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 communication and security devices and a 911 Emergency and fully computerized distress call center which records calls and responses and ensures 4 minute response time. This initiative won <mask> several local and international awards on security as the most security conscious Governor. Governor <mask> also built special checkpoints around Yenegoa, the state capital and in other strategic locations in the state, he introduced a State Wide communication program linked to the Security Command and Control Room to communicate directly with all deployed security assets, vehicles and gunboats in any part of the state. Governor <mask> also introduced a special motorized patrol team as part of the Operation Doo-Akpo. Governor <mask> also set up the Bayelsa State Vigilante Service and strengthened the Bayelsa Volunteers to ensure that Youth and Community leaders were brought into the security architecture.Governor <mask> also built several facilities to support Law Enforcement in the state such as Police Divisions in Yenagoa and Sagbama, The Counter Terrorism Unit office and the Special protection unit, the Nigerian Army Engineering Regiment in Toru-Ora, The Nigerian Navy Base also in Toru-Ora, the only Naval presence between Warri and Onitsha. <mask> donated facilities for the take off of the Nigerian Regiment Training School, The SSS Training school and The Commando Training School. Governor <mask> also donated secondary schools to all Armed Forces present in the state. Governor <mask> also donated a building to serve as the headquarters of the Nigerian Civil Defence in Yenagoa. Bayelsa State was named the safest state in South South Nigeria by Police records during his administration. Ijaw Nationalism and Integration
Governor <mask> promised during his campaigns and inaugural address an

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texts: aggressive mobilization and defense of Ijaw people split into the 6 states in Nigeria. He christened Bayelsa as the Jerusalem of the ijaw nation, a description that eventually stuck.He created the ministry of Ijaw national affairs and appointed the first non Bayelsa commissioner cabinet member from Delta state, the first president of Ijaw Youth Congress as pioneers to head the new ministry and several appointees numbering over a 100 from across states of Ijaw origins across the south south. Scholarships and employment opportunities were also available to them. Governor <mask> in the midst of unfair national criticism established by law the Bayelsa state flag, coat of arms and an anthem or state song and insisted it was an inherent exercise of the federalist powers of the state, an argument that eventually ended the debate. Today the Bayelsa colors and coat of arms have stayed as an integral part of Bayelsa-Ijaw identity with Governor <mask> saying it is an important aspect of cultural identity. He also made Bayelsa the center of gravity of Niger Delta issues as well as the natural place to host meetings of geo-ethnic nationalities and platforms seeking equality in Nigeria. This is reflected in the set up of the flagship Ijaw National Academy by Governor <mask> which has over 1,500 students on full scholarship with beneficiaries drawn from Ijaw communities in six states of Rivers, Edo, Akwa Ibom, Ondo and Delta. Governor <mask> built and commissioned the Ijaw National Heroes Memorial Park to honour Ijaw people who have excelled in public service to Nigeria while advancing the Ijaw struggle.In May, 2013, <mask> brought back the remains of Late Major Isaac Adaka Boro to Bayelsa to be buried and a befitting mausoleum was built in his memory. Late General Owoye Andrew Azazi, Ijaw Nation's first 4

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 star Military General who served Nigeria as one time Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Defense Staff and National Security Adviser was also buried at the park and has a mausoleum built in his memory. Other prominent Ijaw icons who have been laid to rest or have mausoleums built to honor them at the Ijaw National Heroes Park are Chief Melford Okilo, Harold Dappa Biriye, Gabriel Okara, Rex Jim Lawson, Rear Admiral Bossman Soroh, Ernest Okoli, Reverend Ockiya, the first man to translate the Bible in to Nembe Language and other associates of Major Isaac Adaka Boro. Governor <mask> set up a historical committee, Ijaw History project, coordinated by a State Historian to oversee and determine those eligible to be immortalized at the Ijaw National Heroes Memorial Park. Promotion of Religion
Governor <mask> is an ardent practicing Christian and is known to popularly use the quote "He serveth God well, who serveth man". <mask> says his faith is the basis for his life and political service and that the whole essence of his political career is anchored on the statement "Service to man is service to God". This statement is engraved on the emblems of the two Universities he established as Governor, The University of Africa and the Bayelsa Medical University.Governor <mask>'s administration began with a statewide fasting and prayer in 2012 and the first bill he sent to the Bayelsa State House of Assembly was to proclaim a Bayelsa State Thanksgiving Law, the only state in Nigeria to do so as at the time. This bill gave birth to November 2as the official Thanksgiving Day and a public holiday in Bayelsa State, this has held for 8 years of his administration. Governor <mask> started a daily morning devotional service in the Bayelsa State Government House and never missed a service. He also instituted weekly


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 prayers for all Women in the state every Wednesday which was chaired and coordinated by his wife and first lady of Bayelsa State, Rachael <mask>. Governor <mask> started a monthly praise night which he never missed throughout his 8 years in office. All these religious precepts he instituted are still being practiced in Bayelsa state as a part of the religious culture. Governor <mask> built the 10,000 seating capacity Bayelsa State Ecumenical Center, the largest by any state Government in Nigeria which was commissioned by Pastor E. A. Adeboye of the Redeemed Christian Church of God in the presence of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo.The Ecumenical Center currently serves as the quarters of the Christian Association of Nigeria, Bayelsa Branch and is managed by a Dickson-inaugurated board set up by law to manage it. Governor <mask> also approved an office space in the Ecumenical Center for Nigeria Prays led by General Yakubu Gowon. Governor <mask> maintained an open mindedness by showing tolerance to religious persuasions other than Christianity. Return to National Assembly
On the 5th of December, 2020, Governor <mask> won the Bayelsa West Senatorial Bye-Election with over 80% of the total votes and was sworn in as Senator into the 9th Senate replacing Senator Ewhrudjakpo Lawrence on the 15th of December, 2020. Other Work
In appreciation of <mask>'s leadership qualities and crisis prevention and management, the national leadership of PDP in 2012 appointed him the Chairman of the party's standing committee on Reconciliation, a position he has held till date, making him the longest serving Committee Chairman ever in the history of PDP. As chairman, he succeeded in reconciling aggrieved parties and keeping the party united. Political Legacy
<mask> <mask> is also well remembered as a Governor for

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 ushering in a new era of political tolerance and accommodation of dissenting voices.He has several times called for political tolerance and maturity in Nigeria and implemented it in Bayelsa. Governor <mask> believes that the right to disagree and dissent is fundamental in a democracy and leaders must respect and protect that even when it hurts while citizens must insist on it for a democracy to thrive. No member of Bayelsa's active opposition was ever victimized or scared. This broad mindedness and disposition was largely responsible for the peace experienced in his administration and changed the political climate of Bayelsa State. <mask> received several awards for maintaining peace and harmony among the people and the political class. He responded to extreme provocation from opposition parties and opposition within his party with maturity, tolerance, respect and accommodation by working for the people. <mask> proudly led a Bayelsa For All agenda directed at change in the right areas in all facets of the state and is also recognized as the first Governor in Bayelsa State history to meaningfully engage the youths and women.Through several interventions, programs and projects including a N2bn loan scheme, <mask> opened up political and economic opportunities for youths and women to participate in governance. The listed reasons maybe why Governor <mask> is the first Bayelsa governor to complete two successive terms in office and the first to do so in an opposition party in Bayelsa State

Awards and Honours
<mask> <mask> is a member of notable cultural organisations like the Sekiapu Club of Opume, Nembe, Brass, Kalabari and holds the celebrated title of OfurumaPepe (meaning The Great White Shark which braves the ocean when the tempest is highest).He also holds several traditional titles

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 including the following -

 Olokodau of Orua
 Adaka the 1st of Kolokoma/Opokuma
 Edi 1 of Ogbia,
 Twon-Ibe  Toloumobo of Brass
 Okuta, Rock of Ijaw Nation,
 Ekwueme 1 of Ndi-Igbo (Bayelsa),
 Agurai of Tarakiri Kingdom,
 Ogbogbo Olotu of Oguan,
 Tarikekereowei of Alei Kingdom,
 Opu Okiziri of Kabowei, Bayelsa State,
 Edi 1 of Ogbia, Ebifiniowei 1 of Kumbowei Kingdom, Delta State. Oyi Ihotu K' Idoma, Benue State

<mask>ke <mask> also holds several honorary doctorate degrees, including:

 An honorary doctorate degree in public administration by Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti in 2016
 A doctorate degree in international relations by the Maryam Abacha American University, Maradi in Niger Republic. An honorary doctorate Degree on environmental management by Cross River State University of University of Technology (CRUTECH) conferred on him in November 2017. Several Media organisations have voted for Henry Seriake Dickson as Governor of the year during his time in office and honored him with several awards including

 Vanguard Newspaper Governor of the Year, 2018
 Leadership Governor of the year, 2018. The Sun Outstanding Politician of the year, 2018. Daily Telegraph Award for Good Governance, 2018
 Daily Independent Man of the Year, 2019
 Nigerian Pilot Man of the year, 2019
 Africa Independent Television Transparency Award, 2018
 Silverbird Television Award as the best performing state Governor in Nigeria in the education sector, 2018

Other Awards
Henry Seriake Dickson is an honorary citizen of the States of Georgia and South Carolina in the United States of America.He was presented a key to the city of Stonecrest, Georgia, as well as a humanitarian award by Trinity International University of Ambassadors, USA in 2017. Other Notable Achievements

 <mask> <mask> was elected National

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 Legal Adviser of the foremost Pan-Ijaw Socio-Cultural and Political group, the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and served between 2001 and 2003
 Became a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC), Nigeria Bar Association between 2004 and 2006. <mask> <mask> is a member of the Governing Board of Visitors to the Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), United States
 He is a Member of the Westminster Africa Business Group, UK House of Parliament. He is a member of the International Bar Association
 He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (United Kingdom) Nigerian Chapter. He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria

See also
List of Governors of Bayelsa State

References

External links
Official Website
Twitter
Facebook
Instagram

1966 births
Living people
Governors of Bayelsa State
Peoples Democratic Party state governors of Nigeria
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
Rivers State University

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Anthony Philip Harford (born 19 April 1957), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an English heavy metal vocalist, best known for his time fronting Black Sabbath, initially from 1987 to 1991 and again from 1993 to 1997. <mask> was the band's second-longest-serving vocalist after Ozzy Osbourne. He has since been involved in many other projects (such as M3, Misha Calvin, The Cage, Giuntini Project, and Phenomena). Despite performing almost exclusively as a vocalist, <mask> is a multi-instrumentalist, stating in an interview that he plays guitar, bass, drums, violin, keyboards, harmonica, bagpipes, and pan pipes. On his 2005 solo album Scream, <mask> performed vocals, bass, drums, violin and additional guitar parts. Career

Black Sabbath, The Eternal Idol, Headless Cross and Tyr (1987–90)
During the recording of The Eternal Idol (1987), <mask> was brought in to re-record Ray Gillen's tracks, alongside former Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan who had previously been in Sabbath during 1983–84 on the Born Again tour. <mask> had been contacted by Black Sabbath to replace Glenn Hughes the year previous.He secured his place in the band after a successful audition singing the track "The Shining". Before the release of the new album, Black Sabbath accepted an offer to play six shows at Sun City, South Africa during the apartheid era. During this period Geezer Butler was coerced into rejoining the band with Bev Bevan remaining on drums. The band was supposed to play a music festival in Plymouth on 18 July, but Butler backed out at the last minute but <mask> and Sabbath had been in rehearsals on 14–16 July in

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texts: preparation. The band drew criticism from activists and artists involved with Artists United Against Apartheid, who had been boycotting South Africa since 1985. Bev Bevan refused to play the shows, and was replaced by Terry Chimes, formerly of The Clash. After nearly a year in production, <mask>'s debut with Sabbath The Eternal Idol was released on 8 December 1987 and ignored by contemporary reviewers.On-line internet era reviews were mixed. AllMusic said that "<mask>'s powerful voice added new fire" to the band, and the album contained "some of Iommi's heaviest riffs in years". The album would stall at No. 66 in the UK, peaking at 168 in the US. Sabbath toured in support of Eternal Idol in Germany, Italy and for the first time, Greece. Unfortunately, in part because of a backlash from promoters over the South Africa incident, other European shows were cancelled. Bassist Dave Spitz left the band shortly before the tour, and was replaced by Jo Burt, formerly of Virginia Wolf.Following the poor commercial performance of The Eternal Idol, Black Sabbath were dropped by Vertigo Records and Warner Bros. Records, and signed with I.R.S. Records. The band took time off in 1988, returning in August to begin work on their next album. As a result of the recording troubles with Eternal Idol, <mask>mi opted to produce the band's next album himself. "It was a completely new start", Iommi said. "I had to rethink the whole thing, and decided that we needed to build up some credibility again". Iommi enlisted ex-Rainbow drummer Cozy Powell, long-time keyboardist Geoff Nicholls and session bassist Laurence Cottle, and rented a

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texts: "very cheap studio in England".Black Sabbath released Headless Cross in April 1989, and this album was again ignored by contemporary reviewers. Eventually, AllMusic would give the album four stars, calling Headless Cross "the finest non-Ozzy or Dio Black Sabbath album". Anchored by the number 62 charting single "Headless Cross", the album reached number 31 on the UK charts, and number 115 in the US. Queen guitarist Brian May, a good friend of Iommi's, played a guest solo on the song "When Death Calls". Black Sabbath were told by Gloria Butler that Geezer was going to join the band again. The band waited until April 1989 for Butler, but Geezer instead went and joined Ozzy Osbourne's band. Following the album's release, the band added touring bassist Neil Murray, formerly of Whitesnake, Gary Moore's backing band, and Vow Wow.The ill-fated Headless Cross U.S. tour began in May 1989 with openers Kingdom Come and Silent Rage, but because of poor ticket sales, the tour was cancelled after just eight shows. The European leg of the tour began in September, where the band were enjoying chart success. After a string of Japanese shows, the band embarked on a 23 date Russian tour with Girlschool. Black Sabbath was one of the first bands to tour Russia, after Mikhail Gorbachev opened the country to western acts for the first time in 1989. <mask> returned to the studio with Black Sabbath in February 1990 to record Tyr, the follow-up to Headless Cross. While not technically a concept album, some of the album's lyrical themes are loosely based on Norse mythology. Tyr was released on 6 August 1990, and reached number 24 on the


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 UK albums chart, but was the first Black Sabbath release not to break the Billboard 200 in the US.The album would receive mixed internet-era reviews, with AllMusic noting that the band "mix myth with metal in a crushing display of musical synthesis", while Blender gave the album just one star, claiming that "Iommi continues to besmirch the Sabbath name with this unremarkable collection". The band toured in support of Tyr with Circus of Power in Europe, but the final seven UK dates were cancelled because of poor ticket sales. For the first time in their career, the band's touring cycle did not include US dates. The tour had a few surprises, that being that Ian Gillan, Geezer Butler, & Brian May made appearances during a few of the shows. Butler officially rejoined the band after the end of the Tyr tour ahead of the Dehumanizer (1992) album with the intention of putting something back together with <mask> and Cozy Powell. In an interview with Geezer Butler and <mask> in Kerrang in mid-1991 they talked about having to "get rid of" <mask>. This effectively ended <mask>'s first spell with the band.Brief Departure from Sabbath and Back Where I Belong (1991–93)
<mask> recorded his first solo album Back Where I Belong (1992) while Black Sabbath had reunited with Ronnie James Dio for the Dehumanizer (1992) album. At the demo level for Back Where I Belong, <mask> played all the instruments and the album itself featured former Black Sabbath members bassist Neil Murray and drummer Cozy Powell, as well as Brian May on guitar, among others. Cozy Powell also joined the band for the subsequent tour after leaving Black Sabbath

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texts: himself. There were two singles released for the album. The first was "If There Is a Heaven", and the second was "Angel in the Bed". This album includes a version of "Jerusalem" from the Black Sabbath album Tyr (1990). <mask> stated that "Back Where I Belong is an album of songs that were written over the period between 1990 and 1991.The title reflects my feelings at having this opportunity to write, record, and perform my own material. The recording of this album has been made possible due to the contributions of the following people who have all given their individual and very special talents to this project, for which I would like to express my eternal thanks!" <mask> returned briefly to Black Sabbath to work on Dehumanizer (1992) when things were not working out with Ronnie James Dio. He, Geoff Nicholls and Cozy Powell worked on a song called "Raising Hell" during these sessions which subsequently ended up on Martins second solo album Scream (2005). <mask> said: "I had already started my first solo album Back Where I Belong so when I got the call to go back I was committed by that point. And in fact it was just a couple of months after they had started the thing with Ronnie James Dio. I was determined to finish my solo thing and so turned them down at that point.We did keep in touch though and I went to some shows. Ronnie wasn’t too pleased, but eventually they had enough and asked me to rejoin again later so it felt like I hadn’t actually left. In fact, I was never formally fired, the phone just stopped ringing. Ian Gillan [Deep Purple singer, also another ex-Black Sabbath lead singer] asked me once if I

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 had actually been fired and I said, "No." He said, "Neither have I." We should just turn up one day and walk on stage!" <mask>'s return to Sabbath at this stage was again short lived as Warner Bros had paid a huge amount of advance money for Dehumanizer, and again, record company pressure forced another change, they wanted either Ozzy Osbourne or Dio.<mask> was again forced out from the band in favour of Dio. <mask> famously met Dio on the Dehumanizer tour after being invited to the show by Iommi & Butler. <mask> would be flown in to replace Dio (who had left the band over the Ozzy Osbourne retirement show) on the last show of the tour but after visa problems Rob Halford was asked to do the show instead. Return to Black Sabbath, Cross Purposes and Forbidden (1993–97)
Drummer Vinny Appice left the band following the reunion show to join Ronnie James Dio's solo band, later appearing on Dio's Strange Highways and Angry Machines. After Iommi & Butler realised that the Ozzy Osbourne reunion talks were breaking down they enlisted former Rainbow drummer Bobby Rondinelli, and reinstated <mask>. Martins 4th album with Sabbath, Cross Purposes, was released on 8 February 1994. The album received mixed reviews, with Blender giving the album two stars, calling Soundgarden's 1994 album Superunknown "a far better Sabbath album than this by-the-numbers potboiler".AllMusic's Bradley Torreano called Cross Purposes "the first album since Born Again that actually sounds like a real Sabbath record". The album just missed the Top 40 in the UK reaching number 41, and also reached 122 on the Billboard 200 in the US. Cross Purposes

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texts: contained the song "Evil Eye", which was co-written by Van Halen guitarist Eddie Van Halen, although uncredited because of record label restrictions. Touring in support of Cross Purposes began in February 1994 with Morbid Angel and Motörhead in the US. The band filmed a live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo on 13 April 1994, which was released on VHS accompanied by a CD, entitled Cross Purposes Live. After the European tour with Cathedral and Godspeed in June 1994, drummer Bobby Rondinelli quit the band and was replaced by original Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward for five shows in South America. Following the touring cycle for Cross Purposes, bassist Geezer Butler quit the band for the second time.Iommi would criticize <mask> during this period in his book, to which <mask> responded; "It surprises me. I mean, they never said anything to me. Surely, if you've got a problem, the first person you should say something to is the person that's in the band with you... You don't wait ten years. It sounds like a really stupid thing to say, as they didn't say anything to my face – and, if that's the case, then more fool them for not saying anything, because, you know, we could have fixed it. I said to them, endlessly, that if there was anything they wanted changed, done differently, just to say and we could fix it, but clearly they didn't, they hadn't got the guts to, obviously, and to write about it in a book afterwards seems a bit daft to me. I'm not bitter about it, but it is surprising… it seems a bit stupid to say that after the event". Following Butler's departure, newly returned drummer Bill Ward once again

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texts: left the band.Butler and Ward were meant to have recorded Forbidden (1995). In the wake of their departure Iommi then reinstated former members Neil Murray on bass and Cozy Powell on drums, effectively reuniting the TYR line-up. The band enlisted Body Count guitarist Ernie C to produce the new album, which was recorded in London in the fall of 1994. The album featured a guest vocal on "Illusion of Power" by Body Count vocalist Ice-T. The resulting Forbidden was released on 8 June 1995, but failed to chart in the US or the UK. The album was widely panned by critics; AllMusic's Bradley Torreano said "with boring songs, awful production, and uninspired performances, this is easily avoidable for all but the most enthusiastic fan"; while Blender magazine called Forbidden "an embarrassment ... the band's worst album". Black Sabbath embarked on a world tour in July 1995 with openers Motörhead and Tiamat, but two months into the tour, drummer Cozy Powell left the band, citing health issues, and was replaced by former drummer Bobby Rondinelli.This would be <mask>'s final tour with the band. In December 1996, both <mask> (via a letter to Sam Naugler) and Iommi (via an interview with Pete Scott) both confirmed that <mask> was not "out" of Sabbath, so as late as December 1996, it would appear that Iommi intended on going forward with the band as it last existed at the end of 1995. As for the rest of the band, Neil Murray was working with Cozy Powell in Peter Green's (founder of Fleetwood Mac) 'Splinter Group'. In 1997, <mask>mi disbanded the contemporary line-up to officially reunite with Ozzy Osbourne and the original

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 Black Sabbath line-up. Vocalist <mask> claimed that an original line-up reunion had been in the works since the band's brief reunion at Ozzy Osbourne's 1992 Costa Mesa show, and that the band released subsequent albums to fulfill their record contract with I.R.S. Records. <mask> later recalled Forbidden as a "filler album that got the band out of the label deal, rid of the singer, and into the reunion.However I wasn't privy to that information at the time". I.R.S. Records released a compilation album in 1996 to fulfil the band's contract, entitled The Sabbath Stones, which featured songs from Born Again (1983) to Forbidden (1995). <mask> would also later hit out on Sabbath for being deleted from the band's history; "It seems a bit of a waste of ten years of the band's history. To cut that out, they're not just cutting me out, they're cutting themselves out. It seems like cutting your own nose off to spite your face. Why would you want to delete ten years of your history?It seems to me that they've got their minds elsewhere, and whatever brings them the most money seems to be what they go for. I mean, the Ozzy reunion. How many times do you want to go and pay to see them do the same stuff? OK, people argue that those old songs are people's favourites. Well; it's probably that way because you keep ramming it down people's throats and don't give them a chance to buy anything else. It seems disjointed and disconnected to me, and I don't understand why they would want to even cut themselves out of that history". Solo and other collaborations (1998–2005)
After leaving Sabbath, <mask> worked with a variety of projects,

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 including Aldo Giuntini.With Dario Mollo, he released two further albums; The Cage in 1999 and The Cage 2. <mask> also worked with Empire for their 2003 record Trading Souls. Late in 2004, <mask> let it be known that there would be a new solo album by him out in 2005. The album was recorded at <mask>'s house, which is in Headless Cross in Redditch, Worcestershire England. The album featured again former Sabbath member Geoff Nicholls and some drum tracks from the late Cozy Powell. <mask> explained; "I have recorded 2 tracks featuring the legendary drumming of Cozy Powell. How?well, when I fronted Cozy Powell's Hammer, he gave me 20 drumming tracks to write some songs with, I forgot I had them until I found them recently in the move to my new house." <mask>'s Headless Cross (2006-2019) and Kingdom of Madness (2019-present)
<mask> established Headless Cross in 2005 and would go on to tour Europe in 2006. The band also toured Brazil in 2008. After Dio's passing in 2010, there was some speculation that he would either return to Black Sabbath or join the renamed Black Sabbath Heaven & Hell. <mask> however ruled out ever working with Sabbath again stating: "Sabbath hasn’t talked to me in 15 years. All of the albums that I was on were removed from sale completely by them and it would take unbelievable changes to get it all back together". Black Sabbath were rejoined by Ozzy Osbourne in 2011 with the band's legal disputes apparently concluded.<mask>'s Headless Cross last performed at the Asylum in Birmingham, UK on 27 July 2012. This marked <mask>'s first ever UK show as a solo artist and first show with his new Headless

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 Cross line-up. <mask> stated in interviews that this will be his only live show of the year. In January 2013 <mask> signed to a new music publishing deal by Alan Bambrough of Sony/ATV Music Publishing Limited. <mask>'s would be working on the fourth album Giuntini Project IV (2013) from Giuntini Project, the Italian people heavy metal band started in 1988 by guitarist Aldo Giuntini as a solo project. This will be the third album <mask> has appeared on. <mask> will also appear on releases with Layla Milou and with Veronica Freeman, vocalist with Benedictum.In 2019, it was announced that <mask> would front Kingdom of Madness, a band featuring former Magnum members Mark Stanway, Micky Barker and Richard Bailey performing material from Magnum's classic period. The COVID-19 crisis prevented the band from touring in 2020, with dates postponed till 2021. On the 14th of January 2022 <mask> released Thorns, his third solo album. Reunion with Iommi and Black Sabbath re-releases
In January 2016 <mask> announced on his Facebook page that he "was greeted by <mask>mi VERY warmly" at the unveiling of the Cozy Powell memorial (also attended by Neil Murray) and that they may work together again. Shortly after Iommi himself announced his intention to work with <mask> again. Iommi said: "We've held back on the reissues because of the current Sabbath thing with Ozzy, but they will certainly be happening. I'd like to do a couple of new tracks for those releases [Headless Cross and Tyr] with <mask>.I'll also be looking at working on Cross Purposes and Forbidden." Personal life
In August 2015, <mask> married his wife Carol. On a

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texts: religious level, <mask> has claimed to be a non-believer. In a Myspace blogpost, he calls his choice to release a Christmas single "a kind of strange thing considering i dont believe there's a Christ", but goes on to explain that the song - titled "Who Put the Devil in Santa" - says that none of the Christmas message works, and in the first few lines writes that the promise of a man called Jesus "No ones seen and doesn't seem to


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<mask> (; 26 November 1952 in Moscow – 24 August 2017) was a doctor of Juridical Science, Master of Laws and professor at Moscow State University. Education
He entered Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Law in 1970 and graduated in 1975. He studied full-time at the graduate school of the Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1975 to 1979. He defended the candidate’s dissertation on the “Legal Regime of the State Forestry Fund Lands” (thesis supervisor – I.A. Ikonitskaya, Senior Researcher) on January 23, 1979. The defense took place at the Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He defended the doctoral thesis on the “Right to Forest Use in the USSR” in 1991.The defense took place at the Institute for State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. <mask> <mask> was awarded the academic title of Doctor of Juridical Science on January 10, 1992 and academic rank of professor on December 22, 1993. Career
<mask> <mask> worked at the Institute for State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences  in the position of senior research officer from 1978 to 1992. He was director of the Russian Federation Constitutional Court Department of Environmental and Land Law. He combined working at the Russian Federation Constitutional Court with teaching as he was employed in the position of professor in the Department Of Environmental and

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 Agrarian Law of Moscow University of Law from 1992 to 1995. He has been working at the Faculty of Law since September 1, 1995. He gives lecture courses on “Land Law” and “Environmental Law” (including within a framework of the Faculty of Law International Legal Programme at the International Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University in Geneva, Switzerland).He gives a special course on “Topical Issues of the Natural Resources Law.”

He is a member of Lomonosov Moscow State University Dissertation Council D 501.001.99 (Faculty of Law). He interned at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign College of Law  in 1990 and 1991, and holds the LLM degree. Professor <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science worked as a lawyer for a long time, and he was a member of Inter-Republic Bar Association from 1995 to 1997, and a member of Iniurcolleguia, Attorneys-at-Law. As an Iniurcolleguia lawyer, he won the first Russian arbitral case on the contract of sale of an enterprise as an asset complex (see details: Russian Federation Supreme Arbitration Court Plenum Presidium Act on the case # 951/96 of 20.08.1996, O.I. Krassov). “The First Lawsuit on the Contract of Sale of an Enterprise Lasted a Thousand Days” // Business lawyer. 1997.# 11). He has also participated as an expert in the London Court of International Arbitration trial of the case of annulment of the contract of sale of land

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 plots reserved for state needs. Attorney <mask> <mask> won the arbitration proceeding for the legal claim of the investment company against Krasnodar Krai Department of Property Relations on privatization of a large land plot on The Black Sea coast and building it up, etc. <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science, has extensive experience in consulting and preparing expert reports. For instance it, was Mr. <mask> who:
 prepared the expert report on the case of legality of building the cultural and business complex Ohta by JSC Gazprom in Saint Petersburg;
 proved groundlessness of compensation claims faced by a large timber company on compensation of environmental damage for not removing brush wood from cutting areas;
 prepared the expert report on the Russian Federation Supreme Court case on repealing several provisions of the procedure of estimating damage caused to water objects by breaking water legislation approved by the Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources order of March 30, 2007;
 consulted for a major investment development company on the issue of purchasing a land plot with a total area of 256 hectares in Moscow region;
 represented interests of a major oil and gas company involved in the case of JSC Gazprom claim against the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Federal Agency for Subsoil Use;
 proved legality of actions of Surgut Administration on the

masks: Oleg Krassov Oleg Krassov Krassov


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 procedure of granting land plots in an auction and without auctioning;
 proved legality of building tourist infrastructure facilities on the tourist complex land with permission to use it for “repairing vessels, building slipways, and tourism management” within industrial other special purpose lands, etc. Currently, <mask> <mask> is a member of Lomonosov Moscow State University Dissertation Council: D 501.001.99 (Faculty of Law). Legislative activity
He has extensive experience in legislation.He has taken part in developing a number of normative legal acts:
 Provisions on forest lease in the USSR;
 Fundamentals of legislation on settlements, urban development, and architecture of the USSR and union republics;
 Fundamentals of forestry legislation of the Russian Federation;
 Fundamentals of water legislation of the Russian Federation;
 Russian Federation subsoil law;
 Federal law “On Environmental Protection”;
 Federal law “On Environmental Appraisal”;
 Federal law “On Environmental Safety”;
 Federal law “On Land Restoration”;
 Federal law “On Ecological Disaster Zones”;
 Forestry code of the Russian Federation, etc. Publication
He is the author of more than 140 published research papers including monographs, commentaries to pieces of legislation, textbooks, and study guides (including co-authorship):
 “Land law.” Textbook. M.: Norma. 2012;
 “Environmental Law.” Textbook. M.:


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 Norma. 2012;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Land Code. M.: Norma.2009. (recommended by the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to courts of general jurisdiction);
 “Environmental Law.” Russia: Norma. 2008;
 “Land Law Dictionary” – M. Gorodets. 200;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Forestry code. M., Norma. 2007;
 “Land law.” M., Lawyer, 2007.-671 p.;
 “Land law: Textbook.” – Second edition, revised. M.: Lawyer, 2004.– 671 p.;
 “Environmental Law: Study Guide for Higher Education Institutions.” – M.: Norma. 2004. – 576 p.;
 “Land Law in Contemporary Russia.” M.: “Delo” Publishing House. 2003. – 624 p.;
 “Environmental Law.” M.: “Norma” Publishing House, 2003. – 320 p.;
 “Natural Resources of Russia: Commentary to Legislation.” M.: Delo, 2002. – 816 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Land Code.M.: Lawyer. 2002. – 779 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Law “On Subsoil.” M.: Lawyer. 2002. – 480 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Urban Development Code. M.: Lawyer. 2001.– 718 p.;
 “Russian Federation Water Code” (article-by-article commentary) // Law. 2001. # 5. P.5-35;
 “Environmental Law.” – M.: “Delo” Publishing House, 2001. – 767 p.;
 “Right to Private Land Ownership.” – M.: Lawyer. 2000. – 379 p.;
 Land Law: Textbook.” – M.: Lawyer.2000. – 624 p.;
 Right to Private Land Ownership: Purchase and Sale, Lease,


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 Privatization, Judicial Defense.” M.: White Alfars. 1995 – 144 p.;
 Commentary to the Fundamentals of the Russian Federation forestry legislation. M.: Jurid. Lit. 1995 – 280 p.p. ;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Water Code / M.: Justiceinform.1997. – 327 p. (co-authorship);
 “Legal Regime of the State Forestry Fund Lands.” M.: Nauka. 1985. “Forest Use Right in the USSR.” M.: Nauka. 1991;
 “Right of Ownership of Forests” // Environmental law. 2006. # 2, 3;
 “Legal Requirements to Environmental Protection in Urban Development” // Legislation and economy.2001. # 3. P. 35-45;
 “Contemporary Land Legislation in Questions and Answers of Professors of the Department of Environmental and Land Law, Faculty of Law, Lomonosov Moscow State University” // Environmental Law of Russia. Digest of the Research and Practice Conference. Fifth issue. 2005–2007: Study Guide for Higher Education Institutions / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov.M.: Forgreifer. P.332–334 (co-authorship with A.K. Golichenkov, G.A. Volkov, M.I. Vasilieva and T.V. Petrova);
 “Legal Regime of Lands as a Legal Category” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences. Second issue.1999–2000 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers – A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva. M.: POLTEKS. 2001.P.142–145;
 “Legal Regulation of Building Up and Zoning Settlements. Legal Regime of Certain Types of Zones” //


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 Legislation and economy. 2001. # 7. P. 35–73;
 “Order of Elaborating, Approving, and Examining Urban Development Documentation. General Plans and Projects, Urban and Rural Boundaries” // Legislation and economy. 2001.# 6. P. 28–50;
 “Peculiarities of Legal Regulation of Using Settlement Land in Urban Development Legislation” // Legislation and economy .2001. # 5. P. 31–49;
 Commentary to the wildlife legislation // Legislation and economy. 2001. # 9. P. 4–57;
 “Urban Development Law of Russia” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences.Second issue. 1999–2000 // Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva. M.: POLTEKS.2001. P. 385–389;
 “Formation of the Institution of Private Property Right in Russia” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences. 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva.M.: Zertsalo. 1999. P. 367–371;
 “Natural Resources Law as a Branch of Law. New Program of the Curriculum” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A.Ignatieva. M. Zertsalo. 1999. P. 115–118;
 “Certain Constitutional Aspects of Land Relations” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K.


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 Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A.Ignatieva. M. Zertsalo. 1999. P. 157–159;
 “Right of State Ownership of Natural Resources” // State and law. 1995. # 9, etc. While working at Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Law, <mask> <mask> served as the thesis supervisor of six candidates of juridical sciences (N.G.Narysheva, E.N. Pugach, N.L. Lisina, A.A. Minaeva, N.A. Golysheva and I.S. Ivaschuk). Two of them, N.G. Narysheva and A.A. Minaeva, work in the department at the present time.Professor <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science, is mentioned in 240 sources in the ConsultantPlus reference system databases. References

1952 births
2017 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
People from

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Anthony W<mask> (February 14, 1913 – February 6, 1998) was an American air racer and test pilot for the Lockheed Corporation from the 1940s to the 1970s. Early life

Born Anthony Puck in Duluth, Minnesota, his father died while he was still young. His mother, Aloysia Evans, moved <mask> and his older sister Nancy to southern California for the warmer climate. While <mask> was a teenager, his mother remarried, to <mask>, who gave the children his name. From an early age, <mask> had been much more interested in flying than his studies, so he dropped out of high school to pursue flying full-time. He worked odd jobs to pay for food and flying, mostly maintaining airplanes or flight instructing. Air racing

In 1936, he began to try his hand at air racing, starting with the national air races in Los Angeles.In 1938 he flew, for the first time, a Keith Rider racer dubbed The Firecracker, owned by air racing enthusiast Bill Schoenfeldt. In this plane, he won the Greve Trophy in Cleveland that year. His landing after that flight was rough and damaged the aircraft too heavily to allow him to compete for the Thompson Trophy the next day. A year later, he was back in Cleveland, and this time placed second in the Thompson race. Postwar air racing

After the end of World War II, LeVier bought a war surplus P-38 Lightning for $1,250 in Kingman, Arizona. He modified it for air racing and painted it bright red. He competed at the national air races in Cleveland in 1946 and won second place in the Thompson Trophy.Mechanic and airline pilot

After the 1939 races, LeVier got his first formal job, working as a mechanic for the Douglas Aircraft Company, hoping to get promoted to test pilot. However, frustrated by his chances with that company, he earned an instrument rating and went to work for Mid-Continent Airlines in Kansas City. Six months later, though, he left that job also, to work with General Motors testing engines for Cessna aircraft in Wichita. When a job

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 opened for him at the Lockheed Corporation in Burbank, California, he left Wichita and returned to southern California. Lockheed career
LeVier started at Lockheed ferrying Hudson bombers to Canada for delivery to the Royal Air Force. He later trained and checked out pilots in the Hudson and its transport variant, the Lodestar. His job description was changed to engineering test pilot in 1942 to fly the PV-1 Ventura.His test flying was instrumental in proving the Lockheed P-38 Lightning design. He and chief engineering test pilot Milo Burcham alternated flying dive tests to observe the design's performance at transonic speeds. To demonstrate the reliability of the design in the hands of a skilled pilot, he performed aerobatic shows for students at the Polaris Flight school at War Eagle Field in nearby Lancaster. In 1944, LeVier visited Eighth Air Force air bases in Great Britain to demonstrate the engine-out reliability of the P-38. He left England less than a week before the invasion of Normandy. P-80 Shooting Star

When he returned to the United States, testing of the P-80 Shooting Star jet fighter was underway. He had made the first flight of the XP-80A in January, and the testing program continued through 1944 and into 1945.In October 1944, Milo Burcham was killed in the crash of a production P-80, and <mask> filled his office as chief engineering test pilot in January 1945. Just two months into his career as head of this department, he suffered a serious crash on March 20, 1945, when his P-80 lost its tail due to a faulty turbine blade. Upon landing, he broke his back and had to wear a brace during his recovery, but six months after his crash, he was back in the air. He tested two evolutions of the P-80: the T-33 and the three variants of the F-94 Starfire. He also performed most of the tests of the XF-90 penetration fighter prototype. He also flew the first flights of the XF-104 Starfighter, and the U-2. In 1972 LeVier took an L-1011 Tristar on


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 a world tour promoting Lockheed's newest and largest commercial airliner.He was succeeded as chief engineering test pilot at Lockheed by Herman "Fish" Salmon. He died at the age of 84 on February 6, 1998 from complications of cancer and kidney failure, after surviving eight crashes and one mid-air collision. Awards

 Aviation Week & Space Technology Flight Safety Award, 1971. National Aviation Hall of Fame inductee, 1978. National Aeronautic Association Elder Statesman Award, 1986. National Aviation Club Clifford Henderson Award for Achievement, 1986. Aerospace Walk of Honor inductee, 1990.Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award, 1993
International Air & Space Hall of Fame inductee, 1993. Godfrey L. Cabot Award, 1995. National Air and Space Museum Lifetime Achievement Trophy, 1997. He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001. The Society of Experimental Test Pilots annually presents the <mask>ier Flight Test Safety Award. First flights

The following is an incomplete list of the first flights of a new design that were piloted or copiloted by <mask> during his career at Lockheed. Photographs do not necessarily depict the first flight.References

  Caidin, Martin. Fork-Tailed Devil. Ballantine, 1968. Cole, Duane, "The Right Start: <mask>." AOPA Magazine, March, 1994. Pilot by <mask> with John Guenther, 1954 (reprinted 1990). External links

 A eulogy of <mask> from Edwards Spy Planes
 Moments in Flight Test History: The First Flight of the YF-104
 National Aviation Hall of Fame biography
 MotorSports Hall of Fame biography
 <mask>ier Flight Test Safety Award
 LeVier W5 Cosmic wind "Mr. Robinson", a racing plane built in 1947, now in the collection of the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, WI

1913 births
1998 deaths
Lockheed people
Deaths from cancer in California
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
American test pilots
People from Duluth, Minnesota
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Commercial

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texts: <mask>e (, ; 14 November 1917 – 26 October 1979) was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the leader of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979; ruling as a de facto military dictator from 1961 to 1963, then as the country's de jure third president from 1963 to 1979. Before his presidency, he was a military leader in the South Korean army, and was the second-highest ranking officer in the army. He first came to power after leading a military coup in 1961, which brought an end to the interim government of the Second Republic. After serving for two years as chairman of the military junta, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, he was elected president in 1963, ushering in the Third Republic. Seeking to bring South Korea into the developed world, <mask> began a series of economic policies that brought rapid economic growth and industrialization to the nation that eventually became known as the Miracle on the Han River. South Korea possessed one of the fastest growing national economies during the 1960s and 1970s as a result. According to the Gapminder Foundation, extreme poverty was reduced from 66.9 percent in 1961 to 11.2 percent in 1979, making one of the fastest and largest reductions in poverty in human history.This growth also encompassed declines in child mortality and increases in life expectancy. From 1961 to 1979 child mortality declined by 59%, this was the second fastest decrease in child mortality of any country with over 10 million inhabitants during the same period. Under his government, South Korea saw the development of chaebol, family companies supported by the state similar to the Japanese zaibatsu. These companies include Hyundai, LG, and Samsung.

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Park Chung he
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texts: However, the economic development of South Korea was pursued at great sacrifice to the working class: the government did not recognise a minimum wage or weekly leave, imposed free work periods for its own benefit, and twelve-hour workdays were the norm. In addition, trade unions and industrial action were prohibited. Despite the above points, which takes a retrospective view from a position of prosperity, the fact that people who were in poverty were able to work stable jobs, was welcomed by the vast majority of South Korean.Although popular during the 1960s, by the 1970s, <mask>'s popularity started to plateau. This resulted in closer than expected victories during the 1971 South Korean presidential election and the subsequent legislative elections. Following this, in 1972, <mask> declared martial law and amended the constitution into a highly authoritarian document, called the Yushin Constitution, ushering in  the Fourth Republic. During this time, political opposition and dissent was constantly repressed and <mask> had complete control of the military, and much control over the media. <mask> was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by his close friend Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, at a safe house in Seoul following the student uprising later known as the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests. Cha Ji-chul, chief of the Presidential Security Service, was also fatally shot by Kim. Kim and his accomplices were tortured, convicted and executed for the assassination.Choi Kyu-hah became Acting President pursuant to Article 48 of the Yushin Constitution. Major General Chun Doo-hwan quickly amassed sweeping powers after his Defense Security Command was charged with investigating the

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 assassination, first taking control of the military and the KCIA before installing another military junta and finally assuming the presidency in 1980. Whether the assassination was spontaneous or premeditated is something that remains unclear today—the motivations of Kim Jae-gyu are still debated. Economic growth continued after <mask>'s death and after considerable political turmoil in the wake of his assassination and the military Coup d'état of December Twelfth, the country eventually democratized. Later presidents included Kim Dae-jung, a pro-democracy chief opponent of <mask> who was kidnapped, arrested, and sentenced to death by the <mask> administration, and <mask>-hye,  <mask>'s eldest daughter who was the first female president of South Korea and was impeached, removed from office, and later sentenced to 27 years in prison as a result of an influence-peddling scandal. <mask> is a controversial figure in modern South Korean political discourse and among the South Korean populace in general for his dictatorship and undemocratic ways. While some credit him for sustaining the Miracle on the Han River, which reshaped and modernized South Korea, others criticize his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971) and for prioritizing economic growth and contrived social order at the expense of civil liberties.According to a 2019 poll by Gallup Korea, 49% of older Koreans (aged 60+) see <mask> as the greatest president, while only 5% of young Koreans (aged 15-18) see <mask> as the greatest president, making him the second most popular Korean president while simultaneously one of the most controversial and memorable. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 14 November 1917, in Kibi,

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 Keishо̄hoku-dо̄, Chо̄sen to parents <mask>-bin and Bek Nam-eui. He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters in a poor Yangban family. Extremely intelligent, egotistic and ambitious, <mask>'s hero from his boyhood on was Napoleon, and he frequently expressed much disgust that he had to grow up in the poor and backward countryside of Korea, a place that was not suitable for someone like himself. Those who knew <mask> as a youth recalled that a recurring theme of his remarks was his wish to "escape" from the Korean countryside. As someone who had grown up under Japanese rule, <mask> often expressed his admiration for Japan's rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration of 1867 and for Bushido, the Japanese warrior code. As a youth, he won admission to a teaching school in Taikyū and worked as a teacher in Bunkei-yū after graduating in high school, but was reportedly a very mediocre student.Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the ambitious <mask> decided to enter the Changchun Military Academy of the Manchukuo Imperial Army, with help from Imperial Japanese Army Colonel Arikawa, a drill instructor at the teaching school in Daegu who was impressed by <mask>'s military ambitions. During this time, he adopted the Japanese name . He graduated top of his class in 1942 (receiving a gold watch from the Kangde Emperor himself) and was recognized as a talented officer by his Japanese instructors, who recommended him for further studies at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Japan. Career

In Manchukuo

After graduating third in the class of 1944, <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant into the Imperial Army of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet-state, and served during the final stages of

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 World War II as aide-de-camp to a regimental commander. The Japanese used Korean collaborators to suppress Korean armed resistance. Return to Korea

<mask> returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy. He graduated in the second class of 1946 (one of his classmates was Kim Jae-gyu, his close friend and later assassin) and became an officer in the constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea.The newly established South Korean government, under the leadership of Syngman Rhee, arrested <mask> in November 1948 on charges that he led a Communist cell in the Korean constabulary. <mask> was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While <mask> had been a member of the Workers' Party of South Korea, the allegations concerning his involvement in a military cell were never substantiated. Nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. While working in the Army as an unpaid civilian assistant, he came across the 8th class of the Korea Military Academy (graduated in 1950), among whom was Kim Jong-pil, and this particular class would later serve as the backbone of the May 16 coup. After the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup, <mask> returned to active service as a major in the South Korean Army. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951.As a colonel, <mask> was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery and commanded the II and III Artillery Corps during the war. By the time the war ended in 1953, <mask> had risen to become a

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 brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, <mask> was selected for six-months training at Fort Sill in the United States. After returning to Korea, <mask> rose rapidly in the military hierarchy. He was the head of the Army's Artillery School and commanded the 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. <mask> was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul. In 1960, <mask> became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army and the deputy commander of the Second Army.As such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. Rise to power
On 26 April 1960, Syngman Rhee, the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea, was forced out of office and into exile following the 19 April Movement, a student-led uprising. A new democratic government took office on 13 August 1960. However, this was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea. Yun Bo-seon was a figurehead president, with the real power vested in Prime Minister Chang Myon. Problems arose immediately because neither man could command loyalty from any majority of the Democratic Party or reach agreement on the composition of the cabinet. Prime Minister Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption under the Rhee presidency and the students who had


texts: instigated Rhee's ousting. Protesters regularly filled the streets making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Public security had deteriorated while the public had distrusted the police, which was long under the control of the Rhee government, and the ruling Democratic Party lost public support after long factional fighting. Against this backdrop of social instability and division, Major General <mask> formed the Military Revolutionary Committee. When he found out that he was going to be retired within the next few months, he sped up the Committee's plans. It led a military coup on 16 May 1961, which was nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after his defection on the day it started. The military takeover rendered powerless the democratically elected government of President Yun, ending the Second Republic.Initially, a new administration was formed from among those military officers who supported <mask>. The reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction was nominally led by General Chang. Following Chang's arrest in July 1961, <mask> took overall control of the council. The coup was largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Although Prime Minister Chang and United States Army General Carter Magruder resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the military and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various ROK army units not to interfere with the new government. Soon after the coup, <mask> was promoted to Lieutenant General. The South Korean historian Hwang Moon Kyung described <mask>'s rule as very "militaristic", noting right from the start <mask> aimed to mobilize South Korean society

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texts: along "militaristically disciplined lines".One of <mask>'s very first acts upon coming to power was a campaign to "clean up" the streets by arresting and putting the homeless to work in "welfare centers". The American historian Carter Eckert wrote that the historiography, including his work, around <mask> has tended to ignore the "enormous elephant in the room" namely that the way in which <mask> sought kündaehwa (modernization) of South Korea was influenced by his distinctively militaristic way of understanding the world, and the degree in which the Japanophile <mask> was influenced by Japanese militarism as he created what South Korean historians call a "developmental dictatorship". Eckert called South Korea under <mask>'s leadership one of the most militarized states in the entire world, writing that <mask> sought to militarize South Korean society in a way that no other South Korean leader has ever attempted. In the Imperial Japanese Army, there was the belief that Bushido would give Japanese soldiers enough "spirit" as to make them invincible in battle, as the Japanese regarded war as simply a matter of willpower with the side with the stronger will always prevailing. Reflecting his background as a man trained by Japanese officers, one of <mask>'s favorite sayings was "we can do anything if we try" as <mask> argued that all problems could be overcome by sheer willpower. Eckert wrote when interviewing <mask>'s closest friends, he always received the same answer when he asked them what was the important influence on <mask>, namely his officer training by the Japanese in Manchukuo. All of <mask>'s friends told Eckert that to understand him, one needed to understand his Ilbonsik sagwan kyoyuk (Japanese

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 officer training) as they all maintained <mask>'s values were those of an Imperial Japanese Army officer.On 19 June 1961, the military council created the Korean Central Intelligence Agency in order to prevent counter-coups and suppress potential enemies, both foreign and domestic. Along with being given investigative powers, the KCIA was also given the authority to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or having anti-government sentiments. Under its first director, retired Brigadier General Kim Jong-pil, a relative of <mask> and one of the original planners of the coup, the KCIA would extend its power to economic and foreign affairs. President Yun remained in office, giving the military regime legitimacy. After Yun resigned on 24 March 1962, Lt. General <mask>, who remained chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, consolidated his power by becoming acting president; he was also promoted to full general. <mask> agreed to restore civilian rule following pressure from the Kennedy administration. In 1963, he was elected president in his own right as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party.He appointed <mask>-keun, the Vice Leader of the party as the chief of the President's Office. He narrowly defeated former President Yun, the candidate of the Civil Rule Party, by just over 156,000 votes—a margin of 1.5 percent. <mask> would be re-elected president in 1967, defeating Yun with somewhat less difficulty. Presidency (1962-79)

Foreign policy
In June 1965 <mask> signed a treaty normalizing relations with Japan, which included payment of reparations and the making of soft-loans from Japan, and led to increased trade and investment between South Korea and Japan.

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 In July 1966 South Korea and the United States signed a Status of Forces Agreement establishing a more equal relationship between the two countries. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from North Korea seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966.Throughout the 1960s, <mask> made speeches in which he blamed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the British for Japan's takeover of Korea. Vietnam War

At the request of the United States, <mask> sent approximately 320,000 South Korean troops to fight alongside the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War; a commitment second only to that of the United States. The stated reasons for this were to help maintain good relations with the United States, prevent the further advance of communism in East Asia and to enhance the Republic's international standing. In January 1965, on the day when a bill mandating a major deployment passed the National Assembly (with 106 votes for and 11 against), <mask> announced that it was "time for South Korea to wean itself from a passive position of receiving help or suffering intervention, and to assume a proactive role of taking responsibility on major international issues." South Korean soldiers were not able to defeat Viet Cong and suffered heavy casualties. They also gained a reputation for brutality towards civilians. Although primarily to strengthen the military alliance with the United States,

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 there were also financial incentives for South Korea's participation in the war.South Korean military personnel were paid by the United States federal government and their salaries were remitted directly to the South Korean government. <mask> was eager to send South Korean troops to Vietnam and vigorously campaigned to extend the war. In return for troop commitments, South Korea received tens of billions of dollars in grants, loans, subsidies, technology transfers, and preferential markets, all provided by the Johnson and Nixon administrations. North Korea

<mask> oversaw transitional changes between the two Koreas from conflict to consolidation. In 1961, the North Korean leader, Kim Il-sung secretly sent Hwang Tae-song, a former friend of <mask>-hee and a vice-minister in ministry of trade, to South Korea, hoping to improve inter-Korean relations. However, in order to dissipate the suspicions about his Communist leanings and assure Americans his firm stance as an ally, <mask> decided to execute Hwang as a spy. Beginning in October 1964, North Korea increased the infiltration of its intelligence-gatherers and propagandists into the South.More than 30 South Korean soldiers and at least 10 civilians had been killed in clashes with North Korean infiltrators by October 1966. In October 1966, <mask> ordered the Korean Army to stage a retaliatory attack without seeking the approval of General Charles Bonesteel. This action, which was in retaliation for ongoing South Korean losses, caused tension between <mask>'s government and the U.S. command in Korea, which wished to avoid violations of the armistice. Between 1966 and 1969 the clashes escalated as <mask>'s armed forces were involved in firefights along the

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texts: Korean DMZ. The fighting, sometimes referred to as the Second Korean War, was related to a speech given by Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966 in which the North Korean leader challenged the legitimacy of the 1953 Armistice Agreement. Kim stated that irregular warfare could now succeed in a way conventional warfare could not because the South Korean military was now involved with the ever-growing Vietnam War. He believed <mask>'s administration could be undermined if armed provocation by North Korea was directed against U.S. troops.This would force United States to reconsider its worldwide commitments. Any splits would give the North an opportunity to incite an insurgency in the South against <mask>. On 21 January 1968, the 31-man Unit 124 of North Korean People's Army special forces commandos attempted to assassinate <mask> and nearly succeeded. They were stopped just 800 metres from the Blue House by a police patrol. A fire fight broke out and all but two of the North Koreans were killed or captured. In response to the assassination attempt, <mask> organized Unit 684, a group intended to assassinate Kim Il-Sung. It was disbanded in 1971.Despite the hostility, negotiations were conducted between the North and South regarding reunification. On 4 July 1972 both countries released a joint statement specifying that reunification must be achieved internally with no reliance on external forces or outside interference, that the process must be achieved peacefully without the use of military force, and that all parties must promote national unity as a united people over any differences of ideological and political systems. The United States Department of State was not happy with these proposals and, following <mask>'s

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 assassination in 1979, they were quietly buried. On 15 August 1974, <mask> was delivering a speech in the National Theater in Seoul at the ceremony to celebrate the 29th anniversary of the ending of colonial rule when a man named Mun Se-gwang fired a gun at <mask> from the front row. The would-be assassin, who was a Japanese-born North Korean sympathizer, missed <mask> but a stray bullet struck his wife Yuk Young-soo (who died later that day) and others on the stage. <mask> continued his speech as his dying wife was carried off the stage. Mun was hanged in a Seoul prison four months later.On the first anniversary of his wife's death, <mask> wrote in his diary "I felt as though I had lost everything in the world. All things became a burden and I lost my courage and will. A year has passed since then. And during that year I have cried alone in secret too many times to count." Economic policy

One of <mask>'s main goals was to end the poverty of South Korea, and lift the country up from being a Third World economy to a First World economy via statist methods. Using the Soviet Union and its Five Year Plans as a model, <mask> launched his first Five Year Plan in 1962 by declaring the city of Ulsan was a "special industrial development zone". The chaebol of Hyundai took advantage of Ulsan's special status to make the city the home of its main factories.<mask> is credited with playing a pivotal role in the development of South Korea's tiger economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialisation. When he came to power in 1961, South Korea's per capita income was only US$72.00. North Korea was the greater economic and military power on the peninsula due to the North's history of heavy industries such as

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texts: the power and chemical plants, and the large amounts of economic, technical and financial aid it received from other communist bloc countries such as the Soviet Union, East Germany and China. One of <mask>'s reforms was to bring in 24 hour provision of electricity in 1964, which was a major change as previously homes and businesses were provided with electricity for a few hours every day. With the second Five Year Plan in 1967, <mask> founded the Kuro Industrial Park in southwestern Seoul, and created the state owned Pohang Iron and Steel Company Limited to provide cheap steel for the chaebol, who were founding the first automobile factories and shipyards in South Korea. Reflecting its etatist tendencies, the <mask> government rewarded chaebol who met their targets under the Five Year Plans with loans on easy terms of repayment, tax cuts, easy licensing and subsidies. It was common from the late 1960s onward for South Koreans to speak of the "octopus" nature of the chaebol as they began to extend their "tentacles" into all areas of the economy.Some of the successful chaebol like Lucky Goldstar (LG) and Samsung went back to the Japanese period while others like Hyundai were founded shortly after the end of Japanese rule; all would go to become world-famous companies. Hyundai, which began as a transport firm moving supplies for the U.S. Army during the Korean War, came to dominate the South Korean construction industry in the 1960s, and in 1967 opened its first car factory, building automobiles under license for Ford. In 1970, Hyundai finished the construction of the Seoul-Pusan Expressway, which became one of the busiest highways of South Korea, and in 1975 produced the Pony, its first car that was designed


texts: entirely by its own engineers. Besides manufacturing automobiles and construction, Hyundai moved into shipbuilding, cement, chemicals and electronics, ultimately becoming one of the world's largest corporations. On 3 August 1972, <mask> made the so-called "Emergency financial act of August 3rd(8·3긴급금융조치)" which banned all private loans to make the foundation of economic growth, and supported Chaebols even further. A sign of the growth of the South Korean economy was that in 1969 there were 200,000 television sets in operation in South Korea, and by 1979 there were six million television sets operating in South Korea. In 1969, only 6% of South Korean families owned a television; by 1979 four of every five South Korean families owned a TV.However, all television in South Korea was in black and white, and the color television did not come to South Korea until 1979. Reflecting the growth of TV ownership, the state-owned Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) began to produce more programming, while private sector corporation MBC began operating in 1969. During the Yusin era, television productions were subjected to strict censorship with, for example, men with long hair being banned from appearing on TV, but soap operas became a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s, becoming extremely popular. South Korean industry saw remarkable development under <mask>'s leadership. <mask> viewed Japan's development model, in particular the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Keiretsu, as an example for Korea. <mask> emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB). Government-corporate cooperation on expanding South Korean exports helped lead to the


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 growth of some South Korean companies into today's giant Korean conglomerates, the chaebols.The economic development of South Korea continued; however the government did not recognize a minimum wage or weekly leave, imposed periods of free work for its benefit and working days were of a duration of twelve hours. Trade unions and collective labor actions were prohibited. According to the Gapminder Foundation Extreme poverty was reduced from 66.9 percent in 1961 to 11.2 percent in 1979, making this one of the fastest and largest reductions in poverty in human history. West Germany
<mask>'s economic policy was highlighted by South Korea's relationship with West Germany. <mask> had an affinity for Germany due to its history of having strong leadership like that of Bismarck and Hitler, and wanted to create ties with West Germany to deal with the problems of increasing population growth and economic hardships and to receive an inflow of foreign capital for domestic development. Upon an agreement in 1961, South Korea sent labor forces to Germany, including more than 8,000 mine workers and 10,000 nurses, which continued until 1977. (See Gastarbeiter and Koreans in Germany)

Iran
<mask> was close friends with the last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had established diplomatic relations in 1962 and following a visit to Iran in 1969, developed a close relationship with the two countries.<mask> realized the importance of Iran in securing oil for South Korea's industrial development and by 1973, was their main and only source of oil during the Oil Crisis. Most refineries in South Korea were built to process Iranian crude and thousands of engineers and workers were sent to Iran to help develop their refining


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 capability. The relationship eventually expanded beyond oil as <mask> promoted other industries to operate in Iran. Many Chaebol's went to Iran, including Hyundai Engineering & Construction, whose first Middle East Project were a series of shipyards in Bandar Abbas and Chahbahar to help develop Iran's maritime industry. <mask>'s favorite architect Kim Swoo-Geun and his office designed the Ekbatan Complex in Tehran and the South Korean Special Forces helped train the Imperial Iranian Navy Commandos. <mask> invited the Shah in 1978 for a special "South Korea-Iran" summit to further deepen relations but due to the Iranian Revolution, it never materialized. In preparation for that summit, Tehran and Seoul became sister cities and the two exchanged street names as well; Teheran-ro in Gangnam and Seoul Street in Tehran which both still remain.Domestic policy
Among <mask>'s first actions upon assuming control of South Korea in 1961 was to pass strict legislation metrifying the country and banning the use of traditional Korean measurements like the li and pyeong. Despite its strict wording, the law's enforcement was so spotty as to be considered a failure, with the government abandoning prosecution under its terms by 1970. In the end, South Korea's traditional units continued until June 2001. After taking office for his second term in 1967, <mask> promised that, in accordance with the 1963 Constitution which limited the president to two consecutive terms, he would step down in 1971. However, soon after his 1967 victory, the Democratic Republican-dominated National Assembly successfully pushed through an amendment allowing the incumbent president —himself— to run for three consecutive terms. In the meantime, <mask>


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 grew anxious of the shift in US policy towards communism under Richard Nixon's Guam Doctrine. His government's legitimacy depended on staunch anti-communism, and any moderation of that policy from South Korea's allies (including the US) threatened the very basis of his rule.<mask> began to seek options to further cement his hold on the country. In May 1970, the Catholic poet Kim Chi-ha was arrested for supposedly violating the Anti-Communist Law for his poem Five Bandits, which in fact had no references to Communism either explicitly or implicitly,
but instead attacked corruption under <mask>. The issue of the journal Sasanggye that published the Five Bandits was shut down by the government. One of the eponymous bandits of the Five Bandits is described as a general who began his career fighting for Japan in World War Two, and all of the bandits of the poem are described as Chinilpa collaborators who served Japan because of their greed and amorality. <mask> recognized the reference to himself in Five Bandits with the character of the general while the fact that all of the bandits have a Chinilpa background was a reference to the social basis of <mask>'s regime. In 1974, Kim was sentenced to death for his poem, and though he was not executed, he spent almost all of the 1970s in prison. Later in 1970, <mask> launched his Saemaul Undong (New Village Movement) that set out to modernize the countryside by providing electricity and running water to farmers, building paved roads, and replacing thatched roofs with tin roofs (the latter was said to reflect a personal obsession on the part of <mask>, who could not stand the sight of thatched roofs on farmers' homes, which for him was a sign of South Korea's


texts: backwardness).However, <mask> used Asbestos, which is harmful to human for fixing rustic houses. In 1971, <mask> won another close election against his rival, Kim Dae-jung. That December, shortly after being sworn in, he declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation". In October 1972, <mask> dissolved the legislature and suspended the 1963 constitution in a self-coup. Work then began on drafting a new constitution. <mask> had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines, who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier. A new constitution, the so-called Yushin Constitution was approved in a heavily rigged plebiscite in November 1972.Meaning "rejuvenation" or "renewal" (as well as "restoration" in some contexts), scholars see the term's usage as <mask> alluding to himself as an "imperial president." The new Yushin constitution was a highly authoritarian document. It transferred the presidential election process to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. It also dramatically expanded the president's powers. Notably, he was given sweeping powers to rule by decree and suspend constitutional freedoms. The presidential term was increased from four to six years, with no limits on re-election. For all intents and purposes, it codified the emergency powers <mask> had exercised for the past year, transforming his presidency into a legal dictatorship.As per his new constitution, <mask> ran for a fresh term as president in December 1972, and won unopposed. He was reelected in 1978 also unopposed. Many of South Korea's leading writers were opposed to the <mask> regime, and many of the best


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 remembered poems and novels of the 1970s satirized the Yushin system. <mask> argued that Western-style liberal democracy was not suitable for South Korea due to its still-shaky economy. He believed that in the interest of stability, the country needed a "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency. Although he repeatedly promised to open up the regime and restore full democracy, fewer and fewer people believed him. In 1975, <mask> ordered homeless people and children to be removed from the streets of Seoul.Thousands of people were captured by the police and sent to thirty-six camps. The detainees were then used as free labor by the authorities and subjected to degrading treatment. Many died under torture. <mask> abolished the usage of hanja or Chinese characters and established hangul exclusivity for the Korean language in the 1960s and 1970s. After a Five-Year Hangul Exclusivity Plan () was promulgated through legislative and executive means, from 1970, using hanja became illegal in all grades of public school and in the military. This led to less illiteracy in South Korea. The KCIA controlled the whole country, with more than forty thousand regular employees and one million correspondents.Striking workers, protesters or signatories of simple petitions faced long prison sentences and torture. The whole country was under constant surveillance. Final years of Presidency
During his final years of presidency, <mask> realized that his government was collapsing. He now knew that people were not satisfied with the government. Military
As president, <mask> tried to strengthen the military. He often said that if an independent country cannot protect itself with its military, it is not an


texts:
 independent country. <mask> ordered the development of missiles to attack Pyongyang.Since there were almost none technology of missile, the development of them was a hard job. Developers had to travel to the United States to learn the technology. After a painstaking development, on 26 September 1978, Nike Hercules Korea-1 had its successful first launch. But the development of missiles were stopped when Chun Doo-hwan reigned. <mask> also tried to make Nuclear weapons. He announced that the nuclear weapons would be made by 1983. This was never progressed after <mask>'s death in 1979.Final years and assassination

Final years

Although the growth of the South Korean economy had secured a high level of support for <mask>'s presidency in the 1960s, that support began to fade after economic growth started slowing in the early 1970s. Many South Koreans were becoming unhappy with his autocratic rule, his security services and the restrictions placed on personal freedoms. While <mask> had legitimised his administration, using the provisions laid down in the state of emergency laws dating back to the Korean War, he also failed to address the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and the press. Furthermore, the security service, the KCIA, retained broad powers of arrest and detention; many of <mask>'s opponents were held without trial and frequently tortured. Eventually demonstrations against the Yushin system erupted throughout the country as <mask>'s unpopularity began to rise. These demonstrations came to a decisive moment on 16 October 1979, when a student group calling for the end of dictatorship and the Yushin system began at Busan National University. The action, which was part of the "Pu-Ma"


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 struggle (named for the Pusan and Masan areas), soon moved into the streets of the city where students and riot police fought all day.By evening, up to 50,000 people had gathered in front of Busan city hall. Over the next two days several public offices were attacked and around 400 protesters were arrested. On 18 October, <mask>'s government declared martial law in Busan. On the same day protests spread to Kyungnam University in Masan. Up to 10,000 people, mostly students and workers, joined the demonstrations against <mask>'s Yushin System. Violence quickly escalated with attacks being launched at police stations and city offices of the ruling party. By nightfall a citywide curfew was put into place in Masan.Assassination

On 26 October 1979, six days after the student protests ended, <mask> was shot dead by Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the KCIA, after a banquet at a safehouse in Gungjeong-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul. Kim also killed <mask>'s chief bodyguard, Cha Ji-chul. Other KCIA officers then went to other parts of the building shooting dead four more presidential guards. Kim and his group were later arrested by soldiers under South Korea's Army Chief of Staff. They were tortured  and later executed. It is unclear whether this was a spontaneous act of passion by an individual or part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service. Kim claimed that <mask> was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism.The investigation's head, Chun Doo-hwan, rejected his claims and concluded that Kim acted to preserve his own power. <mask>, who was said to be a devout Buddhist, was accorded the first South Korean interfaith state funeral on 3 November in Seoul. He was buried with full


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 military honors at the National Cemetery near the grave of former president Syngman Rhee who died in 1965. Kim Jae-gyu, whose motive for murdering <mask> remains unclear, was hanged on 24 May 1980. Personal life
<mask> was married to Kim ho-nam (having one daughter with her) and the two later divorced. Afterwards, he married Yuk Young-soo, and the couple had two daughters and one son. Yuk was killed in the assassination attempt against <mask> in 1974.<mask>'s eldest daughter from his second marriage (with Yuk Young-soo), <mask>-hye, was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She was elected as South Korea's 11th president and first female president in 2012 and took office in February 2013. <mask>-hye's association to her father's legacy has served as a double-edged sword. She had previously been labeled as the daughter of a dictator; however she has been quoted as saying "I want to be judged on my own merits." Her presidency ended in her impeachment in 2016 and removal from office in 2017. She was sentenced to 24 years in prison on 6 April 2018. <mask> is currently held at Seoul Detention Center.Ancestry
<mask> was a member of the Goryeong <mask> clan (), and he was a 29th generation descendant of the clan; among its various family branches, <mask> was from the Jikganggong Branch (). One of his great-great-grandmothers was from the Jeonju Yi clan, the former ruling family of Joseon and the Korean Empire. Great-great-grandfather: <mask>-hwan ( ?-1838), courtesy name Hwaeon (). He was the son of <mask>-hyung and Lady <mask> of the Miryang Park clan. Great-great-grandmother: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (1786-1849), daughter Yi Hyung-ho (). Great-grandfather: <mask>-chan (

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texts: ?-1846), courtesy name Muji (). Great-grandmother: Lady Lee of the Seongju Lee clan, daughter of Lee-Yi-jeong ().Grandfather: <mask>-gyu ( 1840-1914), courtesy name Munseo (). Grandmother: Lady Lee of Seongju Lee clan (1840-1915), daughter of Lee Bae-sik (). Father: <mask>-bin ( 1871-1938), courtesy name Hwaik (). However, his authoritarian rule saw numerous human rights abuses. Opinion is thus split regarding his legacy between those who credit <mask> for his reforms and those who condemn his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971). Older generations who spent their adulthood during <mask>'s rule tend to credit <mask> for building the economic foundation of the country and protecting the country from North Korea, as well as leading Korea to economic and global prominence. Although <mask> was listed as one of the top ten "Asians of the Century" by Time magazine in 1999, the newer generations of Koreans and those who fought for democratization tend to believe his authoritarian rule was unjustified, and that he hindered South Korea's transition to democracy.He is also believed to be one of the main causes of regionalism which is a serious problem in Korea today. <mask>-hee remains a controversial figure in South Korea. The eighteen-year <mask> era is considered to be one of the most, if not the most, controversial topics for the Korean public, politicians, and scholars both at home and abroad. A large number of South Koreans, especially those from <mask>'s native Yeongnam region, consider <mask> to be one of the greatest leaders in the country's history and thus continue to hold <mask> in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea

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texts: under his regime. <mask> was accused of having pro-Japanese tendencies by some, but it is widely agreed that <mask> is responsible for the beginning of a normalized relationship with Japan and today Japan is one of South Korea's top trading partners, surpassed only by the People's Republic of China and the United States. He is often credited as being one of the major people responsible for bringing economic growth and development to South Korea. <mask> has been recognized and respected by many South Koreans as his country's most efficient leader, credited with making South Korea economically what it is today.However, <mask> is also regarded as a highly repressive dictator who restricted personal freedoms and was isolated from the people. At the very least, his actions put United States and South Korea foreign relations at risk, at least under Carter. Dissolving the constitution to allow him unopposed rule and a third term, blackmail, arresting, jailing and murdering opposition figures are well documented. The new constitution President <mask> implemented after declaring the state of emergency in 1971, gave him the power to appoint one third of the members of the National Assembly and even outlawed criticism of the constitution and of the president. There were also many economic feats established during <mask>'s regime, including the Gyeongbu Expressway, POSCO, the famous Five-Year Plans of South Korea, and the New Community Movement. On 24 October 2007, following an internal inquiry, South Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) admitted that its precursor, the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), undertook the kidnapping of opposition leader and future President Kim Dae-jung, saying it had at


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<mask> (22 February 1932 – 29 March 2021) was a French automotive designer. He created or collaborated on numerous projects that became production cars for brands that included Simca, Renault, and Fiat. He is best known for his work at Citroën, which he joined in 1962 and where he became responsable de style (head of the design department) in 1964. Biography
<mask> was born in Amiens in Picardy, France. His father was in the military and received several postings to locations in French Colonial Africa, so <mask> grew up in places like Algeria, Mali and Abidjan. At 18 years old <mask> contracted tuberculosis, and had to spend time in a sanatorium. He returned to France in 1952 and enrolled in the École des Beaux-Arts in Amiens; one year later he transferred to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris.He studied architecture under Auguste Perret. Altogether <mask> spent eight years studying architecture, painting, and sculpture. At age 21, he married Geneviève Mercier. In the early 1950s <mask>'s interest in aircraft led him to take up flying, including acrobatic flying. In 1952 <mask> began his professional career as a machine designer for the Compagnie Nationale des Sucreries in Ham in the Somme. In 1954 he was hired by aircraft builder Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautices du Nord. He specialised in cockpit design, and worked on the Nord Noratlas aircraft.<mask> began working at Simca in 1958 at age 26. Here he designed the Fulgur, a bubble-topped car with tail fins which was to be atomic powered and voice controlled. He also redesigned the Simca Vedette as a parade limousine for Charles de Gaulle. His department was eliminated in 1961, and Opron received a two-year severance payout, but with a non-compete clause that prevented him from moving to another automaker. Instead Opron went to Arthur Martin, a company that produced housewares and home appliances, where he became Director of Style. Opron returned to automotive design with Citroën in 1962. When Opron first applied to work for

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 Citroën, the chief designer, Flaminio Bertoni, threw Opron's portfolio on the floor and told him her didn't think much of his work.Three weeks later it transpired that he was merely testing him, and he not only offered him a job, but also became his mentor. <mask> went on to design the SM coupé, the GS and the CX, all for Citroën. In 1964 he succeeded Bertoni as Citroën's chief designer. Over the course of his career <mask> became known for balancing a collaborative, team-based approach to design with creative input from individuals. He finally retired from design work in 2001. <mask> died from complications of COVID-19 on 29 March 2021, in Antony near Paris. Awards and recognition
<mask> was one of twenty-five designers nominated for the 1999 Car Designer of the Century competition.A celebration of his work, OPRON 50 Years of Style, was held on 11 May 2002 in Verrières-le-Buisson on the occasion of his 70th birthday. He received Car Design News' Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016. Design history

Simca
Having joined Simca in 1958, his first significant project for them was designing the 1959 Simca Chambord Présidence V8 cabriolet used by French president Charles De Gaulle. In 1959 Opron unveiled the futuristic Simca Fulgur concept car. This bubble-topped design was Opron's response to a challenge from the magazine Journal de Tintin to design a car for the 1980s. The magazine supplied a list of anticipated standard features that included radar obstacle detection and gyroscopic stabilisation. Opron consulted with an astrophysicist friend to help integrate these not-yet realised concepts into the car.While at Simca he sketched out a two-box hatchback that caught the attention of Fiat's designers. This sketch eventually led to the Simca 1100. Another sketch by Opron at Simca has been suggested to have been the original concept for what later became the Renault Espace. Others dispute this claim, and the design of the Espace is generally credited to Fergus Pollock. In the late 1970s Matra designer Antoine Volanis

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 addressed the need for a replacement for the Matra Rancho by designing an MPV using Simca parts and with input from Opron. This design was presented to PSA management in 1979 as "Project P16", but did not reach production. Opron was at Renault throughout most of the Espace's development and for one year after sales started.Citroën
In 1962 Mme. <mask>-Mercier noticed an advertisement in Le Monde saying that an "Important industrial group" was looking to hire an experienced designer. Opron responded to the ad, and was directed to report to the Quai de Javel, the home of Citroën. The personnel manager asked Opron to return later that day to the Bureau d'Études on the Rue du Théâtre to meet with Flaminio Bertoni, Citroën's chief designer and originator of the 2CV and DS. When <mask> arrived for the meeting with Bertoni, the older man asked to see Opron's portfolio of drawings. <mask> recalled that Bertoni "threw them on the floor, poking them with his cane and stated that he did not think much of them." Opron collected his drawings and indicated that he found Bertoni's behavior unacceptable, to which Bertoni replied "I do find you interesting though!"<mask> left, vowing to never work for such a man. Three weeks later, he received a letter of appointment from Citroën. <mask> joined Citroën’s Bureau d’Études in 1962. For the first three months he worked in the "Méthodes" section. <mask> became Citroën's Responable de Style, or chief stylist, in 1964 following the death of Bertoni. Opron was tasked with developing a replacement for the 2CV, which evolved into the 1965 Citroën G-Mini design study. In 1965 Citroën launched new lines of  trucks; the 350 and 600 series that earned the nickname Belphégor for their unique cab design.The trucks were designed by Bertoni and Opron. Opron began working on the second restyling of the Citroën DS as early as 1963 with Projet D29. His "Nouveau Visage" (new face) front appearing on the 1968 model year DS was a four-headlamp design with two lamps on each side under glass covers that

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