texts:
<mask>. (August 23, 1983 – August 30, 2010) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name J. C<mask>. He wrestled for numerous American-based professional wrestling promotions including Combat Zone Wrestling, IWA Mid-South, and IWA East Coast. <mask>'s father, <mask>, ran the Bad 2 the Bone Wrestling promotion in Kentucky, until his death from cancer on June 16, 2013. In September 2006, <mask> was arrested and charged with possession of cocaine and drug paraphernalia in the first degree, attempted burglary in the second degree, and criminal mischief in the third degree. He was sentenced to one year in prison and was released on parole on August 31, 2007. Two months later, <mask> and another man were arrested while attempting to steal a 27-inch Samsung television from a Wal-Mart in Bardstown, Kentucky. <mask> was admitted to the hospital shortly afterward due to injuries suffered during the arrest.After pictures of <mask>'s mugshot showing him covered in blood were released to the public, a local activist group held a vigil and filed a complaint to the town of Bardstown. While <mask> was only charged with a misdemeanor, his arrest resulted in his parole being revoked and he spent two years in prison. <mask> was released in December 2009. Professional wrestling career
<mask> made his professional wrestling debut in 2001. On March 29, 2003, <mask> defeated Nate Webb to win the IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship. He lost the championship to Michael Todd Stratton on May 24, but regained it a week later on May 31. In June 2003, <mask>, Ian Rotten, and <mask> "invaded" Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW)

masks:
Joseph Carl Bailey Jr
. Bailey
Life Bailey
Joseph Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Corporal Robinson


type: original

texts: on behalf of Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA Mid-South).The following month, he competed in the second annual CZW Tournament of Death where he lost to Nick Mondo in a deathmatch involving light tubes. On August 9, at Aftermath, <mask> lost the IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship to Sonjay Dutt. He also competed in the fifth annual IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch tournament in August, where he defeated 2 Tuff Tony, Necro Butcher, and Ian Rotten, before losing to Mad Man Pondo in the final. On November 21, <mask> won a three-way match against Dutt and Nate Webb to win the IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship for the third time. He held the championship for two months before losing it to Matt Sydal on January 17, 2004. In June 2004, <mask> competed in the sixth King of the Deathmatch where he lost to Mad Man Pondo and Toby Klein, and the following month he participated in the third Tournament of Death where he lost to Wifebeater after defeating <mask>ri$ Ca$h. On December 11, 2004, he teamed up with <mask>ri$ Ca$h, Nate Webb and SeXXXy Eddy to win the CZW World Tag Team Championship.Team Ca$h held the championship until February 5, 2005, when Ca$h and Webb lost to H8 Club (<mask> and Nick Gage). The same night, <mask> became the first-ever CZW Ultraviolent Underground Champion. He lost the championship to Zandig in July 2005. The following month, on August 13, <mask> defeated Necro Butcher in a No Ropes Barbed Wire Death Match to win the Ultraviolent Underground Championship for the second time. He held the championship for over five months, before losing it to Nick Gage on January 14,

masks:
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Ch
Ch
Justice Pain
Bailey
Bailey


texts: 2006. Between 2005 and 2007, <mask> competed in several more hardcore tournaments, including the fourth and fifth Tournaments of Death, seventh and eighth King of the Deathmatch tournaments, and Tournament of Death: Fast Forward. On August 20, 2006, he went to Japan and competed in the professional wrestling tournament WRESTLE EXPO 2006 where he lost to 2 Tuff Tony after defeating Mad Man Pondo.On September 16, 2006, he competed in the first Masters of Pain tournament where he lost to the "Crazy Monkey" <mask> after defeating 2 Tuff Tony and <mask>. In December 2009, <mask> returned to CZW at Cage of Death 11, attacking Thumbtack <mask> who had just won a no-ropes barbwire match against Nick Gage. <mask> was accompanied in this attack by 'Halfbreed' Billy Gram who in turn revealed that <mask> was the new member of The Cult Fiction stable led by Gram. <mask> and Gram were soon joined by , the returning Brain Damage and Masada in The Cult Fiction, and began a feud against fan favorites Danny Havoc, Drake Younger, Scotty Vortekz and Eddie Kingston who were dubbed The Suicide Kings. On May 15, 2010, <mask> competed in Ohio Hatchet Wrestling's "Death In The Valley" Deathmatch Tournament; where he defeated Drake Younger in the finals in a 40 Panes of Glass Scaffold Match to become the OHW Death In The Valley Champion. On June 5, <mask> won the 2010 IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch tournament. He defeated Ian Rotten, Nick Gage, and Balls Mahoney en route to the final, where he defeated Devon Moore.On June 26, <mask> competed in CZW's Tournament of Death 9, where he advanced through the first two rounds, before losing in the

masks:
Bailey
Jun Kasai
Corporal Robinson
Bailey
Jack
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey
Bailey


texts:
 finals to Vortekz. Death
<mask> was found dead on August 30, 2010, having died in his sleep. Prior to his death, he had complained of headaches and numbness in his hands. The cause of death was later determined to be due to a brain aneurysm, caused by complications due to multiple concussions and traumas to the brain. His brain was expected to be donated for research at Boston University. Championships and accomplishments
Bad 2 the Bone Wrestling
BBW Hardcore Championship (2 times)
BBW Lightweight Championship (1 time)
BBW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Vic The Bruiser (1)
Rookie of the Year (2001)
Coliseum Championship Wrestling
CCW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
CCW Lightweight Championship (1 time)
CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
CCW XXX Championship (1 time)
Combat Zone Wrestling
CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship (2 times)
CZW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Team Ca$h (Chri$ Ca$h, Nate Webb, and SeXXXy Eddy)
Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
IWA Mid-South Light Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch (2010)
Insanity Pro Wrestling
IPW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Ohio Hatchet Wrestling
OHW Death In The Valley Deathmatch Champion (2010)

See also
 List of premature professional wrestling deaths

Notes
 Team Ca$h defended the CZW World Tag Team Championship under the Freebird Rule. References

1983 births
2010 deaths
American male professional wrestlers
American people convicted of burglary
American people convicted of drug offenses
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Professional wrestlers from Kentucky
Sportspeople from Louisville,


texts:
<mask> (December 17, 1928 – May 6, 2012) was an American actor and stand-up comedian, best known for his role as Goober Pyle on The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry R.F.D. and his subsequent tenure on Hee-Haw. Life and career

<mask> was born in Fairfield, Alabama, to <mask> (a butcher) and Alice Smith. He was raised by his grandparents in the small town of Jasper, where he graduated from Walker County High School in 1946. He attended Kemper Military School in Boonville, Missouri, and Florence State Teacher's College (Florence, Alabama) (now the University of North Alabama), where he majored in physical education and biology. He was a quarterback on the football team, and acted in college plays. He received a Bachelor of Science in 1952.After graduating from college he enlisted in the United States Air Force and was stationed at Ramey Air Force Base in Puerto Rico. After his discharge, he taught for a year at Hazel Green High School in Hazel Green, Alabama, while waiting to be accepted by the American Theater Wing in New York City in 1956. On March 24, 1960, he appeared on the To Tell the Truth television quiz show, posing as a Florida spear fisherman and ultimately revealing himself as a "nightclub comic". After graduating from the Wing and performing in two Broadway plays, "Wonderful Town" and "All American", he moved to Los Angeles in 1962. He got parts in TV series including Gunsmoke, The Rifleman, The Real McCoys, The Twilight Zone, Daniel Boone, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea and three episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, before he got the role he would become famous for as "Goober" on The Andy Griffith Show. The Andy Griffith Show, as Goober Pyle (1964)
In 1964, <mask> was cast as the

masks:
George Smith Lindsey
George Lindsey
George Ross Lindsey
Lindsey


texts:
 slow-witted but kindly Goober Beasley on The Andy Griffith Show. His character was later renamed Goober Pyle to tie him to his cousin Gomer Pyle, a slow-witted country boy played by Jim Nabors, also from Alabama.Goober's antics frequently included his exaggerated Goober Dance and his comically bad Cary Grant impression. As <mask> started his portrayal as Goober, he also had a minor role in the Walter Brennan series The Tycoon on ABC. <mask> played a sailor in the 1964 film Ensign Pulver, the sequel to Mister Roberts. He also had a role in a Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea episode entitled "Submarine Sunk Here". He appeared in six episodes of the television series Gunsmoke. He played a blackmailing taxicab]driver in the "Bed of Roses" episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. Star Trek, cast as Spock
During an interview segment of TV Land's 40th Anniversary Star Trek Marathon on November 12, 2006, Leonard Nimoy stated that Gene Roddenberry's first choice to play Spock was <mask>.Because of the flippant way Nimoy makes the comment, it has been suggested that he was joking. The claim <mask> was offered the role is given more credibility when <mask>'s close friend Ernest Borgnine wrote in his autobiography, "my hand to God – he turned down the part of Mr. Spock on TV's Star Trek, the role that made Leonard Nimoy famous." Mayberry R.F.D., other acting work
After Griffith left his television show, CBS retooled it as Mayberry R.F.D. and <mask> played the same character until CBS cancelled the program in 1971. In 1972, <mask> portrayed Charlie, one of a pair of highwaymen in the Gunsmoke episode "Blind Man's Bluff," and an escaped convict, "The Dove," in an episode of The Rifleman. Disney used his talents

masks:
Lindsey
Lindsey
George Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey


texts:
 in a few projects, both as comedy support in features (Snowball Express) and voiceovers for a few of their animated characters. Three Disney animated features that presented the voice of <mask> were The Aristocats (1970), Robin Hood (1973) and The Rescuers (1977).He appeared in the 1967 Gunsmoke episode "Mad Dog" as one of the Watson Brothers. In 1978, <mask> guest starred on M*A*S*H as Roy Dupree, a wild but capable Southern surgeon. In 1997 <mask> played himself in an episode of NewsRadio. As Goober on Hee Haw (1972–1992)

<mask> portrayed Goober for the third and last time on the syndicated country music variety show Hee Haw, playing a more rustic version of the character. He appeared on that show from 1972 to 1992. Death
<mask> died on May 6, 2012, in Nashville, Tennessee, from heart failure. He was 83.He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in his hometown of Jasper, Alabama. Honors and citations
<mask> raised over US$1,000,000 for Alabama Special Olympics through 17 years of the George <mask> Celebrity Weekend and Golf Tournament in Montgomery, Alabama and another $50,000 for the Alabama Association of Retarded Citizens, and participated as Head Coach-Winter Games in the Minneapolis, Minnesota Special Olympics National Competition. He established and perpetuated the <mask> Academic Scholarships at University of North Alabama. In 1992, the university gave him an honorary doctorate. <mask> was the 1995 recipient of the Governor's Achievement Award — Alabama Music Hall of Fame. The State of Alabama named the "George <mask> Highway" in Jasper, Alabama after the actor. In 1998, he established the George Lindsey/UNA Film Festival that takes place at the University of North Alabama annually in the

masks:
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey
George Lindsey
Lindsey
Lindsey


texts:
 spring.He was the 1997 recipient of the Minnie Pearl Lifetime Achievement Award and the 2007 recipient of the first ICON Award presented by the Nashville Associations of Talent Directors. Partial filmography
Death Valley Days TV Series - The Death and the Fury (1964)
The Twilight Zone TV Series – Deputy Pierce in the 1964 episode 'I Am the Night -- Color Me Black'
The Andy Griffith Show CBS TV Series (1964–1968) – Goober Pyle
Ensign Pulver (1964) – Lindstrom
The Joey Bishop Show TV Series (1964) – Marine
Gunsmoke (“Pa Hacks Brood” - 1963) as Orville; (“Which Doctor” - 1966) as Skeeter; (“Mad Dog” - 1967) as Pinto Watson  & (“Blind Mans Bluff” - 1972) as Charlie
Mayberry R.F.D. TV Series (1968–1971) – Goober
The Aristocats (1970) – Lafayette (voice)
Snowball Express (1972) – Double L. Dingman
Charley and the Angel (1973) – Pete, Handyman
Robin Hood (1973) – Trigger, the Vulture (voice)
Treasure of Matecumbe (1976) – Coahoma Sheriff
The Rescuers (1977) – Deadeye, The Rabbit (voice)
M*A*S*H (TV series) – Captain Roy Dupree in the 1978 episode 'Temporary Duty'
Take This Job and Shove It (1981) – Man at Gas Station
The American Snitch (1983) – Zeke
Cannonball Run II (1984) – Uncle Cal
Return to Mayberry (1986) – Goober Pyle
NewsRadio (1997) - HimselfWhen I Find the Ocean'' (2006) – Ed Barker (final film role)

Autobiography

References

External links

 <mask> UNA Film Festival

1928 births
2012 deaths
Male actors from Alabama
American male film actors
American male television actors
People from Nashville, Tennessee
United States Air Force airmen
University of North Alabama alumni
North Alabama Lions football players
Writers from Alabama
People from Fairfield, Alabama
People from Jasper,


texts:
<mask> (born December 30, 1978) is an American singer and actor. He released his self-titled debut studio album in 1998, which featured the single "Sweet Lady", peaking at number twelve on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. His second and third albums, 2000 Watts and I Wanna Go There, were released in 2001 and 2002; respectively, the latter contained the lead single "How You Gonna Act Like That", which became <mask>'s highest-charting single, reaching number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. His fourth album, Alter Ego, explored hip hop, while he was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album for his fifth album Open Invitation (2011). <mask>'s sixth album, Black Rose (2015), debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, becoming his highest-charting album.He has sold over 4 million records in the United States. <mask> had his first starring role in John Singleton's coming-of-age hood film Baby Boy (2001), and then began appearing as Roman Pearce in the Fast & Furious franchise. <mask> reunited with Singleton for the action film Four Brothers (2005), and plays Robert Epps in the Transformers franchise. He appeared in the comedy film Ride Along 2 (2016), and is set to appear in the superhero film Morbius (2022). Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Watts, Los Angeles, California. His mother, Priscilla <mask> ( Durham), raised him and his three older siblings as a single parent after his father, <mask>, left. Music career

Music beginnings
<mask>'s career began when he auditioned for a Coca-Cola commercial at the suggestion of his high school music teacher.An appearance in a 1994 Coca-Cola advertisement, singing the phrase "Always Coca-Cola", led

masks:
Tyrese Darnell Gibson
Tyrese
Tyrese
Tyrese
Tyrese
Gibson
Murray Gibson
Tyrone Gibson
Gibson


texts:
 to bigger fame. It also led him to other appearances, such as for Guess and Tommy Hilfiger. 1998–1999: <mask>

<mask> was signed as an artist to RCA Records in early 1998. Afterwards, he released his debut single "Nobody Else". It quickly rose on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 36. On September 29, 1998, he released his self-titled album Tyrese at the age of 19.It debuted on the Billboard charts at No. 17. In late 1998, <mask> became the new host of the weekday music video show MTV Jams on MTV and a host and VJ for the channel. Afterwards, he released the second single from the album "Lately". It made it to No. 56 on the Billboard charts. Then, the album's third single and highest-charting single "Sweet Lady" became the album's biggest hit, reaching No.9 on the R&B charts. The single earned <mask> a Grammy nomination for Best R&B Male Vocal Performance. The album eventually went on to be certified Platinum. <mask>, along with singers Ginuwine, RL of Next, and Case, were featured on the soundtrack of The Best Man on the single "The Best Man I Can Be". 2000–2001: 2000 Watts

On May 22, 2001, <mask> released his second studio album 2000 Watts. The first single off the album was "I Like Them Girls", which reached No. 15 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.The album went on to be certified Gold, selling over 500,000 copies. The third single off the album, "Just a Baby Boy", with Snoop Dogg and Mr. Tan, was featured on the soundtrack to the film Baby Boy, <mask>'s first major acting role. 2002–2004: I Wanna Go There

After RCA Records was disbanded <mask> went on to sign to J Records. There he released his third studio album I Wanna

masks: Tyrese Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson


texts:
 Go There on December 10, 2002. His first single from the album and arguably his most successful single to date "How You Gonna Act Like That" debuted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at No. 7. 2005–2010: Alter Ego and hiatus

On December 12, 2006, <mask> released his fourth studio album, Alter Ego, his first double-disc album.It was also his first album in which he debuts his rapping persona. The first single off the album was "One" debuting on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at No. 26. The album itself is considered <mask>'s lowest selling album to date. In 2007, <mask>, Ginuwine, and Tank founded TGT. 2011–2012: Open Invitation

After taking time from music to focus on his family and his highly successful acting career, <mask> decided it was time to return to music. In 2011, he signed himself and his newly founded label Voltron Recordz to EMI and announced he was working on a new album titled Open Invitation.On August 16, 2011, <mask> released the lead single "Stay". The music video for the single featured fellow actor, friend and Baby Boy co-star Taraji P. Henson. It peaked on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at No. 11. The second single "Too Easy" featured fellow actor, friend and rapper Ludacris. It peaked on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at No. 38.The third single "Nothing On You" peaked on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at No. 61. Open Invitation was released on November 1, 2011. It debuted on the US Billboard 200 albums chart at No. 9, sold 130,000 copies in its first week and has gone on to sell over 400,000 copies. In 2013, the album earned <mask> his third Grammy nomination at the 2013 Grammy Awards for Best R&B Album.

masks: Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson


texts:
 2013–2017: TGT and Black Rose
In early 2013, it was announced and confirmed after much speculation that <mask>, Ginuwine, and Tank would be releasing their debut collaboration album, to be distributed by Atlantic Records.In 2014, <mask> released the album Black Rose. A double album set was released in 2015. On July 10, 2015, Black Rose was released and had debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 77,000 copies, making it <mask>'s first number one album of his career. 2017–present: Identity Theft
In October 2017, <mask> worked on a project titled Identity Theft, and also he returned to the alter ego Black Ty, the album focuses more on his hip hop roots. He predicted that it will "change hip hop". When <mask> competed on season five of The Masked Singer, interim host Niecy Nash introduced his character as "Porcupine" only for <mask> to tell her that his character preferred to be called "Robopine".Acting career
<mask> has a recurring role in two of the highest-grossing film series: Fast & Furious and Transformers. His first big role was in John Singleton's Baby Boy in 2001. Fast & Furious
<mask> plays Roman Pearce in the Fast & Furious film series. He first played Pearce alongside his best friend, the late Paul Walker, in 2003's 2 Fast 2 Furious, his second collaboration with Singleton. He returned as Roman Pearce in Fast Five (2011), Fast & Furious 6 (2013), Furious 7 (2015), The Fate of the Furious (2017), and F9 (2021). <mask> portrays Sergeant Robert Epps in the Transformers film series. In 2007, with the ensemble cast of Josh Duhamel, John Turturro, Megan Fox, Anthony Anderson and Jon Voight, with star Shia LaBeouf,

masks:
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Gibson
Transformers Gibson


texts:
 Transformers went on to make nearly $710 million worldwide.It was directed and co-produced by Michael Bay. Steven Spielberg served as the executive producer. <mask> reprised his role in the sequels Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) and Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011). <mask> was supposed to return as Epps in Transformers: The Last Knight (2017), but was unable to appear due to scheduling conflicts with The Fate of the Furious. Other films
In 2005, Singleton and <mask> collaborated for the third time when <mask> co-starred in the action-crime drama Four Brothers alongside Mark Wahlberg. <mask> went on to star in the action-drama Waist Deep with Meagan Good. In 2008, he co-starred opposite Jason Statham in Death Race.In March 2019, <mask> joined Jared Leto in Sony's Spider-Man spinoff Morbius. Writing
In 2009, <mask> co-created a 3-issue comic book titled <mask> <mask>'s MAYHEM! after being inspired from his visit to Comic Con. On May 8, 2012, <mask> released his first book, titled How to Get Out of Your Own Way. It went on to be a New York Times best seller. On February 5, 2013, <mask> co-authored his second book along with close personal friend Rev. Run titled Manology: Secrets of Your Man's Mind Revealed, which also went on to be a New York Times best seller.Personal life
<mask> was married to Norma Mitchell from 2007 to 2009, and the couple had one child, a daughter, born in 2007. He married Samantha Lee on February 14, 2017. Their daughter was born on October 1, 2018. In December 2020, <mask> and Lee announced they were divorcing. <mask> has described himself as a born-again Christian. In 2017, Tyrese purchased a $4 million home in

masks: Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Tyrese Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson Gibson


texts:
<mask> (born November 19, 1932) is a philosopher who is University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Colorado State University. He is best known for his contributions to environmental ethics and the relationship between science and religion. Among other honors, <mask> won the 2003 Templeton Prize, awarded by Prince Philip in Buckingham Palace. He gave the Gifford Lectures, University of Edinburgh, 1997–1998. He also serves on the Advisory Council of METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence). The Darwinian model is used to define the main thematic concepts in Rolston's philosophy and, in greater depth, the general trend of his thinking. Life
His grandfather and father <mask>,  and <mask> (who did not use the Jr) were Presbyterian ministers.<mask> <mask> was married on June 1, 1956 to Jane Irving Wilson, with whom he has a daughter and son. He holds a B.S. in physics and mathematics from Presbyterian-affiliated Davidson College (1953) and a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union Presbyterian Seminary (1956). He was ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church (USA) also in 1956. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1958; his advisor was Thomas F. Torrance. He earned an M.A. in the philosophy of science from the University of Pittsburgh in 1968, beginning his career later that year as an assistant professor of philosophy at Colorado State University and becoming a full professor in 1976.He became a University Distinguished Professor in 1992. He gave the Gifford Lectures, University of Edinburgh, 1998-1999. He was named Templeton Prize laureate in 2003. He has lectured by invitation on all seven continents.

masks:
Holmes Rolston III
Rolston
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston Jr
Rolston
III


texts:
 Colorado State University inaugurated the <mask>ton Endowed Chair in Environmental Ethics in October 2016; for the inaugural lecture by Kenneth Shockley, click here..

<mask> 1900-1977

<mask> (1900-1977), father of <mask> <mask>t Lectures, Union Theological Seminary, Richmond, Series XXXI 1941-1942, published as The Social Message of the Apostle Paul (John Knox Press, 1942). He also wrote a number of books on personalities in the Bible, for example: Faces about the Christ (John Knox Press, 1959) and Personalities Around David (John Knox Press, 1968). See Who's Who in America, 39th ed., 1976-1977. Views on rights

<mask> accepts that humans have rights but has criticized the idea of animal rights and extending rights to flora because there are no rights in the wild. <mask> has argued that a rights approach to sentient life is ill-suited to ecosystems and when a moral agent is faced with suffering in an ecosystem there is no duty to intervene. In 1991, Rolston stated:

Rolston has also argued that "environmental ethics accepts predation as good in wild nature", Rolston says that wild predation should be respected because it has great importance for larger ecosystem and evolutionary processes. For example, predators eliminate weak and unfit individuals from populations of prey organisms contributing to the overall integrity of those species and culling of unfit organisms by predators is vital to the evolutionary process of natural selection, which Rolston believes trends towards more complex and diverse life forms.Rolston has stated that predation is an integral part of nature which "yields a flourishing of species" and has contributed to some of

masks:
Holmes Rols
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston
IIIrun
Rolston
Rolston


texts:
 the most significant achievements in natural history and that without predation, life on earth would be greatly impoverished. <mask> has argued that when humans encounter wild nature they are not under any duty or obligation to alleviate any wild animal suffering and that since animals in the wild have no claim to a pleasant life free of pain then humans have no moral duty to provide them with one. Rolston says that this also holds true for domesticated animals because although they have been brought under the care of humans, their origins are from wild nature so the comparison class for assessing conduct towards them should not be from humans but from other animals. In <mask>'s view domesticated animals like wild animals "have no right or welfare claim to have from humans a kinder treatment than in nonhuman nature". Bibliography
<mask> III is author of eight books that have won acclaim in both academic journals and the mainstream press. They are:

A New Environmental Ethics: The Next Millennium for Life on Earth  (Routledge, 2012)
Three Big Bangs: Matter-Energy, Life, Mind  (Columbia University Press, 2011)
Genes, Genesis and God (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Gifford Lectures
 Science and Religion: A Critical Survey (Random House 1987, McGraw Hill, Harcourt Brace; new edition, Templeton Foundation Press, 2006)
 Philosophy Gone Wild (Prometheus Books, 1986, 1989)
Environmental Ethics (Temple University Press, 1988)
Conserving Natural Value (Columbia University Press, 1994)
Religious Inquiry: Participation and Detachment (Philosophical Library, 1985)
John Calvin Versus the Westminster Confession (Richmond, VA: John Knox Press, 1972)
"Care on

masks:
Rolston
Rolston
Holmes Rolston


texts:
 Earth: Generating Informed Concern." Pages 205-245 in Paul Davies and Niels Henrik Gregersen, eds., Information and the Nature of Reality: From Physics to Metaphysics (Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Quotes

{{quote| ... On larger planetary scales it is better to build our cultures in intelligent harmony with the way the world is already built, rather than take control and rebuild this promising planet by ourselves and for ourselves.... We do not want a de-natured life on a de-natured planet.|A New Environmental Ethics: The Next Millennium for Life on Earth  (2012)<ref>A New Environmental Ethics: The Next Millennium for Life on Earth , (2012), pages 26, 46, 48 Routledge, '</ref>}}

 See also
 American philosophy
 List of science and religion scholars
 List of American philosophers

References

Further reading
Saving Creation: Nature and Faith in the Life of <mask>, III, Christopher J. Preston (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2009). Nature, Value, Duty: Life on Earth with <mask>, III, Christopher J. Preston and Wayne Ouderkirk, eds. (Berlin: Springer, 2007)
"<mask>, III" in Key Thinkers on the Environment, Joy A. Palmer Cooper and David E. Cooper, eds. (London: Routledge, 2018), pages 291-297. "Rolston, <mask>," in Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004 Book of the Year, pages 92–93.Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2008. Rolston/ <mask>. 2008.Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, Gale, 2009), vol. 2, pp. 211–212, "<mask>, <mask>, III," by Philip Cafaro. "Rolston, <mask>," in Anne Becher, ed. American Environmental Leaders: From Colonial Times to the Present (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, November

masks:
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston
Holmes
Holmes Rolston
Rolston
Holmes
Holmes


texts:
 2000), vol II, L-Z, pages 691-692; Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, 2008, vol. II, L-Z, pp. 695–697."A Philosopher Gone Wild," in David D. Karnos and Robert G. Shoemaker, eds., Falling in Love with Wisdom: American Philosophers Talk About Their Calling (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). "<mask>, <mask> (1932-    )" in Environmental Encyclopedia, 1st, 2nd, 3rd editions. Marci Bortman et al., eds. (Detroit: Thomson/Gale, 2003). "Natural Thinker," Cover story by Steve Lipsher, Denver Post Empire Magazine, June 8, 1997, cover and pages 12–15, 22. "<mask>, <mask>, <mask>," Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, vol. 2, pp.1400–1401 (London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum Publishers, 2005)
"Who's Who in America - 2019", and earlier editions. Also 2020, 2021.Who's Who in the World - 2019, and earlier editions.Who's Who in Science and Engineering'', current and earlier editions. U.S. Congressional Record - <mask> congratulated    2003. External links
Official webpage at Colorado State University
Profile at Colorado State University
Interview with <mask> on ReadTheSpirit.com
Colorado State University Digital Archives
Colorado State University Streaming Media
Rolston Library, Department of Philosophy, Colorado State University
<mask>, III - Google Scholar Citations

1932 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Critics of animal rights
American Presbyterians
Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
Environmental ethicists
Philosophers of science
Templeton Prize laureates
Union Presbyterian Seminary alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Writers about religion and

masks:
Rolston
Holmes
Rolston
III
Holmes
Rolston
Holmes Rolston
Holmes Rolston


texts:
<mask> (1591–26 July 1641) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1641. <mask> was a close companion of his half-brother, <mask>, 3rd Earl of Essex, and played a significant role in Essex's actions on behalf of Parliament. Childhood and Ancestry

Devereux was the son of <mask>, 2nd Earl of Essex and his mistress, Elizabeth Southwell. Elizabeth Southwell was the daughter of Thomas Southwell of Woodrising and his third wife, Nazareth Newton, and the half-sister of Vice Admiral Sir Robert Southwell. The Earl acknowledged his son and made financial arrangements on his behalf with an addendum to his will in July 1595, "<mask>ux the base and reputed sonne of the said Robt Erle of Essex, begotten of the body of Eliz: Southwell." The intent of the deed is thought to have been the granting of Essex House to <mask>ux, but there is no evidence this disposition actually occurred. His only reported manor was that of Lamphey in Pembrokeshire, which comprised just 721 acres and yielded a little over £203 in rents each year.He sold Lamphey manor to Richard Cuny in November 1618, whereupon his half-brother, Robert, 3rd earl of Essex, bestowed upon him the lease of Lamphey rectory. The lack of adequate means was probably the principal cause that Devereux spent most of his adult life in Essex's household in Staffordshire and Westminster, and although he persistently described himself as being ‘of Lamphey’ there is no evidence to suppose that he ever lived there. <mask> was given over to the care of Essex's mother, Lettice (Knollys) (Devereux) Dudley, Countess of Leicester, who raised him at Drayton Bassett in Staffordshire. With the execution of his father, <mask>, on 25 February 1601 he found himself stripped of his main source of support. Essex's assets had been seized, and now <mask> was an even greater social pariah, the

masks:
Sir Walter Devereux
Walter
Robert Devereux
Robert Devereux
Walter Devere
Walter Devere
Walter
Robert Devereux
Walter Devereux


texts:
 illegitimate son of a traitor. During this period after the 2nd Earl's execution, <mask> was permitted to continue his studies at Oxford, and matriculated from Queen's College, Oxford on 16 November 1604 at the age of 13. During this time he apparently drew closer to his half-brother, <mask>, the legal heir of the 2nd Earl and future 3rd Earl who also was suffering from these losses.Throughout the remainder of <mask>'s life, he would remain a retainer of Robert, and when the title was restored in July 1603 <mask>'s fortunes rose as well. Career

<mask> was sent in 1608 to a riding academy in Angers, France. He had returned by May 1613 when the divorce suit of his half-brother, <mask>, began, and over the next several months was manipulated by the King and his powerful allies at the expense of Essex and the Devereux family's reputation. Essex's wife, Frances Howard, and the King's faction forced the divorce to be granted as nullity requiring impotence to permit her remarriage to the King's favorite. The ongoing slurs and insults drove Essex to challenge his brother-in-law, Henry Howard, on 20 August to a duel, and <mask> would serve as one of Essex's seconds. The King would not allow the duel to go forward. On 25 September the verdict of nullity was granted, and the next day the King called a special Court of Honor to stop the duel.The Court interviewed the seconds including <mask>, but the testimony was altered. Essex refused to sign the report indicating they were false. <mask> signed with Richard Oubeley the following "Declaration of Essex’s Seconds":
Whereas there has been a new relation of the quarrel betwixt my Lord of Essex and Mr. Henry Howard, after his Majesty had reconciled them, made by the four seconds before Sir Horatio Vere and Sir John Wentworth, and the same being drawn into the brief by Mr. Horton, one that was secretary to the last Lord Treasurer,

masks:
Walter
Robert Devereux
Walter
Walter
Walter Devereux
Robert Devereux
Walter
Walter Devereux
Walter


texts: and we setting our hands thereto, not reading it, but only hearing it read, not mistrusting anything, but to find just dealing, have since seen a copy thereof, which we find contrary to that which was then agreed upon, and merely false in some main points; we have a sight of the original copy for our satisfaction, not to satisfy the world, for the which we do unjustly suffer a hard censure. Be it known, therefore, to all men, that we do utterly disclaim from any such writing. And whereas we have been hitherto tender and sparing of their reputations, now, finding that they have put this trick upon us, we do publish to the world no writing but the first to be true - to which we have only set our hands - and they have acknowledged to be true before Sir Horatio Vere and Sir Jno. Wentworth, and at divers other times to others; and so true, as they neither can nor dare deny it, in which is plain to be seen they might have fought if they would. And thus much we will be ready to justify, upon the sacrament first, and then with our swords.On 11 October Essex was called before the Privy Council, probably reprimanded and rebuked, but all that is known for certain was his confinement to his London residence. A Warrant was issued for <mask>, and on 13 October he was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison with no cause stated. In early November, Essex and <mask> were released from prison, and evidently pressured to accept what had occurred. The final insult happened a few weeks later when the Howard family demanded his wife's dowry back, and Essex was forced to sell parts of his estate and borrow money from his grandmother, Lettice the Countess of Leicester. The two brothers were now joined more closely, and as a retainer of the 3rd Earl of Essex, <mask> found himself strongly in opposition to the Stuart monarchy, and a staunch supporter of Parliament in the evolving Civil War. Through

masks:
Walter Devereux
Walter
Walter


texts: Essex's influence, he became a courtier at the Court of James I in 1613, and was knighted at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire on 2 September 1617 during the King's progress through Stafford. On 2 February 1618 he performed in "The Fairies’ Farewell: The Masque at Coleorton" at his half-sister, <mask>'s marriage to Sir William Seymour.Essex set out for the Low Countries in 1620 with 300 volunteers in his company, and commissioned <mask> to act as his agent while abroad. 31 August 1620 Essex crossed the Rhine by a bridge of boats below Wesel and joined Prince Henry of Nassau. Over the next month they maneuvered through the Palatinate, but the Prince refused to engage the enemy. Essex returned to England in December 1620 to try to obtain additional troops that were promised him, but failed leading to his volunteering for service under Prince Maurice, at the "leaguer of Dernick." Essex spent the summers of 1622 and 1623 with the army in Holland, and it can be expected that <mask> attended him there. Also, as Essex wintered in England during these years either at Drayton, Chartley, or one of the Earl of Hertford's houses, <mask> probably traveled with him there as well. At Drayton they visited their grandmother Lady Leicester, who favored having masques (plays) for their entertainment.Other pastimes included hunting, and games such as chess or catastrophe. When Essex set out with the English Expeditionary Force to the Low Countries in August 1624, <mask> accompanied him as a captain of the foot in Essex's regiment. He remained with Essex through the Winter at the Siege of Breda and shared the hardships and hand-to-hand combat occurring at the close of this action. In May 1625 he opted to remain in the Low Countries due to disease in London, and requested payment for this extended service from the Dutch government in May 1626. <mask> returned to England in July 1625 for

masks:
Frances Devereux
Walter Devereux
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter Devereux


texts:
 Parliamentary elections, and may have returned to the Low Countries with Essex who finally returned to England in November 1626 for good after failing to be given an appropriate command with the troops being sent to join the King of Denmark under General Morgan. On 25 December 1634 <mask> lost one of his main benefactors when his grandmother, Lettice, died. His family ties were further strained when in mid-1636 his half-brother, Robert Earl of Essex, became suspicious his second wife, Elizabeth Paulet, was having an affair.He had left her at his sister's house in Hertford in March 1636 to return to his estates at Chartley where he was needed to manage his affairs. It is not clear whether <mask> took it upon himself, or Robert set him the task, but by July <mask> had acquired evidence of Essex's wife's affair with Sir William Uvedale. The Earl began to plan for a divorce, but Lady Essex then announced she was pregnant. Essex was divided on the proper course to take, but came to the conclusion that if the child was born by 5 November it was possible that he was the father. A stressful few months passed and the child was born on 5 November. A son and heir, who Essex accepted as his own. Within a few months the child died of plague and Essex's marriage was over in all but name.The outcome of these events appears to have also left its mark on Robert's relationship with his brother, <mask>, and they would never be as close again. Parliament

In 1614, he was elected Member of Parliament for Pembroke. The ‘Addled Parliament' sat for only 8 weeks from 5 April to 7 June and then was dissolved by James I for failing to pass any legislation. <mask> would represent Pembroke again in the 'Happy Parliament' from 1624 to 1625 participating in the "Prince’s" Parliament, but was not present at the 'Useless Parliament' in 1625 probably due to his overseas service. It was probably this

masks:
Walter Devereux
Walter
Walter
Walter
Walter


texts: Devereux who was named to the committee for the bill to authorize the sale of the Staffordshire lands of the two Thomas Copes, father and son (16 March 1624). It also seems likely that it was he who attended one of the four committee meetings concerned with the bill to reverse a decree in the Court of Requests involving two Welshmen, as he was appointed by virtue of being a Member for a Welsh constituency. However, it is unclear which Devereux was named to consider the bills to naturalize James, marquess of Hamilton (14 April 1424) and overturn a Chancery decree concerning Edward Egerton (27 April 1424).Returning to England in July 1625, <mask> was elected to Parliament for Tamworth in Staffordshire on 20 January 1626. He was appointed to the Warwickshire Committee for Peace that same year. In 1628 he was present in Parliament as the junior burgess for Tamworth to support the ‘Petition of Rights’ forced on Charles I acknowledging a statement of civil rights in return for support of his finances. In February 1628 he was appointed to help draft a bill to regulate the lieutenancy (24 March 1628) and to consider a measure aimed at preventing bribery and the purchase of judicial office (23 January 1629). In 1639 the First Bishops' War broke out between Charles I and the Scottish Church. Essex participated, but unlike the previous conflict there is no record that <mask> accompanied him. When Parliament was summoned by Charles I on 20 February 1640, <mask> was elected to Commons for Lichfield in East Staffordshire.On 13 April the ‘Short Parliament’ began, but it was dissolved on 5 May after refusing to grant the King money. As the Second Bishops War ended in disaster, Charles I summoned parliament again on 24 September and <mask> was a member for Lichfield once more. The ‘Long Parliament’ began on 3 November 1640 and <mask> served on the Ship Money Committee and was named

masks:
Walter
Walter
Walter Devereux
Walter Devereux
Walter Devereux


texts:
 one of the Commissioners for Staffordshire in the Scandalous Ministers Act. He continued to be active in Parliament's cause throughout 1641 when he died unexpectedly on 26 July. Marriage

<mask>'s grandmother, Lettice Dudley Countess of Leicester, wrote to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, in 1608 to assist in arranging his marriage to "Lady Stallenge’s daughter"." This is most likely the daughter of Lady Florence Stallenge. She had two daughters, Margaret and Elizabeth by Sir Christopher Kenn.After he died in 1593, Florence married her second husband, Nicholas Stallenge. The daughter most likely referred to in the letter was Margaret who ended up marrying Sir William Guise in 1608, and died before 1612 after bearing him a single son and heir. Her younger sister, Elizabeth, would marry a few years later to Sir John Paulet. There is no clear evidence that <mask> married. Death

<mask> died intestate suddenly on 26 July 1641 at Essex House in the Strand. He was buried nearby in the church of St. Clement Danes. General Reference
Devereux, <mask>er.“Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex.” (London:J Murray, 1853)
Snow, Vernon F. Essex the Rebel: The Life of <mask>, the Third Earl  of Essex, 1591-1646. University of Nebraska Press, 1970. 531 pages
Thrush, Andrew (editor) and John P. Ferris (editor). "DEVEREUX, <mask> (c.1591-1641), of Lamphey, Pemb., Essex House, The Strand, Westminster and Chartley, Staffs." The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)

References

1591 births
1641 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
People from Pembroke, Pembrokeshire
Place of birth missing
People from Lichfield
Walter
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640

masks:
Walter Devereux
Walter Devereux
Devereux
Walter Bourchi
Robert Devereux
Walter


texts:
<mask> (born March 2, 1970) is an American professional stock car racing crew chief and former driver. A native of Zephyrhills, Florida, he has competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, and Camping World Truck Series. In 2004, he won NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors in the Craftsman Truck Series. He is the son of <mask>. He began his racing career in dirt-track modifieds and late models. In 1997, <mask> moved into the NASCAR regional series before moving to the Busch Series in 2002. He moved up to the Sprint Cup Series in 2007, driving for Michael Waltrip Racing.Between the 2007 and 2011 Sprint Cup seasons, <mask> recorded two wins, 26 top-tens, and four pole positions. Personal life
<mask> lives in Mooresville, North Carolina, with his wife Lisa and daughter Emilia. They are members of Berea Baptist Church in Mooresville. Before he was a full-time race car driver, <mask> worked briefly for the United Parcel Service, which in 2008 became his primary sponsor for the rest of that season. Emilia is current a member of the Equestrian team for the South Carolina Gamecocks. Early career

<mask>, a third-generation racer, began his racing career in dirt-track modifieds and late models before moving up to the Slim Jim All Pro Series in 1997. He was named Rookie of the Year, finishing in the top-ten eight times and had a fifth-place points finish.The next season, he dropped to seventh in points, but received the Sportsmanship award at season's end. After several years, <mask> got his first three wins in 2002 and finished second in the overall championship standings. That same year, <mask> made his Busch Series debut at Richmond International Raceway. Driving the No. 87 GEICO Chevrolet Monte Carlo for NEMCO Motorsports, <mask> started thirty-fourth but finished sixteenth. He led twelve laps at his next race at Memphis Motorsports Park, and finished in the top-fifteen in each of his next two races. In 2003, <mask> won a contest named "Hills

masks:
Emil David Reutimann
Buzzie Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann


texts:
 Bros. Coffee Break of a Lifetime", a contest where Hills Bros. Coffee selected one driver to receive full sponsorship from them for 5 Busch Series races, and if that driver were to score three top 10s in those races, they'd receive a chance to start a Cup race.He ran those 5 races, along with 2 extra races, for NEMCO Motorsports. He finished fifth at Nashville Speedway USA and The Milwaukee Mile, as well as qualifying Greg Biffle's car on the pole at Memphis. He also attempted the New England 300 and the Brickyard 400 in the Winston Cup Series in the No. 04 for Morgan-McClure Motorsports, but failed to qualify both times. In 2004, <mask> signed on with Darrell Waltrip Motorsports to race the NTN Bearings truck in the Craftsman Truck Series. Winning the pole in his second race at Atlanta Motor Speedway, <mask> had four top-fives and finished 14th in points, garnering Rookie of the Year honors. <mask> won his first career race in 2005 at Nashville Superspeedway, and ended the season thirteenth in points.He also made his Cup debut at Lowe's Motor Speedway, driving the No. 00 State Fair Corn Dogs Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Michael Waltrip. He finished 22nd. He went winless in 2006, but had two poles and finished third in the championship standings. He also made fifteen Busch starts and had four top-tens. Sprint Cup Series

2007

<mask> moved up to the Nextel Cup Series in 2007 with Michael Waltrip Racing, and was a Raybestos Rookie of the Year Candidate. <mask> edged Kevin Lepage for a transfer spot during the Gatorade Duels into the Daytona 500.However, despite qualifying 14th, he was started from the rear of the field  because before the Duels, NASCAR penalized Waltrip's team including <mask>'s for illegal fuel additives in all MWR cars. At the same time the No. 00 car suffered an electrical problem during a wind-down lap. <mask> ran in the top twenty of the Daytona 500 until he was collected in an accident on lap 173; he eventually finished 40th. The

masks: Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann


texts: following race, at Fontana, <mask> was involved in a vicious crash. With 4 laps left in the race, Greg Biffle tapped his bumper, sending his car head-on into the wall. Upon impact, the car exploded in flames and slid backwards.The red flag flew, as Reutimann had instantly fallen unconscious. Paramedics came to the wreck, extinguished the flames, and helped a sore, dazed Reutimann out of his racecar. He was airlifted by a helicopter to a hospital. Reutimann suffered a minor concussion, a cracked rib and a few bruises; despite the injuries he returned to the track the next weekend in Mexico City for the Busch series. NASCAR said that <mask>'s accident tied with several other wrecks as the hardest crash in NASCAR history. This record stood until Elliott Sadler crashed at Pocono in 2010. The next few weeks after were not very good for <mask> and the 00 team, failing to qualify at Las Vegas, Bristol, and Texas.However, in the races he did make, he failed to make the top 30 until the tenth race of the season at Richmond, where he finished 28th. After having engine issues at Darlington and failing to qualify for the Coca-Cola 600 and the spring Dover race, along with a disappointing run at Pocono, <mask> finished in the top 20 for the first time in his Cup career at Michigan, finishing 15th. Despite this, <mask> was replaced for the races at Sonoma and Watkins Glen by road course ringer P. J. Jones in an attempt to get the #00 to the top 35 positions in owner points. The rest of the season would end up repeating a cycle of bad finishes below 30th followed by a good finish above the top 20. After failing to qualify at Bristol, Atlanta, and Phoenix, <mask> went on to finish the season 39th in points. Late in the season, he won the 2007 Sam's Town 250 at Memphis Motorsports Park for his first career Busch Series win, and Toyota's second win in Busch Series competition. He finished second overall in the Busch Series' last season before becoming the Nationwide

masks: Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann


texts:
 Series.2008

In 2008, <mask> ran the first five races of the season in the No. 00 Aaron's Dream Machine-sponsored car, before taking over for the retiring Dale Jarrett in the No. 44 UPS-sponsored car and handing the No. 00 car over to rookie Michael McDowell. Starting the season out with an 18th place in the Daytona 500, <mask> started to show improvement over the last season. At Fontana the following week, he finished 23rd before getting 37th at Las Vegas a week later. In his first two races in the No.44 car, Reutimann had mechanical issues, having a suspension issue at Martinsville and getting a blown engine the following week at Texas. <mask> scored his first career top 10 at Lowe's Motor Speedway during the Coca-Cola 600 with a 10th-place finish. He also recorded top 10's at the Auto Club Speedway, Texas Motor Speedway, and the Richmond International Raceway. At the Richmond race in September, <mask> led a race high 104 laps, but fell to 9th place. In the season finale at the Homestead-Miami Speedway, <mask> claimed his first career pole position, becoming the 23rd driver to win poles in all three of NASCAR's top series. 2009
In 2009, <mask> moved back to the No. 00 car.He competed a limited schedule in the Nationwide Series, splitting time with MWR's No. 99 Toyota Camry and Braun Racing's No. 10 Toyota Camry. During the Daytona 500, <mask> finished 12th, which would be a new career high at the race. Two weeks later at Las Vegas, <mask> would score his first top 5, finishing 5th in the race. At Texas, <mask> would score his first pole of the season, finishing 11th in the race. A week later, at Phoenix, <mask> would score his 2nd top 10 of the season.On May 24, he qualified well in the Coca-Cola 600 but the race was delayed due to rain. The next day on lap 222 his crew chief Rodney Childers made a call to conserve fuel which put <mask> in the lead. A few laps later on lap 227, a rain shower soaked the track for the second time of the race, red-flagging

masks: Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann


texts:
 it with <mask> in the lead. <mask> spent a 1-hour wait praying and planning backup plans with boss Michael Waltrip and his pit crew. Despite blue skies being shown nearby the track, officials declared that the rain would last for the remainder of the night and called the race, thus giving <mask> his first Cup series win in the Coca-Cola 600 and Waltrip giving him a full-time sponsorship until 2011. With this emotional victory, <mask> became the 20th driver to win a race in all three of NASCAR's top series (Cup, Nationwide, and Truck). This race was also the 50th Coca-Cola 600 at Lowes Motor Speedway.He also became the first driver in Cup history to win a race without leading a lap under green. In addition, he was the first driver to ever win with the No. 00 in the NASCAR Cup Series  This also entered <mask> automatically into the 2010 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. A week after his victory, <mask> would win his second pole of the season at Dover, finishing the race in 18th on the lead lap. The next week at Pocono, <mask> would end up finishing 3rd, and would get another top 5 at Loudon a couple races after. <mask> would end up getting five more top 10's at Indianapolis, Michigan, Atlanta, Kansas, and Phoenix. <mask> would go on to finish the season 16th in the point standings, a personal best.2010

<mask> returned to the No. 00 car during the 2010 season. He would start the season with a personal best finish in the Daytona 500, finishing 5th. <mask> won his second career race at the 2010 LifeLock.com 400 at Chicagoland Speedway in the No. 00 TUMS MWR Toyota. <mask> ran in the top-five all night and with under seventy laps remaining, chased down Jeff Gordon and passed him for the lead. He would pull away and lead the rest of the race, holding off a late charge by Carl Edwards.2011

2011 was a disappointing year for both Reutimann and MWR. Reutimann and the No. 00 team only scored one top five finish and two top ten finishes. At Watkins Glen on the final lap,

masks: Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann


texts:
 Boris Said accidentally turned <mask> entering the esses. Ragan came back onto the track and hit Reutimann, hit the ARMCO outside barrier and he rolled over spectacularly after the hard hit. He was mostly unscathed and Ragan dislocated his ankle as a result. With three weeks remaining in the 2011 season, Reutimann could not come to an agreement with Aaron's for 2012 and thus Michael Waltrip and MWR's staff reluctantly released Reutimann from his team as well as the number 00.After Christmas 2011, <mask> signed up to drive for part-time with Stewart-Haas Racing and Tommy Baldwin Racing in 2012 sharing the No. 10 Go Daddy car with rookie Danica Patrick. 2012

On January 3, 2012, <mask> signed a one-year contract to drive  for Tommy Baldwin Racing. As part of an alliance with Stewart-Haas Racing that TBR agreed to on January 31, <mask> shared the SHR No. 10 entry, which was fielded by TBR, with Danica Patrick. He also drove the No. 92 RBR Enterprises vehicle in the Camping World Truck Series on a limited schedule.As Patrick drove the No. 10 in the 2012 Daytona 500, <mask> drove the No. 93 Toyota Camry for BK Racing in the event with Todd Anderson serving as crew chief. <mask> also drove the BK Racing No. 93 at Darlington. <mask> caused a controversy at the April Martinsville race when the No. 10 Tommy Baldwin Racing Chevrolet stalled on lap 497, drawing a caution.He was accused of intentionally causing the caution after limping around the track for a few laps at speeds well below the rest of the field. The result was a broken timing belt and <mask> was credited with a 35th-place finish. He insists he was just trying to keep the car in the Top 35 in owner's points; the team left Martinsville just one point outside a guaranteed start. <mask> qualified for the next race at Texas and finished 26th, getting the No. 10 back into the Top 35. During Coca-Cola 600 qualifying, <mask> did not qualify fast enough in the No. 73 BK Racing entry and missed his first Cup

masks:
David Ragan
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
Reutimann
David


texts:
 race since 2007.<mask> drove the No. 51 Chevrolet for Phoenix Racing at the June Pocono race during the one-race suspension of Kurt Busch for actions detrimental to the sport. Baldwin explained his decision as helping another small team (Reutimann was to drive the No. 10 car that weekend). <mask> finished 21st. Reutimann qualified and raced for a new team Xxxtreme Motorsports at the fall Phoenix race in the No. 44 No Label Watches Ford, finishing 40th.2013

On January 18, 2013, BK Racing announced that <mask> would drive the No. 83 Toyota during the 2013 season, replacing Landon Cassill. <mask> started the season a high note, finishing 16th in the Daytona 500. However the team would struggle through the season, not recording another top-20 finish. <mask> finished 33rd in points. Following the season <mask> and the team parted ways. 2014
<mask> began the 2014 season without a ride in any of NASCAR's top three divisions, however in March it was announced that he would drive the Sprint Cup No.35 Ford for Front Row Motorsports at Bristol Motor Speedway. However, he failed to qualify for the event. <mask> made the field in three of the six Cup races he attempted. It was the last time he ran a NASCAR-sanctioned race. Post-NASCAR career
After ending his NASCAR career, <mask> became a dirt track racing driver and chassis builder, founding Beak Built Chassis to develop UMP modified cars. In 2019, he joined Lee Faulk Racing as the crew chief for late model driver Ryan Rackley. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time.Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Sprint Cup Series

Daytona 500

Nationwide Series

Camping World Truck Series

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

References

External links

Living people
1970 births
People from Zephyrhills, Florida
Sportspeople from the Tampa Bay Area
Racing drivers from Florida
NASCAR drivers
Michael

masks: Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann Reutimann


texts:
<mask> (born August 1, 1979) is an American Muay Thai kickboxer who competes in the flyweight division. Known for his good boxing skills and aggressive fighting style, he began his career as a featherweight, winning the WBC Muaythai International Featherweight Championship before dropping down to bantamweight and having even more success by taking the WBC Muaythai national title and the IKKC International Super Bantamweight belt. After one final weight class change down to flyweight, he won another WBC International crown before becoming the MTAA World Flyweight Champion. Early life
<mask> was born of Filipino descent in Houston, Texas on August 1, 1979. In his youth, he lived in China and the Philippines before settling in California. He took up boxing at twenty-one years old, before turning to Muay Thai five years later. Career
Early in his career, <mask> outpointed future American great Kevin Ross at featherweight in Las Vegas, Nevada on March 25, 2005.On September 24, 2005, he defeated Kim Morris via

masks:
Romie Kris Adanza
Adanza
Adanza


texts: technical knockout in the first round in Irvine, California. He won the WBC Muaythai International Featherweight (-57.153 kg/126 lb) Championship before dropping down to bantamweight. In his new-found weight division, <mask> soon won both the International Karate Kickboxing Council (IKKC) International Super Bantamweight Muay Thai title and the WBC Muaythai United States Bantamweight (-53.524 kg/118 lb) strap. He retained both of these titles against Paulo da Silva at the Las Vegas Hilton in Las Vegas on July 25, 2009. <mask> pelted da Silva with kicks to the leg throughout the fight before scoring a knockdown via low kick in the third round. <mask> finished off Silva 26 seconds into the fourth after Silva could not continue following another low kick knockdown. Fighting for his third international title, <mask> took on Kunitaka Fujiwara for the WBC Muaythai International Super Bantamweight (-55.338 kg/122 lb) belt on December 5, 2009 in Primm, Nevada.Fujiwara struck <mask> with elbows throughout the fight,

masks: Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza


texts: causing cuts on his head and forcing the referee to stop the bout in round four. <mask> took a controversial split decision over Andy Howson in Santa Monica, California in April 2010. He made another defence of his IKKC title on October 2, 2010 in Pala, California. <mask> was initially scheduled to face Haigang Huang. However, Huang pulled out from the fight and was replaced by Paulo da Silva, setting up a fourth meeting between the pair. <mask> won via unanimous decision to lead their rivalry at 3-1. <mask> featured in a four-man, 122 lb tournament in Haikou, China beginning on December 18, 2010.At the semi-final stage, he was drawn against Paulo da Silva for the fifth time and defeated his rival once again by unanimous decision. On the tournament's second day, <mask> went into the final against Li Ning. After fighting for five rounds, <mask> lost a unanimous decision. On May 28, 2011, <mask> defended his IKKC International title against Thanit Watthanaya in Pala, California. After two close rounds, he was

masks: Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza Adanza


texts: able to knockout Thanit with a knee strike in the third. In Manila, Philippines on June 26, 2011, he defeated Huang Hai Gong by unanimous decision to win the WBC Muaythai International Featherweight (-57.153 kg/126 lb) belt. He was set to face Damien Trainor in Primm, Nevada on August 20, 2011 but was forced to pull out of the fight due to a hip injury sustained in his bout with Huang.<mask> then beat Shuichi Wentz via unanimous decision in Pala, California on September 24, 2011. He followed this up with a fourth-round KO of Langsuanlek Sasiprapa on October 21, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to win his first world title, the Muay Thai Association of America (MTAA) World Flyweight Championship. At Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan on February 18, 2012, he beat Tomonori Sato via TKO due to a cut in the second round to win the WBC Muaythai International Super Flyweight (-52.163 kg/115 lb) Championship. He was then expected to rematch Sato in a non-title fight on May 12, 2012 in Las Vegas, but Sato was replaced by


texts: Thanit Watthanaya to set up another rematch. Thanit was able to take his revenge this time, winning a close split decision. Following this, <mask> signed a contract with historic kickboxing promotion K-1 and was initially slated to debut inside the organization with a second bout with Andy Howson at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles on September 8, 2012. Howson sustained a broken foot and nose in his previous fight with Nobuchika Terado, however, and was unable to fight.Therefore, another fighter familiar to <mask> in the form of Shuichi Wentz took his place. Just twenty-three seconds into the fight, Wentz countered a right punch by <mask> with a right high kick that sent <mask> crashing to the canvas, knocking him out ultra-violently. He challenged Jomhod Eminent Air for the WBC Super Flyweight (55.338 kg/ 122 lb) world title at M-One: Reborn in Highland, California on May 16, 2013 and lost via TKO due to a cut in round one. <mask> had his rubber match with Thanit Watthanaya at WCK Muay Thai:


texts:
 King's Birthday Celebration 2013 in Inglewood, California on December 7, 2013 and stopped his Thai foe with a second round body shot. He fought to a draw with Franck Gross at WCK Muay Thai: Cali 4 in Los Angeles on April 19, 2014. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-05-16 || Loss ||align=left| Jomhod Eminentair || M-One: Reborn || Highland, California, US || TKO (cut) || 1 || 1:21
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2012-09-08 || Loss ||align=left| Shuichi Wentz|| K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles || Los Angeles, California, US || KO (right high kick) || 1 || 0:23
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2012-05-12 || Loss ||align=left| Thanit Watthanaya || Lion Fight: Battle in the Desert VI || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || Decision (split) || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2012-02-18 || Win ||align=left| Tomonori Sato || NJKF: Kick to the Future 1 || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (cut) || 2 || 0:19
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-


texts:
 style="background:#cfc;"
| 2011-10-21 || Win ||align=left| Langsuanlek Sasiprapa || M-One Muay Thai: Team Thailand vs. Team USA || Los Angeles, California, US || KO (right uppercut) || 4 || 0:31
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2011-09-24 || Win ||align=left| Shuichi Wentz || WCK Muay Thai || Pala, California, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2011-06-26 || Win ||align=left| Huang Hai Gong || WCK Muay Thai || Manila, Philippines || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2011-05-28 || Win ||align=left| Thanit Watthanaya || WCK Muay Thai: Road to WCK || Pala, California, US || KO (left knee) || 3 || 0:19
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2010-12-19 || Loss ||align=left| Li Ning || WCK Muay Thai Super Bantamweight Tournament, Final || Haikou, China || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-


texts:
 style="background:#cfc;"
| 2010-12-18 || Win ||align=left| Paulo da Silva || WCK Muay Thai Super Bantamweight Tournament, Semi Finals || Haikou, China || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2010-10-02 || Win ||align=left| Paulo da Silva || WCK World Championship Muay Thai || Pala, California, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2010-04-03 || Win ||align=left| Andy Howson || Muay Thai in America || Santa Monica, California, US || Decision (split) || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2009-12-05 || Loss ||align=left| Kunitaka Fujiwara || WCK Muay Thai: King's Birthday || Primm, Nevada, US || TKO || 4 || 2:23
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2009-07-25 || Win ||align=left| Paulo da Silva  || WCK World Championship Muay Thai || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || KO (low kick) || 4 || 0:26
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2008-07-26 || Loss


texts:
 ||align=left| Paulo da Silva || WCK World Championship Muay Thai || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || TKO || 1 || 2:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2007-11-29 || Win ||align=left| Hidemaru || WCK: Full Rules Muay Thai || Highland, California, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2007-09-08 || Win ||align=left| Hidemaru || World Championship Muay Thai || Gardena, California, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2005-09-24 || Win ||align=left| Kim Morris || Adrenaline III || Irvine, California, US || TKO || 1 ||
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2005-03-25 || Win ||align=left| Kevin Ross || || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || Decision || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2005-02-05 || Win ||align=left| William Villanueva || || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-  style="background:#cfc;"
| 2004-09-11 || Win ||align=left| Antonio de la Cruz


texts:
 (kickboxer)|Antonio de la Cruz] || || Las Vegas, Nevada, US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

References

External links
 Official K-1 profile

Living people
1979 births
American male kickboxers
Kickboxers from California
Flyweight kickboxers
Bantamweight kickboxers
Featherweight kickboxers
American Muay Thai practitioners
People from Irvine, California
American sportspeople of Filipino


texts:
<mask> (March 5, 1789March 28, 1855) was a slave owner, politician, planter and lawyer from Amelia County, Virginia who served several times in the Virginia House of Delegates, as well as in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate (1841 to 1847). Early and family life
Born at "The Lodge" (a/k/a "Red Lodge") in Amelia County, Virginia to the former Elizabeth Eggleston (d. 1826) and her husband <mask> (1746-1812), <mask> received a private education appropriate to his class and graduated from The College of William & Mary in 1806. His father (as well as his younger brother) died in 1812. Meanwhile, <mask> read law, possibly with his uncle Joseph Eggleston (1754-1811), a former Revolutionary War soldier from Middlesex County, who then moved to Amelia County, where he became a planter and politician, and the local justice of the peace. Another Revolutionary War soldier uncle who moved to Amelia County was Lt. <mask>. <mask> married and had a daughter, who did not survive him. At his death, he was survived by several sisters, and an illegitimate son.Career

Admitted to the bar in 1810, <mask> began a private legal practice in Amelia and neighboring Powhatan Counties. He also operated a plantation in Amelia County using enslaved labor. In the 1820 federal census, John R<mask> (possibly his father, although he had died in 1812) owned 51 enslaved people, and <mask><mask> owned 32 slaves. In the 1830 federal census, <mask><mask> owned 25 enslaved people, which number grew to 50 enslaved people by the 1840 federal census, and 68 enslaved people in the 1850 U.S. Federal Census. By his death, <mask> owned 88 enslaved individuals, and land both in Amelia County and in Mississippi. Four times <mask> won election to represent Amelia County (part time) as one of its two delegates in the Virginia House of Delegates between 1812 and 1819, although he also once failed to win re-election during that period. One historian reading his speeches considered his political stance undemocratic and noted that, despite his campaigns,

masks:
William Segar Archer
John Archer
William Segar Archer
Archer
Richard Tanner Archer
William Segar Archer
Archer
. Archer
William S
. Archer
William S
. Archer
Archer
Archer


texts: Amelia County voters refused to elect him as one of their representatives to the Virginia constitutional conventions in 1829, nor in 1850.<mask> won election to the United States House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Pleasants (whom the Virginia General Assembly had elected to the U.S. Senate). He had a conservative, states' rights bent and soon introduced a resolution denying that Congress had the constitutional authority to authorize the Bank of the United States. <mask> won reelection in 1820, 1824, 1826, 1828, 1830 and 1832, thus served from 1820 to 1835. In Congress, <mask> rose to chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1829 to 1835, before being defeated for reelection in 1834 by Democrat John Winston Jones. In 1824 <mask> supported the unsuccessful Presidential candidacy of Virginia-born Democratic Republican <mask>. Crawford. In the next Presidential election, <mask> supported Andrew Jackson, but broke with the Jacksonian Democrats after Jackson high-handedly removed government deposits from the Bank of the United States. <mask> then joined the Whig Party, although he did not agree with its leader Henry Clay's support of internal improvement.Whigs gained power in the Virginia General Assembly by 1840, and on the second ballot <mask> was elected to the United States Senate over the incumbent, <mask>. Roane. <mask> served one full term, from 1841 to 1847. There, he became chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations from 1841 to 1845 and of the Committee on Naval Affairs from 1841 to 1843. Issues of territorial expansion and slavery became important during his tenure. <mask> supported President Polk's effort to end British claims to the Oregon Territory, but not the annexation of Texas (fearing it would lead to war with Mexico, as happened). <mask> also became a key member of the committee who drafted the Missouri Compromise. However, he did not have enough support in the Virginia General Assembly to win reelection.Legislators elected Robert M. T. Hunter in 1846, over both <mask>

masks:
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer
William H
Archer
Archer
Archer
William H
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer


texts:
 and then-Virginia governor and future Confederate general Extra Billy <mask>. <mask> resumed his legal practice, as well as managed his plantations for the remaining near decade of his life. He also served as a trustee of Hampden-Sydney College from 1820 through 1839. Death and legacy

<mask> died at "The Lodge" in Amelia County on March 28, 1855. He was interred in the family cemetery there, and left his large estate, including 2000 acres of land and 2500 books, as well as enslaved people and other property, to his three sisters, who decided to split it into four parts and thus provide for <mask>'s illegitimate son, <mask> <mask>. While his sister <mask> died the following year, <mask> and Anna Barnes <mask> survived the American Civil War. Neither was the mother of C.S.A.Lt. <mask> <mask>. (1843-1930) (who was actually the son of Chesterfield County merchant Peter Jefferson <mask> and his wife Martha Michaux), who enlisted as a private in April 1861 and won promotions to ordinance sergeant and then lieutenant of the 48th Virginia Infantry before being captured at Winchester in September 1864 and ending his war in a federal prison in Delaware (and became a merchant in Richmond afterward). Elections

1823; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1825; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1827; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1829; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1831; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1833; <mask> was re-elected unopposed.References

External links

1789 births
1855 deaths
People from Amelia County, Virginia
American people of English descent
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Whig Party United States senators from Virginia
Virginia Democratic-Republicans
Virginia Jacksonians
Virginia Whigs
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Virginia lawyers
College of William & Mary alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from

masks:
Smith
Archer
Archer
Archer
William Segar
Archer Work
Elizabeth Archer
Martha Archer
Archer
William Segar
Archer Jr
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer
Archer


texts:
<mask>u (May 5, 1902 – August 28, 1941) was a prominent 20th century Vietnamese revolutionary, politician, intellectual and journalist. Early life and background
<mask>ưu was born on May 5, 1902, in the Tràng Thành commune (now Hoa Thành commune), Yên Thành District, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam. His father <mask>ư (1874–1955) and his mother Trần Thị Liễu had four sons. Three of them, <mask>ưu (Phán Tằm), <mask>ăng Triều (Phán Triều), <mask>ài (Phán Tài) would later join the revolutionary struggle against the French colonial occupation. During the decline of the Mạc dynasty at the end of the 16th century, Mạc Mậu Giang as the son of king Mạc Phúc Nguyên, went to Nghệ An seeking refuge. To avoid political persecution, Mạc Huyền Nhai as the son of Mạc Mậu Giang marked the beginning of Phan (Đăng) as the adjusted surname of this lineage in Yên Thành District, Nghệ An province; "Đăng" being a connotation to the founder of the Mạc dynasty, Mạc Đăng Dung. <mask>ư is a descendant of Mạc Mậu Giang in the 14th generation.Furthermore, this lineage may be traced back as far as to the renowned 13th century Confucian scholar Mạc Đĩnh Chi under the Trần dynasty, who himself was a descendant of another renowned  11th century Vietnamese scholar  under the Lý dynasty. <mask> <mask> Dư worked as a pharmacist and geography teacher. In 1908, he joined Chu Trạc in the resistance against local French oppression. Classified as a landowner during the land reform of the 1950s in Vietnam, his family was stripped of its property and house. <mask> <mask> Dư was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment and died in 1955 on the way to prison. The

masks:
Phan Đăng Lư
Phan Đăng L
Phan Đăng D
Phan Đăng L
Phan Đ
Phan Đng T
Phan Đăng D
Phan
Đăng
Phan
Đăng


texts:
 house, in which <mask> Đăng Lưu grew up, is nowadays a national historical site to commemorate and honor <mask> <mask> Lưu and his family's contribution to Vietnam's national struggle for self-determination and independence. In his early years, <mask> <mask> Lưu studied Chinese characters.Later, he went to Vinh for his primary education in the French-Vietnamese primary school. Afterwards, he continued his secondary education in the Quốc Học Huế High School. Other sources cite the Quốc Tử Giám - Huế secondary school. He also studied the romanized Vietnamese language and French. <mask> <mask> Lưu then enrolled at the College of Agricultural Administration in Tuyên Quang, where he graduated as an agricultural engineer. Political struggle before the August Revolution of 1945

In 1923, <mask> Đăng Lưu began working in the office of experimental sericulture in Đông Ba, . He was transferred to Diễn Châu District, Nghệ An, in 1925.He also worked in Linh Cảm, Hà Tĩnh Province, in Phú Phong, Bình Định Province, in Đà Lạt and Di Linh, Lâm Đồng Province. Wherever he went, he would be non-chalant about his anti-colonialistic views. This eventually led to his dismissal. He used this opportunity to immerse himself in the study of communist and anti-imperialistic writings such as Marx's Le Capital or  by Nguyễn Ái Quốc. By that time, he had already been involved in the political movement Hội Phục Việt. On July 14, 1928, at the general plenum of the Tân Việt Revolutionary Party, <mask> Đăng Lưu was voted as a standing member into the central committee of the party, responsible for revolutionary propaganda that included the

masks: Phan Phan Đăng Phan Đăng Phan Đăng Phan Phan


texts: propagation of a new democratic order and the socialist doctrine. In this function, together with Đào Duy Anh and other members of the Tân Việt Revolutionary Party he co-edited, translated, compiled several works under the party's publishing organ .It comprised works such as the A.B.C. of Marx's Doctrine ("A.B.C Chủ nghĩa Mác"), New Democracy ("Dân chủ mới"); translations of works such as Social Essays ("Xã hội luận"), A History of economic teachings ("Lược sử các học thuyết kinh tế") or The Communist Manifesto ("Tuyên ngôn Đảng Cộng sản"). At the end of 1928, <mask> <mask> Lưu and Hà Huy Tập were sent to Guangzhou, China, in order to engage the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League into a common struggle for liberation and independence. He returned after 5 months as the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League went into hiding and contact could not be established. In September 1929, <mask> <mask> Lưu went to Guangzhou for a second time to discuss and prepare the foundation of a Vietnamese Communist Party with the Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League. He was later captured in Haiphong and subsequently put to trial with 60 other members of the Tân Việt Revolutionary Party at the Nam triều court in Vinh. <mask> <mask> Lưu received a prison sentence of 3 years on 21 January 1930.<mask> Đăng Lưu was transferred to the , where he nevertheless continued to engage in revolutionary activities. While being in prison, he was admitted to the Communist Party of Vietnam that was founded on 3 February 1930. Since most of the prison officers belonged to the Ê Đê people who did not speak any Vietnamese, <mask> Đăng Lưu began to learn

masks: Phan Đăng Phan Đăng Phan Đăng Phan Phan


texts: the Ê Đê language. He would then bring out a weekly prison newspaper "Doãn đê tù báo" in Ê Đê and Vietnamese, handwritten and secretly distributed, to foster good relations with the prison officers and to teach other inmates the Ê Đê language. Moreover, he wrote articles in French and Vietnamese, thereby also drawing attention to the severe prison conditions and had them smuggled to the outside whenever inmates would be released. When he was caught, his prison sentence was increased by additional 5 years. Upon his release from prison in February, 1936, prior to the end of his full sentence due to a democratic and human rights movement in Indochina and France that had formed for the release of political prisoners, <mask> Đăng Lưu was admitted into the Communist Party's Committee of Middle Vietnam (Xứ ủy Trung Kỳ).Together with , Hải Triều, Lâm Mộng Quang, Trịnh Xuân An, Hải Thanh and others he was tasked with taking the Party's political activities into the legal and open sphere of influence. Therefore, <mask> Đăng Lưu edited and published many articles in newspapers such as Sông Hương tục bản, Dân, Dân Tiến, Dân Muốn under various pen names such as Đông Tùng, Phi Bằng, Bằng Phi, Sông Hương, Tân Cương, Ly Toét, BCH, QB, SH, KD, Mục tiêu, Thương tâm, KĐ, etc. During this time, <mask> Đăng Lưu had a major influence on other revolutionaries in Nghệ Tĩnh and Huế such as Trịnh Xuân An, , Trịnh Quang Xuân, Hà Thế Hanh and also on the younger generation of revolutionaries such as Tố Hữu, Trần Tống, , Nguyễn Chí Thanh, Võ Nguyên Giáp. In the years between 1937 and 1939, <mask> Đăng Lưu published influential works and

masks: Phan Phan Phan Phan


texts:
 books such as The Capitalist Society ("Xã hội Tư bản"), The Old and New World ("Thế giới cũ và Thế giới mới"), etc.. Since <mask> Đăng Lưu was also close to <mask> Bội Châu, he would help him to finish his work Phan Bội Châu Chronology ("Phan Bội Châu niên biểu"). In September 1939, Phan Đăng Lưu was assigned to move into South Vietnam continuing to lead the party's underground revolutionary activities. In November 1939, at the VI general plenum of the Communist Party's 1st Central Committee, he was admitted as a standing member into the Central Committee ("Ban Thường vụ Trung ương").The Standing Committee of the Central Committee was the predecessor of the Politburo. At this point in time, he was one of the highest-ranked political members of the Communist Party of Vietnam. At the VII general plenum of the Communist Party's 1st Central Committee in November 1940, he advised to postpone the planned uprising in South Vietnam. On 22 November 1940, on his way back to Saigon, <mask> Đăng Lưu was caught and sentenced to death on 3 March 1941. He was executed along with Nguyễn Văn Cừ, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai, Hà Huy Tập, Võ Văn Tần and Nguyễn Hữu Tiến in Bà Điểm commune, Hóc Môn District, Saigon, on 28 August 1941. Memorials
Today, streets in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Thừa Thiên–Huế, Nghệ An, Đà Nẵng, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and in many other places throughout Vietnam bear his name. There are schools and parks named after him, especially in Nghệ An, Huế, Haiphong and Đà Nẵng.A statue in his homeland, Yên Thành, was erected in his honor. There is also a Phan Đăng Lưu prison in Hồ Chí Minh City. References

1902 births
1941

masks: Phan Phan Phan


texts:
<mask> (, Zakaria Paliaşvili), also known as <mask> (, Zacharij Petrovič Paliašvili; August 16, 1871 – October 6, 1933), was a Georgian composer. Regarded as one of the founders of the Georgian classical music, his work is known for its eclectic fusion of folk songs and stories with 19th-century Romantic classical themes. He was the founder of the Georgian Philharmonic Society and later, the head of the Tbilisi State Conservatoire. The Georgian National Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi was named in his honor in 1937. Notably, <mask>'s music serves as the basis of the National Anthem of Georgia. Although <mask> has composed works for symphony orchestra (e.g., Georgian Suite on Folk Themes), he is probably best known for his vocal music, which includes operas Abesalom da Eteri (based on a folk tale "Eteriani"), Daisi (Twilight), and Latavra. Biography

Family and youth
<mask> was born on 16 August 1871 in Kutaisi in the family of Petre Ivanes dze Paliashvili (1838–1913), an elder at the Kutaisi Georgian Catholic Church, who was said to be a model father and husband.<mask>'s mother was Maria Pavles asuli Mesarkishvili (1851–1916). <mask> was the third child in a family of eighteen children (thirteen sons and five daughters). Seven children died in infancy. Although <mask>'s parents were not professional musicians, their children remembered their mother's singing. In his autobiographical notes <mask> <mask> writes: "...in our big family, my brothers and sisters displayed a natural gift of music even in their early age. To my mind the explanation of this should be sought in the fact that we, being catholics attended the

masks:
Zacharia Petres dze Paliashvili
Zachary Petrovich Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Zacharia
Zacharia
Zacharia
Zacharia
Paliashvili


texts:
 church where the sweet sounds of organ music are not only enjoyable but help develop a good ear... we spend much time in the church and gradually developed a good ear.."

The first to display considerable musical abilities was the eldest son Ivane (Vano<mask> (1868–1934) who subsequently became an outstanding conductor. When Vano was eleven years old he was made assistant to the church organist, and the eight-year-old <mask> was admitted as a chorister to the church choir.With the help of the dean, Father I. Antonishvili, little <mask> studied "Lullaby for Jesus" and sang it with great success on Christmas night. The Kutaisi period, however, left a deep impression on the life of the future composer. It was the place of his first contact with music, and the basis of his professional attitude to his life's dedication – music – had developed there, too. All his life <mask> had retained his youthful love for the relics of Georgia's magnificence, the ruins of the Church of Bagrat (built by Georgia's King Bagrat III in 1003, ruined and plundered by the Turks in 1631), Gelati (1106–1125), one of the most important centres of education, philosophy and literature in medieval Georgia and the extraordinary beauty of his home town. Subsequently, <mask> recalled Kutaisi many times, permeated, he said, with a "truly Georgian spirit". Upon leaving the two-year parish school, brothers Ivan and <mask> began to play the piano under tutorship of Felix Mizandari, an organist and pianist. Mizandari did not charge the family for the lessons for he was aware that Paliashvili family was of very modest means.Shortly afterwards, people in the town

masks:
) Paliashvili
Zacharia
Zacharia
Zacharia
Paliashvili
Zacharia


texts:
 learned of the two talented and exceptionally persevering young musicians. The news reached father Alfonso Khitarishvili, dean of Tbilisi Georgian Catholic Church of the assumption. With the parents' consent Khitarishvili took Ivan and <mask> <mask> to Tbilisi. This was in the spring of 1887. The elder brother was appointed to the post of the organist and <mask> was made his brother's assistant and a choirboy. A short time after, the entire family of Petre <mask> moved to Tbilisi. Move to Tiflis and period in Moscow
The work at the Catholic Church in Tbilisi, besides providing a small but badly needed salary also gave <mask> <mask> the opportunity  to broaden his musical knowledge by getting acquainted with the composers of Palestrina, Lassus, Bach, Handel, Mozart and other great composers of the past.The first performance of a Georgian Ethnographic choir, established of the initiative and with the material support of Lado Agniashvili, a well-known public personality, took place in Tbilisi in 1886. Later the concerts of this choir were conducted by Joseph Ratil (Navratil), who though Czech by birth had forever associated his life with Georgia. The concerts of Agniashvili's choir evoked favourable comments from the patriotically minded Georgian public. Vano and Paliashvili sang in this choir in 1887–1889 and this fact was of importance for the future composer. In 1889 Vano left for Russia where he was engaged as an opera conductor. His post of church organist was taken over by <mask> who now had to support the entire family; as a result, he had no opportunity to continue his musical education. in 1874 on the initiative of

masks: Zacharia Paliashvili Zacharia Paliashvili Zacharia Paliashvili Zacharia


texts: singer Kharlamphy Savaneli, pianists Aloizy Mizandari and Konstantin Alikhanov, the first musical school in Georgia was founded in Tbilisi.The Tbilisi Musical School was reorganised into the Tbilisi Branch of the Russian Royal Musical Society with the statue of a musical college. This was carried out with the active assistance of Mikhail Mikhailovich Ippolitov-Ivanov, a well-known Russian composer, conductor and educationalist who worked in Tbilisi in (1882–1893). <mask>'s cherished dream came true only in 1891 when he was admitted to the french horn class under F.F. Parizek. A year later, when Parizek left the school, <mask> continued to study under A.I. Mosko. He graduated from the French horn class in 1895 and in the same year was admitted to the musical theory class which was conducted by Nikolai Semenovich Klenovsky, a Russian conductor, composer and teacher.<mask> also studied with Ippolitov-Ivanov and music critic Vasili Davidovich Korganov. While studying in Klenovsky's class, <mask> wrote several pieces and this aroused in him a desire for further composition. <mask> graduated from the school with honours in the spring of 1899. During his school years he had founded a mixed choir of factory and office workers who performed Georgian and Russian folk songs for workers. In 1898 <mask> conducted his choir in Gyandja and had tremendous success. Following an exchange of letters with Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev (1856–1915), a Russian composer and teacher, <mask> went to Moscow towards the end of August 1900. After taking his entry examinations he became a pupil in the class of counterpoint at the Moscow Conservatorie.Three

masks: Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili


texts:
 years of study with Professor Taneyev, an expert in polyphony, enriched <mask> with fundamental knowledge and facilitated his maturing into a professional composer. Return to Georgia
Towards the end of June 1903 <mask> completed his studies under Taneyev. With his young wife Julia Mikhailovna Utkina, he returned to Georgia to put into practice the knowledge he had gained in Russia. In autumn of 1903, <mask> began teaching at the Tbilisi High School for the nobility, where he had a singing class and also conducted the choir and orchestra, founded by him. <mask> was a strict and uncompromising teacher. He demanded full accuracy of intonation and precision of rhythm for every pupil-member of his choir or orchestra. He made such big progress in this field, that the school choir and orchestra soon began giving public concerts.The press called this "a triumph of the gifted maestro" and said, that the "choir and orchestra were brought to an evinous standard even for a musical school". A number of personalities who later on distinguished themselves in the Georgian Soviet musical culture (Composers: I. Tuskia, G Kiladze, S. Taktakishvili, V. Gokiely, A. Andriashvili; music critics: S. Aslanishvili, G. Chkhikvadze; Violinist L. Yashvili and others) had their first inspiring contact with music in this school, attending Z<mask>'s class. Violinist Andrei Karashvili and composer <mask> Chkhikvadze worked at the same high school, where they conducted musical classes. In 1904 <mask> was invited to head the teaching of theoretical subjects at the Tbilisi Musical College. Besides instructing classes in solfeggio, harmony and orchestration,

masks:
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
. Paliashvili
Zacharia
Paliashvili


texts: he conducted the pupils' choir and orchestra, the public performances of which were invariably successful. In 1906, using a piano piece by A. Karashvili ("Sazandary") as a point of departure, <mask> composed a profoundly patriotic song, "Samshoblo", which became popular throughout Georgia. Progressive Georgians before the revolution had regarded collecting, recording and elaboration of folklore material as an essential element, contributing to the spiritual life of the nation.Apart from the practical application – the use of folklore material as the basis of literary fand musical work – a large scale propaganda of remarkable folk poetry and songs formed a major instrument for stimulating the Georgian people's patriotic sentiments. Many contemporaries of Paliashvili were engaged in folklorist work, including  Meliton Balanchivadze (father of well-known Soviet composer Andria Balanchivadze and of George Balanchine, an American choreographer), Dimitri Arakishvili, Filimon Koridze, <mask> Chkhikvadze, Kote Potskhverashvili. In the summer of 1903, <mask> and A.S. Khakhashvili (Khakhanov), professor at the University of Moscow and specialist in the history of Georgian literature, made a tour of Svanetia (a high-altitude area in western Georgia), where they recorded some rare old Georgian folk songs. <mask> described the trip to his favourite teacher, S.I. Taneyev. in 1903–1908 with the same goal in view Paliashvili toured such districts as Racha, where he recorded local folk singers, and in particular a mestvire (Bag-piper); Guria (Ozurgeti), Imereti, Kartli and Kakheti. Some of the songs recorded by Paliashvili were published

masks: Paliashvili Zacharia Paliashvili Paliashvili


texts: in Moscow as a collection in 1910, financed by the Georgian Philarmonic Society.These are Forty Georgian Folk Songs recorded by Z<mask> and Eight Folk songs rendered for choir and orchestra. <mask>, however, did not rest content. Whenever he had the least opportunity, he included folk songs elaborated by him in the concert programme of his choirs. Kliment Kvitka, Ukrainian musicologist and ethnographer, and the husband of Lesya Ukrainka, a distinguished Ukrainian poet, sang in one of these choirs. <mask> was a good friend of this talented daughter of the Ukrainian people and of her husband till Lesya Ukraininka's death. In 1908, on his initiative, a music school was opened under the Philharmonic Society. As the Society was short of funds, <mask> headed the school for several years without receiving any payment.Theoretical subjects were taught by Giorgi Natadze, one of <mask>'s closest friends and a graduate of Moscow Conservatorie. Ilya (Ia) Kargareteli, a prominent musician, singer and composer, initiated an association of staging operas in Georgian, which soon began to work under the patronage of the Georgian Philharmonic Society. The efforts of Kargareteli, <mask> and Niko Kartvelishvili led to the first ever Georgian-language performances of Gounod's Faust, Anton Rubinstein's Demon, Rossini's The Barber of Seville, Verdi's Aida and Bizet's Carmen in the Tbilisi opera house. The conductors were Z<mask> and N. Kartvelishvili. In May 1917, the Tbilisi Musical College was reorganised into the Tbilisi Conservatory. The post of director was offered to pianist and teacher N. Nikolayev, and that of inspector to Z<mask>. In

masks:
. Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
Paliashvili
. Paliashvili
. Paliashvili


texts: 1918, when Nikolayev left Georgia, <mask> became the director of the Conservatorie.in 1919 he was awarded a professor's degree. <mask> continued to conduct classes in theoretical subjects at the Conservatorie. At the turn of the century, <mask> commenced working on his first opera "Abesalom da Etery". He was inspired in this by a folk legend, "Eteriany", which had been published in the Paskunji magazine (the fire bird, 1908) and rendered in the form of an opera libretto by Petre Mirianashvili, a teacher, writer and public personality of the time. The plot of the opera is based on a story of a prince who falls in love with a beautiful village girl. Believing in the sincerity of Absalom's feelings Etery marries him. At the same time, Murman, the closest friend of the prince and his visier also falls in love with Etery.Through malicious intrigues Murman destroys the happiness of the young couple. Parted from Etery Absalom falls ill and dies. Etery does not wish to live without Absalom and stabs herself to death. The opening night of this opera took place on February 21, 1919. It was produced by A. Tsutsunava and conducted by the author. The leading parts were performed by B. Zapliski (Absalom), who was soon substituted by Vano Sarajishvili; O. Bakutashvili-Shulgina (Etery) and Sandro Inashvili (Murman). The rousing success of his first opera had inspired <mask> to compose another – the lyrical-drama Daisi ("Twilight" or "Sunset") founded on the libretto by Valerian Gunia, a stage art personality, actor and playwright.The drama of love and jealousy in Daisi is shown against the background of national genre scenes. Maro, a

masks: Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili Paliashvili