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<mask> (born December 1, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former president and general manager of the Vancouver Canucks. He was born in Sudbury, Ontario. Playing career
<mask> spent his junior hockey career with the Kingston Canadians of the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League (OMJHL) from 1975 to 1978, playing in 111 games and scoring 132 points (39 goals and 93 assists). He added on 18 points (four goals and 14 assists) in 12 playoff games. <mask> missed most of the 1976–77 season due to a leg injury. He was then drafted in the first round, fifth overall, by the Colorado Rockies in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft. In the 1978–79 season, <mask> played two games with the Philadelphia Firebirds of the American Hockey League (AHL), scoring no points; he also spent 30 games with the Rockies, earning eight points (one goal and seven assists).He split the 1979–80 season with the Rockies, scoring four goals and five assists in 40 games, and the Fort Worth Texans of the CHL, with 22 points (nine goals and 13 assists) in 29 games. <mask> started the 1980–81 season with Colorado, and had 18 points in 51 games before being sent to the Boston Bruins for Bob Miller. <mask> then scored six points in 17 games for a total of 24 points, which would be his career high. Gillis also appeared in a playoff game, going pointless. In 1981–82, <mask> then registered 17 points in 53 games, and earned three points (1G-2A) in 11 playoff games. He spent the majority of the 1982–83 season with the Baltimore Skipjacks of the AHL, getting 113 points (32 goals and 81 assists) in 74 games, good for fourth in AHL scoring. He also played five games with Boston, earning an assist, then played 12 playoff games for the Bruins, earning four points.<mask> split the 1983–84 season with the Bruins, scoring 17 points in 50 games, and with the

masks:
Michael David Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis


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 Hershey Bears of the AHL, getting 29 points in 26 games. He played three playoff games with Boston, getting no points. <mask> retired from professional hockey in the summer of 1984. Post-playing career

Agent
Upon retiring from playing hockey, <mask> coached the Queen's University Golden Gaels hockey team in 1985–86. He then earned a law degree from Queen's University in 1990 and became a player agent. His clientele over the years included Pavel Bure, Markus Näslund, Bobby Holík, and <mask>, among others. In 1997, <mask> successfully sued former National Hockey League Players' Association executive director Alan Eagleson for $570,000 for stealing a portion of his disability insurance.The charges were among many against Eagleson uncovered by Russ Conway. General manager
With the firing of Vancouver Canucks general manager Dave Nonis at the end of the 2007–08 season, <mask> was introduced by the organization as Nonis' successor on April 23, 2008. Entering into the free agent market as a general manager for the first time in July 2008, Gillis made immediate changes. He chose not to re-sign former client and longtime Canucks captain Markus Näslund, nor forward Brendan Morrison. He then made an aggressive pitch for unrestricted free agent center Mats Sundin with a two-year, $20 million offer; the deal would have made him the highest paid player in the NHL. Sundin decided against signing with any team until midway through the subsequent season, but eventually accepted a one-year, pro-rated $8.6 million offer on December 18, 2008. Several months later, before the 2008–09 NHL trade deadline, <mask> re-signed emerging forward Alexandre Burrows to a four-year, $8 million contract on March 3, 2009, substantially raising his previous $525,000 annual salary.Burrows was, at the time, in the midst of a career-season in which he scored 28

masks:
Gillis
Gillis
Mike Richter
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis


texts: goals and 51 points, only to follow up with a career season the next year by scoring 35 goals and 67 points. After winning a Northwest Division title and making it as far as Game 6 of the second round in the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, Gillis continued to re-sign key players. With the Canucks' leading scorers Daniel and Henrik Sedin set to become unrestricted free agents on July 1, 2009, Gillis flew to Sweden to negotiate with the twins, ultimately signing them to identical five-year, $30.5 million deals hours before the free agency period was set to begin. Soon thereafter, negotiations began with star goaltender Roberto Luongo, who was entering the final year of his original four-year deal with the Canucks. Several days after Luongo gave the Canucks a September 13 deadline to come to an agreement before ceasing negotiations for the upcoming season, Gillis signed him to a 12-year, $64 million contract extension on September 2. Other significant signings in the 2009 off-season included unrestricted free agent Mikael Samuelsson from the Detroit Red Wings and Canucks prospect Sergei Shirokov from the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). <mask>' first noteworthy trade occurred on August 28, 2009, when he sent prospect forwards Patrick White and Daniel Rahimi to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for defencemen Christian Ehrhoff and Brad Lukowich.Of the two defencemen acquired, the younger Ehrhoff proved to be the centrepiece of the deal. San Jose's primary motivation to send him away was to clear salary cap space in anticipation of their acquisition of star forward Dany Heatley from the Ottawa Senators. For the Canucks, Ehrhoff's acquisition addressed the need for a puck-moving defenceman to move play out of the defensive zone. Ehrhoff went on to lead the Canucks defencemen in scoring that season. In the midst of <mask>' off-season

masks: Gillis Gillis


texts: transactions, the Canucks were involved in a pair of tampering incidents with Toronto Maple Leafs management. The first incident occurred in late June 2009, when Maple Leafs head coach Ron Wilson publicized the club's intentions to pursue the Sedin twins if Gillis could not re-sign them before the free agency period began. Several months later, in September, a Leafs TV documentary program covering June's 2009 NHL Entry Draft featured Toronto general manager Brian Burke indicating that <mask> had pursued the Tampa Bay Lightning's second overall pick for a package consisting of defenceman Kevin Bieksa, forward Alexandre Burrows and their first-round selection.Although the segment was eventually pulled off-air, <mask> filed tampering charges against the Maple Leafs near the beginning of the 2009–10 season for both incidents. The NHL fined Wilson US$10,000 for his part in tampering with the Sedins, while Burke and the Leafs management were given a warning for the draft incident. That season, the Canucks went on to win the Northwest Division title, but lost in the second round to the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2010 playoffs, both for the second consecutive year under Gillis. In the off-season, <mask> made significant defensive acquisitions, trading for Keith Ballard from the Florida Panthers (in exchange for a first-round draft pick Michael Grabner and Steve Bernier) and signing Dan Hamhuis ($27 million over six years). Gillis also signed third-line centre Manny Malhotra. While Hamhuis and Malhotra became integral parts of the Canucks' successful season in 2010–11, Ballard struggled to remain in the lineup with injuries and numerous bouts of healthy scratches. Meanwhile, Grabner became a Calder Memorial Trophy nominee that season as the NHL's top rookie.In goal, Gillis had re-signed prospect Cory Schneider in the off-season, as

masks: Gillis Gillis Gillis


texts: well. Backing up Roberto Luongo as a rookie, the duo won the William M. Jennings Trophy as the goaltending tandem with the fewest goals against in the League. <mask>' transactions were instrumental in the Canucks' first Presidents' Trophy, leading the NHL with the best regular season record in 2010–11, and he was personally awarded with the League's inaugural NHL General Manager of the Year Award. The Canucks advanced all the way to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, where they fell to the Boston Bruins in seven games after taking a 3–2 series lead. It has been noted, however, that the players arguably most instrumental in their Finals appearance — the Sedin twins, Ryan Kesler, Alexandre Burrows, Alexander Edler, Roberto Luongo and Cory Schneider — were already in the Canucks' organization when <mask> took over as general manager from his predecessor, Dave Nonis. In the 2011–12 season, the Canucks defended their Presidents' Trophy title, but lost to the eighth-seeded (and eventual Cup champions) Los Angeles Kings in five games during the opening round of the playoffs. That season saw Cory Schneider usurp Roberto Luongo as the team's starting goaltender.Luongo started the first two games due to Schneider's injury and played well but his team lost both. Head Coach Alain Vigneault opted to start Schneider for the rest of the series in order to give the Canucks some momentum, and Luongo remained on the bench for the remainder of the series as the Kings won four games to one. Dressing as a backup for the Canucks' final three playoff games led many in the media to believe that Luongo would be traded in the off-season, in favour of Schneider, who recorded stronger regular season and playoff statistics than him in 2011–12. Asked about his role with the Canucks following the defeat, Luongo told reporters that he would waive his no-trade


texts: clause if management asked him to do so. In June 2012, Schneider was signed to a three-year, $12 million contract, which made Luongo expendable, but <mask>' efforts to trade Luongo were unsuccessful due to his hefty US$64 million, 12-year contract, a contract that Gillis has since been criticized for negotiating. In the 2012–13 season, which was shortened by a lockout, the Canucks finished with a record of 26–15–7 and won the Northwest Division title. However, they were eliminated in four-straight games by the San Jose Sharks during the opening round of the playoffs, the second consecutive first round playoff exit.<mask> was criticized by The Globe and Mail's Allan Maki as he "dithered with goalie Roberto Luongo and should have traded him for help at forward but didn’t. Instead, Gillis acquired Derek Roy at the trade deadline and thought that was enough. Gillis’s decision to get Zack Kassian doesn’t look good, either, but the GM will survive." Maki said that the "team, with its aging core and limited prospects, is in need of new direction, new leadership. It’s that time," just two years after its Stanley Cup Finals appearance. Afterwards, Gillis fired Head Coach Alain Vigneault, Associate Coach Rick Bowness and Assistant Coach Newell Brown. Gillis also continued to try to trade Luongo, who still had nine years left on his 12-year contract, which represented a $5.33 million annual salary cap hit.John Tortorella was hired to replace Vigneault as head coach, a decision that <mask> later suggested had been at the insistence of Canucks Owner Francesco Aquilini. At the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, <mask> traded goaltender Cory Schneider to the New Jersey Devils for the ninth overall draft pick, which he subsequently used to draft Bo Horvat from the London Knights. Gillis took a lot of criticism from fans and season-ticket holders, as the

masks: Gillis Gillis Gillis Gillis


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 Canucks did poorly and slid out of playoff contention during the latter half of the 2013–14 season. <mask> was questioned on his personnel moves, such as trading Roberto Luongo to the Florida Panthers, which, combined with the earlier Schneider trade, had left the team without a proven number one goaltender, instead relying on the largely untested Eddie Läck. On April 8, 2014, <mask> was relieved of his duties as president and GM of the Vancouver Canucks by owner Francesco Aquilini; Aquilini had been said to be very hands-on in day-to-day management of the club. This came right after the Canucks were eliminated from the 2014 playoffs, and as season ticket renewal levels had dropped off. <mask> was succeeded by former Canucks captain Trevor Linden, who was hired the next day as president of hockey operations.It had been reported that <mask> and Linden had such a poor relationship that Linden stayed away from the Canucks after retiring as a player. Personal
<mask> is the brother of <mask>. He is the uncle of professional hockey players Matt and Adam Pelech. Gillis went on to teaching at the University of Victoria after his dismissal from the Vancouver Canucks. Career statistics

References

External links

1958 births
Baltimore Skipjacks players
Boston Bruins players
Businesspeople from Greater Sudbury
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Colorado Rockies (NHL) draft picks
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Fort Worth Texans players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Canadians players
Living people
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League first round draft picks
National Hockey League general managers
Philadelphia Firebirds (AHL) players
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury
Vancouver Canucks executives
Vancouver Canucks general managers
Queen's University

masks:
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
Gillis
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Paul Gillis


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<mask>üll (born "<mask>, Baronesse von Uexküll-Gyllenband":  17 May 1867 - 15 January 1901) was a well-born pioneer of girls' education. In 1899 she founded the "Mädchengymnasium" (secondary school for girls) in Stuttgart. It was the first such institution in the Kingdom of Württemberg and only the second anywhere in Germany. Life

Provenance and early years
<mask>üll-Gyllenband was born into a well-established family at Fortress Dünamünde, a manor house on the grounds formerly occupied by a stronghold built by the Teutonic Knights, just outside Riga, a multicultural city which at that time found itself positioned on the outer fringes of the Russian empire. She was born, the fifth of her parents' recorded children, into the German-speaking community which for historical reasons constituted the traditional land-owning ruling class in the region. Her father, Georg Reinhold Baron von Uexküll (1825-1890), was an army officer with specialities as an engineer. Gertrud attended a "Töchterschule" (girls' school) in Riga and then completed her schooling at a nearby boys' school where, unusually, she sat and  passed the exams necessary to qualify her for work as a secondary school teacher.By that time her mother, born Marie von Boehtlingk (1830-1881), had died. <mask> had been just 14 at the time, and was able to continue with her education. That was no longer the case in 1890 when her father also died. By this time, however, she was 23. Riga was experiencing rapid shifts in its ethnic population mix, driven by rapid urbanisation and the appearance of migrants from the Russian heartlands, generating potentially disruptive and dangerous inter-ethnic tensions:  <mask> set out on her travels while her

masks:
Gertrud Schdk
Gertrud
Gertrud Baronesse Uk
Gertrud
Gertrud


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 elder brothers and sisters appear to have remained in what is now known as Latvia. Geneva
She ended up in Geneva, then as now a relatively progressive city, and embarked on a course of study in art. She was unable to complete the course, however, due to the poor state of her eye-sight.She then switched to a Swiss girls' high school from where she successfully sat the exams necessary to gain admission to the university. At the University of Geneva she completed degree courses in History, Philosophy and Literature. Across central Europe, and indeed in Russia, Switzerland was regarded, as very advanced when it came to the education of women, but the idea that women might progress to university degrees was still contentious. Nevertheless, <mask> Uexküll-Gyllenband was able to attend lectures, and she emerged with a form of degree described in sources as a "Licenciée ès Lettres". She also involved herself in women's rights issues. As student-president of the Geneva Student Sorority, she successfully campaigned for the right of female students to be represented on the university council, and then became the first female student to participate in that committee's deliberations. It was also during her time as a student at Geneva that <mask> Uexküll-Gyllenband met Friedrich Schwend (1871-1934), the man who a few years later became her husband.Directly after completing her student career in Geneva, however, she transferred to Paris university (La Sorbonne) in order to undertake a major academic project. Unfortunately the heart defect from which she suffered prevented her from staying very long in Paris, however. She transferred to a coastal location where she stayed long enough to recover and

masks: Gertrud Gertrud


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 convalesce. Tutoring in Germany
In the winter of 1898 she returned to Germany, now accompanied by the friend of her university days, Friedrich Schwend. They both settled in Stuttgart still, at this stage, unmarried:  Gertrud's first job on settling in Stuttgart was as a private tutor, employed by wealthy families to teach their children French. (Under the customs of the time across western Europe, it would have been considered, at best, unconventional for a woman engaged in teaching other people's children to marry a man and give birth to children of her own at the same time.) The school
It was not, however, <mask> Schwend-Üxküll's intention to devote her life to private tutoring.She already had a clear vision to found a "Mädchengymnasium", a single-sex secondary school teaching a curriculum that would enable its pupils to attain a level of education appropriate for university admission. Admission to the school would be restricted to girls. Both in public and behind the scenes, she received active support from her cousin, the Countess Olga von Üxküll-Gyllenband, who was a lady in waiting to Queen Charlotte, and thereby very well connected with members of  Württemberg's intellectual and wealthy elites. The school should open the way for girls to gain "admission to all faculties at the university, most especially for the study of Philology, Medicine and Law - subjects which could form the basis for a professional or academic career for women". Meanwhile, for girls with no intention of pursuing an academic career, the "Mädchengymnasium" must be an institution that unquestionably provided a "safe religious and ethical aesthetically grounded all-round education". The school opened in


texts: Stuttgart's royal "Residenz" quarter on 17 April 1899. It was not, as the school's twenty-first century website spells out, an "everyday secondary school", but a "teaching institution for the daughters of the educated classes".The foundation ceremony was conducted by <mask>'s cousin and the queen's lady in waiting, Countess Olga von Üxküll-Gyllenband (who also accepted a position as chair of the school governors) alongside <mask> Schwend-Üxküll herself and Johanna Dorothea Bethe (who took on oversight of higher-level education). <mask> took charge of the overall leadership and administrative responsibilities, and also conducted the classes in French herself, without accepting any payment for the teaching work. In order to save on costs, classes were initially held at the premises of a larger, established institution, the "Frauenfortbildungsanstalt" ("Women's Further Education Institute") at Kronenstraße 41. A year later, with the number of pupils enrolled at the school having risen to 32, the two institutions were physically separated, with Getrud's "Mädchengymnasium" relocating to premises on the second floor at Alleenstraße 29. It was only a year after that, as the school continued to expand, that over Easter in 1901 they were totally (and amicably) disaggregated in terms of organisation and administration. Although Gertrud Schwend-Uexküll's Stuttgart "Mädchengymnasium" (secondary school for girls) was the first institution established to prepare girls for university admission in the Kingdom of Württemberg, there were other institutions opened with this objective elsewhere in German-speaking central Europe. Within Germany it was the neighbouring Grand Duchy of Baden which, on 28 February

masks: Gertrud Gertrud Gertrud


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 1900, became was the first German state to issue a decree allowing women full access to universities.(Württemberg would follow suit only in 1904.) It was in the capital of Baden, Karlsruhe that the first school created to prepare girls for university admission had been established as far back as 1893, even if the Karlsruhe school's early years had not been entirely untroubled. Meanwhile on 30 July 1899, some ten weeks after the Stuttgart school opened, <mask> Schwend-Üxküll married Dr. Friedrich Schwend (1871-1934), who by this time had become the school's Geography teacher. Women's movement
During her all too brief time in Stuttgart, <mask> Schwend-Üxküll's hands-on commitment to improving opportunities for women extended far beyond her teaching work and the founding of a game-changing school. She opened the way for the launch of  Stuttgart branch of Hedwig Dohm's "Women's Education and Study Association" ("Verein Frauenbildung–Frauenstudium") with an article she contributed to the 7 July 1900 edition of the magazine "Der Frauenberuf". She used this opportunity to set out the organisation's objectives and the nationwide character of its activities. She concluded her piece with some reflections on the desirability of establishing a Stuttgart branch:
   "Both in Stuttgart and in other towns and cities in Württemberg, there are already a number of members [of the Berlin-based national association] who do not currently have any links to a local branch.And yet, particularly in Württemberg, where the founding of a "Mädchengymnasium" (girls' secondary school) has already taken place, marking an important step in the development of a schooling system that makes provision for girls ... it would be


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 of particular value if a branch of this association were to be established, providing a forum through which all those who care passionately about girls' education - including, especially, those who are not actively engaged in the teaching profession - could share their experiences and opinions". The article was followed by an editorial note, in which it was spelled out that in order to establish a Stuttgart branch of the "Women's Education and Study Association" it would be necessary to find at least 25 members. The note also informed readers, helpfully, that Mrs. Schwend-Üxküll would be available to provide further information for an hour each day between 14.00 and 15.00 at Alleenstraße 29. On 14 November 1900 the time came for the founding meeting of the Stuttgart branch of the "Women's Education and Study Association" ("Verein Frauenbildung–Frauenstudium"). Inititally there were between 80 and 100 members. <mask> Schwend-Üxküll was at once elected to chair the Stuttgart association which, as she had foreseen, provided valuable support for the "Mädchengymnasium". For instance backed the first girls who had successfully completed the school final exams in their successful application for admission to the hitherto "men only" University of Tübingen.In the announcement of the establishment of the association journal, "Der  Frauenberuf", which appeared on 17 November 1900, <mask> Schwend-Üxküll summarized the association's objectives:
   "The task [of the Stuttgart branch] should be to unite educated men and women in order to give good advice on how the educational opportunities available to women can be aligned with the many disparate requirements that modern life places on them." Death
Two


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 months after that inaugural meeting, on 15 January 1901, <mask> Schwend-Üxküll died. Her death was the result of complications associated with her long-standing coronary illness. Those who mourned her early death also found much to celebrate in the achievements of her short life. References

1867 births
1901 deaths
20th-century German educators
German women's rights activists
Latvian people of German descent
People from Riga
People from


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<mask> (born 22 March 1955) is a Latvian politician and former physician who served as the seventh president of Latvia from 2007 to 2011. He won the Latvian presidential election of 31 May 2007. He became President of Latvia on 8 July 2007 and left office on 7 July 2011 after failing to win reelection for a second term. Medical career
<mask> is an orthopedic surgeon, who graduated from the Institute of Medicine in Riga in 1979. After his studies he worked in Riga Hospital No. 2 and became chief of its traumatology unit in 1985. In 1986, between May and June, he was dispatched to Ukraine as a medical service officer to support the cleanup operations following the Chernobyl disaster.He was the director of the Latvian Traumatology and Orthopaedics Hospital from 1994 and chief of its board from 1998. He left these offices on 5 July 2007. On 27 April 2007, he received the Order of the Three Stars (Trīs Zvaigžņu Ordenis) of the 4th rank for his contributions in care for health of the patients and promotion of orthopedics in Latvia. Political career

<mask> <mask> was a board member of the Popular Front of Latvia in 1988–1989. On 22 May 2007, the ruling parliamentary coalition of the Latvian Saeima officially nominated <mask> as its presidential candidate. <mask> himself was not a member of any political party, but had signed the manifesto of the People's Party when the party was founded in 1998. On 2 June 2011 an MP from the Greens and Farmers' Union, Andris Bērziņš, defeated the incumbent, <mask> <mask>, in presidential elections despite <mask> having previously been expected to win the vote.He founded the

masks:
Valdis Zatlers
Valdis Zatlers
Valdis
Zatlers
Zatlers
Zatlers
Valdis
Zatlers
Zatlers


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 Reform Party in July 2011. Presidency
In his TV speech, on 28 May 2011, President <mask> called for radical reforms to curb the corrupting influence of oligarchs. He accused lawmakers of being soft on corruption and announced that he would use his constitutional powers to initiate a referendum on the dissolution of the current Saeima. The formal cause of this decision was the parliament's refusal to sanction a search at the home of Ainārs Šlesers, a Saeima member and former minister. <mask> was the first President of Latvia to use these reserve presidential powers. Under the relevant sections of the Constitution of Latvia if the voters had supported <mask>' decision, the Saeima would have been dismissed and new parliament elections organized. Relations with Russia

He attended the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade on Red Square on 9 May, making good on his acceptance of his invitation to attend the 65th VE Day celebrations in Russia that he received in February.In December 2010, <mask> made his first official state visit to Moscow. The four-day official visit included talks with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, as well as Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Mayor Yuri Luzhkov and the Patriarch Kirill of the Russian Orthodox Church. While speaking at the Latvia-Russia Business Forum in St. Petersburg on 20 December, he spoke in favor of the introduction of a visa free regime between the EU and Russia. On the final day of the forum, he laid flowers at the Piskaryov Memorial Cemetery. Controversy
Before his election he confessed that, as a doctor, he had accepted private donations from his patients.

masks: Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers


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 Transparency International has questioned the legality of this practice. <mask>' supporters point out that donations of this form are accepted by many Latvian doctors.The Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (KNAB) characterized <mask>' behaviour as improper and has said that it would not finalize its investigation of the matter for several months. In July 2008, KNAB ruled that <mask> hadn't violated the law by accepting these donations. Politicians criticized <mask> for not paying taxes on these gifts. The State Revenue Service, which had previously requested him to pay taxes on the gifts, unable to fine him for tax evasion, fined Zatlers 250 Lats for missing data in officials declaration. In 2003, <mask> was the subject of an investigation by KNAB, Latvia's anti-corruption office. The investigation was started based on a request by Āris Auders, a former subordinate of Zatlers who had become the Minister of Healthcare. Auders had accused Zatlers of buying low-quality spinal implants from companies run by Zatlers' wife and the deputy director of Zatlers' hospital.The investigation cleared <mask> of all charges. Personal life
<mask> <mask> is married to Lilita Zatlere and has three children. In addition to his native Latvian, he is fluent in English and Russian. Honours and awards
Order of the Three Stars Class I with Chain (2008)
Order of Viesturs class I (2008)
Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan, 2008)
Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of

masks: Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers Zatlers Valdis Zatlers


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<mask> (1774–1848) was the editor and proprietor of the Leeds Mercury, (which by his efforts he made the leading provincial paper in England), politician, and author of historical and geographic works of reference. On his death in 1848, the Leeds Intelligencer (a rival of the Mercury, and its political opponent for over forty years) described his as "one who has earned for himself an indisputable title to be numbered among the notable men of Leeds". Of his character and physical appearance it remarked: "Mr Baines had great industry and perseverance, as well as patience and resolution; and with those he possessed pleasing manners and address, - that debonair and affable bearing, which conciliated even those who might have felt that they had reason to regard him as an enemy… In person he was of a firm well-built frame, rather above the average stature; his features were regular, his expression of countenance frank and agreeable; and he retained his personal comeliness as well as his vivacity and suavity of manners to the last". Early years
<mask> was born in 1774 at Walton-le-Dale, near Preston, Lancashire. He was educated at Hawkshead Grammar School (where Wordsworth was a contemporary), and then in the lower school of the grammar school in Preston. He then became a weaver, but at the age of sixteen he was apprenticed for seven years to a printer in Preston. In the fifth year of his apprenticeship, he terminated it and moved to Leeds, where he finished his apprenticeship with the printer of the Leeds Mercury, one of two Leeds weekly newspapers.In later years, both Baines and his political

masks:
Edward Baines
Edward Baines


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 opponents would have it that he arrived in Leeds with little more than the clothes on his back, but on completion of his apprenticeship he set up his own printworks with the aid of a loan of £100 from his father. He became a member of the Leeds Reasoning Society (a discussion group which eschewed religious or political issues) and of the local subscription library. He became attracted to non-conformism, and after attending the chapels of both Unitarians and Congregationalists settled for the latter (although he did not formally become a member until 1840). (He married Charlotte Talbot in 1798; she and their children were also lifelong non-conformists, with the exception of the eldest son Matthew Talbot <mask> who became an Anglican, and therefore was able to take a degree at Cambridge.) Journalism

Revitalisation of Leeds Mercury
In 1801, he was approached to start a third Leeds newspaper to support the interests of Dissent and Reform ; the Mercury was not a reliable friend of Dissent and the leading paper, the Leeds Intelligencer, was avowedly opposed. In the event, the owner of the Mercury offered to sell up, and with the help of loans from like-minded supporters Baines bought the paper for £1552. The paper he acquired was published every Saturday, cost sixpence (including fourpence newspaper tax) for four pages, and had a circulation of 700–800.Baines set about improving content and circulation. Baines rapidly introduced material reflecting the commercial interests of Leeds: regular agricultural and commercial reports, shipping news (from Hull and from Liverpool) and a report of the state


texts: of the London markets. Political affairs were not neglected; a digest of parliamentary proceedings in the previous week was also added. The Mercury soon outsold the Intelligencer, and by 1807 it was selling up to 3 000 copies in a good week. Production methods were improved and outclassed those of the Intelligencer, with new fonts allowing more text per page, and cast-iron handpresses allowing clearer printing than wooden ones. He encouraged "letters to the editor" and was amongst the first provincial newspaper editors to make editorial comment a routine feature of their paper. His leading articles could be vigorous and pointed.In the first Mercury under new ownership, <mask> promised "Our Paper shall never be made the Vehicle of Party or Personal Abuse", but within the year the Mercury was exchanging insults with the Cambridge Intelligencer, which accused the Mercury of dancing to the Government's tune with vague reports of (and editorial comment deploring) nocturnal meetings of the disaffected. In 1805 a new editor of the Leeds Intelligencer attacked the Mercury as "bespattered with ... sedition"; together with <mask>' heated response this initiated a long-lasting state of mutual incivility between the two papers which makes each an unreliable source for the other's deeds and motives. According to counsel in an 1820 libel case "When there was a dearth of political news, nothing was more common for one Editor to attack another, and the public appeared to find amusement in their squabbles". The Mercury sent its own reporters to significant events outside its circulation area, such as York

masks: Baines Baines


texts:
 Assizes: a Mercury reporter was present and taking shorthand notes at the giant Reform meeting at Manchester which became the Peterloo massacre. That reporter was <mask>' second son <mask>, who from 1820 onwards progressively took over the everyday running of the Mercury as his father became more involved in local politics. Not only did the Mercury displace the Intelligencer as the leading Leeds paper, by 1832 it could be described by another provincial paper as "the leading provincial paper in England". "The spy Oliver"
On 14 June 1817, the first edition of the Mercury reported that ten Yorkshire men were held in Wakefield jail accused of planning insurrection.It noted that they had been arrested the previous week at a meeting near Dewsbury between them and a Mr Oliver, who had represented himself as a delegate from a central organising committee in London; its readers would probably infer that 'Oliver' was a spy. Following the arrest of the men, there had been disturbances at Huddersfield and Ossett. The second edition made three further charges, supported by the evidence of respectable named moderate reformers: firstly that 'Oliver' had repeatedly urged one of them a Dewsbury bookseller, to attend the meeting: secondly, that 'Oliver' had been seen by another of them at Wakefield after the arrests, and with no satisfactory explanation why he was still at liberty: thirdly that he had been seen in conversation with a liveried man-servant of General Byng, the army officer responsible for internal security in the North of England, the man-servant later saying that on a previous occasion he had

masks: Baines Edward


texts: driven Oliver from Byng's house to Wakefield to catch a coach. The Mercury made no charge against Byng, but asked who were the employers of 'this double-distilled traitor' and called upon local magistrates to investigate. "On the 16th the exposure of Oliver in the Leeds Mercury was read in both houses of parliament, by Earl Grey in the lords and Sir Francis Burdett in the commons. A strong sensation was produced; and those members, supported by the body of the opposition condemned in the most indignant language the atrocious proceedings brought to light". Byng wrote to the Mercury, denying much of the initial report, but Baines printed the letter the following week accompanied by further evidence supporting the Mercury's account and rebutting Byng's.The report triggered revulsion locally against Oliver and against conviction of those led to crime by government agents. Earl Fitzwilliam, a Whig magnate and Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding, wrote to the Home Office saying that any disturbances in the Riding had been minor and were brought about by Oliver's activities (of which he complained) : the government should not use them to justify a renewed suspension of Habeas Corpus. Fitzwilliam advised the Huddersfield magistrates not to gather evidence against their rioters; that could only come from accomplices and hence be highly objectionable. At York assizes, the judge in his direction to the jury was even harsher than Fitzwilliam on the unreliability of the evidence of accomplices, and no convictions were secured. Whilst the Mercury's exposure of Oliver prevented the conviction of the


texts:
 Yorkshire prisoners, in Derbyshire the participants in the 'Pentridge rebellion' (also triggered by Oliver) were not so fortunate, having by mischance killed a man before dispersing when faced with the magistrates and twenty dragoons. Thirty-five were tried for high treason and twenty-three convicted; four being executed. Baines could therefore claim to have saved the lives of fellow-Yorkshiremen., and the unmasking of 'Oliver' gave Baines a national reputation.However, critics such as William Cobbett pointed out that it was the suspicions of a linen-draper, rather than any investigation by the editor of the Mercury, that had unmasked Oliver, and objected to <mask>'s treatment of Joseph Mitchell. Oliver had made a previous tour of the North and Midlands with Mitchell, who knew and introduced him to potential insurrectionists. Mitchell was arrested in early May and Oliver made his second tour alone. After Oliver's exposure, Baines prevented Mitchell speaking at meetings of Yorkshire fellow reformers, alleging that Mitchell was under the gravest suspicion of being a spy too. No evidence (other than 'guilt by association') to support Mitchell being an informer - let alone an agent provocateur -  was produced at the time, nor has any been revealed by subsequent investigation in Home Office archives. "The Great Liar of the North"
Baines used the Mercury to advance the causes he supported, and to resist those he opposed, not only in its editorials, but also in its news reporting. This went beyond the selective choice of events to report, and non-neutral reporting of events covered, to the confident


texts:
 assertion of convenient untruths: for example on factory reform the Mercury asserted that Michael Thomas Sadler had never spoken, attended a debate or voted on Hobhouse's Bill of 1831, (a statement promptly contradicted by Hobhouse); it put into the mouth of Sir George Strickland a speech in Parliament calling for Sadler's Bill of 1832 to go to a Select Committee, when Strickland had made no such speech and had called for the Bill to be considered by a "Committee of the whole House" and not be delayed by a Select Committee; when Strickland attended a great county meeting in York on factory reform and disowned the words put in his mouth by the Mercury the Mercury's report put into Strickland's mouth its explanation of its mistake, avoiding any mention of the Leeds Mercury.The report of the county meeting alleged widespread drunkenness amongst the attendees, a point which had somehow gone unnoticed by other newspapers. Offended by the claims of drunkenness, factory reform supporters subsequently burnt Baines in effigy outside the Mercury offices; the effigy was labelled front and back "The Great Liar of the North", an epithet Cobbett had previously hurled at the Mercury and Baines, to whom it had stuck. Cobbett later wrote more memorably, and more quotably, of  "BROUGHAM's grand puffer, "the GREAT LIAR OF THE NORTH," NED BAINES, publisher of that mass of lies and nonsense called the "Leeds Mercury" … this swelled-up, greedy, and unprincipled puffer, who has been the deluder of Yorkshire for twenty years past." Authorship
As well as his journalistic output, <mask> was the author of a number of


texts:
 histories and gazetteers. His first book - a History of the Wars of the French Revolution - was published in 1817, having first been published as a part-work from 1814 onwards. Its account up to 1801 borrowed extensively (and sometimes verbatim) from another author's earlier work of 1803 on the same topic (A Stephens The History of the Wars Which Arose out of the French Revolution to Which is Prefixed a Review of the Causes of that Event (London 1803)). This went unacknowledged until Baines revised, expanded and retitled the work as a History of the Reign of King George III (1820); his new preface stating "To facilitate ... progress, and at the recommendation of the publisher and proprietor of Mr Alexander Stephens' s History of the Wars published in 1803, nearly half the details of the first volume were abridged from that work."This later led to denunciation of Baines as a plagiarist by one of the editors of the Intelligencer. He also produced history/directory/gazetteers for Yorkshire and for Lancashire, later reworking the latter as a county history, The History of the County Palatine of Lancaster. Political career

Leeds

As proprietor and editor of the Mercury Baines became an important figure in the affairs of Leeds. An obituary in 1848 noted Mr Baines took a part in the formation and support of many, if not most of the public institutions of Leeds. In early youth he was a visitor of the Benevolent, or Strangers' Friend Society, to which he always continued a warm friend. He assisted to establish the House of Recovery, the Dispensary, the Lancasterian School, the Philosophical Society,


texts: the Mechanics' Institution, the Literary Society, the New Library, the Tradesman's Benevolent Society, the Leeds and Yorkshire Insurance Company, our Provident institutions, our Waterworks…- in short, nearly all the institutions for public utility and benevolence established in Leeds within the last half century. He also became an important figure in Leeds politics, although as a Dissenter and a Reformer he was effectively excluded from Leeds Corporation which until the 1830s was a 'closed corporation'; vacancies were filled by election by the existing members of the corporation; they were Tories and generally Anglicans, and hence so were their successors.One area of political life from which Reformers and Dissenters could not be excluded was the vestry meeting of the (Anglican) parish church - all property owners (including Dissenters and other non-conformists) had to pay church rates and rate-payers were entitled to attend and vote. Baines fought a prolonged campaign to impose strict economy on church outgoings, starting in 1819 with a demand that accounts be published, and finally in 1828 managing to secure the election of churchwardens committed to economy. In the decade before the Great Reform Act of 1832 Leeds was not a parliamentary borough but was included in the Yorkshire constituency, now returning four MPs (normally two Whigs and two Tories, normally unopposed). In the 1830 General Election, Baines organised West Riding reformers to ensure that their interests were reflected by the choice of Lord Brougham as one of the two Whig nominees. On the Whigs coming to power, Brougham


texts: became Lord Chancellor, necessitating a by-election: this time the Whigs of rural Yorkshire forestalled the West Riding and secured a more traditional candidate: Sir John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone of Harkness Hall, near Scarborough. Baines was a leading light in reform agitation in Leeds, and was commissioned by Lord John Russell to determine whether qualification in borough constituencies could safely be set as low as £10 (rates paid a year). Baines found that in Leeds a £10 franchise would give the vote to the middle classes but still exclude the working classes: the results of Baines' investigation were reported by Russell in parliamentary debate as showing that "the £10 qualification does not admit any person who may not safely be intrusted with the elective franchise".As the reform crisis of 1831–1832 developed, Radicals (who wanted a more thorough-going reform: significantly wider suffrage, annual parliaments and the secret ballot) broke away from the Leeds reform organisation (the Leeds Association, set up by <mask> and his associates) and founded the Leeds Radical Reform Union, pressing for Whig reform bills to be more thorough-going with a minority holding that they should be opposed (as a half-measure intended to choke off thorough reform). Baines strove to minimise the Radical breakaway, and to retain Radical support for moderate reform, by his own actions, by encouraging formation of a rival Leeds Political Union, by editorials in the Mercury and by ensuring that Radical meetings and manifestations were reported upon unfavourably by the Mercury. The Leeds Patriot, a Radical paper,


texts: soon found itself under attack from Baines, responding that "veracity has no charms for Mr Baines, when he has an object to carry...he will stoop to the meanest prevarication and the most contemptible falsehoods". In the expectation that the Reform Bill of 1831, would pass, and would establish Leeds as a two-member borough constituency, the Leeds reformers chose two candidates in August 1831: John Marshall (whose father, also John Marshall was a leading Leeds millowner and had served as an MP for Yorkshire), and (at Baines's urging) Thomas Babington Macaulay, a gifted Whig orator with a national reputation, but no previous connection with Leeds. When elections for the first reformed parliament eventually took place in December 1832, the two Whigs comfortably defeated the sole Tory candidate Michael Thomas Sadler despite active support for Sadler from the Leeds radical reformers. Sadler had taken up the issue of factory reform; the Mercury (which had printed Richard Oastler's first letter on "Yorkshire Slavery" (the over-working and ill-treatment of children in the West Riding textile industry) before cooling on the issue) denounced this as a Tory trick to lure the gullible away from the Whig reform programme. (Baines and the Mercury were to hold similar views on the anti-Poor Law movement of the late 1830s; the underlying cause of working-class discontent was the Corn Laws, and all efforts should go into removing the underlying cause, rather than palliating its symptoms).Years of activity by Sadler and his brother in Leeds meant that much was known for and against him, and the Mercury was


texts: assiduous in reminding its readers of the 'against'. The Tories and their Radical allies had attacked Macaulay as a placeman and a stranger: interested in Leeds only as providing him with a seat in Parliament; interested in a seat in Parliament largely as a means of securing comfortable sinecures for himself and his family (whose government appointments were currently yielding them a total annual income of over £4000). The Macaulay family was seriously financially embarrassed, and Macaulay soon decided that income from posts held only for so long as the Whigs held power was insufficiently secure. He resigned from parliament and went out to India in 1834 as a member of the supreme council of India, on an annual salary of £10,000. Baines was the Whig candidate at the ensuing by-election; there was a separate Radical candidate, but <mask>'s chief opponent was the Tory Sir John Beckett. Beckett was Leeds-born and educated; the Beckett family bank was pre-eminent in Leeds ("The Rothschilds and Barings of Leeds") and was recognised to have acted in the interests of Leeds as a whole in past crises, but Sir John had pursued a legal career away from Leeds, culminating in his appointment in mid-1817 (soon after his marriage to a daughter of the Earl of Lonsdale) as Judge Advocate-General, and consequent entry into Parliament in 1818 in Cockermouth, one of his father-in-law's pocket boroughs. As the Mercury pointed out, he had been Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office from 1806 to 1817, the Mercury going on to claim that it was from him that Oliver had received his instructions These and other


texts:
 accusations against Beckett were widely placarded across Leeds.Beckett (unlike Sadler) directly addressed <mask>'s accusations at the earliest opportunity in a good-humoured speech. <mask> was elected, but his majority over Beckett was only thirty-one. Better Tory organisation for the 1835 general election saw Beckett displace Marshall, but at this and the 1837 general election <mask> topped the poll; he stood down in at the 1841 election because his health was deteriorating. Parliament
In parliament he occasionally spoke against Whig policies, but generally voted for them. He spoke (and voted) against the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, introducing the New Poor Law, because he felt that there was no call for central government to interfere in areas where poor rates were low; however he became a supporter when the new Poor Law Commission did not in practice intervene. He spoke frequently on the grievances of Dissenters: in May 1834 he chaired a national meeting of Dissenter delegations which preceded discussion of specific grievances with a resolution describing "full and complete separation of church and state" as "the true basis on which equal rights and justice can be secured to all classes of his majesty's subjects
"; later that year he told parliament that "If the principles of dissent were properly understood, the very circumstance of a man being a Dissenter was a declaration that he could not agree to the union between Church and State." However, the Mercury reported although the 1834 meeting had readily endorsed the principle behind its resolution, there had been considerable debate

masks: Baines Baines Baines


texts: as to the policy of stating it; as a compromise "it was determined to state the principle, but not put it forward in any petition or memorial".In 1837 Baines seems to have been badly worsted in debate as a result: in a debate on the abolition of church rates he was challenged whether this was the ultimate "healing measure" as far as Dissenters were concerned: he responded by denying that Dissenters had any intention to interfere with the connection between Church and State. The next speaker, however, not only gave the House an account of the proceedings at a recent anti-church rate meeting in Leeds, he had come prepared with a copy of the resolutions of the 1834 meeting, which he read out to the House. Baines failed to retrieve the situation by a subsequent editorial in the Leeds Mercury which asserted that whilst the vast majority of Dissenters thought any connection between church and state wrong, the vast majority of them did not see the existence of an established church as a political question, let alone a grievance; but was not believed. He spoke against the continuance of the English Regium Donum, and repeatedly argued that Queen Anne's Bounty ( a fund for augmenting the income of poor Church of England ministers) should be put on a much sounder basis: its revenue of 'First Fruits and Tenths' - calculated from revenues in the reign of Henry VIII - would be greatly increased by being calculated from current revenues. He supported Poulett Thomson's Bill of 1836 for relaxation of the 1834 Factory Act; he also voted for subsequent government factory regulation bills, but when he spoke in


texts:
 debates on them made it clear that he thought there was no need for them. Children and legacy
His son, <mask> <mask> (1800–1890), of St Ann's Hill, Leeds, was editor and afterwards proprietor of the Leeds Mercury, M.P. for Leeds (1859–1874), and was knighted in 1880; his History of the Cotton Manufacture (1835) was long a standard authority, he also wrote a biography of his father The life of <mask>nes, late M.P.for the Borough of Leeds. An elder son, Matthew Talbot <mask> (1799–1860), went to the bar; he became recorder of Kingston upon Hull in (1837), M.P. for Kingston upon Hull in 1847, president of the Poor Law Board in 1849, was returned as M.P. for Leeds 1852, again became president of the Poor Law Board (until 1855), and entered the cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1856. He had two further surviving sons: <mask> (1806–1881) and <mask> (1811–1893); his fourth and fifth sons died during childhood. The youngest daughter of <mask> – Margaret (d. 1891) – married another political figure, Charles Reed, in 1844. Another daughter, Charlotte, was the mother of South Australian politician and mayor of Adelaide, Theodore Bruce.Publications

 These became volumes 2 and 3 in an expanded four volume work:

 (In 1820, an enterprising American published those parts of volume 2 of Baines' "History of the Wars." dealing with the War of 1812 as )
 : ;
   : later reworked as

Notes

References

Biographies

External links

1774 births
1848 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
People

masks:
Sir Edward
Baines
Edward Bai
Baines
Thomas Baines
Frederick Baines
Edward Baines


texts:
<mask> (27 April 1921 – 7 July 1974) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. <mask> was credited with 189 aerial victories—that is, 189 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. All but six of his victories were claimed over the Soviet Air Forces on the Eastern Front in more than 950 combat missions, including 162 ground support missions. Born in Ulrichshalben, <mask> joined the military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1939. Following flight training, he was posted to 2. Staffel (squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing). He flew his first combat missions in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and claimed his first aerial victory on 29 June 1941.There, after 101 aerial victories, he was presented with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 November 1943. In July 1944, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 51 "Mölders". Following his 153rd aerial victory, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 14 January 1945. He continued flying operationally until the end of World War II. He died on 7 July 1974 in Cologne, West Germany. Early life and career
<mask>, the son of a police Hauptmann (captain), was born on 27 April 1921 in Ulrichshalben, present-day a borough of Ilmtal-Weinstraße, at the time in Thuringia of the Weimar Republic.After attending a  Gymnasium, a secondary school, and graduating with his Abitur (diploma), he joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) on 15 November 1939. Following fighter pilot training, he was posted to 2. Staffel (squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) in early 1941. World War II
World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September

masks:
Joachim Brendel
Brendel
Brendel
Brendel
Brendel


texts: 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. JG 51, under the command of Oberst Werner Mölders, was preparing for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union which was launched on 22 June 1941. On 29 June, <mask> claimed his first aerial victory. On 1 July, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and two days later he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class ().<mask> then flew a number of ground support missions, was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class () on 21 April 1942. On 8 December, he claimed his 10th victory on his 225th combat mission. He claimed his 20th victory on 24 February 1943 and received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 15 March 1943. On 25 May, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of JG 51s 1. Staffel (1st squadron), replacing Oberleuntant (First Lieutenant) Hans Boos who had been killed in a mid-air collision on 21 April. His number of aerial victories claimed increased to 30 on 5 May, and on 17 May he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (). On 10 June, Brendel claimed his 40th opponent shot down and was promoted to Oberleuntant on 1 July.On the first day of the Battle of Kursk, 5 July 1943, Brendel claimed two Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft shot down on the northern flank of the attack. His wingman, Unteroffizier Oskar Romm was credited with the destruction of a third Il-2. The next day, <mask> led his 1. Staffel in an attack against 15 Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers from the 221 Bomber Aviation Division. Brendel claimed one bomber destroyed but the fighter escort from 282 Fighter Aviation Division successfully engaged the German fighters. Brendel became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time on 12 July 1943, claiming aerial victories 53 to 57. On 28 July, <mask> was shot down and wounded in his Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer'''

masks: Brendel Brendel Brendel Brendel Brendel


texts:
 470002—factory number) by Soviet anti artillery behind enemy lines.He managed to return to German held territory. On 1 October 1943, he was promoted to Hauptman with a rank age dated to 1 April 1944. On 22 November, Brendel claimed six aircraft shot down on his 551st combat mission, taking his total to 101 aerial victories. For this achievement he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () that day. He was the 60th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. Group commander
On 29 July 1944, Brendel claimed a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter shot down in the vicinity of Białystok. His opponent may have been Kapitan Vladimir Shchegolev from the 162nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, a fighter ace credited with 14 individual and three shared victories who was killed in action that day.On 1 September 1944, <mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 51. He succeeded Hauptmann Diethelm von Eichel-Streiber in this function who was transferred. Flying with III. Gruppe on 16 October 1944, <mask> achieved his 150th victory on his 792nd combat mission. Following his 153rd victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 14 January 1945, the 697th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. He continued flying on the Eastern Front, claiming his 174th and 175th victory on 4 March 1945.End of March, he was ordered to Berlin where the presentation of the Oak Leaves was made at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM— Ministry of Aviation) in Berlin by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. On 18 February 1945, III. Gruppe claimed six aerial victories during the battle of the Courland Pocket, including four by Brendel. Two days later, he claimed three further victories. He claimed his last victory came on the 25 April 1945, finishing the war with 189

masks: Brendel Brendel


texts:
 victories and emerged as JG 51 highest claiming fighter pilot on the Eastern Front, including over 90 heavily armored Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. Later life
He died on 7 July 1974 in Cologne, West Germany and was buried in Salzburg, Austria. Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 178 aerial victory claims, plus 13 further unconfirmed claims.This number includes one claim over a United States Army Air Forces flown B-17 Flying Fortress, and 177 Soviet Air Forces piloted aircraft on the Eastern Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 07813". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (3 July 1941)
 1st Class (21 April 1942)
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 15 March 1943 as Leutnant and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 17 May 1943 as Leutnant in the 2./Jagdgeschwader 51
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 22 November 1943 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 1./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"
 697th Oak Leaves on 14 January 1945 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Jagdgeschwader'' 51 "Mölders"

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1921 births
1974 deaths
People from Weimarer Land
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak


texts:
<mask> (January 7, 1949 – February 11, 2017), better known as <mask> or <mask>., and also known during the 21st century as "Chavo Classic", was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his work in Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), American Wrestling Association (AWA) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and for being the father of third generation wrestler <mask>. He was the oldest son of Salvador "Gory<mask>, and part of the <mask> wrestling family. He was the oldest WWE Cruiserweight Champion. Professional wrestling career

Early career
In 1977, <mask> competed for NWA Western States. <mask> later moved his family to California so he could compete in Los Angeles's NWA Hollywood Wrestling and San Francisco's Big Time Wrestling. In NWA Hollywood, he feuded with Roddy Piper for the NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship.Between 1979 and 1980, he held the title 15 times. Various Territories
He spent the early 80's splitting his time between All Japan Pro Wrestling, Mid South Wrestling, CWF and Houston Wrestling. In 1982, <mask> feuded with Atsushi Onita over the NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship in All Japan Pro Wrestling. In 1983, he feuded with Gino Hernandez in Mid South Wrestling. The feud resulted in Loser Leaves Town matches, Texas Death Matches and a Mexican Chicken Match. In 1984, he teamed with his brother <mask> in Championship Wrestling from Florida. They had rivalries with The U.S. Express, from whom they captured the NWA United States Tag Team Titles from and The Breakdancers of Brickhouse Brown and Mark Ragin.In 1985, Hector and Chavo then traveled back over to Mid South Wrestling, where they feuded with The Rock 'n' Roll Express. They then engaged in a rivalry with Ted Dibiase and "Dr. Death" Steve Williams over the UWF Tag Team Championship. In 1986, they wrestled The Fabulous Ones on multiple occasions for Mid South. AWA and EMLL
In 1988, Mando and Chavo stopped in the

masks:
Salvador Guerrero III
Chavo Guerrero
Chavo Guerrero Sr
Chavo Guerrero Jr
" Guerrero
Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero
Guerrero
Hector Guerrero


texts:
 AWA. They went after the AWA World Tag Team Championship held by Diamond Dallas Page's team of Badd Company (Paul Diamond and Pat Tanaka). However, they were unable to capture the titles in multiple attempts. In 1990, <mask> teamed with his brothers Mando and Eddie in EMLL.He competed with his brothers in multiple trios matches. World Wrestling Entertainment (2004, 2010)
In 2004, <mask> began working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), joining his son <mask> Jr. in a feud with his younger brother Eddie. While with WWE he competed as <mask> Classic and became the oldest WWE Cruiserweight Champion in history, defeating <mask> Jr. and Spike Dudley in a triple threat match. On the April 1 episode of SmackDown!, Classic and <mask> Jr. lost to Spike Dudley and Rey Mysterio. On the April 22 episode of SmackDown!, Classic and <mask> Jr defeated John Cena in a 2-on-1 handicap match. On the May 13 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> Classic defeated Jacqueline thanks to outside help by <mask> Jr. On the June 3 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> Classic retained the Cruiserweight Title against Funaki, thanks to outside help from <mask> Jr. He eventually lost the title to Rey Mysterio less than a month later.On June 15, 2004, he was fired by WWE for no-showing multiple SmackDown! house shows. On the November 15, 2010, "Old School" episode of Raw, <mask> Classic, driving Alberto Del Rio to the arena. Lucha Underground (2016)
Chavo Classic first appeared on Lucha Underground talking with Rey Mysterio about the upcoming match of the latter against his son <mask> <mask>. in a Loser Leaves Lucha match. During the match, Classic, who was in the attendance, turned on Mysterio, helping his son win the match, but Dario Cueto ordered to restart the match, and Mysterio hit the 619 on Classic and defeated <mask> <mask>, leaving Lucha Underground without the <mask>s. Personal life
<mask> was the son of Gory <mask> and the older brother of Mando,

masks:
Chavo
Guerrero
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Chavo
Guerrerovo
Chavo
Guerrero Jr
Chavo
Guerrero
Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero


texts:
 Hector, and <mask>. He grew up in El Paso, Texas He had two children, wrestler <mask> Jr. and daughter Victoria, and he was the brother in-law of Vickie <mask>.In July 2016, <mask> and his son were named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. Over a year after his death, US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed the lawsuit in September 2018. Death
On February 11, 2017, <mask> died of liver cancer, at the age of 68. Other media
In 1978 he co-starred with Henry Winkler in the movie The One and Only as a wrestler called Indian Joe. He is the subject of the song "The Legend of Chavo Guerrero" by The Mountain Goats and is featured in its music video. The 2017 Netflix series, GLOW has its 7th episode dedicated to <mask> <mask> Sr.

Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Atlantic Coast Championship Wrestling
ACCW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) – with <mask>
Eastern Wrestling Federation
EWF Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Empire Wrestling Federation
EWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Hollywood Heavyweight Wrestling
HHW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Federation
IWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Hollywood Wrestling
NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (15 times)
NWA Americas Tag Team Championship (11 times) – with Raul Mata (2), John Tolos (1), Gory <mask> (1), Butcher Vachon (1), Victor Rivera (1), The Canadian (1), <mask> (1), El Halcon (1), Black Gordman

masks:
Eddie Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero
Guerrero
Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero
Hector Guerrero
Guerrero
Hector Guerrero


texts:
 (1) and Al Madril (1)
NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)1
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 130 out of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.Southwest Championship Wrestling / Texas All-Star Wrestling
SCW Southwest Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Manny Fernandez
TASW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
TASW Texas Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Al Madril (1) and himself (1)3
Texas All-Star USA Heavyweight Championship (1 times)
 Vendetta Pro Wrestling
 Vendetty Award—2014 Co-Special Guest star of the Year (w/ <mask> <mask>. & The Godfather)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Trios Championship (1 time) – with Mando and <mask>
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Wrestling Maneuver (1986) Moonsault block

Notes
1When <mask> <mask> won this championship, it was still officially recognized and sanctioned by the National Wrestling Alliance and was primarily defended in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, an NWA affiliated promotion in Mexico. After the promotion's withdrawal from the National Wrestling Alliance, they kept the title and continue to use the NWA initials. However, the NWA no longer recognizes or sanctions it. 3Defeats Al Madril to claim Madril's part of the championship, though he quickly surrenders the titles on the same day. References

General sources

External links
<mask> <mask>.: A Legend (Official Website)
Profile at Online World Of Wrestling

1949 births
2017 deaths
Los Guerreros
American professional wrestlers of Mexican descent
People from El Paso, Texas
Professional wrestlers from Texas
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling trainers
American male professional wrestlers
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in

masks:
Chavo
Guerrero Jr
Eddy Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero
Chavo
Guerrero Sr


texts:
<mask> (May 17, 1948; Downey, California) is an American award-winning screenwriter, television producer, playwright and author. Early life
<mask> was born in Downey, California to immigrant parents. His father <mask> (1920–2002)  who spent some 40 years in the printing and stationery business in Los Angeles, was a native of Hungary, emigrating to central California in 1931. Mother Pauline Corne (1924- ) is a native of Norwich, England. His parents met and married during World War II in Norwich, where Peter was serving in the U. S. 8th Air Force. They moved to the Southern California area after the war, eventually settling in Los Angeles. <mask> has a brother and two sisters.<mask> attended Los Angeles public schools, where he excelled in art and creative writing, graduating George Washington High School before entering the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, studying telecommunications and journalism. He worked briefly for the Daily Trojan as a reporter before becoming a comedy newscaster for KUSC-FM, then a student run radio station. The Stein & Illes Radio Show
He soon teamed up with another student, James R. Stein to co-host the Saturday night Stein & Illes comedy radio show for three years. They became very popular with the burgeoning FM underground audience. The show was a pre-Howard Stern-style free-for-all, featuring characters voiced by the two, as well as "live" regulars including <mask>'s brother, musician Rick, providing the show "orchestra" and Steven "Larry J. Felix" Kutcher, an entomologist (insect expert) who gave a weekly USDA "bug report", and was comic foil. Marcia Levine was the show's long suffering and diligent producer. A number of fans of the show remain friends including brothers Dennis and Brian Pollack who also became professional TV comedy writers.Brian went on to win three Emmys as a writer for Cheers. Stein and <mask> returned to the radio some 20 years later for a brief renewal of their performing chops.

masks:
Robert Illes
Robert Illes
Peter Illes
Robert
Illes
Robert
Illes


texts:
 Television
After several failed attempts to get into professional radio - which at the time was becoming less and less "personality driven", the two by chance took a course in TV writing at USC given by TV producer/writer Digby Wolfe, at the time producing a Tennessee Ernie Ford special for NBC. Wolfe decided to hire two students writers, and Bob and Jim, after writing a Tennessee Ernie Ford spec monologue, were selected. Their performer days ended when their radio show was "canceled" around this time, and they remained behind the scenes writers and producers, with occasional forays in front of the camera, or appearances at KPFK fundraisers. As a result of that experience, they met William Morris agent Michael Ovitz, who was himself a fan of the Stein and Illes radio show. Although barely older than the two writers, Ovitz took them under his wing.In 1971, they worked with co-writers Bob Einstein ("Super Dave") and Steve Martin on a short lived syndicated series, Tom Smothers' Organic Primetime Space Ride. In 1972, they were hired as writers on The New Bill Cosby variety show for CBS, where they settled into writing Bill Cosby monologues. Thereafter, <mask> and James wrote for a Lily Tomlin Special, which along with the writing staff that included Lorne Michaels and Herb Sergeant, earned them their first of two Emmy awards (and four nominations). They worked on a number of series and specials including John Denver, Sonny Bono, and a short-lived new Smothers Brothers series on NBC. During this time, they wrote three episodes for the classic series Sanford and Son. Producer Aaron Ruben called Bob at the behest of William Morris because he was a fan of KUSC – not of their old college radio show, but of the classical music! Nevertheless, Bob and Jim, who had never written a situation comedy episode before, ventured in to see the great Ruben and sold him on a story right off the bat.They wrote a total of three episodes for the series, and in doing so created the


texts: character of Aunt Esther's husband, Woody. They went on to create a CBS television series for Richard "Clemenza" Costellano in 1975 titled Joe and Sons which lasted for a half a season in 1975-76. Also in the show were future Tony award winner Barry Miller and Jerry Stiller. After Joe and Sons went off the air, Bob and Jim travels as TV writers took them to programs as varied as The Love Boat, Steve Allen's Laughback, Steve Allen's 3rd Annual Miss Las Vegas Show Girl Pageant, Phyllis Diller's 102nd Birthday Party, (Dick) Van Dyke and Company (reunited with Bob Einstein and Steve Martin, and for which they received their second Emmy nomination), One Day at a Time, the classic  Fernwood 2Night, starring Martin Mull and Fred Willard, renamed America 2Night (for which they received an Emmy nomination for Best Writing), What's Happening! !, The Captain and Tennille Show (where they were often on camera as comedy performers), and The Carol Burnett Show. The Carol Burnett Show, which in its 11th season featured guest stars Rock Hudson, The Jackson Five, James Stewart, Steve Martin, Bernadette Peters, and Betty White, among others, earned <mask> and James their second writing Emmy. After Carol pulled the plug on her own show, Bob and Jim went on to write for the Mary Tyler Moore "sit-var" which starred among others David Letterman and Michael Keaton, Dick Clark's Live Wednesday, Dick Clark's Good Ol' Days, A New Kind of Family starring Eileen Brennan with a teenaged Rob Lowe and a 9 year old Janet Jackson, Flo – a spin-off of Alice starring Polly Holiday, Private Benjamin and a five-year run producing and executive producing Silver Spoons starring Ricky Schroder on NBC.Silver Spoons also featured young Jason Bateman as Ricky's rival Derek, and John Houseman as Grandfather Stratton. Gary Coleman and Pearl Bailey also made a memorable guest appearance. Bob and Jim brought over Frank "Happy Kyne" deVol of Fernwood 2Night fame to guest star in a special episode. After


texts:
 Silver Spoons, <mask> and Stein went on to write and produce The Motown Revue starring Smokey Robinson which was a memorable summer series featuring such well-known guests as Stevie Wonder, the Four Tops, Diana Ross, Mary Wells, Martha Reeves, Boy George, Dean Martin, Linda Ronstadt, Rick Nelson and many others. In the cast of regular performers were Damita Jo Freeman (Soul Train), Arsenio Hall (the one and only) and Khandi Alexander (CSI:Miami and Treme). <mask> and Stein continued to write and produce pilots into the late 80's, including a Jim Nabors project called Sylvan in Paradise, and an animated pilot starring the voices of Stan Freberg, Rose Marie, Pat Paulsen, Jayne Meadows and Harry Shearer, The Jackie Bison Show. Another short lived series upon which they were creative consultants was a CBS project for Monty Python's Eric Idle, Nearly Departed, and executive produced Amen starring Sherman Hemsley.<mask> and Stein returned briefly to radio on Los Angeles' KIEV (now KRLA) for six months in 1992, with frequent guest appearances by Pat McCormick and Bob "Super Dave" Einstein. In the mid 1990s, after working together on the talk show parody Night Stand, <mask> and Stein went their separate ways, having worked together for over 25 years. Solo career
<mask> left the team to write and produce the long running Sister, Sister at Paramount Pictures TV and co-created the UPN series Goode Behavior, starring Sherman Hemsley and Dorien Wilson, and was consulting producer for City Guys, a popular Saturday morning teen sit com from the creators of Saved by the Bell. He also wrote multiple episodes for Family Matters. In 2000, <mask> traveled to Florida to produce another pilot for Sherman Hemsley, and later wrote for the Discovery Channel series "Guilty or Innocent?". Illes finally entered the world of "reality" with the special for TVLand network titled "Living in TV Land starring Sherman Hemsley", and an Office-style reality show called "Caffe Etc." for the

masks: Illes Illes Illes Illes Illes Illes


texts:
 Internet.Personal life
<mask> married Mary Ann Herrera in 1970. She was a fan of his radio show, and they met when she visited the studio with her cousins. They had two daughters, Angela and Brooke, and one son, Nathan. Brooke earned a master's degree in speech; Nathan is a songwriter and much sought after drummer in a number of Los Angeles bands and an ex-champion softball centerfielder and leadoff batter and Angela is a pastry chef. They have all appeared in <mask>'s television productions over the years. They have also produced four grandchildren. <mask> and Mary Ann divorced in 1982, after which he married actress Barbara Pariot, the voice of Valerie on Josie and the Pussycats and for many years a story editor at Warner Bros.They have one son, Nicholas, an artist. <mask> still resides in Los Angeles, continuing to write scripts and consult with cohorts on projects, as well as mentoring newcomers. He has been a member of a number of panels on the TV writing business at UCLA and the Writers Guild of America. In extracurricular activities, <mask> has been a guest judge at The World Championships of Performing Arts since 2007, and has for many years been an online mentor for the Writers Guild of America West. He has written extensively for progressive publications, most notably the Valley Democrats United newsletter and the website LA Progressive, and contributed pieces for several magazines on the writing business. <mask> has been developing a television writing course and is writing a book on TV writing and his experiences in the television industry. He hosted an internet radio show, Funny is Money, on Shokus Radio nightly at 8 PM Pacific time from 2006 to 2012.External links
<mask>les Emmys profile

 Dick and Sharon's LA Progressive
The Engagement: A Comedy in One Act

Reference List

American male screenwriters
Television producers from California
Emmy Award winners
Living people
People from Downey, California
1948 births
University of Southern California

masks:
Robert Illes
Robert
Robert
Illes
Robert Illes
Robert
Robert Il


texts: <mask> (; 29 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the first President of Poland from 11 December 1922 until his assassination on 16 December, five days after assuming office. He previously served as the Minister of Public Works from 1920 to 1922 and briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1922. A renowned engineer and politically independent, <mask> was the first elected head of state following Poland's regained sovereignty from partitioning powers. Born into a noble family with the strong patriotic sentiment, <mask> studied at the University of St. Petersburg before relocating to Zurich Polytechnic and completing his studies in Switzerland. An engineer by profession, he was a pioneer of electrification and his works were presented at exhibitions across Western Europe. <mask> also directed the construction of the first European hydroelectric power plants in Monthey, Mühleberg and Andelsbuch. In 1907, he was nominated a professor of hydroelectric and water engineering in Zurich, and was subsequently assigned to maintaining the Rhine.In September 1919, <mask> was invited by the Polish authorities in rebuilding the nation's infrastructure after the devastation caused by World War I. On 23 June 1920, <mask> became the Minister of Public Works in Władysław Grabski’s government. Following his successful conduct of the Polish delegation at the Genoa Conference, on 28 June 1922 he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Artur Śliwiński’s cabinet. During the elections in 1922, <mask> was supported by the center-left, most notably the Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", and by national minorities, but

masks:
Gabriel Józef Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz


texts:
 was harshly criticized by the right-wing National Democrats. Far-right zealots, ultra-Catholic unions and nationalists targeted him for sympathy towards Polish Jews. Upon defeating the other candidate, Maurycy Zamoyski, <mask> was elected the first president of the Second Polish Republic. After only five days in office, he was assassinated by oppositionist Eligiusz Niewiadomski while viewing paintings at the Zachęta Art Gallery.His funeral, attended by almost 500,000 people, was simultaneously a manifestation of peace which diminished the power of the far-right movement in the upcoming years. <mask> was buried with honors on 22 December 1922 in the vault of St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw. <mask> was a non-practicing Catholic and an active Freemason; he participated in rituals throughout the whole country. Family
<mask> <mask> was born into a Polish-Lithuanian noble family in Telsze, then part of the Russian Empire after the partitioning of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. His father, <mask>, was a local district judge and landholder in the Samogitian village of Brewiki (now Brėvikiai). As a result of his participation in the January 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia, he was sentenced to a year in prison; he died when <mask> was only one. <mask>’s mother, Wiktoria Szczepkowska, was Jan's third wife.Following her husband's death, she raised the sons herself. An educated woman, intrigued by the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment, she had a great influence on the development of <mask> and his siblings' world view. In 1873 she moved to Liepāja, Latvia, so that her children would not be forced to attend a Russian school (Russification in Latvia after the Uprising of

masks:
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Gabriel Józef
Narutowicz
Jan Narutowicz
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel


texts:
 1863 was less enforced than in Lithuania and Poland, the center of the uprising). An illustration of the dual nature of the family's identity is <mask>’s brother, Stanisław <mask>, who, after Lithuania regained independence in 1918, became a Lithuanian, not Polish, citizen. Earlier, towards the end of World War I, Stanisław had become a member of the Council of Lithuania, the provisional Lithuanian parliament. He was a signatory of the Lithuanian Act of Independence of 16 February 1918. 1865–1920

<mask> finished his secondary education at the gymnasium in Liepāja, Latvia.He then enrolled at the University of St. Petersburg, in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Illness, however, caused him to suspend those studies and to later transfer to the Zurich Polytechnic in Switzerland, where he studied from 1887 to 1891. <mask> helped exiled Poles on the run from the Russian authorities during his time in Switzerland. He was also connected with a Polish émigré socialist party, "Proletariat". As a result of his associations, he was banned from returning to Russia and had a warrant issued for his arrest. In 1895 <mask> became a Swiss citizen and, after completing his studies, he was employed as an engineer during the construction of the St. Gallen railway. <mask> proved to be an outstanding engineering expert and, in 1895, became chief of works on the River Rhine.Later he was hired by the Kurstein technical office. His works were exhibited at the International Exhibition in Paris (1896), and he would become a famous pioneer of electrification in Switzerland. <mask> directed the construction of many other European hydroelectric power plants, such as in Monthey, Mühleberg, and

masks:
Gabriel Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz


texts:
 Andelsbuch. In 1907 he became a professor at ETH Zurich, in the water construction institute in Zurich. He was dean of that institute from 1913 to 1919. He was also a member of the Swiss Committee for Water Economy. In 1915 he was chosen chairman of the International Committee for the regulation of the River Rhine.During World War I, he cooperated with the General Swiss Committee tasked with helping victims of the war in Poland and was also a member of La Pologne et la Guerre, located in Lausanne. A follower of the ideas of Józef Piłsudski, in September 1919 <mask> was invited by the Polish government to return to Poland to take part in the rebuilding of the nation's infrastructure. 1920–22

After coming back to Poland, on 23 June 1920 <mask> became the Minister of Public Works in Władysław Grabski’s government. He held that post until 26 June 1922 (in four different subsequent cabinets: of Władysław Grabski, Wincenty Witos and the first and the second governments of Antoni Ponikowski). After becoming the Minister of Public Works, <mask> immediately started to work on the rebuilding of his country, using the experience acquired in Switzerland as a pioneer of electrification. He would soon go about reorganizing the reconstruction bureaucracy and reduce the number of employees fourfold over the course of two years, in that way greatly increasing its efficiency. <mask> traveled around the country often to personally supervise and direct public works.By 1921 almost 270,000 buildings and 300 bridges had been rebuilt, most of the roads mended, and about 200 km of highways added. He also designed dams and supervised the building of a hydroelectric power plant in Porąbka on

masks: Narutowicz Narutowicz Narutowicz Narutowicz


texts:
 the river Soła in the Beskid Mountains, and worked on irrigation control of the Vistula River. Politically he had a reputation as a moderate, reasonable and broad-minded man. He was a member of the government in every subsequent cabinet (a period of constant government crises and turnover). In April 1922, <mask> was delegated (together with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the time, Konstanty Skirmunt) to participate in the Genoa Conference, and was given credit for the success of the Polish delegation—many Western diplomats had greater trust in the highly respected <mask> than in the other government ministers of the newly re-established country. On 28 June 1922, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Artur Śliwiński’s government. He also held that post in the later government of Julian Ignacy Nowak.In October 1922, he represented Poland at a conference in Tallinn. In the election of 1922, he supported the center-right National Public Union (Unia Narodowo-Państwowa), connected with Józef Piłsudski. He himself was a candidate of the Public Union on Eastern Borderlands (Państwowe Zjednoczenie na Kresach) but did not gain a seat in Parliament. Elections

After having lost the elections, <mask> continued as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Julian Nowak. To his own great surprise that December he was nominated as a candidate for the ensuing presidential election. Although Piłsudski tried to discourage him from becoming a presidential candidate (he himself had originally wanted to decline the nomination, which the Polish People's Party- "Wyzwolenie" [“PSL “Wyzwolenie”] had proposed), he eventually relented and accepted. According to the March

masks: Narutowicz Narutowicz Narutowicz


texts:
 Constitution of Poland, the president had to be chosen by the National Assembly, that is, the two houses of parliament (Pol: Zgromadzenie Narodowe i.e.the Sejm and the Senate). There was no clear winner after the first round of voting. In the second round, the official socialist candidate, Ignacy Daszyński, was eliminated; but again, there was no clear victor. The next to drop out were the two candidates most favored by representatives of the national minorities: namely, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay and Stanisław Wojciechowski (the latter supported by some of the Left). In the last and decisive round, only two candidates remained: Count Maurycy Zamoyski (backed by the right-wing National Democracy movement) and <mask> (supported by some center and left-wing parties as well as by spokesmen for various national minorities). <mask> prevailed thanks to the votes of the left, of the representatives for national minorities vote (these representatives were determined to defeat the National Democracy movement), and of the centrist Polish People’s Party “Piast” (PSL “Piast”). This last group, initially inclined toward Zamoyski, unexpectedly switched its backing to <mask> instead.Eventually, <mask> won 289 votes, whereas Zamoyski won only 227 votes, and so <mask> was elected the first president of the Second Polish Republic. <mask>'s victory came as an extremely unpleasant surprise to various leading right-wingers. Following the election, certain Catholic and nationalist groups began an aggressive campaign against <mask>udski faction, supported by General Józef Haller, also criticized the new president's overall support of Piłsudski's policies. Presidency
<mask> served as president

masks:
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowiczls
Gabriel Narutowicz


texts:
 of Poland for a mere five days. During his oath of office ceremony on 11 December 1922, members of the National Democracy and others manifested their opposition against the president-elect with anti-government demonstrations in Warsaw.Earlier on that day, opponents of his election attempted to prevent the president-elect from entering the Sejm by blocking the streets and throwing mud at his motorcade. <mask> was never comfortable with the widespread belief that he was a representative of the Left in Polish politics. He had only become the candidate of the Polish Peasant Party "Wyzwolenie" by happenstance; he had also not expected to win the election (in its first-round <mask> gained just 62 votes whereas count Zamoyski had 222). During his first days after his taking the oath of office, <mask> met with the representatives of the Christian Democratic Party and Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski. <mask> realized that it would be impossible to form a majority government in the Parliament, so he made an attempt to create a government beyond the purview of parliament. As a gesture to the right wing, he offered the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs to his rival Zamoyski. Assassination

Only five days after taking office, on 16 December 1922, <mask> was assassinated while attending an art exhibit in the National Gallery of Art "Zachęta".The assassin was a painter, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, who had connections with the right wing National Democratic Party and would soon become their martyr. The assassin was sentenced to death and executed outside the Warsaw Citadel on 31 January. In film
The murder of <mask> was the main theme of the 1977 Polish feature film Death of a President (Pol:

masks:
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Gabriel Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz
Narutowicz


texts:
 Śmierć prezydenta), directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. See also
 List of presidents of Poland

References

Further reading
 Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918 to 1939, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1979, . External links

 Documentary project Narutowicz.pl

1865 births
1920s murders in Poland
1922 crimes in Poland
1922 deaths
1922 murders in Europe
Assassinated heads of state
Assassinated Polish politicians
Burials at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw
Deaths by firearm in Poland
ETH Zurich faculty
Lithuanian nobility
Male murder victims
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Second Polish Republic
People from Telshevsky Uyezd
People from Telšiai
People murdered in Poland
Polish engineers
Polish Freemasons
Polish nobility
Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" politicians
Presidents of Poland
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle


texts:
<mask> (born 7 October 1988) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who currently plays as a fullback or wing for  in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup competition. He is a New Zealand Sevens representative, who has played in 43 World Rugby Sevens Series tournaments and has won two Rugby Sevens World Cup titles and two Gold medals at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and 2018 Commonwealth Games. He has also played for the Māori All Blacks. Club career

Manawatu
Upon leaving school, <mask> was contracted by the Manawatu Rugby Union. In his second year out of school he was a part of Manawatu's 2008 national provincial championship squad. He was spotted by coach Dave Rennie and had signed with Manawatu at just 20-years-old. <mask> made his debut for Manawatu in the 2008 Air New Zealand Cup competition, coming on as a replacement against Auckland in a Ranfurly Shield match.He went on and made his starting debut against Wellington whilst also scoring his first professional rugby union try. Returning to Manawatu for the 2009 Air New Zealand Cup, <mask> scored three tries, the province's second top try scorer of the year along with three fellow players. He also was suspended from all rugby for eight weeks after allegedly verbally abusing assistant referee Zarne Johnson in a competition match between Hawke's Bay and Manawatu. <mask> was also charged with allegedly threatening Johnson. Highlanders
<mask> was signed by the Highlanders after an impressive ITM Cup and New Zealand sevens campaign in 2010, he signed a two-year deal with the Otago-based Super Rugby franchise. A stress fracture in his back had ruled <mask> out of all rugby for three months which he suffered in Delhi winning gold at the Commonwealth Games. Though he was expected to overcome the injury before the super rugby season started, a scan in February showed the fracture had not mended and he was subsequently released by the Highlanders to their wider training group and was then replaced in the Highlanders squad by Kade Poki.Andre Taylor was Taranaki's preferred fullback

masks:
Kurt Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker
Baker


texts:
 throughout 2011, but <mask>, who had re-signed with Taranaki through until the end of 2012, was recalled by the Highlanders despite lasting just one full game during the shortened ITM Cup season. He eventually made his debut for the Highlanders in the opening round of the 2012 Super Rugby season, coming on as a replacement against the Chiefs in Hamilton. <mask> made a further six appearances and scored two tries, one such try against the Blues in round nine saw him chase a kick at pace to what ended up being the winning try. <mask> did not return to the Highlanders for the 2013 Super Rugby season, but instead signed with the Crusaders as a member of their wider training group. In November 2013, <mask> returned to the Highlanders after a successful ITM Cup campaign as a member of the Taranaki side that won the 2014 ITM Cup Premiership over Tasman. He signed with the side for two years after putting aside his sevens career to concentrate on Super Rugby. Taranaki
December 2009, <mask> shifted north to Taranaki along with Manawatu teammate Andre Taylor, who both signed with the union on a two-year deal.He made his debut for the province starting at fullback against Northland in round one of the 2010 ITM Cup. After being sidelined throughout the super rugby season with a stress fracture in his back, the injury, though, eventually improved and he managed to play several games for Taranaki in their 2011 ITM Cup campaign. <mask> was also featured in the squads infamous Ranfurly Shield win over Southland. Heading into the 2012 ITM Cup he had scored nine tries in nineteen games for the province. He made an immediate impact with his decisive running and ability to spot a gap for Taranaki in 2012. His ability to put a player into space also caught the eye. He finished the year as the first-choice fullback.2013, <mask> was nominated for the sportsman of the year award after a stand-out season. However, <mask> was praised for his efforts during the year after being given the back of the year. <mask>'s humour also won him the personality

masks: Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker Baker


texts:
 of the year award and his brilliant try against Bay of Plenty saw him get the try of the year prize for the province. After a six-week ban for a dangerous tackle playing for the Highlanders near the start of the 2014 Super Rugby season, <mask> badly tore a hamstring in club rugby in Dunedin before he battled back to fitness to finally get a start for Taranaki against Northland in the 2014 ITM Cup. He finished the season after being a part of Taranaki's narrow victory over Tasman at Yarrow Stadium to win their first ITM Cup title, being new ITM Cup champions. <mask> scored five tries and made a further eleven appearances in 2015. Zebre
On 5 May 2016, <mask> secured his switch with Italian club Zebre who compete in the Pro12 from the 2016–17 season.<mask> played 519 minutes in 9 games, starting 7 and scored 1 try for Zebre Rugby in the 2016–17 season. He came on as substitute against Worcester Warriors where he scored the 2nd try for Zebre in the 78th minute with teammate Kayle van Zyl scoring the 1st try for Zebre in the game. <mask> did not re-sign with Zebre Rugby after the 2017 season. Hawke's Bay
The Hawke's Bay Rugby Union announced on 3 August 2020 that <mask> would join the  Magpies for the 2020 Mitre 10 Cup season. It proved to be a successful move for <mask>. He helped the Magpies win the Ranfurly Shield (taking it off ), successfully defend the Shield three times against challenges from ,  and , and win the Mitre 10 Cup Championship title. International career

New Zealand Sevens
<mask> was selected in the New Zealand Sevens squad for the opening two rounds of the 2008–009 IRB World Sevens Series in Dubai and George, making his international rugby debut at the Dubai Exiles Rugby Ground.In 2009 <mask> was named in the New Zealand Sevens trial squad, but went on to play in the England, Scotland, Dubai and George Sevens later that year. In 2010 he secured a permanent position in the New Zealand Sevens squad, playing in all six tournaments. In the Hong Kong Sevens, he led the New Zealand team in scoring four tries in