making her final film appearance in 1980.In 1982, she accepted a much-publicized and lucrative recurring guest role in the television series Falcon Crest, which afforded the series notably high ratings. In 1992, <mask> was diagnosed with throat cancer and died of the disease three years later at age 74. Life and career

1921–1936: Early life and education

<mask> was born Julia Jean <mask> on February 8, 1921, at Providence Hospital in Wallace, Idaho, a small mining community in the Idaho Panhandle region. She was the only child of John Virgil <mask>, a miner from Montgomery, Alabama of Dutch descent, and Mildred Frances Cowan from Lamar, Arkansas, who had English, Scottish and Irish ancestry. Mildred was four days shy of her own 17th birthday when she gave birth to her only child. <mask>'s parents had first met while 14-year-old Mildred, the daughter of a mine inspector, was visiting Picher, Oklahoma, with her father, who was inspecting

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Turner
Lana Turner
Turner
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Lana


texts: local mines there. John was 24 years old at the time, and Mildred's father objected to the courtship.Shortly after, the two eloped and moved west, settling in Idaho. The family lived in Burke, Idaho at the time of <mask>'s birth, and relocated to nearby Wallace in 1925, where her father opened a dry cleaning service and worked in the local silver mines. As a child, <mask> was known to family and friends as Judy. She expressed interest in performance at a young age, performing short dance routines at her father's Elks chapter in Wallace. At age three, she performed an impromptu dance routine at a charity fashion show in which her mother was modeling. The <mask> family struggled financially, and relocated to San Francisco when she was six years old, after which her parents separated. On December 14, 1930, her father won some money at a traveling craps game, stuffed his winnings in his left sock, and headed for home.He was later found bludgeoned to death on the corner of Minnesota and Mariposa Streets, on the edge of San Francisco's Potrero Hill and the Dogpatch District, with his left shoe and sock missing. His robbery and homicide were never solved, and his death had a profound effect on <mask>. "I know that my father's sweetness and gaiety, his warmth and his tragedy, have never been far from me," she later said. "That, and a sense of loss and of growing up too fast." <mask> sometimes lived with family friends or acquaintances so that her impoverished mother could save money. They also frequently moved, for a time living in Sacramento and throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. Following her father's death, <mask> lived for a period in Modesto with a

masks: Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner


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 family who physically abused her and "treated her like a servant".Her mother worked 80 hours per week as a beautician to support herself and her daughter, and <mask> recalled sometimes "living on crackers and milk for half a week". While baptized a Protestant at birth, <mask> attended Mass with the Hislops, a Catholic family with whom her mother had temporarily boarded her in Stockton, California. She became "thrilled" by the ritual practices of the church, and when she was seven, her mother allowed her to formally convert to Roman Catholicism. <mask> subsequently attended the Convent of the Immaculate Conception in San Francisco, hoping to become a nun. In the mid-1930s, <mask>'s mother developed respiratory problems and was advised by her doctor to move to a drier climate, upon which the two moved to Los Angeles in 1936. 1937–1939: Discovery and early films

<mask>'s discovery is considered a show-business legend and part of Hollywood mythology among film and popular cultural historians. One version of the story erroneously has her discovery occurring at Schwab's Pharmacy, which <mask> claimed was the result of a reporting error that began circulating in articles published by columnist Sidney Skolsky.By <mask>'s own account, she was a junior at Hollywood High School when she skipped a typing class and bought a Coca-Cola at the Top Hat Malt Shop located on the southeast corner of Sunset Boulevard and McCadden Place. While in the shop, she was spotted by William R. Wilkerson, publisher of The Hollywood Reporter. Wilkerson was attracted by her beauty and physique, and asked her if she was interested in appearing in films, to which she responded: "I'll

masks: Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner


texts: have to ask my mother first." With her mother's permission, <mask> was referred by Wilkerson to the actor/comedian/talent agent Zeppo Marx. In December 1936, Marx introduced <mask> to film director Mervyn LeRoy, who signed her to a $50 weekly contract with Warner Bros. on February 22, 1937 ($ in  dollars ). She soon became a protégée of LeRoy, who suggested that she take the stage name <mask>, a name she would come to legally adopt several years later. <mask> made her feature film debut in LeRoy's They Won't Forget (1937), a crime drama in which she played a teenage murder victim.Though <mask> only appeared on screen for a few minutes, Wilkerson wrote in The Hollywood Reporter that her performance was "worthy of more than a passing note". The film earned her the nickname of the "Sweater Girl" for her form-fitting attire, which accentuated her bust. <mask> always detested the nickname, and upon seeing a sneak preview of the film, she recalled being profoundly embarrassed and "squirming lower and lower" into her seat. She stated that she had "never seen myself walking before… [It was] the first time [I was] conscious of my body." Several years after the film's release, Modern Screen journalist Nancy Squire wrote that <mask> "made a sweater look like something Cleopatra was saving for the next visiting Caesar". Shortly after completing They Won't Forget, she made an appearance in James Whale's historical comedy The Great Garrick (1937), a biographical film about British actor David Garrick, in which she had a small role portraying an actress posing as a chambermaid. In late 1937, LeRoy was hired as an executive at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and asked Jack

masks:
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Turner
Lana Turner
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Turner
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texts: L. Warner to allow <mask> to relocate with him to MGM.Warner obliged, as he believed <mask> would not "amount to anything". <mask> left Warner Bros. and signed a contract with MGM for $100 a week ($ in  dollars ). The same year, she was loaned to United Artists for a minor role as a maid in The Adventures of Marco Polo. Her first starring role for MGM was scheduled to be an adaptation of The Sea-Wolf, co-starring Clark Gable, but the project was eventually shelved. Instead, she was assigned opposite teen idol Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland in the Andy Hardy film Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938). During the shoot, <mask> completed her studies with an educational social worker, allowing her to graduate high school that year. The film was a box-office success, and her appearance in it as a flirtatious high school student convinced studio head Louis B. Mayer that <mask> could be the next Jean Harlow, a sex symbol who had died six months before <mask>'s arrival at MGM.Mayer helped further <mask>'s career by giving her roles in several youth-oriented films in the late 1930s, such as the comedy Rich Man, Poor Girl (1938) in which she played the sister of a poor woman romanced by a wealthy man, and Dramatic School (1938), in which she portrayed Mado, a troubled drama student. In the former, she was billed as the "Kissing Bug from the Andy Hardy film". Upon completing Dramatic School, <mask> screen-tested for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939). She was then cast in a supporting part as a "sympathetic bad girl" in Calling Dr. Kildare (1939), MGM's second entry in the Dr. Kildare series. This was followed by These Glamour Girls (1939), a comedy in

masks: Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner


texts:
 which she portrayed a taxi dancer invited to attend a dance with a male coed at his elite college. <mask>'s onscreen sex appeal in the film was reflected by a review in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in which she was characterized as "the answer to 'oomph. In her next film, Dancing Co-Ed (1939), <mask> was given first billing portraying Patty Marlow, a professional dancer who enters a college as part of a rigged national talent contest.The film was a commercial success, and led to <mask> appearing on the cover of Look magazine. In February 1940, <mask> garnered significant publicity when she eloped to Las Vegas with 28-year-old bandleader Artie Shaw, her co-star in Dancing Co-Ed. Though they had only briefly known each other, <mask> recalled being "stirred by his eloquence", and after their first date the two spontaneously decided to get married. Their marriage only lasted four months, but was highly publicized, and led MGM executives to grow concerned over <mask>'s "impulsive behavior". In the spring of 1940, after the two had divorced, <mask> discovered she was pregnant and had an abortion. In contemporaneous press, it was noted she had been hospitalized for "exhaustion". She would later recall that Shaw treated her "like an untutored blonde savage, and took no pains to conceal his opinion".In the midst of her marriage to Shaw, she starred in We Who Are Young, a drama in which she played a woman who marries her coworker against their employer's policy. 1940–1945: War years and film stardom

In 1940, <mask> appeared in her first musical film, Two Girls on Broadway, in which she received top billing over established co-stars Joan Blondell and George Murphy.


texts: A remake of The Broadway Melody, the film was marketed as featuring <mask>'s "hottest, most daring role". The following year, she had a lead role in her second musical, Ziegfeld Girl, opposite James Stewart, Judy Garland and Hedy Lamarr. In the film, she portrayed Sheila Regan, an alcoholic aspiring actress based on Lillian Lorraine. Ziegfeld Girl marked a personal and professional shift for <mask>; she claimed it as the first role that got her "interested in acting", and the studio, impressed by her performance, marketed the film as featuring her in "the best role of the biggest picture to be released by the industry's biggest company". The film's high box-office returns elevated <mask>'s profitability, and MGM gave her a weekly salary raise to $1,500 as well as a personal makeup artist and trailer ($ in  dollars ).After completing the film, <mask> and co-star Garland remained lifelong friends, and lived in houses next to one another in the 1950s. Following the success of Ziegfeld Girl, <mask> took a supporting role as an ingénue in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941), a Freudian-influenced horror film, opposite Spencer Tracy and Ingrid Bergman. MGM had initially cast <mask> in the lead, but Tracy specifically requested Bergman for the part. The studio recast <mask> in the smaller role, though she was still given top billing. While the film was financially successful, Time magazine panned it, calling it "a pretentious resurrection of Robert Louis Stevenson's ghoulish classic ... As for <mask>, fully clad for a change, and the rest of the cast ... they are as wooden as their roles." <mask> was then cast in the Western Honky Tonk (1941), the first of four

masks:
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Turner
Lana Turner
Turner


texts: films in which she would star opposite Clark Gable. The Turner-Gable films' successes were often heightened by gossip-column rumors about a relationship between the two.In January 1942, she began shooting her second picture with Gable, titled Somewhere I'll Find You; however, the production was halted for several weeks after the death of Gable's wife, Carole Lombard, in a plane crash. Meanwhile, the press continued to fuel rumors that <mask> and Gable were romantic offscreen, which <mask> vehemently denied. "I adored Mr. Gable, but we were [just] friends," she later recalled. "When six o'clock came, he went his way and I went mine." Her next project was Johnny Eager (1941), a violent mobster film in which she portrayed a socialite. James Agee of Time magazine was critical of co-star Robert Taylor's performance and noted: "<mask> is similarly handicapped: Metro has swathed her best assets in a toga, swears that she shall become an actress, or else. Under these adverse circumstances, stars Taylor and <mask> are working under wraps."At the advent of World War II, <mask>'s increasing prominence in Hollywood led to her becoming a popular pin-up girl, and her image appeared painted on the noses of U.S. fighter planes, bearing the nickname "Tempest <mask>". In June 1942, she embarked on a 10-week war-bond tour throughout the western United States with Gable. During the tour, she began promising kisses to the highest war bond buyers; while selling bonds at the Pioneer Courthouse in Portland, Oregon, she sold a $5,000 bond to a man for two kisses, and another to an elderly man for $50,000. Arriving to sell bonds in her hometown of Wallace, Idaho, she was greeted


texts: with a banner that read "Welcome home, <mask>", followed by a large celebration during which the mayor declared a holiday in her honor. Upon completing the tour, <mask> had sold $5.25 million in war bonds. Throughout the war, <mask> continued to make regular appearances at U.S. troop events and area bases, though she confided to friends that she found visiting the hospital wards of injured soldiers emotionally difficult. In July 1942, <mask> met her second husband, actor-turned-restaurateur Joseph Stephen "Steve" Crane, at a dinner party in Los Angeles.The two eloped to Las Vegas a week after they began dating. Their marriage was annulled by <mask> four months later upon discovering that Crane's previous divorce had not yet been finalized. After discovering she was pregnant in November 1942, <mask> remarried Crane in Tijuana in March 1943. During her early pregnancy, she filmed the comedy Marriage Is a Private Affair, in which she starred as a carefree woman struggling to balance her new life as a mother. Though she wanted multiple children, <mask> had Rh-negative blood, which caused fetal anemia and made it difficult to carry a child to term. <mask> was urged by doctors to undergo a therapeutic abortion to avoid potentially life-threatening complications, but she managed to carry the child to term. She gave birth to a daughter, Cheryl, on July 25, 1943.<mask>'s blood condition resulted in Cheryl being born with near-fatal erythroblastosis fetalis. Meanwhile, publicity over <mask>'s remarriage to Crane led MGM to play up her image as a sex symbol in Slightly Dangerous (1943), with Robert Young, Walter Brennan and Dame May Whitty, in which she portrayed a

masks: Lana Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner Turner


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 woman who moves to New York City and poses as the long-lost daughter of a millionaire. Released in the midst of <mask>'s pregnancy, the film was financially successful but received mixed reviews, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times writing: "No less than four Metro writers must have racked their brains for all of five minutes to think up the rags-to-riches fable ... Indeed, there is cause for suspicion that they didn't even bother to think." Critic Anita Loos praised <mask>'s performance in the film, writing: "<mask> typifies modern allure. She is the vamp of today as Theda Bara was of yesterday. However, she doesn't look like a vamp.She is far more deadly because she lets her audience relax." In August 1944, <mask> divorced Crane, citing his gambling and unemployment as primary reasons. A lifelong Democrat, she spent the remainder of the year campaigning for Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1944 presidential election. In 1945, she co-starred with Laraine Day and Susan Peters in Keep Your Powder Dry, a war drama about three disparate women who join the Women's Army Corps. She was then cast as the female lead in Week-End at the Waldorf, a loose remake of Grand Hotel (1932) in which she portrayed a stenographer (a role originated by Joan Crawford). The film was a box-office hit. 1946–1948: Expansion to dramatic roles

After the war, <mask> was cast in a lead role opposite John Garfield in The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), a film noir based on James M. Cain's debut novel of the same name.She portrayed Cora, an ambitious woman married to a stodgy, older owner of a roadside diner, who falls in love with a drifter and their desire to be together

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Turner
Lana Turner
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 motivates them to murder her husband. The classic film noir marked a turning point in <mask>'s career as her first femme fatale role. Reviews of the film, including <mask>'s performance, were glowing, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times writing it was "the role of her career". Life magazine named the film its "Movie of the Week" in April 1946, and noted that both <mask> and Garfield were "aptly cast" and "take over the screen, [creating] more fireworks than the Fourth of July". <mask> commented on her decision to take the role:

The Postman Always Rings Twice became a major box office success, which prompted the studio to take more risks on <mask>, casting her outside of the glamorous sex-symbol roles for which she had come to be known. In August 1946, it was announced she would replace Katharine Hepburn in the big-budget historical drama Green Dolphin Street (1947), a role for which she darkened her hair and lost 15 pounds. The film was produced by Carey Wilson, who insisted on casting <mask> based on her performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice.In the film, she portrayed the daughter of a wealthy patriarch who pursues a relationship with a man in love with her sister. <mask> later recalled she was surprised about replacing Hepburn, saying: "I'm about the most un-Hepburnish actress on the lot. But it was just what I wanted to do." It was her first starring role that did not center on her looks. In an interview, <mask> said: "I even go running around in the jungles of New Zealand in a dress that's filthy and ragged. I don't wear any make-up and my hair's a mess." Nevertheless, she insisted she would not give up her glamorous image.In the


texts: midst of filming Green Dolphin Street, <mask> began an affair with actor Tyrone Power, whom she considered to be the love of her life. She discovered she was pregnant with Power's child in the fall of 1947, but chose to have an abortion. During this time, she also had romantic affairs with Frank Sinatra and Howard Hughes, the latter of which lasted for 12 weeks in late 1946. <mask>'s next film was the romantic drama Cass Timberlane, in which she played a young woman in love with an older judge, a role for which Jennifer Jones, Vivien Leigh and Virginia Grey had also been considered. As of early 1946, <mask> was set for the role, but schedules with Green Dolphin Street almost prohibited her from taking it, and by late 1946, she was nearly recast. Production of Cass Timberlane was exhausting for <mask>, because it was shot in between retakes of Green Dolphin Street. Cass Timberlane earned <mask> favorable reviews, with Variety noting: "<mask> is the surprise of the picture via her top performance thespically.In a role that allows her the gamut from tomboy to the pangs of childbirth and from being another man's woman to remorseful wife, she seldom fails to acquit herself creditably." In August 1947, immediately upon completion of Cass Timberlane, <mask> agreed to appear as the female lead in the World War II-set romantic drama Homecoming (1948), in which she was again paired with Clark Gable, portraying a female army lieutenant who falls in love with an American surgeon (Gable). She was the studio's first choice for the role, but it was reluctant to offer her the part, considering her overbooked schedule. Homecoming was well received by audiences, and


texts:
 <mask> and Gable were nicknamed "the team that generates steam". By this period, <mask> was at the zenith of her film career, and was not only MGM's most popular star, but also one of the ten highest-paid women in the United States, with annual earnings of $226,000. 1948–1952: Studio rebranding and personal struggles
In late 1947, <mask> was cast as Lady de Winter in The Three Musketeers, her first Technicolor film. Around this time, she began dating Henry J."Bob" Topping Jr., a millionaire socialite and brother of New York Yankees owner Dan Topping, and a grandson of tin-plate magnate Daniel G. Reid. Topping proposed to her at the 21 Club in New York City by dropping a diamond ring into her martini, and they married shortly after in April 1948 at the Topping family mansion in Greenwich, Connecticut. <mask>'s wedding celebrations interfered with her filming schedule for The Three Musketeers, and she arrived to the set three days late. Studio head Louis B. Mayer threatened to suspend her contract, but <mask> managed to leverage her box-office draw with MGM to negotiate an expansion of her role in the film, as well as a salary increase amounting to $5,000 per week ($ in  dollars ). The Three Musketeers went on to become a box-office success, earning $4.5 million ($ in  dollars ), but <mask>'s contract was put on temporary suspension by Mayer after production finished. After the release of The Three Musketeers, <mask> discovered she was pregnant; in early 1949, she went into premature labor and gave birth to a stillborn baby boy in New York City. In 1949, <mask> was to star in A Life of Her Own (1950), a George Cukor-directed drama about a woman who aspires


texts: to be a model in New York City.The project was shelved for several months, and <mask> told journalists in December 1949: "Everybody agrees that the script is still a pile of junk. I'm anxious to get started. By the time this one comes out, it will be almost three years since I was last on the screen, in The Three Musketeers. I don't think it's healthy to stay off the screen that long." Though she was unenthusiastic about the screenplay, <mask> agreed to appear in the film after executives promised her suspension would be lifted upon doing so. A Life of Her Own was among the least successful of Cukor's films, receiving unfavorable reviews and low box-office sales. On May 24, 1950, <mask> left her handprints and footprints in cement in front of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.In response to the poor reception for A Life of Her Own, MGM attempted to rebrand <mask> by casting her in musicals. The first, Mr. Imperium, released in March 1951, was a box-office flop, and had <mask> starring as an American woman who is wooed by a European prince. "The script was stupid," she recalled. "I fought against doing the picture, but I lost." It earned her unfavorable reviews, with one critic from the St. Petersburg Times writing: "Without <mask>, Mr. Imperium ... would be a better picture." During this period, <mask>'s personal finances were in disarray, and she was facing bankruptcy. Suffering from chronic depression over her career and financial problems, she attempted suicide in September 1951 by slitting her wrists in a locked bathroom.She was saved by her business manager, Benton Cole, who broke down the bathroom door and called emergency medical services. The following

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Lana Turner
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 year, she began filming her second musical, The Merry Widow. During the shoot, <mask> began an affair with her co-star Fernando Lamas, which ended after Lamas physically assaulted her; the incident also caused Lamas to lose his MGM contract upon the production's completion. The Merry Widow proved more commercially successful than <mask>'s previous musical, Mr. Imperium, despite receiving unfavorable critical reviews. <mask>'s next project was opposite Kirk Douglas in Vincente Minnelli's The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), a drama focusing on the rise and fall of a Hollywood film mogul, in which <mask> portrayed an alcoholic movie star. The Bad and the Beautiful was both a critical and commercial success, and earned her favorable reviews. A little over a week before the film's release in December 1952, <mask> divorced her third husband, Bob Topping.She later claimed Topping's drinking problem and excessive gambling as her impetus for the divorce. Her next film project was Latin Lovers (1953), a romantic musical in which Lamas had originally been cast. He was replaced by Ricardo Montalbán. 1953–1957: MGM departure and film resurgence
In the spring of 1953, <mask> relocated to Europe for 18 months to make two films under a tax credit for American productions shot abroad. The films were Flame and the Flesh, in which she portrayed a manipulative woman who takes advantage of a musician, and Betrayed, an espionage thriller set in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands; the latter marked <mask>'s fourth and final film appearance opposite Clark Gable. In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote of Betrayed: "By the time this picture gets around to figuring out whether the


texts: betrayer is <mask> or Mr. Mature, it has taken the audience through such a lengthy and tedious amount of detail that it has not only frayed all possible tension but it has aggravated patience as well."Upon returning to the United States in September 1953, <mask> married actor Lex Barker, whom she had been dating since their first meeting at a party held by Marion Davies in the summer of 1952. In 1955, MGM's new studio head Dore Schary had <mask> star as a pagan temptress in the Biblical epic The Prodigal (1955), her first CinemaScope feature. She was reluctant to appear in the film because of the character's scanty, "atrocious" costumes and "stupid" lines, and during the shoot struggled to get along with co-star Edmund Purdom, whom she later described as "a young man with a remarkably high opinion of himself". Variety deemed the film "a big-scale spectacle ...End result of all this flamboyant polish, however, is only fair entertainment." <mask> was next cast in John Farrow's The Sea Chase (1955), an adventure film starring John Wayne, in which she portrayed a femme fatale spy aboard a ship. The film, released one month after The Prodigal, was a commercial success. MGM then gave <mask> the titular role of Diane de Poitiers in the period drama Diane (1956), which had originally been optioned by the studio in the 1930s for Greta Garbo.After completing Diane, <mask> was loaned to 20th Century-Fox to headline The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), a remake of The Rains Came (1939), playing the wife of an aristocrat in the British Raj opposite Richard Burton. The production was rushed to accommodate a Christmas release and was completed in only three months, but it

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texts: received unfavorable reviews from critics. Meanwhile, Diane was given a test screening in late December 1955, and was met with poor response from audiences. Though an elaborate marketing campaign was crafted to promote the film, it was a box-office flop, and MGM announced in February 1956 that it was opting not to renew <mask>'s contract. <mask> gleefully told a reporter at the time that she was "walking around in a daze. I've been sprung. After 18 years at MGM, I'm a free agent ...I used to go on a bended knee to the front office and say, please give me a decent story.I'll work for nothing, just give me a good story. So what happened? The last time I begged for a good story they gave me The Prodigal." At the time of her contract termination, <mask>'s films had earned the studio more than $50 million. In 1956, <mask> discovered she was pregnant with Barker's child, but gave birth to a stillborn baby girl seven months into the pregnancy. In July 1957, she filed for divorce from Barker after her daughter Cheryl alleged that he had regularly molested and raped her over the course of their marriage. According to Cheryl, <mask> confronted Barker before forcing him out of their home at gunpoint.Weeks after her divorce, <mask> began filming 20th Century-Fox's Peyton Place, in which she had been cast in the lead role of Constance MacKenzie, a New England mother struggling to maintain a relationship with her teenage daughter. The film, directed by Mark Robson, was adapted from Grace Metalious' best-selling novel of the same name. Released in December 1957, Peyton Place was a major blockbuster success, which worked in <mask>'s favor as she had agreed to take a


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 percentage of the film's overall earnings instead of a salary. She also received critical acclaim, with Variety noting that "<mask> looks elegant" and "registers strongly", and, for the first and only time, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Though grateful for the nomination, <mask> would later state that she felt it was not "one of my better roles". 1958–1959: Johnny Stompanato homicide scandal

In January 1958, Paramount Pictures released The Lady Takes a Flyer, a romantic comedy in which <mask> portrayed a female pilot. While shooting the film the previous spring, she had begun receiving phone calls and flowers on the set from mobster Johnny Stompanato, using the name "John Steele".Stompanato had close ties to the Los Angeles underworld and gangster Mickey Cohen, which he feared would dissuade her from dating him. He pursued <mask> aggressively, sending her various gifts. <mask> was "thoroughly intrigued" and began casually dating him. After a friend informed her of who Stompanato actually was, she confronted him and tried to break off the affair. Stompanato was not easily deterred, and over the course of the following year, they carried on a relationship filled with violent arguments, physical abuse and repeated reconciliations. <mask> would also claim that on one occasion he drugged her and took nude photographs of her while unconscious, potentially to use as blackmail. In September 1957, Stompanato visited <mask> in London, where she was filming Another Time, Another Place, co-starring Sean Connery.Their meeting was initially happy, but they soon began fighting. Stompanato became suspicious when <mask> would not allow him to


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 visit the set and, during one fight, he violently choked her. To avoid further confrontation, <mask> and her makeup artist, Del Armstrong, called Scotland Yard in order to have Stompanato deported. Stompanato got wind of the plan and showed up on the set with a gun, threatening her and Connery. Connery answered by grabbing the gun out of Stompanato's hand and twisting his wrist, causing him to run off the set. <mask> and Armstrong later returned with two Scotland Yard detectives to the rented house where she and Stompanato were staying. The detectives advised Stompanato to leave and escorted him out of the house and to the airport, where he boarded a plane back to the U.S.

On the evening of March 26, 1958, <mask> attended the Academy Awards to observe her nomination for Peyton Place and present the award for Best Supporting Actor.Stompanato, angered that he did not attend with her, awaited her return home that evening, whereupon he physically assaulted her. Around 8:00 p.m. on Friday, April 4, Stompanato arrived at <mask>'s rented home at 730 North Bedford Drive in Beverly Hills. The two began arguing heatedly in the bedroom, during which Stompanato threatened to kill <mask>, her daughter Cheryl and her mother. Fearing that her mother's life was in danger, Cheryl - who had been watching television in an adjacent room - grabbed a kitchen knife and ran to <mask>'s defense. According to testimony provided by <mask>, Stompanato died at the scene when Cheryl, who had been listening to the couple's fight behind the closed door, stabbed Stompanato in the stomach when <mask> attempted to usher him out of the bedroom. <mask> testified that she initially believed

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texts: Cheryl had punched him, but realized Stompanato had been stabbed when he collapsed and she saw blood on his shirt. Because of <mask>'s fame and the fact that the killing involved her teenage daughter, the case quickly became a media sensation.More than 100 reporters and journalists attended the April 12, 1958 inquest, described by attendees as "near-riotous". After four hours of testimony and approximately 25 minutes of deliberation, the jury deemed the killing a justifiable homicide. Cheryl remained a temporary ward of the court until April 24, when a juvenile court hearing was held, during which the judge expressed concerns over her receiving "proper parental supervision". She was ultimately released to the care of her grandmother, and was ordered to regularly visit a psychiatrist alongside her parents. Though <mask> and her daughter were exonerated of any wrongdoing, public opinion on the event was varied, with numerous publications intimating that <mask>'s testimony at the inquest was a performance; Life magazine published a photo of <mask> testifying in court along with stills of her in courtroom scenes from three of her films. The scandal also coincided with the release of Another Time, Another Place, and the film was met with poor box-office receipts and a lackluster critical response. Stompanato's family sought a wrongful death suit of $750,000 in damages against both <mask> and her ex-husband, Steve Crane.In the suit, Stompanato's son alleged that <mask> had been responsible for his death, and that her daughter had taken the blame. The suit was settled out of court for a reported $20,000 in May 1962. A 1962 novel by Harold Robbins entitled Where


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 Love Has Gone and its subsequent film adaptation were inspired by the event. 1959–1965: Financial successes
In the wake of negative publicity related to Stompanato's death, <mask> accepted the lead role in Ross Hunter's remake of Imitation of Life (1959) under the direction of Douglas Sirk. She portrayed a struggling stage actress who makes personal sacrifices to further her career. The production was difficult for <mask> given the recent events of her personal life, and she suffered a panic attack on the first day of filming. Her co-star Juanita Moore recalled that <mask> cried for three days after filming a scene in which Moore's character dies.When she returned to the set, "her face was so swollen, she couldn't work", Moore said. Released in the spring of 1959, Imitation of Life was among the year's biggest successes, and the biggest of <mask>'s career; by opting to receive 50% of the film's earnings rather than receiving a salary, she earned more than two million dollars. Imitation of Life made more than $50 million in box office receipts. Reviews were mixed, although Variety praised her performance, writing: "<mask> plays a character of changing moods, and her changes are remarkably effective, as she blends love and understanding, sincerity and ambition. The growth of maturity is reflected neatly in her distinguished portrayal." Critics and audiences could not help noticing that the plots of Peyton Place and Imitation of Life both seemed to mirror certain parts of <mask>'s private life, resulting in comparisons she found painful. Both films depicted the troubled, complicated relationship between a single mother and her teenage daughter.During this


texts: time, <mask>'s daughter Cheryl privately came out as a lesbian to her parents, who were both supportive of her. Despite this, Cheryl ran away from home multiple times and the press wrote about her rebelliousness. Worried she was still suffering from the trauma of Stompanato's death, <mask> sent Cheryl to the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. Shortly before the release of Imitation of Life in the spring of 1959, <mask> was cast in a lead role in Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder, but walked off the set over a wardrobe disagreement, effectively dropping out of the production. She was replaced by Lee Remick. Instead, <mask> took a lead role as a disturbed socialite in the film noir Portrait in Black (1960) opposite Anthony Quinn and Sandra Dee, which was a box-office success despite bad reviews. Ray Duncan of the Independent Star-News wrote that <mask> "suffers prettily through it all, like a fashion model with a tight-fitting shoe".In November 1960, <mask> married her fifth husband, Frederick "Fred" May, a rancher and member of the May department-store family whom she had met at a beach party in Malibu shortly after filming Imitation of Life. <mask> moved in with him on his ranch in Chino, California, where the two took care of horses and other animals. The following year, she made her final film at MGM with Bob Hope in Bachelor in Paradise (1961), a romantic comedy about an investigative writer (Hope) working on a book about the wives of a lavish California community; the film received a mostly positive critical reception. Upon completing filming, <mask> collected the remaining $92,000 from her pension fund with MGM. The same year, she


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 starred in By Love Possessed (1961), based on a bestselling novel by James Gould Cozzens. The film became the first in-flight movie to be shown on a regular basis on a scheduled airline flight when TWA showed it to its first-class passengers. In mid-1962, <mask> filmed Who's Got the Action?, a comedy in which she portrayed the wife of a gambling addict opposite Dean Martin.In September of that year, <mask> and May separated, divorcing shortly after in October. They remained friends throughout her later life. In 1965, she met Hollywood producer and businessman Robert Eaton, who was ten years her junior, through business associates. The two married in June of that year at his family's home in Arlington, Virginia. 1966–1985: Later films, television and theatre

In 1966, <mask> had her last major starring role in the courtroom drama film Madame X, based on the 1904 play by Alexandre Bisson, in which <mask> portrayed a lower-class woman who marries into a wealthy family. A review in the Chicago Tribune praised her performance, noting: "when she takes the stand in the final (with Keir Dullea) courtroom scene, her face resembling a dust bowl victory garden, it's the most devastating denouement since Barbara Fritchie poked her head out the window." Kaspar Monahan of the Pittsburgh Press lauded her performance, writing: "Her performance, I think, is far and away her very best, even rating Oscar consideration in next year's Academy Award race, unless the culture snobs gang up against her."The role earned <mask> a David di Donatello Golden Plaque Award for Best Foreign Actress that year. In late 1968, she began filming the low-budget thriller The Big Cube,  in

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texts: which she portrayed a glamorous heiress being dosed with LSD by her stepdaughter in hopes of driving her insane and receiving the family estate. One critic deemed <mask>'s acting in the film "strained and amateurish", and declared it "one of her poorest performances". In April 1969, <mask> filed for divorce from Eaton after four years of marriage upon discovering he had been unfaithful to her. Weeks later, on May 9, 1969, she married Ronald Pellar, a nightclub hypnotist whom she had met at a Los Angeles disco. According to <mask>, Pellar (also known as Ronald Dante or Dr. Dante) falsely claimed to have been raised in Singapore and to have a Ph.D. in psychology. With few film offers coming in, <mask> signed on to appear in the television series Harold Robbins' The Survivors.Premiering in September 1969, the series was given a major national marketing campaign, with billboards featuring life-sized images of <mask>. Despite ABC's extensive publicity campaign and the presence of other big-name stars, the program fared badly, and it was canceled halfway into the season after a 15-week run in 1970. Meanwhile, after six months of marriage, <mask> discovered Pellar had stolen $35,000 she had given him for an investment. In addition, she later accused him of stealing $100,000 worth of jewelry from her. Pellar denied the accusations and no charges were filed against him. She filed for divorce in January 1970, after which she claimed to be celibate for the remainder of her life. <mask> married a total of eight times to seven different husbands, and later famously said: "My goal was to have one husband and seven children, but it turned out to be the other way


texts: around."<mask> returned to feature films with a lead role in the 1974 British horror film Persecution, in which she played a disturbed wealthy woman tormenting her son. Variety noted of her performance: "Under the circumstances, <mask>'s performance as Carrie, the perverted dame of the English manor, has reasonable poise." In April 1975, <mask> spoke at a retrospective gala in New York City examining her career, which was attended by Andy Warhol, Sylvia Miles, Rex Reed and numerous fans. Her next film was Bittersweet Love (1976), a romantic comedy in which she portrayed the mother of a woman who unwittingly marries her half-brother. Lawrence Van Gelder of The New York Times wrote that the film served "as a reminder that <mask> was never one of our subtler actresses". In the early 1970s, <mask> transitioned to theater, beginning with a production of Forty Carats, which toured various East Coast cities in 1971. A review in The Philadelphia Inquirer noted: "Miss <mask> always could wear clothes well, and her Forty Carats is a fashion show in the guise of a frothy, little comedy.It wasn't much of a play even when Julie Harris was doing it, and it all but disappears under the old-time Hollywood glamor of <mask>'s star presence." In 1975, <mask> gave a single performance as Jessica Poole in The Pleasure of His Company opposite Louis Jourdan at the Arlington Park Theater in Chicago. From 1976 to 1978, she starred in a touring production of Bell, Book and Candle, playing Gillian Holroyd. Critic Elaine Matas noted of a 1977 performance that <mask> was "brilliant" and "the bright spot in an otherwise mediocre play". In the fall of 1978, she appeared in a Chicago

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texts: production of Divorce Me, Darling, an original play in which she portrayed a San Francisco divorce attorney. During rehearsals, a stagehand told reporters that <mask> was "the hardest working broad I've known". Richard Christiansen of the Chicago Tribune praised her performance, writing that, "though she is still a very nervous and inexpert actress, she is giving by far her most winning performance".Between 1979 and 1980, <mask> returned to theater, appearing in Murder Among Friends, a murder-mystery play that showed in various U.S. cities. During this time, <mask> was in the midst of a self-described "downhill slide". She was suffering from an alcohol addiction that had begun in the late 1950s, was missing performances and weighed only . In 1980, <mask> made her final feature-film appearance alongside Teri Garr in the comedy horror film Witches' Brew. The same year, she had what she referred to as a "religious awakening", and again began practicing her Catholic faith. On October 25, 1981, the National Film Society presented <mask> with an Artistry in Cinema award. In December 1981, it was announced that <mask> would appear as the mysterious Jacqueline Perrault in an episode of Falcon Crest, marking her first television role in 12 years.Her appearance was a ratings success, and her character returned for an additional five episodes. In January 1982, <mask> reprised her role in Murder Among Friends, which toured throughout the U.S. that year; paired with Bob Fosse's Dancin', the play earned a combined gross of $400,000 during one week at Pittsburgh's Heinz Hall in June 1982. In September, <mask> released an autobiography entitled <mask>: The Lady, the

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 Legend, the Truth. She subsequently guest-starred on an episode of The Love Boat in 1985, which marked her final on-screen appearance. 1986–1995: Illness and death
<mask> was a regular drinker and cigarette smoker for most of her life. During her contract with MGM, photographs that showed her holding cigarettes had to be airbrushed at the studio's request in an effort to conceal her smoking. In her early 60s, <mask> stopped drinking to preserve her health, but she was unable to quit smoking.She was diagnosed with throat cancer in the spring of 1992. In a press release, she stated that the cancer had been detected early and had not damaged her vocal cords or larynx. She underwent exploratory surgery to remove the cancer, but it had metastasized to her jaw and lungs. After undergoing radiation therapy, <mask> announced that she was in full remission in early 1993. The cancer was found to have returned in July 1994. In September 1994, <mask> made her final public appearance at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in Spain to accept a Lifetime Achievement Award, and was confined to a wheelchair for much of the event. She died nine months later at the age of 74 on June 29, 1995, of complications from the cancer, at her home in Century City, Los Angeles, with her daughter by her side.According to Cheryl, <mask>'s death was a "total shock", as she had appeared to be in better health and had recently completed seven weeks of radiation therapy. <mask>'s remains were cremated and given to Cheryl. Multiple accounts have the ashes still in Cheryl's possession, while other accounts say the ashes were scattered in the ocean, but which ocean and location


texts:
 varies by the sources. Cheryl and her life partner Joyce LeRoy, whom <mask> said she accepted "as a second daughter", inherited some of <mask>'s personal effects and $50,000 in <mask>'s will. Her estate was estimated in court documents to be worth $1.7 million. <mask> left the majority of her estate to her maid, Carmen Lopez Cruz, who had been her companion for 45 years and caregiver during her final illness. Cheryl challenged the will, and Cruz said that the majority of the estate was consumed by probate costs, legal fees and medical expenses.Public and screen persona

When <mask> was discovered, MGM executive Mervyn LeRoy envisioned her as a replacement for the recently deceased Jean Harlow and began developing her image as a sex symbol. In They Won't Forget (1937) and Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938), she embodied an "innocent sexuality" portraying ingénues. Film historian Jeanine Basinger notes that she "represented the girl who'd rather sit on the diving board to show off her figure than get wet in the water ... the girl who'd rather kiss than kibbitz". In her early films, <mask> did not color her auburn hair—see Dancing Co-Ed (1939), in which she was billed "the red-headed sensation who brought "it" back to the screen". 1941's Ziegfeld Girl was the first film to showcase <mask> with [[Blond#Varieties %3c/span>|platinum blonde]] hair, which she wore for much of the remainder of her life and for which she came to be known. After <mask>'s first marriage in 1940, columnist Louella Parsons wrote: "If <mask> will behave herself and not go completely berserk she is headed for a top spot in motion pictures. She is the most glamorous actress since Jean

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texts: Harlow."She also likened her to Clara Bow, adding: "Both of them, trusting and lovable, use their hearts instead of their heads. <mask> ... has always acted hastily and been guided more by her own ideas than by any advance any studio gave her." By the mid-1940s, <mask> had been married and divorced three times, had given birth to her daughter Cheryl and had numerous publicized affairs. However, her image in 1946's The Postman Always Rings Twice marked a departure from her strictly-sex symbol screen persona to that of a full-fledged femme fatale. By the 1950s, both critics and audiences began noting parallels between <mask>'s rocky personal life and the roles she played. The likeness was most evident in Peyton Place and Imitation of Life, both films in which <mask> portrayed single mothers struggling to maintain relationships with their teenage daughters. Film scholar Richard Dyer cites <mask> as an example of one of Hollywood's earliest stars whose publicized private life perceptibly inflected their careers: "Her career is marked by an unusually, even spectacularly, high degree of interpenetration between her publicly available private life and her films ... not only do her vehicles furnish characters and situations in accord with her off-screen image, but frequently incidents in them echo incidents in her life so that by the end of her career films like Peyton Place, Imitation of Life, Madame X and Love Has Many Faces seem in parts like mere illustrations of her life."Basinger echoes similar sentiments, noting that <mask> was often "cast only in roles that were symbolic of what the public knew—or thought they knew—of her life from headlines she made as

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 a person, not as a movie character ... Her person became her persona." In addition, Basinger credits <mask> as the first mainstream female star to "take the male prerogative openly for herself", publicly indulging in romances and affairs that in turn fueled the publicity surrounding her. Film scholar Jessica Hope Jordan considers <mask> an "implosion" of both a "real-life image and star image" and suggests that she utilized one to mask the other, thus rendering her representative of the "ultimate femme fatale". Columnist Dorothy Kilgallen took note of the intersections between <mask>'s life and screen persona early in her career, writing in 1946:

Historians have cited <mask> as one of the most glamorous film stars of all time, an association that was made both during her lifetime and after her death. Commenting on her image, she once told a journalist: "Forsaking glamour is like forsaking my identity. It's an image I've worked too hard to obtain and preserve."Michael Gordon, who directed <mask> in Portrait in Black, remembered her as "a very talented actress whose chief reliability was what I regarded as impoverished taste ... <mask> was not a dummy, and she would give me wonderful rationalizations why she should wear pendant earrings. They had nothing to do with the role, but they had to do with her particular self-image." According to her daughter, <mask>'s obsessive attention to detail often resulted in dressmakers storming out during dress fittings. No matter the setting, <mask> also took care to ensure she was always "camera-ready", wearing jewelry and makeup even while lounging in sweatpants. <mask> often purchased her favorite styles of shoes in

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 every available color, at one time accumulating 698 pairs. She favored the designers Salvatore Ferragamo, Jean Louis, Helen Rose and Nolan Miller. Film historians Joe Morella and Edward Epstein have observed that, unlike many female stars, <mask> "wasn't resented by female fans", and that women made up a large part of her fan base in later years.<mask> maintained her glamorous image into her late career; a 1966 film review characterized her as "the glitter and glamour of Hollywood". While she consistently embraced her glamorous persona, she was also vocal about her dedication to acting and attained a reputation as a versatile, hard-working performer. She was an admirer of Bette Davis, whom she cited as her favorite actress. Legacy

<mask> has been noted by historians as a sex symbol, a popular culture icon and "a symbol of the American Dream fulfilled ... Because of her, being discovered at a soda fountain has become almost as cherished an ideal as being born in a log cabin." Critic Leonard Maltin noted in 2005 that <mask> "came to crystallize the opulent heights to which show business could usher a small-town girl, as well as its darkest, most tragic and narcissistic depths". She has also been cited by scholars as a gay icon because of her glamorous persona and triumphs over personal struggles. While discussions surrounding <mask> have largely been based on her cultural prevalence, little scholarly study has been undertaken on her career, and opinion of her legacy as an actress has divided critics.Upon <mask>'s death, John Updike wrote in The New Yorker that she "was a faded period piece, an old-fashioned glamour queen whose fifty-four films, over four


texts: decades didn't amount, retrospectively to much ... As a performer, she was purely a studio-made product." Defenders of <mask>'s acting ability, such as Jessica Hope Jordan and James Robert Parish, cite her performance in The Postman Always Rings Twice as an argument for the value of her work. <mask>'s role in the film has also caused her to be frequently associated with film noir and the femme fatale archetype in critical circles. In a 1973 Films in Review retrospective on her career, <mask> was referred to as "a master of the motion picture technique and a hardworking craftsman". Jeanine Basinger has similarly championed <mask>'s acting, writing of her performance in The Bad and the Beautiful: "None of the sex symbols who have been touted as actresses—not Hayworth or Gardner or Taylor or Monroe—have ever given such a fine performance." Because of the intersections between <mask>'s high-profile, glamorous persona, and storied, often troubled personal life, she is included in critical discussions about the Hollywood studio system, specifically its capitalization on its stars' private travails. Basinger considers her the "epitome of the Hollywood machine-made stardom".<mask> has also been cited in scholarly discussions of women's sexuality. <mask> has been depicted and referenced in numerous works across literature, film, music and art. She was the subject of the poem "<mask> has collapsed" by Frank O'Hara, and was depicted as a minor character in James Ellroy's novel L.A. Confidential (1990). The Stompanato murder and its aftermath were also the basis of the Harold Robbins novel Where Love Has Gone (1962). In popular music, <mask> was referenced in songs


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 recorded by Nina Simone and Frank Sinatra, and was the source of the stage name of singer-songwriter <mask> Rey. In 2002, artist Eloy Torrez included <mask> in an outdoor mural, Portrait of Hollywood, painted on the auditorium of Hollywood High School, her alma mater.<mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6241 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2012, Complex named her the eighth-most infamous actress of all time. Filmography and credits

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 <mask> media archive at the University of Alabama

1921 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Idaho
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from San Francisco
American film actresses
20th-century American memoirists
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American radio actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Catholics from Idaho
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Protestantism
David di Donatello winners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
California Democrats
Idaho Democrats
Glamour models
Hollywood High School alumni
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from Shoshone County, Idaho
People from Wallace, Idaho
Former

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<mask> (; born 12 September 1960) is a Greek composer and pianist. He has performed in theaters and auditoriums all around the world, including the Concertgebouw, the Belém Cultural Center (Portugal and Brazil), the Royal Theater Carré, the Athens Concert Hall, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus. Early life
<mask> was born in Athens and showed a passion for music in his early youth. At the age of 4, although unaware of musical notation, he had the ability of memorizing pieces of classical music with great ease and reproducing them on the piano almost intact. He began his studies at the Athens Conservatoire under the guidance of  the late Marika Papaioannou and the instruction of Phoebe Vallinda. After receiving his diploma in piano, he traveled to Paris to continue his studies – thanks to a fellowship from the French government – next to internationally renowned pianist Yvonne Lefébure. He simultaneously attended courses in composition, orchestration, conducting and cinema music.These included classes by Pierre Boulez, Astor Piazzolla and other acclaimed music masters. While in Paris, Stefanos became acquainted with famous Argentinian pianist, Martha Argerich and was joined by ties of friendship and mutual artistic appreciation. It was thanks to Martha that Stefanos dream to meet the great Vladimir Horowitz came true. In his short apprenticeship with Horowitz, Stefanos learned about the true value of music as well as techniques that only a master of that caliber could transfuse. By that time Stefanos completed his studies at the Conservatoire de Paris and the École Normale de Musique de Paris he achieved the first prize for modern ballet composition at the Val-de-Marne International Music Festival. He kept on performing around the world with a repertory consisting mainly of his own works as well as works by great Russian composers, such as Alexander Scriabin and Sergei Prokofiev. His performances were received with much enthusiasm and received excellent critiques, which continue

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Stefanos Korkolis
Stefanos