texts: delegations of the southern states was seated. <mask> eventually returned to Gilmer, Texas, where he opened a law school in 1868. Among his students were a future Texas Supreme Court justice, Sawnie <mask>, and a Dallas district judge, George N. Aldredge.Upon the ascension of the Democrats to power in Austin in 1874, <mask> was appointed by Governor Richard Coke to his former position of Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Two years later, under the new Texas Constitution, he was elected to the same position. He served as chief justice for four years and was involved in rewriting much of Texas civil law. He resigned as Chief Justice after receiving a unanimous nomination from the Democratic Convention to run for governor. In 1878 he was elected governor of Texas and served two terms. He was elected governor of Texas on a platform of post-Reconstruction fiscal reform. His two gubernatorial terms were marked by a reduction in state expenditures.His plan for countering the high taxes and state debt of the Reconstruction years became known as "pay as you go." A major part of the plan involved the sale of public lands to finance the debt and to fund public schools. Though ultimately successful in both reducing the debt and increasing the public school fund, the decreased government appropriations under <mask> halted public school growth for a time. The present Capitol in Austin was contracted during <mask>'s terms, and the cornerstone for the University of Texas was laid in 1882. Railroad mileage increased across West Texas, and the frontier became more secure. In 1883, just before <mask>de" bestowed upon him by his students. In continuance of that legacy, the University of Texas named its alumni magazine "Alcalde" in his honor and, in 1963, built and named a residence hall after him. During his tenure at the university, <mask> wrote several professional works, among them a text, The Elements of Texas Pleading (1890), which was used for decades after his retirement from teaching. In 1893, he left the

masks: Roberts Robertson Roberts Roberts Roberts Robertscal Roberts


type: original

texts:
 university and moved to Marble Falls, where he turned his attention to more general historical writings. Among his works were his essay The Political, Legislative, and Judicial History of Texas for its Fifty Years of Statehood, 1845–1895, which was published in an early general history of the state, Comprehensive History of Texas, 1685 to 1897 (1898), edited by Dudley G. Wooten; and chapters on Texas in volume eleven of C. A. Evans's Confederate Military History (1899). He participated in forming the Texas State Historical Association and served as its first president.<mask> was married to Frances W. Edwards of Ashville, Alabama, from 1837 until her death in 1883. They were the parents of seven children. In 1887 <mask> married Mrs. Catherine E. Border. He is buried at the Oakwood Cemetery in Austin, Texas. Further reading
 Texas, the Dark Corner of the Confederacy: Contemporary Accounts of the Lone Star State in the Civil War. U of Nebraska Press; 1994 [Retrieved 6 August 2017]. . pp. 235–237

External links

 Message of Gov.O. M<mask> on appropriations and expenditures under the control of the governor to the seventeenth legislature of the state of Texas, convened at the city of Austin, in regular session, January 11, 1881., hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Entry about <mask> <mask> from the Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Sketch of   O. M<mask> from A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers, to A.D. 1879, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
 Roberts Hall Dormitory at the University of Texas. 1815 births
1898 deaths
Governors of Texas
Justices of the Texas Supreme Court
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Austin, Texas)
Texas Democrats
University of Alabama alumni
Members of the Alabama House of Representatives
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Alabama Democrats
Confederate States Army officers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American

masks:
Family Roberts
Roberts
. Roberts
Oran
Milo Roberts
. Roberts


texts: Siward ( or more recently ) or Sigurd (, )  was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname Digri and its Latin translation Grossus ("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of Scandinavian or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, although this is speculative and unclear. He emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut ("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.He entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He exerted his power in support of Cnut's successors, kings Harthacnut and Edward, assisting them with vital military aid and counsel. He probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s, and there is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s Earl Siward turned against the Scottish king Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of


texts:
 his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in William Shakespeare's Macbeth.Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, <mask>, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward. Sources

Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce, and only a small and potentially unrepresentative amount of information exists. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the Encomium Emmae and the Vita Ædwardi Regis scarcely mention him; historians are therefore dependent on a few entries in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and comparable Irish sources. Later Anglo-Norman histories may or may not be reliable depending on their source material, but useful ones include the Chronicle of John of Worcester (compiled between 1124 and 1140), William of Malmesbury (writing between c. 1125 and 1142), Henry of Huntingdon (writing between c. 1133 and 1154), and Orderic Vitalis (writing between c. 1114 and 1141). Other sources include the material attributed to Symeon of Durham (compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century). Legendary material, such as that in hagiography or later medieval sources such as John of Fordun or Andrew of Wyntoun, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for


texts:
 cleanly preserving earlier source material.Background
Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four different monarchs. It began during the reign of Cnut, and lasted through those of Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut into the early years of Edward the Confessor. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians think it comparable to the Norman conquest five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several Scandinavian kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who ruled a shire or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian Robin Fleming, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Leofwine, Earl of Mercia.Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the Humber and Mersey estuaries, northward to the Firth of Forth, where, passing the western Kingdom of Strathclyde, it met the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King Eadred, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one


texts:
 to the north and one to the south of the River Tees. The former is associated with the stronghold of Bamburgh, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of York. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from Lancashire to Cumberland, formed an older British stronghold and experienced links with and settlement of Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria; British (predominantly in Yorkshire and further North) English and Anglo-Scandinavian(generally restricted to the eastern coasts) regional magnates—thegns, holds and high-reeves—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate Thurbrand, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in Holderness, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh.Ancestry

Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the Vita Ædwardi Regis, which states that Siward was "[called] Digri in the Danish tongue" (Danica lingua Digara). Legendary material incorporated in the Vita et passio Waldevi comitis (or simply Vita Waldevi), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son <mask>, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a polar bear,  a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore. Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the


texts:
 descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of Thorgil Sprakling. Siward would then have been first cousin to Earl Ulf, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister Estrith and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics. The Vita Waldevi provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England.According to the Vita, Siward passed through Orkney, killing a dragon there before moving on to Northumbria. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an Oðinn-like old man on a hill, who handed him a raven banner and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England. Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut

The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the Vita Waldevi offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a Si[ge]ward Minister, "the thegn Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became Earl of Northumbria. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York, in 1033. This charter attestation can be


texts: identified as Siward the earl because he is styled dux ("earl"). Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier.His predecessor Erik of Hlathir last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian William Kapelle believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve (heahgerefa) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. Richard Fletcher remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner Ealdred son of Uhtred rose to power in the political vacuum.When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son Harthacnut, and the nobleman Harold Harefoot, as well as


texts: Alfred Ætheling and Edward (later, King Edward the Confessor), the exiled sons of Æthelred the Unready. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality". Siward is found in 1038, as Sywardus Comes ("<mask>ward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds.He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to Fécamp Abbey, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to Abingdon Abbey and to Ælfwine, Bishop of Winchester. Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdred II of Bamburgh, and granddaughter of Uhtred the Bold. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle asserts that, in 1041 Eadulf, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the Libellus de Exordio and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the


texts:
 Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadulf.Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son Gospatric. There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadulf and events further south. For the same year the Chronicle of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of Worcester. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English ætheling Edward.As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on Easter Day, 3 April 1043. English affairs under Edward the Confessor

Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward


texts: nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, marched with King Edward against his mother, Queen Emma, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed Stigand, Bishop of Elmham, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel".The Norman propagandist and historian, William of Poitiers, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that William, Duke of Normandy (later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and <mask>ric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to Bishop of Winchester in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, was journeying to Rome for his pallium. In 1051 Siward, along with Earls <mask>ric and Ralph the Timid, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and <mask>wine was temporarily exiled. <mask>wine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and <mask>ric was thus vital

masks:
Leof
Leof
Earl God
Earl God
Leof


texts: to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however, the reluctance of these two earls to fight <mask>wine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the shire of Northampton into his control in the 1040s and the shire of Huntingdon in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and Bjorn son of Earl Ulf; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" (comes mediterraneorum), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the Middle Angles of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached. Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, or Gospatric, son of <mask>tred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" (on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things (þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges) in Allerdale, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and

masks:
Earl God
Earl Uh


texts: Earl Siward.Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time. A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with Durham. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the Bishop of Durham, but Æthelric the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the Libellus de Exordio, only returned by bribing Siward. According to the Libellus, the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general. Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls.He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044, six or


texts:
 seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A Dux ("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at Lincoln—between Wulfwig, Bishop of Dorchester, and Earl <mask>ric, dating to between 1053 and 1055. Expedition against the Scots

Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against Macbeth, King of Scotland, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, Osbjorn. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the Libellus de Exordio, in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham.Within a year, Macbeth had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked. The Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the Annals of Tigernach entry for


texts:
 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of Crínán of Dunkeld, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046. During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the "Battle of Dunsinane". The tradition that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane has its origins in later medieval legend.The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew of Wyntoun. The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, recension D:   John of Worcester, using a related version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, adds that Normans named Osbern Pentecost and Hugh, who had joined Macbeth earlier after fleeing from England, were killed in the battle. The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the Annals of Tigernach and more extensively in the Annals of Ulster:

Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name. The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the


texts: identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians" a king (Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Macbeth in his favour.The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king Owain Foel, perhaps


texts:
 by a daughter of Máel Coluim II, King of Scotland. Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland.It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of Strathclyde in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of Glasgow Cathedral as well as early 12th-century claims from the archbishopric of York that Archbishop Cynesige (1051–1060) had consecrated two Bishops of Glasgow. Death and legacy

The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his Historia Anglorum, relates that when Siward was attacked by dysentery, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the saga devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The Vita Ædwardi Regis states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at Galmanho, a claim confirmed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, John of Worcester, and the


texts: Historia Regum.Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the Vita et Passio Waldevi, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of <mask>'s paternal origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward . The second major witness of the tradition is <mask> Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist Frank Stenton declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage. Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the Domesday Book recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester.This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the

masks:
Waltheof
Henry of


texts: family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, Morcar of Mercia, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the Harrying of the North. Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England.Siward's Howe, i.e., Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place. One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, <mask>, whose mother was Ælfflæd. <mask> later rose to be an earl in the East Midlands before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a saint at Crowland Abbey. <mask>'s daughter married David I, King of the Scots, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs. Besides

masks: Waltheof Waltheof Waltheof


texts:
 Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around Stamford, Lincolnshire, to Peterborough Abbey.Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that <mask> and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd. Notes

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links

|-

Earls of Northumbria
Burials in York
1055 deaths
Year of birth


texts:
<mask> (1618–1700) was an English lawyer, courtier, diplomat and scientific writer. While not a published alchemist, he was a significant figure in English alchemical work from the 1650s onwards; he is known to have used the pen-name "Halophilus". Early life
The son of <mask> and his wife Anne, and brother to <mask>. he was baptised at St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, City of London, on 15 June 1618. After attending school at Barnet and then at Cripplegate, London, under <mask>, he was entered as commoner at University College, Oxford, in 1634, and remained there five years without taking a degree. At the suggestion of Obadiah Walker and Abraham Woodhead, he studied mathematics, a student of William Oughtred at Albury, Surrey for nine months from 1636, finding it more stimulating than the teaching of his tutor John Elmherst. He also knew the Rosicrucian scholar William Backhouse, who was another of Oughtred's pupils.<mask> entered the Middle Temple, and in 1637 became tutor there to John Evelyn, to become a lifelong friend, and his brothers. On the outbreak of the First English Civil War he joined Charles I at York. Soon afterwards he went to London, and was taken prisoner by the Parliamentarians. Continental travel

<mask> was allowed to leave England, on giving security not to join the king's army again, and sailed to Holland. He took part in a campaign under William II, Prince of Orange; and then entered the French army, in which he became major, and at some point served under Sir Robert Moray. He subsequently travelled through Spain, and on to Italy, where he lived at Rome, Venice and Padua. He spent a period from late 1644 as the travelling

masks:
Thomas Henshaw
Benjamin Henshaw
Nathaniel Henshaw
Thomas Farnaby
Henshaw
Henshaw


texts:
 companion of John Evelyn, whom he had encountered at Pisa.They visited Athanasius Kircher's showy rooms in Rome together. When Evelyn moved on to Venice, <mask> spent time accompanying the young Henry Howard. Evelyn, <mask> and Francis Bramston were then together at Padua for a period. At the end of the 1640s <mask> left to return to England. He left Paris, where he had been staying, and came back in 1650; or earlier, before the king's execution in January 1649. Under the Commonwealth
On his return to England <mask> kept a low profile into the 1650s, living a studious life in Kensington, then outside London. A "chemical club" in which he was involved was set up in 1650 by Robert Child: other members were <mask> and William Webbe.In alchemy he collaborated with Vaughan, who resided with him in Kensington, and Samuel Hartlib reported <mask>'s claims to have found the alkahest, with a formula of provenance from Jan Baptist van Helmont, via Hugh Plat. <mask> is referred to in the preface to Elias Ashmole's Way to Bliss (1658) as an expert in the occult science of the time; Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (1652) had made good use of <mask>'s library. Hartlib noted <mask>'s plans for a college, one of a number of proposals of the time entertained also by Evelyn and his friend Abraham Cowley. <mask> was occupying the Pondhouse or Moathouse, in the manor of West Town, Kensington, a property that had been leased by his father. There for a period in the early 1650s a utopian "Christian Learned Society" existed; there was a group of eight, with <mask>, Vaughan and six others. Across the political divide of the time, <mask> kept in touch with Hartlib,

masks:
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Thomas Vaughan
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw
Henshaw


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 and the title of the Society chimed exactly with the ideas of the Hartlib Circle, and in particular John Hall. The house itself was mostly demolished around 1800.Henshaw was called to the bar, in 1654, but dropped the practice of the common law. He sold his accommodation in the Middle Temple to Ashmole, in 1658. At about this time, according to one account, he attended meetings at Gresham College of the "Oxonian Society" for virtuosi and natural philosophers. Later life
<mask> was one of the council that succeeded the 1660 committee of 12, and that actually set up the Royal Society. He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society at its first constitution in 1663, and was an officer of the Society over many years. He continued alchemical researches, with Sir Robert Paston. When the Society was in the doldrums in the 1670s, he was one of the group meeting with Robert Hooke to promote its activity.In 1688 he borrowed a work by Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont from Francis Lodwick, another of the "Hooke circle" that functioned also as a book club. In 1672 Henshaw attended Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond, ambassador extraordinary to the court of Denmark, as secretary of the embassy and assistant to the duke. The latter died on 12 December of the same year, and Henshaw was commanded to remain in Denmark as envoy extraordinary, and held the office for two years and a half. He was appointed Charles II's under-secretary of the French tongue and gentleman of the privy council in ordinary; the appointment, gained with Evelyn's help, was during the 1670s. He continued as French secretary under James II and William III (inscription on his tombstone). Henshaw


texts:
 spent the last years of his life at his house in Kensington, where he died on 2 January 1700. Works
<mask> published, from the Italian of Álvaro Semedo, History of the Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, to which is added a History of the late Invasion and Conquest of the flourishing Kingdom of the Tartars, with an exact account of the other Affairs of China, London, 1655.After the Restoration minor papers appeared by him in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and two short treatises on making Salt Peter and Gunpowder. He edited with an epistle to the reader Stephen Skinner's Etymologicon Linguæ Anglicanæ, 1671. In 1654 there was printed at Spa a Vindication of <mask>, sometime Major in the French King's service, in justification of himself against the Aspersions throwne upon him. In this he repudiates any share in plots on behalf of Charles II, but calls Oliver Cromwell "the greatest murtherer". This, however, was by a cousin of the same name. Family
According to his tombstone in the chancel of the parish church of Kensington, <mask> married Anne Kipping, daughter of Robert Kipping of Tewdley, Kent; they had six sons and two daughters. His wife died 4 October 1671.A daughter Anne, his sole survivor, married <mask> of Gaddesden, Hertfordshire. References
Gillian Darley (2006), John Evelyn: Living for Ingenuity

Notes

Attribution

Further reading
<mask> and Sir Robert Paston’S Pursuit of the Red Elixir: An Early Collaboration Between Fellows of the Royal Society by Donald R. Dickson

1618 births
1700 deaths
English barristers
17th-century English diplomats
English alchemists
Original Fellows of the Royal Society
17th-century

masks:
Henshaw
Thomas Henshaw
Henshaw
Thomas Halsey
Thomas Henshaw


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<mask> (April 18, 1902 – November 16, 1975) was an American photographer whose work is included in over 90 major museum collections around the world. He received substantial critical acclaim during his lifetime, published numerous books and is mentioned in all the standard histories of modern photography. Life and career

Early career in music

<mask> was born in Chicago and raised in South Pasadena, California. As a boy, his passions were singing and athletics (football, baseball, swimming and tennis). After high school graduation, he moved to New York to pursue a musical career and was hired as a chorus member in Irving Berlin’s Music Box Revue. He occasionally sang the primary tenor role when headliner John Steele was unable to appear and then was given a major role with the Music Box Review Road Company. During the mid-1920s, he furthered his career in Europe, studying voice and giving concerts in France, Germany and Italy.While living in Paris, <mask> became fascinated with the work of the Impressionists and post-Impressionists. He then discovered the work of Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy and experienced an immediate affinity with photography, not only as an art form uniquely based on light, but also as a vehicle through which he could more creatively engage with the world. He bought his first camera and began taking pictures. Return to the United States

During the Great Depression of the early 1930s, <mask> stopped his European travels and settled in West Virginia to manage his first wife's family business interests. He stopped singing professionally, completed some pre-law courses at the state university, and continued to take photographs as a hobby. In 1938, he moved his family back to Los

masks:
Wynn Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock


texts:
 Angeles and enrolled in law school at the University of Southern California where his mother <mask> (California's first woman jurist) had studied law. Completely dissatisfied after a few weeks, he left USC and became a student of photography at the nearby Art Center School.From 1938 to 1940, <mask> became deeply involved in exploring alternative processes such as solarization and bas relief. After graduation from Art Center, his experimental work was exhibited in one of L.A. County Museum's early solo photographic exhibitions. During the early 40s, he worked as a commercial photographer and then enlisted in the Army. Released from the military to photograph for the aircraft industry, he was first employed at Lockheed and then headed the photographic department of Connors-Joyce until the end of the war. Remarried, and with a new daughter, <mask> traveled throughout California from 1945 to 1946, producing and selling postcard pictures while co-owning a commercial photographic business in Santa Maria. He also worked on developing a way to control the line effect of solarization for which he later was awarded two patents. In 1946, he settled with his family in Monterey, where he had obtained the photographic concession at the Fort Ord military base.He left the concession in 1959, but continued commercial free-lance work until 1968. <mask> and Weston

A major turning point in <mask>'s life as a creative photographer occurred in 1948, when he met Edward Weston. Inspired by the power and beauty of Weston's prints, he began to explore "straight photography" for himself. Throughout the decade of the 1950s, he devoted himself to developing his own vision, establishing deep, direct connections with nature. A

masks:
Georgia Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock


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 lifelong learner, he also read widely in the areas of physics, general semantics, philosophy, psychology, eastern religion and art. Studying the work of such people as Albert Einstein, Korzybski, Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, LaoTzu and Klee, he kept evolving his own dynamic system of principles and concepts that both reflected and nurtured his creative journey. The Family of Man

In the mid-1950s, <mask>'s artistry came into the public spotlight when Edward Steichen chose two of his photographs to include in the 1955 The Family of Man exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art.At the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, DC, his photograph "Let There Be Light," was voted the most popular of the show. The second, "Child in Forest," became one of the exhibition's most memorable images. By the end of that decade, his work was being featured in many exhibitions and publications worldwide. Color Light Abstractions

During the early 60s, <mask> departed from black-and-white imagery and produced a major body of work that he referred to as "Color Light Abstractions". For him, these photographs represented an in-depth exploration of light, manifesting his belief that light is a great force at the heart of all being, "perhaps," as he said, "the most profound truth in the universe." Although he was tremendously excited about this work, it proved to be ahead of its time in terms of available resources to reproduce it, and it remained largely unknown for almost 50 years. In 2008, the family estate started making high-resolution scans of his original 35 mm Kodachrome slides, producing archivally stable prints, and exhibiting and publishing the imagery.Philosophical explorations late in life

In the mid-1960s,

masks: Bullock Bullock


texts:
 frustrated by the limitations of color printing technology, <mask> returned to making black-and-white photographs, continuing to expand his vision to create innovative images that reflected his philosophical nature. Differentiating what he termed "reality", the visible and the known, from "existence", the underlying truth of things, he was ceaseless in his attempts to expand his own faculties of perception and understanding so he could come ever closer in his experiences to the essence of things. Finding the means to more fully evoke that essence was also a key part of his quest. Although he included several different alternative processes (extremely long time exposures, multiple images, up-side-down and negative printing) in his repertoire of techniques, each was always used in the service of symbolizing new ways of relating to and knowing the world. He wrote,

"Searching is everything – going beyond what you know. And the test of the search is really in the things themselves, the things you seek to understand. What is important is not what you think about them, but how they enlarge you."In the early 70s, <mask> started on a new leg of his creative journey, one that he found completely absorbing and deeply satisfying but which was cut short by incurable cancer. Many of his photographs from that period reveal light emanating from within the heart of things, life glowing and pulsing with energy and vitality. Other photographs are of natural forms that depict or suggest universal human qualities, humanity "deeply embedded in" and re-united with nature. Throughout his career, <mask> was an active lecturer, workshop leader and teacher, giving of himself to fellow seekers. As a master photographer, <mask>

masks: Bullock Bullock Bullock Bullock


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 was one of five artists whose archives established the University of Arizona’s Center for Creative Photography. His work may also be found in the permanent collections of over 90 major institutions throughout the world as well as in numerous publications. Background

Family

<mask> married Mary Elizabeth McCarty in 1925; the marriage ended in divorce, in 1941.They had two children: <mask> (Mimi) (1930 ) and George (1935–1942). He married Edna Jeanette Earle in 1943 and they had two daughters: Barbara Ann (1945 ) and Lynne Marie (1953 ). Mimi, Edna, Barbara and Lynne each appear in images made during the 1950s. A year after <mask> died in 1975, Edna took up photography and enjoyed a twenty-year career as an artist before she died in 1997. Barbara formed collaborative relationships with both her parents during their lifetimes and has written extensively on their work. Education

<mask> took courses at Columbia University, 1925, and University of West Virginia, mid-1930s; attended and graduated from Art Center School in Los Angeles, 1938-1940. He was a lifelong student of philosophy, physics, general semantics, psychology, theology, spirituality and art.Influences

Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings stimulated <mask>’s initial interest in the visual arts. The photographs of Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy influenced his early experimental work as did Art Center School professor, Edward Kaminski. Although <mask> enjoyed close associations with Edward Weston, Imogen Cunningham, Ansel Adams, Ruth Bernhard and other prominent west coast photographers, he said,
"Theoretical scientists who probe the secrets of the universe and philosophers who seek answers to existence, as well as painters such as

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Bullock
Mary Wynne
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock
Bullock


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 Paul Klee who find the thoughts of men of science compatible with art, influence me far more than most photographers." Noteworthy accomplishments

<mask> obtained patents in the U.S., Canada, and Great Britain for a "Photographic Process for Producing Line Image" in the late 1940s. He was granted a second U.S. patent on the "Methods and Means for Matching Opposing Densities in Photographic Film" in the early 1950s. In 1957, he was honored with a medal from the Salon of International Photography and, throughout the 1960s, he received several awards from various professional photographic organizations. In 1968, <mask> became a trustee and chairman of the exhibition committee during the formative years of Friends of Photography in Carmel, California.Along with Ansel Adams, Harry Callahan, Aaron Siskind and Frederick Sommer, he became part of the founding group of photographers whose archives established the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona in 1975. <mask> taught advanced photography courses at the Institute of Design in Chicago during Aaron Siskind's sabbatical and at San Francisco State College at the invitation of John Gutmann. He was a guest instructor for the Ansel Adams Yosemite Workshops. Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, he lectured widely, led photographic workshops, and participated in many seminars and symposia on various topics and issues in photography. Quotes by <mask>

I didn't want to tell the tree or weed what it was. I wanted it to tell me something and through me express its meaning in nature. Light to me is perhaps the most profound truth in the universe.My thinking has been deeply affected by the belief everything is some form of radiant energy. I love


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 the medium of photography, for with its unique realism it gives me the power to go beyond conventional ways of seeing and understanding and say, "This is real, too." I feel all things as dynamic events, being, changing, and interacting with each other in space and time even as I photograph them. As sounds in a musical composition can be used not to express physical objects but ideas, emotions, harmonies, rhythmic orders and most any expression of the human mind and spirit, so light can be used visually to express the mind and spirit. Light used in its own right, as in light pictures, gives to photography the wonderful plasticity that paint gives to painting without loss of the unmatched reality of straight photography. What you see is real - but only on the particular level to which you've developed your sense of seeing. You can expand your reality by developing new ways of perceiving.Mysteries lie all around us, even in the most familiar things, waiting only to be perceived. Notes

References

Further reading
<mask>, <mask> (1976). The Photograph as Symbol. Palo Alto: Artichoke Press. Zucker, Steven W.; Chasanoff, Allan; & Chuang, Joshua (Ed.) 2008. First Doubt: Optical Confusion in Modern Photography.New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. Sander, Gloria Williams (2006). The Collectible Moment – Catalogue of Photographs in the Norton Simon Museum. New Haven: Yale University Press. Jensen, Brooks (2004). Rare and Unknown Bullock. Seattle: LensWork, October/November 2004.Weber, Al (2002). ‘'Tribute to <mask> <mask>: The Century Birthday Celebration. Photo Techniques, September/October, 2002. Sinsheimer, Karen (2002). Remembering <mask> <mask>. Photovision Art and Technique, May/June 2002. Gross,

masks: Bullock Wynn Wynn Bullock Wynn Bullock


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 Phillipe L.; & Shapiro, S. I.(2001); The Tao of Photography: Seeing Beyond Seeing. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. .<mask> <mask>: Listening with the Eyes, Seeing with the Heart'' essay by James Rhem, Stephen Daiter Gallery, Chicago, 2002. External links

Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona
American Photography Archives Group: <mask> <mask> bio
The Nearby Café, A. D. Coleman
Museum of Contemporary Photography, Chicago Illinois
Weston Gallery, Carmel California
Biography at Stephen Daiter Gallery
Lumiere Gallery Exhibit of Bullock Works
 "Altering Perceptions; Capturing beauty and terror, renewal and decay." By William Meyers. The Wall Street Journal, July 2, 2014. Landscape photographers
Nature photographers
1902 births
1975 deaths
Photographers from California
People from Monterey, California
20th-century American photographers
People from South Pasadena,

masks: Wynn Bullock Wynn Bullock


texts:
<mask>, (; 7 May 1913 – 19 July 2004) pseudonym Dopiaza, was a Bengali polymath, pathfinder creative professional who is known as the very first Muslim cartoonist in the Indian subcontinent. Painting and drawing cartoons for many different renowned magazines from 1937 to 1980, Kasem have played different roles in his region from using arts to influence political movement to paint masterpieces for the national museum. <mask> was awarded for painting best cover art for children's publication by Bangla Academy, he was awarded for promoting child literature twice in a row by National Book Council of Bangladesh. Many of his assorted line drawings and illustrations were used in school's national textbook. Early life

Kasem was born in his uncle's house in Umedpur, Shailkupa, Jhenaidah to parents <mask> and Meher Un Nisa Khatun. He lost both of his parents by the age of five. He was then taken care by his maternal uncles.Driven by extreme thrust for knowledge, young Kasem enters to a Pathshala (school for pupils) mentored by Baser Munshi and arrogant and abusive teacher, upon witnessing Baser's brutal punishment toward the kids, Kasem decide to get an admission in Akharjani Primary School instead, where he first finds his artistic self through a drawing of an Ilish fish by the headmaster of the school. While living with his maternal uncles, he finishes up to fourth grade in G. T. elementary school. He skips fifth grade and moves on to Baliakandi High School through Pangsha, where he ends up awarded Bursary in seventh grade for his extraordinary result in final exams. Kasem was inspired by some colored paintings of nature, initially collected by his mother Meher Un Nisa, he was then moved

masks:
Kazi Abul Kasem
Kasem
Kazi Makbul Ali


texts:
 by the artworks of Abinash Chandra Sarkar and Nagendranath Kabiraj. As his uncles were from an extreme religion background, Kasem started training himself to draw and paint secretly. At this crucial verge of his life, his older brother <mask> <mask> Hosen (1911-1974, fictional literature) had encouraged his younger brother the foremost to proceed with his dream and become an artist. Calcutta: 1926–1950
Kasem's artwork was spotted by a padre named Reverend Barber, Barber acknowledges the potential artist living within the young artist and takes Kasem with him to provide an opportunity by finding admission to Calcutta Government School of Art.Kasem passes the entry examination but unfortunately, he was too young to start his college life there and forced to return to his motherland. <mask> focuses on studying seventh grade in Baliakandihigh school after returning from Calcutta for the first time, meanwhile his older brother <mask> <mask> Hosen convinced his younger brother to join him on a journey to Assam a state of India located north-east from Bangladesh, Kasem was convinced upon realizing that he will have the chance to paint additional natural scenery up there. They start their journey to Assam and Kasem puts an end to his academic career. Kasem have drawn many oil paintings in Assam, most of them of nature only, he and his brother started taking shelter in random places at night, they start travelling Kamarupa, Kamakhya, Pandu, Guwahati, Lumding and many other places, mostly surrounded by rocky mountains or forestry. From excessive traveling, Kasem becomes fatigue and financially broke. As a result, Kasem start working as Railway Contractor in Lumding train station, that is how

masks: Kazi Abul Kasem Kazi Abul


texts:
 Kasem put an end to pursuing his academic career. After recovering from money crisis he takes a route leading to Calcutta instead home saying farewell to his older brother.He, once again, sits for an admission to enter Calcutta Government School of Art, but this time, he was short funded and was rejected for the final time. Without having a chance enter in his dream institution, Kasem admits himself to another art school named Indian Art School in the same city. Understanding Kasem's situation, Shamsur Rahman a legendary poet, columnist, and journalist of Bangladesh tried to help him, but due to the poor standard of teaching of that school, Kasem dropped himself out once again. Shamsur Rahman wrote on one of his books, Pochish Bochor (পচিশ বছর, twenty-five years);

Occupational life and homecoming

From the help of Shamsur Rahman, Kasem starts his professional career as an artist working for N. Mittra & co. a commercial art studio. Despite the fact of low monthly salary, Kasem bloomed into an aesthetic artist hence an asset of the studio. In 1941 he leaves the studio and starts working as an Artist Designer under culture department of Bengal Government. In early 1950 Kasem was appointed as an art instructor to teach students in Vocational Training Centre for Demobilized Personnel.Kasem returns homeland Bengal Presidency of Khulna on mid fifty, he then moves to Dhaka and starts working as a freelance artist from his house. He had to hire a couple of art college interns for professional use due to overloading tasks from the clients. Meanwhile, he worked as a part-time art reviewer for the national textbook foundation. Until 1966 he worked full-time as art director for Franklin book


texts:
 programs. He resumed his freelance career after terminating the last job. Works

Known mostly for his paintings, Kasem drew caricatures, cartoons; written poems, rhymes, short stories and songs. His writings for children books were notable, he had painted the illustration for most of his books which were enriched with imagery.His cartoon and caricature were most notable for them politically playing a crucial role during the Language Movement. During his visit to Calcutta, many famous people such as Abanindranath Tagore the creator of Indian Society of Oriental Art, folklorist Gurusaday Dutt, leading Bengali novelists Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay and many more, who inspired him to chase his dream to become a pathfinder artist. While working in Calcutta, Kasem created quite a few drawing and illustrations of these great people which also brought him to the limelight. Art and music
In his lifetime, Kasem has created hundreds of pictures, cartoons, and caricatures, a large portion of his arts were published in various famous magazines in Calcutta, also he painted a number paintings for exhibition, few among the exquisite creation of Kasem's arts are stored in Bangladesh National Museum, located in Shahbag open for public display. There were three different kinds of Arts which Kasem researched for years;
 Tender Arts
 Landscape Painting
 Caricatures

He was very diligent at drawing traditional Tender Arts in a form of painting, in some of his pictures he has introduced a different lining and texturing phenomena, which introduced a new trend in creative painting. His technique of successfully blending live paints with caricature is also very popular among the art critiques. Dopiaza was the


texts:
 pseudonym Kasem used as a trademark sign after finishing with any political cartoons, his cartoons were published in Saogat, Hanafi and many other famous magazines based on renowned editorial board.Different newspapers such as Ittefaq, Daily Shangbad, Daily Azad use to publish his political cartoons. A feature animation studio hired <mask> as key animator, he also worked as an inbetweener for making an animated feature called Shabash under producer V. P. Malik Debaprakash Malik in 1946 on Mumbai. To take a break from constantly producing illustrations, paintings, and cartoons; <mask> used to practice music composition and singing, he uses to perform gigs on radio featuring as a vocal artist in All India Radio station in the mid-1940s. He was awarded silver medals twice for Outstanding Performance in Music by Shri Dev Narayan Dev, Councilor of Calcutta Corporation. From very young age Kasem was attracted to music, when he was in Calcutta he took lessons on Indian classical music, Ghazal and folk music from Ustaad Mohamed Husain Khasru (1903-1959), classical musician and composer; Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, Girija Shankar and Ustad Kader Baksh, known as the teacher of the most renowned tabla player of twentieth century. Kasem has composed more than hundreds of songs, a book was published on 1967 from his selected 26 songs called Ganguli Mor (My songs), the book contained, Ragga (3), baul (1), Jhumur (1), Vatiyali (1), Ghazal (3) and Aadhunik (15) etc. 11 songs among the 26, were broadcast on Dhaka Radio Station, most of the songs were composed and instrumented by Ustad Kader Jameri.References

1913 births
2004 deaths
Bangladeshi painters
Bangladeshi lyricists
Recipients of Bangla Academy

masks: Kasem Kasem


texts: <mask> ( also childhood name Abu al-Hareth) (born in Syria on January 1, 1974), a Syrian citizen, arrived in Canada in 1999 claiming refugee status. He has been since held, and accused of terrorist connections and ideology, for his "reputation... for obtaining false documents", and his relationship with Ibn al-Khattab following time shared together during the Civil war in Tajikistan. He had "not supported Khattab financially or otherwise", but "admired Khattab... had pictures of Khattab on his computer; and visited Chechen extremist websites". The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has also alleged that <mask> has demonstrated a "devotion to Osama bin Laden and his ideals... by fighting in Afghanistan", although he fought Communist-backed troops and rival forces in Afghanistan between 1990-1994 while bin Laden was still living in the Sudan. He has argued that it is "gross stereotyping" to suggest that every person who fought the Soviets in Afghanistan must therefore support Osama bin Laden. He claims to believe al-Qaeda is "contrary to the teachings of Islam", and refers to them as a terrorist organisation which participates in unjustified violence. CSIS claims that his role as a soldier in both Afghanistan and Tajikistan prove that he believes in "guns and violence" nevertheless.After a special prison was built for the five long-term prisoners held on security certificates, four were released on bail and house arrest terms, leaving Almrei as the sole occupant of the prison which continued to operate at a cost of $2.6 million annually to house Almrei alone. He was ordered released under house arrest by a Federal Court judge on January 2, 2009. On December 14, 2009, he was further released and not considered a suspect anymore. The evidence against him was based on informants' tips, wiretaps, and his admission of travel to places like Afghanistan and Pakistan. The case against him was based on outdated and sketchy knowledge of Al Qaeda and other extremist Islamic groups, and loaded with information that "could only be construed as

masks:
Hassan Ahmed Almrei
Almrei


texts:
 unfavourable to Almrei without any serious attempt to include information to the contrary." Life
Although born in Syria, Almrei's family moved to Dammam, Saudi Arabia when he was 7 since his paternal uncle had been sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for his role in the Muslim Brotherhood - his father was sentenced to death in absentia in Syria, as he worked as a teacher in Saudi Arabia. He has eight siblings in Saudi Arabia, and one sister who moved to Lebanon with her husband.He memorised the Quran while he was young. He claims to have been self-employed since February 1990 when he finished high school, though he later stated that he'd spent several months doing office work for the charitable Muslim African Agency following graduation. He later explained that he had traveled towards Afghanistan, after using his father's contacts in the Muslim Brotherhood to purchase a forged Syrian passport, to attend a Jalalabad camp run by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, a commander in the Northern Alliance. However, he contracted malaria and remained in a guest house called Bait al-Ansar in Peshawar for a year before attending Sayyaf's camp, where'd he trained on an AK-47 with a group named Ittihad-i-Islami. He made three subsequent trips into Afghanistan to stay at the camps under Sayyaf's leadership, using his savings to finance the third trip. In 1994 left Sayyaf's company and traveled to Kunduz to follow Ibn al-Khattab instead, and met Nabil al-Marabh. Almrei claims he traveled to Pakistan to investigate business possibilities selling honey and perfume.He was in Pakistan from November 1994 through March 1995, and went to Yemen in March 1995. He also claims to have traveled twice in Tajikistan during the year, where he scouted on Soviet positions for Ibn al-Khattab, and although he was willing to fight in combat, he claims he served chiefly as an Imam to the group and was never involved in any major combat, though he saw several skirmishes. When Khattab moved on to fight in the First Chechen War, he would still phone and fax Almrei with updates on the struggle. He has


texts:
 stated that he closed his business from as early as 1996 to as late as January 1998, and was unemployed from thence on. Although New York Times reporter Judith Miller claimed that he used his honey business to smuggle money for militants, analysts say there is no evidence to support that and Almrei has raised issue with Miller's history of controversy. After her story was published, he claimed that he sold chiefly perfume and oud, but later stated that he sold primarily honey, importing 500 kg from Pakistan. He unsuccessfully tried to immigrate to Canada with his Syrian passport #3286630 on April 19, 1998, stating that he wished to visit Hisham Al Taha in Richmond, British Columbia.He later claimed to have never spoken to al Taha and that he'd just put down his name on the advice of a friend who told him it would improve his chances of being accepted for a visa. He traveled to Thailand in August 1998, where he met a Palestinian people smuggler named Ghaled whom he befriended given his own reputation for acquiring false passports. In Canada

On January 2, 1999, he flew to Toronto Pearson International Airport from Jordan. Upon landing he claimed that he had used a forged passport from the United Arab Emirates and had destroyed it. He was picked up at the airport by his "good friend" Ahmed Al Kaysee, whom he'd met while in Afghanistan. In September 1999, Almrei and five other men had been in a restricted portion of Pearson Airport, as they "appeared to have access cards and codes". The explanation has been offered that these six men were working in the airport at temporary jobs, and their credentials were legitimate.He also maintained contact with the Thai smuggler. Attending Jami Mosque, Almrei met Ibrahim Ishak, who introduced himself as a Bosnian immigration consultant. Almrei later directed two people seeking help acquiring G-class driver's licences to Ishak, who paid him for the referral. Within months of arriving, he had become close friends with <mask>, and would help him with his fruit stand, where he initially had trouble speaking to female


texts: customers due to his religious upbringing; but later began to flirt openly with them as his religious stance relaxed. He suggested that he was interested in finding a prospective wife. Ahmed would later register a cell phone for Almrei in his name. Almrei says he was contacted by al-Marabh, from the Kunduz guesthouse, while the latter was still living in the United States, and was asked to help him acquire a false passport for C$2,000.He says that since al-Marabh introduced himself as "Abu Adnan", he did not immediately recognise that it was him. Almrei used his childhood name, "Abu al-Hareth", during the transaction. The two met at the Toronto copy store owned by al-Marabh's uncle, Ahmed Shehab, where a number of prominent forged identity cards were later found - and Almrei sold him the fake passport. Almrei says he was later asked to find a second passport for him, but refused. After al-Marabh was arrested trying to illegally enter the United States hiding in a tractor trailer, Almrei visited him in the Thorold prison, and collected money from colleagues to loan him C$2,500 for bail. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated Almrei's procurement of the false passport, but opted not to press charges. He was granted refugee status in June 2000, stating that he feared persecution in Syria due to his father's alleged membership in the Muslim Brotherhood.In January 2000, Almrei purchased a Middle Eastern eatery named Eat-A-Pita for C$22,000. One of his employees who was working "under the table" due to her visa restrictions, asked Almrei if he knew any men who might enter a marriage of convenience if she offered them C$4,000 to allow her to remain in the country. Knowing that Ishak, whom he'd met a year earlier at the mosque, was in need of money, Almrei informed him of the proposal, and the pair had a civil marriage at city hall as well as a formal Islamic marriage at the mosque, and Almrei served as a witness to both marriages. Almrei also drafted a fake reference letter from his restaurant to indicate that Ishak was an employee, to help support


texts:
 his case for sponsoring his new wife to become a Canadian. On September 13, 2000, Almrei's residence was searched and the forged passport was discovered. Ishak was stopped in Detroit while flying back to Canada on January 14, 2001 and charged with carrying bundles of fake identification and a crimping machine. Ishak returned to Bosnia, withdrawing his sponsorship of Almrei's former cashier.Feeling personally responsible, Almrei paid her back the C$4,000 Ishak had taken, out of his own pocket in October 2001, when he learned that Ishak was convicted of scamming prospective emigrants in Bosnia. Friends spoke of Almrei as having poor financial sense, and often had to borrow money. In August 2000, Almrei sold the restaurant for $18,500. He reported becoming depressed and being unemployed for a while, until a friend had to travel overseas due to his father's death, and asked Almrei if he would run his business for several months. He was paid with a used van, and used it to find work making restaurant deliveries throughout the city, earning $800–1000 monthly. His cell phone was cut off due to lapsed payments, and he sometimes drove uninsured because he could not afford the payments. Arrest

On October 19, 2001, Almrei was brought to his lawyer's office for a CSIS interview; where he again reiterated his travels and denied having ever been to Sudan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Dagestan or Chechnya.He was also confronted with the fact that photographs of Ibn Khattab, Osama bin Laden and Mohamed Atta were found on his computer, though he protested that agents were taking them out of context and had simply been photos from news agencies such as BBC which were included in online stories he had read, and were saved in his web cache. He was arrested on a security certificate nevertheless, and the following month judge Danièle Tremblay-Lamer found the certificate "reasonable". On November 10, 2002 he retracted part of his statement and said that he had worked as an Imam in Afghanistan but worried that in the wake of the terrorist attacks the


texts:
 truth would be incriminating. He also said that he had been tasked to run a girls' school in Tajikistan by Al Haramin. While at the Toronto West Detention Centre, he staged two hunger strikes - a 39-day fast that succeeded in ensuring winter clothing and shoes in his cell during the winter, and a 73-day fast calling for an hour of exercise per day. During the first strike, guards at the prison had offered to slip him some shoes against the rules, but he refused and said he would wait until the court ruled he was legally entitled to them. In 2003, <mask>, who volunteered as a janitor in the prison, witnessed a prison guard being assaulted by an inmate and intervened, helping to pull the attacker off the officer and then hitting an emergency button to call other guards to assist.Subsequently, he carries a stigma and requested he be allowed to remain in solitary confinement rather than released into the general prison population, as he maintained the guards were his "friends". In 2005 he mentioned that he'd lost respect for his friend Al Kaysee, who had remained friends up until the day of Almrei's arrest, and since then had not even asked mutual friends how he was faring, muchless visited him in prison. He spent most of his time in prison watching the CPAC Parliamentary channel, and said he did not harbour a grudge against Canada for his treatment since he came from Saudi Arabia and Syria which have even fewer human rights. In April 2006, he was moved to a new detention facility at Millhaven Institution, specifically meant to house those held under security certificates. Applications for release
At his first application for bail release, in June 2003, it was proposed that Almrei, who has no family in Canada, could live with Dr. Diana Ralph and her partner Jean Hanson, who spent C$38,000 renovating their basement apartment to accommodate Almrei and offered C$10,000 in cash towards the bail amount. As evidence that Almrei was not an extremist, Ralph pointed out that he had accepted her, a Jewish lesbian, as a close friend and had told her that only God


texts: could judge people. At Almrei's second application for release, in 2005, he attracted the attention of Alexandre Trudeau, who offered to post C$5000 after meeting him while filming a documentary on the security certificate issue.He was again requesting to be released to Ralph and Hanson who volunteered to coach him towards studying at the University of Toronto. In addition, his close friend <mask> offered to post C$3000 in bail. Elizabeth and Francis Barningham put forward C$10,000 as did Frank Lloyd Showler, a retired human rights activist. Imam Ali Hindy offered C$28,000, Matthew Barents offered C$2500, professor Sharon Aiken offered C$1000 and another five people also donated C$100 or less, including Member of Parliament Alexa McDonough. At his third application for release in 2007, Almrei was supported by two new Members of Parliament who offered to act as sureties and post bail for him, Bill Siksay (C$10,000) and Andrew Telegdi (C$500), while McDonough again reiterated symbolic support ($250) and Trudeau again offered C$5000, while Ralph and Hanson increased their bail offer to C$60,000. Erma Wolfe also offered C$3000 and suggested Almrei could live in the basement apartment attached to her house. And Hindy, the local Imam, gathered C$15,000 from the local Muslim community to contribute.On October 5, Justice Lemieux dismissed the application noting that the proposed bail conditions were "wholly inadequate". In Carolyn Layden-Stevenson's ruling rejecting the second application, she quoted a confidential CSIS agent named only as P.G. as having testified about Ahmed Khadr dying in 2004, when he actually died in 2003. He also stated that he "was not aware" of any detainees in Guantanamo or elsewhere who had not "take[n] up terrorist activities" once they were released, even though 279 detainees had been released from Guantanamo alone, of whom between 3-30 were alleged to have taken up militant activities upon their release. Another CSIS agent identified only as J.P., the Deputy Chief of Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation in the Ottawa


texts:
 Regional Office as of 2005, testified against the petitions for release by Almrei, Jaballah and Charkaoui. J.P. also testified that the Peshawar guest house had been "associated with al-Qaeda... since 1984", although even the most liberal estimates suggest that the group did not exist until 1988-1990. Almrei was ordered released under house arrest by Federal Court Justice Richard Mosley on January 2, 2009, under strict monitoring conditions including an electronic tracking leg-bracelet.This judge was a federal assistant deputy justice minister who helped draft Canada's post 9/11 anti-terror laws before being appointed in 2003. Release
On December 14, 2009, more than eight years after his arrest, the same judge who ordered his house arrest disposed the security certificate against him. The judge concluded that the evidence – both secret and public – against him did not hold up to scrutiny. While there were "reasonable grounds to believe that <mask>i was a danger to the security of Canada when he was detained in 2001" he concluded that "there are no longer reasonable grounds to believe that he is a security risk today". In a comment this was paraphrased: what was reasonable in 2001 because much was unknown, was not reasonable anymore in 2009,

The court was critical of CSIS and the federal ministers of Public Safety and Immigration, who signed a new certificate in 2008 against Almrei and four others. Mosley said CSIS and the ministers "breached their duties of utmost good faith and candour to the court by not thoroughly reviewing the information in their possession, prior to the issuance of the February 2008 certificate." Earlier in 2009, another judge threw out a security certificate against Adil Charkaoui, after the Canadian Security Intelligence Service withdrew secret evidence, fearing its disclosure would jeopardize its sources.References

1974 births
Living people
Syrian Sunni Muslims
Syrian refugees
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Syrian people imprisoned abroad
Prisoners and detainees of Canada
Syrian emigrants to Saudi


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<mask> known as <mask> (24 May 1818, in Pest – 14 May 1866, in Pest) was a Hungarian portrait and history painter in the Realism movement. He is considered as one of the most important Hungarian painters of the  Biedermeier period. <mask> was as an excellent portrait painter of his time and a significant figure in Hungarian history painting. Accordingly, he was one of the members of artists working on the creation of national art in the 1830s and 1840s. His most successful paintings are the death of John Hunyadi, the King Matthias and Ilonka Szép, and the King Solomon in prison. He had a great influence on his contemporaries, and his students included Károly Lotz. In the 1860s, he made lithographs presenting Hungarian historical events for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”.The Hungarian National Gallery preserves several paintings and drawings of this master of the Biedermeier painting. Early life
<mask> was born in Pest, Kingdom of Hungary. His father, Mihaly Wéber, immigrated to Hungary from abroad and soon became a respected merchant. Wishing at all costs that his son would become a scientist, he not only did his best to train his son, but also required him to spend all his free time with books. Although the young <mask> was eager to study, he preferred painting and drawing much more and pondering on his picture books for hours. His books were filled with all sorts of magnificent figures he drew. His father once noticed this and surprised him with a master of drawing, a local artist named János Tóbiás Kaergling (1780-1845).Under whose leadership he soon made such great progress that both his teachers and

masks:
Henrik Wéber
Henrik Weber
Henrik Weber
Henrik Weber
Weber


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 colleagues encouraged him to a painter career with the best of hopes. Austrian period

After graduating from high school in 1834, he enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts in 1835. Here, in addition to his studies, he taught art lessons, taught drawing and worked as lithographer to provide for his basic necessities of life. In particular, he was the student of Johann Ender and Leopold Kupelwieser, who taught the history of aesthetics. Under their influence, he rejected the prevailing Academicism and embraced Realism. But also, through his great diligence as well as his talent, he soon became one of the most outstanding students of the institute. This is best demonstrated by the Academy’s laudatory diplomas and the Gundel-Preis awarded in 1837, which rewarded him as the most deserving.In 1838 he took part in the exhibition "Der Fischerknabe" and "Toilette einer Braut" at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in Vienna with his genre paintings "Palmsonntag" in the year of his return. German period
When he returned to Hungary in 1839, he was already recognized as an artist who had exhibited abroad. But <mask>'s ambitions were not satisfied by his orders. Not being a portrait painter, so that, displeased with the rudimentary artistic relations, he soon traveled abroad. Already in 1840, we find it in Munich, in the company of the greatest artists of his time, Kaulbach, Cornelius, Genelli, Hess and others. He became a student at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, where he graduated in 1842. He also interrupted this stay in Munich twice, in 1841 and 1842, during which time he visited Tyrol and Switzerland for


texts:
 landscape studies.Italian period

Then in 1845, he went on an artistic tour again through Italy until 1847. He visited Venice, Florence, Rome and Naples where he found a great inspiration. During this trip, he spent his time in the company of Carl Rahl, Eugene de Blaas, Louis Mayer, copying the works of the greatest masters like Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> painted many Italian landscapes and female figures dressed in Italian folk costumes. It was here that he became acquainted with Michelangelo Grigoletti, among the newer Italians, who had a deeper influence on his art. Also, during this stay in Rome, the Invasion of King Matthias in Buda in 1458 was completed. An historical image published as a work sheet by the "Képzőművészeti Társulat" as a membership fee until 1855.Return to Hungary and later career

After returning home from Italy, <mask> settled permanently in Budapest, where he received orders for many portraits and other works from well-known families and personalities. So, he was no longer forced to travel abroad. In 1858 he married Anna Calderoni, his last wife. In the 1860s, he made several lithographs presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország Tükre”. In the midst of success, he became ill in the 1860s and died in Pest on May 14, 1866 at the age of 47. Legacy
The influence of Viennese Biedermeier portrait and life painting, which preserves the values of the family-centered civic mentality, on family portraits (The <mask> Family, 1846, Budapest Gallery; composer Mihály Mosonyi and his wife, Hungarian National Gallery) and on his life

masks:
Henrik Weber
Weber
Weber


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 paintings (The Children's Room, 1840). In most of his historical compositions he worked on events related to the Hunyadi family (death of John Hunyadi, 1844; invasion of King Matthias to Buda, 1853, Hungarian National Museum).The painting depicting the gallant adventure of (King Matthias and the beautiful shepherdess in Buda, 1845, private property) is an outstanding domestic work of the historical genre painting. His Hungaria, painted in the early 1840s, symbolized the self-consciousness of a glorious past and the hope of a prosperous, peaceful future. In the 1860s, he made lithographs (Béla's answer between crown and sword, 1862) presenting the history of the Huns, the Árpád dynasty and the Hunyadi family for the journal “Az Ország tükre”. Gallery

Citations

“Istvan Ferenczy, <mask>, Karoly Marko and Miklos Izso left us emblematic representations of the 19th century image of the nation. Along with them, they conferred the task of inquiring into a deeper historical understanding of the works and their ideas. If these represent an enduring self-image, then we are also charged with the task of reinterpreting them from time to time. From a National Imagination to an Image-creating Nation: Ideas about the Origins of Hungarian Art.”

- Erzsébet Király from the book Art and Nation: Image and Self-Image (p.138).References

External links

1818 births
1866 deaths
Portrait painters
Hungarian painters
People from Pest, Hungary
Realist painters
History painters
Biedermeier painters
19th-century Hungarian painters
19th-century male artists
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich


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<mask> (February 7, 1749 – October 22, 1808) was an American Baptist minister the main organizer of the Freewill Baptists (Randall Line) in the northeastern United States. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born February 7, 1749, at New Castle, Province of New Hampshire to sea captain <mask>, Jr. (born 1712), and his wife, the former Margaret Mordantt. He was the oldest of 9 children born to the pair, both of whom were of ethnic English heritage. <mask> was provided with a "good commercial education" in the primitive public schools of the day, supplemented with extensive personal reading. A considerable part of <mask>'s youth was spent as a cabin boy aboard his father's ship, but he did not enjoy the experience, being a sensitive and pious youth who read the Bible daily. At the age of 17 <mask> was apprenticed to a sailmaker in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with whom he remained until the age of 21. He parlayed the sewing skills he developed as a sailmaker to the profession of tailoring, becoming proficient at the craft, and occasionally venturing to the related craft of tent-making when such work was to be found.On September 23, 1770, Christian evangelist George Whitefield paid a visit to Portsmouth as part of his last speaking tour of the country, arriving barely a week before his death. <mask> heard Whitefield's sermons several times and was shaken and moved by news of his death. A short period of religious meditation followed with the effect that <mask>'s piety was awakened and he was himself energized as an evangelist of Christianity. Despite his religious awakening, <mask> continued to work in Marblehead and Salem, Massachusetts during 1771, returning to his native New Castle in the fall of that year to set up shop as a sailmaker in October of that year. In

masks:
Benjamin Randall
Benjamin Randall III
Benjamin Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall


texts:
 November 1771 he married Joanna Oram (born 1748) of Kittery, Maine, the daughter of another sea captain. In 1772 <mask> and his wife became members of the Congregationalist church of New Castle, but he soon came to find it unfulfilling, finding himself possessed of a zealous religious passion and determination to save souls that was not reciprocated by his fellow congregants. In the spring of 1774 <mask> pushed the idea of conducting open meetings which might be attended by a broader public, who could be drawn into the church through the reading of printed sermons, public prayer, and singing.The holding of public meetings by laymen soon drew the ire of the local church pastor, who quickly came to regard <mask> as a rival. This drama would be interrupted by the coming of the American Revolutionary War. Military interlude

<mask> was an ardent American patriot during the revolutionary crisis of 1775 to 1776, and with the outbreak of armed hostilities he briefly enlisted in the Massachusetts militia in the company of Captain John Parsons at New Castle during the first half of 1775. The immediate crisis subsided, however, and the company was soon dismissed. Following another brief scare in the fall of 1775 <mask> again enlisted for a term of two months as an assistant commissary. He would reenlist in September 1776 as a sergeant in a regiment headed by Colonel Pierce Lang, ultimately serving as a militia soldier for a year and a half. <mask> remained devout in his Christianity during his military stint, later declaring that he "never lived nearer to God than during that campaign experience."During his military tenure <mask> made a point of regularly visiting the sick and performing the duties of a chaplain in offering religious consolation. <mask> was mocked by some

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


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 within the ranks for his religious exuberance but his actions were ultimately backed by the unit's commanding officer, who threatened severe punishment to any who continued to deride <mask>'s heartfelt efforts, thereby easing the situation. Religious conversion

In 1776 <mask> found himself in fundamental agreement with the evangelical teachings of the Calvinistic Baptists, and he joined this comparatively small, isolated, and unpopular sect, which believed in active evangelism and the doctrine of baptism by immersion. He soon was an active participant in the Baptist church, reading published sermons and becoming a layman preacher of original sermons in 1777. <mask> was a zealous public speaker on behalf of his faith, holding public meetings day and night and preaching an average of four times a week. Some 30 people were converted at <mask>'s revival meetings, which were non-standard in form and perceived as a threat by many in the community. <mask> later recalled that "persecution grew very hot, and such threatening language was used that I really felt my life in danger."He was nearly struck in the head with a thrown piece of a brick when walking down the street one day, narrowly escaping death or serious injury when the shard grazed his hair. <mask> spent the summer of 1777 traveling farther and farther afield on preaching tours throughout the New England region. In March 1778 <mask> and his family left New Castle for a new home in New Durham, New Hampshire, where they would settle for the rest of <mask>'s life. <mask> became the only resident preacher in the town, his predecessor having recently resigned over a salary dispute. The people of the community built a meeting house for their new religious leader, who maintained himself through the voluntary

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


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 contributions of his congregation and various odd jobs in tailoring, also tending a small household farm. He would continue to travel and preach to outlying communities, making New Durham his base of operations. Break with Calvinism

<mask>'s theological orientation tended towards the idea of rapid salvation, freely available to all who repented of their sins and believed.This idea of free salvation proved to be in conflict with the fundamental doctrines of Calvinism, including predestination, which dominated the official Baptist church. Orthodox followers of the church's doctrine charged <mask> with teaching anti-Calvinist doctrines, prompting his split from the church in 1780. On April 5, 1780, <mask> was ordained in New Durham, which was at the time performed by two ordained ministers in good standing laying hands upon the candidate. Two such local ministers were found and <mask> was thereby officially qualified for the ministry, given the honorific "Elder," a title commonly given to gospel ministers in the day. In June 1780, new Articles of Faith and Church Covenant were drawn up by <mask> in New Durham and the first Free Baptist church was established — although for the first two decades after this date no prefix to the Baptist name was used. By the end of the year the church numbered seven men and thirteen women. <mask>'s doctrine was based upon the notion that human beings had minds which provided them the free will to act and that God was ready to fully forgive behavioral errors resulting from that free volition.Complete atonement for sin was available to all based upon genuine repentance, which was a requirement of God. The duty of religious exhortation to make known that free salvation was available for any to embrace were fundamental pillars of

masks: Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall Randall


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 <mask>'s belief. <mask> and his followers were dismissed by many contemporaries as adherents of a fanatical sect and were pejoratively called a variety of names, including "<mask>ites," "General Provisioners," "New-Lights," and "Freewillers." Death and legacy
From the time of his lay preaching until his death of tuberculosis on October 22, 1808, <mask> was instrumental in planting many Freewill Baptist churches throughout New England. See also
 Arminianism
 Free Will Baptist Church
 American Baptist Church

Notes and references

Further reading
 Scott Bryant, The Awakening of the Freewill Baptists: <mask> and the Founding of an American Religious Tradition. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011. John Buzzell, Life of Elder <mask>: Principally Taken from Documents Written by Himself.Limerick, ME: Hobbs, Woodman and Co., 1827. Frank S. Mead, Handbook of Denominations in the United States. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2001. I. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, Containing Authentic Accounts of their Rise, Progress, Statistics, and Doctrines... Philadelphia: J.Y. Humphreys, 1844. I.D. Stewart, The History of the Freewill Baptists for Half a Century, with an Introductory Chapter: Volume 1, from the Year 1780 to 1830.Dover, DE: Freewill Baptist Printing Establishment, 1862. Frederick Levi Wiley, Life and Influence of the Rev. <mask>: Founder of the Free Baptist Denomination. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1915. 1749 births
1808 deaths
Free Will Baptists
Arminian ministers
Baptist ministers
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from New Castle, New Hampshire
People from New Durham, New Hampshire
Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution
Tuberculosis deaths

masks:
Randall
Randall
Randall
Randall
Benjamin Randall
Benjamin Randal
Benjamin Randall


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<mask> (; born <mask>; December 31, 1988), is a Bosnian human rights activist,  martial artist, journalist and political analyst who is best known as the leader of the UDIK, an organisation campaigning for human rights and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. He works in subjects including human rights, cultural memory, transitional justice and democracy. Early life

Born in Brčko, Yugoslavia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). He grew up in Gračanica and Brčko, studied in Sarajevo and Istanbul, lives in Sarajevo. He graduated in 2012 from the University of Sarajevo with a degree in journalism. In 2018 in the same university he earned a master's degree in political science. Career

2003–present: Martial Arts
At the age of 14, Ćudić joined the Academy of Martial Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (a member of the International Martial Arts Federation - IMAF Europe), led by Boško Vidović in Brčko.In the Academy, Ćudić trained for 8 years and earned a black belt in Jūjutsu. In 2017 in the same Academy he earned a black belt in Jūdō. From 2006 to 2008 he was a Jūjutsu instructor at the martial arts schools belonging to the Academy of Martial Arts of the Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Donji Žabar and in Gornji Zovik near Brčko. 2008–present: Journalism

As a journalist, he has collaborated with many regional media outlets, including Monitor, Peščanik, Danas, Preporod, Sabah, e-novine, Republika, Slobodna Bosna, Dnevni avaz and Behar. In addition to these media, he has worked  in various radio and  television stations. He wrote more than 150 reports from proceedings of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. In order to advance peace and reconciliation processes in the former Yugoslavia, <mask> has collaborated with local and foreign experts, artists, politicians, journalists, as well as professors around the world.Some of them are: Roy Gutman, Ron Haviv, Stjepan Mesić, Florence Hartmann, Robert King, Rémy Ourdan etc. In 2015 in cooperation with Jusuf Hafizović, he

masks:
Edvin Kanka Ćudić
Edvin Ćudić
Ćudić


texts:
 published two books including his newspaper interviews: Novinari o ratu u BiH and Političari o ratu u BiH, on testimonies of war journalists and politicians about Bosnian war. In 2017, Ćudić has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Bosniaks, Croats, Serbs  and Montenegrins. 2013–present: Human rights

In 2013, <mask> <mask> <mask> founded and become coordinator of the UDIK. It aimed to gather facts, documents, and data on genocide, war crimes, and human rights violations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and former Yugoslavia. UDIK works across national boundaries to assist post-conflict societies within the region reestablish the rule of law and deal with past human rights abuses. As a coordinator of the UDIK, he publishes and presents to the public documents on war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also works on mapping monuments to victims of wars in the countries of the former Yugoslavia.<mask> began his activism in UDIK with public commemorations dedicated to the victims of past war in the former Yugoslavia (1991-2001). At that time, some war crimes were marked for the first time in Sarajevo, as well as in other cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. These commemorations traced <mask> to one of the most famous human rights activists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2015, started documenting war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) and on collecting and creating the Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars (1991-2001). The Central register of memorials of the Yugoslav wars is still the only register of memorials to victims of the Yugoslav wars on the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Through his actions and efforts, Ćudić greatly contributed to the memorization of war crimes in Kazani. He is one of the initiators of the erection of a memorial at that place.In 2019, <mask> was elected in Regional Council of the RECOM Reconciliation Network. The RECOM Reconciliation Network is a network of civil

masks: Edvin Kanka Ćudić Ćudić Ćudić Ćudić


texts:
 society organizations from post-Yugoslav countries which advocate for the establishment of RECOM – the Regional Commission tasked with establishing the facts about all Victims of war Crimes and other serious human rights violations committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2001. Controversies

He was often the subject of threats from homophobic people and nationalists of all ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In February 2014 he came to the public during the unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a coordinator of the protests in the Brčko District, he received over 100 threats of death. In July he was threatened by Dino Šimunjak, a volunteer in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict who publicly told him: "You will not get out of this, Ćudić". In February 2015, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the Štrpci massacre, the group of hooligans attacked <mask> <mask> Ćudić.On that occasion, they said that activists must go to commemorate crimes in Banja Luka, alluding to the UDIK's marking of crimes in Kravica in January 2015. In May,  near the UDIK's office in Sarajevo, he was attacked with another UDIK activist. Just a few days later, a similar attack took place on the same site. Ambassador of the United States of America to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Maureen Cormack, reacted and said that it was unacceptable to attack stones a human rights activist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In October, in front of the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Sarajevo in Sarajevo, while UDIK commemorated the anniversary of the crimes in Kazani, one hooligan try to physically attack <mask> <mask> Ćudić. A police reacted, but did not prosecute. In February 2017 Ćudić was attacked again in Sarajevo, along with two other UDIK activists.The attack took place near the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina building. On that occasion, young men attacked him with stones and called him Chetnik (right-wing

masks: Edvin Kanka Edvin Kanka