texts:
 as the Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He is a member of various Academies of Arts and Sciences, including the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung, the Academy of Arts, Berlin, and the Sächsische Akademie der Künste, Dresden. In 1997, he was a Fellow at the Villa Aurora in Los Angeles.In 2005, he held the position of Max Kade Distinguished Visiting Professor at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, US. Since 2006, Grünbein is a visiting professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. In 2009, he was a poet in residence at the Villa Massimo in Rome. He has been a regular contributor to Frau und Hund – Zeitschrift für kursives Denken, edited by the academy's rector, the painter Markus Lüpertz. Grünbein's third opera, Die Weiden, had its premiere on 8 December 2018 at Wiener Staatsoper, which commissioned the opera from Austrian composer Johannes Maria Staud and Grünbein. Following Berenice in 2004 for the Munich Biennale and Die Antilope in 2014 for Lucerne Festival, Die Weiden is the third opera Grünbein has written in collaboration with Staud. Staud and Grünbein were booed at the premiere.Critical reception
Since the publication of his first collection of poems in 1988, <mask> Grünbein has emerged as "Germany's most prolific, versatile, successful and internationally renowned contemporary poet and  essayist", a "poet of world significance" and one of "the key figures shaping the contemporary scene", alongside, for instance,  Ulrike Draesner, Raul Schrott, and Marcel Beyer. Conceiving poetry as a means of memorial, historical, and aesthetic exploration,


type: original

texts: Grünbein arguably, draws not only on his biography, but on a deep sense of history and far-ranging erudition to produce sardonic poems and essays, bristling with unusual perceptions and inventive expressions". Whereas the intersection of literature and science, aesthetics and evolution, as well as the poetic elaboration of the existential experience in the GDR were the main focus of the critically acclaimed first collections of poetry,  Grauzone morgens (1988),  Schädelbasislektion (1991), Falten und Fallen (1994), since the middle 1990s, and especially since the collection Nach den Satiren (1999), classical antiquity figures prominently in Grünbein's poems and essays. "As in his poetry, in his essays, too", observes Michael Eskin, "Grünbein succeeds in artfully interweaving autobiography and memoir with a host of broader concerns ranging from questions of history, science, and medicine, to question of ethics, aesthetics, and politics, with special attention to the continued relevance of the past – Greek and roman antiquity in particular – in and to the contemporary world, as well as the inevitable interpretive malleability of the past in the light of our ever-evolving present". The poet's dialogue with the ancient legacy is more complex even than his own reflection suggests and most scholars assume. Besides interviewing past and present, some poems also engage with the gap between the past and its poetic figuration. Grünbein's works on Descartes' philosophy and its significance for the poetic subjectivity have been praised by prominent critics and thinkers for their depth and remarkable style, "one capable of conducting powerful and original thought with no loss


texts:
 of lyric intensity", notices Don Paterson.George Steiner's opus magnum The Poetry of Thought (2011) is dedicated to "<mask> Grünbein, poet and Cartesian". Postskriptum. Die Kürze des Lebens (2004)
 Der Misanthrop auf Capri (2005),
 Porzellan. Poem vom Untergang meiner Stadt (2005),
Strophen für Übermorgen (2007),
Liebesgedichte (2008)
Lob des Taifuns. Reisetagebücher in Haikus (2008)
Der cartesische Taucher. Drei Meditationen. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, .Libellen in Liberia. Gedichte und Berichte (2010)
 Aroma  (2010),
 Koloss im Nebel (2012 ),
Cyrano oder Die Rückkehr vom Mond. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2014,
Die Jahre im Zoo. Ein Kaleidoskop. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2015,
Zündkerzen. Gedichte. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2017,
Oper.Libretti. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2018
Contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West
Il bosco bianco. Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni 2020,

Prose
 Galilei vermisst Dantes Hölle und bleibt an den Maßen hängen. Aufsätze 1989–1995 (1996),
 Das erste Jahr. Berliner Aufzeichnungen (2001),
 Warum schriftlos leben. Aufsätze (2003),
 Antike Dispositionen (2005)
 Die Bars von Atlantis. Eine Erkundigung in vierzehn Tauchgängen (2009),

Books in English translation
 Ashes for Breakfast: Selected Poems, (translated in 2005 by Michael Hofmann) (shortlisted for the 2006 International Griffin Poetry Prize)
 Descartes' Devil: Three Meditations (translated by Anthea Bell; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2010)
 The Bars of Atlantis: Selected Essays.(edited and with an introduction by Michael Eskin; published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2010)
 The Vocation of Poetry


texts:
 (translated by Michael Eskin; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2011)
 Mortal Diamond: Poems (translated by Michael Eskin; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2013)
 Porcelain: Poem on the Downfall of my City (translated by Karen Leeder; published by Seagull Books, Calcutta, New York, London, 2020)

Further reading

 Michael Eskin: Poetic Affairs: Celan, Grünbein, Brodsky. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008. Michael Eskin/Karen Leeder/Christopher Young (eds. ): <mask> Grünbein. A Companion. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2013. Kai Bremer/ Fabian Lampart, Jörg Wesche, (eds.): Schreiben am Schnittpunkt. Poesie und Wissen bei Durs Grünbein. Freiburg: Rombach 2007
Sonja Klein: "Denn alles, alles ist verlorne Zeit". Fragment und Erinnerung im Werk von Durs Grünbein. Bielefeld: Aiesthesis 2008
Hinrich Ahrend: "Tanz zwischen sämtlichen Stühlen". Poetik und Dichtung im lyrischen und essayistischen Werk Durs Grünbeins. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann 2010

See also
 Wolfgang Weyrauch Prize

References

External links
 Griffin Poetry Prize shortlist 2006 Biography, including audio and video clips
 Profile on Germany – Poetry International Web site
 <mask> Grünbein at the complete review
 Why Live Without Writing: Unpopular answers to poetry questions Essay, February 2010 at the Poetry Foundation website
 The Doctrine of Photography by <mask> Grünbein Doctrine of Photography, translated by Karen Leeder 2017 at the Poetry Foundation website

1962 births
Living people
20th-century German poets
Dartmouth College faculty
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Pour le

masks: Durs Durs Durs


texts:
Rear Admiral <mask> '<mask><mask>, PVSM (1917-1999) was a Flag Officer in the Indian Navy. He was the first Sikh Admiral in the Indian Navy. He was the commissioning Commanding Officer of the Indian Navy's first aircraft carrier . He later served as the Chief of Materiel and as the Director General Naval Dockyard Expansion Scheme before retiring in 1972. Naval career
<mask> was in the seventh batch of Indian cadet-entry officers to join the Indian Mercantile Marine Training Ship Dufferin, in 1933. After graduating from the Dufferin in December 1935, he joined the mercantile marine. World War II
In September 1939, with the outbreak of the World War II, he joined the Royal Indian Naval Reserve (RINR) as an acting Sub-lieutenant.He was initially denied entry since he refused to cut his hair, but later was accepted as the first turbaned officer in the navy. He first served on the Cornwallis-class sloop HMIS Pansy. After about two years on the sloop, he was transferred to the auxiliary patrol vessel HMIS Sonavati in December 1941. On 4 April 1942, he was made temporary Lieutenant. Mahindroo was then transferred to the Bangor-class minesweeper  in December 1942. On 22 June 1943, the Black Swan-class sloop  was commissioned in Woolston, Southampton. The ship was in command of Commander James Wilfred Jefford, who later became the first Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Pakistan Navy.<mask> was the navigator and the only Indian among 14 British officers on board. The Godavari was deployed in the UK-Gibraltar route till the end of 1943, after which she was transferred to the East Indies Fleet. In December 1944, he was transferred to HMIS Akbar, the RIN training establishment in Bombay. He served in this appointment until the end of the war. He then led the parade of the Indian Naval contingent at the London Victory Celebrations of 1946. Post-Independence
In 1949, India acquired three destroyers from the UK - ,  and  which were being renamed to ,  and . <mask> was appointed

masks:
Pritam Singh
Peter
' Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo


texts: Executive Officer of the Rajput.In 1955, <mask> was promoted to the acting rank of Captain and appointed Chief Instructor at the Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington. The Naval wing at DSSC was established in 1949-50 and <mask> was the first Indian chief instructor. On 2 July 1956, he was promoted substantive Captain. After a stint of about three years at DSSC, he was appointed Commanding officer of the navy's flagship - the . He took over from Captain Benjamin Abraham <mask>. The Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet Rear Admiral Ram Dass Katari flew his flag on the Delhi. In June 1957, the Indian fleet called on ports in Africa with <mask> as the flag captain.After the Africa visit, the fleet sailed for Trincomalee for the annual joint commonwealth exercises with the Royal Navy, Royal Ceylon Navy and the Pakistan Navy. <mask> was in command of the Delhi during these exercises as well. In March 1960, <mask> was summoned by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari and told that he was selected to command the Indian Navy's first aircraft carrier - . In June, he embarked for Belfast where the ship was berthed. He then attended refresher courses at various training establishments and spent a week aboard . The ship was commissioned on 4 March 1961 at 1000 hours by Vijaya <mask>, the High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom. <mask> took the Vikrant from Belfast for Portsmouth in March 1961 and then to Portland for sea trials.Under him, in May, she embarked the Bréguet 1050 Alizés of INAS 310 in Toulon, France and then sailed for Malta for an intensive work-up. In August, Hawker Sea Hawks of INAS 300 also embarked in the English Channel. During the work-up and the trials, <mask> received kudos from the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet for the carrier's excellent performance. He then brought the carrier home to India, calling on multiple ports on the way like Alexandria, Port Said and Aden, with INS Rajput as escort. Vikrant

masks:
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Samson
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Lakshmi Pandit
Mahindroo
Mahindroo


texts:
 reached home waters by 3 November, where the two squadrons disembarked and she was welcomed by the flagship  and aircraft of the Indian Air Force. The same day, Vikrant was welcomed by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, CNS Vice Admiral Katari and Flag Officer Bombay Rear Admiral S. G. Karmarkar. In June 1962, Mahindroo led the Vikrant in exercises in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and off Malaya.After commanding the carrier for over two years, he relinquished command, handing over to Captain Nilakanta Krishnan in April 1963. He swapped places with Krishnan and was appointed Commanding Officer of the Navy's Engineering College INS Shivaji in Lonavala. After a short stint at Shivaji, in March 1964, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Commodore and appointed Commodore Superintendent Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. Flag rank
In February 1965, <mask> was appointed Chief of Materiel (COM) at Naval HQ and took over from Commodore <mask> Nath Kohli. In August, the appointment was upgraded to flag rank and he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. He served as the COM for about three years. In December 1967, he was appointed Director General Naval Dockyard Expansion Scheme (DG-NDES).He served in this appointment for long tenure of about six years. On 26 January 1972, he was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal for distinguished service of the most exceptional order. Later life and death
<mask> moved to Chandigarh after his retirement and was an avid golfer, playing seven days a week. His son also joined the Navy and had a short stint. On 31 January 1997, INS Vikrant was decommissioned at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The decommissioning ceremony was performed by <mask>, the carrier's first captain. He died in the Military Hospital, Chandimandir on 8 October 1999.See also
 INS Vikrant (R11)
 Chief of Materiel

References

Bibliography

Indian Navy admirals
Royal Indian Navy officers
1917 births
1999 deaths
Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Chiefs of Materiel

masks: Mahindroo Mahindroo Sourendra Mahindroo Mahindroo


texts:
<mask> (born 21 May 1969) is a Welsh former professional footballer and manager. He is the elder brother of <mask>. A forward, he began his career at Oxford United in 1987. He spent four years at the club, and also had loan spells at Brentford and Southend United. He was sold on to Watford for £350,000 in December 1991, where he would remain for another four years. He lost his first-team place after a change of manager in 1993, and again joined Southend United on loan. He was sold to Reading for £250,000 in January 1995, and played in the club's defeat in the 1995 First Division play-off final at Wembley Stadium.He spent time on loan at Notts County, before he joined Grimsby Town for a £170,000 fee in August 1997. He helped the club to win the Football League Trophy in 1998 and then to win promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs at the end of the 1997–98 season. He moved on to Luton Town in 2000, before signing with York City in February 2001. He was also instated as assistant manager in May 2003, and left the club two years later. He scored a total of 139 goals in 673 league and cup appearances during a 19-year professional career, and also won two caps for Wales. He was appointed manager at Whitby Town in June 2006, before resigning in October 2007. He remained on at the club as a player and assistant manager, before joining F.C.Halifax Town as an assistant to Neil Aspin. He followed Aspin to Gateshead in November 2015, and then Port Vale in October 2017. Club career

Oxford United
Nogan turned professional at Oxford United under Maurice Evans. He joined Brentford on loan in March 1987, and spent the remainder of the 1986–87 season at Griffin Park, scoring two goals in 11 Third Division games for Steve Perryman's "Bees". He then played four matches and

masks:
Lee Martin Nogan
Kurt Nogan


texts:
 scored one goal as the "U's" were relegated out of the First Division at the end of the 1987–88 season under the stewardship of Mark Lawrenson. He also played nine games on loan at Third Division Southend United, scoring one goal for the "Shrimpers". He made only occasional appearances for Oxford in the 1988–89 and 1989–90 campaigns, playing just eight first-team games under new manager Brian Horton.He established himself as a regular first-team player at the Manor Ground during the 1990–91 campaign, scoring seven goals from 40 appearances. He scored five goals from 25 games in the first half of the 1991–92 season. Watford
Nogan joined Second Division rivals Watford for a £350,000 fee in December 1991, who were managed by former Brentford boss Steve Perryman. He ended the 1991–92 campaign with five goals from 23 games, helping the "Hornets" to a tenth-place finish. He scored 12 goals from 49 appearances in the 1992–93 season as Watford slipped to 16th-position. He lost his first-team place under new manager Glenn Roeder in the 1993–94 season, and scored only four goals from his 30 matches as Watford narrowly avoided relegation. He also returned to Southend United on loan, now in the First Division and under the stewardship of Peter Taylor.Again his stay at Roots Hall was brief however, and he played just five games for the "Seasiders". He returned to Vicarage Road and scored nine goals from 15 appearances in the first half of the 1994–95 campaign. Reading
Nogan was sold on to Reading for £250,000 in January 1995. He scored 12 goals in 23 appearances, including a hat-trick in a 3–3 draw with Port Vale at Elm Park, to help the "Royals" to secure a second-place finish in the First Division at the end of the 1994–95 season. A reduction in the size of the Premier League denied


texts:
 the club automatic promotion however, and though they eliminated Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals, they lost out to Bolton Wanderers in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. Nogan had put Reading ahead in the fourth minute with the first goal of the game, and by half time they were 2–0 up, but two goals in the final 15 minutes saw Bolton force extra-time and go on to claim a 4–3 victory. Reading then struggled in the 1995–96 campaign, only managing a 19th-place finish, with Nogan contributing 11 goals from his 45 appearances.He went on to score a further six goals across 25 appearances in the 1996–97 season, as joint-managers Mick Gooding and Jimmy Quinn led the club to an 18th-place finish. Nogan also enjoyed a spell on loan with Notts County, playing six games during his short stay at Meadow Lane as the "Magpies" struggled at the foot of the Second Division. Grimsby Town
Nogan signed with Grimsby Town for a £170,000 fee in August 1997, with manager Alan Buckley looking to replace Clive Mendonca. He formed effective partnership with Jack Lester, and scored 13 goals in 54 appearances across the 1997–98 season to help the "Mariners" to reach the Second Division play-off final at Wembley Stadium. There they defeated Northampton Town 1–0 to secure promotion. He also played in the 1998 Football League Trophy final, as Grimsby won the Football League Trophy for the first time with a 2–1 extra-time victory over AFC Bournemouth. However he struggled back in the First Division, scoring just three goals in 42 matches across the 1998–99 campaign, as he failed to adapt to the pace and physicality of the higher division.A lack of other options at Blundell Park left him unable to be replaced up front and caused him to receive criticism from some supporters as his confidence


texts:
 dipped. Darlington
Nogan joined Darlington on a free transfer in July 1999. A strike partnership with veteran forward Marco Gabbiadini failed to materialise however, as loan signings such as Craig Russell were preferred by "Quakers" manager David Hodgson, though Nogan still featured 39 times in the 1999–2000 season, contributing five goals. He came on as an 84th minute substitute for Peter Duffield in the Third Division play-off final, as Darlington lost 1–0 to Peterborough United. Shortly after Gary Bennett took charge at Feethams at the start of the 2000–01 season, Nogan was allowed to leave the club on a free transfer. Luton Town
Nogan moved back up to the Second Division to Luton Town as one of manager Lil Fuccillo's first signings at Kenilworth Road. On 19 December, he opened the scoring as Luton defeated his former club Darlington 2–0 in the second round of the FA Cup.He scored against another former club four days later, though this was during a 4–1 defeat at Reading. He played just 11 times for the "Hatters" and scored just the two goals, as Luton suffered relegation at the end of the 2000–01 season under the stewardship of Joe Kinnear. York City
Nogan signed with York City in February 2001; manager Terry Dolan said that "we needed a striker... with Chris Iwelumo finishing his time here it would have left us with just David McNiven and Scott Emmerson... <mask> is experienced and hopefully that will help David McNiven and it also gives Alex Mathie a lot more breathing space to fully recover before he comes back." He proved to be a key player in the club's upturn in form in the second half of the 2000–01 season, displaying hunger and a high work-rate as he scored six goals from 16 appearances. He scored 13 goals from 49 appearances for the "Minstermen" throughout the


texts:
 2001–02 season, and made a further 50 appearances in the 2002–03 campaign, scoring six goals. He was released in May 2003 following what were described as "drastic cost-cutting measures", though he ended up staying on at the club as a player and assistant manager to rookie manager Chris Brass. He finished as York's top-scorer in the 2003–04 season with nine goals, although he was unable to prevent them from suffering relegation out of the Football League to the Conference.He remained at Bootham Crescent after relegation, and scored three goals from 24 games in the 2004–05 season, before leaving the club when caretaker-manager Viv Busby was succeeded by Billy McEwan in February. He went on to join Conference North side Harrogate Town in March 2005 after being signed by manager Neil Aspin, his former teammate at Darlington. He later played for  Pickering Town, who were managed by former York teammate Alex Mathie. International career
Nogan won caps for the Wales under-21 and B team, before he won his first senior Wales cap in 1992. He picked up his second and final cap three years later. Coaching career

Whitby Town
Nogan was appointed as manager of Whitby Town in June 2006. He led the club to an 11th-place finish in the Northern Premier League Premier Division at the end of the 2006–07 season, though they did suffer early cup qualification exits to Frickley Athletic and Woodley Sports.The "Blues" suffered a poor start to the 2007–08 campaign, and <mask> resigned on 22 October 2007 following an FA Trophy defeat at Ossett Town. Despite being a former manager, he continued to play for the club, helping them to avoid relegation at the end of the season. He served as assistant manager to manager Graeme Clark during the 2008–09 season, and continued to make first-team appearances.


texts:
 Assistant to Neil Aspin
<mask> went on to work as assistant to F.C. Halifax Town manager Neil Aspin. On 1 October 2014, now aged 45, he came on as a 7th-minute substitute in a 3–0 defeat at Guiseley in the first round of the West Riding County Cup, and was taken off to be replaced by Aspin on 69 minutes. Aspin was appointed as Gateshead manager on 27 November 2015, and the following day he hired Nogan to again work as his assistant.Having been recruited by League Two club Port Vale, Aspin again took Nogan with him to work as a coach on 6 October 2017. He departed Vale Park alongside Aspin on 30 January 2019. Personal life
Nogan has worked as a PE teacher in primary schools since ending his playing career. His younger brother, <mask>, is also a former professional footballer. Statistics

Club statistics
Source:

International playing statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours
Grimsby Town
Football League Second Division play-offs: 1998
Football League Trophy: 1998

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Cardiff
Welsh footballers
Wales under-21 international footballers
Wales international footballers
Association football forwards
Oxford United F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Southend United F.C.players
Watford F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
York City F.C.players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Pickering Town F.C. players
Whitby Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Welsh football managers
Whitby Town F.C. managers
Association football coaches
York City F.C. non-playing staff
Gateshead F.C. non-playing staff
Port Vale F.C.non-playing staff
Welsh

masks:
Nogan
Kurt Nogan


texts:
<mask>  (; 11 December 1942 – 1  or 2 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with the publication of his first paper, "Personal Identity". His first book, Reasons and Persons (1984), has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s. His second book, On What Matters (2011), was widely circulated and discussed for many years before its publication. For his entire academic career, Parfit worked at Oxford University, where he was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College at the time of his death. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at Harvard University, New York University, and Rutgers University.He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories." Early life and education
Parfit was born in 1942 in Chengdu, China, the son of Jessie (née Browne) and Norman Parfit, medical doctors who had moved to Western China to teach preventive medicine in missionary hospitals. The family returned to the United Kingdom about a year after Parfit was born, settling in Oxford. Parfit was educated at Eton College, where he was nearly always at the top of the regular rankings in every subject except maths. From an early age, he endeavoured to become a poet, but he gave up poetry towards the end of his adolescence. He then studied Modern History at Balliol College, Oxford,


texts:
 graduating in 1964. In 1965–66 he was a Harkness Fellow at Columbia University and Harvard University.He abandoned historical studies for philosophy during the fellowship. Career
Parfit returned to Oxford to become a fellow of All Souls College, where he remained until he was 67, when the university’s mandatory retirement policy required him to leave both the college and the faculty of philosophy. He retained his appointments as regular Visiting Professor at Harvard, NYU, and Rutgers until his death. Ethics and rationality

Reasons and Persons

In Reasons and Persons, Parfit suggested that nonreligious ethics is a young and fertile field of inquiry. He asked questions about which actions are right or wrong and shied away from meta-ethics, which focuses more on logic and language. In Part I of Reasons and Persons Parfit discussed self-defeating moral theories, namely the self-interest theory of rationality ("S") and two ethical frameworks: common-sense morality and consequentialism. He posited that self-interest has been dominant in Western culture for over two millennia, often making bedfellows with religious doctrine, which united self-interest and morality.Because self-interest demands that we always make self-interest our supreme rational concern and instructs us to ensure that our whole life goes as well as possible, self-interest makes temporally neutral requirements. Thus it would be irrational to act in ways that we know we would prefer later to undo. As an example, it would be irrational for fourteen-year-olds to listen to loud music or get arrested for vandalism if they knew such actions would detract significantly from their future well-being and goals (such


texts: as having good hearing or an academic career in philosophy). Most notably, the self-interest theory holds that it is irrational to commit any acts of self-denial or to act on desires that negatively affect our well-being. One may consider an aspiring author whose strongest desire is to write a masterpiece but who, in doing so, suffers depression and lack of sleep. Parfit argues that it is plausible that we have such desires which conflict with our own well-being, and that it is not necessarily irrational to act to fulfill these desires. Aside from the initial appeal to plausibility of desires that do not directly contribute to one's life going well, Parfit contrived situations where self-interest is indirectly self-defeating—that is, it makes demands that it initially posits as irrational.It does not fail on its own terms, but it does recommend adoption of an alternative framework of rationality. For instance, it might be in my self-interest to become trustworthy to participate in mutually beneficial agreements, even though in maintaining the agreement I will be doing what will, other things being equal, be worse for me. In many cases self-interest instructs us precisely not to follow self-interest, thus fitting the definition of an indirectly self-defeating theory. Parfit contended that to be indirectly individually self-defeating and directly collectively self-defeating is not fatally damaging for S. To further bury self-interest, he exploited its partial relativity, juxtaposing temporally neutral demands against agent-centred demands. The appeal to full relativity raises the question whether a theory can be consistently neutral in one sphere of actualisation but


texts: entirely partial in another. Stripped of its commonly accepted shrouds of plausibility that can be shown to be inconsistent, self-interest can be judged on its own merits. While Parfit did not offer an argument to dismiss S outright, his exposition lays self-interest bare and allows its own failings to show through.It is defensible, but the defender must bite so many bullets that they might lose their credibility in the process. Thus a new theory of rationality is necessary. Parfit offered the "critical present aim theory", a broad catch-all that can be formulated to accommodate any competing theory. He constructed critical present aim to exclude self-interest as our overriding rational concern and to allow the time of action to become critically important. But he left open whether it should include "to avoid acting wrongly" as our highest concern. Such an inclusion would pave the way for ethics. Henry Sidgwick longed for the fusion of ethics and rationality, and while Parfit admitted that many would avoid acting irrationally more ardently than acting immorally, he could not construct an argument that adequately united the two.Where self-interest puts too much emphasis on the separateness of persons, consequentialism fails to recognise the importance of bonds and emotional responses that come from allowing some people privileged positions in one's life. If we were all pure do-gooders, perhaps following Sidgwick, that would not constitute the outcome that would maximise happiness. It would be better if a small percentage of the population were pure do-gooders, but others acted out of love, etc. Thus consequentialism too makes demands of agents that it initially deemed


texts:
 immoral; it fails not on its own terms, for it still demands the outcome that maximises total happiness, but does demand that each agent not always act as an impartial happiness promoter. Consequentialism thus needs to be revised as well. Self-interest and consequentialism fail indirectly, while common-sense morality is directly collectively self-defeating. (So is self-interest, but self-interest is an individual theory.)Parfit showed, using interesting examples and borrowing from Nashian games, that it would often be better for us all if we did not put the welfare of our loved ones before all else. For example, we should care not only about our kids, but everyone's kids. On What Matters

In his second book, Parfit argues for moral realism, insisting that moral questions have true and false answers. Further, he suggests that the three most prominent categories of views in moral philosophy—Kantian deontology, consequentalism, and contractarianism (or contractualism)—converge on the same answers to moral questions. In the book he argues that the affluent have strong moral obligations to the poor:

"One thing that greatly matters is the failure of we rich people to prevent, as we so easily could, much of the suffering and many of the early deaths of the poorest people in the world. The money that we spend on an evening’s entertainment might instead save some poor person from death, blindness, or chronic and severe pain. If we believe that, in our treatment of these poorest people, we are not acting wrongly, we are like those who believed that they were justified in having slaves.Some of us ask how much of our wealth we rich people ought to give to these poorest people.


texts:
 But that question wrongly assumes that our wealth is ours to give. This wealth is legally ours. But these poorest people have much stronger moral claims to some of this wealth. We ought to transfer to these people [...] at least ten per cent of what we earn." Criticism

In his book On Human Nature, Roger Scruton criticised Parfit's use of moral dilemmas such as the trolley problem and lifeboat ethics to support his ethical views, writing, "These 'dilemmas' have the useful character of eliminating from the situation just about every morally relevant relationship and reducing the problem to one of arithmetic alone." Scruton believes that many of them are deceptive; for example, he does not believe one must be a consequentialist to believe that it is morally required to pull the switch in the trolley problem, as Parfit assumes.He instead suggests that more complex dilemmas, such as Anna Karenina's choice to leave her husband and child for Vronsky, are needed to fully express the differences between opposing ethical theories, and suggests that deontology is free of the problems that (in Scruton's view) beset Parfit's theory. Personal identity
Parfit was singular in his meticulously rigorous and almost mathematical investigations into personal identity. In some cases, he used examples seemingly inspired by Star Trek and other science fiction, such as the teletransporter, to explore our intuitions about our identity. He was a reductionist, believing that since there is no adequate criterion of personal identity, people do not exist apart from their components. Parfit argued that reality can be fully described impersonally: there need not be a determinate answer to the


texts:
 question "Will I continue to exist?" We could know all the facts about a person's continued existence and not be able to say whether the person has survived. He concluded that we are mistaken in assuming that personal identity is what matters in survival; what matters is rather Relation R: psychological connectedness (namely, of memory and character) and continuity (overlapping chains of strong connectedness).On Parfit's account, individuals are nothing more than brains and bodies, but identity cannot be reduced to either. (Parfit concedes that his theories rarely conflict with rival Reductionist theories in everyday life, and that the two are only brought to blows by the introduction of extraordinary examples, but he defends the use of such examples on the grounds that they arouse strong intuitions in many of us.) Identity is not as determinate as we often suppose it is, but instead such determinacy arises mainly from the way we talk. People exist in the same way that nations or clubs exist. Following David Hume, Parfit argued that no unique entity, such as a self, unifies a person's experiences and dispositions over time. Therefore personal identity is not "what matters" in survival. A key Parfitian question is: given the choice between surviving without psychological continuity and connectedness (Relation R) and dying but preserving R through someone else's future existence, which would you choose?Parfit argues the latter is preferable. Parfit described his loss of belief in a separate self as liberating:

Criticism of personal identity view
Fellow reductionist Mark Johnston of Princeton rejects Parfit's constitutive notion of identity with what he calls an


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 "Argument from Above". Johnston maintains, "Even if the lower-level facts [that make up identity] do not in themselves matter, the higher-level fact may matter. If it does, the lower-level facts will have derived significance. They will matter, not in themselves, but because they constitute the higher level fact." In this, Johnston moves to preserve the significance of personhood. Parfit's explanation is that it is not personhood itself that matters, but rather the facts in which personhood consists that provide it with significance.To illustrate this difference between himself and Johnston, Parfit used an illustration of a brain-damaged patient who becomes irreversibly unconscious. The patient is certainly still alive even though that fact is separate from the fact that his heart is still beating and other organs are still functioning. But the fact that the patient is alive is not an independent or separately obtaining fact. The patient's being alive, even though irreversibly unconscious, simply consists in the other facts. Parfit explains that from this so-called "Argument from Below" we can arbitrate the value of the heart and other organs still working without having to assign them derived significance, as Johnston's perspective would dictate. The future
In part four of Reasons and Persons, Parfit discusses possible futures for the world. Parfit discusses possible futures and population growth in Chapter 17 of Reasons and Persons.He shows that both average and total utilitarianism result in unwelcome conclusions when applied to population. In the section titled "Overpopulation," Parfit distinguishes between average utilitarianism and total utilitarianism. He


texts: formulates average utilitarianism in two ways. One is what Parfit calls the "Impersonal Average Principle", which he formulates as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which people's lives go, on average, best." The other is what he calls the "Hedonistic version"; he formulates this as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there is the greatest average net sum of happiness, per life lived." Parfit then gives two formulations of the total utilitarianism view. The first formulation Parfit calls the "Hedonistic version of the Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of happiness—the greatest net sum of happiness minus misery."He then describes the other formulation, the "non-Hedonistic Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of whatever makes life worth living. Applying total utilitarian standards (absolute total happiness) to possible population growth and welfare leads to what he calls the repugnant conclusion: "For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living." Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment: imagine a choice between two possible futures. In A, 10 billion people would live during the next generation, all with extremely happy lives, lives far happier than anyone's today. In B, there are 20


texts: billion people all living lives that, while slightly less happy than those in A, are still very happy. Under total utility maximisation we should prefer B to A. Therefore, through a regressive process of population increases and happiness decreases (in each pair of cases the happiness decrease is outweighed by the population increase) we are forced to prefer Z, a world of hundreds of billions of people all living lives barely worth living, to A.Even if we do not hold that coming to exist can benefit someone, we still must at least admit that Z is no worse than A. There have been a number of responses to Parfit's utilitarian calculus and his conclusion regarding future lives, including challenges to what life in the A-world would be like and whether life in the Z-world would differ very much from a normal privileged life; that movement from the A-world to the Z-world can be blocked by discontinuity; that rather than accepting the utilitarian premise of maximizing happiness, emphasis should be placed on the converse, minimizing suffering; challenging Parfit's teleological framework by arguing that "better than" is a transitive relation and removing the transitive axiom of the all-things-considered-better-than relation; proposing a minimal threshold of liberties and primary social goods to be distributed; and taking a deontological approach that looks to values and their transmission through time. Parfit makes a similar argument against average utilitarian standards. If all we care about is average happiness, we are forced to conclude that an extremely small population, say ten people, over the course of human history is the best outcome if we assume that these ten people


texts: (Adam and Eve et al.) had lives happier than we could ever imagine. Then consider the case of American immigration. Presumably alien welfare is less than American, but the would-be alien benefits tremendously from leaving his homeland.Assume also that Americans benefit from immigration (at least in small amounts) because they get cheap labour, etc. Under immigration both groups are better off, but if this increase is offset by increase in the population, then average welfare is lower. Thus although everyone is better off, this is not the preferred outcome. Parfit asserts that this is simply absurd. Parfit then discusses the identity of future generations. In Chapter 16 of Reasons and Persons he posits that one's existence is intimately related to the time and conditions of one's conception. He calls this "The Time-Dependence Claim": "If any particular person had not been conceived when he was in fact conceived, it is in fact true that he would never have existed".Study of weather patterns and other physical phenomena in the 20th century has shown that very minor changes in conditions at time T have drastic effects at all times after T. Compare this to the romantic involvement of future childbearing partners. Any actions taken today, at time T, will affect who exists after only a few generations. For instance, a significant change in global environmental policy would shift the conditions of the conception process so much that after 300 years none of the same people that would have been born are in fact born. Different couples meet each other and conceive at different times, and so different people come into existence. This is known as the 'non-identity problem'. We


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 could thus craft disastrous policies that would be worse for nobody, because none of the same people would exist under the different policies. If we consider the moral ramifications of potential policies in person-affecting terms, we will have no reason to prefer a sound policy over an unsound one provided that its effects are not felt for a few generations.This is the non-identity problem in its purest form: the identity of future generations is causally dependent, in a very sensitive way, on the actions of the present generations. Personal life

Parfit met Janet Radcliffe Richards in 1982, and they then began a relationship that lasted until his death. They married in 2010. Richards believes Parfit had Asperger syndrome. Parfit supported effective altruism. He was a member of Giving What We Can and pledged to donate at least 10% of his income to effective charities. Parfit was an avid photographer who regularly traveled to Venice and St. Petersburg to photograph architecture.Selected works
1964: Eton Microcosm. Edited by Anthony Cheetham and <mask>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 1971:  "Personal Identity". Philosophical Review. vol. 80: 3–27.1979: "Is Common-Sense Morality Self-Defeating?". The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 76, pp. 533–545, October. 1984: Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1992: "Against the social discount rate" (with Tyler Cowen), in Peter Laslett & James S. Fishkin (eds.)Justice between age groups and generations, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 144–161. 1997: "Reasons and Motivation". The Aristotelian Soc. Supp., vol. 77: 99–130. 2003:
2006: "Normativity", in Russ Shafer-Landau (ed.).Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. I. Oxford:


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 Clarendon Press. 2011: On What Matters, vols. 1 and 2. Oxford University Press. 2017: On What Matters, vol. 3.Oxford University Press. References

Further reading
 Jussi Suikkanen and John Cottingham (Editors), Essays on <mask>'s On What Matters (Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). External links

Profile, All Souls College, Oxford
<mask>rfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings. Parfit's Climbing the Mountain reading group on PEA Soup

1942 births
2017 deaths
20th-century English philosophers
21st-century English philosophers
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Analytic philosophers
British ethicists
Columbia University alumni
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Harkness Fellows
Harvard University staff
Meta-ethics
New York University faculty
People associated with effective altruism
People educated at Eton College
Philosophers of identity
Rolf Schock Prize

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Derek Parfit
Derek Pa


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<mask> (born Henry Olaf Hansen, October 9, 1887 – September 4, 1960) was an American film actor. Henry Olaf Hansen was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. His family migrated to the United States in 1892.′′ Under the stage name, <mask>, he appeared in more than 330 films between 1911 and 1960. A favorite of John Ford, <mask> was a prominent member of the John Ford Stock Company. Only four actors appeared in more Ford films than <mask>. He died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles from lung cancer. He was interred at the Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park in North Hollywood, California.(1932) - Bill - Henchman
 The Fourth Horseman (1932) - Henchman (uncredited)
 Scarlet Dawn (1932) - Revolutionary (uncredited)
 Air Mail (1932) - Airport Worker Yelling 'Crash Wagon' (uncredited)
 Speed Demon (1932) - Bull
 The Lost Special (1932, Serial) - Henchman (uncredited)
 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) - Convict (uncredited)
 King Kong (1933) - Member of Ship's Crew (uncredited)
 The Little Giant (1933) - Mr. Pulido - a Mug (uncredited)
 The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble (1933) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Song of the Eagle (1933) - Worker (uncredited)
 The Silk Express (1933) - Silk Loader (uncredited)
 The Woman I Stole (1933) - Oil Worker (uncredited)
 Pilgrimage (1933) - Soldier on Train (uncredited)
 Baby Face (1933) - Laborer (uncredited)
 Gordon of Ghost City (1933, Serial) - Bushwacker (Ch. 9) (uncredited)
 Skyway (1933) - Truck Driver (uncredited)
 Lady for a Day (1933) - Reception Guest (uncredited)
 Penthouse (1933) - Customer at Crelliman's Place

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Harry Tenbrook
Harry Tenbrook
Tenbrook
Tenbrook


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 (uncredited)
 The Wolf Dog (1933, Serial) - Sailor (uncredited)
 The Bowery (1933) - Fireman (uncredited)
 Lady Killer (1933) - Monkey Delivery Man (uncredited)
 Son of Kong (1933) - Tommy, a Sailor (uncredited)
 Fugitive Lovers (1934) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Palooka (1934) - McSwatt's Handler (uncredited)
 Pirate Treasure (1934, Serial) - Train Man (Ch. 4) (uncredited)
 Gambling Lady (1934) - Funeral Attendee (uncredited)
 Lazy River (1934) - Search Officer on Coast Guard Ship (uncredited)
 The Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) - Man in Bar (uncredited)
 Come On Marines! 11] (uncredited)
 Each Dawn I Die (1939) - Convict (uncredited)
 Our Leading Citizen (1939) - Workman (uncredited)
 Daughter of the Tong (1939) - Sam - Henchman (uncredited)
 Blackmail (1939) - Truck Driver at Gas Station (uncredited)
 Oklahoma Frontier (1939) - Henchman Grimes
 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Bodyguard (uncredited)
 The Marshal of Mesa City (1939) - Townsman (uncredited)
 Chip of the Flying U (1939) - Foreign Agent's Henchman (uncredited)
 Destry Rides Again (1939) - Stage Shotgun Rider (uncredited)
 Swanee River (1939) - Jim, Saloon Waiter (uncredited)
 The Shadow (1940, Serial) - Henchman Adams (uncredited)
 The Green Hornet (1940, Serial) - Meadows' Garage Lookout [Ch. 5] / Policeman [Ch. 9] (uncredited)
 The Grapes of Wrath (1940) - Deputy / Troublemaker (uncredited)
 I Take This Woman (1940) - Taxi Driver (scenes deleted)
 Black Friday (1940) - Cabbie (uncredited)
 Johnny Apollo (1940) - Guard Escorting Apollo (uncredited)
 Winners of the West (1940, Serial) -


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<mask> (born October 13, 1960) is an American media consultant and political aide who served as the 23rd White House Press Secretary, for President George W. Bush, from January 2001 to July 2003. Since leaving the White House, he has worked as a media consultant and commentator. He joined Fox News as a contributor in July 2017. Early life
<mask> was born in 1960 in New York City, the son of Martha and Alan A<mask>. His mother was a database coordinator and his father was owner of an executive recruiting company. His parents were Jewish; his mother is a Hungarian immigrant who lost much of her family in the Holocaust. Both parents were Democrats who were "horrified" when Fleischer became a Republican, he told an interviewer in 2003: "While I lived at home and when I started college, I was a liberal Democrat.In a sense, it was President Carter who drove me out of the Democratic Party and it was President Reagan who welcomed me into the Republican Party." He graduated from Fox Lane High School in Bedford, New York, in 1978, and graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont in 1982. Congressional staffer
Upon his graduation from Middlebury, Fleischer worked as press secretary for Jon S. Fossel, a Republican candidate for a New York congressional seat. Later Fleischer worked as press secretary for Norman Lent. From 1985 to 1988, he was field director for the National Republican Congressional Committee. He went back to being a press secretary in 1988, working for congressman Joseph DioGuardi. Fleischer served as U.S.Senator Pete Domenici's press secretary from 1989 to 1994 and as spokesman for the House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee for five years. He worked as deputy communications director for George H. W. Bush's 1992 reelection campaign. White House press secretary
Although Fleischer served as

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Lawrence Ari Fleischer
Fleischer
. Fleischer


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 communications director for Elizabeth Dole during her presidential run in the 2000 election campaign, he joined George W. Bush's presidential campaign after Dole dropped out of the race. When Bush became the President in 2001, he tapped Fleischer to become the first press secretary of his administration. Fleischer is credited with having been the first to introduce the phrase "homicide bombing" to describe what has also been called suicide bombing, in April 2002, to emphasize the terrorist connotations of the tactic:

On May 19, 2003, he announced that he would resign during the summer, citing a desire to spend more time with his wife and to work in the private sector. He was replaced by deputy press secretary Scott McClellan on July 15, 2003. Iraq War
As press secretary in the Bush administration, Fleischer was a prominent advocate for the Invasion of Iraq.He made numerous exaggerated and misleading claims about Iraq in the lead-up to the Iraq War, in particular about Iraq's purported WMD program (it did not have one) and the Saddam Hussein regime's purported relationship with al-Qaeda (they did not have an operational relationship). In January 2003, after UN weapons inspectors said they had "not found any smoking gun" evidence of an active WMD program, Fleischer said, "The problem with guns that are hidden is you can't see their smoke... We know for a fact that there are weapons there." (there were not) On the issue of whether the Saddam Hussein regime had sought to obtain uranium from Niger, Fleischer said that it was "an issue that very well may be true. We don’t know if it’s true—but nobody, but nobody, can say it is wrong." In his press conferences, he repeatedly insisted that the burden of proof for the non-existence of the Hussein regime's WMD program fell on Saddam Hussein, not on the Bush


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 administration to prove that he did have an active WMD program. On one occasion Fleischer said that Hussein "has to indicate whether or not he has weapons. . . . If he declares he has none, then we will know that Saddam Hussein is once again misleading the world. . . .If Saddam Hussein indicates that he has weapons of mass destruction and that he is violating United Nations resolutions, then we will know that Saddam Hussein again deceived the world." In 2019, Fleischer said, "It’s a myth that Bush lied" about Iraq. Fleischer claimed that he and Bush "faithfully and accurately reported" the assessments of the Intelligence community. "Operation Avarice", a covert CIA operation to buy up WMD's in Iraq, did secure over 400 missiles and rockets containing chemical weapons, mostly Sarin nerve-gas, between 2005 and 2006. In some cases the missile's toxicity was over 25%, much higher than expected. Some details of the classified operation were revealed by the NY Times in 2015. Additionally, hundreds and possibly thousands of US troops were exposed to various chemical weapons during cleanup operations when about 5,000 chemical warheads, shells or aviation bombs were located and demolished in Iraq.Some of the cases of exposure were hushed up at the time, as the military did not want to reveal that there were chemical agents around lest they be used by terrorists in conjunction with IEDs. Torture
In 2003, Fleischer said, "The standard for any type of interrogation of somebody in American custody is to be humane and to follow all international laws and accords dealing with this type subject. That is precisely what has been happening and exactly what will happen." The administration used waterboarding, sleep deprivation and forced nudity against suspected combatants and suspected terrorists. In 2009, when the Department of


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 Justice of the Obama administration launched a probe into alleged CIA interrogation abuses, Fleischer described the decision as "disgusting." Fleischer said if he were subpoenaed in an investigation of alleged interrogation abuses, "I'll be proud to testify... I'm proud of what we did to protect this country."Alleged role in Plame affair

Fleischer became an important figure in the CIA leak case; he testified that Scooter Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's former chief of staff, told him that Valerie Plame was a covert agent weeks before Libby had claimed to have been informed of Plame's status by a reporter. On July 7, 2003, at The James S. Brady Briefing Room, Fleischer was asked about Joseph Wilson, a former U.S. ambassador who had recently written an editorial for The New York Times criticizing the intelligence information the Bush administration had relied upon to make its case for invading the nation of Iraq. Specifically, Fleischer was asked to respond to Mr. Wilson's assertion that he had been sent to Niger to investigate claims that Saddam Hussein had sought yellowcake uranium and found no evidence that such events had ever occurred. Fleischer testified in open court on January 29, 2007, that Libby told him on July 7, 2003, at lunch, about Plame, who is Wilson's wife. MSNBC correspondent David Shuster summarized Fleisher's testimony on Hardball with Chris Matthews:

Fleischer also testified to the fact that Dan Bartlett, the president's communications adviser, told him the same thing on Air Force One days later on the way to Niger with President Bush. Fleischer had then relayed this information to Time correspondent John Dickerson and NBC's David Gregory in Uganda during the African trip. Dickerson denied that such a conversation ever took place.Fleischer gave his final "Press Briefing" on July 14,


texts:
 2003. On July 18, 2005, Bloomberg reported that in his sworn testimony before the grand jury investigating the leak, Fleischer denied having seen a memo circulating in Air Force One on July 7, 2003, which named Plame in connection to Wilson's mission and which identified her as a "CIA" covert agent. However, a former Bush Administration official also on the plane testified to having seen Fleischer perusing the document. Columnist Robert Novak, who published Plame's name on July 14, 2003, made a call to Fleischer on July 7, 2003, before Fleischer's trip to Africa with President Bush. It is unclear whether Fleischer returned Novak's call. However, Fleischer is mentioned in Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald's indictment of Libby. The indictment states that Libby told Fleischer (referred to as the White House press secretary in the indictment) that Plame worked for the "CIA" and that this fact was not well known.After receiving an immunity agreement, Fleischer testified that he had revealed Plame's identity to reporters after learning it from Libby. However, in the end it was discovered that Richard Armitage first leaked Plame's identity, not Libby or Cheney. Consultancy firm
Today he works as a media consultant for various corporations and sports organizations and players through his company, Ari Fleischer Communications. He has consulted for former Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper, Mark McGwire, the Washington Redskins, Tiger Woods and the Green Bay Packers. Memoir
Fleischer published a memoir, Taking Heat: The President, the Press and My Years in the White House, in 2005. Michiko Kakutani wrote in The New York Times, "[T]his book does not provide any new insights into the workings of the current White House. It does not present compelling portraits of cabinet members or members of the White House


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 supporting cast.And it does not shed new light on the president or his methods of governance." She found the book "insular, defensive and wholly predictable." In Salon.com, Eric Boehlert declared that despite "a few curious nuggets," the book is "long on praise for his boss and criticism of the 'liberal' media, and short on revelations." Personal life
In November 2002, Fleischer married Rebecca Elizabeth Davis, an employee in the Office of Management and Budget, in an interfaith ceremony. Rabbi Harold S. White officiated the ceremony, with the participation of Rev. Michael J. Kelley, a Roman Catholic priest. They reside in New York with their son and daughter.They have been raising their children Jewish and are members of a synagogue in Westchester, New York. Fleischer's brother, Michael, worked for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. He is on the board of the Republican Jewish Coalition. He enjoys playing baseball and is a member of the two-time President's Cup champion Ridgefield Rockers. In other media
<mask> is portrayed by Rob Corddry in Oliver Stone's W., a biographical movie about George W. Bush. See also

Notes

References

Further reading
 Hitchens, Christopher. "Fear Factor: How did we survive <mask>'s reign of terror?"Slate. Monday September 11, 2006. Klickstein, Mathew. "How to Speak for the President" "Baltimore Jewish Times". Wednesday December 14, 2016

External links

 Transcripts of all White House press briefings since 2001
 Ari Fleischer Communications

1960 births
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
George W. Bush administration personnel
Jewish American government officials
Living people
Middlebury College alumni
New York (state) Republicans
People associated with the Plame affair
People from Pound Ridge, New York
People from Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.

masks:
Fleischer
Ari Fleischer


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<mask>-<mask> (17 February 1833 – 9 March 1918) was French naval officer, then departmental administrator. He was governor of the colony of Cochinchina (1879–1882) and resident-general of Madagascar (1886–1888). He was a member of the French National Assembly from 1889 to 1902, representing Cochinchina. Life

Early years (1833–61)
<mask>-<mask> was born in Vendôme, Loir-et-Cher, on 17 February 1833. His parents were <mask>, a colonel in the Cavalry, and Claire Hême (1808–1848). <mask> decided on a career in the navy, entered the Naval School in 1849, was a midshipman in 1853 and a Lieutenant in 1855. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour on 13 August 1859.Departmental administration (1861–79)

<mask> <mask> left the navy in 1861 and joined the prefectural administration. On 22 April 1862 he married Isabelle Hennet (born 1841) in Paris. Their children included Hélène, Jean (1866–1934) and <mask> (1870–1894). <mask> <mask> was appointed sub-prefect of Joigny on 1 March 1863, then sub-prefect of Bergerac on 30 October 1867. He was appointed Prefect of Algiers in November 1869. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 <mask> <mask> rejoined the navy and served as lieutenant de vaisseau. He was orderly officer to Admiral <mask> Roncière(fr), commanding the seamen's corps during the Siege of Paris.For his conduct during the siege he was awarded the rosette of the Legion of Honour on 26 January 1871. He left the navy a month later and rejoined the prefectural administration. On 26 March 1873 he was appointed Prefect of Haute-Vienne. He was director of civil and financial affairs in Algeria from 1877 to 1879, appointed at the

masks:
Charles
Marie Le Myre de Vilers
Charles
Marie Le Myre de Vilers
Cyprien Le Myre de Vilers
Charles
Le Myre
de Vilers
Madeleine
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le Myre
de Vilers
de La


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 request of General Antoine Chanzy. Colonial administrator (1879–89)

Cochinchina and Cambodia
On 11 August 1863 Admiral Pierre-<mask> La Grandière signed a Treaty of Friendship, Trade and French Protection with King Norodom of Cambodia. The French privatized land ownership, collected taxes and put down a rebellion in 1867. A dispute over the power of King Norodom of Cambodia begin in 1874 when a stream of crates addressed to the king began to arrive in Saigon, sent from France by the businessman Thomas Caraman.The last crates arrived in 1876 and contained a wonderful gilded screen for the royal throne chamber, but nobody from the palace came to claim the crates. A trial began in October 1874 with Caraman trying to collect payment from the King. The French state attorney and the Cambodian grand mandarin both refused to hear the case, since the idea that a king should be tried in court was unprecedented. In 1877 Caraman returned to France to drum up support, and in March 1878 six senators wrote a letter to the Minister of the Marine and Colonies asking him to ensure Caraman received justice. The Minister instructed Governor <mask> Georges Jules Lafont to resolve the affair. <mask> <mask> was appointed the first civilian governor of Cochinchina on 13 May 1879, and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Annam. He inherited the dispute between Caraman and Norodon.He tried his best to resolve the problem. One idea, later abandoned, was to raffle off the gilded screen. <mask> Myre de Vilers sent the politician Jules Blancsubé to negotiate with Norodom in Phnom Penh, but he did not succeed. Eventually the king agreed to buy the

masks:
Paul de
Louis Charles
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le


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 screen for 25,000 piasters, half of Caraman's price, as a gesture of friendship to the governor, and on 21 February 1881 22 chests containing the screen were shipped off to Phnom Penh. In December 1881 <mask> Myre de Vilers forced Norodom to accept a convention under which Saigon's Conseil Privé could rule over disputes like this. He wrote,

<mask> Myre de Vilers tried to define a clear distinction between civil and military responsibilities, to draft a penal code, to create district councils, a Saigon city council and a Council of the colony of Conchinchina. He also began construction of a road and rail network.He was hostile to the Tonkin Campaign, which caused his dismissal in May 1882. He retired in 1883. In June 1884 his successor <mask> forced Norodom to sign a new agreement and started to consider outright annexation of Cambodia. Madagascar
<mask> <mask> was recalled to the service on 9 March 1886 by <mask> Freycinet, who appointed him Plenipotentiary Minister 1st Class and Resident General in Madagascar, a position newly created by the Franco-Malagasy treaty of 17 December 1885. He arrived in Antananarivo on 14 May 1886. His task was to ensure the application of the 17 December 1885 Franco-Malagasy treaty, whose interpretation was disputed. Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony relied on the Patrimonio-Miot interpretive letter, which <mask>re <mask>s rejected.He managed to get the Malagasy government to take out a loan from the Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris in order to pay the 10 million francs compensation agreed in the treaty. He could not get agreement on the boundaries of the territory of Diego-Suarez, which

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Le
Le
Charles Thomson
Le Myre
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Charles de
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 the French troops eventually defined unilaterally. <mask>re <mask> was active in construction of the Antananarivo-Toamasina telegraph line, completed in 1888. He maintained good relations with the court of Antananarivo, and had great respect for Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony. He wrote on 10 June 1886 to the Minister of Foreign Affairs that, "My task is laborious because I have to deal with a man of real value, a man with extreme skill who, on a larger stage, would be considered a genius". <mask>re <mask> took leave in France from March to November 1888. On his return he presented Queen Ranavalona III with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.In December 1888 he was himself made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. Deputy (1889–1902)
<mask> <mask> left his post in Madagascar in July 1889 to run for Deputy of Cochinchina. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as representative of French Cochinchina on 12 December 1889 and was reelected on 20 August 1893 and on 8 May 1898, holding office until 31 May 1902. <mask> <mask> was a member of the committees on the navy and the colonies. He wrote many reports on aspects such as budgets, organization and development of colonies. In 1890 he supported creation of an Colonial Office independent of the navy. Dispute with Siam

The French claimed authority to all land east of the Mekong, and in April 1893 sent French and Annamite troops into Laos to evict Siamese officials and troops from that region.They met resistance. Phra Yot, the Siamese Commissioner of Khammouane, had the French Inspector Grosgurin and his escort massacred. On 20 July 1893 the French parliament issued an

masks:
Le My
de Vilers
Le My
de Vilers
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le Myre
de Vilers


texts: ultimatum to Siam (Thailand) demanding that Bangkok relinquish all claims to the east bank of the Mekong, pay indemnity to the victims of Siamese aggression and punish the officers responsible for attacks on French troops. The deputies also agreed that Jules Develle, the Foreign Minister, should send <mask>re <mask>s to Bangkok to negotiate a treaty to guarantee French rights along the Mekong and to obtain compensation from Siam. The Siamese responded by agreeing to withdraw their troops, pay the indemnity and punish any individuals who had acted unlawfully, but asked for international arbitration over the territorial claims and a joint commission to investigate the French claims for indemnity. Develle considered this response "insolent" and "unsatisfactory", imposed a blockade on 26 July 1893 and issued a second ultimatum, which the Siamese accepted rather than lose yet more territory. <mask>re <mask>s arrived in Bangkok on 16 August 1893.He openly intended to impose "very harsh" measures on the Siamese and thought it a waste of time to negotiate with them. At his second meeting with Prince Devawongse Varoprakar, who represented Siam, he asked the prince to sign a copy of the proposed Treaty of Peace and Friendship. The prince politely refused, since he had not examined the document. <mask>re de Vilers then told him the French warships in the Gulf of Siam could at any moment make matters quickly change for the worse. <mask> Myre de Vilers demanded that Phra Yot be tried before a Franco-Siamese Mixed Court dominated by the French, while the Siamese offered a trial by a court of "competent Siamese authorities in conjunction

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Le


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 with the [French] consul." On 29 September 1893 <mask>re <mask>s handed a draft Treaty and draft Convention to Devewongse and said he would leave for Saigon in four days with or without an agreement. When examined, the convention was found to include a proposal that Phra Yot be tried by a Mixed Franco-Siamese Court, which the Siamese found completely unacceptable.At a final meeting on 1 October 1893 <mask>re <mask>s refused to alter the Convention but agreed to append a procès-verbal to address Siamese concerns. The exhausted Prince finally gave in and signed the Treaty and Convention to avoid the risk of war against superior French forces. Return to Madagascar

After <mask> Myre <mask>s left Madagascar the situation deteriorated. In late June 1894 the French resident general, Paul Augustin Jean Larrouy, said the state of affairs in Tananarive was very tense. On 9 September 1894 French Foreign Minister Gabriel Hanotaux ordered Larrouy to return to France "on vacation" and ordered women and children to be evacuated to a coastal point where three gunboats would be waiting. On 12 September Hanotaux spoke in the Chamber of Deputies about the many ways in which the French were being harassed in Madagascar. The government was sending <mask> Myre de Vilers as its plenipoteniary.He would take a treaty that covered the four main grievances, all of which must be accepted or France would seek a non-negotiated settlement. <mask>re <mask> returned to Tananarive on 14 October 1894. He requested an audience with the prime minister as soon as he arrived in the capital. When Rainilaiarivony delayed the meeting, <mask>re <mask>s sent a copy

masks:
Le My
de Viler
Le My
de Viler
Le
de Viler
Le
Le My
de Vilers
Le My
de Viler


texts: of the treaty with a deadline of five days to accept it. The two men met on 21 October 1884. <mask>re <mask>s warned the prime minister, "Let your Excellency be under no illusion. The result of any war can be foreseen: it will be a shattering defeat of the Malagasy people."He said the French government was not satisfied with the Malagasy justice system, which had corrupt officials and made little effort to apprehend criminals, and was considering taking control over internal affairs. The Malagasy government replied on 24 October 1884, saying the French could handle external relations but other rights under the 1885 treaty were abrogated. <mask> <mask> wrote a personal letter to Rainilairivony in which he advised him to fully accept the French demands. When it became clear that there would be no reply the remaining French residents prepared to leave for the coast. <mask>re and the other members of the French mission reached Tamatave on 4 November 1884. In his last dispatch to Hanotaux he acknowledged that the prime minister would have lost the support of his people if he compromised with the French. "Of two perils, the prime minister has chosen the more distant, a rupture with France, hoping to profit from a European incident which might turn our attention from Madagascan affairs.He recommended that a military expedition be launched in the next dry season. That winter French troops under General Metzinger(fr) occupied the ports of Tamatave and Majunga, and in March 1885 most of the 15,000-strong expeditionary force disembarked unopposed. The French troops suffered badly from poor sanitation and tropical disease, and it was

masks:
Le My
de Viler
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le My


texts:
 not until early 1897 that the island had been secured. Last years

After his return to France <mask> <mask> intervened in discussions in the Chamber on the annexation of Madagascar, abolition of slavery there, and the actions of Joseph Gallieni, which he fully supported. <mask> <mask> chose not to run for reelection in 1902. In his retirement he devoted himself to geography. He had been a member of the central committee of the Geographical Society since 1896, and was president of the society from 1906 to 1908.He belonged to various other societies related to the colonies. <mask> Myre de Vilers died on 9 March 1918 in Paris. Publications
Publications by <mask> Myre de Vilers include, among many others:

References

Sources

1833 births
1918 deaths
People from Vendôme
Colonial Governors of French Madagascar
Governors of

masks:
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le Myre
de Vilers
Le
Le


texts:
<mask> (1802 – 30 January 1840) was an Anglo-Irish political activist and military and administrative officer under the Liberal government of the Federal Republic of Central America. He represented the government in a diplomatic mission to the United States and England. His duties in Central America allowed him to explore the region and examine Maya ruins. The reports on his findings earned him recognition as an early pioneer of Maya archaeology. Early <mask> was born in Dublin in 1802 as <mask>. His father, <mask> was an Englishman of Spanish descent and his mother, Catherine Gough, was Irish. Both parents were actors who met while working at a theater in Bath.They married in Dublin in 1801. His early life is obscure and it is not known why or exactly when he left for the New World. Sources differ on his emigration but sometime before he was twenty he either joined Admiral Thomas Cochrane to fight for Chile's independence or he joined his uncle, a plantation owner in Jamaica. The first clear record of his early career occurred in 1827 when he worked as secretary and translator for the British consul in Guatemala. By 1828 he was the superintendent for improvements at the port of Iztapa as well as a major in a Honduras battalion. Federal Republic of Central America
In 1829 the Liberal forces led by Francisco Morazán invaded Guatemala. <mask> joined the Liberals and Morazán's army quickly brought the revolution to a successful end.Morazán established the Federal Republic of Central America and <mask> enjoyed the patronage of Morazán and Mariano Gálvez, the chief of state in Guatemala. The new federal congress granted <mask> naturalization papers and he changed his name to <mask>. <mask> undertook several military

masks:
Juan Galindo
Years Galindo
John Galindo
Philemon Galindo
Galindo
Galindo
Galindo
Juan
Galindo


texts: assignments for the new government, including officer of a military garrison at Omoa, commander of the port at Trujillo, and military governor of Petén. In 1834, he received a million-acre land grant in Petén with the stipulations that he pacify the native  Lacandon Maya and settle the area in five years with colonists who would be loyal to the Guatemalan government. He soon realized that the boundary between Guatemala and British Honduras was in dispute and the British claimed that <mask>'s new land grant belonged to British Honduras. British mahogany cutters were actively logging the area, depriving <mask> of the land's most valuable asset. When discussions with Frederick Chatfield in British Honduras failed to resolve the issue, Central America appointed <mask> as envoy to negotiate directly with the British Foreign Office in London.<mask> left Central America in January, 1835, stopping first in Washington, DC in hopes of enlisting the United States to support his cause against Britain. In return, <mask> offered to provide information regarding possible canal routes through Nicaragua. He met with Secretary of State John Forsyth and President Andrew Jackson in May, 1835 but failed to gain their support. <mask> proceeded to London and arrived there in August. He had a meeting with Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston soon after his arrival but then talks proceeded in a desultory fashion. By April 1836 Palmerston had determined not to work with <mask> and offered the expedient excuse that since <mask> was born a British subject, he could not represent a foreign government. Without a clear title to his land grant in Petén, Galindo was unable to attract settlers.Instead, he petitioned Central America for another

masks: Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo


texts:
 opportunity and was provided a grant on the Mosquito Coast. While still in London, <mask> recruited his father and other relatives to lead a group of colonists to settle on this remote coast. This enterprise ended in failure; the settlers were ill-equipped, lacked sufficient supplies, and found no way to earn a living once they arrived. By the time <mask> returned to Central America in 1836, the settlement had collapsed and his father had returned to England. He also found that his influence with the Central America government was greatly diminished. The Liberal regime that had governed Central America was under pressure on several fronts. <mask> attempted to rally support against perceived British aggression but this effort failed to gain popular attention.When civil war broke out, he rejoined the army under Liberal general, Trinidad Cabañas. Cabañas was defeated by the joint forces of Honduras and Nicaragua near the city of Tegucigalpa and <mask> was killed on January 30, 1840 in the aftermath of the battle. Maya archaeology
As military governor of Petén, <mask> undertook an exploratory trip down the Usumacinta River and then crossed overland to reach the Maya ruins at Palenque in April 1831. He spent a month exploring the site and wrote an account of the various structures, drew plans, and sketched several of the decorations he encountered. Later that year his account was published by the London Literary Gazette and the Geographical Society in Paris. He also sent a small collection of Maya objects to the Royal Society in London. In 1834, <mask> was sent by the Central American government to survey and report on the ruins at Copán.He spent about ten weeks exploring the area, writing reports and sketching his

masks: Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo Galindo


texts:
 findings. He wrote two brief reports for the London Literary Gazette and the American Antiquarian Society. A more detailed report with twenty-six illustrations was sent to the Société de Géographie in Paris and the original was sent to his government with the mistaken assumption that it would be published. Instead, it was filed away and "lost" for more than a hundred years when it was uncovered and published in 1945. Although it was just a small part of his career, <mask> proved to be an astute observer and an effective communicator who earned recognition as an early pioneer of Maya archaeology. He wrote some thirty-two letters to the Société de Géographie sharing his ideas and insights. <mask> was one of the first to point out the close resemblance between the contemporary Maya peoples and the carved images of the ancient Maya to be found among the ruins.He correctly suggested that the original Maya civilization was created by the ancestors of the contemporary Mayas. He was also the first investigator to carefully copy the Maya hieroglyphics and identify them as a unique form of writing. See also
 History of Central America

Notes

References

Further reading

Griffith, William J. "<mask>, <mask> (1802–1840)." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, edited by Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 353–354.External links
<mask> at www.englishgalindos.co.uk

1802 births
1839 deaths
19th-century explorers
19th-century Mesoamericanists
Explorers of Central America
Guatemalan archaeologists
Guatemalan Mesoamericanists
Guatemalan people of Irish descent
Irish people of Spanish descent
Mayanists
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Mesoamerican

masks:
Galindo
Galindo
Galindo
Juan
Juan Galindo


texts:
<mask> is an Egyptian musician, composer, ethnic dance artist, and DJ. He specializes in traditional Arabic music but is widely known for his innovative approach. In total he has released fourteen CDs and six DVDs, and he tours internationally performing and teaching. <mask> has been an invited speaker and master class instructor at Brown University, Princeton University, Yale University, New York University, Boston University, and the University of California Los Angeles, among many others, including international institutions. He has been a featured ethnic dance artist at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival and a featured music artist at the American Folk Festival in Bangor, ME, in 2004 and Lowell, MA, in 2005. In 2001 <mask> started the program Arabiqa, aimed to educate children and adults alike on Arabic culture through music and arts rather than through religion and politics. He is a member of the New England Foundation for the Arts, through which he is a New England States Touring (NEST) artist.Under the name Turbo Tabla, <mask> <mask> has released four CDs, two of which were distributed internationally by Universal Records. These CDs feature <mask>'s pioneering technique and unique aesthetic in mixing traditional Arabic sounds with Hip Hop, Techno and House. More recently, he has been exploring English language spoken word fused with his signature Arab percussion and electronic remixes. He produces the annual Arab Dance Seminar, now in its fourteenth session, where he invites native and expert instructors to teach dances and culture from around the Arab world over three days every November. He is also the director of the Sharq Ensemble, a group of three to thirteen Arab and American musicians that revives and performs traditional Arabic music. The Ensemble was featured, to wide acclaim, in the Boston Christmas Revels in 2011 and has also performed, toured and released one CD with the Boston Camerata. Biography
Born in Kuwait, <mask> <mask> lived in Egypt until his father received an offer to

masks:
Karim Nagi
Karim Nagi
Karim Nagi
Karim
Nagi
Karim
Karim
Nagi


texts:
 complete his residency in England.His family then moved to the United States, where his father worked as a radiologist. Music did not become a central point in <mask>'s life until he met composer Christopher Stowens, who encouraged him to play percussion instruments and taught him the basics of computer-driven electronic music. <mask> studied philosophy and psychology at Skidmore College, where he was heavily involved in theatre sound production and played guitar and drums in multiple bands on the side. After his graduation, Karim traveled around India, Turkey, Eastern Europe and Egypt. At the end of his extended travels in 1995, Karim dedicated himself to the study and performance of Arabic music. He studied with Nabil Ata and Midhat al-Rashidi (who performed regularly with Abdel Halim Hafez), Simon Shaheen, Michel Baqlouq (Fairuz ensemble), Dr. Alfred Gamil (Cairo Conservatory of Music) and Mohammed Al-Araby (percussionist for Umm Kulthum and The National Orchestra of Egypt). He focused on Arabic percussion, including the Arabic Tabla (goblet drum), the Riq, and the Sagat (finger cymbals).During the 1990s, <mask> was well known in Boston for his family's boutique on Newbury Street, his participation in fashion shows, and his skills as a DJ. However, after 9/11, <mask> decided to educate people about his culture instead of hiding his identity. His Arabesque Mondays at Club Passim captured Boston's attention. These monthly gatherings aimed to "draw together people interested in traditional [Arabic] music... and educate those who may not be familiar with it." He attracted Boston's attention and revived the Arab music scene in Boston

<mask>'s educative mission then moved from the club scene to the classroom. He taught Arabic music at The New England Conservatory of Music for five years, and has since been invited to lecture and present at schools, colleges, universities, conservatories, museums, and events (such as SXSW) across the United States and internationally. In the course of his work,

masks: Karim Karim Karim Karim Karim


texts:
 including frequent invitations to teach workshops for dance and music studios, he has traveled to and taught on every continent (except Antarctica), in more than 20 countries.Tradition re-imagined
<mask> <mask> has recorded four CDs under the moniker of Turbo Tabla: Arabic Music Re-Imagined (2003), Bellydance Overdrive (2004), The Belly and the Beat (2006), and Unregulated (2010). Two were released by The Miles Copeland Group (Sting, R.E.M., Hakim, Bellydance Superstars, Oojami) and are distributed internationally by Universal Records. All include tracks originally composed or arranged by <mask>. They exemplify <mask>'s principle "tradition re-imagined" - fusing traditional songs, rhythms and sounds from the Arab world with hip-hop, techno and house music. In 2012 <mask> <mask> released two albums under "<mask> Nagi," which further developed his philosophy of innovation within tradition. In the first, "Arabized," <mask> tackles the concept of Westernization. He reworks recognizable songs from non-Arabic traditions (including American, Chinese, Mexican, Indian, and European), using Arabic instruments and rhythm, i.e."Arabizing" them. He also makes his first extended foray into vocals on the original track "The Mash of Civilizations," in which he samples several recognizable non-Arab tunes and themes, combines them with Arabic instruments and overlays his spoken word message about cultural collaboration. "Rhythmatiq," the second album from 2012, showcases <mask>'s expertise in Arab rhythms. Utilizing samples, tabla, riq, sagat, hand-clapping, and even voice (at times reminiscent of bol (music)), he builds short songs entirely upon a single Arab rhythm or rhythmatic concept. The tracks incorporate cultural context audible to the trained ear and are meant to be mixed and matched, enabling listeners and performers to create their own drum solos. The album opens and closes with two of <mask> <mask>'s complete drum solos, featuring his signature energetic yet clean tabla technique and demonstrating his

masks: Karim Nagi Nagi Karim Karim Nagi Karim Karim Karim Karim Nagi


texts:
 structured philosophy to drum solos. Furthermore, the CD packaging includes a chart of all the included rhythms and more, making the album a teaching tool as well.After the release of the album, <mask> invited dancers from around the world (all students of his) to choreograph individual pieces. As a result of his innovative fusion of the traditional and modern, <mask> <mask>'s music appeals to and is utilized by a wide range of dance artists, from tribal fusion artists like Jill Parker to more traditional Raqs Sharqi artists, like Bozenka. In 2008 he was nominated for the Zaghareet Awards (for those involved in Middle Eastern dance and music in the United States) in the Category of Favorite Musician. Multi-dimensional performer
<mask> <mask> is widely known for his vibrant and energetic performances. He integrates his skills as musician, dancer and DJ to make his shows unique and exciting. His signature Turbo Tabla performances involve energetic dancing while playing the tabla, untraditionally strapped over his shoulder. His technique for the tabla strap developed in the context of teaching Dabka and is a well-kept secret.He is also well known for his ambidextrous approach to playing the Sagat and ability to accompany his own dancing with his musical skill on the instrument. In addition, he will sometimes break the group tradition of Dabka by performing lively solos. Musician
While a pioneer in modernizing Arab music, <mask> <mask> is also a purist: "Old-Style tradition Arabic music still crushes my soul. It is my first love. It is the only style of music that consistently blisses me." Although adept at multiple instruments, <mask> <mask>'s specialty is the Riq. He is sought after for his musicality and intuitive accompaniment skill on the riq, regularly being invited to perform with DC-based band Ana Masry and for the Jawaahir Dance Company in Minneapolis

He is also the founder and director of the Sharq Ensemble.Their mission: To preserve and present traditional and classical Arabic vocal and

masks: Karim Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Nagi


texts:
 instrumental music. The ensemble has performed at Harvard University, MIT, UC Santa Barbara, The Boston Center for the Arts, Brooklyn Museum of Art, among many others. In 2005, The Sharq Ensemble joined the Boston Camerata on the project A Mediterranean Christmas. They released an album and toured France and Germany. The repertoire is based on medieval musical cultures of southern Europe and northern Africa, between 1200-1900. The Sharq Ensemble formed an integral part of the Boston Christmas Revels in 2011, where they sold out their 2005 album REVIVAL: Wasla Hijazkar and Wasla Bayyati (still available electronically). Given his expertise in Arab rhythms, <mask> <mask> has also released albums aimed at educating listeners about the traditional rhythms found in the Arab world.These CDs include Rhythms from Around the Arab World and Advanced Rhythms for the Advanced Dancer. He has also released instructional DVDs for both tabla and riq. Dancer
Although primarily known as a musician, <mask> <mask> has also trained in traditional Arab folk dances, specifically Dabka and Saidi Raqs al assaya (martial arts-based staff dance from Upper Egypt). He can frequently be seen performing the latter, dressed traditionally in a Galabeya and utilizing a pair of staves. He is widely sought after by dancers to teach Arab folk dances, as well as topics that integrate his knowledge of music and dance, e.g. Musicality for Dancers, Live Drum Solo, Arabic Maqam and Taqsim, and Survey of Arabic Music for Dance. Deeply invested in placing Arab dance in its cultural context, <mask> began producing the Arab Dance Seminar in 2005.This three-day event immerses students in the language, music, social and political context of dances from different parts of the Arab world. The classes are taught by <mask> <mask> and teachers whom he personally selects, including native Arabs and non-Arab ethnologists. The Arab Dance Seminar has sold out every year since its inception. He has also produced an instructional DVD on Arab Folk Dance,

masks: Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Karim Nagi


texts:
 which includes lessons in Dabka, Saidi Raqs al assaya (based on Tahtib), Khaleeji, and Sufi ritual dance. Outreach to non-Arabs
After 9/11 <mask> <mask> became acutely aware of the need for cultural education that humanized and depoliticized Arabs and Arab culture. He created Arabiqa, a program he presents in schools around the country in order to bring Arabic music and arts closer to children. He has also presented his Arabiqa program for adults at conferences in Colleges, Universities, Conservatories, and Music events.In 2013 he produced a full-length theatre program based on Arabiqa, which he performed at the YMCA Theatre in Cambridge, MA. <mask> <mask> explains the mission of Arabiqa: "Language and the arts define Arab and Islamic culture. By learning about these unifying themes, one can understand this culture with much more depth and authenticity...My agenda is to demonstrate the depth of Arab art as exemplified in music and dance... Arab culture, through the universal language of music, becomes demystified and humanized. The beauty and authenticity of Arabic music and dance serve as a convincing demonstration of the simultaneous exoticism and familiarity of this ancient culture". Outreach to the Arab diaspora
With Club Passim in Cambridge, <mask> <mask> began the work of connecting the Arab-American diaspora to each other as well as to their traditional culture. As a self-employed professional artist, he encourages Arabs to preserve and participate in the presentation of their traditions. In 2009 he was invited as a panelist at the Diwan conference at the Arab American National Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.His presentation, titled Lauren of Arabia addressed the prevalence of non-Arabs in Arab dance culture and encouraged members of the Arab diaspora to represent themselves in the arts. References

Other sources

External links
Turbo Tabla Website
Sharq Arabic Music Ensemble
Fan site for <mask> <mask>

Atlanta Oasis: Interview with <mask> <mask>

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living

masks: Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Nagi Karim Nagi


texts:
<mask> (born September 29, 1948) is an American television journalist and sportscaster, best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC's Today. He is the younger brother of sportscaster <mask>. Since 1995, he has hosted HBO's acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with <mask>, which has been rated as "flat out TV's best sports program" by the Los Angeles Times. It won a Peabody Award in 2012. <mask> was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck. From 1975 until January 1982 (when he left to do The Today Show), he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball, college basketball and the National Football League. He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990.NBC News made <mask> the principal anchor of Today beginning September 27, 1982, and broadcast from Vietnam, Vatican City, Europe, South America, and much of the United States followed between 1984 and 1989. <mask>'s work on Today earned him several Emmys and a large fanbase. He is the third longest serving co-host of Today, after former hosts Matt Lauer and Katie Couric. He stepped down from the show on January 3, 1997, after 15 years. <mask> moved to CBS, where he hosted various shows before becoming co-host of the network's morning show The Early Show on November 1, 1999. <mask> was hosting The Early Show on the morning of September 11, 2001. He was the first to announce the September 11 attacks to CBS viewers.<mask> left CBS and The Early Show on May 17, 2002. Early life and education

<mask> was born in New Orleans. He is the son of Rhea Alice (née LeCesne), a city clerk, and

masks:
Bryant Charles Gumbel
Greg Gumbel
Bryant Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel
Gumbel


texts:
 Richard Dunbar <mask>, a judge. His surname originates with his great-great-grandfather, who was a German-Jewish emigrant from the village of Albisheim. Raised Catholic, he attended and graduated from De La Salle Institute in Chicago, while growing up on the South Side of the city; his family had moved north when he was a child. He graduated from Bates College in 1970 with a degree in Russian history. Career
In 1971, he became editor of Black Sports Magazine, leaving the following year.He began his television career in October 1972, when he was made a sportscaster for KNBC-TV in Los Angeles. NBC

NBC Sports
Already a local evening news sports anchor for KNBC, in Los Angeles, <mask> was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck. From 1975 until January 1982 (when he left to do The Today Show), he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball, college basketball and the National Football League. He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990. One of <mask>'s more memorable moments during his time at NBC Sports occurred when he was on-site for the "Epic in Miami" NFL playoff game between the San Diego Chargers and Miami Dolphins. At the end of the game, he told the viewers, "If you didn't like this football game then you don't like football!" This would be one of his final assignments for NBC Sports, as he began co-hosting Today two days later.Today
<mask> began his affiliation with Today as the program's chief sports reporter contributing twice-weekly features to the program, including a regular series entitled "Sportsman of the Week,"

masks: Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel


texts: featuring up-and-coming athletes. In June 1981, NBC announced that Tom Brokaw would depart Today to anchor the NBC Nightly News with Roger Mudd beginning in the spring of 1982. The search for Brokaw's replacement was on, and the initial candidates were all NBC News correspondents, including John Palmer, Chris Wallace, Bob Kur, Bob Jamieson, and Jessica Savitch. The candidates auditioned for Brokaw's job throughout the summer of 1981 when he was on vacation. <mask> became a candidate for the job just by chance when he served as a last-minute substitute for Today co-anchor Jane Pauley in August 1981. He so impressed executive producer Steve Friedman and other NBC executives that he quickly became a top contender for the Today anchor position. While Friedman and other NBC executives favored <mask> as Brokaw's replacement, another contingent within the NBC News division felt strongly that he should be replaced by a fellow news correspondent, not a sports reporter.Wallace was the favored candidate of then-NBC News president Bill Small. NBC News decided to split the difference, selecting <mask> as the program's anchor and Wallace as the Washington-based anchor. Pauley would remain co-anchor in New York. Brokaw signed off of Today on December 18, 1981, and <mask> replaced him on January 4, 1982. The Gumbel–Pauley–Wallace arrangement, known internally as the "Mod Squad", lasted only nine months. It was an arrangement that proved intriguing on paper but unwieldy on television. <mask> served as the show's traffic cop, opening and closing the program and conducting New York-based interviews, but Pauley and Wallace handled newsreading duties, and Wallace conducted all Washington-based hard news interviews.With ABC's Good Morning America in

masks: Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel Gumbel


texts: first place and expanding its lead, NBC News made <mask> the principal anchor of Today beginning September 27, 1982, with Pauley as his co-anchor. Wallace became the chief White House correspondent covering President Ronald Reagan, and John Palmer, previously a White House correspondent, became Today'''s New York-based news anchor. <mask> and Pauley had a challenging first two years together as Today anchors as they sought to find a rhythm as a team. Good Morning America solidified its lead over Today in the ratings during the summer of 1983, and Pauley's departure for maternity leave sent Today into a ratings tailspin. But when she returned in February 1984, they began to work well together as a team. NBC took Today on the road in the fall of '84, sending Gumbel to the Soviet Union for an unprecedented series of live broadcasts from Moscow. He won plaudits for his performance, erasing any doubts about his hard-news capabilities.That trip began a whirlwind period of travel for Today. Remote broadcasts from Vietnam, Vatican City, Europe, South America, and much of the United States followed between 1984 and 1989. Today began to regain its old ratings dominance against Good Morning America throughout 1985, and by early 1986, the NBC program was once again atop the ratings. In 1989, <mask>, who was already known for his strong management style as Today anchor, wrote a memo to the executive producer Marty Ryan, on Ryan's request, critiquing the program and identifying its shortcomings. Many of his criticisms were directed at fellow Today staffers. It was leaked to the press. In the memo, <mask> commented that Willard Scott "holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad taste ... this guy is killing us and