texts:
 the Cairo Opera House. <mask> <mask> had an enormous and invaluable role in the growth and development of classical music in Iran. He conducted numerous masterpieces in different venues in Iran from late 1960s to late 1990s. While they were in Iran, Mansooreh taught singing. Mansooreh died a couple of months before <mask> in 2005, in Vienna, due to cancer. <mask> <mask> died at age 80, in 2006 in Vienna. He was buried at the Vienna Central Cemetery.Recorded Works
List of <mask> <mask>'s works:
 http://db.musicaustria.at/en/node/52379
Some recorded works of <mask> <mask>:
 Parts of the Carmen Suite, arranged by <mask>, conducted by Leon Gregorian
 Bijan Manijeh composed by Hossein Dehlavi
 Ranginkamoon composed by Samin Baghtcheban
 Aziz Joon composed by <mask> performed by The Verdehr Trio
Video of Atossa Opera by <mask> <mask> with Persian libretto, performed at Rudaki Hall, Tehran, 1967
 Atossa Opera
On-sale records of <mask> <mask>:
 On-Sale Records

Awards
State Prize for Music, 1961, Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture

Culture Prize of Upper Austria for music, 1979

Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art, First Class, 1981

Literature
Sussan Khalladeh: <mask> <mask>, Conductor and Composer, Biography; Brandstätter Verlag, Vienna 2005, . The catalog of the German National Library Biography of <mask> <mask> on musicaustria. http://www.musicaustria.at/magazin/neue-musik/artikel-berichte/100-jahre-oekb-vorschau-auf-die-jubilaeumswoche-mit-konzerten
Flyer for his 70th birthday celebration, Vienna 1995.
 http://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=15951860

His words
Here is what <mask> wrote about his life in 1988. It was never translated into English:
"Es geht darum, aus der Fülle banaler Begebenheiten meines Lebens etwas herauszufiltern, das vielleicht Interesse finden könnte und das ich darum hier erwähnen möchte. 1984 hat für mein Schicksal zwei Jubiläen gebracht, die für den ersten Abschnitt

masks:
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
David
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas Christian
David
Thomas


type: original

texts: meines Lebens wichtig und entscheidend wurden. 50 Jahre (1934) sind es her, daß ich als Kind mit meinen Eltern nach Deutschland kam und 40 Jahre (1944) sind vergangen, daß sich dieses Kapitel abschloß mit dem Beginn meiner Zeit in der Kriegsgefangenschaft. Die dazwischenliegenden Jahre haben gewiß aus mir einen Musiker gemacht.Das Mitsingen im Leipziger Thomanerchor, die Zeit meiner Aushilfstätigkeit als Flötist in manchen Programmen des Gewandhausorchesters, erste Erfahrungen in der Kammermusik und die starken Eindrücke großer Musiker und großer Persönlichkeiten, wie Karl Straube, Theodor Biebrich und meines Flötenlehrers Carl Bartuzat haben ihre Wirkung nicht verfehlt. Zeitlich davor liegt die Zeit im Elternhaus mit dem Eindruck von Harmonie und Glück der Kindheit, aber auch mit der Selbstverständlichkeit, daß der Mensch erst mit dem Musiker anfängt, als solcher diskutabel zu werden. Ohne Zweifel hat mein Vater meine ganze Jugend von Anfang an aufs entschiedenste beeinflußt und geprägt. Einerseits habe ich bei ihm, spielend und nachahmend, alle Facetten des musikalischen Handwerks und die dazugehörige Weltanschauung gelernt. Anderseits hat er aber auch klargestellt, daß Musik ein edler Teil unseres Lebens sei, daß man aber auch dieses ganze Leben kennen müsse. Mit anderen Worten, er hat einen umfassenden Bildungsanspruch an mich gestellt und ich bemühe mich noch heute, diesem nachzukommen. Die folgenden Ereignisse der Gefangenschaft möchte ich insoweit übergehen, als ich annehme, daß jedermann weiß, daß das für keinen ohne Schrammen abgegangen ist.Ein russischer Freund, dem ich vor kurzem einiges erzählte, meinte dazu aber: "Sie haben wirklich ein romantisches Leben gehabt." Ich hatte das bisher nicht so empfunden, muß aber zugeben, daß mein Schicksal von unglaublichem Glück begünstigt war, in der Gestalt einiger weniger Personen auf der russischen Seite, die mein Leben retteten, meine Wunden pflegten und schließlich meine recht frühe Heimfahrt


texts:
 ermöglichten. Das wird für mich immer ein Wunder reiner Menschlichkeit bleiben. Die Liebe zu diesen Menschen und zur russischen Sprache ist mir davon geblieben. Die für mich schwierigen Jahre und die teilweise chaotischen Probleme der Nachkriegsjahre in Salzburg, Tübingen und Stuttgart möchte ich übergehen. Wesentlich daran ist, daß ich sie überwinden und daß ich sie durch meinen Beginn in Wien abschütteln konnte. Dr. Hans Sittner hat mir zu diesem Beginn geholfen und darum meinen unvergänglichen Dank.Wien brachte mir die allmähliche geistige Lösung von meinem Vater und in der Folge die Findung meiner selbst. Das Jahr in Rom und die 7 Jahre in Teheran betrachte ich als Gewinn neuer Dimensionen. Dazu gehören erstens viele Sprachen und kulturelle Einsichten, die erst den Stil meines heutigen Lebens möglich machen. Der Orient brachte mich in Beziehung zum Wesen seiner Menschen und erweckte in mir eine verstärkte Sensibilisierung des Lebens und bewirkte dadurch auch eine Wendung zu noch mehr Ausdruck in der Kunst. Gerne wollte ich ein Wort von Hokusai etwas abwandeln und für mich ummünzen:
Ich habe immer gerne und viel gearbeitet, war am Anfang leider eigensinnig und stolz. Ich wollte immer nur tun, was mir Freude und Vergnügen bereitete und hatte es daher immer besonders schwer. Langsam erkannte ich, daß Musik erst jenseits alles Technischen und aller Doktrine beginnt, nämlich dort, wo Freude und Leid mit den gleichen Tönen in uns dringen.Seither bin ich auf diesem Wege bemüht, dieser Wahrheit noch präziser nachzuspüren. Vielleicht gelingt es mir einmal, etwas zu schreiben, das in jeder Note Ausdruck dieser Wahrheit sein darf, bevor ich an die Schwelle komme, hinter der die Vollkommenheit jeder Musik verborgen ist." References

1925 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian composers
Austrian flautists
Austrian male composers
Male conductors (music)
Musicians from Leipzig
University of


texts: <mask> ( ; born 27 February 1994) is a Chinese chess grandmaster, four-time Women's World Chess Champion and the second highest rated female player of all time. Once a chess prodigy, she was the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of grandmaster (at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 2 days) and the youngest ever to win the Women's World Chess Championship (at age 16). At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to participate in the Women's World Championship (Yekaterinburg 2006) and the Chess Olympiad (Torino 2006). In June 2007, she became the youngest Chinese Women's Champion ever. She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004, Woman Grandmaster in January 2007, and Grandmaster in August 2008. In 2010, she won the 2010 Women's World Championship in Hatay, Turkey at age 16. She won the next three championships in which the title was decided by a match (in 2011, 2013 and 2016, with a total of ten wins to zero losses and fourteen draws against three different opponents), but was either eliminated early or she declined to participate in the championships in which the title was decided by a knockout tournament (in 2012, 2015 and 2017).<mask> is the third woman ever to be rated among the world's top 100 players, after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár. She is widely regarded as the best active female chess player, "leaps and bounds" ahead of her competitors. she has been the No. 1 ranked woman in the world since September 2015, and is 56 points ahead of the No. 2 ranked Aleksandra Goryachkina.

masks:
Hou Yifan
Hou


texts:
 She was named in the BBC's 100 Women programme in 2017. She has been semi-retired since 2018, and became a professor at Shenzhen University in 2020, at the age of 26.Career
Hou started playing chess regularly at the age of five, but already was fascinated by the game when she was three years old. Hou's father, <mask> Xuejian, a magistrate, often took his young daughter to a bookstore after dinner. He noticed that the little girl liked to stare at glass chess pieces behind the window. He later bought his daughter her first chess set. The three-year-old was able to beat her father and grandmother after a few weeks. In 1999, her father engaged a chess mentor, IM Tong Yuanming, for his five-year-old daughter. Tong later said that Hou was an unusual talent, showing "strong confidence, distinguished memory, calculating ability and fast reaction".Hou has said that she took up chess because she was fascinated by the pieces. In 2003, Hou played against the chief coach of the Chinese national men's and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The chess master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of his weak moves. "Then I knew she was an exceptional genius", Ye said. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team and won first place at the World Youth Championship for girls under age ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion. She was admitted to the National Chess Center, an academy for young talented players from all over the country, in Beijing when she was


texts:
 ten, with leading Chinese grandmasters Ye Jiangchuan and Yu Shaoteng as her trainers.In order to better support her chess career, her family relocated to Beijing in 2003. Hou's mother, Wang Qian, a former nurse, accompanies her daughter on the international tournament circuit. Her mother accompanied her to many international tournaments when she was young. Hou was homeschooled. As a teenager, she listed her interests as reading and studying and she listed her favorite chess player as Bobby Fischer. Life outside chess
Hou has attempted to balance chess with life outside of it. Against the wishes of her trainer, she enrolled in Peking University in 2012, studying International Relations.She took a full course load and participated in many extracurricular activities. She was offered a Rhodes Scholarship, and studied for a Master of Public Policy at St Hilda's College, Oxford with the Blavatnik School of Government. Competitors give her credit for what she has achieved in spite of her lack of preparation, and for her life outside of chess. Vladimir Kramnik said: "If she wants to stay the best female player, she can probably do nothing. If she wants to achieve her potential, she must concentrate fully on chess." Hou is aware of this as well, but nonetheless chooses to treat chess as a hobby, not a career. She said in 2018: "I want to be the best, but you also have to have a life."In 2020, at age 26, Hou became the youngest ever professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the School of Physical Education, which includes


texts:
 chess in its Sports Training Program. Results

2003
<mask> <mask>'s first major tournament was on 31 August–12 September 2003 at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Men's) in Tianjin. She scored 3/7 with a 2246 performance rating. She won her first international tournament when she came first (9½/11; +8 =3 −0, TPR 2121) in the girl's under-10 section of the World Youth Championship in Halkidiki, Greece in October–November 2003. In November, she made her debut in the National Women's Chess Championship, held at Shanwei, Guangdong. She finished in 14th place with 3½/9 with a performance rating of 2202. 2004
On 1 January 2004, she received her first International FIDE rating of 2168, which automatically qualified her for the title of Woman FIDE Master.In April, she competed at the Chinese Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Jinan, Shandong. She scored 1½/7 (TPR 2096) having faced an average opposition rating (Rc) of 2316. In November, she finished first jointly with Yu Yangyi, Jules Moussard, and Raymond Song, but third on tiebreaks in the boy's under-ten section of the World Youth Championship, held in Heraklio, Crete (9/11; +8 =2 −1; TPR 2119). At the 11th Asian Women's Championship in Beirut, Lebanon from 4–11 December 2004, she came in eleventh with a score of 4½/9 (+4 =1 −4; TPR 2278). The event was won by Wang Yu with 6½/9. 2005

In February, she competed at the fourth Aeroflot Open (Group C) in Moscow, where she scored 2/5(TPR 2111). In April, she finished fifth with a score of 7/11 (+6 =2 −3) (tied for fourth) at the Three

masks: Hou Yifan


texts: Arrows Cup 2005 ladies tournament in Jinan, China.In that tournament, she defeated international master Almira Skripchenko and achieved a performance rating of 2393. From 28 June–6 July at the second China-France Youth Match at Shenzhen, Guangdong, <mask> Yifan scored 3/8 (+2 =2 −4, TPR 2324). The Chinese team (Zhou Jianchao, Zhao Jun, Zhao Xue and Hou) won the match 19–13. In July, at the Festival Open International des Jeunes in Saint-Lô, France, she came second out of 75 players with 6/8(TPR 2305), behind Wen Yang. In 18–29 July at the World Youth Chess Championship in Belfort, France, <mask> <mask>, seeded eighth, came in fifth in the Boy's Under-12 Section with 8/11 (+5 =6, TPR 2171). In October, she qualified for the World Women's Chess Championship to be held in March 2006. Despite being rated only 2220 and ranked women's number 28 in her own country, she qualified by winning the Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament, scoring 6/9 points with a performance rating of 2526 against a rating opposition of 2401, ahead of several better-known Chinese players.The sixth World Team Chess Championship was staged in Beersheva, Israel from 31 October to 11 November. China fielded two teams – the men's and women's, which was only the second time in the championship history when a women's team competed in what traditionally has been a male team event. This was <mask> <mask>'s first major team tournament and she was the youngest participant there, at eleven years of age. She played as second reserve and finished with 0/3. The Chinese

masks: Hou Hou Yifan Hou Yifan


texts:
 women's team drew one match and lost all of their others (+0 =1 −7), finishing last. The tournament was won by Russia, with China (men's) coming in second and Armenia third. In December, <mask> came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Beijing for the 37th Chess Olympiad to be held in May–June 2006 in Turin, Italy.She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She made the Olympiad team with the other top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang. 2006
Hou reached the third round (the last 16) of the Women's World Chess Championship in March 2006. Despite being rated 2269 and seeded 56th out of 64 players, she defeated IM Nadezhda Kosintseva (rated 2480) of Russia 1½–½ in the first round, then the former 2000 European champion WGM Natalia Zhukova (2432) of Ukraine 2–0 in the second round. She was beaten 0–2 by IM Nino Khurtsidze (2430) of Georgia in the third round to finish with a performance rating of 2504. In May–June 2006, China came in third and won the bronze metal at the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin, Italy. <mask> <mask> scored 11/13 (+10, =2, −1), all played on the fourth board, at her Olympiad debut.For her winning percentage of 84.6%, she won a silver medal for fourth (reserve) board performance, and her performance rating of 2596 was the third highest overall. The Chinese Championships for men and women took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu, 25 June–6 July 2006. Ni Hua took the men's title and Li Ruofan the women's. <mask> <mask> came fourth in the women's category V (2369) event with a score of 7/11 (+5 =4 −2) and


texts: a performance rating of 2477. In July–August, she performed badly at what has been traditionally the strongest women's tournament, the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia. Although seeded third, she failed to win a game scoring 3/9 (+0 =6 −3) with a performance rating of 2357. She finished eighth out of ten players.In 10–20 August, she played in the China–Russia Summit Match in Ergun, Inner Mongolia. The tournament was a two double-round-robin Scheveningen, one for men and one for women (category VIII (2444)). Russia won the men's event 26½–23½ but China won the women's section 28–22, winning the match 51½–48½. <mask> <mask> was the highest scoring female player on tiebreak with 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2563). China and France played for the Trophée MULTICOMS in Paris 4–9 September 2006. This was also a Scheveningen team match with six men and three women in the teams. France edged out China 20–16 in the men's event.The women's section was a complete mismatch in terms of Elo ratings in favour of the Chinese and they confirmed this over the board winning 12½–5½. The overall result was China 28½ France 25½. <mask> <mask> was again the highest scoring female player with 5/6 and a performance rating of 2498. In October in Yerevan, Armenia at the World Junior Chess Championship (Girl's section) despite being only 12 years old, Hou was the top rated girl with a 2481 FIDE Rating and went on to take second place on tiebreak with a score of 9/12 (+6 =4 −2), tied for first on points behind her compatriot Shen Yang. Her rating performance

masks: Hou Yifan Hou Yifan


texts:
 was 2469. 2007
In January 2007, Hou achieved a respectable fifth place in Group C (Cat. 10, 2486) of the Corus Chess Tournament with a score of 7/13 (+4 =6 −3) and a 2513 performance rating.This result, together with WGM norms she had earned at the 2005 Zonal 3.5 Women's Championship, the 37th Chess Olympiad and the 2006 Chinese Championship (Women's) won her the Woman Grandmaster title, formally conferred by FIDE in late January 2007. At the Aeroflot Open in February 2007, a few weeks before Hou's thirteenth birthday, she played in the A1 group for the first time. Hou started well with two wins out of two, defeating first the Russian IM Nikita Vitiugov (rated 2604) and then the 2001 European Champion, GM Emil Sutovsky of Israel (rated 2629). However, in the third round she was defeated by the Russian Championship runnerup, Dmitry Jakovenko, and only managed one draw in her next five games. She rallied in the final round with a victory against the Greek grandmaster, Vasilios Kotronias, and finished with a score of 3½/9(TPR 2540). In March, at the first Ruy Lopez International Festival (cat. XV (2607)) in Zafra, Hou performed badly to finish last with 2/7 (+1 =2 −4).Her performance rating was 2462. In April, she came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Ningbo for the 2007 Asian Indoor Games to be held in October. She scored 8/14 (+6 =4 −4, TPR 2434). From 1–11 May 2007, at the eighth Russian Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Dagomys, Hou played for Southern Ural Chelyabinsk on board one and scored 6½/10 (+5 =3


texts: −2, TPR 2523). At the 1st World Women's Team Chess Championship in Ekaterinburg later that month, Hou was part of the winning China national team that also included Zhao Xue, Ruan Lufei, Shen Yang, and Huang Qian. <mask> <mask> played on board two in every round and scored 7½/9 (+7 =1 −1), winning the gold medal for that board. Her performance rating was 2559.In June 2007, she won her first Chinese Women's Chess Championship in Chongqing. Hou was thirteen years old at the time, breaking WGM Qin Kanying's record as the youngest champion (she was fourteen years old when winning the title in 1988). Hou scored 9/11 (+7 =4 -0, TPR 2585). Second and third place went to Zhao Xue and Shen Yang, respectively. In July, she improved on her previous year's performance at the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, finishing in seventh place out of ten players. She scored 4/9 (+3 =2 −4) with a performance rating of 2436. The tournament was won by Zhu Chen and with Zhao Xue in second place.In 4–15 August, she competed in what was then her strongest closed tournament – the fifth Győrgy Marx Memorial (Cat. 14, 2582) in Paks, Hungary. Being the lowest rated player and the only non-Grandmaster (out of Pentala Harikrishna, Peter Acs, Csaba Balogh, Ferenc Berkes, and Viktor Korchnoi), she finished in last place in the double round-robin event with 3/10 (+1 =4 −5; TPR 2444). At the UK-China Match in Liverpool 3–9 September 2007, China defeated the UK team with a comfortable score of 28–20. Hou played for the men's team and scored 2½/6 (+1 =3 −2) with a


texts:
 performance rating of 2540. The average rating of her opponents (Rc) was 2598. In late September, she came in first at the 2007 Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament in Tianjin with a score of 8/9 (+7 =2 −0, TPR 2675).In October 2007, she competed at the twelfth European Club Cup in Kemer, Turkey for team Southern Ural Cheliabinsk. Hou played on board two for the team, which finished fourth in the women's tournament. In the individual women's standings, Hou came in fifth with a score of 5/7 (+3 =4 −0) and a performance rating of 2556. From October 26 to November 3, she competed for Team China at the second Asian Indoor Games in Macau. The national team won team gold in the classic chess mixed team event with 11 match points (18½ game points out of 24). The Chinese team members were Zhao Xue, Xu Yuhua, <mask> <mask>, Wang Hao, Ni Hua, and Bu Xiangzhi. <mask> <mask> won an individual gold medal for her board two display with a score of 5½/6 (+5 =1 −0; 91.7%) and a performance rating of 2649.Hou participated in the 2007 season of the China Chess League, officially known as the "Torch Real Estate Cup Chinese Chess League Division A". She played for the Shandong Qilu Evening News Chess Team, who became the 2007 champions when they defeated the 2006 champion Beijing team, 3½ to 1½. 2008
In the January Corus 2008 chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Hou competed in Group B where she finished in a tie for seventh–tenth place (ninth by tiebreak) achieving 6/13 (+3 −4 =6) with a performance rating of 2598. She scored victories over three


texts: grandmasters, including a 23-move win over former World Champion challenger Nigel Short. In February 2008, Hou gained her first Grandmaster norm (GM norm) at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow by finishing in 31st place with a score of 4½/9 (+2 =5 −2, TPR 2605). This was followed in March 2008 with a victory at the first Atatürk International Women Masters Chess Tournament (cat. IX (2461)) in Istanbul, Turkey where she finished a point ahead of the rest of the field on 7/9 (+5 =4 −0) with a performance rating of 2674.Her victory in this tournament earned her a GM norm conditional on FIDE ratifying then WGM Zhao Xue's attainment of her GM title. However this GM norm was not used in her eventual official grandmaster title application. In April 2008, she competed in Mérida, Spain at the second Ruy Lopez Chess Festival tournament. In the category XV (2616) round-robin event she finished seventh out of eight players with 2/7 (+1, =2, −4) and a rating performance of 2467. Hou competed in the Chinese Chess League again in the 2008 season, which had eighteen rounds in six different cities from March to August. Hou's teammates were GM Bu Xiangzhi, GM Zhao Jun, GM Wen Yang, and WGM Zhang Jilin. In May–June 2008, she became the Chinese Women's Champion for the second consecutive time with 9/11 points (+7 =4 −0) in Beijing and a performance of 2599.At the July 2008 First Saturday GM Tournament in Budapest, <mask> was top seed, but came in second place with 9/12, missing a GM norm by half a point. Her performance rating was 2574. In August 2008 she


texts: competed in the World Junior Chess Championship held at Gazientep, Turkey where she competed in the general ("boys'") section for the first time in her career. She was the only girl in this section and was the sixteenth seed on the entrant's list. Hou finished joint third–seventh on 9/13 (+6 =6 −1), achieving a performance rating of 2661 and her second GM norm. In September 2008, FIDE referred to her as a "GM-elect", indicating that her Atatürk norm had been confirmed. This meant that <mask> <mask> qualified for the grandmaster title in August at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 2 days, making her one of the youngest grandmasters in history, as well as the youngest female.In August–September 2008, she competed in her second Women's World Chess Championship at Nalchik, Russia. She had qualified by being one of the six highest rated players from the average of the July 2006–January 2007 period. In this knockout tournament, she was seeded third out of 64 players. She defeated WGM Mona Khaled (Egypt) 2–0 in the first round and WGM Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul (Mongolia), 2–0 in the second. In third round, she had to go to rapid playoffs to eventually beat IM Elena Sedina (Italy) 3–1 (1–1, 2–0). In the quarterfinals she defeated Armenian IM Lilit Mkrtchian 1½–½, followed by Indian GM Humpy Koneru, the second seed, in the semifinals (4–2 overall, 1–1, 1–1, 2–0). She lost the final to Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia, 2½–1½.Nonetheless, she became the youngest ever finalist for the Women's World Championship title, earning an automatic


texts:
 International Master (IM) title and a "runner-up 9-game grandmaster norm", her fourth GM norm overall. Her performance rating for the entire championship was 2536. Hou participated at the first World Mind Sports Games in Beijing from 3–18 October as a member of the Chinese team, winning the bronze medal in the Women's Individual Blitz event, the gold medal in the Mixed Pairs Rapid event (with Ni Hua), the silver medal in the Women's Teams Blitz event, and the gold medal in the Women's Teams Rapid event. In mid-late October, playing board one for team Spartak Vidnoe in the thirteenth European Club Cup held in Kallithea, Greece she scored 2/4 (+1 −1 =2, TPR 2448) helping her team to a second-place finish. Very shortly thereafter she played in the Cap d'Agde Rapid tournament from 24 October to 1 November, losing to former world champion Anatoly Karpov in a tiebreaker match at the end of the qualifying stage, despite winning the second tiebreak game. At the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden from 12 to 25 November, she played at the number 1 board in the Chinese women's team. Although her team did not win a prize, she still placed third in the individual board prize.She played in every round with a final result of 7½/11 (+5, =5, −1, TPR 2563). At the 79th FIDE Congress, held on 16–26 November 2008 in Dresden, Germany, her GM title was approved making her the 27th Chinese Grandmaster. Her three approved GM norms were:

 Aeroflot Open Tournament A1 in Moscow, February 2008; score 4½/9 (requirement=4½ points)
 World Junior Chess Championship


texts:
 in Gaziantep, August 2008; score 9/13 (requirement=8 points)
 World Women's Chess Championship in Nalchik, September 2008; reached the final round (equivalent to a 9-game GM norm)

2009
<mask> <mask> competed in the Grandmaster Group B of the 71st Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee from 16 January to 1 February 2009. She was seeded twelfth out of fourteen players and finished joint ninth–tenth with a performance rating of 2620. Between 7–19 March, she finished third in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament in Istanbul, scoring 8/11 (+6=4–1, TPR 2649). From 12 to 23 May, she competed at the 8th Asia Continental Chess Championship at the Subic Exhibition and Convention Center, Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Olongapo City, Philippines. She scored 7½/11 with a 2640 performance, finishing seventh out of 86 on tiebreak.By finishing in the top ten she qualified for the 2009 World Cup. From 9–15 August 2009 at the Jubilee Open, Zürich, she won the "best female player" prize by coming joint seventeenth with 6½/9 (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2590). From 19 August to 1 September at the NH Hotels Risings Stars vs Experienced, Amsterdam, she finished with a score of 3½/10 (+1 −4 =5, TPR 2548). She was defeated in the first round at the Chess World Cup 2009, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, 20 November – 15 December 2009. 2010
In January, she finished with 4½/9 at the Moscow Open. In February, she finished with 4/9 at the Aeroflot Open. In April, she won the third Kuala Lumpur Open 7.5/9 (+6 = 2, TPR 2730).In August, she won the 2010 Women's Grand Prix in Mongolia.


texts:
 In October, she was on board two for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte Carlo in the 15th European Club Cup for Women held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. She helped her team to a gold medal win with a 4.5/6 score (+3 =3, TPR 2651). In November, she won the women's individual gold medal in the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou, China. She finished with 8½/9 and with a performance rating of 2798. She won another gold medal from the women's team event, representing China as the first board, along with her teammates Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian and Wang Yu, beating Uzbekistan 2½–1½ in the final. In December she won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her the youngest women's world champion in history.Her compatriot Ruan Lufei was her opponent in the finals. After four games at classical time controls, the score was tied at 2–2, but Hou won the rapid playoffs 3–1 to take the title. Her performance rating was 2585. 2011
In January 2011 she was due to take part in the Gibraltar Chess Festival, but pulled out because of a family illness. In April, she won the First Women Master Tournament in Wuxi with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 =2, TPR 2639). In June, she took part in a tournament in India, the AAI International Grandmasters Chess Tournament 2011. She finished with a dismal last place, but in August, she rebounded to win clear first place in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 tournament in Rostov, Russia.She then went on to win the second Grand Prix stage in Shenzhen in September 2011. In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup


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 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. She was one of the two female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Sergei Movsesian, to whom she lost 2–0, resulting in her elimination. In October she played on board one for team Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo in the 16th European Club Cup for women held in Rogaska Slatina, Slovenia. Her top rated team placed a disappointing 4th place, with Hou scoring 4/6 (+4 −2, TPR 2526)

In November Hou successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won 3 games and drew 5 in the ten-game match, winning the title with two games to spare.Her performance rating for the match was 2741. Beginning December, Hou played in the 2011 SportAccord World Mind Games, held in Beijing, China which consisted of 3 events, rapid, blitz and blindfold. She placed joined 5–7th, 6th on tiebreaks with a 4/7 score (+2 −1 =4) in the rapid portion, but winning both the blitz and the blindfold portions with 11.5/15 (+9 −1 = 5) and 5.5/7 (+5 −1 =1) scores respectively. Afterwards, Hou played for China in the Women's World Chess Team Championship in Mardin, Turkey. The 5 person team, arranged according to rating, consisted of herself, WGM Ju Wenjun, GM Zhao Xue, WGM Tan Zhongyi and WGM Zhang Xiaowen. China was the clear winner with 16 match points, having lost but one match to Ukraine in the 8th round and winning the rest, ahead of the runner-up Russia by three match points. Georgia


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 grabbed bronze with 12 match points.Hou scored five points from the seven games she played (Wenjun played the first board for Round 1 and Round 2) (+3 = 4, TPR 2648). 2012
Hou started 2012 by taking equal first place at Tradewise alongside Nigel Short at the Gibraltar Chess Festival scoring 8/10 (+7 −1 =2) with a tournament performance of 2872. She came second on tiebreak when she lost the 2 game blitz playoff against Short by 1.5–0.5. She scored 5/7 against the 7 GMs she played rated 2700 or higher. This included 4 wins against Zoltan Almasi (2717), Judit Polgar (2710) (Polgar's first loss against a female player after 22 years), Lê Quang Liêm (2714) and Alexei Shirov (2710), 2 draws against Michael Adams (2724) and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (2747), whilst her only loss came against Krishnan Sasikiran (2700) in a close endgame of Q (with a pawn up) versus R+R with black. From 6 to 13 March, she played and finished joint 2nd–8th in the 2012 Reykjavik Open 7/9 (+5 =4, TPR 2677). From 27 March to 7 April, she participated in the 2012 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A, the determiner of China's National Champion.She finished joint 7th–9th, 7th by tiebreak. 5/11 (+1 −2 =8; TPR 2560). From April 13 to April 19, Hou played in the 2012 Bangkok Chess Club open. Seeded third by rating, she finished 14th,  6/9 (+4 −1 = 4; TPR 2500). From 29 May to 7 June, she played in the 3rd Hainan Danzhou Grand Master Chess Tournament that traditionally showcased the top 10 highest rated Chinese players, although the two highest rated players at the


texts: time Wang Hao and Li Chao did not participate. Seeded 6th by rating, Hou finished in 10th and last place with 3/9. From June 9 to June 22, Hou played in the 4th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Kazan, Russia.Coming immediately off the heels of the recently completed Chinese Men's super tournament in Danzhou, she started off slowly with 2 points in the first 5 rounds before closing strongly with 4 wins in the final 6 rounds. She finished joint 3rd–4th. 7/11 (+5 −2 = 4; TPR 2604). From July 16 to July 19, Hou played in the 5th leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Jermuk, Armenia. She won the event with a 7/11 score (+4 −1 =6, TPR 2598). This victory added to her victories in Rostov 2011 and Shenzeng 2011 made <mask> the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 and secured for herself the challenger spot for the Women's World Chess Championship 2013. At the 40th Chess Olympiad held in Istanbul, Turkey from 27 August to 10 September 2012, <mask> <mask> led the Chinese women's chess team to a second place, silver medal finish.Hou won the gold medal for individual performance on board 1 with a 2645 TPR, 6.5/9 score (+4, =5). During the competition she was presented with the Caissa Cup, which honors the female player with the best chess results during the year. From October 8 to October 17, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2012 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 4.5/6 score (+4 −1 =1, TPR 2609) and her heavily favored team swept the round robin

masks: Hou Hou Yifan


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 competition with a 7–0 score. From October 19 to October 27, Hou played in the main even of 16th Univé Hoogeveen Chess Festival as part of the Univé Crown Group, a four player double round robin tournament. The average rating of the participants was 2695, making this a category 18 tournament. Hou finished in last place with a 2/6 score (−2 =4, TPR 2605).In an interview in Kazan she said that she was going to start studying international relations at Beijing University in September. She said that she was glad China was moving away from its one-child policy, she would have liked to have had a brother or sister, and she knew of women who had been forced to have abortions. In November 2012 she was knocked out in the second round of the Women's World Chess Championship 2012. As the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 she earned the right to challenge the new champion in the Women's World Chess Championship 2013. During December 12 to 19, Hou concluded the year by participating in the 2012 SportAccord World Mind Games, competing in the 3 disciplines of Rapid, Blitz and Blindfold. In the rapid event, she placed second on tiebreaks with a 5/7 score (+4 −1 =2, TPR 2713). For the blitz event, she placed 7th by tiebreaks with a 7/15 score (+6 −7 =2, TPR 2487).In the blindfold event, she won with a 6/7 score (+6 −1). 2013
Hou was invited to participate in the 2013 Tata Steel Chess Tournament Grandmaster A group in Wijk aan Zee from 12 to 27 January. This was a Category 20 event, and her first supertournament participation. She was the


texts: lowest Elo rated player at 2603 and seeded 14th. She surpassed initial expectations by finishing 11/14 with a 5.5/13 score (+3 −5 =5, TPR 2688) including a draw against then World Champion Viswanathan Anand. She competed in the 2013 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, China from April 16 to the 27th. She finished in a six-way tie for 4th to 9th place, 4th by tie breaks, with a 5.5/11 score (+3 −3 =5, TPR 2609).From May 2 to May 16, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014 held in Geneva, Switzerland. She was the highest rated player in the event but finished 8th/9th, including a loss to the Women's World Champion 2012–13, Anna Ushenina. Her score was 5/11 (+3 −4 = 4, TPR 2470). From 11 to 14 June, she played a four-game match with David Navara for the CEZ Chess Trophy 2013. All four games ended in draws, so the winner would be decided by tie breaks. After each player won with white in the blitz portion, an armageddon game won by Hou, as black, gave her the trophy. Her performance rating for the classical games was 2707.From June 30 to July 3, Hou was part of the team representing China in the 4th Asian Martial Arts Games held in Incheon, South Korea. She won a gold medal in the classical portion of the event with a 6.5/7 score (+6 =1). In August, she took part in the Chess World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Norway. She was one of four female participants in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Her opponent for the first round was Alexei Shirov. After two draws in the classical portion


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 of the match, they proceeded to tiebreaks. Hou won the first rapid game with white and lost the second with black.In the next tiebreaker set she lost both games resulting in her elimination. As the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012, Hou won the right to challenge Anna Ushenina in a 10-game match for the world title. Scheduled from September 10 to the 27th, the Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was played in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China. She won the match in 7 games with a 5.5–1.5 score (+4 =3, TPR 2730) regaining her championship title. From 19 to 26 October, Hou played in the European Chess Club Cup 2013 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 with 5/6 score (+4 =2, TPR 2736) and for the second year in a row, her team swept the round robin competition with a 7–0 score. From 12 to 18 December, she played in the SportAccord World Mind Games in the chess discipline.The tournament consisted of three events: rapid, blitz and the basque system. In the rapid event, Hou scored 5/7 (+3 = 4, TPR 2691) capturing the silver medal. In the blitz event, she won the gold medal with a 21.5/30 score (+19 −6 =5, ). Notable was that during the second day of the blitz event, Hou achieved a near perfect 9.5/10 score. In the final event played under the basque system, Hou won the silver medal on tiebreaks with a 7/10 score (+7 −3). 2014
From 11 to 22 March, Hou competed in the 2014 China Chess Individual Tournament Group A in Xinghua, her birthplace. She again played against the men in the open section rather


texts: than in the women's section.She finished in 7th place with a 5.5/11 score (+2 −3 =6, TPR 2558). From July 14 to July 24, Hou played in the grandmaster section of the prestigious Biel chess tournament. This was a six player category 19 event with an average rating of 2717 with Hou being the lowest rated player. She started with a win over Anish Giri and was tied for second entering the final round and could take joint first place by winning her final game against Pendyala Harikrishna. While she wound up losing the final game, Hou still had a successful tournament, finishing joint 3rd–5th with a 5/10 score (+2 −2 =6, TPR 2734). From August 1 to August 14, Hou participated in 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway as board one of the top seeded Chinese Women's team. The team rattled off six straight wins before succumbing to the second seeded Russian team with Hou losing her individual game, as black, to Kateryna Lagno.She ended the Olympiad with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 = 2, TPR 2671) leading her team to the silver medal. Her own performance was good enough to receive the silver medal for board one. <mask> is the winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14. From April 8 to April 22, she played in the 4th stage in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Opening with 3 straight victories, she dominated from start to finish. Several times as white she eschewed her regular 1.e4 opening move and began with 1.c4 and 1.g3. She finished in 1st place with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2695).From June 18 to July 2, she played in the 5th stage in Lopota, Georgia.


texts: Leading from start to finish, she won with a 9/11 score (+7 = 4, TPR 2773), a full two points over her nearest competitors. From August 24 to September 6, she competed in the 6th and final stage in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. She finished joint first with Ju Wenjun with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2686). At the final leg, the tournament's official awards, Big and Small Cups of Grand Prix, designed and manufactured by the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, were presented. As the winner of the 2013–2014 Grand Prix Series, <mask> <mask> was solemnly awarded the Small Cup during the official closing ceremony of the tournament. During September 13 to 21, she competed at the 18th European Club Cup held in Bilbao, Spain.Once again she was the top board for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo winning the individual gold medal for her performance 5/6 (+4 =2, TPR 2749) while leading her team to a second-place finish. With the postponement of the Women's World Chess Championship 2014 she played in the Corsican Chess Circuit in October and won, beating Sergey Fedorchuk in the final. This has been described as the most important tournament yet to be won by a female player other than Judit Polgar. From December 11 to 18, Hou played in the 2014 SportAccord World Mind Games held in Beijing, China. The Mind Games consists of separate tournaments in 3 disciplines: rapid, blitz and basque. In the rapid event, she placed second capturing the silver medal, losing only to Valentina Gunina, the eventual event winner. Her performance was 5/7 (+4 −1 = 3, rapid


texts:
 TPR 2672).She won the gold medal in the blitz event with a 22.5/30 score (+20 −5 = 5, TPR 2718). Especially noteworthy in her blitz tournament was her performance pushed her official blitz rating to 2704, making her the second female player to cross the 2700 barrier in any rating format. In the final basque system event, Hou took home another gold medal with an 8.5/10 score (+7 =3). When Hou turned twenty one in 2015 she lost her junior status. She ended the year, and her junior playing career, as the reigning Women's World Chess Champion, the 2nd highest rated female player, the highest rated girl, the 4th highest rated junior and the 71st highest overall rated active player with a FIDE rating of 2673. 2015
Hou once again played in the 2015 edition of Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from January 15 to 25. She was the 12th seed out of 14 total participants in the Category 20 Master group and finished 11th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2670).While she performed approximately according to her rating, Hou had winning chances in a few of her games and even missed a drawing chance against world champion Magnus Carlsen after defending a difficult position as black for most of the game. Shortly after, she returned to the scene of her greatest chess tournament triumph, the Gibraltar Chess Festival 2015 held from January 27 to February 4. Seeded 13th by rating, she placed joint 3rd–11th, 3rd by performance with a 7.5/10 score (+5 =5, TPR 2772) pushing her FIDE rating to 2686. She also won the 1st place prize for being the highest


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 scoring female player. Her excellent performance in this event resulted in her rating surpassing Judit Polgár's classic rating for the first time in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, ending Polgár's 26 consecutive years reign as the top rated female player in the world. For the first time since Maia Chiburdanidze in January 1989 a single individual was both the top rated woman player and the reigning Women's World Chess Champion. She played in the Hawaii Grandmaster Challenge 2015 in March, a two-day four player quadruple blitz and rapid round robin event.She began the first day with a 3.5/6 score before crushing her opponents the second day with five straight wins and a draw in the final game easily winning the event with a 9/12 score. Since this event conflicted with the Women's World Chess Championship 2015 she relinquished her title to Mariya Muzychuk at the conclusion of the Championship. Hou played in the Nakhchivan Open 2015 in from May 1 to the 11th. Seeded 3rd by rating, she finished in a nine-way tie for joint 4th–12th with a 6/9 score (+5 −2 =2, TPR 2581). She played in the 2015 edition of Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting which ran from June 27 to July 5. With an average rating of 2724, it qualified as a Category 20 supertournament. Hou finished in joint 7th/8th with a 2.5/7 score (−2 =5, TPR 2629)

Hou has been chosen as the first FIDE Presidential nominee for Chess World Cup 2015 held in Baku from September 10 to October 5.She made it past the first round of a World Cup for the first time in her career before losing in


texts: the second round 1.5–2.5 to Shakhriyar Mamedyarov after the 1st set of rapid tiebreaks. Her performance rating was 2685 for the event. From October 2 to October 15, Hou competed in the 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16 held in Monte Carlo, Monaco. She started the event slowly, with a 2.5/4 score going into the first rest day. This included a loss to rival Humpy Koneru before stringing together a streak of six wins, winning the tournament with one round to spare. Her final score was 9/11 (+8 −1 = 2, TPR 2766). She participated in an exhibition match against Parimarjan Negi  held in the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis from November 12 to the 15th.The four-day event showcased a different chess variant each day: Basque Chess, Rapid Chess960, Rapid Chess and Blitz Chess with each game played counting for 1 point in determining the winner. Hou easily won the match: 0–2 in Basque, 3.5–0.5 in Chess960, 3–1 in Rapid Chess, and 4.5–3.5 in Blitz with a total score of 11–7. As part of the joint Russian-Chinese Match of Friendship chess festival held from December 13 to 15 held in Shanghai, China, Hou participated in an exhibition match with the GM Evgeniy Najer the 2015 European Champion. Playing a series of rapid and blitz games, she won quite convincingly with a 9.5 to 4.5 score. In the last chess event of the year, the 2nd edition of the 2015 Qatar Masters Open held from December 19 to the 30th in Doha, Qatar, Hou was the 22nd highest rated player in the tournament but finished in 38th place with a 5.5/9 score


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 (+3 −1 =5, TPR 2591). The result was still good enough to win the top women's prize by a full point. 2016
For the third time, Hou competed in the top group of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from January 15 to 31.This year she was seeded 13th out of 14 participants in this Category 20 event. She started strongly, going +1 in her first six games before faltering with four losses in the following five games. She placed 12th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2672). In early February, Hou played and won in a four-game match against Cristobal Henriquez Villagra in Punta Arenas. Billed as a Bicontinental Chess Match, it was scheduled to be played in two locations, but due to inclement weather, they were unable to play in Antarctica. She won the match with a 2.5–1.5 score(+2 −1 =1, TPR 2584). Qualifying for the Women's World Chess Championship 2016, in March, as the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14, she reclaimed the World Championship title from Mariya Muzychuk in Lviv, Ukraine with a 6–3 score (+3 =6, TPR 2685).From March 23–26 Hou played in a four player 3 round classical/3 round rapid robin tournament to determine the qualifier for the 4th edition of Norway Chess. She finished in 3rd place with a 1/3 score (−1 =2, TPR 2531) in the classical portion and 2/1 score (+2 −1, TPR 2716) in the rapid portion. In May, Hou dropped out of the current Women's World Championship cycle, effectively relinquishing the crown. She explained her reasons in a Chessbase interview, mainly objecting to the format wherein the Women's World


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 Champion is decided alternately by a knockout tournament and then a match. She also expressed her willingness to participate in the cycle if the format were amended to mirror that of the World Chess Championship. She played in the Vugar Gashimov Memorial, a category 20 tournament held in, Shamkir Azerbaijan, from May 26 to June 4. She was the ninth seed out of ten participants and finished in last place with a 2.5/10 score (−4 = 5, TPR 2578)

Hou played in the Eurasian Blitz Cup from June 17–20 in Almaty, Kazakhstan.Seeded 17th on the strength of her 2704 blitz rating, she came in 29th place with a 12.5/22 score (+10 −7 = 5, TPR 2650). Among the female competitors, while having a superior performance rating, she came in second to Harika Dronavalli on tiebreaks. 2017
At the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival, Hou finished with a score of 6/10 (the tournament was won by Hikaru Nakamura). Her round 7 win against the French master Borya Ider, in which she made an early positional sacrifice of queen for two minor pieces, was described as "truly astonishing" by organizer and chess journalist John Saunders. In the final round, she appeared to throw her game against Indian Grandmaster Lalith Babu, playing a ridiculous opening and resigning after 5 moves. She later explained that she was upset about being paired against other female players in 7 of her 9 previous games of a Swiss system tournament, however tournament organizer Brian Callaghan said the pairings were simply the result of a computer program. <mask> <mask> was one of 24 players


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 selected to play in the FIDE Grand Prix 2017, a qualification stage for the World Chess Championship 2018.She reached position 17 in the final standings, and thus was not able to qualify for the Championship. She declined to defend her title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2017, and as a result forfeited her title. In April she participated at the Grenke Classic at Baden-Baden. She finished 5th out of eight players, beating Fabiano Caruana and drawing against Magnus Carlsen after having come close to winning. In June she re-entered the top 100 players, as world no. 85. In August, she was clear first at the Category 16 50th Biel Chess Festival with 6.5/9 points (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2810).In September she competed in the Chess World Cup 2017, where she went out in a second round tiebreak to Levon Aronian, the eventual winner. 2018
In January she competed in the Tata Steel tournament in Wijk aan Zee as the only woman in the field of 14 players, placing last with a score of 2.5/13 (+0−8=5). From 31 March to 9 April, she participated in the 5th Grenke Chess Classic. She finished equal 8th–9th out of ten with a score of 3½/9 (+0 –2 =7). 2019
In December, she won the 2019 Belt and Road World Chess Woman Summit with 5/7 points. Rating
Rated 2686 in the March 2015 FIDE rating list, Hou was the world no. 59 player and world no.1 woman player (overtaking the recently retired Judit Polgár's rating for the first time). On 1 July 2006, she was the youngest ever player to enter the Top 50 Women (Number 8) and Top 20 Girls (Number 2) FIDE lists


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 at age of 12 (rated 2488), since FIDE began releasing these lists in 2000. Between the April 2006 and July 2006 FIDE rating lists, she gained an impressive 190 rating points from a rating of 2298 to a rating of 2488, which made her the eighth highest rated female player, and the second highest rated girl, in the world. Four-time winner of the honorary Caissa Cup as the best female player of the year (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014). Chess Award of Caissa, designed and executed by artisans of the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, was solemnly presented at the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul on September 2, 2012 during a meeting of the Commission for Women's Chess with the participation of Susan Polgar chairing the commission. Openings
<mask> <mask> primarily plays 1.e4 as White. As Black, she usually plays the Sicilian Defence (including the Najdorf and Dragon variations) as well as the French Defence against 1.e4, while against 1.d4 she plays the Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian and Queen's Indian defences.Notable games

On 25 January 2008, <mask> as Black beat GM Gabriel Sargissian (2676) of Armenia, longtime second of Levon Aronian, in the Corus (Group B) tournament, Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands:
1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6 Queen's Indian Defense: Fianchetto. Nimzowitsch Variation (E15) 5. Qc2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Be7 7. e4 d5 8. cxd5 Bxf1 9. Kxf1 exd5 10. e5 Ne4 11. Nc3 Nxd2+ A .12. Nxd2 Qd7 13. Kg2 Nc6 14. Qa4 0-0 15. Rac1 f6 16.Nd1 Nxe5 17.Qxd7 Nxd7 18.Rxc7 Bb4 19.Nf3 ; better was 15...Rfd8. 16. f4 fxe5 17. dxe5 Bb4 18. Rhf1 Rac8 19.Ne2 Nxe5

masks: Hou Yifan Hou


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 20. Qxb4 Nd3 21. Qb3 Nxc1 22. Nxc1 Rce8 23. Nf3 Qf5 24. Rf2 c5 25. Qd3 Qe4 26.Rd2 d4 27. Qxe4 Rxe4 28. Nd3 Re6 29. h4 Rc8 30. a4 a6 31. Nfe5 b5 32. a5 g6 33. Rc2 c4 34. Nb4 Rf8 35. b3 d3 36. Rd2 Rc8 37.Rd1 Rd6 38. Kf3 d2 39. bxc4 bxc4 40. Nc2 c3 41. Ke2 Rd5 42. Ng4 Rxa5 43. Nge3 Rd8 44. Rb1 Ra2 45.Kd1 Rb2 46. Ra1 Rdb8 47. Rxa6 Rb1+ 48. Ke2 Rc1 49. Rc6 Re8  If 50.Kd3, then ...Rxc2 follows. If 50.Rxc3, then ...d1=Q+. Views

Male-female skill gap at the top-level
<mask> claimed that there are many reasons for the lack of female contenders at the chess top-level.She says there is a physical aspect to long chess games that might advantage men, and that men generally work harder at chess than women growing up. She uses Chinese girls as an example and points out that most prefer a balanced life, prioritizing things such as university and family life at the cost of working on chess. But she claims there also are external factors: girls playing chess growing up are only encouraged to compete for the girl's title, which might lower their motivation. See also
 List of chess grandmasters
 List of female chess players
 List of youngest grandmasters

References

External links

 , includes notable games

 Profile at Starz International Sports
 Short biographies at Corus Chess official website:

 Profile and interview, ChessBase.com, 5 February 2009

 <mask> <mask> interview at the 2010 World Championship
 <mask> <mask> interview with Dominic Lawson over a game

1994 births
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in

masks: Yifan Hou Yifan Hou Yifan


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 chess
Chess grandmasters
Female chess grandmasters
Chess players at the 2010 Asian Games
Chess players from Jiangsu
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Peking University alumni
High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China alumni
People from Taizhou, Jiangsu
Women's world chess champions
World Youth Chess Champions
BBC 100 Women
Chinese Rhodes Scholars
Shenzhen University


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<mask> "Boz" <mask> (née Arthur) is an American businessperson and marketing executive who is the chief marketing officer (CMO) at Netflix. Previously, she served as CMO at Endeavor, and chief brand officer (CBO) at Uber until June 2018. <mask> was also a marketing executive at Apple Music until June 2017, after joining the company in its acquisition of Beats Music. From 2005 until 2014 she worked at PepsiCo, eventually serving as the head of music and entertainment marketing. In May 2021, she was named among the Top 50 Most Influential Female Leaders in Africa within the corporate and business sphere by Leading Ladies Africa. Early life
<mask> was born to Rev. Dr. Appianda Arthur and Aba Arthur (née Enim) in Middletown, Connecticut in the United States, and the family moved to Ghana when she was six months old.In her early childhood, her family also lived in Nairobi, Kenya and Washington, D.C. They returned to the United States and settled in Colorado Springs, Colorado when she was 12. Her father was a clarinet player and member of the Ghana Army before emigrating to the United States to attend graduate school. <mask> cites her father as her biggest inspiration. In 1999, <mask> graduated from Wesleyan University with a degree in English and African-American Studies. Her father received a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology in 1977, also from Wesleyan. Career

Marketing
After college, <mask> worked at the advertising agencies Arnold Worldwide and Spike Lee's Spike DDB.She also worked at the fashion brand Ashley Stewart, where she was vice president of marketing. <mask> joined PepsiCo as a senior marketing manager in 2005. She later led PepsiCo's foray into music festival-based marketing as head of music and entertainment

masks:
Bozoma
Saint John
Saint John
Bozoma Arthur
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John


texts: marketing. She remained with the company for almost a decade before joining Beats Music in 2014, when Jimmy Iovine of Beats recruited <mask> based on her experience in music marketing. <mask> moved from New York to Los Angeles to lead marketing for the company. Beats was purchased shortly thereafter by Apple, and <mask> became the head of global consumer marketing for iTunes and Apple Music, commuting between Los Angeles and Apple's Cupertino headquarters several times a week. Journalists described <mask>'s presentation of the redesigned Apple Music onstage during the 2016 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference as her breakthrough moment, with a captivating "passion" and persona that captivated both local and online audiences.Biz Carson of Business Insider said that her appearance helped to emphasize Apple's complete rebuild of its Apple Music software. BuzzFeed wrote that she was the "coolest" person to ever take the stage at an Apple keynote. On June 6, 2017, <mask> became chief brand officer at Uber. In June 2018, <mask> left Uber to join Endeavor as chief marketing officer. She said of her choice to leave: "When I got to Uber I was honest in my desire to go and change essentially what I thought was a challenging environment, especially for women and for people of colour... What I discovered was a lot of people who had a desire to do better, honestly, but couldn't get out of their own way... At some point it became too overwhelming for me... It became a good lesson for all of us: You don't need to be the savior, you can save yourself too." While at Endeavor, <mask> helped lead a "crisis" branding project for Papa John's Pizza after the company's founder, <mask>, used racist language in a conference call.Netflix

masks:
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
John Schnatter


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 named Bozoma <mask> its new chief marketing officer on June 30, 2020, making her the third CMO for the company in 2019–2020. She is the first Black C-level executive at Netflix. <mask> replaced Jackie Lee-Joe, who left the company for personal reasons. <mask> started the new role in August 2020. Writing and podcasting
In May 2020, <mask> launched a limited-series iHeart Media podcast alongside journalist Katie Couric, "Back to Biz with Katie and Boz". The podcast began with the focus of how small and large businesses across the country began to reopen throughout the coronavirus pandemic, but after the murder of George Floyd expanded to focus also on systemic racism and criminal justice reform. <mask> is writing a memoir titled The Urgent Life, in which she describes her work as a marketing executive as well as losing her husband and becoming a single parent during that time.It will be published in 2022 by Viking Press. Other work
In January 2021, <mask> taught a short intensive program (SIP) for MBA candidates at Harvard Business School called "Anatomy of a Badass". Activism, advising, and philanthropy
<mask> launched the #ShareTheMicNow Instagram initiative alongside Luvvie Ajayi Jones, Glennon Doyle, and Stacey Bendet. On June 10, 2020, 52 Black women took over the Instagram feeds of 52 white women with large platforms to draw attention to the work they're doing in order to catalyze change. <mask> took over the Instagram account of Kourtney Kardashian, and other Black women including Elaine Welteroth, Angelica Ross, and Gia Peppers took over the accounts of white women including Julia Roberts, Elizabeth Warren, and Diane von Fürstenberg. <mask> John's philanthropic efforts include representing Pencils of Promise

masks:
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint John
Saint


texts:
 as a Global Ambassador to Ghana and serving on the boards of Girls Who Code and Vital Voices. <mask> has been a member of the President's Advisory Council for Wesleyan University, her alma mater.She is also a member of the Black Advisory Board for Impact, an initiative by the Council of Fashion Designers of America to address systematic exclusion of Black people in the fashion industry. Personal life
<mask> was married to <mask> <mask> until his death in 2013. They have one daughter, Lael <mask>. Awards and honors
2015: Billboard, Top Women in Music
 2016: Billboard, Female Executive of the Year
 2016: Fortune, 40 Under 40
 2017: Henry Crown Fellow in the Aspen Institute
Ad Age, 50 Most Creative People, Innovators & Stars 40 Under 40 feature
Adweek, Most Exciting Personalities in Advertising
Ebony, 100 Powerful Executives
 Fast Company, 100 Most Creative People
Fortune, Disruptors

References

External links

21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American writers
African-American business executives
African-American women in business
American anti-racism activists
American marketing businesspeople
American media executives
American people of Ghanaian descent
American podcasters
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Apple Inc. employees
Businesspeople from Colorado Springs, Colorado
Chief marketing officers
Henry Crown Fellows
Living people
American music industry executives
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People from Los Angeles
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People from Washington, D.C.
PepsiCo people
Uber people
Wesleyan University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women podcasters
21st-century African-American women
21st-century

masks:
Saint John
Saint John
Peter Saint
John
Saint John


texts:
Atom Yarchanian (), better known by his pen name <mask> (Սիամանթօ) (15 August 1878 – August 1915), was an influential Armenian writer, poet and national figure from the late 19th century and early 20th century. He was killed by the Ottoman authorities during the Armenian genocide. Life

Yarchanian was born in 1878 in Agn, a town on the shores of the river Euphrates. He lived in his native town until the age of 14. He studied at the Nersesian School as a youth, where he developed an interest in poetry. The school's director encouraged him to continue developing his poetic talents. The director, Garegin Srvandztiants, gave him the name <mask>, after the hero of one of his stories.Atom would use this name for the remainder of his life. <mask> came from a middle-upper-class family. They moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1891, where he continued his studies at the Berberian School, graduating in 1896, during the Hamidian massacres. Like many other Armenian intellectuals, he fled the country for fear of persecution. He ended up in Egypt where he became depressed because of the butchery that his fellow Armenians had to endure. In 1897, <mask> moved to Paris and enrolled in literature at the Sorbonne. He was captivated by philosophy and Middle Eastern literature.He had to work various jobs while pursuing his studies because of his difficult financial situation. He developed many ties with well-known Armenian personalities in and outside Paris. He enjoyed reading in French and in Armenian, and read many of the best works of his time. From Paris he moved to Geneva, and contributed to the Droshak newspaper, the organ of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. His first poetic works were published in this newspaper under such headlines as "Heroically" (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) and "The Knight’s

masks: Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto


texts:
 Song" (Armenian: Ասպետին Երգը). The paper detailed the destruction of his homeland, was highly critical of the Ottoman government, and demanded equal rights for Armenians and more autonomy. <mask> joined the cause and truly believed in an Armenia free of Ottoman oppression.Henceforth, many of his works and poems were highly nationalistic. <mask> fell ill in 1904, coming down with a case of pneumonia. He was treated at a hospital in Geneva and eventually fully recovered. For the next four years, he lived in various European cities such as Paris, Zurich, and Geneva. In 1908, along with many other Armenians, he returned to Constantinople after the proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution. However, in 1909, the Ottoman government made it clear that they were not safe by perpetrating the Adana massacre. <mask> was once again deeply affected by the bloodshed.These events led him to write his most noted work, Bloody News from my Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս). Works

Heroically (Armenian: Դիւցազնօրէն) was written starting in 1897 and finally printed in 1902 in Paris. It was a book about the hardships of Armenians living under the harsh Ottoman rule. Siamanto encouraged the youth to stand up for their rights and demand equality and justice. Sons of Armenia (Armenian: Հայորդիներ) was written between 1902 and 1908 and included three volumes. The first one was released in 1905 and dealt with the deep grief and mourning that many had to endure after the Hamidian massacres and other Turkish atrocities. Torches of Agony and Hope (Armenian: Հոգեվարքի եւ յոյսի ջահեր) was released in 1907 described in stunning details scenes of massacres, blood and anguish.He portrayed the deep thoughts and feelings of the victims and their daily torment. The plight of a whole people can be felt while reading

masks: Siamanto Siamanto Siamanto


texts:
 this work. The author successfully makes the reader feel for the characters and easily win their sympathy. Bloody News from My Friend (Armenian: Կարմիր լուրեր բարեկամէս) was written right after the Adana massacre of 1909. It is a poetic work reflecting the pain the author felt for his fellow countrymen. The Homeland’s Invitation (Armenian: Հայրենի հրաւէր) was printed in 1910 and released in the United States. He wrote about his yearning for his country and encouraged Armenians living abroad to return to their native soil."Saint Mesrop" (Armenian: Սուրբ Մեսրոպ), published in 1913, is a long poem dedicated to Saint Mesrop, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Writing style

<mask> was a pioneer in Armenian poetry. His style was new and unique, and the methodology was exceptional. His themes were very dark and dealt extensively with death, torture, loss, misery, and sorrow. He recounted scenes of massacres, executions by hanging, bloody streets, pillaged villages, etc. ; in other words, they dealt with the slaughter of Armenian men and women. The suffering of the people was continually tormenting him in turn.He spent many sleepless nights thinking about those who perished. Writing about their fate was his way of coping with the pain and making sure they were not killed in silence. Life for the Armenians was bleak under Ottoman rule and <mask>'s works described that fact of life very well. However, his poems and writings go beyond the pain. He wrote about hope, freedom from oppression, and the possibility of a better future. His ideas also went to revolutionary themes and revenge for the murdered. Siamanto had two sides to his writing: one of lamentation, and the other of resistance.It is from this ideology of resistance that his revolutionary beliefs grew. He was convinced that the road

masks: Siamanto Siamanto


texts:
 to salvation for his people was through armed struggle. He was hoping to ignite the revolutionary spirit in the younger generation of Armenians and to make them understand that indifference and inaction was not going to save them. He was so gripped with these troubles that he seldom wrote about himself, his personal life, love, or joy. <mask> had a very vivid imagination. The images he created can sometimes even feel a little out of the ordinary at times. He used many aspects from the symbolic school of thought in his works.He did not know modesty; we went to extremes both while writing about desperation or about hope. His consistency in his chosen themes went to show how passionately he felt for his cause. His works give a clear image of the spirit that existed at the time in the minds of many of the Armenian populace. Death

In 1910, he moved to the United States as an editor of Hairenik newspaper. After a year, he returned to Constantinople. In 1913 he visited Tiflis. On his way to his destination, he visited many landmarks associated with Armenian culture and history, including Mount Ararat, Khor Virap and Ejmiadzin.He was one of the Armenian intellectuals tortured and killed by the Ottomans in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. See also

Armenian notables deported from the Ottoman capital in 1915
Erukhan
Krikor Zohrab
Rupen Zartarian

References

 Translated from Armenian: N.A. Արդի հայկական գրականութիւն, Գ հատոր, [Modern Armenian literature, Volume III], 2003, pp. 68–74

External links

 ArmenianHouse.org biography of Siamanto
 Rendered into English verse by Alice Stone Blackwell

1878 births
1915 deaths
People from Kemaliye
University of Paris alumni
19th-century Armenian poets
Siamanto
Armenians of the Ottoman Empire
Armenian male poets
Survivors of the Hamidian massacres
Mount


texts:
Vernal "<mask>" <mask> (December 23, 1923 – February 23, 1999) was an American dancer who was equally at home on Broadway and in contemporary ballet and modern dance. Early life and Training

<mask>, known from boyhood as <mask>, was born in Snowflake, Arizona, a small town in Navajo County founded by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Raised in a family with three brothers and two sisters, he was educated in local schools. After graduation from high school, he joined the U.S. Army and spent two years as a front lines messenger on active duty in World War II. He was honorably discharged from military service after being injured in combat. In 1947, when he was 23 years old, he began his dance studies with Mia Slavenska, a glamorous Croatian ballerina, in Hollywood, California. After only nine months of study, he got his first professional dancing job.Professional career
Once he began training, <mask> soon showed an unusual talent for jazz dance and he quickly found employment as a professional dancer. He toured night clubs and cabarets in London and Paris with Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers (1947) and in cities around the United States with the Jack Cole Dancers. Thereafter, he appeared in numerous Broadway shows and Hollywood films., demonstrating his facility for the quirky jazz-based choreography of Jack Cole and Bob Fosse. Broadway Shows
 1947 –  Magdalena: A Musical Adventure. A Brazilian folk operetta with music by Heitor Villa-Lobos. Choreography by Jack Cole. 1952  –  Two's Company.A musical revue with music by Vernon Duke and lyrics by Ogden Nash, starring Bette Davis. Choreography by Jerome Robbins. <mask> had featured billing, along with Nora Kaye and Maria Karnilova. 1953  –  Me and Juliet. A musical comedy by Richard Rodgers

masks:
Buzz
Miller
Vernal Miller
Buzz
Miller
Miller


texts: and Oscar Hammerstein, with dances and musical numbers arranged by Robert Alton. <mask> was a principal dancer, partnering Joan McCracken in "Keep It Gay," a dance number in act 1. 1953  –  Pal Joey.A revival of the 1940 musical by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. Choreography by Robert Alton. With Harold Lang, Helen Gallagher, Elaine Stritch, and Bob Fosse. 1954  –  The Pajama Game. A musical with music and lyrics by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross, directed by George Abbott and Jerome Robbins. Choreography by Bob Fosse. The show was regularly stopped by applause for the dance number called "Steam Heat," performed by <mask>, Carol Haney, and Peter Gennaro.1956  –  Bells Are Ringing. A musical with book and lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green and music by Jule Styne. Directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Jerome Robbins. Starring Judy Holiday as a lovelorn telephone operator. <mask> played her friend Carl and was her partner in "Mu-cha-cha," the dance number that opens act 2. 1959  – Redhead. A murder-mystery musical set in Victorian London, with music and lyrics by Albert Hague and Dorothy Fields, directed and choreographed by Bob Fosse and Donald MacKayle.Created especially for Gwen Verdon in the title role. As the Jailer, <mask> was her partner in the dance number called "Pick-Pocket Tango." 1962  –  Bravo Giovanni. A musical conceived as a vehicle for opera star Cesare Siepi. With music by Milton Schafer and choreography by Carol Haney and <mask>. <mask> danced with Maria Karnilova in a big production number called "The Kangaroo." 1963  –  Hot Spot.A musical with music by Mary Rodgers and staging by Herbert Ross. A historic flop, in which <mask> danced with Carmen de Lavallade. 1964  –  Funny Girl. A blockbuster hit starring Barbra Streisand as comedienne

masks:
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
Miller
Buzz Miller
Miller
Miller


texts:
 Fanny Brice. Music by Jule Styne and lyrics by Rob Merrill. Choreography by Carol Haney and Jerome Robbins. <mask> danced with Streisand and the chorus in "Cornet Man," act 1, scene 6.Other performances
<mask> reprised his dancing role in The Pajama Game in the Hollywood film made in 1957. Doris Day and John Raitt played the leading roles. Other films in which <mask> appeared included On the Riviera (1951), There's No business Like Show Business (1954), Anything Goes (1956), and Justine (1969). Besides his work in films, he appeared on numerous American television shows, including Camera Three, The Ed Sullivan Show, and  The Arthur Godfrey Show. In 1955 and 1956 <mask> was a guest artist with Roland Petit's Ballets de Paris, with a leading role opposite Zizi Jeanmaire in La Chambre, a detective-story ballet with a scenario by Georges Simenon, and a featured role in Les Belles Damnées, with Violette Verdy. He also danced in the first Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival of the Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy, in 1957, as a representative of contemporary American culture in the performing arts. In New York during the 1960s he was favored by the modern dance choreographer John Butler, who cast him in Portrait of Billie (1961), inspired by the life of Billie Holiday, and in Catulli Carmina (Songs of Catullus, 1964), in which he originated the role of Caelius and later danced the principal role of the Roman poet Catullus.In both these works he danced opposite the lissome and beautiful Carmen de Lavallade, another Butler favorite. Choreography
In 1968, <mask> choreographed and associate directed Julie Bovasso's The Moon Dreamers at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. He was then associate director for Bovasso's plays at La MaMa in 1971, 1974, and 1975. These included Schubert's

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts:
 Last Serenade and Monday on the Way to Mercury Island in 1971, The Nothing Kid and Standard Safety in 1974, and Schubert's Last Serenade, The Final Analysis, and The Super Lover in 1975. Later years
In 1978, <mask> was a founding member and reconstructionist of the American Dance Machine, a company and briefly a school devoted to preserving the great dance numbers from Broadway and television shows. He was responsible for restaging Carol Haney's choreography for "Me and My Girl," first presented on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1962. He also taught master dance classes at many universities in the United States.He was regarded as one of the leading teachers of jazz dance in the country. Openly gay for most of his life, <mask> had a five-year liaison with Jerome Robbins in the 1950s. Thereafter, in 1957, he met Alan Groh and began a relationship that lasted for some thirty years, until Groh's death in 1996. <mask> himself died of emphysema in Manhattan in 1999. He was 76 years old. His archives and papers are held in the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. References

External links
 Mimi Swartz, "Buzz and Alan" in The New Yorker, August 1998
 Norma Skurka, "An apartment that evolved" in The New York Times, September 23, 1973
 <mask>'s page on La MaMa Archives Digital Collections

1999 deaths
1923 births
American male dancers
American male musical theatre actors
People from Snowflake, Arizona
People from Manhattan
Military personnel from Arizona
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American dancers
Gay men
LGBT dancers
LGBT military personnel
LGBT entertainers from the United States
LGBT people from Arizona
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century LGBT

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller


texts:
<mask> (born November 30, 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), specializing in the history of Russia and the history of the Soviet Union. Life and career
<mask> was born in Louisiana and grew up in Oklahoma. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and his Ph.D. from Boston College in 1979. <mask> was a professor at the University of California, Riverside, before moving to UCLA. <mask> is a <mask> Guggenheim Fellow, a Research Fellow of the Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow) and has been Senior Fellow of the Harriman Institute (Columbia University) and the Davis Center (Harvard University). He was Senior Visiting Scholar at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Research, ideas, and debates
Academic Sovietology after World War II and during the Cold War was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the Soviet Union, stressing the absolute nature of <mask>'s power.The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe described the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." <mask> was one of a number of "revisionist school" historians who challenged the traditional approach to Soviet history, as

masks:
John Archibald Getty III
Getty
Getty
Getty
John Simon
Joseph Stalin
Getty


texts: outlined by political scientist <mask> Friedrich, which stated that the Soviet Union was a totalitarian system, with the personality cult and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin. In Origins of Great Purges, a book published in 1985, <mask> said that the Soviet political system was not completely controlled from the center and that Stalin only responded to political events as they arose. The book was a challenge to works by Robert Conquest and part of the debates between the "totalitarian model" and "revisionist school" of the Soviet Union. In an appendix to the book, <mask> also questioned the previously published findings that Stalin organized himself the murder of Sergey Kirov to justify his campaign of Great Purge.<mask> saw Stalin's rule as dictatorial but not totalitarian because the latter demanded an administrative and technological effectiveness that did not exist. The "totalitarian model" historians objected to the "revisionist school" of historians such as <mask> as apologetics for Stalin and accused them of downplaying the terror. Lenoe responded that "<mask> has not denied Stalin's ultimate responsibility for the Terror, nor is he an admirer of Stalin." During the debates in the 1980s, the use of émigré sources and the insistence on Stalin's engineering of Kirov's murder became embedded in the two sides' position. In a review of Conquest work on the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, especially The Harvest of Sorrow, <mask> wrote that Stalin and the Soviet Politburo played a major role, but "there is plenty of blame to go around. It must be shared by the tens of

masks:
Carl Joachim
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty
Getty


texts: thousands of activists and officials who carried out the policy and by the peasants who chose to slaughter animals, burn fields, and boycott cultivation in protest." In an 1987 review for the London Review of Books (LRB) about Conquest's work, <mask> wrote: "Conquest's hypothesis, sources and evidence are not new.Indeed, he himself first put forward his view two years ago in a work sponsored by the American Enterprise Institute. The intentional famine story, however, has been an article of faith for Ukrainian émigrés in the West since the Cold War. ... Conquest's book will thus give a certain academic credibility to a theory which has not been generally accepted by non-partisan scholars outside the circles of exiled nationalities. In today's conservative political climate, with its 'evil empire' discourse, I am sure that the book will be very popular." In the same LRB article, <mask> gave his interpretation of the events, which is in line with the "revisionist school" bottom-up approach. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the release of the Soviet archives, some of the heat has gone out of the debate, as "totalitarian model" and "revisionist" school merged into "postrevisionism" as a synthesis. <mask> was one of the most active Western historians researching the archives along with Lynne Viola.A 1993 study of archival data by <mask> et al. showed that a total of 1,053,829 people died in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953. In a 1993 study, <mask> wrote that the opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by the "revisionist school" scholars. Few oppose

masks: Getty Getty Getty Getty Getty


texts:
 <mask>'s analysis, which has gained acceptance, of broad society's will and power to resist, with a degree of autonomy to the bureaucracy and other professional groups in opposition to Soviet central power, over that of totalitarianism through one-sided hierarchical processes in which a despotic leadership exercised violence on a passive population, which was also defenseless. His analysis of Stalin as a powerful yet having to work within an array of competing interests and powers, a cruel but ordinary mortal being who was not omnipotent nor a master planner, has been described as a representation of the banal evil described by Hannah Arendt. Published works

Books
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Manning, Roberta Thompson, eds. (1993).Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1993). The Central Party Archive: A Research Guide. Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. <mask>, J. <mask> (1996) [1985]. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (9th reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask>; Naumov, Oleg V. (1999).The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2008). Stalin's "Iron Fist:" The Times and Life of N. I. Yezhov. Yale University Press. .
 <mask>, J. <mask> (2013). Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition. Yale University Press. . Articles
 <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1986)."Trotsky in Exile: The Founding of the Fourth

masks: Getty Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch


texts:
 International". Soviet Studies. XXXVIII (1): 24–35. <mask>, J. <mask>; Ritterspon, Gabor T.; Zemskov, Vicktor N. (October 1993). "Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Prewar Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence". The American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049.<mask>, J. <mask> (1998). "Afraid of Their Shadows: The Bolshevik Recourse to Terror, 1932–1938". In Hildermeier, Manfred; Mueller-Luckner, Elisabeth, eds. Stalinismus vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Neue Wege der Forschung [Stalinism before the Second World War (New Avenues of Research)]. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 1999)."Samokritika Rituals in the Stalinist Central Committee, 1933–1938". The Russian Review. 58 (1): 49–70. <mask>, J. <mask> (2000). "Mr. Ezhov Goes to Moscow: The Rise of a Stalinist Police Chief". In Husband, William, ed. The Human Tradition in Modern Russia.Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–174. <mask>, J. <mask> (January 2002). "'Excesses Are not Permitted:' Mass Terror Operations in the Late 1930s and Stalinist Governance". The Russian Review. 16 (1): 112–137.<mask>, J. <mask> (2005). "Stalin as Prime Minister: Power and the Politburo". In Davies, Sarah; Harris, <mask>, eds. Stalin: A New History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–107.Notes

References

External links
 Official webpage at the University of California, Los Angeles

1950 births
American biographers
Boston College alumni
Historians of communism
Historians of Russia
Living people
American male biographers
Stalinism-era scholars and writers
Writers from Louisiana
University of California, Los Angeles

masks: Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch Getty Arch James


texts:
<mask>, nicknamed Old Black <mask> () or simply <mask> (Schwarzer <mask>), (born 24 March 1752 in Burgen near Bernkastel; died after 1812) was a robber and accomplice of Schinderhannes, the notorious highwayman. The name of the card game, Black Peter is probably derived from Petri. Life
His parents were <mask> and Christina Margaretha. Around 1780, <mask> married Maria Katharina Neumann, the daughter of innkeeper and charcoal burner, <mask> (c. 1723-1803). Maria was born in 1759 in Schmelz (today a district of Neuhütten, about  15 km from Hüttgeswasen) and lived from 1765 in the hamlet of Hüttgeswasen. It is no longer possible to determine where the marriage was contracted. With permission of Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Petri built a hut in Hüttgeswasen, next to his father-in-law's dwelling, in which he lived with his family for eleven years.At that time he worked as lumberjack and charcoal burner. The charcoal produced in Hüttgeswasen was needed for iron and copper smelting by the numerous smeltworks in the district (Amt) of Allenbach. In 1781, his first son, <mask> Conrad, ("Young <mask>") was born in Hüttgeswasen. The other children, Elisabeth Margaret (born 1784), John Christian (born 1787), Abraham (1788-1791), Catharine Elisabeth (1791-1792) and John Andrew (born 1792) were also born in Hüttgeswasen. The remaining three of altogether nine children were not from Hüttgeswasen: John George (born 1794/1795), Louise (born 1797/1798) and Leonard (born about 1803/1804). Old Black Peter's hut was burned down in 1792 during the French invasion. From this time he led an unsettled life with his family.The Petris left Hüttgeswasen and lived until 1811 in many places in the Hunsrück and on the right bank of the Rhine, especially in the area of the Odenwald. The

masks:
Johann Peter Petri
Peter
Black Peter
Peter
Johann Peter Petri
Black Peter
Johann Georg Neumann
Johann Peter
Black Peter


texts: father continued to work as a woodcutter, first for about six months for the villages of Beulich and Gondershausen, then for about a year in Schauren near Kempfeld, where he worked for someone in Hottenbach. After a six-month stay in Weiden near Hottenbach, he worked as a woodcutter at the glassworks in Soonwald for almost four years. After that he moved to Münchwald for six months and then again for a short time to the area on the right bank of the Nahe. Petri committed numerous criminal acts such as thefts, burglaries and robberies. Together with Schinderhannes he stole two horses in August 1798 in Ellern. On 12 August 1798, he and Schinderhannes murdered Jewish cattle dealer, Simon Seligmann, in the forest near the Thiergarten forester's house.Three years earlier, the victim had observed the married <mask> during a tryst  with the wife of Polecat James (Iltis-Jakob) in the forest and had told her husband, who then killed his unfaithful wife in a quarrel. <mask> was of medium stature and had a smooth and supposedly handsome face, coal-black hair and a dark side whiskers. Contemporaries described him, on the one hand, as a true predator, but on the other as a man who was moved to tears by the sight of a boy, probably because he thought of his children. During interrogations, Petri only incriminated thieves who had previously incriminated him and asked that this be noted in the minutes. He firmly believed that it would be advantageous to ask for a merciful punishment after confessing to each crime and was pleased when other crooks failed to do so. <mask> was also very vain. He often mentioned at a more mature age that he had been a very handsome man.When he talked about other members of his family, he always mentioned whether he was a handsome man or not. When he once

masks:
Black Peter
Petri
Petri


texts: received tight fitting legwear, he showed them to everyone with obvious pleasure. He liked to recount the love relationships from his younger days. On occasions he showed a pious disposition. But he also thought he was beginning to doubt whether there was a God because he had prayed so much and his situation had not improved. When he spoke of deceased relatives or acquaintances, he always added the words "the blessed". Old <mask> was often arrested and interrogated.At the beginning of year VII of the French Revolutionary Calendar, he was arrested in the Canton of Obermoschel and taken to Kaiserslautern and then Simmern. On the 29th Brumaire of year VII he broke out of the tower of Simmern and fled to the east of the Rhine into the Odenwald. In the spring of 1802 he stayed in the Soonwald, but escaped the authorities and, unlike his son, Young <mask>, did not stand trial in Mainz together with Schinderhannes. In the Odenwald he was once again active as a highwayman, burglar and thief. After the robbery of a stagecoach between Heppenheim and Weinheim on 1 May 1811, in which Swiss merchant, Hans Jacob Rieter, was beaten to death, the then 59-year-old <mask> was arrested in a general raid. Although he had been living in the Odenwald as a charcoal burner under the name <mask> for a long time and had nothing to do with the robbery, his true identity came to light in the course of the investigations through statements made by fellow prisoners. The former accomplice of Schinderhannes, who himself was executed in Mainz in 1803, was extradited to the French authorities in Mainz on 11 November 1811 for his old crimes, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment together with another member of the Schinderhannes gang, Franz Delis.<mask> probably died behind bars. After his death, his

masks:
Black Peter
Black Peter
Black Peter
Johannes Wild
Petri


texts:
 body was transferred to the Anatomical Institute of the University of Heidelberg, where allegedly his skeleton was also kept for a long time. Today the skeleton of <mask> is considered lost, while one attributed to Schinderhannes still exists in Heidelberg today. Family
Old <mask>'s children, as well as his wife Maria Katharina, who often took part in thefts, also became offenders. The son, <mask>, alias Young Black <mask>, an accomplice of Schinderhannes, was sentenced to 15 years in chains in Mainz. Another son, <mask> (nicknamed Charcoal Andrew) was sentenced to death for his involvement in the robbery of a stagecoach near Heppenheim in Mannheim, but this was commuted to life imprisonment because of his youth and inexperience. The sons John George <mask> and Leonard participated in thefts.The daughter Elisabetha Margaretha was sentenced in 1812 in Mannheim to six months imprisonment for complicity in a robbery, adultery and trickery. In 1813 the rest of the <mask> family was arrested in the Simmern arrondissement for begging and vagabondage. The wife of Old Black <mask> and a daughter later went into the poorhouse in Trier, where the latter fled. Nothing is known about her fate. Literature
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Chronik, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 <mask>lein: Schinderhannes-Ortslexikon, Mainz-Kostheim 2003
 Hans-Eugen Bühler: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Amtes Allenbach. 1. Teil.Die Bedeutung der Holzhauer- und Kohlenbrennerkolonie Hüttgeswasen zwischen 1600 und 1900, Birkenfeld 1984
 Ernst Probst: Der Schwarze Peter. Ein Räuber im Hunsrück und Odenwald, Mainz-Kostheim 2005

External links
 Der Schwarze Peter von Ernst Probst
 Burgen im Frohnbachtal: Der Schwarze Peter

References

German robbers
Criminals from Rhineland-Palatinate
Hunsrück
1752 births
19th-century

masks:
Black Peter
Black Peter
Peter Petri
Peter
Andrew Peter
Petri
Petri
Peter
Peter Bayer
Peter Bayer


texts: <mask> (born 14 October 1967) is a Finnish artist, theatre director and writer. He was born in Lapua, and was one of the first Finnish artists to gain a doctorate (Finnish Art Academy 2005). In 2008–2013 he was the Professor of Fine Arts in Aalto University. Before and after that he has worked as a freelancer. As a visual artist <mask> started out as painter, then expanded his practice to include photography, installation, performance and videos. Since his doctorate (Academy of Fine Arts, Finland, 2005) <mask> has spent less time with visual arts and more with theatre, literature and artistic research. In recent years <mask> has concentrated on writing books and directing theatre pieces or films or pieces for radio.His most recent books are Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta? (2021), a book of photos & texts, Poika ja pallo (2020), his fourth collection of poems, and Taiteen tehtävä (2017), a collection of essays on art and on art's philosophical and political potential and function in society. The latter book is a sequel to the written/theoretical part of his doctoral dissertation, Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta / Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics (2005/2007). <mask> sees himself as a moral relativist, atheist, vitalist and socialist. There seem to be certain pet themes that he keeps on returning to both in his artworks and also in his non-artistic writings and public speeches. Critique of consumer capitalism is certainly of them. Defending extreme freedom of speech is another.Demanding quick reduction of consumption of goods and natural resources in order to stop ecological catastrophe is third. Gender politics is maybe the fourth, as can be seen for example in the photo series How to Be a Woman or

masks:
Teemu Tuomas Mäki
Mäki
Mäki
Mäki
Mäki


texts:
 Man? and its accompanying text, in which Mäki writes that:

"That gender roles are products of culture is potentially both an oppressive and emancipatory fact. The oppressing side is that as gender roles are created and defined in by social and political forces, they can be – and usually are – as unequal, as unfair as any other structure in society. A stereotypical gender role in this sense is almost automatically a prison, that restricts a person's personality and/or enables him/her to restrict other peoples personalities. The benign and emancipatory side of the same thing is that a person is not at the mercy of his/her biological or cultural gender, one is not 'born to become a man (or a woman)', but can instead understand that his/her gender identity was and continually is formed by culture and s/he can and should take the steering wheel in this process – to be an active subject, not a printout of cultural prejudice." A more complex and perhaps the most important theme (to him) seems to be mortality.<mask> claims that all meaning and passion that human beings can attain is derived from and made possible by death. All of these themes are easy to detect both in Mäki's visual artworks, theatre works, poetry and also in his doctoral dissertation and in his non-artistic, regular column that he writes for the Finnish magazine Voima. The 'mortality as the source of life and passion' theme returns again in <mask>'s "Art and Research Colliding"-text, which was published in May 2014, on the internet, by the Journal for Artistic Research. <mask>'s artworks, writings and newspaper columns have provoked heated public debates. He has for example campaigned against criminalization of prostitution and claimed that as long as sex work is voluntary it's not worse than many other

masks: Mäki Mäki Mäki


texts:
 jobs in capitalist labor market. He also claimed that the only way to guarantee that sex work is voluntary enough is by providing a good enough social security for all – instead of trying to criminalize and ban sex work. After his doctorate <mask> became active in the field of artistic research.In addition to his own research he tutors doctoral students, was first a member of the board of TAhTO (Doctoral Programme in Artistic Research) and then a member of the program's steering group (2012–2015). For some years he was also a member of the editorial team of RUUKKU (Studies in Artistic Research)]. Since 2018 <mask> is the chair person of The Artists' Association of Finland. Books by Teemu Mäki
 Miten olla mies tai nainen tai jotain muuta?. A book of photography with a text. Helsinki: Parvs, 2021. . https://parvs.fi/kirjat/teemu-maki/
 Poika ja pallo. A collection of poems.Helsinki: Gummerus, 2020. .
 Taiteen tehtävä. Essays. Helsinki: Into, 2017. .
 Äidin oma. A collection of poems. Helsinki: Like, 2016. .
 Maalarin silmin (pakko ei oo ku kualla), a book about painting. Helsinki: Into-kustannus & Lapua Art Museum 2014. (PDF).(EPUB). Rääkypönttö, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2010. .
 Kuolevainen, a collection of poems. Helsinki: WSOY 2008. . Estonian translation, by Taavi Eelmaa: Surelik, ZA/UM 2015. .
 Darkness Visible – Essays on Art, Philosophy and Politics, (doctoral dissertation). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia / Finnish Art Academy 2007. .
 Näkyvä pimeys – esseitä taiteesta, filosofiasta ja politiikasta, (väitöskirja). Helsinki: Kuvataideakatemia & Like-kustannus 2005. .
 <mask> Mäki, Helsinki: Like-kustannus 2002. . Articles by <mask> <mask>
 Mäki, Teemu: Art and Research Colliding, published in JAR (Journal for Artistic Research), in May 2014.Mäki,

masks: Mäki Mäki Teemu Teemu Mäki