texts: his time as KGB chairman by the underground Chronicle of Current Events, a samizdat publication which was itself finally forced out of existence with its last published issue, dated 30 June 1982. On 3 July 1967, he made a proposal to establish the KGB's Fifth Directorate for dealing with the political opposition (ideological counterintelligence). At the end of July, the directorate was established and entered in its files cases of all Soviet dissidents including Andrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In 1968, <mask> as the KGB Chairman issued his order "On the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary", calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters.After the assassination attempt against Brezhnev in January 1969, <mask> led the interrogation of the captured gunman, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin. Ilyin was pronounced insane and sent to Kazan Psychiatric Hospital. Later, on 29 April 1969, he submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an elaborated plan for creating a network of psychiatric hospitals to defend the "Soviet Government and socialist order" from dissidents. In January 1970 <mask> submitted an alarming account to his fellow Politburo members of the widespread threat of the mentally ill to stability and the security of the regime. The proposal by <mask> to use psychiatry for struggle against dissidents was implemented. <mask> was in charge of the widespread deployment of psychiatric repression since he was the head of the KGB. According to <mask> and Boris Gulko, the originators of the idea to use psychiatry for punitive purposes were the

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 head of the KGB (Andropov) and the head of the Fifth Directorate, Filipp Bobkov.The repression of dissidents included plans to maim the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who had defected in 1961. There are some who believe that <mask> was behind the deaths of Fyodor Kulakov and Pyotr Masherov, the two youngest members of the Soviet leadership. A declassified document revealed that <mask> as KGB director gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings mourning the death of John Lennon. Beginning in January 1972, <mask> led the implementation of the Soviet détente strategy. In 1977, Andropov convinced Brezhnev that the Ipatiev House, where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were murdered by Bolshevik revolutionaries during the Russian Civil War, had become a site of pilgrimage for covert monarchists. With the Politburo's approval the house, deemed to be not of "sufficient historical significance", was demolished in September 1977, less than a year before the 60th anniversary of the murders. According to Yaakov Kedmi, <mask> was particularly keen to persecute any sign of Zionism in order to distance himself from his Jewish heritage.<mask> was personally responsible for orchestrating the arrest and persecution of Soviet Jewish activist Natan Sharansky. Role in the invasion of Afghanistan
In March 1979, <mask> and the Politburo initially opposed their subsequent decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan. Among their concerns were that the international community would blame the USSR for its "aggression" and that it would derail the upcoming SALT II negotiation meeting with President Carter. However, <mask>'s stance changed after the assassination of Nur

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 Muhammad Taraki and the seizure of power by Hafizullah Amin. <mask> became convinced that the CIA had recruited Amin to create a pro-Western expansionist "New Great Ottoman Empire" which would attempt to dominate Soviet Central Asia. <mask>'s bottom line: "under no circumstances can we lose Afghanistan," led him and the Politburo to invade Afghanistan on 24 December 1979. The invasion led to the extended Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow by 66 countries, something of concern to Andropov since spring 1979.Some have proposed that the Soviet-Afghan War also played an important role in the breakdown of the Soviet Union. Role in the non-invasion of Poland

On 10 December 1981, in the face of Poland's Solidarity movement, <mask>, along with Soviet Second Secretary Mikhail Suslov and Polish First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski, persuaded Brezhnev that it would be counterproductive for the Soviet Union to invade Poland by repeating the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress the Prague Spring. This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine. The pacification of Poland was thus left to Jaruzelski, Kiszczak and their Polish forces. Promotion of Gorbachev
From 1980 to 1982, while still chairman of the KGB, <mask> opposed plans to occupy Poland after the emergence of the Solidarity movement and promoted reform-minded party cadres including Mikhail Gorbachev. <mask> was the longest-serving KGB chairman and did not resign as head of the KGB until May 1982, when he was again promoted to the Secretariat to succeed Mikhail Suslov as secretary responsible for ideological affairs. Leader of

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 the Soviet Union

Two days after Leonid Brezhnev's death, on 12 November 1982, <mask> was elected General Secretary of the CPSU, the first former head of the KGB to become General Secretary.His appointment was received in the West with apprehension, in view of his roles in the KGB and in Hungary. At the time his personal background was a mystery in the West, with major newspapers printing detailed profiles of him that were inconsistent and in several cases fabricated. <mask> divided responsibilities in the Politburo with his chief deputy Konstantin Chernenko. <mask> took control of organizing the work of the Politburo, supervising national defense, supervising the main issues of domestic and foreign policy and foreign trade, and making leadership assignments in the top ranks of the Party and the government. Chernenko handled espionage, KGB, the Interior Ministry, party organs, ideology, and organizational matters, as well as propaganda, culture, science, and higher education. He was also given charge of the Central Committee. It was far too much for Chernenko to handle, and the other Politburo members were not given major assignments.Domestic policy

Economy
At home, <mask>k gave select industries greater autonomy from state regulations and enabled factory managers to retain control over more of their profits. Such policies resulted in a 4% rise in industrial output and increased investment in new technologies such as robotics. Despite such reforms, <mask> refused to consider any changes that sought to dispense with the command economy introduced under Joseph Stalin. In his memoirs, Mikhail Gorbachev recalled that when <mask> was the leader,

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 Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the chairman of Gosplan, asked him for access to real budget figures."You are asking too much," <mask> responded. "The budget is off limits to you." Anti-corruption campaign
In contrast to Brezhnev's policy of avoiding conflicts and dismissals, he began to fight violations of party, state and labour discipline, which led to significant personnel changes during an anti-corruption campaign against many of Brezhnev's cronies. During 15 months in office, <mask> dismissed 18 ministers and 37 first secretaries of obkoms, kraikoms and Central Committees of Communist Parties of Soviet Republics, and criminal cases against high level party and state officials were started. Biographers including Solovyov and Klepikova (1983) and Zhores Medvedev (1983) have discussed the complex possibilities underlying the motivations of anti-corruption campaigning in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and early 1980s: at the same time that it is true that Andropov fought corruption for moral, ethical, ascetic, and ideological reasons, it is also true that it was an effective way for party members from the police and security organizations to defeat competitors for power at the senior levels of the party. Thus <mask> himself, as well as his protégés including Eduard Shevardnadze, could advance their own power by the same efforts that also promised to be better for the country in terms of justice, economic performance, and even defense readiness (which depended on economic performance). Thus there was a certain inevitable amount of "what's better for the country also happens to align with what's best for my own power."It is not possible to measure

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 the exact balance of self-interest versus selfless altruism and patriotism in this equation. Part of the complexity is that in the Brezhnev era, much corruption was implicitly tolerated and was pervasive (although officially denied), and many a member of the police and security organizations themselves participated in it to various degrees, but only those organizations had access to the power to measure it and monitor its details. In such an environment, anti-corruption campaigning is inherently a path by which police and security people have the potential or opportunity to appear to be white-hat heroes cleaning up the malfeasance of black-hat villains and 'coincidentally' increasing their own power, whereas there may be an underlying reality of one set of gray-hat antiheroes defeating another set of gray-hat antiheroes in a morally gray power struggle. Foreign policy

Andropov faced a series of foreign policy crises: the hopeless situation of the Soviet army in Afghanistan, threatened revolt in Poland, growing animosity with China, the polarization threat of war in the Middle East, and the civil strife in Ethiopia and South Africa. The most critical threat was the "Second Cold War" launched by American President Ronald Reagan and a specific attack on rolling back what he denounced as the "Evil Empire". Reagan was using American economic power, and Soviet economic weakness, to escalate massive spending on the Cold War, emphasizing high technology that Moscow lacked. The main response was raising the military budget to 70 percent of the total budget, and supplying billions of dollars worth of military aid to Syria, Iraq, Libya, South Yemen, the


texts: Palestine Liberation Organization, Cuba, and North Korea.That included tanks and armored troop carriers, hundreds of fighter planes, as well as anti-aircraft systems, artillery systems, and all sorts of high tech equipment for which the USSR was the main supplier for its allies. <mask>'s main goal was to avoid an open war. In foreign policy, the conflict in Afghanistan continued even though <mask>, who now felt the invasion was a mistake, half-heartedly explored options for a negotiated withdrawal. <mask>'s rule was also marked by deterioration of relations with the United States. During a much-publicized "walk in the woods" with Soviet dignitary Yuli Kvitsinsky, American diplomat Paul Nitze suggested a compromise for reducing nuclear missiles in Europe on both sides that was ultimately ignored by the Politburo. Kvitsinsky would later write that, despite his own efforts, the Soviet leadership was not interested in compromise, instead calculating that peace movements in the West would force the Americans to capitulate. On 8 March 1983, during <mask>'s reign as General Secretary, U.S. President Ronald Reagan famously labeled the Soviet Union an "evil empire".The same month, on 23 March, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative. Reagan claimed this research program into ballistic missile defence would be "consistent with our obligations under the ABM Treaty". However, <mask> was dismissive of this claim, and said that "It is time they [Washington] stopped ... search[ing] for the best ways of unleashing nuclear war. ... Engaging in this is not just irresponsible. It is insane". In August 1983, <mask> made an announcement that the country was

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texts: stopping all work on space-based weapons.One of his most notable acts during his short time as leader of the Soviet Union was in response to a letter from a 10-year-old American child from Maine named Samantha Smith, inviting her to the Soviet Union. She came, but he was too ill to meet with her, thus revealing his grave condition to the world. Meanwhile, Soviet–U.S. arms control talks on intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe were suspended by the Soviet Union in November 1983 and by the end of the year, the Soviets had broken off all arms control negotiations. Massive bad publicity worldwide came when Soviet fighters shot down a civilian jet liner, Korean Air Flight KAL-007, which carried 269 passengers and crew. It had strayed over the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983 on its scheduled route from Anchorage, Alaska, United States, to Seoul, South Korea. <mask> kept secret the fact that the Soviet Union held in its possession the black box from KAL 007 which proved the pilot had made a typographical error when entering data in the automatic pilot.The Soviet air defence system was unprepared to deal with a civilian airliner, and the shooting down was a matter of following orders without question. Instead of admitting an accident, Soviet media proclaimed a brave decision to meet a Western provocation. Together with the low credibility created by the poor explanation of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, the episode demonstrated an inability to deal with public relations crises; the propaganda system was only useful for individuals and states that were aligned with the Soviet Union. Both crises were escalated by technological and organizational


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 failures, compounded by human error. Death and funeral

In February 1983, <mask> suffered total kidney failure. In August 1983, he entered the Central Clinical Hospital in western Moscow on a permanent basis, where he would spend the remainder of his life. In late January 1984, <mask>'s health deteriorated sharply and due to growing toxicity in his blood, he had periods of falling consciousness.He died on 9 February 1984 at 16:50 in his hospital room at age 69. Few of the top Soviet leaders, not even all the Politburo members, learned of his death on that day. According to the Soviet post mortem medical report, <mask> suffered from several medical conditions: interstitial nephritis, nephrosclerosis, residual hypertension and diabetes, which were worsened by chronic kidney deficiency. A four-day period of mourning across the Union was announced. He was honoured with a state funeral on Red Square, in a service that was attended by numerous foreign leaders such as U.S. Vice President George H. W. Bush, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Italian President Sandro Pertini, East German First Secretary Erich Honecker, Polish First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Cuban President Fidel Castro, and Irish President Patrick Hillery. Those giving eulogies were Chernenko, Ustinov, and Gromyko as well as Georgi Markov (head of the Union of Soviet Writers), and Ivan Senkin (First Secretary of the Karelian Regional Committee of the CPSU). He was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.<mask> was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko, who seemed to mirror <mask>'s tenure. Chernenko had already


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 been afflicted with severe health problems when he ascended to the USSR's top spot, and served an even shorter time in office (13 months). Like <mask>, Chernenko spent much of his time hospitalized, and also died in office, in March 1985. Personal life
<mask> lived at 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, the same building in which Suslov and Brezhnev also lived. He married Nina Ivanovna, who had been born not far from the local farm in which <mask> was born, and divorced her in 1941. He met his second wife, Tatyana Filippovna, during World War II on the Karelian Front when she was Komsomol secretary. She suffered a nervous breakdown during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and was never seen in public until <mask>'s funeral.<mask>'s chief guard informed Tatyana about the death of her husband. She was too grief-stricken to join in the procession and during the funeral her relatives helped her to walk. Before the lid could be closed on <mask>'s coffin, she bent to kiss him. She touched his hair and then kissed him again. In 1985, a respectful 75-minute film was broadcast in which Tatyana reads love poems written by her husband. Tatyana became ill and died in November 1991. Legacy

<mask>'s legacy remains the subject of much debate in Russia and elsewhere, both among scholars and in the popular media.He remains the focus of television documentaries and popular non-fiction, particularly around important anniversaries. As KGB head, <mask> was ruthless against dissent, and author David Remnick, who covered the Soviet Union for The Washington Post in the 1980s, called <mask> "profoundly corrupt, a beast". Alexander Yakovlev, later an advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev and the

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 ideologist of perestroika, said: "In a way I always thought <mask> was the most dangerous of all of them, simply because he was smarter than the rest." However, it was <mask> himself who recalled Yakovlev back to high office in Moscow in 1983 after a ten-year exile as ambassador to Canada after attacking Russian chauvinism. Yakovlev was also a close colleague of Andropov associate KGB General Yevgeny Primakov, later Prime Minister of Russia. <mask> began to follow a trend of replacing elderly officials with considerably younger replacements. According to his former subordinate Securitate general Ion Mihai Pacepa,

In the West, if Andropov is remembered at all, it is for his brutal suppression of political dissidence at home and for his role in planning the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia.By contrast, the leaders of the former Warsaw Pact intelligence community, when I was one of them, looked up to <mask> as the man who substituted the KGB for the Communist party in governing the Soviet Union, and who was the godfather of Russia's new era of deception operations aimed at improving the badly damaged image of Soviet rulers in the West. Despite <mask>'s hard-line stance in Hungary and the numerous banishments and intrigues for which he was responsible during his long tenure as head of the KGB, he has become widely regarded by many commentators as a reformer, especially in comparison with the stagnation and corruption during the later years of his predecessor, Leonid Brezhnev. <mask>, "a throwback to a tradition of Leninist asceticism", was appalled by the corruption during Brezhnev's regime, and ordered investigations and arrests of the most flagrant


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 abusers. The investigations were so frightening that several members of Brezhnev's circle "shot, gassed or otherwise did away with themselves." He was certainly generally regarded as inclined to more gradual and constructive reform than was Gorbachev; most of the speculation centres around whether Andropov would have reformed the USSR in a manner which did not result in its eventual dissolution. The Western media favored <mask> because of his supposed passion for Western music and scotch. However, these were unproven rumors.The short time he spent as leader, much of it in a state of extreme ill health, leaves debaters few concrete indications as to the nature of any hypothetical extended rule. The 2002 Tom Clancy novel Red Rabbit focuses heavily on <mask> during his tenure of KGB chief, when his health is slightly better. It mirrors his secrecy in that British and American intelligence know little about him, not even able to confirm he was a married man. The novel also depicts <mask> as being a fan of Marlboros and starka vodka, almost never available to ordinary Soviet citizens. Attitudes to Andropov
In a message read out at the opening of a new exhibition dedicated to Andropov, Vladimir Putin called him "a man of talent with great abilities." Putin has praised Andropov's "honesty and uprightness." According to Russian historian Nikita Petrov, "He was a typical Soviet jailer who violated human rights.<mask> headed the organisation which persecuted the most remarkable people of our country." From Petrov's point, it was a shame for the country that the persecutor of intelligentsia, the persecutor of freedom of thought, a man of whom as an oppressor

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texts: of freedom legends were composed, became leader of the country. According to Roy Medvedev, the year that <mask> spent in power was memorable for increasing repression against dissidents. During most of his KGB career, <mask> crushed dissident movements, isolated people in psychiatric hospitals, sent them to prison and deported them from the Soviet Union. According to political scientist Georgy Arbatov, <mask> bears responsibility for many injustices in the 1970s and early 1980s: for deportations, for political arrests, for persecuting dissidents, for the abuse of psychiatry, for notorious cases such as the persecution of academician Andrei Sakharov. According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, it was <mask> who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovsky, Viacheslav Chornovil, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Alexander Ginzburg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Petro Grigorenko, Anatoly Sharansky, and others. According to Natalya Gorbanevskaya, after <mask>'s coming to power the dissident movement went into decline – not of its own but because it was strangled.In the late 1970s and early 1980s, repression was most severe, many people were picked up for a second time, and sentenced to longer terms. The camp regime was not strict but specific, and when <mask> became General Secretary, he introduced an Article under which violations of camp regime resulted in a punishment cell and an additional term up to three years. A person for his two or three remarks could be sent not home but to another camp with [non-political] criminals. And in those years there were a lot of deaths in camps not from hunger-strikes, but just


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 from disease and lack of medical care. Various people who closely knew <mask>, including Vladimir Medvedev, Aleksandr Chuchyalin, Vladimir Kryuchkov and Roy Medvedev, remembered him for his politeness, calmness, unselfishness, patience, intelligence and exceptionally sharp memory. According to Chuchyalin, while working at Kremlin <mask> would read ca. 600 pages per day and remember everything he had read.<mask> read English literature and could communicate in Finnish, English and German. Honours and awards
Soviet Awards

 Honorary Member of the KGB, 1973

Foreign Awards

Speeches and works

References

Further reading

 Kotkin, Stephen. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 (2nd ed. 2008) excerpt

 Ostrovsky Alexander. Кто поставил Горбачёва? (2010). («Who brought Gorbachev to power?») – М.: „Алгоритм-Эксмо“.(«Проект «Распад СССР: Тайные пружины власти» – М. «Алгоритм», 2016. Переиздание книги «Кто поставил Горбачёва?») ("Project" Collapse of the USSR: Secret Springs of Power ". Reissue of the book «Who brought Gorbachev to power?» – М.: «Алгоритм», 2016.) Steele, Jonathan; Abraham, Eric. <mask> in Power: From Komsomol to Kremlin (HIA Book Collection, 1984), online review
 Ticktin, Hillel. "Andropov: Disintegration and discipline: The disintegration of the USSR under the banner of discipline.<mask> and his inheritance." Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 16.1 (1988): 111–122. Primary sources
 Johanna Granville, trans., "Soviet Archival Documents on the Hungarian Revolution, 24 October – 4 November 1956",
 Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 5 (Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars,


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<mask> (born July 30, 1948, Chicago, Illinois, United States) is an American blues musician. He is a multi-instrumentalist whose talents include the guitar, banjo, mandolin, harmonica, and vocals. In 2001, he was awarded a fellowship to the Sundance Film Composers Laboratory. Career

Music
<mask> was born in Chicago and moved at a young age to Denver, Colorado, where he grew up. He originally grew up playing the banjo, but his father wanted him to be a jazz musician. Upon hearing that the banjo was originally an African instrument turned almost exclusively into a white bluegrass instrument in part through the derogatory black-face minstrel shows of the 19th century, <mask> dropped the banjo and began to focus solely on the guitar and harmonica. He played music professionally both in Europe and the United States in a variety of blues-oriented bands, including Zephyr, until 1977, when he left the music industry for other pursuits, including becoming an antique dealer.<mask> returned to music in 1995, and as of 2015, has released fourteen blues albums. His music tends to focus on the hard realities of life, especially relating to the black community. Some common themes in his music are murder, racism, poverty and the need for redemption. To date, <mask> has twelve Blues Music Awards nominations while White African was named 'Best Artist Debut'. Down Beat magazine critics' Poll named <mask>'s Truth is Not Fiction as Blues CD of the Year for 2002. Living Blues readers' poll awarded <mask> (along with Etta James) the "Best Blues Entertainer" title in 2004. Down Beat named <mask>'s Double V as Blues CD of the Year for 2005.Down Beat named Definition of a Circle as Blues CD of the

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 Year for 2007. They also then named Recapturing the Banjo as "Blues CD of the Year, 2008." His 2008 effort, Recapturing the Banjo, was an attempt to reconnect himself and the world with the true African origins of the banjo. "There may not be," claimed Down Beat in a review, "a better roots album released this year or decade than Recapturing the Banjo." <mask> was the support act on Gary Moore's 2007/8/9 European tours and played on his last album. In May 2009, <mask> won a Blues Music Award for his banjo playing. He held the first Trance Blues Festival in Boulder, Colorado, in November 2010.<mask>'s 2015 release Hey Joe Opus Red Meat was editor's choice for album of the year in Blues Music Magazine and Premier Guitar Magazine. It was named "Album of the Year" by Blues411 and #2 by Twangville, and one of the top 30 albums of the year by The Blues magazine (UK). Down Beat gave it 4 and half stars and listed it as one of their top 100 albums of the year. Film
 Several songs used in The Badge, a 2002 film with Billy Bob Thornton
 In 2005, Purvis of Overtown featured a score by <mask>
 The song "Nasty Letter" from <mask>'s 2003 album, Truth Is Not Fiction, was featured on the soundtrack for the 2007 film Shooter. Michael Mann's 2009 film Public Enemies featured two of <mask>'s songs, "Ten Million Slaves" and "Nasty Letter". The former was also featured in the film's trailer. <mask>' songs were in The Least Among You, a 2009 film with Louis Gossett, Jr., Lauren Holly, and William Devane.Television
 The song "Ten Million Slaves" was used as the closing song to the episode titled "Blowback" of the FX show, Justified. Crossing Jordan featured <mask>' song "Rosa Rosa"
 Songs in the

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 science fiction series Surface. An <mask> song was played on American Idol as part of the 2008 "Idol Gives Back" show. The song "Ten Million Slaves" was also played in the commercial for the 2011 season of Sons of Guns. "Nasty Letter" was used during the final episode of HBO series . Luck. Signature Instruments
In 2008 the Santa Cruz Guitar Company released an <mask> Taylor model acoustic guitar.In 2007, Ome released the <mask> model banjo
In 2003, Blue Star released the Otis Taylor Banjoblaster (electric banjo)

<mask> married Carol Ellen Bjork in 1985. They have two daughters, <mask> and Jae <mask>. <mask>'s eldest daughter, Cassie, is featured on many of his releases. She also plays several instruments including bass and vocals. Discography

Albums
 Blue-Eyed Monster (1996)
 When Negroes Walked the Earth (1997/Re-released 2000, Shoelace Music)
 White African (2001, Northern Blues Music)
 Respect the Dead (2002, Northern Blues Music)
 Truth Is Not Fiction (June 24, 2003, Telarc International)
 Double V (April 27, 2004, Telarc International)
 Below the Fold (August 23, 2005, Telarc International)
 Definition of a Circle (February 27, 2007, Telarc International)
 Recapturing the Banjo (February 5, 2008, Telarc International)
 Pentatonic Wars and Love Songs (June 23, 2009, Telarc International)
 Clovis People, Vol. (profile of <mask>), by Ted Gioia
<mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2014)

1948 births
Living people
American blues singers
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues mandolinists
American blues harmonica players
Blues musicians from Illinois
Guitarists from Chicago
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male

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<mask> (July 31, 1867 – October 18, 1966) was an American businessman. He created and owned two chains of department stores, the S. S. Kresge Company, one of the 20th century's largest discount retail organizations, and the Kresge-Newark traditional department store chain. The discounter was renamed the Kmart Corporation in 1977. Early life and education
<mask> was born near Allentown, Pennsylvania, the son of <mask> and the former Catherine Kunkle. Living on the family farm in Kresgeville (named for his ancestors) until he was 21 years old, he was educated in the local public schools, the Fairview Academy, in Brodheadsville, Pennsylvania, and at the Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York, from which he graduated in March 1889. Career
Following his graduation, he clerked in a hardware store for two years, then worked as a traveling salesman from 1892 to 1897. On March 20, 1897, Kresge began working for James G. McCrory, the founder of J.G.McCrory's, at a five and ten cent store in Memphis, Tennessee. He continued there for two years. In 1899 he founded his own company, with Charles J. Wilson, with an $8,000 investment in two five-and-ten-cent stores; one was in downtown Detroit, Michigan, for which he traded ownership in McCrory's. In 1912, he incorporated the S.S. Kresge Company with 85 stores. The company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 23, 1918. During World War I, Kresge experimented with raising the limit on prices in his stores to $1. In 1923, he again started a new company, buying out L.S.Plaut & Co., a large traditional department store in Newark, New Jersey. He renamed the

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 store Kresge-Newark, expanded it, and started branch stores. The new department store company was completely independent from the S.S. Kresge discount department store company. By 1924, Kresge was worth approximately $375,000,000 ($ in 2009 dollars) and owned real estate of the approximate value of $100,000,000. Personal life
He was married and divorced at least twice by 1928. Kresge and his family were members of Detroit's North Methodist Episcopal Church. He held membership in numerous organizations including four Masonic lodges and the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, YMCA, the Detroit Athletic, Boat, and Golf Clubs, Rotary, and various commercial and automobiling societies.<mask> died on October 18, 1966, at the age of 99. Legacy
The first Kmart opened in 1962 in Garden City, Michigan. <mask> died in 1966. In 1977, the S. S. Kresge Corporation changed its name to the Kmart Corporation. In 2005, Sears Holdings Corporation became the parent of Kmart and Sears, after Kmart bought Sears, and formed the new parent. In 1924, <mask> established The Kresge Foundation, a non-profit organization whose income he specified simply "to promote the well-being of mankind". By the time of his death, Kresge had given the foundation over $60,000,000.A strongly committed prohibitionist, he organized the National Vigilance Committee for Prohibition enforcement and also heavily supported the Anti-Saloon League financially, though he later stopped contributions. By 2018, the Foundation's endowment had grown to $3.6 billion. The Kresge Art Center at Michigan State University is his namesake. The Kresge School of

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 Nursing at the University of Western Ontario was named after Kresge after he donated $200,000 in 1960. The Purdy-Kresge Library at Wayne State University. The Kresge Administration Building at Tuskegee University
The Kresge Court at the Detroit Institute of Art in Detroit, Michigan
YMCA Camp Kresge, owned and operated by the Wilkes-Barre Family YMCA in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

References

Further reading
"Kresge, <mask>.", The Book of Detroiters, Marquis, Albert Nelson, ed., 1914, p. 291

External links
 The Kresge Foundation

1867 births
1966 deaths
American Methodists
American businesspeople in retailing
American temperance activists
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Eastman Business College alumni
Kmart
People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Retail company founders
Sears Holdings people
American


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<mask>  (born 31 July 1961) is a British journalist and author. He is currently the BBC's Security Correspondent. His parents were both diplomats and his early life was spent in The Hague before being educated at Saint Ronan's School, and Marlborough College. He was commissioned into the British Army Reserves as a second lieutenant joining the 4th Volunteer Battalion, the Royal Green Jackets in September 1984. After a career working in various jobs in the Middle East including nine years as an investment banker, <mask> joined BBC World as a producer and reporter in 1995. He became the BBC's first full-time Gulf correspondent in 1997, before being appointed BBC Middle East correspondent in 1999. After the 11 September attacks on New York, <mask> specialised in covering stories related to the War on Terror.On 6 June 2004, while reporting from Al-Suwaidi, a district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, <mask> was shot six times and seriously injured in an attack by al-Qaida gunmen. One of <mask>'s spinal nerves was hit in the attack and he was left partially paralysed in the legs. After 14 surgical operations, seven months in hospital and several months of rehabilitation, he returned to reporting for the BBC in mid-2005, using a wheelchair or a frame. In the 2005 Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to journalism. Outside journalism <mask>, in November 2011, was elected honorary president of the Ski Club of Great Britain. He is a Patron of Disability Snowsport UK (DSUK). In 2019 he was elected President of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO).He has written two non-fiction works as well as a series of novels featuring the fictional SBS officer-turned MI6 operative Luke Carlton. Early life
<mask>'s father and mother, Robert Neil <mask> (1922–2010) and Evelyn Grace Rolleston (1923–2014), were both diplomats, and when he was six he moved from the UK to the Hague in the Netherlands. His grandfather was physician John Davy Rolleston. Educated at Saint Ronan's School, and Marlborough College,

masks:
Francis Rolleston Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner


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 <mask> was pushed by his teachers into taking up biathlon, which enabled him to travel to Austria to train with the British Army biathlon team. When he was 16, <mask> met the Arabian explorer Sir Wilfred Thesiger, and was invited to the explorer's home in Chelsea. Partly as a result – and partly reasoning that knowing the Arabic language would make him employable in that part of the world – he was determined to study Arabic. In his gap year <mask> saved up by working in a brick factory then went backpacking from Morocco to Istanbul.He then travelled to Manila in the Philippines, to go hiking in the mountains of Luzon. He returned to study at the University of Exeter, graduating in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons) in Arabic and Islamic Studies. Career

Military service

<mask> was commissioned on 23 May 1984 as a second lieutenant (on probation). On 30 September 1984, he transferred from the general list to the 4th Volunteer Battalion, the Royal Green Jackets, as a second lieutenant (on probation) and was given seniority from 23 May 1984. His commission was confirmed and his rank of second lieutenant was dated to 23 May 1984 with seniority from 23 May 1982. He was promoted to lieutenant on 30 September 1985, with seniority from 23 May 1984. He was promoted to captain on 1 October 1990, with seniority from 1 February 1989.On 11 November 1993, <mask> was appointed a captain in the Regular Army Reserve. He returned to the Territorial Army on 24 April 1997, serving in the Educational and Training Services Branch of the Adjutant General's Corps. He was promoted to major in the Territorial Army on 1 July 2006. Banking
<mask> worked as a marketing manager for Gulf Exports from 1984 to 1986 and in trading and sales for Saudi International Bank from 1986 to 1990. He worked for five years for Robert Fleming Bank from 1990 to 1995, becoming Director of Middle East. He had a nine-year career as an investment banker. Journalism
In 1995 he left banking and joined BBC World as a producer and reporter.He became the BBC's first full-time Gulf

masks: Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner Gardner


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 correspondent in 1997, setting up as a freelance stringer in Dubai. In 1999 <mask> was appointed BBC Middle East correspondent in charge of the bureau in Cairo, but travelled throughout the region. After the 11 September attacks on New York, <mask> specialised in covering stories related to the War on Terror. On 6 June 2004, while reporting from Al-Suwaidi, a district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, notorious for extremism, <mask> was shot six times and seriously injured in an attack by al-Qaida gunmen. His colleague, Irish cameraman Simon Cumbers, was shot dead. Of the bullets which hit <mask> in his torso (others passed through his shoulder and leg) one hit his spinal nerves and he was left partially paralysed in the legs and since then has used a wheelchair. The pair had continued filming for more than half an hour, against the advice of <mask>'s official Saudi Arabian government minders.The Saudi government promised compensation but they have never paid. After 14 surgical operations, seven months in hospital and several months of rehabilitation, he returned to reporting for the BBC in mid-2005, using a wheelchair or a frame. Despite his injury, he still frequently reports from the field including places like Afghanistan and Colombia but usually comments on top stories from a BBC studio. One of the gunmen who shot <mask> and Cumbers, Adel al-Dhubaiti, was captured and executed by Saudi authorities in January 2016. In September 2012, he revealed that Queen Elizabeth II had been upset some years earlier that Abu Hamza al-Masri could not be arrested. The BBC apologised later that day for the revelation. Other media work
<mask> has presented a variety of documentaries for the BBC since 2011.In 2011, <mask> presented Tintin's Adventure with <mask> for the BBC, a documentary in which he retraced Hergé's character Tintin's journey from Brussels to Berlin to Moscow  on his first ever adventure – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets. In 2013 <mask> presented a one-hour BBC Two documentary entitled <mask>'s Return to Saudi Arabia, visiting the Yemeni border,

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 Jeddah, Eastern Province and the Riyadh hospital where he recovered from his attack in 2004. In September 2015 <mask> was featured in an episode of the BBC's family history programme Who Do You Think You Are? in which he learned that he was directly descended from William The Conqueror. In 2016 <mask> teamed up with Benedict Allen in the BBC Two two-part documentary Birds of Paradise: The Ultimate Quest. During an expedition to Papua New Guinea, they sought the elusive birds-of-paradise (a life-long ambition of <mask>'s as an experienced birdwatcher), including the King of Saxony. The programme was broadcast on 3 and 10 February 2017.In March 2012, <mask> pulled out of hosting the Counter-Terrorism and Specialist Security Awards (CTSS) amid concerns that this would compromise the BBC's impartiality. In June 2018, <mask> chaired the keynote stage across the first two days of the security industry event IFSEC International, taking place in the ExCeL exhibition centre in London. In 2016, <mask> appeared on Channel 4's coverage of the Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in his role as President of the GB Ski Club. Being Frank: The <mask> Story was broadcast by BBC Two on 5 November 2020. The documentary explores what is it like to be suddenly disabled. Published works

<mask>'s Sunday Times bestseller Blood and Sand (), describing his 25 years of Middle Eastern experiences, was published by Transworld in 2006. His book Far Horizons (), about unusual journeys to unusual places, was published in May 2009.<mask>'s bestselling first novel, Crisis, featuring the fictional SBS officer-turned MI6 operative Luke Carlton and a ruthless Colombian drug lord, was published in June 2016. His second novel, Ultimatum, was published in June 2018. Honours and awards

In the 2005 Birthday Honours, <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to journalism. As a Territorial Army officer, he was awarded the Efficiency Decoration (TD) for past years of service on 29 January 2008 and its replacement, the Volunteer Reserves

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Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Gardner
Frank Gardner
Gardner
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Gardner


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 Service Medal (VRSM), on 8 March 2011. He has been awarded Honorary Doctorates of Law by the University of Nottingham, Staffordshire University, the University of Exeter, the University of East Anglia and the Open University. He has also received the McWhirter Award for Bravery, Spain's El Mundo Prize for International Journalism, the Zayed Medal for Journalism and been voted Person of the Year by the UK Press Gazette. He is a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (FRGS).Personal life

<mask> remains a keen skier despite his injuries. After his spinal injury and having attended a training course for disabled skiers, he resumed skiing using a sitski, a device that allows disabled people to ski while seated. In November 2011 he was elected honorary president of the Ski Club of Great Britain for six years. He is now a Patron of Disability Snowsport UK (DSUK). He is a birdwatcher and presented a September 2009 BBC Archive Hour programme on Sir Peter Scott. In 2019 he was elected President of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO). BBC Two's Being Frank, his documentary, explored what it is like to become disabled, broadcast in November 2020.<mask> spoke candidly of his recent separation from his loyal wife, of 22 years, Amanda. The two remain great friends. He is in a relationship with BBC weather presenter Elizabeth Rizzini, whom he met in the lift at work. References

External links

Living people
1961 births
21st-century English novelists
Alumni of the University of Exeter
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World News
Birdwatchers
British investment bankers
British male journalists
British shooting survivors
British television journalists
British television presenters
British victims of crime
English male novelists
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Marlborough College
People from Hampstead
People with paraplegia
Royal Army Educational Corps officers
Royal Green Jackets officers
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 2004
Terrorist incidents in Saudi Arabia in the

masks: Gardner Gardner


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<mask> (born 21 November 1952) is an Irish former track and field athlete who specialised in middle distance track events and the 5,000 metres. He is a three-time Olympian and former world champion in the 5,000 m. He served as Senator from 2011 to 2016. Born in Drimnagh, he had a successful amateur running career in Ireland that led to a scholarship in the United States, where he won four NCAA titles in track running and ran a sub-four-minute mile to set an Irish record at 22 years of age. He soon set the European record over the distance. His speciality was the indoor mile run – he gained his nickname, "The Chairman of the Boards", as a result of his great success on the US indoor circuit. He broke the indoor mile world record on three occasions, and also set a world indoor record over 2,000 m.

He finished fourth in the 1500 Metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics, finished fourth again in the 5,000 m at the 1980 Summer Olympics, and made the 5,000 m semi-final in his last Olympic appearance at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He experienced greater success in the 1,500 m at the European Athletics Championships: he won the 1,500 m at the 1979 European Athletics Indoor Championships, and outdoors took silver in the event at the 1978 European Athletics Championships.He was also the 5,000 m champion at the IAAF World Cup in 1981 and he became the world 5,000 metres champion at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics. After competitive retirement, he continued to race and became the first man over 40 years old to run a sub-four-minute mile. He has appeared as a panellist on Irish broadcaster RTÉ and released his autobiography, Chairman of the Boards, Master of the Mile, in 2008. In May 2011, <mask> was appointed as a Senator by the Taoiseach Enda Kenny. Early life
<mask> was born in Drimnagh, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, and educated at St. Vincent's C.B.S., Glasnevin. He lived in Rye, New York for a number of years in the 1980s before returning to live in Ireland. He was a childhood friend of Brian Kerr, who

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Eamonn Christopher Coghlan
Coghlan
Coghlan


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 went on to manage the Irish national football team.<mask>'s first running club was the Celtic Athletic Club. He then joined Donore Harriers. After the Moscow Olympics in 1980, he moved to Metropolitan Harriers where he was coached by Gerry Farnan. He won the Leinster colleges cross country championships & the 5000m track title in 1970. The following year he won the All-Ireland 1500 metres and 5000 metres titles. In 1971 he was offered a scholarship by Villanova University. The famous running coach James 'Jumbo' Elliott invited Coghlan to train for the Villanova track and field team.While there he won four NCAA individual titles over 1500 meters and the mile. On 10 May 1975 Coghlan ran his first sub-4-minute mile in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (3:56.2). One week later, on 17 May, he broke the long-standing European Outdoor Mile record of Michel Jazy, in a time of 3:53.3 in Kingston, Jamaica. He graduated from Villanova University, Pennsylvania, USA in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Marketing and Communications. Personal life
He and his wife, Yvonne, have four children. His youngest son, John, is one of Ireland's leading athletes who won a team gold medal in the European Cross Country Championships in Portugal in 2010. His eldest son, <mask>, is a golf professional at Hearthstone Country Club, Houston, Texas.Indoor career

<mask> was nicknamed "The Chairman of the Boards" because of his success on indoor tracks. He won 52 of his 70 races at 1,500 m and 1 Mile from 1974 to 1987. He set the world record for the indoor mile run with a time of 3.52.6 at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego in 1979. He lowered this to 3:50.6 in 1981 and then bettered it to 3:49.78 in 1983 at New Jersey's Meadowlands Arena indoor arena. His record stood until 1997 when it was broken by Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj in a time of 3:48.45. It is still the fourth fastest indoor mile of all time and is still, more than 30 years on, a European record. <mask>'s 1983 time was the fastest mile ever run in the United

masks: Coghlan Eamonn Coghlan Coghlan


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 States until 10 June 2007, when Daniel Kipchirchir Komen ran 3:48.28 outdoors in Eugene, Oregon.It remains one of only four sub-3:50 miles run on American soil. By and large, Coghlan was more successful at indoor running notwithstanding a later world title in 1983 over 5,000 meters. Coghlan also set the record for the indoor 2,000 meter run at 4:54.07 in 1987, which stood until Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia ran 4:52.86 in 1998 (which was broken in 2007 when Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia ran 4:49.99). Coghlan won the world-famous Wanamaker Mile at the Millrose Games in NYC's Madison Square Garden a record seven times (1977, 1979–81, 1983, 1985, 1987) his last win being at the age of 34. His record stood for over twenty years with Bernard Lagat winning for an eighth time in 2010: Coghlan fired the starting pistol to the record-breaking race and presented Lagat with a trophy. Outdoor career
He won the 5,000 metres at the 1983 World Championships to follow two fourth places in the Olympics (in the 1,500 meters in 1976 and the 5,000 meters in 1980). In the 1976 Olympics, he probably made a mistake by taking the lead at 500 metres and by not accelerating enough before the winner, John Walker, passed him at 1,200 metres.Thus he lost valuable energy which he would have needed in the home straight's struggle against Walker, Belgium's Ivo van Damme and West Germany's Paul-Heinz Wellman. In the 1980 Olympics 5,000 metres he probably made a mistake by sprinting to the lead at the start of the last back straight. In any case, he led the race for only a few seconds before Ethiopia's Miruts Yifter kicked past him on the inside. By contrast, in the 1983 World Championships in Athletics 5,000 metres, Coghlan was in peak shape and ran intelligently, catching the Soviet Union's Dmitry Dmitriyev on the last back straight and sprinting past him with about 120 metres to go. He ran the last 1,000 metres very fast, in 2:24.77, and won the race by 1.67 seconds, despite clearly slowing down in the final metres. He also won


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 silver at the 1978 European Championships in Prague over 1500m, in 3:36.57, behind Steve Ovett of Great Britain, and in 1979, he competed in his only European Indoor Championships (he raced sparingly on the European indoor circuit due to his indoor commitments in the US), taking the gold medal in the 1500 m in Vienna. In December 1979 he ran the only sub 50-minute time in the Waterhouse Byrne Baird Shield 10 Mile Cross Country.In 1981, <mask> won the gold medal at 5000m in the IAAF World Cup, competing for Europe (not shown in the medal table above). He missed out on the 1982 European Championships and the 1984 Olympic Games due to injury. Coghlan was eliminated in the 5000-metre semi-finals at the 1988 Seoul Olympics In 1985, he was a member of Ireland's four-man squad along with Marcus O'Sullivan, Frank O'Mara and Ray Flynn, which set a world record time of 15:49.08 in the 4 x mile relay, in a charity fund-raising race in Dublin. In total, Coghlan ran 83 sub-4-minute miles, indoor and out. Life after retirement
In 1994, on the Harvard University indoor track, Eamonn became the first man over age 40 to run a sub-four-minute mile. He was 41 at the time. Coghlan ran the sub-four-minute mile as a "Special Attraction" during the middle of the Massachusetts State High School Championship meet.Athletes surrounded the banked track clapping and pounding out the rhythm of :59 sec. splits on the fast Harvard track. Coghlan works as director of fundraising (North America) for the Children's Medical & Research Foundation, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin and is a regular panellist on Ireland's television station RTÉ for athletics programmes. He coaches a number of Irish international runners including David Campbell, David Fitzmaurice and his son John. In 2002, he appeared in part two of the original Mrs Browns Boys series. In 2008, he served as Grand Marshal for Dublin's St Patrick's Day parade. Coghlan's book Chairman of the Boards, Master of the Mile was released in 2008.Political career
In May 2011,


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 he was appointed as a Senator by the Taoiseach Enda Kenny. He sat as an independent until 7 February 2012, when he joined the Fine Gael party. He ran as the Fine Gael candidate in the 2014 Dublin West by-election. During an election debate on Tonight with Vincent Browne, he baffled viewers and panel members by telling a bizarre anecdote, including an impersonation, about a constituent he had met during his canvass. His campaign largely "fell flat on its face" according to a Fine Gael minister, despite the party putting significant resources into the constituency He polled 3,788 first preference votes, placing fifth in the contest and being eliminated on the fourth count. This was a 1.9% drop in the Fine Gael vote, compared to the previous by-election result in the same constituency. He unsuccessfully ran for election to the Administrative Panel of the Seanad in 2016, getting 3% of first preference votes, and was not re-nominated to the Seanad.Personal bests
Source

References

External links

ATHLETE PROFILE Eamonn COGHLAN All-Athletics
Article in Euro Legends series from European Athletics
Millrose Games website
The Extra Mile

1952 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes from the Republic of Ireland
European Athletics Championships medalists
Fine Gael senators
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish male long-distance runners
Irish male middle-distance runners
Irish sportsperson-politicians
Irish masters athletes
Members of the 24th Seanad
Olympic athletes of Ireland
Politicians from Dublin (city)
Sportspeople from Dublin (city)
Villanova University alumni
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ireland
World Athletics Championships medalists
World record holders in masters athletics
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
People educated at Drimnagh Castle Secondary School
World Athletics Championships


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Mervyn "<mask><mask> (August 19, 1944 – March 16, 2017) was an American underground cartoonist and central figure in the underground comix movement. <mask>'s art was published in the National Lampoon, High Times, the Realist, the Industrial Worker, the Chicago Seed, Encyclopædia Britannica and others. His best-known character is Snappy Sammy Smoot. Biography

Childhood
<mask> was born in San Antonio, Texas, but later moved to Lynchburg, Virginia, and then to Canton, Missouri. <mask>'s real first name is Mervyn; however when he was a child, he was a bit of a troublemaker, so his grandmother gave him the nickname "<mask>" after Percy Crosby's comic strip character "Skippy". First publication
<mask>'s first published cartoon was in Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine in 1961.The cartoon was accepted by then Help! editor Gloria Steinem. The cartoon was of two New Orleans trash cans. One was labeled "Negro Trash" the other "White Trash". Subsequently, comedian Dick Gregory went on The Tonight Show and showed the cartoon on national television, launching <mask> into the mainstream. Underground comix
<mask> moved to Chicago in 1967 and almost immediately teamed up with Jay Lynch to publish the underground newspaper The Chicago Mirror. (<mask> and Lynch remained friends for the rest of their lives.)In 1968, <mask>, Lynch, and Robert Crumb rechristened the Chicago Mirror as Bijou Funnies, which became one of the earliest and longest running underground comix titles. <mask>'s character Snappy Sammy Smoot became popular enough to appear (played by Carl Reiner) on the 1960s television program Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. Some years later the Comix Journal wrote:

The Chicago 8
Because of <mask>'s friendship with Yippie activist Abbie Hoffman, he was allowed into the courtroom where the Chicago 8 trial was being held, where he did sketches of key characters in the trial. <mask> designed the cover of the first printing of Abbie Hoffman's Steal This Book. Hoffman gave <mask> the

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Skip
" Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Skip
Williamson
Williamson
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 advance from his book for <mask> to produce a comic that would raise money for the Chicago 8 defense fund. <mask> produced the comic book Conspiracy Capers, which featured the art of Jay Lynch, Art Spiegelman, Jay Kinney, Dan Clyne, Paul David Simon, and others. Later work
During the 1970s and 1980s <mask> art-directed and contributed artwork to men's magazines.In 1973 he was art director of Gallery magazine, where he created the “Girl Next Door” concept by publishing snapshots of sweethearts and wives sent in by readers. In 1974 <mask> was the founding art director of Hustler, and in 1976 he joined the staff of Playboy. There he created the popular "Playboy Funnies" section and introduced millions of readers to his characters Neon Vincent and the "postmodern" couple Nell ‘n’ Void. <mask> designed album covers for blues artists like Albert Collins (Cold Snap, 1986), Koko Taylor (An Audience With the Queen, 1987), Little Charlie and the Nightcats (All The Way Crazy, 1987) and Mudcat (You Better Mind, 2013). For the band Wilderness Road he drew a special comic book, Snuk Comics, to promote them. In later years <mask> concentrated on producing large-scale canvases depicting political social abomination and political treachery. Death
He died at Albany Medical Center at 12:30 pm on March 16, 2017.The official cause of death was renal failure and complications from heart disease and diabetes. Exhibitions
<mask>'s work has been exhibited at the New York Cultural Center (New York City), the Maryland Institute of Design (Baltimore), the Chicago 4 Show (Chicago), the Phoenix Gallery (Berkeley, California), the American Contemporary Graphics Exhibition (a travelling exhibition), the Words & Pictures Museum (Northampton, Massachusetts), the 23rd Century Gallery (Chicago), the Corcoran Gallery of Art (Washington, DC), Lucca Comics & Games (Lucca, Italy), the Tate Modern (London), the La Luz de Jesus gallery (L.A.), Gallery Bink (Portland, Oregon), the Vinson Gallery

masks: Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson


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 (Atlanta), and many others. His work was shown throughout Europe in the Comix 2000 traveling exhibition sponsored by the French publisher L’Association. His art has been auctioned at Sotheby's, Christie's, and Heritage auction houses. <mask>'s large-scale canvases depicting political social abomination and political treachery have been exhibited in galleries in New Orleans, Los Angeles, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Oregon, and other cities. In 2000 <mask> exhibited his paintings in a solo show at Atlanta's Eyedrum gallery. Dr. Jerry Cullum, senior editor of Art Papers, wrote in the Atlanta Journal-Constitution:

<mask>'s art has been documented by Penguin Books, Brumm Publishing, E.P.Dutton and Company, Studio Vista Publishers, Boston Art & Books, the Graphis Press, Arcanum Press, the School of African Studies — Harvard University, the Designer's Gaukuin College, Northwestern University Press, The New York Times, The Chicago Tribune, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, The Washington Post, the Milwaukee Bugle-American, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Los Angeles Times, the Detroit Free Press, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and many others. <mask>'s comics are included in the permanent collection of the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. <mask> <mask> characters
Snappy Sammy Smoot
Rag-time Billy
Necropolis Keester
Neon Vincent
Nell & Void

References

Notes

References
A history of underground comics by Mark James Estren, Ronin Publishing 091417164X

External links
 Official Blog
 Official Blog
 Vinson Art Gallery and biography

1944 births
2017 deaths
Underground cartoonists
American cartoonists
American comics artists
20th-century American painters
American illustrators
American satirists
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
Courtroom sketch artists
People from San Antonio
Deaths from kidney failure
Deaths from heart disease
Deaths from diabetes
People from Lynchburg, Virginia
People from Canton, Missouri
21st-century

masks: Williamson Williamson Williamson Williamson Skip Williamson


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<mask>.  (born 25 December 1929) is an English former media personality. He presented regional news programmes for the BBC in North West England in the 1960s and 1970s, while becoming known nationally for presenting the game show It's a Knockout (which was part of the international Jeux Sans Frontières franchise). <mask>'s later career mainly involved football reporting on BBC Radio. In 2014, he was convicted of multiple sexual offences against children, ending his broadcasting career. Early life
<mask> was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the eldest son of baker <mask>, and his Irish-born wife, Mary (née Hennessey). He was brought up in Hyde, Cheshire, and Glossop, Derbyshire, attending the local grammar school. <mask> directed plays when at school and chaired its debating society.While studying at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, he was offered a contract with Crystal Palace F.C. but turned it down because of the low wages. Career

Journalism
<mask> joined the BBC in 1959 as a general reporter on Radio Newsreel and a sports journalist on Sports Report. Between 1965 and 1990, he presented BBC North West's regional news programmes produced in Manchester, originally called Look North, then Look North West and finally North West Tonight, alongside John Mundy. During the run of Nationwide (1969–83), <mask> became known nationally through live link-ups. In 1990, <mask> moved to ITV Granada's Granada Reports, where he worked with Bob Greaves in a slot titled "Greaves and Hall." During the 2000s, he joined Channel M, a local television station in Manchester, presenting <mask>'s Heroes on Channel M News.Entertainment
Between 1972 and 1982, <mask> became particularly well known as the presenter of It's a Knockout on BBC1 and its European equivalent, Jeux Sans Frontières. He would often be overcome by laughter at the slapstick antics of the competitors. This led to his becoming a popular subject for

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James Stuart Hall Jr
Hall
Stuart Hall
James Stuart Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
Hall
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 impersonation. After the series was cancelled, <mask> presented the one-off Grand Knockout Tournament (also known as "It's a Royal Knockout") in 1987, and retained the rights to the programme and some costumes, which enabled him to host similar programmes and events in other parts of the world. <mask> also presented Quiz Ball (a BBC football quiz show) between 1971 and 1972; was the original host of the long-running sports quiz A Question of Sport (at that time only broadcast in the North of England); presented Going, Going, Gone (a BBC antiques quiz show) in the late 1990s; and provided the voice-over for God's Gift for Granada Television. In 2008, <mask> provided his voice for a special segment on Les Dennis's Home Video Heroes. In a typical episode, he would be shown a series of funny clips and there would be a 'laugh-ometer' at the bottom of the screen measuring how much he laughed.Football
As a football reporter, <mask> is associated with the phrase "The Beautiful Game", which he popularised, and which he reports he coined in his youth to describe football. As a lifelong Manchester City supporter, he admired prolific goal-scorer Peter Doherty's style of playing and consequently used the phrase "The Beautiful Game" to describe Doherty. The first football match that <mask> reported on was Sheffield Wednesday versus Leicester City at Hillsborough in 1958, where the teams shared eight goals. Despite his love of Manchester City, he has affectionately referred to their former home ground Maine Road as the 'Theatre of Base Comedy', an allusion to City's Manchester rivals Manchester United's home ground Old Trafford, which is known as the 'Theatre of Dreams'. During the 1970s, <mask> developed a relationship with Liverpool manager Bill Shankly and became a regular visitor to the Anfield 'Boot Room'. His relationship with Bob Paisley enabled him to pull off a coup, capturing the team's first European Cup final in 1977 in Rome. Smuggled

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


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 into the ground as a club employee, <mask> spent the match on the substitutes' bench wearing the No 14 shirt.This enabled him to get inside television footage of the team's 3–1 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach. As a television presenter with Look North, <mask> used to turn out for benefit matches, scoring twice against Gordon Banks in Eddie Hopkinson's testimonial at Bolton Wanderers. <mask> worked as a football reporter for BBC Radio 5 Live for some years. On 10 December 2009 Radio 5 Live presented a special programme, Stuart Hall Night, broadcast live from the City of Manchester Stadium. Child sexual abuse prosecution and conviction
In May 2012, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, a journalist and regular columnist for The Independent, received an anonymous three-page letter alleging that <mask> had groomed and sexually abused the sender while she was a schoolgirl in the 1970s. The writer stated that she had been motivated to disclose her experiences by the reports of sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile after his death and by her anger at <mask>'s appointment as an OBE in the 2012 New Year Honours. Alibhai-Brown passed the letter to the Metropolitan Police at Ealing police station, who in turn sent it on to Lancashire Constabulary, in whose jurisdiction the alleged offences had occurred.Lancashire Constabulary then began an investigation. On 5 December 2012, police arrested <mask> and charged him with three historical counts of indecent assault, involving a 16- or 17-year-old girl in 1974, a 9-year-old girl in 1983, and a 13-year-old girl in 1984. Released on bail, <mask> initially denied any wrongdoing, issuing a statement through his solicitor that he was "innocent of these charges". When he appeared at Preston Magistrates' Court on 7 January 2013, he pleaded not guilty to all three charges. The case was committed to Crown Court for trial. <mask> was released on bail on condition that he remained resident at his home address and had no unsupervised

masks: Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall Hall


texts: contact with children under the age of 17. Media coverage of the case led to more women coming forward to state that <mask> had also sexually abused them.On 22 January 2013, <mask> was charged with raping a 22-year-old woman in 1976 and indecently assaulting ten more girls, then aged from 9 to 17 years old, between 1967 and 1986. Speaking to reporters after an appearance at Preston Magistrates Court on 7 February 2013, <mask> again denied any wrongdoing, calling the charges "pernicious, callous, cruel and, above all, spurious". At a pre-trial hearing at Preston Crown Court on 16 April 2013, <mask> pleaded guilty to 14 charges of indecent assault involving 13 girls aged between 9 and 17 years old. He was released on bail pending sentencing on 17 June. Reporting restrictions prevented the media from making the news public until 2 May, when the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) elected not to pursue the rape charge or three other indecent assault charges relating to the same complainant, who had decided not to give evidence. <mask> made a statement through his barrister issuing an "unreserved apology" to his victims. On 15 July 2013, Lancashire Constabulary confirmed that five new allegations of rape and sexual assault had been made against <mask>, including the alleged rape of a 12-year-old girl.These investigations resulted in a further 16 charges of rape and indecent assault being laid against <mask> in October 2013. On 6 November he appeared in court in relation to the new charges, but did not make any plea. He made a further appearance in court on 29 November; at a preliminary court hearing on 28 February 2014, he pleaded not guilty to raping two young girls. He went on trial at Preston Crown Court on 6 May 2014, where he admitted indecently assaulting a girl under 16 but denied 20 further charges. On 16 May, <mask> was found not guilty of 15 charges of rape and four counts of indecent assault but was found guilty on two counts of


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 indecent assault against a 13-year-old girl. Sentencing
At Preston Crown Court on 17 June 2013, Judge Anthony Russell QC sentenced <mask> to 15 months in prison. Later the same day, the attorney general's office announced that it had received complaints that the sentence was "unduly lenient."The shadow attorney general and Labour MP Emily Thornberry stated that she believed <mask> deserved a longer sentence given the age of his victims and the fact that he had publicly denied the offences at first. The attorney general subsequently referred the sentence to the Court of Appeal for review. On 26 July, <mask>'s sentence was increased to 30 months. Following his additional conviction for indecent assault in May 2014, Mr Justice Turner sentenced <mask> to a further two years and six months in prison, to run consecutively to his existing prison sentence of 30 months. In a later ruling on the case of Max Clifford, the appeal court compared Clifford's case with <mask>'s; Clifford had claimed innocence, but did not directly impugn his victims. In contrast <mask> had publicly denounced his victims and accused one of seeking “instant notoriety”. A lawyer commented on the Clifford ruling: "Nothing Clifford did resembled the disastrous approach taken by <mask> who, prior to pleading guilty to abusing them as girls, denounced his accusers as gold-diggers and liars."Clifford's actions were deemed merely to show no remorse, and not to justify an increased penalty on appeal, although ruling out a reduction in sentence due to mitigating factors; in contrast <mask>'s sentence was actually increased on appeal. Civil action
In July 2013, the media reported that 17 women were preparing to launch civil claims against <mask> and the BBC, on whose premises a number of sexual assaults had allegedly taken place. Lawyers for the women confirmed that several of the claims related to alleged offences that were not part of <mask>'s criminal prosecution. Following

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 <mask>'s arrest for child sexual offences, Land Registry records revealed that on 22 February 2013, he had transferred his home, which he and his wife Hazel had owned jointly since 1981, into his wife's sole name. Although <mask> claimed that he was getting his financial affairs in order because of a heart condition that left him at risk of sudden death, lawyers acting for his victims said they would seek a court order to nullify the transfer of the property, worth an estimated £1.2 million, on the basis that he had relinquished ownership to avoid compensation claims. <mask> was released from HM Prison Wymott near Preston, Lancashire, on 16 December 2015, having served half his sentence. He arrived home in time for Christmas and his birthday on the same day.In a February 2016 interview with The Sun, <mask> criticised his accusers, 'those who impugned' him, for bringing him down and says he hopes for 'fairness'. A woman <mask> attacked when she was a teenage girl said, "To me he'll always be the lowest of the low, a vile paedophile who's ruined so many lives." BBC response
When the news of <mask>'s guilty plea became public, the BBC immediately terminated his contract and stated: "The BBC is appalled by the disgraceful actions of <mask> and we would like to express our sympathy to his victims." Lord Patten, chairman of the BBC Trust, initially announced that Dame Janet Smith would extend her inquiry into the Jimmy Savile sex abuse scandal to include <mask>'s sex offences. The BBC subsequently decided to launch a separate inquiry headed by a different individual. The Dame Janet Smith Review, released 25 February 2016, found that <mask> had assaulted 21 female victims at the BBC, the youngest of whom was aged 10, between 1967 and 1991. The report found that some BBC staff members were aware he was bringing underage girls into his dressing room for sex, but his "untouchable" celebrity status stopped them from passing complaints to

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 senior management.Personal life and honours
<mask> married Hazel on 1 March 1958 and lived in Wilmslow, Cheshire, until his imprisonment in 2013. The couple's first son, Nicholas, died shortly after birth because of a heart defect. They went on to have a daughter, Francesca, and another son, Daniel. They now have four grandchildren. <mask> owns an extensive collection of clocks, including one that belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. It was reported in February 2014 that Hazel was "filing for divorce" before <mask>'s trial in May 2014 where he was accused, but eventually acquitted, of raping two teenage girls. Honours
In 1999, various Members of Parliament signed a House of Commons Early Day Motion, congratulating <mask> on 40 years in broadcasting.<mask> was appointed as Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to broadcasting and charity, but the honour was formally annulled by the Queen in October 2013, due to his conviction for sex offences. References

Bibliography

External links

1929 births
Living people
20th-century English criminals
21st-century English criminals
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
BBC North West newsreaders and journalists
BBC radio presenters
BBC sports presenters and reporters
BBC television presenters
British male criminals
Child sexual abuse in England
Criminals from Lancashire
Criminals from Manchester
English association football commentators
English game show hosts
English male journalists
English people convicted of child sexual abuse
English people convicted of indecent assault
English people of Irish descent
English prisoners and detainees
English radio personalities
English sports broadcasters
English television presenters
People acquitted of rape
People from Ashton-under-Lyne
People from Hyde, Greater Manchester
People from Wilmslow
People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour
Prisoners and detainees of

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<mask> (1897–1960) was an American arts patron, philanthropist, and advocate for social change. Legendary for her salon parties, she enjoyed being the conduit for many unlikely meetings and collaborations. In 1938, when  a significant number of European artists were fleeing Europe, she started the Hannah Smith Agency in New York City. The Agency represented a select group of artists and thinkers, embodying <mask>’s knack for collecting artists and ideas. Background

Born in Philadelphia to an influential Quaker family, <mask>’s background was one of high ideals, inquiring intellect and incipient feminism. This led to a rigorous education, on both sides of the Atlantic. Early on, family connections brought her into close contact with influential figures such as critic Bernard Berenson, philosopher Bertrand Russell, and Martha Carey Thomas (a relative whose unhappy love affair was fictionalized by Gertrude Stein in Fernhurst).It also set the tone for <mask>’s later life: provoking, reconciling and enjoying a play of contradictory ideas. The 1920s

In the 1920s <mask> struck out on her own, making a crusading passion her defining characteristic. With connections to Gertrude Stein through Carey Thomas, <mask> soon became enamored of the circle of American avant-gardists in Paris at this time. Stein and Alice B. Toklas, while holding Carey Thomas in highest regard, appear to have held reservations about the motives of the younger <mask>. When a prized recipe book went missing, suspicion fell on <mask>. But <mask>’s exuberant immersion in Paris social life and her family fortune made life less uncomfortable for many artists, composers, and intellectuals. Through previous Philadelphia connections to pianist Constantine von Sternberg and the patron Mary Louise Curtis Bok, <mask> saw that composer George Antheil was supported to write his most famous work, the “Ballet Mécanique” in 1924.Under the influence of Antheil and Francis Picabia, among others, <mask> became passionately interested in the possibilities of electronic and mechanical

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 arts. In 1927 she acquired an early electronic instrument, an etherphone, from Leon Theremin. She was also attending various Movement Demonstrations at Gurdjieff’s Paris institute at this time. Experimentation with sound and drama using the prototype aetherphone ended abruptly with a nasty electric shock. After consultations with Gurdjieff and others, she concluded she would return her focus to promoting the works of others. Her peripatetic partner in these activities was an American art student, Alexina “Teeny” Sattler (later Matisse, and later Duchamp). Unfortunately, this exuberant friendship was strained when “Teeny” married Pierre Matisse in 1929, rather against <mask>’s advice.Lou Andreas-Salomé was, perhaps more than anyone else, a role model. On a short stay in Paris she introduced <mask> to the works of both Freud and Nietzsche. Andreas-Salomé left a number of unsent letters to Freud at <mask>’s home. <mask> kept them, but never opened them. The 1930s
In the early 1930s, <mask> attempted a return to the USA, summering in Los Angeles. While <mask> enjoyed the brio of new ideas and buzz around Hollywood, she was not ready to leave Paris. The high point of this period was probably the tennis foursome <mask> called together, with George Gershwin, Arnold Schoenberg and Groucho Marx.(Marx believing until the last minute that the Schoenberg in question was his uncle, the entertainer Al Schoenberg). Returning to Paris, <mask>’s position as a patron saw her play a useful role in the mounting of the Museum of Modern Art's 1936 exhibition, Fantastic, Dada, and Surrealism. The use of the word ”Fantastic” in the show’s title has been attributed to <mask>. <mask> traveled to New York for the show’s opening. The exhibition’s rapturous reception amongst New York’s literati and the deteriorating political situation in Europe inclined <mask> to return to America. She set up house in New York on West 51st Street, where she would live until her death. In the spacious modernist apartment, she was the consummate host of soirées and culinary

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 experiments that are said to have included among many others Max Ernst, Kurt Seligmann, Bob Motherwell, Little Richard, André Breton, Oscar Levant, Nikola Tesla, Dai Vernon, Linus Pauling, Louis Kahn, Maya Deren, John Cage, Joseph Cornell, Kurt Gödel, Nadia Boulanger Dylan Thomas, and Al Schoenberg.In 1938, <mask> famously wired Samuel Beckett in Paris while he was recuperating from a severe stabbing by the gangster pimp, Prudent. The telegram read, “STOP”. The Hannah Smith Agency

Smith established her agency in New York in 1938. Keenly aware of the difficulties facing European artists arriving in New York, her intention was to make a professional practice of promoting new talents and ideas to a wider public. Taking inspiration from the photographer Dorothy Norman, her intention was that avant-garde ideas would become part of the mainstream and effect social change. In the late 1940s <mask> sought to produce “The Witches' Cradle,” a film that Maya Deren and Marcel Duchamp envisaged in his Fourteenth Street studio but never completed, Deren giving up formal art practice upon her initiation into Vodou. <mask> supported the groundbreaking fieldwork of Ilona and Peter Opie in the 1950s, researching children’s games, toys and playgrounds.Through a connection with the Opies, at this time the Hannah Smith Agency sought publishing for Mim Hickman's complete and comprehensive archive of songs, dances and scrimshaw from Blackwaterfoot Bay in the Arran Isles. In 1960, the Smith Agency sent 16mm cameras, film stock and editing equipment to the Yuat-Langam people in the Sepik River area of Papua New Guinea, the intention being that the Yuat-Langam people would collectively make movies and the Smith agency would arrange distribution. Later Life. With her health in decline, and with her admiration for John Cage and his work, <mask> was an avid supporter of the Mycological Society of America and spent restful times in the forests of upstate New York with Cage and other mushroom-loving friends. 1897 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American

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<mask> (born 13 August 1939) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Widely regarded as one of Australian football's greatest players, Nicholls was the first Carlton footballer to play 300 games for the Blues, and was declared the club's greatest player. He represented Victoria a record 31 times in interstate football, and was inducted as one of the inaugural Legends when the Australian Football Hall of Fame was established in 1996. Nicholls played most of his football as a ruckman, and although at 189 centimetres he was not especially tall, he compensated his lack of height with his intelligence and imposing physical presence, which earned him the nickname 'Big Nick'. His rivalry with fellow Australian football legend Graham Farmer raised the standard of ruck play during the 1960s. Carlton career
The Carlton Football Club recruited Nicholls from the Maryborough Football Club in 1957 after recruiting his elder brother, Don, the previous year their father ensured that both brothers would play together at one club. Don played 77 senior games as a centreman for Carlton from 1956, when he was Carlton's best first-year player, to 1961.<mask> enjoyed an outstanding season in 1966, winning his second consecutive Robert Reynolds Trophy, and finishing second in the Brownlow Medal count, four votes behind St Kilda champion Ian Stewart. Success as captain-coach
In his first year as captain-coach, Nicholls led the Blues to the minor premiership with 18 wins and a draw, followed by  with 18 wins. 1972 was the first season in which the McIntyre "Final Five" system was used, and so because Carlton finished on top of the ladder, this meant that they had a week's break before facing Richmond in the Second Semi-final. The match was drawn, which in those days meant that a replay was required the following week, thus shifting every other match

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 back another week. Richmond won the replay by 41 points, but in the post-match interviews Nicholls refused to panic:
Carlton has not hit a form slump. We just had a dismal day – our worst for the season. [...] There'll be no panic just because we went down by 41 points.There won't be more than one or two changes. [...] We will be sticking to the same players because it was they who put us where we finished at the end of the home-and-away games. [...] I know the players will redeem themselves next week. We just won't beat St. Kilda – we will win well. And if we team together as I know we can I know we are good enough to take the premiership. Robert Walls, who was serving as vice-captain, recalled that the day after the semi-final defeat, the players arrived at training feeling flat, but Nicholls revealed to them the outline of his plan to win the premiership with all-out attacking football. But first, Carlton had to defeat  in the Preliminary Final.The Saints had played in the previous year's Grand Final and still boasted a strong team. <mask> chose not to implement his plan, trusting that his players would get the job done. The Blues prevailed by 16 points and earned the right to redeem themselves against their arch-rival. Richmond went into the Grand Final as clear favourites, but this would be the day when Nicholls established once and for all his reputation as one of the greats of the game. The element of surprise in Nicholls' plan lay in his team selection; he handed the rucking responsibilities to "Percy" Jones, whilst stationing himself in the forward pocket with the intent of kicking goals. He also deployed Barry Armstrong in the centre while Vin Waite was given the task of minding Barry Richardson. Finally, in the lead-up to the match, Nicholls had given his players three simple instructions: get to the ball first, kick long into attack and contest for 100 minutes.The plan succeeded in the most


texts: spectacular fashion possible. In an enthralling spectacle of attacking football from both teams, Carlton piled on the goals to lead at half time with an incredible score of 18.6 (114) to 10.9 (69). The shell-shocked Tigers tried to claw their way back into the game, but every goal they scored was met with a Carlton reply. When the final siren sounded, Carlton had registered a record score of 28.9 (177) while Richmond's score of 22.18 (150), enough to win most games, remains the highest losing score in a Grand Final. While every Carlton player contributed, <mask> himself had a field day, kicking six goals on Ray Boyanich. He said afterwards that had he not kicked six, he felt he would have failed in the position. Walls, who also kicked six goals, was nominated best on ground.Stung by their defeat, Richmond didn't have to wait long to avenge their humiliation as the two rivals squared off again in the following season's Grand Final. On a hot and blustery day, Richmond prevailed in a match that would be remembered for two major incidents. The first occurred at the three-minute mark of the first quarter, when Nicholls was sensationally felled by Richmond back pocket Laurie Fowler while juggling a mark. Both players had their eyes on the ball and didn't see each other until it was too late. Fowler, who was airborne, hit Nicholls with his shoulder and emerged from the collision unscathed, but Nicholls went to ground and had to be helped to his feet by the club trainers. The sight of their fallen leader stunned the Carlton players; Robert Walls recalled that "[t]here was a bit of disbelief when Nicholls went down because we'd never seen the big bloke hurt like that before." Nicholls was awarded a 15-metre penalty, and goaled from the free kick, but suffered double vision from the collision, and had little further impact on the game.The second incident came in the second quarter, when Ian Stewart kicked the ball


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 deep into Richmond's attacking zone to a contest involving Carlton full-back Geoff Southby and Richmond forward Neil Balme. What happened next would sour Carlton's already bitter relations with Richmond for many years. Going for the ball after it spilled off a pack contest, Southby was floored by a round-arm punch from Balme. The hit broke Southby's jaw, and he would not return to the field after half time. Just moments later, Balme would lash out again, this time at Vin Waite. Reflecting on the incident many years later, <mask> angrily labelled Balme a "cheat":
I didn't respect him as a player because I reckon he was a cheat. He used to dwell on players and with his big, strong frame, he should have been doing more courageous things.People over the years say Balmey knocked a couple out, but he basically king-hit people. Controversies
While playing for Carlton, Nicholls served a three-month jail term at Pentridge Prison in 1960, having been found guilty of embezzling £5,558 from the Collins Street Branch of the ES&A Bank and larceny as a servant. He was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment (with an eligibility for parole after three months), he missed the first eleven games of the 1960 season, returning to play against Richmond on 16 July 1960. Retirement and Further coaching
Nicholls finished his VFL career with a then-record 331 games (three state games played during Carlton games were added to his 328 Carlton games). Following his retirement, he served as non-playing coach at Carlton in 1975, but then resigned three days before the start of the 1976 VFL season, citing mental and physical exhaustion. Nicholls then went to South Australia, where he coached Glenelg Football Club, from 1977 to 1978, and then returned to Melbourne to coach Coburg Football Club in 1981. Life after Football
Nicholls has remained loyal to Carlton, even through the recent lean years.In August 2010, at a function to


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 celebrate the 40th anniversary of Carlton's memorable 1970 premiership, <mask> took the opportunity to voice his displeasure at the way Carlton had been run by previous administrators since the 1995 premiership, which eventually led, among other things, to the club's first wooden spoon in 2002:
The thing that annoys me more at the moment about Carlton is our lack of respect, generally, in the footballing public. I know that, without going right through all the 50-odd years, I have seen a lot of good committees come and go. I have seen a lot of good players come and go, but there is a lack of respect and, to me, a trashing of the Carlton brand in the past 10 or 15 years. During Carlton's 150th anniversary celebration in June 2014, at which he was named the club's greatest player, <mask> went further, saying that the club needed to lose its arrogant image:
But I must say, if I have one regret about the image of Carlton, who I love, it is the fact that we have probably taken over from Collingwood as being the most hated side in the league. I say that because people think we were arrogant, which we were – thanks to a couple of presidents. Without mentioning any names, they were arrogant. When we won, they didn’t know how to win properly.I believe that's the thing about sport – you have got to know how to win and how to lose and do both properly. We were arrogant. I think that helped create an image of the club, being an arrogant club, which I don’t think we are. Honours and Tributes
<mask> won the Robert Reynolds Trophy for Carlton's best and fairest player on five occasions: 1959, only his third season, and then in 1963, 1965, 1966 and 1967. In the eleven seasons from 1959 to 1969, Nicholls never placed outside the top three for the award. The trophy was renamed in Nicholls' honour in 2004. He was also named in Carlton's Team of the Century in the first ruck.Besides being named as one of the twelve inaugural

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 "Legends of the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996, Nicholls was also named in the AFL Team of the Century, as the resting ruckman in the back pocket, with Graham Farmer taking the first ruck position. He is depicted contesting a boundary throw-in against Farmer in Jamie Cooper's painting the Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport. Teammate and fellow Hall of Fame Legend Alex Jesaulenko rated Nicholls the best he had seen or played with, "because he could have two marks and four kicks and still win a game." Former Collingwood captain Des Tuddenham said that Nicholls had the best football brain of anyone he had met. Carlton rover Rod Ashman recounted the impact Nicholls had during his early years at the club:
Playing alongside "Big Nick" was an absolute godsend. I got him at the end of his career, but I'll never forget one day at Carlton at a boundary throw-in, right in front of the social club in the forward pocket. He looked at me and motioned towards a spot; it was clear he wanted me to get there.Sure enough, he palms it straight to me and I kick a goal. He was that good. Opposition ruckmen just couldn't get around him. I couldn't believe the size of his legs; they were enormous. He could manoeuvre around blokes like Polly Farmer, even though he stood only six feet two. that's shorter than Chris Judd. He was just a sensational player.References

Bibliography

External links

Blueseum: <mask> Profile

Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Carlton Football Club players
Carlton Football Club Premiership players
Carlton Football Club coaches
Carlton Football Club Premiership coaches
Glenelg Football Club coaches
Coburg Football Club coaches
<mask>lls Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
1939 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Maryborough Football Club players
Three-time VFL/AFL

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<mask> (born October 19, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the first round of the 2009 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut in 2014. He did not play in the major leagues after 2015 until he pitched for the Braves in 2020. Career

Amateur career
Matzek played baseball at Capistrano Valley High School in Mission Viejo, California, where he was a teammate of future big leaguer Kyle Hendricks. He struck out 102 in  innings pitched with an 0.97 earned run average (ERA) his senior year, leading his team to the California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) championship and earning the CIF Orange County Player of the Year. He was drafted by the Colorado Rockies in the first round, 11th overall, in the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. Colorado Rockies
On August 17, 2009, Matzek agreed to a $3.9 million signing bonus to join the Colorado Rockies organization.He did not pitch professionally in 2009. Prior to the 2010 season he was ranked by Baseball America as the 23rd best prospect in baseball. Playing for the Single-A Asheville Tourists, he compiled a win-loss record of 5-1 with a 2.92 ERA and 88 strikeouts in  innings of work over 18 starts. However, he struggled with control, walking 62 and hitting 4 batters. Prior to 2011 Baseball America ranked him as the 32nd best prospect. He started the season with the High-A Modesto Nuts, but struggled mightily, going 0-3 with a 9.82 ERA with 46 walks in 33 innings. He was demoted back to Asheville, where he made three rather unsuccessful starts before going on a "little mental break" after his start on June 17.He


texts: returned to Asheville on July 20 to finish the season. He went 5-4 with a 4.36 ERA with the Tourists in 2011, striking out 74 and walking 50 in 64 innings. Matzek started the 2012 season with Modesto. He was a mid-season All-Star in the California League, going 4-3 with a 3.24 ERA before the break, striking out 83 and walking 52 in 75 innings. His second half was slightly worse than the first, and he finished 2012 going 6-8 with a 4.62 ERA, striking out a league-leading 153 and walking a league-leading 95. In 2013, he pitched for the Double-A Tulsa Drillers. He was also a mid-season All-Star in the Texas League, going 3-6 with a 4.04 ERA before the break, striking out 55 and walking 40 in  innings.His second half was slightly better this year, and he finished 2013 with the Drillers 8-9 with a 3.79 ERA, striking out 95 and walking 76 in  innings. After the year, <mask> pitched for the Salt River Rafters of the Arizona Fall League, where in 10 games of relief, he went 1-1 with a 3.86 ERA and a 1.457 WHIP, earning him a selection to the AFL Fall Stars Game. <mask> was added to the Rockies 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. He started the 2014 season with the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox. He made 12 starts for the SkySox before earning his first promotion to the major leagues, going 5-4 with a 4.05 ERA, striking out 61 and walking 31 in  innings. <mask> was promoted to the Colorado Rockies on June 11, 2014, to replace Eddie Butler, who went on the disabled-list after his major league debut. <mask> made his major league debut that day, giving up two runs on five hits with seven strikeouts and no walks in seven innings in an 8-2 victory against the Atlanta

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 Braves.He also recorded his first hit off of Julio Teherán, an infield-single in the 7th inning, and he later scored. <mask> got his first career complete game shutout September 5, 2014 vs the San Diego Padres. In the game, he gave up three hits and the Rockies won the game 3-0. At the end of the season, <mask> won 6 games while losing 11 in 19 starts. <mask> began the 2015 season in the Rockies rotation, but after experiencing control problems he was sent down to Triple-A. He would spend the rest of the season in Triple-A. After having surgery towards the end of the 2015 season, Matzek began the 2016 season on the disabled list.He was outrighted off the roster at midseason and was released at the end of the season. Chicago White Sox
In 2017, Matzek signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He was released on March 28, 2017. After leaving the White Sox organization, Matzek did not play that year. Seattle Mariners
In 2018, he signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners. He was released on March 30, 2018. Texas AirHogs
On April 12, 2018, <mask> signed with the Texas AirHogs of the independent American Association.In  innings, he struck out 93 batters but walked 66 batters. Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 15, 2019, Matzek signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks following a showcase with Driveline baseball. He was released on May 16, 2019. Second stint with AirHogs
On June 9, 2019, Matzek signed with the Texas AirHogs of the American Association. He had a 2.64 ERA and 53 strikeouts in  innings pitched. Atlanta Braves
On August 14, 2019, <mask>'s contract was purchased by the Atlanta Braves. Matzek began his

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