texts:
 (2007)
 Lustfully Ever After: Fairy Tale Erotic Romance (Foreword - 2011)
 Fifty Writers on Fifty Shades of Grey (2012)
 Story of O (Introduction - 2013)
 Writing New Adult Fiction (Foreword - 2014)

Media

In April 2013, HeroesAndHeartbreakers.com broke the news that Day's Crossfire series had been optioned for television adaptation. Lions Gate Entertainment secured the rights.Kevin Beggs, President of the Lionsgate Television Group, confirmed the acquisition on August 5, 2013 in a press release. Lionsgate TV Executive Vice President Chris Selak, who was to oversee development for the studio, said, "The Crossfire series is an incredible property and it is a thrill to bring it to Lionsgate. <mask> has created an enduring, sexy and edgy story, and we're looking forward to working with her to create a show that both excites and connects with audiences as her books have done." However, <mask> declined a third renewal of the option and the rights have reverted to her. In June 2017, startup streaming entertainment company Passionflix began production of <mask>'s Afterburn/Aftershock film adaptation. Principal photography concluded on July 29, 2017. The film debuted in November 2017.Beyond Words: <mask>, a documentary covering the world tour supporting the release of <mask>’s One with You, was released on October 9, 2018. References

External links
 <mask> Official website
 Tor Books Press Release for Eve of Darkness
 Berkley Books Press Release for Bared to You

 <mask>'s lifestyle magazine, Beyond Words

1973 births
Living people
Writers from California
American romantic fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American women bloggers
American bloggers
<mask>, S.J. Defense Language Institute alumni
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
Women romantic fiction writers
Women science

masks:
Sylvia
Day
Day
Sylvia Day
Day
Sylvia Day
Sylvia Day
Day


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<mask> Vechta of the German ProA. He played college basketball for the University of Notre Dame before playing professionally in Germany, France, Dominican Republic, Israel, Turkey and Lithuania. Early life and college career
<mask> attended Lawrence Woodmere Academy in Woodmere, New York, where he averaged 17 points, 14 rebounds, 5 assists and 3 blocks during his senior season. <mask> helped lead his team to three consecutive regional championships during his sophomore, junior and senior campaigns and earned All-Long Island first-team honors. <mask> played college basketball for University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish, where he averaged 9.5 points and 5.9 rebounds and 2.6 assists per game in his senior year. Professional career

Tübingen (2011–2014)
<mask> went undrafted in the 2011 NBA Draft. On July 6, 2011, <mask> signed with the German team Walter Tigers Tübingen for the 2011–2012 season.That season, on March 21, 2012, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with Tübingen. In his second season with the team, <mask> participated in the 2013 BBL Slam Dunk Contest. Rouen (2014–2015)
On June 22, 2014, <mask> signed with the French team SPO Rouen Basket for the 2014–2015 season, alongside his former teammate Daequan Cook. However, on August 24, 2014, he parted ways with Rouen due to a leg injury that occurred while playing for the New Orleans Pelicans in the 2014 NBA Summer League. On January 19, 2015, <mask> returned to Rouen for the remainder of the season. Braunschweig (2015–2016)
On August 10, 2015, <mask> returned to Germany for a second stint, signing with Löwen Braunschweig for the 2015–2016 season. On December 6, 2015, <mask> recorded a season-high 26 points, shooting 9-of-12 from the field, along with eight rebounds in 90–83 win over Mitteldeutscher.Ironi Nahariya (2016–2017)
On September 15, 2016, <mask> signed with the Israeli team Ironi Nahariya for the 2016–17 season. On April 9, 2017, <mask>

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Tyrone Sidney Nashsta
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 recorded a career-high 28 points, shooting 12-of-13 from the field, along with seven rebounds, four assists and two steals in a 105–80 blowout win over Hapoel Tel Aviv. <mask> helped Nahariya reach the 2017 FIBA Europe Cup Quarterfinals, as well as reaching the 2017 Israeli League Quarterfinals, where they eventually lost to Hapoel Jerusalem 2–3 in a playoff series. Akhisar Belediyespor (2017)
On July 4, 2017, <mask> signed with the Turkish team Akhisar Belediyespor for the 2017–18 season. In November 2017, he parted ways with the team after appearing in five league games. Return to Nahariya (2017–2018)
On November 10, 2017, <mask> returned to Ironi Nahariya for a second stint, signing for the rest of the 2017–18 season. Prienai (2018)
On October 29, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year deal with BC Prienai of the Lithuanian Basketball League.In December 2018, he parted ways with Prienai after appearing in two league games. Rasta Vechta (2018–2019)
On December 8, 2019, <mask> Vechta, he finished the season as the league third-leading in field goal percentage (70.8), along with 10 points and 5.1 rebounds per game. <mask> helped Rasta Vechta reach the 2019 BBL Playoffs as the fourth seed, but they eventually were eliminated by Bayern Munich in the Semifinals. CD Valdivia (2021)
On January 9, 2021, he has signed with CD Valdivia of the LNB Chile. Return to Rasta Vechta (2021–present)
On October 14, 2021, he has signed second time with Rasta Vechta of the German ProA. The Basketball Tournament
<mask> was a member of the Notre Dame Fighting Alumni team that competed in the inaugural The Basketball Tournament, a winner-take-all competition, winning the 2014 tournament, with <mask> being named MVP.In TBT 2018, <mask> suited up for Team Sons of Westwood. In three games, he averaged 11.0 points per game and 5.7 rebounds per game on 83 percent shooting. Team Sons of Westwood ALS made it to the Super 16 before falling to Team

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Major-General <mask> CMG VD (1 October 1875 – 2 December 1954) was a noted mountaineer, Conservative Party politician, businessman, and chief constable in British Columbia, Canada, in addition to his distinguished military career. Early life
Known as Billy to friends and family, <mask> was born in Bristol, England. He studied engineering at Wycliffe College before he emigrated to British Columbia in 1894, where he became involved in the lucrative lumber business. He served with the Canadian Pacific Railway as a superintendent and police magistrate in Revelstoke, manager for the Globe Lumber Company on Vancouver Island, President of the Conservative Party of British Columbia, provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly, and Minister of Public Works prior to the Great War. <mask> was an avid mountaineer and was on the first expeditions to climb Mount Robson and Canada's highest peak, Mount Logan. <mask> served as the president of the Alpine Club of Canada and has a mountain on Vancouver Island named in his honour, Mount <mask>, as well as Foster Peak in the Canadian Rockies. He was also an honorary initiate of the BC Alpha chapter of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity at the University of British Columbia.In World War I, he fought in the Somme and Vimy Ridge battles and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the DSO. He was twice wounded and mentioned in dispatches five times. Industrial relations
<mask> worked as the managing director of Evans, Coleman and Evans, a timber exporting company on Vancouver's waterfront after the war that was a constituent member of the Shipping Federation of British Columbia, established by railway, stevedoring, and storage companies to manage commercial operations on the Port of Vancouver. In 1923, <mask> headed the Shipping Federation's Protection

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William Wasbrough Foster DSO
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 Committee, and organised a group of 144 special constables, who were sworn in and given badges and guns by the Vancouver Police Department. Their job was to protect over 1000 strikebreakers, composed mainly of high school and University of British Columbia students to break a longshoremen's strike and crush the Vancouver local of the International Longshoremen's Association. The strike and the union were broken, and the longshoremen were organised into a new company union, the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association. Within a decade, however, communist organisers would transform the union into a militant union, which again would come into conflict with Colonel <mask>.Chief Constable
<mask> probably gained his greatest local notoriety in Vancouver when he was appointed Chief Constable of the Vancouver Police Department on 3 January 1935. He came in during a shake-up and purge of the police to prepare the civic government forces for a showdown with the local communist movement. The Communist Party of Canada's trade union umbrella, the Workers' Unity League, was planning a general strike for May 1935, and the local big business interests claimed that it was to be the beginning of a Bolshevik revolution in Canada. The general strike and revolution never happened, but the city was flooded in the spring of 1935 with striking relief camp workers, which metamorphosed into the On-to-Ottawa Trek that left Vancouver atop boxcars in early June. <mask> restructured the police department significantly, and led an effort to eradicate crime and vice from the city. He initiated the first training of Vancouver police officers, updated police uniforms, added tear gas to the police arsenal, and established a "Communist Activities Branch" to gather intelligence. On one occasion, he used his influence

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 to have a bylaw passed banning white women from working in Chinatown restaurants on the assumption that they were being lured into prostitution, or "white slavery" as it was known at the time, with Chinese clients.The move sparked a backlash from Chinese businessmen and from women who had lost their jobs from restaurants, which had their business licences revoked. Business licences were restored only when the owners agreed not longer employ white women any longer, and at least thirty women were forced to seek other employment. Battle of Ballantyne Pier
<mask> had somewhat of a showdown with communism during the Battle of Ballantyne Pier on 18 June 1935 when a group of about 1000 longshoremen and supporters marched behind a contingent of war veterans carrying the Union Jack headed towards the waterfront, where strikebreakers were unloading ships. <mask> and contingents from the city, provincial, and federal police forces drove the protesters back with truncheons and tear gas. Protestors fought back, and for three hours, police and demonstrators clashed in the streets of Vancouver's East End. One youth was shot in the back of his legs by a police shot gun, and many protesters and police required hospital treatment after the riot. Later life
<mask> remained active in veteran affairs during peacetime and was the president of the Royal Canadian Legion from 1938 to 1940.His career as chief constable was cut short when he was called off to war in 1939. During the Second World War, he was promoted to major general. In April 1943, <mask> was enlisted by Prime Minister Mackenzie King to serve as Commissioner of Defense Projects in Canada's northwest. King described him in his diary as "A very fine fellow with lots of tact. I think he will be an ideal man for the position; also an ex-President of the war

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 veterans. He has knowledge and carries with him authority and has fine organizing ability." Canada was then co-operating with the United States on infrastructure projects in the Northwest that would have implications on postwar bilateral relations.<mask>'s role was to make sure "that no commitments are made and no situation allowed to develop as a result of which the full Canadian control of the area would be in any way prejudiced or endangered." After the war, <mask> was appointed the head of BC Hydro, where he again attempted to fight off the forces of unionisation. References

S. M. Carter, Who's Who in British Columbia: 1937-38-39: A Record of British Columbia Men and Women of Today.''' Vancouver: S. M. Carter, 1939. Lindsay Elms, "<mask> (Billy) Wasbrough <mask>, 1875–1954", http://members.shaw.ca/beyondnootka/biographies/w_foster.html

Victor Howard, We Were the Salt of the Earth: A Narrative of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, 1985. Andrew Parnaby, "On the Hook: Welfare Capitalism on the Vancouver Waterfront, 1919–1939," PhD thesis, Memorial University, 2001.John Stanton, Never Say Die! : The Life and Times of a Pioneer Labour Lawyer, Vancouver, Steel Rail Publishing, 1987. Joe Swan, A Century of Service: The Vancouver Police 1886–1986,'' Vancouver: Vancouver Police Historical Society and Centennial Museum, 1986. British Columbia Conservative Party MLAs
1875 births
1954 deaths
Canadian anti-communists
Vancouver police chiefs
Canadian generals
Canadian military personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Legion of Frontiersmen members
Canadian mountain climbers
People educated at Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire
English emigrants to

masks: Foster Foster William Foster


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<mask> (Korean: 남인순, born 5 November 1958) is a South Korean activist and feminist politician, currently a member of National Assembly representing Songpa C constituency. In August 2018, she was elected as one of the Vice Presidents of Democratic Party of Korea. Known as a notable feminist activist in South Korea, <mask> began her involvement the late 1980s. She has been a member of the National Assembly since 2012. She also served as a Vice President of the Democratic Unionist Party and deputy parliamentary leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy, parties which were predecessors of the Democratic Party. Early life
Born in Incheon, <mask> attended for Songlim Primary School, Soongduck Women Secondary School, and Inil Women High School. She studied Korean language at Capital Women College of Education (currently Sejong University) in the late 1970s.During this time, her dream career changed from a Korean lecturer to a labour activist after she saw serious suppression of women's trade unions. She joined a protest against the university's management, after which her education was suspended. For a while, she learned to sew and temporarily worked at a factory before she was readmitted to university, finally earning her bachelor's degree. She also earned a master's degree in Social Welfare from Anglican Church University in Seoul. Activist career
<mask> began her activist career in the Korean labour and feminist movement in 1988, when she joined and became the assistant administrator for the House of Sharing for Working Women in Incheon. Then, she became a co-founder of the Women Labour Committee of Incheon and served as the secretary-general and vice president. Since 1994, she also held roles of secretary-general and executive director in Korean Women's Associations United, where she worked for 17 years.As a feminist activist, she contributed in various establishments, including the enactment of Anti-Domestic Violence Act and Anti-Prostitution Act, amendment of Infant Care Act and Maternity Protection Act, introduction of gender quota

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Nam In soon
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 system, establishment of Ministry of Women, and the abolition of patriarchal family system. Organizations that she has worked for include: Citizens' Solidarity for General Election, Solidarity Congress of Civil Society Organisations, Seoul Metropolitan Government, The Ombudsman of Korea, the Supreme Court of South Korea, National Human Rights Commission, Korean Broadcasting System (KBS), and the Ministry of Women. Political career

19th Parliament (2012-2016)
<mask> began her political involvement in 2011, while she was a Co-President of Innovation and Unity. The organisation then merged with the Democratic Party and reorganised as the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP; then Democratic Party), therefore she automatically became a member of the newly formed DUP. Before the election, she briefly served as one of the party's Vice Presidents. In 2012 election, she ran 9th in the DUP list and was elected for the National Assembly. As a member of the Assembly, <mask> was a member of several parliamentary committees, such as the Committee of Women and Family, the Health and Welfare Committee (including Subcommittee for Improvement of Childcare Services), and the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts.She was also a co-leader of the Gender Equality Policy Research Forum and the Civil Politics Forum within the National Assembly. Outside of parliament, she also held party positions within Democratic Party and its successors, the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (NPAD) and the Democratic Party of Korea. The positions include the President of Foreign Cooperation Committee, National Women Committee, and Special Committee on Childcare. She was also the deputy parliamentary leader of NPAD from May 2014 to 2015. <mask> was also a member of the Special Committee for the Enhancement of Military Human Rights and Army Life in the National Assembly from October 2014 to July 2015. As a committee member, she contributed to enrich human rights of soldiers including the prohibition of sexual harassment and the improvement of medical treatment system within

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 military camps. Before this, she was also the President of Committee for Fact Finding and System Improvement of Lee Seo-hyun Incident.20th Parliament (2016-present)
In 2016 election, <mask> ran for the Songpa District 3rd constituency. She received 44.88% and narrowly defeated the incumbent, Kim Eul-dong of Saenuri Party (then Liberty Korea Party). After the opening of the 20th Parliament, she was elected as the President of Committee of Women and Family, but also worked for Health and Welfare Committee, and Special Committee on Budget and Accounts. During the presidential election in 2017, <mask> was appointed as the women chief for the Democratic presidential candidate Moon Jae-in. After Moon was elected and inaugurated as the President, she was one of the possible figure to be the Minister of Women and Family, although Chung Hyun-back was actually selected for the position. <mask> ran as a vice presidential candidate for the Democratic Party leadership election in 2018. She received 8.42% and came to 6th, just behind of Park Jung.As the party has 5 Vice Presidents, she couldn't actually be elected for the position. However, according to the party constitution, since no female was within the top 5, <mask> was subsequently elected, instead of Park. Personal life
<mask> is married to Seo Joo-won, who is the President of Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation. They have a daughter named Seo Ha-nui. <mask> used an unofficial name, <mask>on In-soon (Korean: 남윤인순), for her activist career. This was a part of double-barrelled name (similar to Spanish naming customs) campaign from the late 1990s, but she also used this name during the 2012 election. She reverted to her original name in 2015, because of systems issues and to relate more closely to people.References

External links
 <mask>-soon on Twitter
 Nam In-soon on Facebook
 <mask>-soon on Instagram
 Nam In-soon on YouTube

1958 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean women politicians
South Korean feminists
South Korean activists
20th-century South Korean women

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<mask>, CM (born March 21, 1928 in Wyndham, Southland, New Zealand) was a Canadian journalist, author and filmmaker. While he was a boy his family moved to Invercargill, New Zealand. <mask> died two weeks shy of his 92nd birthday on March 7th, 2020. He leaves behind 4 children. Journalistic career
It was in Invercargill that <mask> began his career in journalism at the Southland Times and later the Southland Daily News. After a brief stint as a reporter in Australia, he went to India to live and work at Nilokheri, a co-operative community north of New Delhi. In 1951 he moved to Britain, where he had great difficulty finding any kind of employment as a result of the depressed, still rationed, postwar economy.Of this period in his life he subsequently wrote in his autobiography:

"I suppose this experience of unemployment was valuable for me. I discovered that it is almost the most debilitating experience a person can have in life, totally sapping one's self-esteem, and plunging one into a maelstrom of depressive thoughts and feelings from which, eventually, one despairs of ever emerging. It certainly gave me a respect for the problems of laid-off workers, so airily dismissed by the media and their consulting economists, during times of what they nowadays call 'economic downturn'. Full employment should be the first social good of any decent government." He answered an ad in the New Statesman that landed him at Newbattle Abbey College where he studied writing under the Scottish poet, Edwin Muir. In 1954 <mask> emigrated to Canada, first joining the Winnipeg Free Press then the Montreal Star . From 1960 to 1968 he was the newspaper's correspondent in London.He returned to Montreal but as noted in his Memoirs:

"I had also come to some conclusions about my profession. I had a strong distaste for the myths that most journalists seemed to believe about their importance. I had found journalists motivated more by vanity than by a lust for public service, and they tended to be childishly susceptible to flattery from men of power. So far as they believed they were free to write what they wanted, and that they were

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 the first line among defenders of freedom of expression, I thought they were suffering from a massive occupational delusion. I had concluded that freedom lies only with the rich men who own the media, who hire sycophants to do their bidding. The idea of journalists being better informed than your average citizen is a big part of the myth. A daily newspaper, written by these supposedly super-informed people, gives at best a sketchy view of what is really happening; and that view is fatally deformed by the interests of the media owners, and by the intimate relationship that journalists maintain with men of power.In addition, I knew that journalists do not have the influence they pretend to have. The media at large do have a huge influence in setting the political and social agenda, and they form one of the main barriers to improvements in the quality of human life. But individual workers within the media have limited influence on anything, in my experience. My opinion of the profession I practiced had become, then, slightly anarchistic." He returned with "an attitude of cheerful insouciance towards those who owned and ran the newspaper. I had seen in London that the publisher was a hopeless alcoholic, although his alcoholism didn't make him any worse as a publisher. When asked by George Ferguson [editor],... to prepare an obituary of John McConnell's [publisher] mother, Lilian, against the day when she might die, I slipped the following into his tray:

     Mrs. John Wilson McConnell, known as Lil, is dead.Mrs. McConnell lived for eighty years and did singularly little with them. She spent a lot of money. She had four children, and they had children who had children. Mrs. McConnell became the friend of the highest in the land. Indeed, she didn't have any friends except Lords, Ladies, Earls, Princes, Dukes, Marquises or millionaires. Mrs. McConnell entertained Royalty. Surrounded by her pompous tapestries, expensive plates, and tasteless furniture, Royalty felt right at home.Mrs. McConnell gave away a lot of her husband's money to Good Causes. No one, including Mrs. McConnell, knew how much she gave, or quite


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 who she gave it to. Mrs. McConnell did no one any harm, and no discernible good. Let that be her epitaph." Freelance career
His outrage at the Star'''s failure to support civil liberties and journalists harassed and arrested during the October Crisis, as well as his increasing disenchantment with corporate media in general eventually caused him to resign and become a freelancer in 1971. <mask> supported aboriginal peoples seeking justice in their struggle against the massive James Bay Project. In films made with the National Film Board of Canada (Cree Hunters of Mistassini, 1974 ) and books (Strangers Devour the Land, 1976) he created "a chronicle of the assault upon the last coherent hunting culture in North America, the Cree Indians of Quebec, and their vast primeval homelands".He did prescient work on anti-globalization like the NFB documentary Super-Companies in 1987. This explored the role of multinational corporations such as Alcan; scooping films like The Corporation by more than a decade. When an article he wrote: Corporations: How Do We Curb Their Obscene Power? was rejected by a "progressive" periodical he posted it to the Internet in 1996, to worldwide interest. It was an early instance of distributing writing which might not otherwise see the light of day in mass media. Indeed, in that same year <mask> began what he described as his "sounding off pages": Boyce'sPaper as an alternative means of publishing his views. Decades later it may be one of the oldest continuing examples of what has become the ubiquitous Blog.In the words of Catherine Dunphy, journalist and author:
"Before there was a Naomi Klein and before there was an international anti-globalization movement, filmmaker and journalist <mask> <mask> was taking on the multinationals, his own bosses in the media, and the culture of greed and hypocrisy. He still is..."

Later life
Prior to his death, he lived in Montreal. His wife of 56 years, Shirley (née Norton) teacher and poet who "kept the home fires burning and the wolf from the door" died in 2007. His Memoirs are dedicated to her. He was the father of three boys and a girl.

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 Recognition
His work has won a number of awards, including co-winning a 1961 National Newspaper Award for a series of articles on Canada and the European Economic Community, published by the Montreal Star. Cree Hunters of Mistassini won the Flaherty Award for 1974, from the British Society for Film and Television Arts, for the best documentary in the tradition of Robert Flaherty, and a special Award from the Melbourne Film Festival, 1975.Super-Companies'' won the Golden Apple Award at the 1990 National Educational Film and Video festival in the US; and the Red Ribbon Award at the American Film and Video Festival in 1990. "I am with the Indian novelist Arundhati Roy (the finest polemicist in the English language), who wrote recently: "What we need to search for and find... is the politics of resistance. The politics of opposition. The politics of forcing accountability. The politics of slowing things down. The politics of joining hands across the world and preventing certain destruction. In the present circumstances, I'd say that the only thing worth globalizing is dissent!"<mask> <mask> was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada in 2002, his adopted country's highest civilian honour. References

External links
Boyce'sPaper Provocative progressive Weblog (one of the oldest continuously published blogs, since 1996). Boyce'sPaper Internet Archive. Memoirs of a Media Maverick Autobiography
National Film Board of Canada NFB filmography
Internet Movie Database Complete filmography
'Cree Hunters of Mistassini' Film online at the NFB
'For Future Generations' Film online at the NFB
 Boyce's books available on Amazon.ca & at your local library. A classic of Internet Samizdat! An appreciation of Bubbles & The Boys. Official Citation: Order of Canada Governor General of Canada

1928 births
2020 deaths
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian male journalists
Canadian documentary filmmakers
Canadian bloggers
Film directors from Montreal
Journalists from Montreal
New Zealand emigrants to Canada
People from Wyndham, New Zealand
Writers from Montreal
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best

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<mask> (1894–1949), also <mask>, was a Palestinian writer, translator and radio broadcaster of history and folklore in Palestine. Besides publishing original articles, travel guides and phrasebooks in English and German, and broadcasting in Arabic, <mask> also produced several translations of books and inscriptions, utilizing his fluency in all these languages, as well as Ottoman Turkish and Syriac. Educated at the Schneller School, a German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem, he worked for the Mandatory Palestine authorities, first in the Treasury, and then in the Department of Antiquities. Early life
<mask> was born in Beit Jala in 1894, during the rule of the Ottoman empire in Palestine. His family was part of the Syriac Orthodox Christian community there, but he studied at the Lutheran Schneller School in Lifta, Jerusalem, where he was baptized/confirmed by the school founder's son, Theodor Schneller, in 1908. Little is securely known of his early life, but it is believed he served in the Ottoman army in some capacity in World War I, based on his mention of having heard Kurdish folk songs while in Manbij and Jarabulus in his 1922 article on Palestinian folk songs. Career

Songs of songs
One of the earliest of <mask>'s works, "The Palestinian Parallels to the Song of Songs" (1922) documented lyrics of folk songs in Palestine and compared them to biblical, Mesopotamian and Canaanite precursors.It was featured in The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society (JPOS), and the biblical scholar and philologist William Foxwell Albright called <mask> "a young man of promise". <mask> was part of an informal school of "nativist" ethnographers, most prominent among them Tawfiq Canaan, who published their works at JPOS. The research and contributions of these mostly

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 Jerusalemite Palestinians was motivated by their belief that the "native culture of Palestine", best represented in the ancient "living heritage" and traditions of the fellaheen, had to be urgently documented in the face of encroaching "colonialism and modernity". In this ethnographic work, <mask> collected and transcribed thirty-two pages of every day Palestinian folk songs centering around themes of love, and the beauty of the beloved, in the colloquial Palestinian Arabic dialect. The next fifty-three pages transcribe the songs in romanized transliteration and English translation with annotations. It is in this section that the colloquial pronunciation is most faithfully recorded (e.g. dropping the 'qaf', such that قامت becomes 'amat).In the final twenty-five pages, <mask> reviews the selected folk songs, comparing them to the main themes and motifs of "the Canticles" (the Song of Songs), as well as to Arabic literature and poetry. Another important early article <mask> published in January 1922 was in Arabic, directed at a completely different audience and topic. Mara'a ("Woman"), published by Cairo-based Sarkis magazine, named after the Lebanese family who founded it, was addressed to the Arab world and a contribution to the debates generated by the Nahda, where <mask> argued for gender equality as a means to national development in all fields. Translations
While working at the Department of Antiquities, he co-authored papers with Dimitri Baramki and published other articles and translations of Ottoman documents and inscriptions from Jerusalem in their Quarterly. The American Journal of Archaeology noted his work translating Mamluk and Ottoman documents in 1934 as an important contribution. The biases of the colonial administration against advancing the situation

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 of Palestinian Arab scholars likely hindered his advancement. His signing of articles under the European sounding name of "St H <mask>" may have been a deliberate reaction to those circumstances, and is the source of misattributions of some his works to other authors.In 1934–1935, <mask> gave input to its composition, and the vocabulary included indicates it was aimed at visiting archaeological students, as well as foreign officials, tourists, and merchants. From the 17th-century ten-volume Ottoman travelogue of the Seyahatname (Book of Travels) by Evliya Çelebi, <mask> translated the rare Palestine section. This was published in six parts from 1935 to 1942 in The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities, as "Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine (1648–50)". Leo Aryeh Mayer, his colleague at the department, also contributed annotations and translations for the first four parts, though <mask> completed the translation of the last two sections alone. Irving suggests that perhaps the 1936 revolt made collaboration with Mayer, a Zionist, increasingly untenable for <mask>.<mask> engaged in many other collaborations and correspondences with Palestinian, Arab and European writers. In correspondences with Hilma Granqvist, there is familiarity and respect expressed, passing on greetings from 'Sitt Louisa' (Louise Baldensperger, 1862–1938), and offering critiques of Arabic translations and transliterations in Granqvist's work. In a letter from 1932, he describes Granqvist's work as an "important work on Palestine", implying the importance of both Palestine and ethnography to himself. Radio & museum work
Beginning in 1936, <mask> was also a broadcaster for the Palestine Broadcasting Service, Mandatory Palestine's government owned radio station. On its Arab Hour, he shared much

masks: Stephan Stephanbright Stephan Stephan Stephan Stephan Stephan


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 of his interest in ethnography and history with the Arabic-speaking population of Palestine. Radios were not widely available at the time, but locals would hear broadcasts in village coffeehouses, and <mask>'s broadcasts celebrated and valued Palestinian folk traditions and culture, bringing the nation's rich history to the attention of the audience. After attending the founding of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in the 1930s, with his Armenian wife, Arasky Keshishian, he went on to work as assistant librarian at the Museum.Throughout the 1940s, he worked on a project to make handwritten and photostatic copies of manuscripts in private libraries in Jerusalem, including the Khalidi Library from 1941 to 1948, that are some of the only remaining copies of these works (now at Rockefeller Museum). He was promoted from Assistant Librarian to Archeological Officer in 1945. <mask> also produced two travel guides with photographer Boulos 'Afif, a fellow Jerusalemite, entitled This is Palestine and Palestine by Road and Rail, published in 1942, and the first of the two books was published as a second edition in 1947. Later life and death
In 1947, <mask> was still working for the Department of Antiquities, this time on missions to Cyprus, deciphering early Islamic inscriptions. With the Nakba of 1948, he, his wife and two sons, Arthur and Angelo, ended up as Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. His work in Cyprus, at the time a British colony, was to be continued, but he died in 1949. His widow and sons left thereafter to Brazil.Published & broadcast works

Journals & academic translations

 "Al-Mar'a (Woman)" (January 1922). Sarkis. "Post-war Bibliographies of Near Eastern Mandates" Stuart C. Dodd, ed. (1930s). Collection of publications on social sciences in the Middle

masks: Stephan Stephan Stephan


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Grand Duchess <mask>na of Russia  (16 February 1854 – 11 April 1912), ) was a daughter of Grand Duke Konstantine Nicholaievich of Russia. She was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I and first cousin of Tsar Alexander III of Russia. She had a difficult childhood marked by illness and tantrums. In 1863, while her father was Viceroy of Poland,  she was given away to be raised by her childless uncle and aunt, King Karl and Queen Olga of Württemberg. <mask>'s condition improved in their home and she outgrew her disruptive behavior. In 1871 she was legally adopted by Karl and Olga, who arranged her marriage in 1874 to Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1846–1877), a member of the Silesian ducal branch of the family. Her husband died suddenly three years later.<mask>, only twenty-three years old, did not remarry, dedicating herself to her twin daughters. At the death of King Karl in 1891, <mask> inherited a considerable fortune and she turned her home into a cultural gathering place. She was a popular figure in Württemberg, notable for her charitable work. Grand Duchess <mask> was known in royal circles as an eccentric both in appearance and behavior. Although she kept in touch with her Romanov relatives, visiting Russia many times, she identified more closely with her adopted country. In 1909 she abandoned Orthodox Christianity and converted to Lutheranism. She died two years later after a stroke.Early life

Grand Duchess <mask> of Russia was born in St. Petersburg on 16 February 1854, the fourth child and second daughter of the six children of Grand Duke Konstantin

masks:
Vera Konstantinov
Vera
Vera
Vera
Vera
Vera Konstantinovna


texts: Nikolayevich of Russia and his wife Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna (born Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg). Grand Duchess <mask> spent her early years in St Petersburg and in 1861, the family moved to Warsaw when her father was appointed Viceroy of Poland. <mask> was a troubled child, prone to violent fits of anger, and suffered what was officially described as a "nervous condition". She became so unmanageable that her parents decided to send her to her aunt, Grand Duchess Olga, Queen of  Württemberg, who agreed to take care of her. On 7 December 1863, Grand Duke Constantin and his wife arrived with nine-year-old <mask> in Stuttgart, entrusting her care to the childless King Karl of Württemberg and Queen Olga. Officially this was ascribed to the more advanced medical treatment the child would receive in Germany, but it was also a way for <mask>'s parents to hide her embarrassing illness from the Russian court. Queen Olga was happy to take care of her niece in spite of the difficulties, and for <mask>, her aunt eventually took the place of her mother.Queen Olga and her husband were devoted foster parents, but in the beginning, they had little success in improving the girl's condition. <mask> was homesick and continued to be extremely difficult, to the point of being physically violent towards them. Periodically, <mask> had to be brought under control by an army officer, and on more than one occasion she was locked up. Karl went for long walks with <mask> and read passages from the Bible to her in the evening. By 1866, there was still little

masks: Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera


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 improvement in <mask>'s condition, but Queen Olga persevered and with time, Grand Duchess <mask> eventually outgrew her disruptive behavior. As a young woman, she was introspective, shy, but clever with an intellectual bent. She disliked ceremony.Her physical appearance, like her personality, was rather peculiar. She had thick, curly blonde hair, but was short, stumpy and extremely plain. Marriage

King Karl and Queen Olga legally adopted Grand Duchess <mask> in 1871. They arranged her marriage to a member of the Silesian branch of their family, Duke Eugen of Württemberg (born 20 August 1846 – 27 January 1877), as in this way she would not have to leave the country after her marriage. The couple were distant cousins, as <mask> was a great-great granddaughter of Friedrich II Eugen, Duke of Württemberg twice over; on her father's side and on her mother's. The engagement took place in January 1874, pleasing both families. Grand Duke Konstantine wrote to the King and Queen profusely thanking them for the help they had given to his daughter.Queen Olga wrote to her friend Marie von Kiderlen-Waechter, "My problem child is now a happy bride, loving and beloved. I never dreamed that such happiness could exist. Eugen is already like a son to the King. I fold my hands and thank God day and night for such a blessing". Even the heir to the Württemberg throne, Prince William, wrote that <mask> was the luckiest bride in the world. "While she is very ugly and will always remain so, compared to how she was as a child she is unbelievably improved. I consider her not

masks: Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera


texts: to be without accomplishments, and, I believe, not without heart."<mask> was nineteen and Eugen twenty-eight. The wedding was celebrated with great pomp in Stuttgart on 4 May 1874 in the presence of <mask>'s uncle, Tsar Alexander II, who, noticing the unattractiveness of his niece, remarked ungallantly, "I confess that I do not envy the young husband". He did, however, arrange for <mask>'s father to settle a million rubles on her as a dowry. The couple settled in a large house, the "Akademie" in Stuttgart. The following year, <mask> gave birth to a son, Karl Eugen, who died only seven months later. In 1876, <mask> had twin daughters, Elsa and Olga. However, the Grand Duchess' married life was to be short-lived.Her husband, an officer in the Württemberg army, took charge of a command in Düsseldorf, where he died unexpectedly on 27 January 1877. The cause of death was officially given as, alternately, a fall from a horse, and a respiratory illness. However, many believed the Duke, a well-known bon vivant, had actually been killed in a duel, which was hushed up. The marriage had lasted three years. Only twenty-three years old, <mask> never married again. She reacted to the death of her husband in practical, not grief-stricken terms. Rather than returning to her native country, the young widow decided to stay in Württemberg, the country she felt to be her own, where she had the protection of the King.However, she traveled frequently to visit her relatives in Russia as well as her only sister, Queen Olga of the Hellenes, in Greece. At the death of King

masks: Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera Vera


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 Karl in 1891, <mask> inherited a considerable fortune, and when Queen Olga died a year later, she received Villa Berg in Stuttgart, where she lived in considerable style. She also wrote poetry, and her home was the scene of many cultural as well as family gatherings

Bright and talkative, Grand Duchess <mask> was popular in Württemberg, where she dedicated herself to charitable work. Refuges for fallen women, called "<mask>'s Homes"; the Benevolent Institution; the Olga Clinic in Stuttgart; the Nicholas nursing station for the blind, the Mariaberg Institute near Reutlingen, the dragoon regiment of her late husband, and a Russian regiment, were among the more than thirty institutions and organizations under her patronage. She was also involved in the construction of the Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Stuttgart. Last years

Grand Duchess <mask> visited Russia often and was present with her daughters in May 1896 during the coronation  ceremonies of Tsar Nicholas II. The elder of the twins, Elsa, was first engaged in January 1895 to Hereditary  Prince Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, a grandson of Queen Victoria.The engagement was quickly broken off, and Elsa married a distant cousin, Prince Albert of Schaumburg-Lippe, brother of Queen Charlotte of Württemberg. The following year, <mask>'s other daughter, Olga, married her brother-in-law's younger brother, Prince Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe. Olga's fate was similar to <mask>'s; she had three children and within a few years of her marriage, she lost a child and her husband, becoming a widow at an early


texts: age and never marrying again. Aged beyond her years, Grand Duchess <mask> was now in poor health. Some authorities now speculate that she suffered from Sydenham's chorea or Saint Vitus Dance, a neurological movement disorder characterized by abrupt, involuntary movements. In Stuttgart <mask> was assigned an officer to follow her about, to make sure that if she had an attack she would not fall and injure herself. By the turn of the century, <mask>va appeared small and dumpy with a fat, round face.She wore her hair very short, which gave her a masculine look. Extremely nearsighted, she wore a pince-nez. She was considered rather eccentric, but she had a good sense of humor and her funny remarks were remembered by her nephews and nieces. She was well liked by her family. After living in Württemberg for so long, she was at odds politically and religiously with her Russian relatives. Her political sympathies lay with Germany and she did not share the increasingly anti-German view of the Romanovs. <mask>na was very religious, but had never understood the Orthodox faith and eventually abandoned it to convert to Lutheranism in 1909, to the consternation of the Romanov family.She then commissioned the building of a Protestant church on the grounds of Villa Berg. In 1903, during the wedding dinner for Princess Alice of Battenberg to her nephew Prince Andrew of Greece in Darmstadt, Prince Christopher recalled "My brother George sat next to her, and at a pause in the proceedings, snatched off her tiara and put it on his own head. Everybody laughed, Aunt <mask>

masks:
Vera
Vera
Vera Constantino
Vera Konstantinov
Vera


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 included, although she vowed vengeance on the culprit. Her turn came, as she thought, a little later, when the bride and bridegroom started on their honeymoon. We were all gathered at the door, throwing rice at them, when someone knocked off poor Aunt <mask>'s glasses, which were smashed to atoms on the stone steps." An unfortunate man who happened to be standing next to the Grand Duchess, then became the object of her wrath. She knocked the man's hat off and began to hit him over the head with it.Grand Duchess <mask>na suffered a stroke in October 1911. She had a slow recovery and she died in Stuttgart on 11 April 1912 of an acute renal failure, aged fifty-eight. She was deeply mourned as she was the most popular princess of the Royal house of Württemberg. Children
Grand Duchess <mask> and her husband Duke Eugene of Württemberg had three children:

Charles-Eugen of Württemberg (8 April 1875 – 11 November 1875). Elsa of Württemberg (1 March 1876 – 27 May 1936) m. 1897 Albrecht of Schaumburg-Lippe (24 October 1869 – 25 December 1942). Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe (28 March 1898 – 4 February 1974)
Franz Josef of Schaumburg-Lippe (1 September 1899 – 6 July 1963)
Alexander of Schaumburg-Lippe (20 January 1901 – 26 November 1923)
Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe (11 November 1903 – 29 June 1983)
Olga of Württemberg (1 March 1876 – 21 October 1932) m. 1898 Maximilian of Schaumburg-Lippe (13 March 1871 – 1 April 1904). Eugen of Schaumburg-Lippe (8 August 1899 – 9 November 1929)
Albrecht of Schaumburg-Lippe (17 October 1900 – 20 May 1984)
Bernhard of

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Vera
Vera Constantinov
Vera


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 Schaumburg-Lippe (8 December 1902 – 24 June 1903)

Ancestry

Notes

Bibliography
Beéche, Arturo.The Grand Duchesses. Eurohistory, 2004. Grand Duchess George of Russia. A Romanov Diary. Atlantic International Publications, 1988. Jena, Detlef. Koenigin Olga von Wuerttemberg: Glueck und Leid ("Queen Olga of Wuerttemberg:  Happiness and Pain").Pustet, 2009. King Greg, and Penny Marshall. Gilded Prism. Eurohistory, 2006. Thomsen, Sabine. Die Württembergischen Koeniginnen. Tübigen, Silberburg Verlag GmbH, 2006. .

1854 births
1912 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Duchesses of Württemberg
People from Saint Petersburg
Converts to Lutheranism from Eastern Orthodoxy
Russian Lutherans
Russian grand duchesses
Former Russian Orthodox Christians
19th-century Russian people
19th-century Russian


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Sir <mask>  ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memorials and public buildings. In his biography, the writer Christopher Hussey wrote, "In his lifetime (<mask>) was widely held to be our greatest architect since Wren if not, as many maintained, his superior". The architectural historian Gavin Stamp described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century". <mask> played an instrumental role in designing and building New Delhi, which would later on serve as the seat of the Government of India. In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collaboration with Sir Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed Viceroy's House, which is now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan.Many of his works were inspired by Indian architecture. He was elected Master of the Art Workers' Guild in 1933. Early life
<mask> was born in Kensington, London, the tenth of thirteen children of Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from Killarney, Ireland, and Captain Charles Henry <mask> (1829–1915), a soldier and painter. His sister, Mary Constance Elphinstone <mask> (1868–1951), wrote novels under her married name Mrs George Wemyss. He grew up in Thursley, Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor <mask> Landseer. <mask> studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London, from 1885 to 1887.After

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Edwin Landseer Lutyens
Lutyens
Lutyens
Lutyens
Augustus Lutyens
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Edwin Henry
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 college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. Private practice

He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, Farnham, Surrey. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist Gertrude Jekyll. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at Munstead Wood near Godalming, Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.The "Lutyens-Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times. <mask>' fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine Country Life created by Edward Hudson, which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of <mask>' style and commissioned <mask> for a number of projects, including Lindisfarne Castle and the Country Life headquarters building in London, at 8 Tavistock Street. One of his assistants in the 1890s was Maxwell Ayrton. By the turn of the century, <mask> was recognised as one of architecture's coming men.In his major study of English domestic buildings, Das englische

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 Haus, published in 1904, Hermann Muthesius wrote of <mask>, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses". Works

The bulk of <mask>' early work consisted of private houses in an Arts and Crafts style, strongly influenced by Tudor architecture and the vernacular styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood, Tigbourne Court, Orchards and Goddards in Surrey, Deanery Garden and Folly Farm in Berkshire, Overstrand Hall in Norfolk and Le Bois des Moutiers in France. After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional Classicism, a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new Hampstead Garden Suburb in London to Julius Drewe's Castle Drogo near Drewsteignton in Devon and on to his contributions to India's new imperial capital, New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on Mughal water gardens.He also designed the Hyderabad House for the last Nizam of Hyderabad, as his Delhi palace. Before the end of the First World War, he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now Commonwealth War Graves Commission) and was involved with the creation of many monuments to commemorate the dead. Larger cemeteries have a Stone

masks: Lutyens Lutyens


texts: of Remembrance, designed by him. The best known of these monuments are the Cenotaph in Whitehall, Westminster, and the Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, Thiepval. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by David Lloyd George as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a catafalque, a low empty platform, but it was <mask>' idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete.<mask> also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by <mask>' designs. Examples of <mask>' other war memorials include the War Memorial Gardens in Dublin, the Tower Hill memorial, the Manchester Cenotaph and the Arch of Remembrance memorial in Leicester. <mask> also refurbished Lindisfarne Castle for its wealthy owner. One of <mask>' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is The Salutation, a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a  garden, it was commissioned by Henry Farrer, one of three sons of Sir William Farrer. He was knighted in 1918 and elected a Royal Academician in March 1920. In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created Royal Fine Art Commission, a position he held until his death.While work continued in New Delhi, <mask> received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the British Embassy in Washington, DC. In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: Queen Mary's Dolls' House. This four-storey Palladian villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of Windsor

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texts:
 Castle. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period. <mask> was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a  dome, with commissioned sculpture work by Charles Sargeant Jagger and W. C. H. King. Work on this  building started in 1933, but was halted during World War II.After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of <mask>' unrealised building was given to and restored by the Walker Art Gallery in 1975 and is now on display in the Museum of Liverpool. The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir Frederick Gibberd. In 1945, a year after his death, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull was published. <mask> worked on the plan with Sir Patrick Abercrombie and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to <mask>' contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by the City Council of Hull.He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by Osbert Lancaster as "... not unlike what the new Nuremberg might have been had the Fuhrer enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir Aston Webb". Recognition

<mask> received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1921, and the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1925. In November 2015 the British government announced

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 that all 44 of <mask>' First World War memorials in Britain had now been listed on the advice of Historic England, and were therefore all protected by law. This involved the one remaining memorial—the Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in Buckinghamshire—being added to the list, plus a further fourteen having their statuses upgraded. The architectural critic Ian Nairn wrote of Lutyen's Surrey "masterpieces" in the 1971 Surrey volume of the Buildings of England series, while noting that; "the genius and the charlatan were very close together in Lutyens". In the introduction to the catalogue for the 1981 Lutyens exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, the architectural writer Colin Amery described Lutyens as "the builder of some of our finest country houses and gardens". In 2015 a memorial to Lutyens by the sculptor Stephen Cox was erected in Apple Tree Yard, Mayfair, London, adjacent to the studio where Lutyens prepared the designs for New Delhi.New Delhi

Largely designed by <mask> over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of Delhi, popularly known as 'Lutyens' Delhi', was chosen to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1912; the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, <mask> invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the Delhi Order and was used by him for several designs in England, such as Campion Hall, Oxford. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian

masks: Lutyens Lutyens Lutyens


texts: architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now Rashtrapati Bhavan. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some  and incorporates a private garden also designed by <mask>. The building was designed as the official residence of the Viceroy of India and is now the official residence of the President of India. The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, <mask> had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Viceroy's household.The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional Mughal style. When composing the plans for New Delhi, <mask> planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues. Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that <mask> imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today. Many of the garden-ringed villas in the <mask>' Bungalow Zone (LBZ)—also known as <mask>' Delhi—that were part of <mask>' original scheme for


texts:
 New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 World Monuments Fund Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites.None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by <mask>—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent. Other buildings in Delhi that <mask> designed include Baroda House, Bikaner House, Hyderabad House, and Patiala House. In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, <mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) on 1 January 1930. As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier bachelor knighthood. A bust of <mask> in the former Viceroy's House is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. <mask>' work in New Delhi is the focus of Robert Grant Irving's book Indian Summer. In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens views on the peoples of the Indian sub-continent, although not uncommon for people of his time, would now be considered racist.Ireland
Works in Ireland include the Irish National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge in Dublin, which consists of a bridge over the railway and a bridge over the River Liffey (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; Heywood House Gardens, County Laois (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, Lambay Island, near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and


texts:
 extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near the harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to Howth Castle, County Dublin; the unbuilt Hugh Lane gallery straddling the River Liffey on the site of the Ha'penny Bridge and the unbuilt Hugh Lane Gallery on the west side of St Stephen's Green; and Costelloe Lodge at Casla (also known as Costelloe), County Galway (that was used for refuge by J. Bruce Ismay, the Chairman of the White Star Line, following the sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic). In 1907, <mask> designed Tranarossan House, located just north of Downings on the Rosguill Peninsula on the north coast of County Donegal. The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to An Óige (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for the "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since. Spain
In Madrid, <mask>' work can be seen in the interiors of the Liria Palace, a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the Spanish Civil War. The palace was originally built in the 18th century for The 1st Duke of Berwick, and still belongs to his descendants.<mask>' reconstruction was commissioned by The 17th Duke of Alba. The Duke had been in contact with <mask> while he was the Spanish ambassador to the Court of St. James's. Between 1915 and 1928, <mask> also produced designs of a palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, The 18th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built,


texts:
 <mask>'s largest country house. Marriage and later life
<mask> married Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964) on 4 August 1897 at Knebworth, Hertfordshire. She was third daughter of Edith (née Villiers) and the 1st Earl of Lytton, a former Viceroy of India. Lady Emily had proposed to <mask> two years before the wedding, and her parents disapproved of the marriage.They had five children, but their marriage was largely unsatisfactory, practically from the start, with Lady Emily developing interests in theosophy, Eastern religions, and being drawn both emotionally and philosophically to Jiddu Krishnamurti. Children
 <mask> (1898–1981), second wife of Euan Wallace (1892–1941), Minister of Transport. <mask> (1901–1971), interior designer. Designed the façade used for over 40 Marks & Spencer stores. <mask> (1904–1967), wife of the 3rd Viscount Ridley. They were the parents of the 4th Viscount Ridley (1925–2012), and of the Cabinet Minister Nicholas Ridley (1929–1993). Nicholas Ridley was the father of <mask>' biographer, Jane Ridley.(Agnes) <mask> (1906–1983), a well-known composer. Second marriage to the conductor Edward Clark. (Edith Penelope) <mask> (1908–1999), a writer known for her books about the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti. During the later years of his life, <mask> suffered with several bouts of pneumonia. In the early 1940s he was diagnosed with cancer. He died on 1 January 1944 and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium where he had designed the Philipson Mausoleum in 1914–1916. His ashes were buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, beneath a memorial designed by his friend and fellow architect William Curtis

masks:
Edwin Lutyens
Lutyens
Lutyens
Barbara Lutyens
Robert Lutyens
Ursula Lutyens
Edwin Lutyens
Elisabeth Lutyens
Mary Lutyens
Lutyens


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 Green.Major buildings and projects

 1897: Munstead Wood, Surrey
 1899: Orchards, Surrey
 1900: Goddards, Surrey
 1901: Tigbourne Court, Surrey
 1901: Deanery Garden, Sonning, Berkshire
 1903: Papillon Hall, Lubenham, Leicestershire
 1911: British Medical Association in Tavistock Square, London
 1912: Great Dixter, Northiam, East Sussex
 1928: Hyderabad House, New Delhi
 1929: Rashtrapathi Bhavan, New Delhi
 1930: Castle Drogo, Drewsteignton, Devon
 1935: The Midland Bank, Manchester
 1936: Baroda House, New Delhi
 1936—1938: Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial, Somme, France

Publications
 Edwin Lutyens & Charles Bressey, The Highway Development Survey, Ministry of Transport, 1937
 <mask>tyens & Patrick Abercrombie, A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon Hull, Brown (London & Hull), 1945. Gallery

See also

 Herbert Tudor Buckland, a contemporary Arts & Crafts architect
 Butterfly plan
 History of gardening
 Landscape design history (category)

Footnotes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 The Lutyens Trust
 Jane Ridley, "Architect for the metropolis", City Journal, Spring 1998
 The creations of Sir <mask> @ Ward's Book of Days
 The cathedral that never was – exhibition of Lutyens' cathedral model at the Walker Art Gallery
  – An 1898 house in France designed by <mask> and its garden designed by <mask> and Gertrude Jekyll. Collection of over 2000 photos of <mask>' work on Flickr

1869 births
1944 deaths
Artists from London
People of the Victorian era
Architects from London
Neoclassical architects
Arts and Crafts movement artists
Arts and Crafts architects
Fellows of the Royal Institute

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Edwin Lu
Edwin Lutyens
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 of British Architects
19th-century English architects
20th-century English architects
Royal Academicians
Members of the Order of Merit
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Golders Green Crematorium
Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
Lutyens family
Masters of the Art Worker's Guild
Recipients of the AIA Gold


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<mask><mask> was the first Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence within the United States Department of the Treasury. He was sworn in on July 21, 2004 as a political appointee of President George W. Bush. President Barack Obama asked Levey to remain in his position and  <mask> was one of only a small number of Senate-confirmed Bush appointees who served in the Obama Administration. Education and Career
<mask> grew up in a Jewish family near Akron, Ohio, where his father had practiced dentistry. <mask> attended Harvard College, graduating summa cum laude in 1986, and in 1989 he graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Law School. After law school, Levey clerked for Judge Laurence Silberman on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1989 through 1990.Prior to joining the Justice Department in 2001, <mask> spent 11 years in private practice at the Washington law firm Miller, Cassidy, Larroca & Lewin LLP (which merged into Baker Botts LLP). He had a litigation practice with a special emphasis on white collar criminal defense. Beginning in 2001, <mask> served in several senior positions in the U.S. Department of Justice, including as Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General for Deputy Attorney General Larry Thompson and Deputy Attorney General James Comey. In that role, <mask> was the Deputy Attorney General's primary advisor for coordinating the Department's counterterrorism and national security activities, including investigations, intelligence collection and prosecutions. Prior to serving in that role, <mask> was an Associate Deputy Attorney General and Chief of Staff to the Deputy Attorney General. <mask> was sworn in on July 21, 2004 as the Under Secretary of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence at the U.S. Department of the Treasury in the administration of President George W. Bush. President Barack Obama asked <mask> to remain in his position and Levey was one of only a small number of Senate-confirmed Bush appointees who served in the Obama Administration.<mask> served until March 2011. He was succeeded by David S. Cohen. <mask> played a central role in the efforts to combat North Korea's and Iran's allegedly illicit conduct in the

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 international financial system. In January 2012, <mask> joined HSBC as the bank's Chief Legal Officer. In August 2020, he became CEO of the Diem Association. Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence
As the first Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI), from July 2004, <mask> was responsible for creating a new office to lead the Treasury Department's revitalized post-9/11 national security mission. <mask> is credited with developing and executing financial strategies to counter threats to U.S. national security and protect the integrity of the international financial system.He has also been recognized for leading the U.S. government's efforts to disrupt financial networks supporting terrorist organizations; developing and implementing financial measures against proliferators of weapons of mass destruction; and playing a central role in U.S. strategies to pressure the regimes in North Korea, Iran and Libya. He is credited, in particular, with designing the financial strategy that resulted in tremendous pressure on Iran's economy and its isolation from the international financial system. One of <mask>'s key initiatives was harnessing the private sector to enhance the effectiveness of government-imposed financial measures. He "led an effort to convince foreign banks to cease conducting business with Iran until that country agreed to comply with international banking standards. By showing companies and banks that doing business in Iran has financial and diplomatic repercussions, he has convinced corporations to cut off business with Iran." TFI's efforts received support from both Republicans  and Democrats. <mask>, an appointee of the George W. Bush administration, was asked to remain in his position by the Obama Administration.TFI, through its implementation of economic sanctions and other financial measures, put pressure on the regimes in North Korea, Iran, and Libya. TFI was responsible for leading the U.S. government's efforts to cut off financing to terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda, Hamas and Hezbollah. In pursuing that effort against al Qaeda, <mask> focused attention on wealthy Gulf-based donors,

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 particularly from Saudi Arabia. He was once quoted as saying,"If I could somehow snap my fingers and cut off the funding from one country, it would be Saudi Arabia." No one identified by the United States and the United Nations as a terror financier has been prosecuted by the Saudis, he elaborated. He later acknowledged significant improvement in the partnership between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia in targeting al-Qaeda financing. In June 2006, the New York Times reported that counterterrorism officials had gained access to financial records from a vast international database of banking transactions involving Americans and others in the United States.In response to concerns about privacy issues, <mask> said that the Terrorist Financing Tracking Program (TFTP) "has provided us with a unique and powerful window into the operations of terrorist networks and is, without doubt, a legal and proper use of our authorities." Since the creation of the TFTP, the United States and European Union (EU) have entered into a long-standing and comprehensive information sharing agreement to thwart the financing of terrorism around the world and gain timely, accurate, and reliable information about activities associated with suspected acts of terrorist planning and financing. A 2019 EU evaluation of the TFTP found that “over 70,000 leads were generated, some of which brought forward investigations into terrorist attacks on EU territory, such as those in Stockholm, Barcelona, and Turku. The number of leads increased considerably compared to almost 9,000 in the previous reporting period (1 March 2014 to 31 December 2015).” In November 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that EU member countries widely use the TFTP to monitor global financial ties to terrorism and thwart terrorist actors. In July 2010, <mask> said that <mask> al-<mask> "has proven that he is extraordinarily dangerous, committed to carrying out deadly attacks on Americans and others worldwide ... [and] has involved himself in every aspect of the supply chain of terrorism—fundraising for terrorist groups, recruiting and training operatives, and planning and ordering attacks on innocents." Acting Treasury Secretary
On

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 January 15, 2009 President-elect Barack Obama designated <mask> to serve as Acting Treasury Secretary until Obama nominee Timothy Geithner was confirmed to the post. Geithner was confirmed on January 26.Chief Legal Officer, HSBC Holdings plc
After leaving the U.S. Department of the Treasury, <mask> served as the Chief Legal Officer and a Group Managing Director of HSBC Holdings plc, a global bank with 257,000 employees across 67 jurisdictions in 2014. <mask> joined HSBC in 2012 as the bank was seeking to resolve investigations into past anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance failures and to re-build its reputation. <mask> led a legal department made up of more than 800 lawyers in more than 50 countries, and re-focused the mission of the department to help the bank do what is legal and what is right. In a speech to The Economist’s General Counsel summit, <mask> said that helping a business navigate the external environment requires its senior lawyers to be conscious not only of what the law is in any particular jurisdiction, but also of how the law might evolve in the future. <mask> said that businesses must also be aware of how the company might be judged based on the application of broad standards, by several regulators, in numerous jurisdictions, all while acting with the benefit of hindsight. He said that for senior lawyers in a multinational corporation the questions of what is legal and what is right are inextricably linked. In May of 2016, <mask> wrote an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal in response to an effort by then-Secretary of State John Kerry to persuade major non-US banks to do business with Iran.In the op-ed, <mask> stated that HSBC’s “decisions will be driven by the financial-crime risks and the underlying conduct,” and “[f]or these reasons, HSBC has no intention of doing any new business involving Iran.” He further noted that”[g]overnments can lift sanctions, but the private sector is still responsible for managing its own risk and no doubt will be held accountable if it falls short.”  He explained that the conduct that was the basis for Iran-related sanctions, including activities related to terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass

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 destruction, had not changed. Upon <mask>’s departure from HSBC in 2020, HSBC chief executive Noel Quinn sent an email to staff in which he said that <mask> had been an “exemplary” chief legal officer after joining “at one of the most challenging moments in the Group’s history”. Quinn further noted that Levey “was a driving force behind the bank’s transformation in how we fight financial crime and helped us to rebuild our reputation, as well as the trust of our regulators and other government stakeholders.”

<mask>, the former chief executive of HSBC, said that Levey was “the most important key hire” he made during his tenure. Diem Association and Diem Networks US
In May of 2020, <mask> was appointed the CEO of the Diem Association, a member-based association dedicated to building a blockchain-based payment system that supports financial innovation, inclusion, and integrity and is designed with robust controls to protect consumers and fight financial crime. <mask> is also the CEO of Diem Networks US. On becoming the Diem Association’s CEO, <mask> said that the project “charts a bold path forward to harness the power of technology to transform the global payments landscape,” and that Diem will “empower more than a billion people who have been left on the sidelines of the financial system, all with robust controls to detect and deter illicit financial activity.”

Former US Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, said: “The fact that <mask> is an expert at countering abuses of our financial system by terrorists [and] money launderers . . . gives me confidence that this digital currency is highly likely to set a standard for safety.”

In May 2020, the Financial Times reported that Levey was reviewing Diem's plans for financial crime compliance and other critical controls to deter illegal and illicit use of the Diem blockchain and currency ahead of its launch, as well as to protect the privacy of users.Under <mask>'s leadership, the Diem Association has made significant changes to the project that was initially rolled out as Libra in 2019, incorporating feedback from regulators. <mask> has steered the Diem project to work “with regulators, central bankers, elected

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 officials, and various stakeholders around the world to determine the best way to marry blockchain technology with accepted regulatory frameworks.” <mask> has also said that a key objective of Diem is to promote the inclusion of billions of unbanked and underbanked people in the formal financial system. In 2020, <mask> pointed to high-cost remittance fees in the developing world as a motivator for the Diem project. Speaking to the American Banker, <mask> emphasized how critical getting the protections right for the new payment system would be: “I personally want to build a project that has the type of financial crime controls that can even go beyond the effectiveness of the traditional banking system. We’re going to have world-class anti-money-laundering and sanctions controls.”

Criticism
According to The New York Times, the failure of the United States to carry out sanctions against many Iranian companies and individuals is cited by European diplomats as an example of America failing to do what it has promised. Valerie Lincy of Iran Watch has said, "The United States now lags many other countries in enforcing sanctions that the United Nations has already voted." The Tehran Times wrote that the U.S. Treasury has increased pressure on foreign banks not to deal with sanctions against Iran, including performing "U-turn transactions," which allow U.S. banks to process payments involving Iran that begin and end with a non-Iranian foreign bank.In reply to Lincy's comments, <mask> said that the United States has tougher sanctions on Iran than any other country. He said that because their list of organizations and individuals involved in financial crime is accurate, it is America's list that "is by and large used by financial institutions around the world." References

External links

20th-century births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American politicians
Acting United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Obama administration cabinet members
Place of birth missing (living people)
Politicians from Akron, Ohio
United States Department of the Treasury officials
Year of birth

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Mark Ellis (born 16 August 1960), known by his professional pseudonym <mask>, is a British post-punk and alternative rock record producer and audio engineer. <mask>'s list of work includes projects with New Order, U2, Nine Inch Nails, Marc and the Mambas, Depeche Mode, Gary Numan, Sneaker Pimps, King, Ministry, The Charlatans, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Erasure, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, PJ Harvey, Foals, a-ha, Orbital, Sigur Rós, The Jesus And Mary Chain,The Smashing Pumpkins, The Killers, White Lies, Pop Will Eat Itself, Warpaint and EOB. His co-production collaborations have included projects with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, Steve Lillywhite, and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, with whom he co-founded the Assault & Battery studio complex. In 2006, his work with U2 led to his sharing of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb. He is not to be confused with Mark Ellis, the bassist from the British mod revival band The Lambrettas from the late 1970s and early 1980s. Early years
Mark Ellis was born in London, England. As a child, Ellis attended St Olave's Grammar School in Orpington, England.He began his music career as the vocalist for the band Seven Hertz. During that same time, he began his professional studio career as a runner at Morgan Studios in London, where he also served as Tape Operator on 1984 by Rick Wakeman. Ellis also was a runner at Battery Studios in London and held apprenticeships at Marcus Studios and Trident Studios. Freelance and Some Bizzare

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 Records

<mask> moved up to house engineer before going freelance in 1981, the same year he worked as assistant engineer on New Order's debut album, Movement. The following year, he engineered Ministry's debut album, With Sympathy. He then became associated with Stevo's Some Bizzare Records label, leading to work with Cabaret Voltaire, Psychic TV, and Marc Almond's side project, Marc and the Mambas, among others. Mute Records
Following his work with Some Bizzare Records, <mask> began working with Mute Records as one of their preferred producers, heralding his first production project with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on From Her to Eternity (1983–1984) and the follow-up album, The Firstborn Is Dead (1984).His work at Mute was as producer, co-producer or engineer with each of the label's major acts, including Depeche Mode, Vince Clarke and Erasure, whose debut album Wonderland (1986) and its followup The Circus (1987) he engineered. Mainstream commercial success
<mask>'s first mainstream commercial break came in 1987 when he engineered U2's The Joshua Tree, alongside producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. In that same year, he gave up mixing U2's album to produce Erasure's The Circus - which was the duo's second album and the first one to have great commercial success. Shortly thereafter, he co-produced Nine Inch Nails on debut Pretty Hate Machine, along with John Fryer, Adrian Sherwood, and Keith LeBlanc. He also worked with Depeche Mode on their 1990 album, Violator. In 1991, he returned to work again

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 with U2 on Achtung Baby, along with Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Steve Lillywhite. The following year, he also returned to work with Depeche Mode to record the album Songs of Faith and Devotion and co-produced three tracks of Nine Inch Nails' Broken EP.In 1993, <mask> shifted from engineering U2's albums to producing them, sharing duties with Brian Eno and The Edge on Zooropa. In 1994, he worked again with Nine Inch Nails, this time on The Downward Spiral. In 1995, <mask> co-produced The Smashing Pumpkins' album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness with longtime collaborator Alan Moulder, and PJ Harvey's album To Bring You My Love. Shortly thereafter, he assisted producer Nellee Hooper on Sneaker Pimps' Becoming X. He also collaborated with Dave Bessell, Gary Stout and Ed Buller to create Node; an analogue synth heavy project that produced a single album, Node. In 1996 <mask> teamed up with U2 once again to produce Pop, released the next year. The following year, he assisted Billy Corgan and Brad Wood on The Smashing Pumpkins's 1998 album Adore and co-produced PJ Harvey's album Is This Desire?.2000 to 2005
In 2000, he co-produced Machina/The Machines of God by The Smashing Pumpkins with Corgan. He also co-produced Erasure's Loveboat with Vince Clarke and Andy Bell of Erasure. The following year <mask> worked again with Depeche Mode, remixing the single version of "Freelove", and in 2002 he produced Richard Warren's Echoboy album Giraffe. He also co-produced I To Sky, by JJ72. In 2003, <mask> re-worked

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 Cars for Gary Numan's album Hybrid. The following year he produced London based The Duke Spirit's debut album Cuts Across The Land. In the same year he co-produced U2's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb.In 2004 he produced Soulwax's album Any Minute Now  and in mid-2005 he mixed a-ha's eighth album, Analogue, and produced Yourcodenameis:Milo's debut album Ignoto. Later that year, <mask> also mixed Placebo's album Meds. 2006 to 2013
<mask> co-produced The Killers' album Sam's Town in 2006 with fellow English producer/engineer Alan Moulder. Later that year he remixed the debut single by Dark Room Notes, Love Like Nicotine. At the beginning of 2007, he co-produced PJ Harvey's album White Chalk with John Parish and PJ Harvey. He also co-produced a couple of songs on the Goldfrapp album Seventh Tree, which was released in February 2008. In late 2007/early 2008, he produced Sigur Rós's Með suð í eyrum við spilum endalaust in Iceland.<mask> and Paul Hartnoll of Orbital co-produced the 2008 album by The Music, Strength in Numbers. He produced the 2009 album by The Hours, See the Light. He joined Steve Lillywhite again in 2008 to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars, on This Is War. And then worked with Editors on In This Light and on This Evening. He also collaborated with Nitzer Ebb again to finish up their first new release in over a decade, Industrial Complex. In 2010, he produced Belong by The Pains of Being Pure at Heart and Let England Shake by PJ Harvey. In 2013, <mask> worked again with Depeche Mode, being

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 responsible for the mixing process of their album "Delta Machine", which was produced by Ben Hillier.Studios
<mask> had a studio in Kilburn called The Bedroom. He later opened the Assault & Battery studio complex with longtime recording partner Alan Moulder. In 2008, Miloco Studios opened Assault & Battery 2, a tracking and mix studio in Willesden Green. Assault & Battery 1 came under the Miloco umbrella in Summer 2009, and both Flood and Moulder remain involved with the studios. Production style
Billy Corgan, who worked with <mask> on three albums, said, "<mask>'s incredible. <mask> is a tremendous producer. <mask> is very masterful with the sonics, but where he really shines is he's a great idea person.And I don't mean like he tells you, "Oh, put this chorus here." It's more like he can see an ambiance of the song that you don't necessarily see and he would really fight with us – not negative a fight, just he would really kind of push us to say there's another vibe here that you can get to." Pseudonym
According to producer Mark Freegard, Ellis' pseudonym, "<mask>," was given to him by producer Chris Tsangarides during Ellis' early days at Morgan Studios and while The Cure was there recording. As a young studio runner, Ellis was responsible for responding to numerous requests from the recording artists and staff for tea and bacon sandwiches. Ellis kept up with the numerous requests for tea while the other runner remained largely unavailable, leading to Tsangarides nicknaming them "<mask>" and "Drought,"

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texts: <mask> (January 28, 1784 – March 22, 1842) was the first chargé d'affaires from the United States to Brazil and a noted politician and free trade advocate from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Of French descent, Raguet was educated at the University of Pennsylvania. After graduating he began studying law but had to give up his studies after the death of his father. He briefly worked as supercargo for a counting house, before going into business for himself. He later worked as manager or president for several companies, the most notable being the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society. In 1816 Raguet read about the growth of savings banks in Great Britain and liked the idea; he approached other Philadelphia business associates and together they created the Society, the first savings bank in the United States. As a member of the Federalist Party Raguet was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1815 and to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1818.In 1821 President James Monroe made Raguet consul to Brazil. After Brazil became independent, President John Quincy Adams made Raguet the chargé d'affaires to Brazil. In this post, Raguet became increasingly frustrated with Brazil's lack of response to complaints by the United States of its citizens being forced to work on Brazilian warships against their will. Raguet's communications with the Brazilian government became increasingly forceful and undiplomatic to the point that he once wrote to the U.S. State Department that he was so frustrated he could hardly consider the Brazilians a civilized people. Despite urges from Washington, D.C. to improve his approach to Brazil, Raguet abruptly left the country after the Brazilian Navy seized a former U.S. warship. Adams


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 would later write that, despite having good intentions, Raguet's "rashness and intemperance" nearly "brought this country and Brazil to the very verge of war." After Adams rejected any possibility of Raguet's returning to diplomatic work, Raguet returned to business in Philadelphia.Having his economic views shaped by the Panic of 1819, he became one of the most prominent advocates of free trade in the United States. He edited numerous journals relating to free trade and wrote and published works on the subject. The most notable was On Currency and Banking; published in 1839, Samuel J. Tilden called it "the best treatise on banking ever published in the country". Biography
<mask> <mask> was born on January 28, 1784 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Of French descent, Raguet was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and for eighteen months after graduating he studied law. He had to give up his studies after the death of his father and became a merchant for a counting house. In 1804 he was sent to Santo Domingo as supercargo for a ship.He spent four months there and on his return he wrote and published A Short Account of the Present State of Affairs in St. Domingo. Raguet returned for eight months in 1805 and again published a book about events on the island. On December 23, 1807, Raguet was married to Catherine S. Simmons. In 1806, Raguet went into business and soon became the president and manager of several companies. During the War of 1812 he served as a colonel and took a prominent role in preparing defenses for Philadelphia. In 1815 Raguet went into politics when he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a member of the Federalist Party. In 1818 he was elected to the Pennsylvania State

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 Senate for the 1st district, a position he held until 1821.He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1822. Philadelphia Savings Fund Society
In 1816, while president of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities, Raguet read journals and pamphlets about the growth of savings banks in Great Britain. Interested in the idea, he communicated the concept to some other businessmen he knew, and together they created the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society. The first savings bank in the United States, the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society would eventually grow into a respected Philadelphia institution that would last until 1992. Raguet was active in the early workings of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, working on committees to set up company operations, drafting by-laws, and creating a charter. In 1820 he submitted his resignation to the Board of Directors of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society due to planned absences from the city. Initially the board rejected his resignation, but after he stopped attending board meetings, the board accepted his resignation in July 1821.Other activities of Raguet included law, with Raguet being admitted to the Philadelphia bar association in 1820. At other points in his life Raguet was president of the Chamber of Commerce and a member of the American Philosophical Society. As early as 1817 Raguet was also active in creation of a congregation based on Swedenborgianism. Brazil
In 1821 President James Monroe appointed Raguet the United States consul in Rio de Janeiro. During his tenure, between 1822 and 1825, he negotiated a commercial treaty with Brazil. When the United States was preparing to formally recognize a newly independent Brazil


texts: through appointment of a chargé d'affaires, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams recommended Raguet for the post. Despite urges to complete formalizing relations between the United States and Brazil, President James Monroe did not appoint anyone before the end of his term.Almost immediately after taking office, President Adams appointed Raguet chargé d'affaires to Brazil on March 9, 1825. Raguet became the first chargé d'affaires from the United States to Brazil on October 29, 1825. One of the first issues he dealt with was the blockade of Argentine ports by the Brazilian navy during the Cisplatine War. Argentina was a growing trade partner of the United States and <mask> and his counterpart in Argentina worked to convince Brazil to restrict its blockade to only certain ports and that ships approaching the blockade should be given warning before being seized by Brazil. After negotiations, Brazil restricted its blockade to only ports in the Río de la Plata, but the blockade still encompassed more ports than the United States was pressing for. Brazil never made it a policy to give ships warning, but many ships were warned and let go. Relations between Brazil and the United States were strained over the recruiting of United States seamen for Brazilian warships through fraud and coercion.United States citizens were enticed onto Brazilian ships and after the end of their voluntary enlistment period were forced to stay. Raguet became exhausted with how the Brazilian government never followed up its promises to investigate the complaints. The issue only got worse as United States merchant ships were seized by Brazil for attempting or intending to bypass the blockade. The crews of the ships were often manipulated into


texts: Brazilian service or imprisoned. Tensions over the issue continued to rise particularly after a US Navy commander, backed by force, procured the release of two detained Americans. Eventually the Brazilian Navy ordered all ships to immediately surrender all improperly detained United States citizens. Despite the order, Raguet was increasingly frustrated with what he felt was Brazil's purposeful delay in processing detained United States ships and citizens.After receiving approval from Secretary of State Henry Clay on his efforts, Raguet was emboldened and his notes to the Brazilian government became more forceful and undiplomatic. After a letter from a Brazilian foreign minister requested that Raguet use more moderation in his communications, he wrote to Clay that the Brazilian government was offended by his communications, that he had lost his patience with them, and that he hardly considered the Brazilians a civilized people. By the end of 1826 copies of letters of <mask>'s communications to the Brazilian government had reached the State Department in Washington, D.C. Henry Clay wrote back indicating it would be best to use "language firm and decisive, but at the same time temperate and respectful. No cause is ever benefited by the manifestation of passion, or by the use of harsh and uncourtious language." Responding to a request Raguet made to threaten to sever diplomatic relations with Brazil if they did not release their ships, Clay said "war or threats of war ought not to be employed as instruments of redress until after the failure of every peaceful experiment." By early 1827 relations with Brazil improved after a new foreign minister took office, but that quickly changed in March when Brazil seized the USS


texts: Spark, a recently decommissioned U.S. warship. After a rebuffed offer to the sell the Spark to Brazil, the ship headed for Montevideo.On the way, the ship was seized by a Brazilian man-of-war and its crew imprisoned. Brazil demanded an explanation for what it said were irregularities in the Spark'''s activities and suspected the ship was a privateer going to join Argentina. Raguet didn't believe the Brazilians actually believed the Spark was a privateer, and felt that what he called "the most deliberate and high handed insult" against the United States was planned days in advance. The incident with the Spark was the last straw for Raguet. He sent a letter to the Brazilian government saying "that recent occurrences induce him to withdraw from the court of Brazil, and he therefore requests that his excellency will furnish him the necessary passports." He left his position as chargé d'affaires ended on April 16, 1827. Once Washington found out that Raguet had left Brazil, the State Department quickly worked to appoint someone new to repair any damage caused by Raguet and to continue working on solving the issues with Brazil that had led Raguet to leave.Adams would later write that relations between the United States and Brazil were "aggravated by the rashness and intemperance of <mask> Raguet, ... [who had] brought this country and Brazil to the very verge of war." On Raguet's return to the United States he held a meeting with Clay and Adams who said "I told him that my opinion of his integrity, patriotism, and zeal was unimpaired; that I was convinced of the purity of his motives to the step he had taken; but that I thought it would have been better if he had, before taking that step, consulted his government."