texts:
 2:20 a.m, and <mask> perished along with more than 1500 others. His body was never recovered. Death
<mask> was reportedly last seen by John Stewart, a steward on the ship, after approximately 2:05 a.m. <mask> was standing alone in the 1st-class smoking room with his arms folded, his lifebelt lying on a nearby table. Stewart asked him: "Aren't you going to have a try for it, Mr. <mask>?" <mask> didn't answer or move, apparently in a state of shock. Walter Lord suggested that he was staring at a Norman Wilkinson painting over the fire place that depicted the entrance to Plymouth Sound, which Titanic had been expected to visit on her return voyage.This led to popular belief that <mask> may have made no attempt to escape and waited in the smoking room for the end. Although this has become one of the most famous stories of the Titanic disaster – published in a 1912 book (<mask>: Shipbuilder by Shan Bullock) and thereby perpetuated – there is circumstantial evidence to show that Stewart, in fact, left the ship in lifeboat No. 15 at approximately 1:40 a.m., half an hour before his reputed sighting of <mask>. In <mask>: Shipbuilder, Bullock wrote that <mask> likely stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts, then continued assisting with the evacuation. Bullock even discussed several other very later sightings of <mask> after that moment. Another sighting of <mask> was around 2:00 a.m., where he was seen on the back of the boat deck. The crowd had begun to stir, but some women remained reluctant to leave the ship.To be heard and to draw attention to himself, <mask> waved his arms and called to them in a loud voice. This didn't do anything, so he began frantically throwing deck chairs into the ocean for people to use as floatation devices. Bullock also

masks:
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews


type: original

texts:
 said that <mask> was seen, carrying a lifebelt, possibly the same lifebelt that was lying on the table in the smoking room, heading to the bridge, perhaps in search of Captain Smith. In addition, mess steward Cecil Fitzpatrick claimed to have seen <mask> and Captain Smith together on the bridge just a few minutes before the ship began its final plunge, and that both men jumped overboard just before the bridge was submerged. Legacy

On 19 April 1912, his father received a telegram from his mother's cousin, who had spoken with survivors in New York: "INTERVIEW WITH TITANIC'S OFFICERS. ALL UNANIMOUS THAT ANDREWS DIED A HEROIC DEATH, THINKING ONLY OF OTHER'S SAFETY. EXTEND HEARTFELT SYMPATHY TO ALL."Newspaper accounts of the disaster labelled <mask> a hero. Mary Sloan, a stewardess on the ship, whom <mask> persuaded to enter a lifeboat, later wrote in a letter: "Mr. <mask> met his fate like a true hero, realising the great danger, and gave up his life to save the women and children of the Titanic. They will find it hard to replace him." A short biography was produced within the year by Shan Bullock at the request of Sir Horace Plunkett, a member of Parliament, who felt that <mask>' life was worthy of being memorialised. In his home town, Comber, one of the earliest and most substantial memorials for a single victim of the Titanic disaster was built. The <mask> Jr. Memorial Hall was opened in January 1914. The architects were Young and McKenzie with sculpted work by the artist Sophia Rosamond Praeger.The hall is now maintained by the South Eastern Education Board and used by The Andrews Memorial Primary School. An Ulster History Circle blue plaque is located on his house in Windsor Avenue, Belfast. Today, the SS Nomadic is the sole surviving ship designed by <mask>, and

masks:
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Andrews


texts:
 Asteroid 245158 Thomasandrews was named in his honour in 2004. Family
After <mask>'s death, Helen remarried; she died 22 August 1966 in Northern Ireland and is buried in the Barbour family mausoleum at Lambeg. Portrayals

Patrick Macnee (1956; Kraft Television Theatre; A Night to Remember)
Michael Goodliffe (1958; A Night to Remember)
Geoffrey Whitehead (1979; S.O.S. Titanic; TV Movie)
Victor Garber (1997; Titanic)
Michael Cerveris (1997; Titanic; Broadway Musical)
Vern Urich (1998; Titanic: Secrets Revealed; TV Documentary)
Don Lynch (2003; Ghosts of the Abyss; Documentary)
Damian O'Hare (2005; Titanic: Birth of a Legend; TV Documentary)
Paul Mundell (2011; Curiosity Episode: "What Sank Titanic?") Stephen Campbell Moore (2012; Titanic; TV series/3 episodes)
Billy Carter (2012; Titanic: Blood and Steel; TV series/12 episodes)
Nick Danan (2012; The Titanic Boys; Stage Production- Grand Opera House, Belfast)
Stephen Hogan (2012; Saving The Titanic; PBS TV Movie)
Robert Bagdon (2013; Belfast Air; Short Film)
Greg Castiglioni (2013; Titanic (musical) (London premier) & 2015; (Toronto); directed by Thom Southerland)
Kazuki Kato (2015; Titanic; Japanese Musical; directed by Thom Sutherland)

Bibliography
<mask>, shipbuilder (Dublin ; and London : Maunsel and company, ltd, 1912.)References

External links

<mask> on Titanic-Titanic.com
Encyclopedia Titanica Biography of <mask>
LibraryIreland.com, "<mask> Shipbuilder", a 1912 biography of <mask>

1873 births
1912 deaths
1910s missing person cases
19th-century Presbyterians
20th-century Presbyterians
19th-century British businesspeople
British naval architects
People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
People from Comber
Ulster Scots people
Deaths on the RMS Titanic
British Presbyterians
British people of

masks:
Thomas
Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews


texts:
<mask> (born November 12, 1983), also known by his Reddit username spez (), is an American web developer and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and CEO of Reddit, a social news and discussion website, which ranks in the top 20 websites in the world. He also co-founded the airfare search-engine website Hipmunk. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Warrenton, Virginia. At age 8, he began programming computers. He graduated in 2001 from Wakefield School in The Plains, Virginia. At the University of Virginia (UVA), he studied computer science, graduating in 2005.Career
During spring break of his senior year at UVA, Huffman and college roommate Alexis Ohanian drove to Boston, Massachusetts, to attend a lecture delivered by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham. Huffman and Ohanian talked with Graham after the lecture and he invited them to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Huffman came up with their original idea, My Mobile Menu, which was intended to allow users to order food by SMS. The idea was rejected, but Graham asked Huffman and Ohanian to meet him in Boston to pitch another idea for a start-up; it was at this brainstorming session that the idea for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet" was created. Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Huffman coded the entire site in Lisp. He and Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005, funded by Y Combinator.The site's audience grew rapidly in its first few months, and by August 2005, Huffman noticed their habitual user-base had grown so large that he no longer needed to fill the front page with content himself. At 23, Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million. Huffman

masks:
Steve Huffman
Steve Huffman


texts: remained with Reddit until 2009, when he left his role as acting CEO. Huffman spent several months backpacking in Costa Rica before co-creating the travel website Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, an author and software developer, in 2010. Funded by Y Combinator, Hipmunk launched in August 2010 with Huffman serving as CTO. In 2011, Inc. named Huffman to its 30 under 30 list. In 2014, Huffman said that his decision to sell Reddit had been a mistake, and that the site's growth had exceeded his expectations.On July 10, 2015, Reddit hired Huffman as CEO following the resignation of Ellen Pao and during a particularly difficult time for the company. Upon rejoining the company, Huffman's top goals included launching Reddit's iOS and Android apps, fixing Reddit's mobile website, and creating A/B testing infrastructure. Since returning to Reddit, Huffman instituted a number of technological improvements including a better mobile experience and stronger infrastructure, as well as new content guidelines. These included a ban on content that incites violence, quarantining some material users might find offensive, and removing communities "that exist solely to ... make Reddit worse for everyone else". Shortly after returning, Huffman wrote that "neither Alexis nor I created reddit to be a bastion of free speech, but rather as a place where open and honest discussion can happen." In a 2012 interview, Ohanian had used the same phrase to describe Reddit, as noted by The New Yorker and The Verge. Huffman also worked to make the site more advertiser-friendly and led efforts to host video and images on site.In late 2016, Huffman was the focus of controversy for altering posts on a subreddit popular with supporters of Donald Trump, /r/The_Donald.


texts:
 Following criticism from Reddit users, he undid the change and issued an apology. Beginning in 2017, Huffman led the redesign of Reddit's website with its first major visual update in a decade. Huffman said the site had looked like a "dystopian Craigslist" whose outdated look deterred new users. Development of the new site took more than a year, and the redesign launched in April 2018. In 2020, Fortune magazine included him in their '40 Under 40' listing in the technology category. Controversies and criticism

Comment modification controversy

On November 23, 2016, a member of a subreddit dedicated to Donald Trump, /r/The_Donald, posted evidence indicating that Reddit administrators had modified multiple user comments inside the subreddit.Following this post Huffman took responsibility for the comment modifications, writing that “Our community team is pretty pissed at me, so I most assuredly won’t do this again.” His administrative modifications involved changing one specific insulting phrase, in several comments, to make them appear as if the insults were directed toward the moderators of the subreddit instead of him. In a Reddit post Huffman wrote that he "messed with" some of the comments but that he "restored the original comments after less than an hour." On November 30, 2016, Huffman announced that sticky posts from /r/The_Donald would no longer show up on r/all, stating that the community's moderators were abusing the feature in order to "slingshot posts into r/all, often in a manner that is antagonistic to the rest of the community." Black Lives Matter

On June 1, 2020, Huffman published an open letter as Reddit's CEO, titled "Remember to be Human - Black lives matter", which addressed the topic of racism on the


texts:
 platform. Former Reddit CEO Ellen Pao called out Huffman's letter with a tweet on her official Twitter profile, saying that Reddit had long condoned racism and that the platform "monetizes white supremacy". The popular NBA and NFL subreddits agreed with Pao, obscuring their sections for 24 hours. Alexis Ohanian resigned on June 5, 2020, asking to be replaced by a Black director and urging the company to finally ban Hate Speech and Hate Communities on Reddit in an open letter.Net neutrality activism
Huffman is an advocate for net neutrality rules. In 2017, Huffman told The New York Times that without net neutrality protections, "you give internet service providers the ability to choose winners and losers". On Reddit, Huffman urged redditors to express support for net neutrality and contact their elected representatives in Washington, D.C. Huffman said that the repeal of net neutrality rules stifles competition. He said he and Reddit would continue to advocate for net neutrality. Personal life
Huffman lives in San Francisco, California. He mentors aspiring programmers at coding bootcamps including Hackbright Academy. Huffman was an instructor for e-learning courses on web development by Udacity.He is on the board of advisors for the Anti-Defamation League's Center for Technology and Society. Huffman is a ballroom dancer. At UVA, Huffman competed in intercollegiate competitions. Huffman married in 2009 but is now divorced. References

External links

 Reddit account

1983 births
Living people
Reddit people
American technology company founders
American technology chief executives
American computer businesspeople
American computer programmers
University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Web


texts:
<mask> (August 14, 1930 – October 26, 2001) was an American businessman and politician most notable for his long service as a member of the United States House of Representatives in New York. A veteran of the United States Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve, and a successful insurance and investment broker, <mask> entered politics as a Democrat when he was elected town supervisor of Queensbury in 1968. He became a Republican in his first term, and won election to the New York State Assembly as a Republican in 1972. After three terms in the Assembly, <mask> won election to the U.S. House. He became a high-profile advocate on defense and veterans' issues, and was best known for passage of his Solomon Amendment, which prohibited federal funding to colleges and universities that banned military recruiters from their campuses. After Republicans won control of the House in the 1994 elections, <mask> challenged Newt Gingrich for Speaker, but withdrew when it became clear that Gingrich had the support of majority of the Republican caucus. <mask> became chairman of the House Rules Committee, a post he held from 1995 until retiring from the House in 1999.He was succeeded by fellow Republican John E. Sweeney. After leaving Congress, <mask> operated a lobbying and strategic consulting firm. He died in Queensbury on October 26, 2001. He was buried at the national veterans cemetery in Schuylerville, New York; he had spearheaded efforts to create the facility, which was named in his honor after his death. Early life
<mask> was born in Okeechobee, Florida, the son of Eugenia and Daniel Hunt. He was raised by his mother and stepfather, <mask>, and his family moved to New York when he was 15. He attended school in Florida and Delmar, New York, and graduated from Delmar's Bethlehem

masks:
Gerald Brooks Hunt Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Seymour Solomon


texts:
 Central High School in 1948.He attended Siena College from 1949 to 1950 and St. Lawrence University from 1953 to 1954. Start of career

Military service
<mask> attempted to join the 1st Engineer Company of the United States Marine Corps Reserve in Albany, New York during the Korean War in 1950, but was deemed ineligible because of a childhood illness. He tried to enlist again in 1951 and was accepted. From 1951 to 1952, <mask> was a radio operator assigned to the 2nd Marine Division and stationed aboard the helicopter carrier USS Siboney in the Atlantic ocean, and he attained the rank of private first class. He remained in the Marine Corps Reserve until 1959, and attained the rank of lance corporal. Businessman
In the 1950s and 1960s <mask> was involved with M. <mask>, the women's clothing business owned by his stepfather. In the mid-1960s, he became a partner in the Associates of Glens Falls insurance company, as well as a partner in the Anchor Realty real estate brokerage.In addition he was president of Solomon, Veysey, Dixon, Gohn Associates, an investment brokerage. He also served as president of Queensbury's merchants association, and a member of the board of directors of the Glens Falls chamber of commerce. He was active in the Jaycees and the Boy Scouts, and was also involved in several charitable and civic causes. In addition, his fraternal memberships included the Marine Corps League, Masons, Shriners, and American Legion. His business and civic accomplishments and the name recognition he acquired in the Glens Falls-Queensbury area provided him with an entrée into local politics and government. Early political career
Originally a Democrat, from 1968 to 1972 <mask> served as Queensbury's Town Supervisor, which also made him a member of the Warren County Board of

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon


texts:
 Supervisors. In February 1968 he switched his party affiliation to Republican, arguing that he had been a Republican prior to the election of John F. Kennedy, that he joined the Democrats because he was inspired by Kennedy's goals and vision, but that he was returning to the Republicans because he perceived that Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency had moved too far from Kennedy's agenda.He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1973 to 1978, sitting in the 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures. As a fiscal conservative and advocate for limited government, <mask> was often at odds with the Assembly's Democratic majority. U.S. House of Representatives
In November 1978, <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives. In 1980, he was an early and avid supporter of Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign, and remained a Reagan stalwart, supporting his efforts to reduce taxes, revive the economy, halt Soviet expansionism and rebuild America's defenses. <mask> supported the line-item veto, a constitutional amendment to ban flag burning, a repeal of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, and amendments that strengthened the Selective Service System. He was such an opponent of gun control that he once challenged fellow Representative Patrick J. Kennedy of Rhode Island to "step outside" to settle a dispute over the issue. <mask> attempted to run for Speaker of the House in 1994 but withdrew in favor of Newt Gingrich.<mask> also supported creation of the Saratoga National Cemetery, which was named the Gerald B. H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery in his honor following his death. In addition, he was a longtime advocate of elevating the Veterans Administration to cabinet status, which resulted in creation of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. <mask> was

masks: Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon Solomon


texts:
 also a leader of former Marines in Congress who fought the construction of the United States Air Force Memorial through litigation and legislation at a site they considered to be too close to the USMC War Memorial. (The Air Force Memorial was ultimately constructed at a different location, on the grounds of Fort Myer near Arlington National Cemetery.) <mask>
<mask> was also the originator and sponsor of the Solomon Amendment, a controversial amendment to United States Code that precluded the receipt of federal government funds by colleges and universities unless they provided equal access to military recruiters as they did private employers. The policy was a response to rules at many American law schools which excluded employers who discriminated based on categories such as sexual orientation. The Amendment was subject to extensive litigation in 2003 by plaintiffs; the Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights (FAIR) and the Society of American Law Teachers.This litigation included FAIR v. Rumsfeld, 390 F.3d 219 (3rd Cir. 2004). On March 6, 2006, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the military and upheld the Solomon Amendment. Rules Committee Chair
<mask> was named ranking Republican of the House Rules Committee in 1991. Even though Jimmy Quillen of Tennessee had far more seniority, the other Republicans on the committee thought <mask> was a more accomplished legislator. When he lost his bid for the Speakership in 1995, he became chairman of the Rules Committee, thus making him one of the three or four most powerful members of the House. He served as chairman from 1995 to 1999, when he retired.In his district, which ran from the Hudson Valley near Poughkeepsie into the Adirondacks, including Lake Placid, he was a popular and respected figure. In the later

masks:
Solomon Amendment
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon


texts:
 years of his tenure he consistently drew the highest total vote of any member of the New York delegation. He was well known for his strong constituent work, and for facilitating federal investment in his mostly rural district, including dozens of housing projects for low income elderly. After leaving Congress he formed the Solomon Group, a Washington consulting and lobbying business. Death and burial
On October 26, 2001, <mask> died of congestive heart failure at his home in Queensbury at the age of 71. His ability to maintain friendships across political lines resulted in several Democratic members of Congress attending his funeral, including Representative Charles Rangel, a fellow veteran. <mask> was buried at the national cemetery which is named for him.Family
In 1955 <mask> married Freda Parker of Monongahela, Pennsylvania. They were the parents of five children, Susan, Daniel, Robert, Linda and Jeffrey. In addition to his wife and children, <mask> was survived by six grandchildren and his brother Richard. References

Sources

Newspapers

Internet

Books

External links

 Official U.S. House website (archived from 1998)

 Jim Kinney, <mask> dies at age 71, The Saratogian (October 27, 2001). Retrieved September 17, 2013. 1930 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Republicans
United States Marines
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class
Siena College alumni
St. Lawrence University alumni
People from Queensbury, New York
People from Okeechobee, Florida
Burials at <mask>. H. <mask> Saratoga National Cemetery
United States Marine

masks:
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Gerald Solomon
Gerald B
Solomon


texts:
<mask> (née Wiesner; born 21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010) was a British novelist born in Austria to a Jewish family who fled the Nazis. She is known for her children's literature. Some of her novels for adults have been reissued for the young adult market. The historical novel Journey to the River Sea (Macmillan, 2001) won her the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered an unusual commendation as runner-up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time of her death. Her last book, The Abominables, was among four finalists for the same award in 2012. Personal life
Wiesner was born in Vienna in 1925 to non-practising Jewish parents.Her father, Bertold Paul Wiesner, was a physician who pioneered human infertility treatment. He is now believed to have used his own sperm to sire perhaps 600 of the children his clinic helped to be born. Her mother, Anna Wilhelmine Gmeyner, was a successful novelist and playwright, who had worked with Bertolt Brecht and written film scripts for Georg Pabst. Wiesner's parents separated in 1928 when she was three years old. What followed for <mask> was, in her words, a "very cosmopolitan, sophisticated and quite interesting, but also very unhappy childhood, always on some train and wishing to have a home," as she later recalled. Her father took up a university lectureship in Edinburgh, while her mother left Vienna for Paris in 1933 after her work was banned by Adolf Hitler, putting a sudden end to her successful writing career. In 1934, her mother moved to England, settling in Belsize Park, north London, and sent for her daughter.Other family members also escaped from Vienna and joined Anna and <mask> in England, avoiding the worst of the Nazi regime, which had already affected the family. The experience of fleeing Vienna was a strong thread throughout <mask>'s life and work. Wiesner attended Dartington Hall School, which she later fictionalised as Delderton

masks:
Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson
Eva
Eva Maria
Ibbotson


texts:
 Hall in her novel The Dragonfly Pool (2008). Originally, she intended to become a physiologist like her father, and earned an undergraduate degree from Bedford College, London, in 1945. During her postgraduate studies at Cambridge University, she met her future husband, <mask>, an ecologist. Marriage and family
<mask> married <mask> in 1947. They moved to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where they raised a family of three sons and a daughter.Appalled by the thought of having to make a career out of conducting experiments on animals, she decided to discontinue her pursuit of scientific research. She returned to college, graduating with a diploma in education in 1965 from the University of Durham. She briefly became a teacher in the 1960s before embarking on her writing career. <mask>'s husband died in 1998. Being "too sad to write in her usual humorous style", she then wrote her ecological classic Journey to the River Sea. She died at her home in Newcastle on 20 October 2010, having just edited the proofs of her last children's book, One Dog and his Boy, and started work on another children's ghost story to add to her long and successful series. Through her father, Ibbotson was half-sister of the writer Paul Newham and the Canadian filmmaker Barry Stevens, but never met them.Career

<mask> began writing with the television drama Linda Came Today, which the British "Television Playhouse" series broadcast in December 1962. Her first English-language book was The Great Ghost Rescue, a juvenile fantasy novel published in 1975 by Macmillan in the UK and Walck in the US, with illustrations by Simon Stern and Giulio Maestro respectively. Children's books
Ibbotson wrote more than a dozen books for children, including Which Witch?, The Secret of Platform 13, Dial-a-Ghost, Monster Mission, Journey to the River Sea, The Star of Kazan, The Beasts of Clawstone Castle, and The Dragonfly Pool. She won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize for Journey to the River Sea, and has been a runner up for major awards in British

masks:
Alan Ibbotson
Eva
Alan Ibbotson
Ibbotson
Eva Ibbotson


texts:
 children's literature several times. WorldCat libraries report holding Which Witch? and Journey to the River Sea in more than five and ten languages respectively. The books are imaginative and humorous, and most of them feature magical creatures and places.<mask> has said that she disliked thinking about the supernatural, and created the characters because she wanted to decrease her readers' fear of such things. Some of the books, particularly Journey to the River Sea, also reflect Ibbotson's love of nature. She wrote Journey in honour of her husband, a former naturalist who had just died; the book had been in her head for years. <mask> had said she disliked "financial greed and a lust for power", and often created antagonists in her books who have these characteristics. Her love of Austria is evident in works such as The Star of Kazan, A Song for Summer and Magic Flutes/The Reluctant Heiress. These books, set primarily in the Austrian countryside, display the author's love of nature. Adult books
Ibbotson was also noted for several works of fiction for adults.Several have been reissued successfully for the young-adult market, some under different titles. <mask> was surprised by the repackaging, as she believed they were books for adults, but they have been very popular with teenage audiences. Three are The Secret Countess (originally published as A Countess Below Stairs), A Company of Swans, and Magic Flutes (in some editions published as The Reluctant Heiress)

<mask>'s writing for adults and teens took a new direction in 1992, when she began to move toward romantic novels that dealt with the harsh realities of war and prejudice. Two of her acclaimed books are set in Europe at the time of World War II and reflect her experience of the time. The first of this setting, The Morning Gift (1993), became a best-seller. Her last novel for adults was A Song for Summer (1997), also set during World War II. The Secret of Platform 13 and Harry Potter

Critics have found similarities between <mask>'s

masks: Ibbotson Ibbotson Ibbotson Ibbotson Ibbotson


texts:
 "Platform 13" in The Secret of Platform 13 (1994) and J.K. Rowling's "Platform 9 3/4" in the Harry Potter books (from 1997), both set in King's Cross station in London.The journalist Amanda Craig has discussed the similarities: "<mask> would seem to have at least as good a case for claiming plagiarism as the American author currently suing J. K. Rowling but unlike her, Ibbotson says she would 'like to shake her (Rowling) by the hand. I think we all borrow from each other as writers.'" Published works

German language
These translations were published as small books in Switzerland (Zurich: Verlag die Arche). Der Weihnachtskarpfen (1967) (The Christmas Carp; orig. The great carp Ferdinand)
Am Weihnachtsabend (1968) (On Christmas Eve; orig. A child this day is born)
In den Sternen stand es geschrieben (1971) (In the stars it was written; orig. The stars that tried)

Children's fiction
The Great Ghost Rescue (1975)
Which Witch?(1979)
The Worm & the Toffee Nosed Princess (1983)
The Haunting of Hiram C. Hopgood (1987); later, The Haunting of Hiram (1988) and The Haunting of Granite Falls (2004)
Not Just a Witch (1989)
The Secret of Platform 13 (1994)
Dial-a-Ghost (1996)
Monster Mission (1999); later, and in the US, Island of the Aunts
Journey to the River Sea (2001)
The Star of Kazan (2004)
The Beasts of Clawstone Castle (2005)
The Haunting of Hiram (2008)
The Dragonfly Pool (2008)
The Ogre of Oglefort (2010)
One Dog and his Boy (2010)
The Abominables (London: Marion Lloyd Books, 2012, ), published posthumously

Adult and young adult fiction
A Countess Below Stairs (1981); later, The Secret Countess (2007)
Magic Flutes (1982); later, The Reluctant Heiress (2009)
A Glove Shop in Vienna: And Other Stories (1984), a collection
A Company of Swans (1985)
Madensky Square (1988)
The Morning Gift (1993)
A Song for Summer (1997)

Awards
Best Romantic Novel of the Year Published in England, Romantic Novelists Association, 1983, Magic Flutes
Carnegie Medal
shortlist 1978, Which Witch? shortlist 2001,


texts:
 Journey to the River Sea;
shortlist 2005, The Star of Kazan
Best Books designation, School Library Journal, 1998, The Secret of Platform 13
Nestle Smarties Book Prize
shortlist 1998, The Secret of Platform 13
winner 2001, ages 9–11 years, Journey to the River Sea
silver medal 2004, 9–11 years, The Star of Kazan
Whitbread Children's Book of the Year, 2001 shortlist, Journey to the River Sea
Guardian Children's Fiction Prize
highly commended runner up 2001, Journey to the River Sea
shortlist 2010, The Ogre of Oglefort 28 May 17 Sep
shortlist 2012, The Abominables

Film and television

Ibbotson wrote Linda Came Today (1962) for television
In 1978, she wrote Der Große Karpfen Ferdinand und andere Weihnachtsgeschichten for German television. In 2004 Enda Walsh was adapting Island of the Aunts for a feature film. A film adaptation of The Great Ghost Rescue was completed in 2011, directed by the French Yann Samuell. The Haunting of Hiram C. Hopgood was adapted by Gail Gilchriest. The best-selling drama The Morning Gift is being developed as a film. See also

References

External links

"Author of the month: Eva Ibbotson" (August 2004), The Guardian
Penguin Reading Guide: Eva Ibbotson.<mask>on at jrank
Ibbotson: "Ich brauche ein glückliches Ende" (2006), a German-language radio interview

1925 births
2010 deaths
English Jewish writers
English children's writers
British historical novelists
English romantic fiction writers
British writers of young adult literature
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Bedford College, London
Alumni of Durham University
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss
RoNA Award winners
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
21st-century English women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
English women novelists
People educated at Dartington Hall School
Women writers of young adult literature
People from Belsize Park
Naturalised citizens of the


texts:
<mask> a design futurist, educator and author, her dedication to furthering human betterment through and by design is reflected in her 25-year design career. Biography
<mask> was educated at the Edinburgh College of Art, Scotland, BFA(Hons), and later at Pratt Institute, New York City, two master’s degrees, the first in Industrial Design and the second in Architecture. Professional practice
<mask> is the founding partner of THE COLLECTIVE US/THE SC COLLECTIVE UK which provides architecture, interior, workplace, and product design solutions focusing on supporting people both pragmatically and qualitatively. In 2013, <mask> also founded GloW-DESIGN (Globally We Design), a platform whose purpose is to generate and disseminate new design thinking, practice and processes to tackle the ever more pressing and contemporary problems facing humanity at large. GloW-DESIGN is composed by five different programs:

Next-GenNarrative (NGN) creative leadership Think-Tank;
ReDesignEd Educators Forum;
World Youth Designer Program: include the World Youth Designer and World Youth Designer Forum (WYD + WYDF);
CoDesign from concept to reality – Design projects co-designed collaboratively in live time across the world;
GloW-Design expo – addressing design and market. In 2018, The GloW-DESIGN Educators Forum 2018 formulated the Universal Design Educators Charter as part of the ReDesignEd program. The Charter was created to provide a framework and filter through which design education and curricula are assessed, valued, and contextualized globally and collectively.The Charter is a collection of seven articles, six of them affirming a common global aspiration of achievement for all designers, and the last one a disclaimer. The essays address the areas of:

Culture change,
Knowledge and skills (education),
Sustainability,
Technology,
Acknowledgement (certification) and
Responsibility. The Universal Educational Charter recognizes that design impacts all aspects of life, therefore, it has to serve the endeavor for the betterment of human experience, quality of life, well-being, and happiness. The Universal

masks:
Shashi Caan
Shashi Caan
Shashi Caan
Shashi Caan


texts:
 Educational Charter recognizes that design impacts all aspects of life; therefore, it has to serve the endeavor for the betterment of human experience, quality of life, well-being, and happiness. Since the 1980s, <mask> <mask> has held numerous teaching engagements at such institutions as Parson the New School for Design, in New York. From 2002-2007, Professor <mask> was the Chair of the Interiors Program at Parsons  and she served as the Faculty Trustee on the Board of Trustees for the New York School of Interior Design. <mask> is the current CEO of the International Federation of Interior Architects/Designers (IFI), for which she was President from 2009 to 2014.During her presidency, in 2011, she conceived and helped to inaugurate the IFI Interiors Declaration . This Declaration, initiated with input from 88 world counties. The Interiors Declaration has been adopted at city government level by some 124 world cities and two nations: the Philippines and Nigeria. She is the author of the book Rethinking Design and Interiors: Human Beings in the Built Environment, (Laurence King publisher, 2011) which has also been translated into Chinese. Formerly she was Senior Designer and Associate with Gensler  and then Design Director and Associate Partner with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill . Education

Edinburgh College of Art, University of Edinburgh, Scotland BFA(Hons);
Pratt Institute (MSArch), 1992;
Pratt Institute (MID – Master of Industrial Design);
Ph.D.(h.c.) from the New York School of Interior Design, 2010;

Career as Designer

Senior Designer at Gensler;
Design Director and Associate Partner at Skidmore, Owings and Merrill;
Founder and Principal, THE COLLECTIVE (2002–present);
Chair of Interior Design at Parsons School of Design (2002-2007);
President of the International Federation of Interior Architects/Designers (IFI) (2009-2014);
CEO of the International Federation of Interior Architects/Designers (IFI) (2017 to present);
Founder of GloW-DESIGN (2013–present);

Recognition

2013 JDP Design Ambassador to Japan;
2012 Golden Seat Architectural Master Award of China;
2006 International

masks: Shashi Caan Caan Caan


texts:
 Facility Member Association (IFMA) Educator of the Year;
2004 U.S. Designer of the Year Contract Magazine, (Contract Magazine, January 2004);

Fellowships

Fellow of IFI, 2014;
Fellow the Royal Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 2014
Honorary Fellow American Society of Interior Designers, 2015;
Honorary Fellow British Institute of Interior Design, 2014;
Honorary Fellow Design Institute of Australia, 2013;
Fellow Consejo Iberoamericano de Diseñadores de Interiores, 2013;

Independent Research and Exhibitions
Spatial Color
Live Lab Experiment and Installation: Bridging the Art and Science of Color, Architectural Digest Home Show, New York, NY.Televised on the Today Show, March 2006
Curator, "Fifty Shades of Green" 2000
Sustainable Materials & Product Exhibit, Archeworks, Chicago, IL
Curator, "Virtual Color" 1997
3D Color Exhibit, New York School of Interior Design, New York, NY. Televised on Channel 4 News, 1997
Co-Curator, "Glamorous Green" 1997
Environmental Product and Materials, AIA Interiors Committee & Material ConneXions, New York, NY
Co-Curator, "Surfaces" 1996
Innovation in Architectural Materials, AIA Interiors Committee, NY, NY
Research Grant (Graduate Architecture Research) 1991
Pittsburgh Corning Glass Corporation: Light/Color in Architecture

Juries and lectures

<mask> <mask> has delivered dozens of keynotes and public lectures, along with serving on many of international design juries. Most recent juries include:

The Rigg Design Prize Jury, Melbourne, Australia (2018)
INDE Awards Asia Jury, Singapore (2018)
DFA Awards, Hong Kong Jury 2018. Author / Publications

Rethinking Design and Interiors: Human Being in the Built Environment, Laurence King Publishing 2011
Over the last decade she has written some thirty articles, essays and critiques, published both in the US and internationally. References

American interior designers
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Pratt Institute faculty
Design educators
Living people
American women interior designers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century

masks: Shashi Caan


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<mask> (born 8 October 1960) is an Indonesian actor and politician. From his acting career he is known for starring in the 1979 film Gita Cinta dari SMA. On 30 October 2011 he was elected Deputy Governor of Banten. He has served as acting Governor of Banten since 14 May 2014. Biography
<mask> was born on 8 October 1960 in Jakarta, the son of actor Soekarno M. Noer and Istriati Rawumali, and grew up in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta. Due to his father's low earnings, he was raised in poverty; he later quipped that his family had had one plate to feed five people, like a popular dangdut song. Although the family's finances would not have been enough to see him through his schooling, he was able to finish his schooling after the fees were reduced by half.As an escape from his family's poverty, <mask> would go to a Balai Pustaka-run library and read classic works of Indonesian literature, including novels such as Abdul Muis' Salah Asuhan and the traditional folktale Malin Kundang. His habit of reading later helped him to land his first acting job. At the age of ten, he attended an audition for a film production of Malin Kundang and, displeased with the changes to the story, blurted out "That's not how the story goes." The director, impressed with <mask>'s knowledge of the story, cast him. At first, his father did not support his choice as the elder Noer was worried that <mask> would continue to be poor. After Malin Kundang, in 1972 <mask> starred in the film adaptation of Si Doel Anak Betawi (Doel, the Betawi Child). After the film's success, <mask> starred in several other films, including Rio Anakku (Rio, My Child; 1974) and Di Mana Kau Ibu?(Where Are You Mother? ; 1974). In

masks:
Rano Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno
Karno


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 1979, he starred as Galih in Arizal's film Gita Cinta dari SMA (Love Song from High School); for a period after the film, he was rumoured to be dating his costar, Yessi Gusman. In 1990, <mask> switched to directing; his serial adaptation of Si Doel Anak Betawi, although initially refused by studios for being too "provincial", was highly successful and ran for six seasons. From 1997 to 2002, he served as a member of the People's Consultative Assembly, and from 2002 to 2007, <mask> served as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, promoting literacy. His first book, The Last Barongsai, was published in 2010; that same year, he released another film,  Satu Jam Saja (Just One Hour). , <mask> was planning to make a film adaptation of The Last Barongsai.Political career

In 2008, <mask> ran for deputy regent (wakil bupati) of Tangerang as the partner of incumbent regent (bupati) Ismet Iskandar. The pair won the election and were expected to serve until 2013. While serving as deputy regent <mask> continued to be active in the world of entertainment. In early 2011, <mask> began campaigning for governor of Jakarta against incumbent Fauzi Bowo on the Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle ticket. Despite showing an early lead, in early July <mask> cancelled his candidacy for governor of Jakarta to run as Deputy Governor of Banten as the running mate of incumbent Bantan governor Ratu Atut Chosiyah. On 30 October the Banten General Elections Commission announced that Chosiyah-<mask> had won the election, with 50% percent of the votes; in mid-December 2011 he resigned as Deputy Regent of Tangerang. He was to be sworn in on 11 January 2012 and was expected to serve until 2017.After Ratu Atut was

masks: Karno Karno Karno Karno Karno Karno Karno Karno


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 arrested for a graft case, <mask> took over her position and became governor in 2015. He tried to run for a second term in the 2017 gubernatorial election, but was defeated by Wahidin Halim. Accolades
At the 1974 Indonesian Film Festival, <mask> won a Citra Award for Best Child Actor for his work in the film Rio Anakku; that same year, he won Best Child Actor at the Asia Pacific Film Festival for Di Mana Kau Ibu?. Six years later, he won another Citra Award for his role in Taksi. In 1995, he won Best Actor and Best Director for the serial Si Doel Anak Sekolahan. Personal life
<mask> is married to Dewi Indriati, with whom he has a daughter and a son. , he was valued at Rp 13 billion (US$1.5 million).Selected filmography
, <mask> has acted in more than 70 films. Malin Kundang (1971)
Lingkaran Setan (Satan's Circle; 1972)
Si Doel Anak Betawi (Doel, the Betawi Child; 1972)Tabah Sampai Akhir (Patient to the End; 1973)
Yatim (Orphan; 1973)
<mask> (Rano; 1973)
Rio Anakku (Rio, My Child; 1974)
Di Mana Kau Ibu (Where are You Mother? 1974)
Romi dan Juli (Romi and Juli; 1974)
Jangan Biarkan Mereka Lapar (Don't Let Them Go Hungry; 1974)
Perawan Malam (Virgin of the Night; 1974)
Anak Bintang (Star Child; 1974)
Ratapan Si Miskin (The Poor Man's Tears; 1974)
Senyum Dipagi Bulan September (Smile on a September Morning; 1974)
Senyum dan Tangis (Smiles and Tear; 1974). The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 332. External links

Living people
1960 births
People from Jakarta
Indonesian male actors
Citra Award winners
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle politicians
Vice Governors of Indonesian provinces
Governors of

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Rano
Karno
Karno
Karno
Si Rano


texts: <mask> (; 20 November 1925 – 2 May 2015) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer, choreographer, ballet director, and actress. In post-Soviet times, she held both Lithuanian and Spanish citizenship. She danced during the Soviet era at the Bolshoi Theatre under the directorships of Leonid Lavrovsky, then of Yury Grigorovich; later she moved into direct confrontation with him. In 1960, when famed Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova retired, <mask> became prima ballerina assoluta of the company. Her early years were marked by political repression and loss. Her father, Mikhail Plisetski, a Soviet official, was arrested in 1937 and executed in 1938, during the Great Purge. Her mother, actress Rachel Messerer, was arrested in 1938 and imprisoned for a few years, then held in a concentration camp together with her infant son, .The older children were faced with the threat of being put in an orphanage but were cared for by maternal relatives. <mask> was adopted by their aunt Sulamith Messerer, and Alexander was taken into the family of their uncle Asaf Messerer; both Alexander and Azary eventually became solo dancers of the Bolshoi. <mask> studied ballet at The Bolshoi Ballet School from age nine, and she first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. She studied ballet under the direction of Elizaveta Gerdt and also her aunt, Sulamith Messerer. Graduating in 1943 at the age of eighteen, she joined the Bolshoi Ballet company, quickly rising to become their leading soloist. In 1959, during the Thaw Time, she started to tour outside the country with the Bolshoi, then on her own. Her fame as a national ballerina was used to project the Soviet Union's achievements during the Cold War.Premier Nikita Khrushchev considered her to be "not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world". As an artist, <mask> had an inexhaustible interest in new roles and dance styles, and she liked to experiment on stage. As a member of the Bolshoi until

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Maya Mikhailovna Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya


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 1990, she had international exposure and her skills as a dancer changed the world of ballet. She set a higher standard for ballerinas, both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. As a soloist, Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including Juliet in Lavrovsky's Romeo and Juliet; Phrygia in Yakobson's Spartacus (1958); in Grigorovich's ballets : Mistress of the Copper Mountain in The Stone Flower (1959); Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty (1963); Mahmene Banu in  (1965); Alberto Alonso's Carmen Suite (1967), choreographed especially for her; and Maurice Bejart's Isadora (1976). Among her most acclaimed roles were Kitri in Don Quixote, Odette-Odile in Swan Lake, and The Dying Swan, first danced as a pre-graduate student under the guidance of Sulamith Messerer. A fellow dancer said that her dramatic portrayal of Carmen, reportedly her favorite role, "helped confirm her as a legend, and the ballet soon took its place as a landmark in the Bolshoi repertoire".Her husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the scores to a number of her ballets. Having become "an international superstar" and a continuous "box office hit throughout the world", <mask> was treated by the Soviet Union as a favored cultural emissary. Although she toured extensively during the same years that other prominent dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, and Mikhail Baryshnikov, <mask> always refused to defect. In 1991, she published her autobiography, I, <mask>. Early life
<mask> was born on 20 November 1925 in Moscow, into a prominent family of Lithuanian Jewish descent, most of whom were involved in the theater or film. Her mother, Rachel Messerer, was a silent-film actress. Bolshoi Ballet principal dancer Asaf Messerer was a maternal uncle and Bolshoi prima ballerina Sulamith Messerer was a maternal aunt.Her father, Mikhail Plisetski (Misha), was a diplomat, engineer and mine director; he was not involved in the arts, although he was a fan of

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Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya
Maya Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya


texts:
 ballet. Her brothers Alexander Plisetski and Azari Plisetski became renowned ballet masters, and her niece <mask> would also become a ballerina. She was the cousin of theater artist Boris Messerer. In 1938, her father was arrested and later executed during the Stalinist purges, during which thousands of people were murdered. According to ballet scholar Jennifer Homans, her father was a committed Communist, and had earlier been "proclaimed a national hero for his work on behalf of the Soviet coal industry". Soviet leader Vyacheslav Molotov presented him with one of the Soviet Union's first manufactured cars. Her mother was arrested soon after and together with her seven-month-old baby Azary sent to a labor camp (Gulag) in Kazakhstan for the next three years.<mask> was taken in by their maternal aunt, ballerina Sulamith Messerer, until her mother was released in 1941. During the years without her parents, while barely a teenager, <mask> "faced terror, war, and dislocation", writes Homans. As a result, "<mask> took refuge in ballet and the Bolshoi Theater." As her father was stationed at Spitzbergen to supervise the coalmines in Barentsburg, she had stayed there for four years with her family, from 1932 to 1936. She subsequently studied at the Bolshoi School under the ex-ballerina of the Mariinsky imperial ballet, the great Elizaveta Gerdt. <mask> first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre when she was eleven. In 1943, at the age of eighteen, <mask> graduated from the Bolshoi School.She joined the Bolshoi Ballet, where she performed until 1990. Career

Performing in the Soviet Union
From the beginning, <mask> was a different kind of ballerina. She spent a very short time in the corps de ballet after graduation and was quickly named a soloist. Her bright red hair and striking looks made her a glamorous figure on and off the stage. "She was a remarkably fluid dancer but also a very powerful one", according to The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. "The robust theatricality

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Anna Plisetskaya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Maya
Maya
Plisetskaya
Plisetskaya


texts: and passion she brought to her roles made her an ideal Soviet ballerina." Her interpretation of The Dying Swan, a short showcase piece made famous by Anna Pavlova, became her calling card.<mask> was known for the height of her jumps, her extremely flexible back, the technical strength of her dancing, and her charisma. She excelled both in adagio and allegro, which is very unusual in dancers. Despite her acclaim, <mask> was not treated well by the Bolshoi management. She was Jewish at a time of Soviet anti-Zionist campaigns combined with other oppression of suspected dissidents. Her family had been purged during the Stalinist era, and she had a defiant personality. As a result, <mask> was not allowed to tour outside the country for sixteen years after she had become a member of the Bolshoi. The Soviet Union used the artistry of such dancers as Plisetskaya to project its achievements during the Cold War period with United States.Historian Christina Ezrahi notes, "In a quest for cultural legitimacy, the Soviet ballet was shown off to foreign leaders and nations." <mask> recalls that foreigners "were all taken to the ballet. And almost always, Swan Lake ... Khrushchev was always with the high guests in the loge", including Mao Zedong and Stalin. Ezrahi writes, "the intrinsic paranoia of the Soviet regime made it ban <mask>, one of the most celebrated dancers, from the Bolshoi Ballet's first major international tour", as she was considered "politically suspect" and was "non-exportable". In 1948, the Zhdanov Doctrine took effect, and with her family history, and being Jewish, she became a "natural target . . . publicly humiliated and excoriated for not attending political meetings". As a result, dancing roles were continually denied her and for sixteen years she could tour only within the Soviet bloc.She became a "provincial artist, consigned to grimy, unrewarding bus tours, exclusively for local consumption", writes Homans. In 1958, <mask> received the title of

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 the People's Artist of the USSR. That same year, she married the young composer Rodion Shchedrin, whose subsequent fame she shared. Wanting to dance internationally, she rebelled and defied Soviet expectations. On one occasion, to gain the attention and respect from some of the country's leaders, she gave one of the most powerful performances of her career, in Swan Lake, for her 1956 concert in Moscow. Homans describes that "extraordinary performance":

International tours

Soviet leader Khrushchev was still concerned, writes historian David Caute, that "her defection would have been useful for the West as anti-Soviet propaganda". She wrote him "a long and forthright expression of her patriotism and her indignation that it should be doubted".Subsequently, the travel ban was lifted in 1959 on Khrushchev's personal intercession, as it became clear to him that striking <mask> from the Bolshoi's participants could have serious consequences for the tour's success. In his memoirs, Khrushchev writes that <mask> "was not only the best ballerina in the Soviet Union, but the best in the world". Able to travel the world as a member of the Bolshoi, <mask> changed the world of ballet by her skills and technique, setting a higher standard for ballerinas both in terms of technical brilliance and dramatic presence. Having allowed her to tour in New York, Khrushchev was immensely satisfied upon reading the reviews of her performances. "He embraced her upon her return: 'Good girl, coming back. Not making me look like a fool. You didn't let me down.'"Within a few years, <mask> was recognized as "an international superstar" and a continuous "box office hit throughout the world". The Soviet Union treated her as a favored cultural emissary, as "the dancer who did not defect". Although she toured extensively during the same years that other dancers defected, including Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, "Plisetskaya always returned to Russia", wrote

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 historian Tim Scholl. Plisetskaya explains that for her generation, and her family in particular, defecting was a moral issue: "He who runs to the enemy's side is a traitor." She had once asked her mother why their family didn't leave the Soviet Union when they had the chance, at the time living in Norway. Her mother said that her father "would have abandoned [her] with the children instantly" for even asking. "Misha would never have been a traitor."Style

Although she lacked the first-rate training and coaching of her contemporaries, <mask> "compensated" by "developing an individual, iconoclastic style that capitalized on her electrifying stage presence", writes historian Tim Scholl. She had a "daring rarely seen on ballet stages today, and a jump of almost masculine power". Critic and dance historian Vadim Gaevsky said of her influence on ballet that "she began by creating her own style and ended up creating her own theater." Among her most notable performances was a 1975 free-form dance, in a modern style, set to Ravel's Boléro. In it, she dances a solo piece on an elevated round stage, surrounded and accompanied by 40 male dancers. One reviewer wrote, "Words cannot compare to the majesty and raw beauty of <mask>'s performance":

Performances

Plisetskaya created a number of leading roles, including ones in Lavrovsky's Stone Flower (1954), Moiseyev's Spartacus (1958), Grigorovich's Moscow version of The Stone Flower (1959), Aurora in Grigorovich's staging The Sleeping Beauty (1963), Grigorovich's Moscow version of The Legend of Love (1965), the title role in Alberto Alonso's Carmen Suite (1967), Petit's La Rose malade (Paris, 1973), Bejart's Isadora (Monte Carlo, 1976) and his Moscow staging of Leda (1979), Granero's Maria Estuardo (Madrid, 1988), and Julio Lopez's El Reñidero (Buenos Aires, 1990). After performing in Spartacus during her 1959 U.S. debut tour, Life magazine, in its issue featuring the Bolshoi, rated her second only to Galina

masks: Plisetskaya Plisetskaya


texts: Ulanova.Spartacus became a significant ballet for the Bolshoi, with one critic describing their "rage to perform", personified by <mask> as ballerina, "that defined the Bolshoi". During her travels, she also appeared as guest artist with the Paris Opera Ballet, Ballet National de Marseilles, and Ballet of the 20th Century in Brussels. By 1962, following Ulanova's retirement, <mask> embarked on another three-month world tour. As a performer, notes Homans, she "excelled in the hard-edged, technically demanding roles that Ulanova eschewed, including Raymonda, the black swan in Swan Lake, and Kitri in Don Quixote". In her performances, <mask> was "unpretentious, refreshing, direct. She did not hold back." Ulanova added that <mask>'s "artistic temperament, bubbling optimism of youth reveal themselves in this ballet with full force".World-famous impresario Sol Hurok said that <mask> was the only ballerina after Pavlova who gave him "a shock of electricity" when she came on stage. Rudolf Nureyev watched her debut as Kitri in Don Quixote and told her afterwards, "I sobbed from happiness. You set the stage on fire." At the conclusion of one performance at the Metropolitan Opera, she received a half-hour ovation. Choreographer Jerome Robbins, who had just finished the Broadway play, West Side Story, told her that he "wanted to create a ballet especially for her". <mask>'s most acclaimed roles included Odette-Odile in Swan Lake (1947) and Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1961). Her dancing partner in Swan Lake states that for twenty years, he and Plisetskaya shared the world stage with that ballet, with her performance consistently producing "the most powerful impression on the audience".Equally notable were her ballets as The Dying Swan. Critic Walter Terry described one performance: "What she did was to discard her own identity as a ballerina and even as a human and to assume the characteristics of a magical creature. The audience became hysterical, and she had to perform


texts: an encore." She danced that particular ballet until her late 60s, giving one of her last performances of it in the Philippines, where similarly, the applause wouldn't stop until she came out and performed an encore. Novelist Truman Capote remembered a similar performance in Moscow, seeing "grown men crying in the aisles and worshiping girls holding crumpled bouquets for her". He saw her as "a white spectre leaping in smooth rainbow arcs", with "a royal head". She said of her style that "the secret of the ballerina is to make the audience say, 'Yes, I believe.'"Fashion designers Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Cardin considered <mask> one of their inspirations, with Cardin alone having traveled to Moscow over 30 times just to see <mask> perform. She credits Cardin's costume designs for the success and recognition she received for her ballets of Anna Karenina, The Seagull, and Lady with the Dog. She recalls his reaction when she initially suggested he design one of her costumes: "Cardin's eyes lit up like batteries. As if an electrical current passed through them." Within a week, he had created a design for Anna Karenina, and over the course of her career he created ten different costumes for just Karenina. In 1967, she performed as Carmen in the Carmen Suite, choreographed specifically for her by Cuban choreographer Alberto Alonso. The music was re-scored from Bizet's original by her husband, Rodion Shchedrin, and its themes were re-worked into a "modernist and almost abstract narrative".Dancer Olympia Dowd, who performed alongside her, writes that <mask>'s dramatic portrayal of Carmen, her favorite role, made her a legend, and soon became a "landmark" in the Bolshoi's repertoire. Her Carmen, however, at first "rattled the Soviet establishment", which was "shaken with her Latin sensuality". She was aware that her dance style was radical and new, saying that "every gesture, every look, every movement had meaning, was different from all other ballets... The

masks: Plisetskaya Plisetskaya Plisetskaya


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 Soviet Union was not ready for this sort of choreography. It was war, they accused me of betraying classical dance." Some critics outside of Russia saw her departure from classical styles as necessary to the Bolshoi's success in the West. New York Times critic Anna Kisselgoff observed, "Without her presence, their poverty of movement invention would make them untenable in performance.It is a tragedy of Soviet ballet that a dancer of her singular genius was never extended creatively." A Russian news commentator wrote, she "was never afraid to bring ardor and vehemence onto the stage", contributing to her becoming a "true queen of the Bolshoi". Her life and work was described by the French ballet critic André Philippe Hersin as "genius, audacity and avant-garde". Acting and choreography
After Galina Ulanova left the stage in 1960, <mask> was proclaimed the prima ballerina assoluta of the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1971, her husband Shchedrin wrote a ballet on the same subject, where she would play the leading role. Anna Karenina was also her first attempt at choreography. Other choreographers who created ballets for her include Yury Grigorovich, Roland Petit, Alberto Alonso, and Maurice Béjart with "Isadora".She created The Seagull and Lady with a Lapdog. She starred in the 1961 film, The Humpbacked Horse, and appeared as a straight actress in several films, including the Soviet version of Anna Karenina (1968), which featured music by Shchedrin later reused in his ballet score. Her own ballet of the same name was filmed in 1974. While on tour in the United States in 1987, Plisetskaya gave master classes at the David Howard Dance Center. A review in New York magazine noted that although she was 61 when giving the classes, "she displayed the suppleness and power of a performer in her physical prime". In October that year, she performed with Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov for the opening night of the season with the Martha Graham Dance Company in New York.


texts:
 <mask>'s husband, composer Rodion Shchedrin, wrote the score to a number of her ballets, including Anna Karenina, The Sea Gull, Carmen, and Lady with a Small Dog.In the 1980s, he was considered the successor to Shostakovich, and became the Soviet Union's leading composer. <mask> and Shchedrin spent time abroad, where she worked as the artistic director of the Rome Opera Ballet from 1984 to 85, then the Spanish National Ballet of Madrid from 1987 to 1989. She retired as a soloist for the Bolshoi at age 65 in 1990 and on her 70th birthday, she debuted in Maurice Béjart's piece choreographed for her, "Ave Maya". Since 1994, she has presided over the annual international ballet competitions, called Maya, and in 1996 she was named President of the Imperial Russian Ballet. After the Soviet Union collapsed <mask> and her husband lived mostly in Germany spending summers in their house in Lithuania and occasionally visiting Moscow and St. Petersburg. She was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts in 2005 with the ballerina Tamara Rojo also. She was awarded the Spanish Gold Medal of Fine Art.In 1996, she danced the Dying Swan, her signature role, at a gala in her honor in St. Petersburg. On her 80th birthday, the Financial Times wrote:  In 2006, Emperor Akihito of Japan presented her with the Praemium Imperiale, informally considered a Nobel Prize for Art. Death
<mask> died in Munich, Germany, on 2 May 2015 from a heart attack. Plisetskaya was survived by her husband, and a brother, former dancer Azari Plisetsky, a teacher of choreography at the Béjart Ballet in Lausanne, Switzerland. According to her last will and testament, she was to be cremated, and after the death of her widower, Rodion Shchedrin, who is also to be cremated, their ashes are to be combined and spread over Russia. Russian President Vladimir Putin expressed his condolences, and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said that "a whole era of ballet was gone" with Plisetskaya. Belarusian


texts:
 President Alexander Lukashenko extended condolences to her family and friends:

Tributes
Brazilian mural artist Eduardo Kobra painted a 40-foot tall mural of Plisetskaya in 2013, located in Moscow's central theater district, near the Bolshoi Theatre.Conductor and artistic director Valery Gergiev, who was a close friend of Plisetskya, gave a concert in Moscow on 18 November 2015, dedicated to her memory. On 20 November 2015, the government of Russia named a square in her honor in central Moscow, on Ulitsa Bolshaya Dmitrovka, near the Bolshoi Theatre. A bronze plaque affixed at the square included an engraving: "<mask>kaya Square is named after the outstanding Russian ballerina. Opened 20 November 2015." In St. Petersburg, the Mariinsky Theater Symphony Orchestra paid homage to <mask>'s memory with a concert on 27 December 2015. It was conducted by Valery Gergiev and included a performance with ballet dancer Diana Vishneva. The Mariinsky Ballet later performed a four-program "Tribute of <mask>etskaya" at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in February 2016.The Bolshoi Theater performed a concert in memory of <mask> at the London Coliseum on 6 March 2016. A monument to <mask> was unveiled in the center of Moscow, on Bolshaya Dmitrovka, in the square named after her. The opening took place on 20 November 2016, the date of her birth, and shows her in a pose from Carmen. Describing the monument, one observer commented about sculpturist Viktor Mitroshin and the statue's design:

Personal life

Career friendships
<mask>'s tour manager, Maxim Gershunoff, who also helped promote the Soviet/American Cultural Exchange Program, describes her as "not only a great artist, but also very realistic and earthy ... with a very open and honest outlook on life". During Plisetskaya's tours abroad, she became friends with a number of other theater and music artists, including composer and pianist Leonard Bernstein, with whom she remained friends until his death. Pianist Arthur

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texts: Rubinstein, also a friend, was able to converse with her in Russian. She visited him after his concert performance in Russia.Novelist John Steinbeck, while at their home in Moscow, listened to her stories of the hardship of becoming a ballerina, and told her that the backstage side of ballet could make for a "most interesting novel". In 1962, the Bolshoi was invited to perform at the White House by president John F. Kennedy, and <mask> recalled that first lady Jacqueline Kennedy greeted her by saying "You're just like Anna Karenina." While in France in 1965, <mask> was invited to the home of Russian artist Marc Chagall and his wife. Chagall had moved to France to study art in 1910. He asked her if she wouldn't mind creating some ballet poses to help him with his current project, a mural for the new Metropolitan Opera House in New York, which would show various images representing the arts. She danced and posed in various positions as he sketched, and her images were used on the mural, "at the top left corner, a colorful flock of ballerinas". Plisetskaya made friends with a number of celebrities and notable politicians who greatly admired and followed her work.She met Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, then living in the U.S., after a performance of Anna Karenina. Bergman told her that both their photographs, taken by noted photographer Richard Avedon, appeared on the same page in Vogue magazine. Bergman suggested she "flee Communism", recalled <mask>, telling her "I will help you." Actress Shirley MacLaine once held a party for her and the other members of the Bolshoi. She remembered seeing her perform in Argentina when Plisetskaya was sixty-five, and writes "how humiliating it was that Plisetskaya had to dance on a vaudeville stage in South America to make ends meet". Dancer Daniel Nagrin noted that she was a dancer who "went on to perform to the joy of audiences everywhere while simultaneously defying the myth of early retirement". MacLaine's brother, actor


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 Warren Beatty, is said to have been inspired by their friendship, which led him to write and produce his 1981 film Reds, about the Russian Revolution.He directed the film and costarred with Diane Keaton. He first met <mask> at a reception in Beverly Hills, and, notes Beatty's biographer Peter Biskind, "he was smitten" by her "classic dancer's" beauty. <mask> became friends with film star Natalie Wood and her sister, actress Lana Wood. Wood, whose parents immigrated from Russia, greatly admired <mask>, and once had an expensive custom wig made for her to use in the Spartacus ballet. They enjoyed socializing together on Wood's yacht. Friendship with Robert F. Kennedy
U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the younger brother to president John F. Kennedy, befriended <mask>, with whom he shared the birth date of 20 November 1925. She was invited to gatherings with Kennedy and his family at their estate on Cape Cod in 1962.They later named their sailboat <mask>, in her honor. As the Cuban Missile Crisis had ended a few weeks earlier, at the end of October 1962, U.S. and Soviet relations were at a low point. Diplomats of both countries considered her friendship with Kennedy to be a great benefit to warmer relations, after weeks of worrisome military confrontation. Years later, when they met in 1968, he was then campaigning for the presidency, and diplomats again suggested that their friendship would continue to help relations between the two countries. <mask> summarizes Soviet thoughts on the matter:

Of their friendship, <mask> wrote in her autobiography:

Robert Kennedy was assassinated just days before he was to see <mask> again in New York. Gershunoff, <mask>'s manager at the time, recalls that on the day of the funeral, most of the theaters and concert halls in New York City went "dark", closed in mourning and respect. The Bolshoi likewise planned to cancel their performance, but they decided instead to do a different ballet than planned, one dedicated to

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 Kennedy.Gershunoff describes that evening:

Awards and honors

<mask> was honored on numerous occasions for her skills:

Russia
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland
1st class (20 November 2005) – for outstanding contribution to the development of domestic and international choreographic art, many years of creative activity
2nd class (18 November 2000) – for outstanding contribution to the development of choreographic art
3rd class (21 November 1995) – for outstanding contributions to national culture and a significant contribution to contemporary choreographic art
4th class (9 November 2010) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture and choreography, many years of creative activity
 Made an honorary professor at Moscow State University in 1993. Soviet Union
 Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
 Three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1976, 1985)
 Lenin Prize (1964)
 People's Artist of USSR (1959)
 People's Artist of RSFSR (1956)
 Honoured Artist of the RSFSR (1951)

Other decorations
 Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1984)
 Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)
 Commander of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
 Great Commander's Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania (2003)
 Gold Medal of Gloria Artis (Poland, 2008)
 Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class (Japan, 2011)
 Officer of the Légion d'honneur (France, 2012; Knight: 1986)

Awards
 First prize, Budapest International Competition (1949)
 Anna Pavlova Prize, Paris Academy of Dance (1962)
 Gold Prize, Slovenia, 2000. "Doctor of the Sorbonne" in 1985. Gold Medal of Fine Arts of Spain (1991)
 Triumph Prize, 2000. Premium "Russian National Olympus" (2000)
 Prince of Asturias Award (2005, Spain)
 Imperial Prize of Japan (2006)

See also
 List of Russian ballet dancers

References

External links

, 1 hr. 11 min. , documentary biography, 1 hr.20 min. , 3 1/2 min. <mask> and Alexander Godunov in "Carmen", at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow
, 2 1/2

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<mask> (born October 15, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 34th lieutenant governor of North Carolina from 2013 to 2021. He is the son of former congresswoman  Sue Myrick. An architect by trade, he was the Republican nominee for Governor of North Carolina in the 2020 election, losing to incumbent governor Roy Cooper. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia, and grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina. His mother, Sue Myrick, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, who represented a Charlotte-based congressional district from 1995 to 2013. <mask> received a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in architecture from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. An architect, <mask> was a senior partner at an architectural firm in Charlotte before being elected lieutenant governor.Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (2013–2021)

Elections

In 2012, in his first run for office, <mask> placed first in a five-way May primary election, with 32.98% of the vote; Wake County commissioner Tony Gurley received 24.83% of the vote, Speaker Pro Tempore of the North Carolina House of Representatives Dale Folwell received 24.25% of the vote; state representative Grey Mills received 14.67% of the vote, and Arthur Jason Rich received 3.28% of the vote. <mask> and Gurley advanced to the July 2012 second primary (runoff election), in which <mask> secured the Republican nomination, defeating Gurley 67.87%–32.13%. In the November 2012 general election, <mask> defeated the Democratic nominee, former state representative Linda Coleman, by an extremely small margin—<mask> received 2,187,728 votes (50.08%) to Coleman's 2,180,870 (49.92%). Coleman opted not to seek a recount, although the margin was small enough for her to be entitled to one. He was sworn in on January 7, 2013. In a

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 November 2016 rematch against Coleman, <mask> was re-elected lieutenant governor, receiving 2,393,514 votes (51.81%) to Coleman's 2,093,375 votes (45.32%); Libertarian Party candidate Jacki Cole received 132,645 (2.87%). His second term began on January 1, 2017.Tenure in office
As lieutenant governor, <mask> was the state's second-highest elected official and the president of the North Carolina Senate, as well as a member of the Council of State. <mask> began a one-year term as the chairman of the Republican Lieutenant Governors Association in 2018. <mask> emphasized his fiscally conservative and socially conservative views. He was a strong supporter of North Carolina's controversial H.B. 2, state legislation that overrode an ordinance passed by the City of Charlotte that extended the protection of anti-discrimination laws to LGBT persons. <mask> was also a leading supporter of proposals to adopt a state "religious freedom restoration" act, a controversial bill on religion. <mask> supports the elimination of income tax and its replacement by a "consumption tax".As lieutenant governor, <mask> appeared with Trump at a rally in 2016, at which he voiced support for Trump. In a 2018 speech to the conservative think tank Civitas, <mask> asserted that political issues such as climate change and gun control "really is the religion of the left" and that "the left...don't have a hope in God. They have no hope in a higher power." <mask>'s remarks were criticized by Democrats; state senators Paul Lowe Jr. and Mike Woodard said that the comments "only serve to insult, belittle and divide people of faith, no matter their political beliefs." In a June 2019 speech to a church, <mask> stated that no nation "has survived the diversity and multiculturalism that America faces today"; the remark prompted criticism. In mid-March

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 2020, <mask> opposed Governor Roy Cooper's closure of bars and restriction of restaurants to take-out and delivery only on the grounds it didn't give bars and restaurants enough time to prepare, and in mid-April, <mask> called for the immediate reopening of public places with non-binding guidance from state government. In June 2020, <mask> announced that he was suing Governor Cooper over his coronavirus executive orders, alleging that the governor could not issue the directives without the concurrence of the Council of State.The lawsuit was later withdrawn after a loss in Superior Court. 2020 North Carolina gubernatorial election

In January 2019, <mask> announced the formation of an exploratory committee to run for governor to challenge incumbent Democratic governor Roy Cooper in 2020. At the outset, Representative Mark Meadows, Chair of the House Freedom Caucus, indicated his support for <mask>. In August 2019, <mask> formally launched his campaign. In announcing his run, <mask> denounced "socialism" and highlighted his strongly anti-abortion views. During his campaign, <mask> also called for an expanded state-funded school voucher program for which all North Carolinians, irrespective of income, would be eligible, making this proposal a centerpiece of his campaign. In the Republican primary election in March 2020, <mask> won the party's nomination, defeating state Representative Holly Grange of New Hanover by a broad margin.Although the race for governor in North Carolina occurred in an important swing state, attention to the campaign was largely overshadowed by the 2020 coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In late March 2020, Cooper issued a stay-at-home directive and ordered the temporary closure of nonessential businesses to control the spread of the virus, beginning a phased, multi-step reopening in early

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 May 2020 tied to benchmarks. By contrast, <mask> suggested that the dangers of the virus to most Americans had been exaggerated and echoed "Liberate" protesters. <mask> incorrectly claimed that influenza had killed more North Carolinians in 2020 than the coronavirus. In September 2020, <mask> said that, if elected, he would immediately reopen all K-12 public schools for in-person learning. When asked whether K-12 students returning to school should wear masks, <mask> said, "I don't think so, I don't think there's any science that backs that up. That's my personal opinion."In April 2020, the <mask> campaign said it had given nearly $200,000 from the gubernatorial campaign fund for COVID-19 economic assistance in North Carolina. <mask> also asserted that COVID-19-related restrictions were being used by "the left" to hurt the church. During the pandemic, <mask> met in close contact with others without wearing a face mask, in contravention of social distancing guidelines; he dismissed criticism as "ludicrous" and "stupid leftist talk." On November 3, 2020, Cooper defeated <mask> by 4.51% in the general election

Following his loss, <mask> has been mentioned as a potential candidate for the 2022 North Carolina Senate race to fill the seat currently held by Senator Richard Burr who will not be running for re-election. Electoral history

References

External links
Official government website (Office of the Lieutenant Governor)
Official campaign website capture

|-

1960s births
21st-century American politicians
Architects from North Carolina
Articles containing video clips
Candidates in the 2020 United States elections
Lieutenant Governors of North Carolina
Living people
North Carolina Republicans
People from Harrisonburg, Virginia
Politicians from Charlotte, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Charlotte


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<mask> (Middle Persian: Māh-Izād; Mazandarani/) was an Iranian prince from the Qarinvand dynasty, who was the ruler (ispahbadh) of the mountainous region of Tabaristan from 825/6 to 839. For his resistance to the Abbasid Caliphate, <mask> is considered one of the national heroes of Iran by twentieth-century Iranian nationalist historiography. His name means "protected by the yazata of the moon". Origin
Mazyar belonged to the Qarinvand dynasty, which was descended from Sukhra, a powerful magnate from the House of Karen, who was the de facto ruler of the Sasanian Empire from 484 to 493. However, due to his great influence and power, he was exiled and executed by the Sasanian king Kavadh I (r. 488–496 & 498–531). Sukhra was survived by eight sons, one of them being Karin, who in return for aiding Kavadh I's son and successor Khosrow I (r. 531–579) against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 550s, received land to the south of Amol in Tabaristan, thus starting the Qarinvand dynasty. Accession, flight, and rise to power
<mask> succeeded his father Qarin ibn Vindadhhurmuzd in ca.817. However, his territories were soon invaded by the neighbouring Bavandid ruler Shahriyar I, who defeated Mazyar and forced him to flee. Mazyar took refuge with his cousin Vinda-Umid, who betrayed him and handed him over to Shahriyar. However, Mazyar managed to escape and reach the court of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun. There he met one of his astrologers, Yahya ibn al-Munajjim, a Persian who had recently converted to Islam and belonged to the Banu Munajjim family. Mazyar soon also embraced

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 Islam, and al-Ma'mun gave him the title of "Servant of the Commander of the Faithful" (mawlā amīr al-muʾminīn) and the Muslim name of Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad. Mazyar was also granted two towns of Ruyan and Damavand in Tabaristan as his fief, and was named as the co-governor of Tabaristan with the Abbasid statesman Musa ibn Hafs.In 822/3, <mask> returned to Tabaristan with Abbasid reinforcements, and began to deal with his enemies—he had his brother Quhyar exiled, and did the same to Shahriyar I's son Qarin I, who was his nephew. In 825/6, Mazyar invaded the domains of the Bavandids, and captured Shahriyar's son and successor, Shapur. His uncle, Vinda-Umid, was also defeated, and shortly afterwards killed. Mazyar thus united the highlands under his own rule. He then assumed the titles of Gil-Gilan, Ispahbadh, and Padishkhwargarshah, all titles used by the 8th-century Dabuyid king of Tabaristan, Farrukhan the Great (r. 712-728). Reign

Early rule as Ispahbadh of Tabaristan

Shapur, knowing that Mazyar planned to have him killed, sent a secret message to Musa, willing to pay him 100,000 dirhams if he would assert him as his own prisoner. Musa responded by saying his best shot would be to convert to Islam and become a client of the caliph.Musa, nervous of Mazyar learning of his secret communication with Shapur, asked him how he would react if Shapur converted to Islam and offered to become a client of the caliph. Mazyar gave no answer, but had Shapur beheaded the same day, which greatly angered Musa. Mazyar, fearful of the consequences of having Shapur killed without


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 consensus, apologized to Musa. Mazyar now began constructing mosques in several towns, and successfully plundered the territories of the Daylamites, and had a large number of them resettled in the border place of Muzn. In 826/7, Musa died and was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Musa, to whom Mazyar paid no attention. Mazyar continued to expand his influence, but his policies were regarded by the Muslims of Tabaristan as oppressive. The Muslims of Tabaristan and the Bavandid prince Qarin I now began complaining to al-Ma'mun about Mazyar's behavior, but did not manage to turn al-Ma'mun against Mazyar.After al-Ma'mun became involved in a war against the Byzantine Empire, Mazyar used the opportunity to imprison Muhammad ibn Musa on the charge of being secretly involved with the Alids. Al-Ma'mun soon acknowledged Mazyar's rule over Tabaristan and its surrounding regions. When al-Ma'mun died in 833, he was succeeded by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, who also acknowledged Mazyar as the ruler of Tabaristan. However, when the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir demanded the payment of the land tax (kharaj) from Mazyar, the latter refused. Abdallah, claiming Tabaristan as his own fief, then demanded that Mazyar should release Muhammad ibn Musa. <mask>, however, once again refused to obey Abdallah, and the latter went before al-Mu'tasim to accuse <mask> of infidelity and tyranny. Rebellion
Feeling threatened, <mask> rebelled against the Abbasid Caliphate, an act which was widely supported by the native Zoroastrians, who began plundering the Muslim villages and the


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 Abbasid-controlled border regions.Mazyar tried to secure the loyalty of the noblemen of Tabaristan and imprisoned anyone he did not trust. According to the medieval historian Ibn Isfandiyar in his Tarikh-e-Tabaristan, Mazyar is said to have proclaimed:

Abdallah and al-Mu'tasim sent five armies that entered Tabaristan from all sides. Mazyar named his brother Quhyar as the defender of the Qarinvand mountains, and the Bavandid Qarin I as the defender of eastern Tabaristan. However, Tabaristan fell quickly to the Abbasid invasion: several cities were taken by surprise, while Qarin I betrayed <mask> and agreed to aid the Abbasids in exchange for being restored as the ruler of his family's domains. The people of Sari revolted against Mazyar, and <mask> was betrayed by his brother Quhyar, who captured him and surrendered him to al-Mu'tasim. <mask> was brought to Samarra, where he was executed. His body later was gibbeted along with the body of Babak Khorramdin.<mask>'s brother Quhyar was shortly after killed by his own Daylamite soldiers because of his betrayal  of Mazyar. This marked the end of the Qarivand dynasty. This left the Tahirids as the rulers of Tabaristan, and Qarin I was restored as the ruler of the Bavand dynasty as a vassal. Notes

References

Sources

839 deaths
9th-century Iranian people
9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate
Iranian rebels
Rulers of Tabaristan
Qarinvand dynasty
Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate
Zoroastrian rulers
Year

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<mask> (born 12 March 1980) is an Australian politician and a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. <mask> serves as the Federal Member for Goldstein in the Australian House of Representatives. He was elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2019, and served as the Chair of the Standing Committee on Economics from September 2018 to September 2021. He is currently the Assistant Minister to the Minister for Industry, Energy and Emissions Reduction. Before entering politics, <mask> was a policy director at the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) from 2007 to 2013 and Australia's Human Rights Commissioner from 2014 to 2016. Early life
<mask> was born on 12 March 1980 in Prahran, Victoria. He is the second of three children.His maternal grandfather immigrated to Australia from Armenia and was a survivor of the Armenian genocide. <mask> has been described by the Armenian National Committee of Australia as a "vocal and prominent supporter of Armenian-Australian issues, fiercely advocating for his government's recognition of the Armenian genocide and solidarity with the indigenous Armenian self-determined Republic of Artsakh". In his early years, <mask>'s parents ran pubs in Richmond and on Little Collins Street. Following their divorce he moved to Mount Martha and attended Mount Martha Primary School and The Peninsula School, Mount Eliza. At Monash University, <mask> studied fine arts before transferring and completing a Bachelor of Arts (Policy Studies) and a Masters of Diplomacy and Trade (International Trade). He was elected President of the Monash University Student Union Caulfield in 2002 and again in 2003. Early career

Institute of Public Affairs (IPA)
<mask> was employed by the Institute of Public Affairs for seven years, serving as Director of Climate Change Policy and of Intellectual Property and Free Trade.Human Rights Commissioner (HRC)

During his time at the IPA, <mask> was a vocal critic of the Human Rights Commission and called for the abolition of the Commission. He was appointed as Australia's Human Rights Commissioner between

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 February 2014 and February 2016. On appointment to the Human Rights Commission, <mask> resigned his membership of the Liberal Party. It was reported that in the first year following his appointment he charged out $77,000 in expenses including almost $15,000 in taxi fares on top of his other benefits that he was entitled to. <mask>'s response to these charges was "You'd rather I sit in my office all day?". In July 2020, it was revealed that, while a commissioner, he had used his Commission email account to introduce a prominent international speaker to the Institute of Public Affairs for an event, as well as arrange his attendance at the free market think-tank's functions, and to obtain from someone an endorsement in support of his campaign to gain Liberal preselection for Parliament. <mask> acknowledged that he had opposed release of the emails, which had been sought through a freedom of information application, but considered them "utterly irrelevant" and a "non-story”, saying his support of the IPA was publicly disclosed and well known throughout his term.Furthermore <mask> stated he originally halted the release of the emails to toy with the freedom of information applicant to "make sure the applicant thought there was something salacious in these emails only to be disappointed that they were utterly irrelevant and they'd wasted their time, and sadly that of the hard-working people at the Australian Human Rights Commission, who had to compile and redact these documents". Politics

Early campaign
In 2008, <mask>, then a Liberal Party member, ran for the position of deputy mayor of the City of Melbourne in a joint ticket with Peter McMullin, a former Labor mayor of Geelong. <mask> and McMullin lost. Federal parliament
On 19 March 2016, <mask> was preselected as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Goldstein. He defeated Denis Dragovic by two votes. Fellow IPA member, Georgina Downer was also a preselection candidate, but lost in the first round of voting. As recently as 2014, <mask> did not live in the electorate, but moved into

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 the electoral boundaries in anticipation for the election.<mask> was subsequently elected to the Australian House of Representatives at the 2016 election. He is a member of the Moderate/Modern Liberal faction of the Liberal Party. In his first term he served on the Standing Committee on Health, Aged Care and Sport, the Standing Committee on Industry, Innovation, Science and Resources and the Standing Committee on Social Policy and Legal Affairs. When Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called a spill of leadership positions in 2018, <mask> supported Turnbull against Peter Dutton. Following the vote to remove Turnbull, <mask> moved his support behind the eventual winner, Scott Morrison as the new Liberal leader and Prime Minister. In 2018, <mask> was appointed by Scott Morrison as the chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics. <mask> won a second term at the 2019 election, though there was a swing against him of 4.9%.<mask> was promoted to be an assistant minister in September 2021. He was named as the assistant to Angus Taylor responsible for the areas of industry, energy and emissions reduction. Political positions and controversies

Climate and Environment
One of <mask>'s roles at the IPA was Director of Climate Change Policy. He had also studied environmental issues in a variety of postgraduate studies. When he was at the IPA, <mask> argued against Australia being a party to the Kyoto Protocol and he was against any government prices on carbon. Following the 2019 election win, <mask> endorsed the cuts under the Kyoto and Paris Agreement and claimed that the Liberal party would meet their targets, even though they had been against them in the election a few months earlier. Prior to his time in parliament <mask> was strongly opposed to many environmental policies including calling Tony Abbott's Direct Action plan an "undesirable solution".During <mask>'s tenure as a policy director at the IPA, the group called for the closing of the Climate Change Authority, the ending of the Renewable Energy Target and

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 defunding of the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation. Despite personally not expressing climate change denial, <mask> has endorsed people's right to express such views, and was opposed to universities preventing such views from being taught in their institutions. <mask> voted to discontinue funding the Australian Renewable Energy Agency while a member of the Abbott Government. The vote was unsuccessful. LGBT issues
While human rights commissioner, <mask> claimed that asylum seekers were going to brothels to get a blow job from a male prostitute, and use the receipt to prove their status as a gay man. This would be used to assist in their claim for asylum, as they would be have persecuted had they been returned to their country of origin. In writing the story, Crikey contacted a number of sex workers who called the claim 'absurd' and they could not find a single asylum lawyer who could verify the claims.<mask> also defended the rights of religious groups to discriminate against LGBTI people. He was praised by the Australian Christian Lobby for this stance. In 2022 he defended the free speech rights of Margaret Court who was accused of homophobic beliefs, and rejected the public calls to remove her name from Margaret Court Arena. Same sex marriage

<mask> had been a public advocate for same-sex marriage for more than a decade prior to its becoming legal in Australia. The Abbott Government in 2015 promised a public vote on same-sex marriage, which was remained the coalition policy for the Turnbull Government. Following the 2016 federal election, <mask> supported the legislation for a public plebiscite on the basis that it was the fastest route to reform, although other advocates for the amendments to the law suggested the quickest and cheapest way was through a conscience vote on the floor of parliament. <mask> opposed efforts to block the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey in the High Court and continued as a prominent Liberal campaigner for the 'YES' vote during the plebiscite

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 process.Freedom of speech and human rights
<mask> has been a strong advocate for freedom of speech from his time in the IPA. He is an advocate of almost all speech to be able to be expressed in public. He also argued against plain package cigarettes as an attack on the property rights of the cigarette companies, and was against the anti-bikie laws in Queensland, that aimed to hamper the criminal activities of several motorcycle gangs. In 2019 he tweeted his support for the protests in Hong Kong against the Chinese government, and the importance of their voices being heard. However a tweet surfaced from several years earlier where he said of the Occupy Melbourne protests "all people who think freedom of speech = freedom 2 b heard, time wasters ... send in the water cannons". In November 2021, <mask> made amendments to a bill that was outside his ministerial purview to grant legal immunity to aged care providers if they restrain a resident against their will. The government claimed that this was an outcome that was called for from the Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety.In February 2022, <mask> wrote in his newsletter that supporters of Zoe Daniel were breaking the law and were liable for significant fines for having election signs outside their houses prior to the election being called. <mask> called on people to pass on the personal details of anyone with a sign supporting Daniel to his office. Daniel responded by calling the tactics "bullying and intimidation". The council confirmed that they had no intention of fining residents and that the signs were erected legally as it was within three months of 21 May, the last date for a joint House and Senate election, but <mask> claimed that the council had "flipped" as their initial advice to him was different. The council later removed the advice from their website on appeal from <mask>, since technically a House election can happen separately from the Senate and be held as late as 3 September. 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act
During his time in the IPA, he pushed to

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 repeal Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act which outlaws offensive behavior because of "race, colour or national or ethnic origin". When testifying before the senate committee he was unsure if freedom from discrimination should exist, and that he was defending the human rights of minorities to express their opinions.<mask> called the laws "democratically dangerous". During the term of his appointment he supported the Abbott Government's attempted changes to Section 18C of the 1975 Racial Discrimination Act. <mask> argued that 18C was ineffective in preventing racial discrimination and instead asserted civil codes of conducts imposed by employers, industry and community groups would bring cultural change. President of the Australian Human Rights Commission, Gillian Triggs, stated that <mask> was "on board" with the rest of the Commission regarding the removal of 18C. In one instance, when questioned if he accepted that any person had the right to use racial slurs including the word "nigger" he replied "I won't say it, but that's right", while adding that "even petty and casual racism is unacceptable". <mask> argued that under the existing laws it would create severe limits on what could be said in the public sphere, for example, he claimed that a magazine such as Charlie Hebdo would not be able to be published in Australia without censorship. However the Executive Council of Australian Jewry called <mask>'s arguments "wrong" and "hysterical nonsense".Franking credits
When Scott Morrison ascended to the prime ministership he appointed <mask> as Chair of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics. Under <mask>'s tenure, the Committee launched an inquiry into Labor's election promise, the proposed changes to refundable franking credits, holding a series of public hearings around the country. <mask> argued that Labor's policy constituted a 'retiree tax' that would damage the savings and superannuation balances of up to one million retirees. Opponents of the hearings saw the process as a series of sham hearings