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<mask> (;  ;  ; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was an Italian cardinal and condottiero (mercenary leader) of Aragonese (Spanish) origin, whose fight for power was a major inspiration for The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli. He was an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and member of the Spanish-Aragonese House of Borgia. After initially entering the church and becoming a cardinal on his father's election to the Papacy, he became, after the death of his brother in 1498, the first person to resign a . He served as a condottiero for King Louis XII of France around 1500, and occupied Milan and Naples during the Italian Wars. At the same time he carved out a state for himself in Central Italy, but after his father's death he was unable to retain power for long. According to Machiavelli, this was not due to a lack of foresight, but his error in creating a new pope. Early life

Like many aspects of <mask>'s life, the date of his birth is a subject of dispute.He was born in Subiaco. in either 1475 or 1476—the illegitimate son of Cardinal Roderic Llançol i de Borja, usually known as "<mask>", later Pope Alexander VI, and his Italian mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, about whom information is sparse. The <mask> family originally came from the Kingdom of Valencia, and rose to prominence during the mid-15th century; <mask>'s great-uncle Alphonso <mask> (1378–1458), bishop of Valencia, was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455. <mask>'s father, Pope Alexander VI, was the first pope who openly recognized his children born out of wedlock. Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal <mask> falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another man—Domenico d'Arignano, the nominal husband of Vannozza dei Cattanei. More likely, Pope Sixtus IV granted Cesare a release from the necessity of proving his birth in a papal bull of 1 October 1480. Career

Church office

Cesare was initially groomed for a career in the

masks:
Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia
Rodrigo Borgia
Borgia
Cesare
Borgia
Cesare
Borgia


type: original

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 Church.Following school in Perugia and Pisa, Cesare studied law at the Studium Urbis (nowadays Sapienza University of Rome). He was made Bishop of Pamplona at the age of 15 and archbishop of Valencia at 17. In 1493, he had also been appointed bishop of both Castres and Elne. In 1494, he also received the title of abbot of the abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa. Along with his father's elevation to Pope, Cesare was made Cardinal at the age of 18. Alexander VI staked the hopes of the Borgia family on Cesare's brother Giovanni, who was made captain general of the military forces of the papacy. Giovanni was assassinated in 1497 under mysterious circumstances.Several contemporaries suggested that Cesare might have been his killer, as Giovanni's disappearance could finally open to him a long-awaited military career and also solve the jealousy over Sancha of Aragon, wife of Cesare's younger brother, Gioffre, and mistress of both <mask> and Giovanni. Cesare's role in the act has never been clear. However, he had no definitive motive, as he was likely to be given a powerful secular position, whether or not his brother lived. It is possible that Giovanni was killed as a result of a sexual liaison. On 17 August 1498, <mask> became the first person in history to resign the cardinalate, which he did in order to pursue a military career. On the same day, Louis XII of France named Cesare Duke of Valentinois. This title, along with his former position as Cardinal of Valencia, explains the nickname "Valentino".Military

Cesare's career was founded upon his father's ability to distribute patronage, along with his alliance with France (reinforced by his marriage with Charlotte d'Albret, sister of John III of Navarre), in the course of the Italian Wars. Louis XII invaded Italy in 1499; after Gian Giacomo Trivulzio had ousted its duke Ludovico Sforza, Cesare accompanied the king in his entrance into Milan. At this

masks: Cesare Cesare


texts: point, Alexander decided to profit from the favourable situation and carve out for Cesare a state of his own in northern Italy. To this end, he declared that all his vicars in Romagna and Marche were deposed. Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations. In the view of the citizens, these vicars were cruel and petty. When Cesare eventually took power, he was viewed by the citizens as a great improvement.<mask> was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4,000 Swiss infantry sent by the King of France. Alexander sent him to capture Imola and Forlì, ruled by Caterina Sforza (mother of the Medici condottiero Giovanni dalle Bande Nere). Despite being deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of Papal Gonfalonier from his father. In 1500 the creation of twelve new cardinals granted Alexander enough money for Cesare to hire the condottieri, Vitellozzo Vitelli, Gian Paolo Baglioni, Giulio and Paolo Orsini, and Oliverotto Euffreducci, who resumed his campaign in Romagna. Giovanni Sforza, first husband of Cesare's sister Lucrezia, was soon ousted from Pesaro; Pandolfo Malatesta lost Rimini; Faenza surrendered, its young lord Astorre III Manfredi being later drowned in the Tiber by Cesare's order. In May 1501 the latter was created duke of Romagna. Hired by Florence, Cesare subsequently added the lordship of Piombino to his new lands.While his condottieri took over the siege of Piombino which ended in 1502, Cesare commanded the French troops in the sieges of Naples and Capua, defended by Prospero and Fabrizio Colonna. On 24 June 1501 his troops stormed the latter, causing the collapse of Aragonese power in southern Italy. In June 1502 he set out for


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 Marche, where he was able to capture Urbino and Camerino by treason. He planned to conquer Bologna next. However, his condottieri, most notably Vitellozzo Vitelli and the Orsini brothers (Giulio, Paolo and Francesco), feared Cesare's cruelty and set up a plot against him. Guidobaldo da Montefeltro and Giovanni Maria da Varano returned to Urbino and Camerino, and Fossombrone revolted. The fact that his subjects had enjoyed his rule thus far meant that his opponents had to work much harder than they would have liked.He eventually recalled his loyal generals to Imola, where he waited for his opponents' loose alliance to collapse. Cesare called for a reconciliation, but imprisoned his condottieri in Senigallia, then called Sinigaglia, a feat described as a "wonderful deceiving" by historian Paolo Giovio, and had them strangled. In 1503 he conquered the Republic of San Marino. Later years and death

Although he was an immensely capable general and statesman, Cesare had trouble maintaining his domain without continued Papal patronage. Niccolò Machiavelli cites Cesare's dependence on the good will of the Papacy, under the control of his father, as being the principal disadvantage of his rule. Machiavelli argued that, had Cesare been able to win the favour of the new Pope, he would have been a very successful ruler. The news of his father's death in 1503 arrived when Cesare was planning the conquest of Tuscany.While he was convalescing in Castel Sant'Angelo from an attack of malarial fever (likely contracted on the same occasion when Alexander contracted his fatal illness), his troops controlled the conclave. The new pope, Pope Pius III, supported <mask> <mask>ia's deadly enemy, Giuliano Della Rovere, then succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in tricking the weakened <mask> <mask> into supporting him by offering him money and continued papal backing for Borgia policies in the Romagna; promises which he

masks: Cesare Borgiarg Cesare Borgia


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 disregarded upon his election as Pope Julius II by the near-unanimous vote of the cardinals. Realizing his mistake by then, <mask> tried to correct the situation to his favour, but Pope Julius II made sure of its failure at every turn. <mask> was for example forced by Julius to give up San Marino, after occupying the republic for six months. <mask> <mask>, who was facing the hostility of Ferdinand II of Aragon, was betrayed while in Naples by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, a man he had considered his ally, and imprisoned there, while his lands were retaken by the Papacy. In 1504 he was transferred to Spain and imprisoned first in the Castle of Chinchilla de Montearagón in La Mancha, but after an attempted escape he was moved north to the Castle of La Mota, Medina del Campo, near Segovia.He did manage to escape from the Castle of La Mota with assistance, and after running across Santander, Durango and Gipuzkoa, he arrived in Pamplona on 3 December 1506, and was much welcomed by King John III of Navarre, who was missing an experienced military commander, ahead of the feared Castilian invasion. Borgia recaptured Viana, Navarre, then in the hands of forces loyal to Louis de Beaumont, the count of Lerín and Ferdinand II of Aragon's conspiratorial ally in Navarre, but not the castle, which he then besieged. In the early morning of 11 March 1507, an enemy party of knights fled from the castle during a heavy storm. Outraged at the ineffectiveness of the siege, Borgia chased them, only to find himself on his own. The party of knights, discovering that he was alone, trapped him in an ambush, where he received a fatal injury from a spear. He was then stripped of all his luxurious garments, valuables, and a leather mask covering half his face (disfigured, possibly by syphilis, during his late years). Borgia was left lying naked, with just a red tile covering his genitals.Remains
Borgia was originally buried

masks: Cesare Cesare Cesare Borgia


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 in a marbled mausoleum King John III had ordered built at the altar of the Church of Santa María in Viana in Navarre in northern Spain, set on one of the stops on the Camino de Santiago. In the 16th century the Bishop of Mondoñedo, Antonio de Guevara, published from memory what he had seen written on the tomb when he had paid a visit to the church. This epitaph underwent several changes in wording and meter throughout the years and the version most commonly cited today is that published by the priest and historian Francisco de Alesón in the 18th century. It reads:

Borgia was an old enemy of Ferdinand of Aragon, and he was fighting the count who paved the way for Ferdinand's 1512 Castilian invasion against John III and Catherine of Navarre. While the circumstances are not well known, the tomb was destroyed sometime between 1523 and 1608, during which time Santa María was undergoing renovation and expansion. Tradition goes that a bishop of Calahorra considered inappropriate to have the remains of "that degenerate" lying in the church, so the opportunity was taken to tear down the monument and expel Borgia's bones to where they were reburied under the street in front of the church to be trodden on by all who walked through the town. Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, in A los pies de Venus, writes that the then Bishop of Santa María had Borgia expelled from the church because his own father had died after being imprisoned under Alexander VI.It was held for many years that the bones were lost, although in fact local tradition continued to mark their place quite accurately and folklore sprung up around Borgia's death and ghost. The bones were in fact dug up twice and reburied once by historians (both local and international—the first dig in 1886 involved the French historian Charles Yriarte, who also published works on the Borgias) seeking the resting place of the infamous <mask> Borgia. After Borgia was


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 unearthed for the second time in 1945 his bones were taken for a rather lengthy forensic examination by Victoriano Juaristi, a surgeon by trade and Borgia aficionado, and the tests concurred with the preliminary ones carried out in the 19th century. There was evidence that the bones belonged to Borgia. <mask> <mask>'s remains then were sent to Viana's town hall, directly across from Santa María, where they remained until 1953. They were then reburied immediately outside of the Church of Santa María, no longer under the street and in direct danger of being stepped on. A memorial stone was placed over it which, translated into English, declared <mask> the Generalissimo of the papal as well as the Navarrese forces.A movement was made in the late 80s to have Borgia dug up once more and put back into Santa María, but this proposal was ultimately rejected by church officials due to recent ruling against the interment of anyone who did not hold the title of pope or cardinal. Since Borgia had renounced the cardinalate it was decided that it would be inappropriate for his bones to be moved into the church. It was reported that Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, the Archbishop of Pamplona, would acquiesce after more than 50 years of petitions and Borgia would finally be moved back inside the church on 11 March 2007, the day before the 500th anniversary of his death, but an Archbishopric spokesman declared that the church doesn't authorize any such practice. The local church said that "we have nothing against the transfer of his remains. Whatever he may have done in life, he deserves to be forgiven now." Evaluation
 Niccolò Machiavelli met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery. Machiavelli was at Borgia's court from 7 October 1502 through 18 January 1503.During this time he wrote regular dispatches to his superiors in Florence, many of which have survived and

masks: Cesare Borgia Borgia


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 are published in Machiavelli's Collected Works. In The Prince, Machiavelli uses Borgia as an example to elucidate the dangers of acquiring a principality by virtue of another. Although <mask> <mask>'s father gave him the power to set up, Cesare ruled the Romagna with skill and tact for the most part. However, when his father died, and a rival to the Borgia family entered the Papal seat, Cesare was overthrown in a matter of months. Machiavelli attributes two episodes to Cesare Borgia: the method by which the Romagna was pacified, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of The Prince, and the assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1502 in Senigallia. Machiavelli's use of Borgia is subject to controversy. Some scholars see in Machiavelli's Borgia the precursor of state crimes in the 20th century.Others, including Macaulay and Lord Acton, have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration for such violence as an effect of the general criminality and corruption of the time. <mask> and <mask> <mask> briefly employed Leonardo da Vinci as military architect and engineer between 1502 and 1503. Cesare provided Leonardo with an unlimited pass to inspect and direct all ongoing and planned construction in his domain. While in Romagna, Leonardo built the canal from Cesena to the Porto Cesenatico. Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Louis XII of France drove Sforza out of Italy. After Cesare, Leonardo was unsuccessful in finding another patron in Italy. King Francis I of France was able to convince Leonardo to enter his service, and the last three years of Leonardo's life were spent working in France.Personal life

On 10 May 1499, Cesare married Charlotte of Albret (1480 – 11 March 1514), a sister of King John III of Navarre. The arrangement was part of a plan by the Navarrese monarchs to ease tensions with the

masks:
Cesare
Borgia
Borgia
Leonardo Cesare
Borgia


texts: newly proclaimed French King Louis XII by offering a royal blood bride in his dealings with the Holy See. They were parents to a daughter, <mask>, Duchess of Valentinois, (1500–1553) who first married Louis II de la Trémoille, Governor of Burgundy, and secondly Philippe de Bourbon (1499–1557), Seigneur de Busset. Cesare was also father to at least 11 illegitimate children. Among them are Girolamo <mask> who married Isabella Contessa di Carpi and Lucrezia <mask> (the younger) who, after Cesare's death, was moved to Ferrara to the court of her aunt Lucrezia <mask> (the elder). There are accounts recorded by Machiavelli during his time spent with <mask> <mask> that provide insight into the man. Machiavelli found that he could be at times secretive and taciturn, at other times loquacious and boastful.He alternated bursts of demonic activity, when he stayed up all night receiving and dispatching messengers, with moments of unaccountable sloth, when he remained in bed refusing to see anyone. He was quick to take offense and rather remote from his immediate entourage and yet very open with his subjects, loving to join in local sports and to cut a dashing figure. However, at other times, Machiavelli observed Cesare as having "inexhaustible" energy and an unrelenting genius in military matters, and also diplomatic affairs, and he would go days and nights on end without seemingly requiring sleep. He is said to have possessed a high intelligence that was recognized early during his time at the University of Pisa, and his brilliance in being a military commander and battle tactician was respected by friend and foe alike. Nearly all contemporary accounts of <mask> Borgia mention this intelligence, sometimes elaborated further by accounts made by allies, and other times, only briefly mentioned by those who most likely had a personal antipathy towards Cesare, but was still hinted at or briefly mentioned

masks:
Louise Borgia
Borgia
Borgia
Borgia
Cesare
Borgia
Cesare


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 nonetheless. With his personality, he was able to win the unwavering loyalty of his troops and also with his most trusted friend and "manservant", Micheletto Corella. Character discussed in works of philosophy
 The Prince (1532) by Niccolò Machiavelli
 The Antichrist (1895) by Friedrich Nietzsche
 Beyond Good and Evil (1886) by Friedrich Nietzsche
 Twilight of the Idols (1889) by Friedrich Nietzsche
 Minima Moralia (1951) by Theodor Adorno
 The Philosophy of the Encounter (2006) by Louis Althusser

Non-fiction literature
 The Life of <mask> Borgia (1912) by Rafael Sabatini
 A Triptych of Poisoners (1958) by Jean Plaidy
 Cesare Borgia (1976) by Sarah Bradford
 The Borgias (1981) by Sarah Bradford and John Prebble
 The Artist, The Philosopher and the Warrior (2009) by Paul Strathern
 The Borgias: The Hidden History (2013) by G. J. Meyer
 Cesare Borgia in a Nutshell (2016) by Samantha Morris

Television and video games
 Cesare appears as the main antagonist of the 2010 video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood.He is voiced by Andreas Apergis. The Borgias, a 2011 American TV series, with Cesare portrayed by Francois Arnaud. Borgia, a 2011 European TV series (2011), with Cesare portrayed by Mark Ryder. See also

Rocca di Borgia
Route of the Borgias

Notes

References

Sources

External links

<mask> <mask>, Encyclopedia Britannica

 Diario de los Borja (Borgia)

1475 births
1507 deaths
Cesare
University of Perugia alumni
University of Pisa alumni
Dukes of Urbino
16th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Alexander VI
Bishops of Elna
Princes of the Papal States
Archbishops of Valencia
Dukes of Valentinois
16th-century condottieri
Cardinal-nephews
Illegitimate children of Pope Alexander VI
15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Aragon
Lords of Rimini
Captains General of the Church
Clergy from Rome
Military personnel from Rome
Lords of Pesaro
Lords of

masks: Cesare Cesare Borgia


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<mask> (born March 15, 1967), also known by his stage name <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist based in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a founding member of the garage bands The Compulsive Gamblers, and The Oblivians and currently fronts Jack O & the Tennessee Tearjerkers. <mask> has also been a member, or contributed to: The End, Johnny Vomit & The Dry Heaves, Andre Williams, The Knaughty Knights, South Filthy, The Cool Jerks, The Limes, '68 Comeback, King Louie & His Loose Diamonds, Greg Oblivian & the Tip Tops, <mask>vian & The Cigarillos, The Natural Kicks and Tav Falco's Panther Burns. Today, <mask> continues to write, record and tour as a solo artist. In January 2016, he released his seventh solo album, The Lone Ranger of Love. The record was released on his own label, Mony Records. Johnny Vomit and the Dry Heaves
<mask> began his professional music career in high school, appearing alongside high-school friend and future Squirrel Nut Zippers founder Jimbo Mathus in the Corinth, Mississippi, based Johnny Vomit & the Dry Heaves.<mask> played drums in the outfit, which credited him as Johnny Goopa. Johnny Vomit & the Dry Heaves would go on to be one of <mask>'s longest-running side projects, the song "Knick the Knife" on his latest Tennessee Tearjearkers album being a reworked version of a song performed in early Johnny Vomit jam sessions. The End
In the summer of 1987 (? ), <mask> moved to Memphis, Tennessee, to play music with his cousin. <mask> and his cousin played together using a number of band names, eventually

masks:
Jack Yarber
Jack Oblivian
Yarber
Jack Obli
Yarber
Jack Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber


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 releasing a new wave 7-inch under the name The End. The tracks "You Never Called" and "People Talk" (later covered by Cheap Time) were recorded in 1984 at Phillips Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. That vinyl single, released on the Erwin record label marked <mask>'s first appearance on record.By 1989 the two had diverged musically and <mask>'s cousin left town, effectively ending their partnership. The Compulsive Gamblers
Following the breakup of The End, <mask>'s encounter with fellow musician Greg Cartwright led to the formation of the Compulsive Gamblers. Despite recording two 7-inch albums and a handful of home recordings, the band was unable to garner record label interest until after the success of their next band, the Oblivians. The Compulsive Gamblers would reform in the late 1990s and early 2000s, releasing two studio albums and one live LP on Sympathy For the Record Industry. The Oblivians
The Oblivians formed in 1993 as a side project to the Compulsive Gamblers, and included former Gambler Greg Cartwright, as well as future Goner Records founder, Eric Friedl. The members of the Oblivians all shared writing and recording responsibilities. Each member supplied vocals, guitar work, and percussion on albums, and switched between instruments during live shows.The Oblivians lasted from 1993 until 1998, at which time <mask> and Cartwright left the band to reform the Compulsive Gamblers. The second incarnation of the Gamblers lasted from 1998 to 2003, when the bandmembers again went their separate ways. The Tennessee Tearjerkers
After pursuing

masks: Yarber Yarber Yarber Yarber


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 a brief solo career, <mask> teamed up with Scott Bomar to form the Tearjearkers. As Bomar became more and more involved with film scoring, <mask> began to take a more active role in the band, ultimately taking over as lead songwriter after Bomar's departure. With <mask> in control of the group, the band was rechristened the Tennessee Tearjerkers. At the same time as <mask> was writing songs with the Tearjerkers, he was also contributing in various ways to a number of side projects including, the Knaughty Knights, the Limes, and South Filthy which included collaborations with longtime associates Walter Daniels, and Monsieur Jeffrey Evans. In 2007 <mask> released another solo LP, "The Flip Side Kid."The CD version was released by Sympathy For the Record Industry and Yarber self-released the vinyl under his own label, "Dirt Cheap Date." The Oblivians reunion
In 2008, The Oblivians and The Gories announced a dual reunion tour, which happened in the summer of 2009, mostly in Europe, but also a couple shows in Memphis and Detroit. Since then, the Oblivians have continued playing sporadic gigs and released a 2015 album via in the Red Records, Desperation. Discography

As <mask>blivian
Solo albums
 American Slang 12-inch EP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1997, SFTRI 475)
 So Low LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1998, SFTRI 535)
 Bad Mood Rising LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2001, SFTRI 643)
 Don't Throw Your Love Away LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2005, SFTRI 735)
 Jack-O Is The Flip Side Kid LP/CD (Dirt Cheap

masks:
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Yarber
Jack O


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 Records/Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2006, BR-003/SFTRI 778)
 The Disco Outlaw LP/CD (Goner Records, 2009, 45 Gone)
 Rat City LP/CD (Big Legal Mess, 2011)
 Jack O & the Sheiks: Live! 7-inch (Goner Records, 2005, 18gone)
 "Running in a Rat Race" 7-inch (Solid Sex Lovie Doll Records, 2006, SSLD 008)

With the Compulsive Gamblers
Singles
 "Joker" 7-inch (Boiler Room, 1992, cat.no.?) "Church Goin'" 7-inch (Lemon Peel Records, 1992, LP001 – LP002)
 "Goodtime Gamblers" 7-inch (Boiler Room, 1995, BR 002)

Albums
 Gambling Days are Over CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1995, SFTRI 372)
 Bluff City LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 1999, SFTRI 570)
 Crystal Gazing Luck Amazing LP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2000, SFTRI 572)
 Live & Deadly: Memphis-Chicago 2xLP/CD (Sympathy for the Record Industry, 2003, SFTRI 698)

With the Oblivians
Singles
 "Call The Shots" 7-inch (Goner Records, 1993, 2Gone)
 "Sunday You Need Love" 7-inch (Crypt, 1994, CR-044)
 "Now for the Hard Of Hearing From … 'Blow Their Cool'" 7-inch (Estrus, 1994, ES 756)
 "Static Party" 7-inch (In The Red, 1994, ITR 018)
 "Go!Pill-Popper!" CD (Death Valley Records, 2005, DV-010)

with the Natural Kicks
Albums
 Natural Kicks CD (Miz Kafrin, 2005, Miz Kafrin 007)

References
 Hurley, Rachael.Rock's Hero for the Rest of Us, "Scenestars.net". Retrieved June 9, 2007. Mehr, Bob. 2016 Lone Ranger of Love story

1967 births
Living people
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
American male singers
Songwriters from Mississippi
People from Corinth, Mississippi
American male


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<mask> (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American stage, film, radio, and television actor, often cast in tough-guy roles and best known for his Oscar- and Golden Globe-winning portrayal of Willie Stark in All the King's Men (1949) and for his starring role as Dan Mathews in the television series Highway Patrol (1955–1959). Until filming All the King's Men, <mask>'s career had been largely limited to "B films" in supporting or character roles. He realized he did not fit the role of a handsome leading man, once describing himself as looking like a "retired pugilist". Early life
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and <mask>, who were both vaudeville performers, as his grandparents had been. Lester appeared in films in the 1920s and 1930s. <mask> had a career in Hollywood comedies, including memorable appearances in the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers musicals Top Hat and Swing Time. Young William joined his parents on the stage, working for producer Max Gordon.After graduating from preparatory high school Dean Academy (now Dean College) in Franklin, Massachusetts, <mask> was accepted by Harvard College where he enrolled. However, after only three weeks at Harvard he dropped out to work as a stevedore on the New York docks. Acting career

<mask> returned to vaudeville and radio, which included a period with the Marx Brothers in the radio comedy show Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel. He played his first serious character as a footballer in She Loves Me Not at the

masks:
William Broderick Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Lester Crawford
Helen Broderick
Helen Broderick
Crawford
Crawford


texts:
 Adelphi Theatre, London in 1932. <mask> was originally stereotyped as a fast-talking tough guy early in his career and often played villainous parts. He gained fame in 1937 as Lenny in Of Mice and Men on Broadway. He moved to Hollywood and began working in films.Early films
<mask> made his film debut for Sam Goldwyn in Woman Chases Man (1937). He was in Start Cheering (1938) at Columbia but missed out on reprising his stage performance as Lenny in the film version of Of Mice and Men, losing it to Lon Chaney Jr.

Paramount
<mask> signed a contract with Paramount. He appeared in some "B" films: Ambush (1939), Sudden Money (1939) and Undercover Doctor (1939). He had a good role in the prestigious Beau Geste. After appearing in Island of Lost Men (1939), <mask> had a Beau Geste style role in The Real Glory (1939). He appeared in two films for Walter Wanger and Tay Garnett, Eternally Yours (1939) and Slightly Honorable (1939). Universal
<mask> moved over to Universal, where he was given his first starring role, in the "B", I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940).He had support parts in When the Daltons Rode (1940); Seven Sinners (1940), for Garnett; and Trail of the Vigilantes (1940). He went back to Paramount for Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) then returned to Universal for The Black Cat (1941), Tight Shoes (1941), and Badlands of Dakota (1941). <mask> had one of the leads in South of Tahiti (1941) and North to the Klondike (1941). He supported Edward G. Robinson in Larceny, Inc. (1942)

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford


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 and George Raft in Broadway (1942), and co-starred with Robert Stack in Men of Texas (1942) and Constance Bennett in Sin Town (1942). During World War II, <mask> enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. Assigned to the Armed Forces Network, he was sent to Britain in 1944 as a sergeant, he served as an announcer for the Glenn Miller American Band. He was one of two announcers on Miller's weekly program I Sustain the Wings, prior to Miller and the band being shipped to England.He returned to films with roles in Black Angel (1946), a film noir and Slave Girl (1947) with Yvonne de Carlo. Freelance actor
<mask> made The Flame (1947) for Republic, and The Time of Your Life (1948) for James Cagney's company. He went back to Paramount for Sealed Verdict (1948) and had a co-starring role in Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) for the King Brothers. At Warner Bros <mask> was in A Kiss in the Dark (1949) with David Niven and Jane Wyman and Night Unto Night (1949) with Ronald Reagan and Viveca Lindfors. He was also in Monogram's Anna Lucasta (1949) with Paulette Goddard. All the King's Men and stardom

In 1949, <mask> reached the pinnacle of his acting career when he was cast as Willie Stark, a character inspired by and closely patterned after the life of Louisiana politician Huey Long, in All the King's Men, a film based on the popular novel by Robert Penn Warren. The film was a huge hit, and <mask>'s performance as the bullying, blustering, yet insecure Governor Stark won him the Academy Award for Best

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford


texts:
 Actor.The film was made by Columbia who put <mask> under contract. He co-starred with Glenn Ford in Convicted (1950), then starred in another hit 'A'-list production with William Holden and Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday (1950), directed by George Cukor. <mask> starred in The Mob (1951), a crime drama. Under the direction of Phil Karlson he starred in Scandal Sheet (1952), based on a novel by Sam Fuller. MGM borrowed him to play the villain in Lone Star (1952), opposite Clark Gable and Ava Gardner. He went to Warner Bros. to star in a comedy, Stop, You're Killing Me (1952). <mask> returned to Columbia to star in some Westerns, Last of the Comanches (1953), and The Last Posse (1954).20th Century Fox borrowed him to co-star with Gregory Peck in Nunnally Johnson's Night People (1954). <mask> was reunited with Glenn Ford in Human Desire (1954), directed by Fritz Lang. Edward Small used him in Down Three Dark Streets (1954) and New York Confidential (1955). In 1955, <mask> assumed the starring role as Rollo Lamar, the most violent of convicts in Big House, U.S.A.. In the film, <mask>'s character is a hardened convict so violent he commands the obedience of even the most violent and psychotic prisoners in the prison yard, including those portrayed by such famous tough-guy actors as Charles Bronson, Ralph Meeker, William Talman, and Lon Chaney Jr.

Stanley Kramer cast him in a good supporting role in Not as a Stranger (1955), which was a big hit. He received an offer in Italy to star in Il bidone


texts:
 (1955), directed by Federico Fellini. Highway Patrol
In 1955, television producer Frederick Ziv of ZIV Television Productions offered <mask> the lead role as "Dan Mathews" in the police drama Highway Patrol, which dramatized law enforcement activities of the California Highway Patrol (CHP).ZIV Television Productions operated on an extremely low budget of $25,000 per episode of Highway Patrol with ten percent of gross receipts going to <mask> as per his contract. While the show's scripts were largely fictional, the use of realistic, rapid-fire dialogue, stark film noir styled feel and <mask>'s convincing portrayal of a hard-as-nails police official helped make the show an instant success. Highway Patrol remained popular during its four years (1955–1959) of first-run syndication, and would continue in repeat syndication on local stations across the United States for many years after. For much of the period from 1955 until 1965 most of <mask>'s television roles involved ZIV Television, which was among the relative handful of producers willing to accept the frequent challenges inherent with working with the hard-living and hard-drinking <mask>. Years later, Frederick Ziv admitted in an interview, "To be honest, <mask> could be a handful!" Highway Patrol helped revive <mask>'s career and cement his tough-guy persona, which he used successfully in numerous movie and TV roles for the rest of his life. During the series' run he appeared in The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) with Ford at MGM, a successful

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Crawford Broderick Crawford


texts:
 Western; Between Heaven and Hell (1956) with Robert Wagner at Fox, directed by Richard Fleischer; and The Decks Ran Red (1958) with James Mason for Andrew L. Stone.Fed up with the show's hectic shooting schedule, <mask> quit Highway Patrol at the end of 1959 in order to make a film in Spain, and try to get his drinking under control. His follow-up role, as diamond industry security man John King in the 1961–62 Ziv series King of Diamonds was a failure, the show lasting only one season. Europe
<mask> relocated to Europe where he starred in Vittorio Cottafavi's La vendetta di Ercole (1960), known in the U.S. as Goliath and the Dragon. <mask>'s successful run as Dan Mathews in Highway Patrol earned him some two million dollars under his contract with ZIV, which eventually paid him in exchange for his agreement to sign for the pilot and subsequent production of a new ZIV production, King of Diamonds. Recently back from Europe, and having temporarily stopped drinking, <mask> was signed to play the starring role as diamond industry security chief John King. King of Diamonds was picked up for syndication in 1961, but ran for only one season before being cancelled. In 1962, after the end of King of Diamonds, <mask> returned to acting in motion pictures: Square of Violence (1962); Convicts 4 (1962); Javier Setó's The Castilian (1963); A House Is Not a Home (1964); Up from the Beach (1965); Kid Rodelo (1966); The Oscar (1966); The Texican (1966) with Audie Murphy; The Vulture (1967); Red Tomahawk


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 (1967).1970s
After 1970, <mask> again returned to television. From 1970 to 1971, he played the role of Dr. Peter Goldstone in The Interns. In 1977, he starred as J. Edgar Hoover in The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover. He would eventually make a series of guest appearances on several TV programs, while starring in several made-for-TV movies. He wore the trademark fedora and black suit when he made an appearance as guest host of a 1977 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live that included a spoof of Highway Patrol. In an episode of CHiPs <mask> appeared as himself, recognized after being stopped by Officer Poncherello, who presses a reluctant <mask> to give his trademark line from Highway Patrol ("Twenty-One-Fifty to Headquarters!"). Musician Webb Wilder's instrumental, "Ruff Rider" (on the album It Came From Nashville), is dedicated to <mask> <mask> in admiration of his Highway Patrol character's ability to solve any crime committed in California by setting up a road block.<mask> worked in 140 motion pictures and television series during his career and remained an especially durable presence in television. <mask> is referenced in the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit in the scene where an Alabama State Patrol officer angrily confronts Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason) and his damaged vehicle with its horn that won't stop blaring. When Justice starts to introduce himself, the trooper interrupts him and barks, "I don't care if your name is <mask> <mask>!" In 1979, <mask> had a cameo as

masks: Crawford Crawford Crawford Broderick Crawford Crawford Crawford Broderick Crawford Crawford


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 himself in the film A Little Romance in which he referenced his hard-drinking persona. His last role was as a film producer who is murdered in a 1982 episode of the Simon & Simon television series. The actor who played the part of the suspected murderer was Stuart Whitman, who had played the recurring part of Sergeant Walters on Highway Patrol. Personal life
Throughout his adult life, <mask> was prone to bouts of heavy drinking, and was known for eating large meals.These habits contributed to a serious weight gain for <mask> during the 1950s. His weight and penchant for heavy drinking contributed to several injuries suffered on the set of Highway Patrol. It became particularly difficult for <mask> to perform certain scenes, such as when he had to enter and exit a police helicopter. In 1958, <mask> broke his ankle while exiting the helicopter and was forced to wear an ankle cast, which may be seen in some episodes. <mask>'s drinking increased during the filming of Highway Patrol, eventually resulting in several arrests and stops for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), which eventually gained him a suspended driving license. While representing the California Highway Patrol as "Chief Matthews", <mask> was known with considerable embarrassment by the CHP as "Old 502" due to his habit of driving under the influence of alcohol ("Code 502" was the CHP police radio code for drunken driving). According to the show's creator, Guy Daniels, "We got all the dialogue in by noon, or else we


texts: wouldn't get it done at all.He [<mask>] would bribe people to bring him booze on the set." The show used their CHP technical advisor, Officer Frank Runyon, to keep <mask> sober: "I was told to keep that son of a bitch away from a bottle. I think his license was suspended. Some scenes had to be shot on private roads so that Brod could drive." Eventually the drinking strained the show's relationship with the CHP as well as <mask>'s relationship with ZIV. Fellow actor Stuart Whitman became a close friend of <mask>. In an interview Whitman said they both clicked upon meeting when cast in an episode of Highway Patrol.According to Whitman, who was going through hard financial times, they became fast friends. <mask> would ask Whitman to play his character whenever he was low on cash, so that Whitman would do the dialogue while he was drinking. Whitman said that later down the line he helped to cast <mask> in The Decks Ran Red (1958). Whitman promised the production that <mask> would stay sober throughout the shoot, and he did. <mask> married three times. His first marriage was to actress Kay Griffith in 1940; the couple had two sons together, <mask> <mask> (1947–2002) and Kelly Griffith <mask> (1951–2012). Through his elder son, Christopher, <mask> has one grandchild, Katherine Lee <mask> (born 1970).<mask>'s second marriage was to Joan Tabor in 1962; they divorced in 1967. His third and final marriage, which lasted until <mask>'s death in 1986, was to Mary Alice Moore in 1973. <mask> died

masks:
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Christopher Broderick
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Death Crawford


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 following a series of strokes in 1986 at the age of 74 in Rancho Mirage, California. <mask> has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6901 Hollywood Boulevard and another for television at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard. His popularity on "Highway Patrol" also led to him being memorialized in the poker game of Texas Hold 'em, in that a starting hand of a 10-4 (a common police radio code) is nicknamed a "<mask> <mask>". Filmography

Woman Chases Man (1937) as Hunk
Start Cheering (1938) as Biff Gordon
Ambush (1939) as Randall
Sudden Money (1939) as Archibald 'Doc' Finney
Undercover Doctor (1939) as Eddie Krator
Beau Geste (1939) as Hank Miller
Island of Lost Men (1939) as Tex Ballister
The Real Glory (1939) as Lieut. Larson
Eternally Yours (1939) as Don Burns
Slightly Honorable (1939) as Russ Sampson
I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940) as Michael G. 'Sonny' McGann
When the Daltons Rode (1940) as Bob Dalton
Seven Sinners (1940) as Little Ned
Trail of the Vigilantes (1940) as Swanee
Texas Rangers Ride Again (1940) as Mace Townsley
The Black Cat (1941) as Hubert A. Gilmore 'Gil' Smith
Tight Shoes (1941) as Speedy Miller
Badlands of Dakota (1941) as Bob Holliday
South of Tahiti (1941) as Chuck
North to the Klondike (1942) as John Thorn
Butch Minds the Baby (1942) as Aloysius 'Butch' Grogan
Larceny, Inc. (1942) as Jug Martin
Broadway (1942) as Steve Crandall
Men of Texas (1942) as Henry Clay Jackson
Sin Town (1942) as Dude McNair
Keeping Fit (1942) as Brod –

masks:
Legacy Crawford
Broderick
Crawford


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 Factory Worker
The Runaround (1946) as Louis Prentiss
Black Angel (1946) as Capt.Flood
Slave Girl (1947) as Chips Jackson
The Flame (1947) as Ernie Hicks
The Time of Your Life (1948) as Krupp (a bewildered policeman)
Sealed Verdict (1948) as Capt. Kinsella
Bad Men of Tombstone (1949) as William Morgan
A Kiss in the Dark (1949) as Mr. Botts
Night Unto Night (1949) as C.L. Shawn
Anna Lucasta (1949) as Frank
All the King's Men (1949) as Willie Stark
Cargo to Capetown (1950) as Johnny Phelan
Convicted (1950) as George Knowland
Born Yesterday (1950) as Harry Brock
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Awards (1951) as Himself
The Mob (1951) as Johnny Damico
Scandal Sheet (1952) as Mark Chapman aka George Grant
Lone Star (1952) as Thomas Craden
Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder (1952) as <mask> <mask> (uncredited)
Stop, You're Killing Me (1952) as Remy Marko
Last of the Comanches (1953) as Sgt. Matt Trainor
The Last Posse (1953) as Sheriff John Frazier
Night People (1954) as Charles Leatherby
Human Desire (1954) as Carl Buckley
Down Three Dark Streets (1954) as FBI Agent John 'Rip' Ripley
New York Confidential (1955) as Charlie Lupo
Big House, U.S.A. (1955) as Rollo Lamar
Not as a Stranger (1955) as Dr. Aarons
Il bidone (1955) as Augusto
Man on a Bus (1955) as Bus driver
The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as Vinnie Harold
Between Heaven and Hell (1956) as Capt. 'Waco' Grimes - 'G' Co. CO
The Decks Ran Red (1958) as Henry Scott
Goliath and the Dragon (1960) as King Eurystheus
Square of Violence (1961) as Dr. Stefan

masks: Broderick Crawford


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 Bernardi
Convicts 4 (1962) as Warden
The Virginian (1963 episode "A Killer in Town") as George Wolfe
The Castilian (1963) as Don Sancho
No temas a la ley (1963) as Man in hotel (uncredited)
A House Is Not a Home (1964) as Harrigan
Up from the Beach (1965) as MP Major
Kid Rodelo (1966) as Joe Harbin
 Mutiny at Fort Sharpe (1966) as Colonel Lenox
The Oscar (1966) as Sheriff
The Texican (1966) as Luke Starr
The Vulture (1966) as Brian F. Stroud
Red Tomahawk (1967) as Columbus Smith
Ransom Money (1970) as Inspector Joseph Medford
Hell's Bloody Devils (1970) as Gavin
The Naughty Cheerleader (1970) as B.J Hankins
Gregorio and His Angel (1970) as Gregorio
The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go (1970) as Parker
Embassy (1972) as Frank Dunniger
The Candidate (1972) as Jarmon as Narrator (voice, uncredited)
Terror in the Wax Museum (1973) as Amos Burns
The Phantom of Hollywood (1974) as Capt. O'Neal
Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) as Special Effects Man
Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976) as Sheriff Holtzman
Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976) as Marshal Riese
Proof of the Man (1977) as Police Captain O'Brien
The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977) as J. Edgar Hoover
The Hughes Mystery (1979)
A Little Romance (1979) as Broderick 'Brod' Crawford
Harlequin (1980) as Doc Wheelan
There Goes the Bride (1980) as Gas Station Attendant
Liar's Moon (1982) as Col. Tubman
 (1982) as Mike Carrady
The Creature Wasn't Nice (1983) as Max the Computer (voice, uncredited) (final film role)
Maharlika


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 (1987; also known as Guerilla Strike Force) as Gen. Hadley

Radio appearances

See also

References

External links

 Watch Highway Patrol
 Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone
 Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

1911 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male radio actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Harvard College alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Military personnel from Philadelphia
People from Freeport, New York
People from Rancho Mirage, California
United States Army Air Forces non-commissioned officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Western (genre) television


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<mask> (September 17, 1897 – July 2, 1974) was an American author and folklorist specializing in West Virginia. She was the sister of artist <mask> and niece of author John R<mask>. Biography

Youth and education
Born in Kirksville, Missouri, to <mask> and Zada (or Sadie) Goeghegan, Musick received a Bachelor of Science degree in Education from Kirksville State Teacher's College (now Truman State University) in 1919. From September 1919 to June 1921 Musick taught at Luana High School, Luana, Iowa, before moving to Garwin, Iowa in 1921, where she taught at Garwin High School until June 1922. She then continued her education at the State University of Iowa, graduating with a Master of Science in mathematics in 1928. Between 1923 and 1931, Musick taught at Logan High School, in La Crosse, Wisconsin. For five years beginning in 1931 she taught at Phoenix Union High School, Phoenix, Arizona, before returning to the Midwest in 1938 to begin her doctoral study at the State University of Iowa.It was here that her interest in folklore developed. She was granted a Doctor of Philosophy in English in 1943. Her dissertation was a never-published novel, “Hell’s Holler,” dealing with the primitive conditions of her native Chariton River Valley and its tensions with

masks:
Ruth Ann Musick
Archie Musick
. Musick
Levi Prince Musick


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 the college of osteopathic medicine in nearby Kirksville, Missouri. While the novel reflects in some measure her grappling with her brief and unhappy marriage to an alcoholic artist, which ended in divorce in 1941, it draws heavily on events, people, and folk beliefs that surrounded her in her childhood. Career
Musick began her college teaching career at Iowa's William Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa in 1942; two years later she became a member of the faculty of Iowa Wesleyan College. In 1946 she moved to West Virginia to accept a teaching position at Fairmont State College now Fairmont State University where she continued to teach until her retirement in May 1967. She felt that the Appalachian region surrounding the college was ripe for fieldwork in folklore, and the college in need of courses on folk literature.She laid out a program of research which was approved by college president George H. Hand, and the college’s first folklore course was inaugurated in 1948. In 1950 she revived the state’s folklore society, dormant since 1917 (two years after its founding), and in 1951 became the founding editor of West Virginia Folklore, serving in that capacity until her retirement in 1967. According to her eulogy by William Hugh Jansen, Folklore Professor at


texts: the University of Kentucky, she had become “a public relations agent for West Virginia Folklore.” At the same time, she wrote two folklore columns for West Virginia newspapers: “The Old Folks Say” for the Times-West Virginian in Fairmont and “Sassafras Tea” for the Allegheny Journal in Elkins and Marlinton, while making numerous conference appearances, publishing regularly in a wide variety of journals, offering workshops and public presentations, and giving talks on radio and television. She was also active as a poet, writer of short stories, and dramatist with community theater programs. Although little of her fiction was published, she continued writing this as well as collecting and publishing folklore. Her fiction (novels, stories, children's stories) weaves folk beliefs into the narrative. Throughout her life, Musick was a passionate activist on behalf of animals (she was a vegetarian from the age of six), justice for Native Americans, and environmental causes, activist in her writings against mountaintop removal mining, acid rain, and other issues.Dr. <mask> was diagnosed with spinal cancer on November 8, 1973, and died July 2, 1974 in Fairmont, West Virginia at age 76. In the interests of medical progress, she had allowed herself to be


texts:
 subjected to experimental treatments. Her papers are now archived in the West Virginia Folklife Center at Fairmont State. In 1980, the university library was renamed in her honor. Works

Books
Hell's Holler (2020), <mask>'s 1943 novel (and Iowa doctoral dissertation), based on folklore of Adair County MO, published as a special issue of the Missouri Folklore Society Journal, with illustrations by her brother, artist <mask>. Ballads, Folk Songs, and Folk Tales from West Virginia (1960), Morgantown:West Virginia University Library
The Telltale Lilac Bush and Other West Virginia Ghost Tales (1965), Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky
Green Hills of Magic, West Virginia Folktales From Europe (1970), Lexington: The  University Press of Kentucky
Coffin Hollow and Other Ghost Tales (1977), Lexington: The  University Press of Kentucky
 Mountain Mother Goose: Child Lore of West Virginia (posthumous: 2013) Fairmont: Fairmont State University

Short stories and articles
1946. “A Missouri Dance Call.” Journal of American Folklore, 59, 323-34.1946. “Three Folksongs from Missouri.” Hoosier Folklore, 5 (March 1946), 29-34. 1946. “Iowa Student Tales,” Hoosier Folklore, 5 (September 1946), 103-110. 1947. “Folklore from West Virginia,” Hoosier Folklore, 6

masks:
Musick
Archie Musick


texts: (June 1947), 41- 49. 1947.“The Old Album of William A. Larkin.” Journal of American Folklore, 60, 201-51. 1947. “A Snake Story from West Virginia.” Journal of American Folklore, 60, 301. 1947. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vol. I, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, *60, 434-36. 1948.“West Virginia Folklore.” Hoosier Folklore, 7 (March 1948), 1-14. 1948. “The Tune the Old Cow Died On,” Hoosier Folklore, 7 (December 1948), 105-106. 1949. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vols. II-III, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, 62, 453-55. 1950.“Children's Rhymes from Missouri.” (written in collaboration with Vance Randolph) Journal of American Folklore, 63, 425-37. 1950. “Skeletons from a Homespunner's Closet,” From the Manuscript of James S. Williams. Hoosier Folklore, 9 (October–December 1950), 111-116. 1951. “Folksong Hunters in Missouri.” (written in collaboration with Vance Randolph) Midwest Folklore, 1,23-31. 1951.“Juggin' Party Tales.” Southern Folklore Quarterly, 15 (September), 211-219. 1951. Review of Ozark Folksongs, Vol. IV, by Vance Randolph. Journal of American Folklore, 64, 442-43. 1952. “Indiana Witch Tales.” Journal of American Folklore, 65, 57-65. 1952.“Omens and Tokens of West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 2, 263- 267. 1956.


texts:
 “European Folktales in West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 6, 27- 37. 1957. “Ballads and Folksongs from West Virginia: Part I.” Journal of American Folklore, 70, 247-61. 1957. “Ballads and Folksongs from West Virginia: Part II.” Journal of American Folklore, 70, 336-57.1957. "The Man Who Could Ride Lightning." Colorado Quarterly,  6, 1 (Summer 1957), 17-29
1958. “West Virginia Ghost Stories.” Midwest Folklore, 8, 21-28. 1960. “The Trickster Story in West Virginia.” Midwest Folklore, 10, 125-132. 1963."Jesse James and the Mortgage Holders." Colorado Quarterly, 7, 2 (Autumn 1963), 129-139
1974. Witchcraft and the Devil in West Virginia.Appalachian Journal: A Regional Studies Review, 1974. 1, 271-76. Sources
Byers, Judy Prozillo, "<mask> Musick — The Show-Me Mountaineer: A Missourian Adopted by West Virginia', Missouri Folklore Society Journal, 1986-87. 8-9, 89-114. Prozzillo, Judy, "<mask> Musick", West Virginia Encyclopedia, Supplemental Vol.25.pp. 230–232. <mask>, Pat, niece of <mask> <mask>: letters and papers of <mask> <mask> and of her other nieces

1897 births
1974 deaths
People from Kirksville, Missouri
Truman State University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Deaths from spinal cancer
Deaths from cancer in West Virginia
Neurological disease deaths

masks:
Ruth Ann
Ruth Ann
Musick
Ruth Ann
Musick
Ruth Ann
Musick


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 in West Virginia
American folklorists
Women folklorists
William Penn University faculty
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
Iowa Wesleyan University faculty
Fairmont State University faculty
Writers from Missouri
Writers from West Virginia
Schoolteachers from Wisconsin
American women


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<mask>Ted<mask> (September 23, 1911 – January 29, 2003) was an American lawyer and politician. A Democrat, he served as a United States Senator from Utah from 1959 to 1977. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Holladay, a suburb of Salt Lake City, Utah, as the youngest of seven children of James Edward and Maude (née Nixon) <mask>. His father, a well-known secondary school educator, was known as the "father of high school athletics" in Utah. In 1929, he graduated from Granite High School, where he had been freshman class president, editor of the school newspaper, two-time state debate champion, and center on the football team. <mask> then attended the University of Utah, where he was a double major in speech and history. During college, he was sophomore class president and coach of the varsity debate team.He graduated magna cum laude in 1933. The following year, he married Phyllis Hart (the daughter of Charles H. Hart), to whom he remained married until his death in 2003; the couple had one daughter and three sons. <mask> studied at the George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C., where he was editor of The George Washington Law Review (1936–1937). While studying in Washington, he worked at the National Recovery Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and the Farm Credit Administration. He received his Juris Doctor degree cum laude in 1937. Early career
After his admission to the bar, <mask> was a member of the legal staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 1937 to 1939. He then returned to Utah, where he opened a private practice in Salt Lake City and became a law

masks:
Frank Edward "
" Moss
Frank Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss


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 clerk to Utah Supreme Court justice James H. Wolfe.In his first run for public office, he was elected a judge of Salt Lake City's Municipal Court in 1940. During World War II, he served with the U.S. Army Air Forces in the judge advocate general's department in the European Theater (1942–1945). Following his military service, <mask> returned to Salt Lake City and was re-elected as city judge, serving in that position until his resignation in 1950. He served as county attorney for Salt Lake County from 1950 to 1959. During those years, he practiced law in the firms of Moss & Hyde (1951–1955) and Moss & Cowley (1955–1959). In 1956, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Utah, losing to City Commissioner L.C. Romney.U.S. Senate
In 1958, <mask> ran for the U.S. Senate against two-term incumbent Arthur V. Watkins, a close ally of both the Eisenhower administration and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (see also Mormon), and also against J. Bracken Lee, a non-Mormon and former two-term Utah governor (1949–57), who was running as an independent after losing to Watkins in the Republican primary. The Republican vote was split in the general election, largely over local dissatisfaction with Watkins's having chaired the committee that censured Senator Joseph McCarthy, and <mask> won election with less than 40 percent of the vote. <mask> was an original sponsor of laws to create Medicaid, a program to cover health care for low income people. <mask> was elected to a second term in 1964, defeating Brigham Young University President Ernest L. Wilkinson. He was elected to a third

masks: Moss Moss Moss Moss Moss


texts: term in 1970 defeating four-term Congressman Laurence J. Burton. He gained national prominence with regard to environmental, consumer, and health care issues. <mask> became an expert on water issues and wrote The Water Crisis in 1967.He worked to secure additional national parks for Utah and started important investigations into the care of the elderly in nursing and retirement homes, and into physicians' abuses of the federal Medicaid program. In 1976, his capacity as chairman of the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Long-Term Care, Senator <mask> made a first-hand investigation of waste, fraud and mismanagement in the Medicaid program by posing as a patient and visiting the East Harlem Medical Center in New York City. Despite having no complaints of symptoms and having had his health checked by his own physician a month before, Senator <mask> "was given a costly series of tests" and then told to come back the next day for more unnecessary tests that were billed to the federal government. In 1974, <mask> joined Senator <mask> (D-Idaho) to sponsor the first legislation to provide federal funding for hospice care programs. The bill did not have widespread support and was not brought to a vote. Congress finally included a Hospice benefit in Medicare in 1982. In 1976 <mask> backed a constitutional amendment overturning Roe v. Wade and outlawing abortion.<mask> chaired the Consumer Subcommittee of the Senate Commerce Committee where he sponsored a measure, the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1966, requiring detailed labeling on cigarette packages noting the health hazards of smoking and banning tobacco advertising on

masks:
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Frank Church
Moss
Moss


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 radio and television. He also sponsored the Consumer Product Warranty and Guarantee Act (known as the Magnuson-Moss Act), the Toy Safety Act, the Product Safety Act, and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. He was also Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences from 1973 to 1977. <mask> ran for a fourth term in 1976 against Republican Orrin Hatch. Among other issues, Hatch criticized <mask>'s 18-year tenure in the Senate, saying "What do you call a Senator who’s served in office for 18 years? You call him home." Hatch argued that many Senators, including <mask>, had lost touch with their constituents.Hatch won the election by an unexpectedly wide nine-point margin and proceeded to hold that seat for the next 42 years. Afterwards, <mask> returned to the practice of law in Washington, D.C. and Salt Lake City. To date, he is the last Democrat to represent Utah in the U.S. Senate. References

External links
 <mask> at the Utah History Encyclopedia

|-

|-

|-

1911 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Democratic Party United States senators
District attorneys in Utah
George Washington University Law School alumni
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
United States senators from Utah
University of Utah alumni
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission personnel
Utah Democrats
Utah state court judges
Politicians from Salt Lake City
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Air

masks:
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Frank Moss


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<mask> (, ca. 200–154 BC) was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer. He was a political advisor and official of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), renowned for his intellectual capabilities and foresight in martial and political matters. He was an early advocate of revoking the heqin treaty with the Xiongnu nomads of the north. He compared the relative strengths and weaknesses of both Han Chinese and Xiongnu military tactics. In a written work of 169 BC, he advocated a systematic policy to populate and defend frontier zones. He proposed that civilian migrants supported by the government could simultaneously train as militia units while developing and cultivating remote regions which were under frequent attack by nomadic forces.He fell victim to execution when political rivalries at the imperial court convinced Emperor Jing that <mask>'s death would curtail or at least mitigate the Rebellion of the Seven States. <mask> took part in reviving from oblivion the Classic of History, one of the early canons of Confucian philosophy. Despite this, and despite being well aware of the failings of the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), he was described by later Eastern Han scholars as a Legalist. <mask>'s intellectual background was steeped in the writings of Legalist philosophers such as Shang Yang (d. 338 BC) and Shen Buhai (d. 337 BC). The essays written by <mask> which are preserved in the 1st century AD Book of Han do not reveal any influence of Confucian social or ethical ideas. Career
<mask> was born in Yuzhou,

masks:
Chao Cuo
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao
Chao Cuo


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 Henan and served the imperial courts of Emperor Wen of Han (r. 180–157 BC) and Emperor Jing of Han (157–141 BC). While he served as a subordinate official in the Ministry of Ceremonies, he was once called upon by Emperor Wen to serve as a high dignitary in studying with the elderly Master Fu, or Fu Sheng, an academician (boshi 博士) who served the previous Qin Dynasty (r. 211–206 BC) and had hidden and partially recovered a copy of the Classic of History during the Qin regime's purge of opposition literature.However, since Fu was too old to give lectures, he had his educated daughter teach <mask> instead. The capstone of <mask>'s political career in the capital Chang'an was his appointment in 155 BC to the post of Imperial Secretary (variants: Grandee Secretary, Imperial Counselor)—one of the three most senior posts in the central government. He was well known for his knowledge about politics, warfare, agriculture, economics, border defense, and frontier management. Views on policies

Foreign policy stances

<mask> was one of the first known ministers to suggest to Emperor Wen that Han armies should have a cavalry-centric army to match the nomadic Xiongnu to the north, since Han armies were still primarily infantry, with cavalry and chariots playing a supporting role. He advocated the policy of "using barbarians to attack barbarians," that is, incorporating surrendered Xiongnu horsemen into the Han military, a suggestion that was eventually adopted, especially with the establishment of dependent states of

masks: Chao Chao Chao


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 different nomads living on Han's frontiers. Like Jia Yi (201–168 BC), he was an early proponent of terminating the heqin marriage alliance and tribute treaty with the Xiongnu, although he opposed it for practical reasons rather than Jia's staunch ideological position that superior sedentary Chinese culture should dominate over the northern nomads. The heqin agreement was supposed to guarantee peace and stability between the Han and Xiongnu.<mask> believed that the heqin agreement had been breached and ignored by the Xiongnu on so many occasions—with continuous raiding and plundering along Han's borders by Xiongnu tribe and clan leaders—that the treaty simply failed to live up to its goals and lost all practical use. It was not until after the Battle of Mayi (133 BC) during Emperor Wu's reign (141–87 BC) that the heqin treaty was finally abolished in favor of an offensive military strategy to break apart the Xiongnu Empire. Views on Han and Xiongnu military tactics

In a memorandum entitled "Guard the Frontiers and Protect the Borders" that he presented to the throne in 169 BC, <mask> compared the relative strengths of Xiongnu and Han battle tactics. In regards to the Han armies, <mask> deemed the swift-riding Xiongnu horsemen better prepared for rough terrain due to better stallions, better with horseback archery, and were better able to withstand the elements and harsh climates than Chinese soldiers. However, he viewed Xiongnu cavalry inferior when faced with Han infantry and chariots on flat, level plains.


texts:
 He emphasized the superiority of Han iron armor and weapons over the Xiongnu's leather armor and wooden shields. He deemed the Chinese composite crossbow and repeating crossbow superior to the Xiongnu's composite bow.When dismounted, he believed that the Xiongnu, untrained in infantry tactics, would be decimated by Han infantry. Frontier development and management

In his Rise of the Chinese Empire, historian Chun-shu Chang outlines the main points on frontier development embodied in <mask>'s "Guard the Frontiers and Protect the Borders" proposal of 169 BC. The following are excerpts from <mask>'s written memorandum (note: Xiongnu and other terms are spelled in Wade-Giles format). It is clear from historical records that Emperor Wen approved of <mask>'s proposal and immediately enlisted people for service on the northern frontier. <mask> wrote:

It is necessary to settle permanent residents in border regions since expeditionary soldiers from other parts of the empire do not understand the character and capacities of the Hsiung-nu...The government will provide houses and land for the immigrants. For the immigrants in such border areas, the government will construct walled cities, well protected by high walls, deep moats, catapults, and thorns. Each city, along strategic points and thoroughfares, will be designed to hold no fewer than one thousand households...Each walled city will have an inner wall and an outer wall 150 paces (about 209 meters) apart.Each residential area in the outer-wall area is to be

masks: Chao Chao Chao Chao


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 surrounded by "sandy fields" (t'ien-t'ien, "heavenly fields") to detect the intrusion of enemies in the night (intruders will leave footprints in the fields). The Government will construct houses and provide farming tools before the arrival of the migrants. It will also provide winter and summer clothing and food to the migrants until they become self-supporting...The government will buy mates for those migrants without husbands or wives, for without a mate a migrant will not remain contented on the frontier. The government will reward anyone who stops a Hsiung-nu raid and will award him half of what he recovers from the enemy. First enlist ordinary and pardoned convicts, then slaves given by their masters to purchase aristocratic ranks, and then all those commoners who desire to go. The government will reward them with ranks, and their families will be exempt from taxation and service requirements. The government will build frontier communities that are rooted locally, tightly connected, mutually assisted, and militarily united against the "barbarians."This system will be much more efficacious than reliance on garrison soldiers from the interior. <mask> made some later amendments to his proposal, which Emperor Wen adopted as well. These included the following:

Frontier cities will be located close to water resources and an abundance of good arable land. Houses will each have two bedrooms and one living room and be fully furnished with furniture and necessary appliances. Trees will be planted in the living


texts:
 area. The government will hire doctors and shamans for each new frontier settlement to take care of the immigrants' medical and religious needs. In organization, five families will comprise a wu, to be headed by a wu-chang (head of the five-family unit); ten wu will comprise a li (ward), to be headed by a chia-shih (ward head); four li comprise a lien (company), to be headed by a chia-wu-pai (head of five hundred); ten lien comprise an i (city), to be headed by a chia-hou (magistrate).Each leader will be selected from among the migrants who are most talented, able, and familiar with local conditions and who best understand the minds of the people. All able men will receive military training in peacetime under their local unit leaders and will fight as groups under these leaders. All migrants will be forbidden to leave their localities without government permission. <mask>'s memorial to the throne had a major influence on later court policy under Emperor Wu after his officer Huo Qubing (140–117 BC) decimated Xiongnu forces inhabiting the Hexi Corridor. The Han then colonized this region that stretched from Lanzhou to the Jade Gate, a region which provided access to the Western Regions of the Tarim Basin and Central Asia. Views on the merchant and peasant classes

Like his fellow gentry, <mask>uo viewed the peasants with concern and the merchant class with a certain level of contempt. In regards to the burden of heavy taxes and corvée duties imposed on farming peasants, <mask> once pointed out that the average

masks:
Chao
Chao C
Chao


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 peasant family of five, including two adult males (old enough for labor service) would only be able to cultivate up to 100 mou (4.57 hectares or 11.3 acres) which produced roughly 100 shi (2,000 liters) of grain, yet during times of famine and drought the state's high taxes forced peasants to take high interest loans which led to debt, poverty, and new reliance on powerful landholding families.The historian Sima Qian (145–86 BC) noted in his Records of the Grand Historian (compiled 109 to 91 BC), successful merchants who became wealthy in trade often invested their capital in land, thus joining the elite landholding class. As <mask> makes very clear, the government's anti-merchant policies of raising taxes hardly affected those with great wealth while excessive taxation of peasants drove them from their plot of land and allowed merchants to move in:

Nowadays in a farming family of five members at least two of them are required to render labor service. The area of their arable land is no more than one hundred mou [11.3 acres]; the yield from which does not exceed 100 shih [about 2,000 liters]. Farmers plough in spring, weed in summer, reap in autumn and store in winter; they cut undergrowth and wood for fuel and render labor services to the government. They cannot avoid wind and dust in spring, sultry heat in summer, dampness and rain in autumn and cold and ice in winter. Thus all year round they cannot afford to take even a day's rest. Furthermore they have to welcome guests on their arrival and see them off


texts: on their departure; they have to mourn for the dead and inquire after the sick.Besides they have to bring up infants. Although they work as hard as this they still have to bear the calamities of flood and drought. Sometimes taxes are collected quite unexpectedly; if the orders are issued in the morning they must be prepared to pay by the evening. To meet this demand farmers have to sell their possessions at half price, and those who are destitute have to borrow money at two hundred percent interest. Eventually they have to sell fields and dwellings, or sometimes sell even children and grandchildren into slavery in order to pay back the loan. On the other hand great merchants get profits of two hundred percent by hoarding stocks of commodities while the lesser ones sit in rows in the market stalls to buy and sell. They deal in superfluous luxuries and lead an easy life in the cities.Taking advantage of the urgent demands of the government, they sell commodities at a double price. Though they never engage in farming and their women neither tend silkworms nor weave, they always wear embroidered and multicolored clothes and always eat fine millet and meat. Without experiencing the farmers' sufferings, they make vast gains. Taking advantage of their riches, they associate with kings and marquises. Their power exceeds that of the official and they try to surpass each other in using their profits. They wander idly around roaming as far as a thousand li; there are so many of them that they form long lines on the


texts:
 roads. They ride in well-built carriages and whip up fat horses, wear shoes of silk and trail white silk [garments].It is no wonder that the merchants take over farmers and farmers become vagrants drifting from one place to another. Of this passage, the late Nishijima Sadao 西嶋定生 (1919–1999), professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, wrote: "This indictment reveals striking contrasts between the lives of farmers and merchants in Former Han and shows that severe taxation merely impoverished the former and enriched the latter." Downfall
<mask> helped orchestrate the central government's efforts to reduce in size and undermine the subordinate kingdoms in the Han Empire. When disaffected kings of seven different kingdoms plotted rebellion against central authority, <mask>'s political enemies at court (among them, Yuan Ang) used this as an excuse to persuade Emperor Jing to remove and eliminate <mask> to appease these kings. Therefore, Emperor Jing had <mask> executed in 154 BC. However, Emperor Jing soon realized the falsity of the claims of <mask>'s political enemies when the King of Wu, Liu Bi (ruling a semi-autonomous kingdom in northern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu), and his monarchical allies made open revolt against the Emperor. Notes

References
 Chang, Chun-shu.(2007). The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. .
 Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu. (1972). Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure.

masks: Chao Chao Chao Chao Chao


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 Edited by Jack L. Dull.Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. .
 Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Kramers, Robert P. (1986). "The Development of the Confucian Schools," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 747–756. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Sadao, Nishijima. (1986)."The Economic and Social History of Former Han," in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 545-607. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Yü, Ying-shih. (1967). Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.154 BC deaths
2nd-century BC executions
Ancient Chinese military writers
Chinese economics writers
Chinese political writers
Executed Han dynasty people
Executed people from Henan
Han dynasty philosophers
Han dynasty politicians from Henan
Legalism (Chinese philosophy)
People executed by cutting in half
People executed by the Han dynasty
Philosophers from Henan
Politicians from Xuchang
Writers from


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<mask>khi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: ; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as <mask>, was the third of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism and became Sikh Guru on 26 March 1552 at age 73. Before becoming a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a lovely pilgrimage after having been prompted to search for a guru, he heard his nephew's wife, Bibi Amro, reciting a hymn by <mask>, and was deeply moved by it. Bibi Amro was the daughter of <mask>, the second and then current Guru of the Sikhs. <mask> persuaded Bibi Amro to introduce him to her father  and in 1539, <mask>, at the age of sixty, met <mask> and became a Sikh, devoting himself to the Guru. In 1552, before his death, <mask> appointed <mask> as <mask>, the third Guru of Sikhism. <mask> was an important innovator in The teachings of <mask> who introduced a religious organization called the 'manji system by appointing trained clergy, a system that expanded and survives into the contemporary era. He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create the Adi Granth.<mask> <mask> remained the leader of the Sikhs till age 95, and named his son-in-law Bhai Jetha later remembered by the name <mask> <mask> as his successor. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Lakshmi or Rup Kaur)and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 in Basarke village in what is now called Amritsar district of Punjab (India). He married Mansa Devi and they had four children which they named as Mohri, Mohan, Dani and Bhani. <mask> had followed the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism for much of his life. reputed to have gone on some twenty

masks:
Guru Amar Dasmu
Guru Amardas
Guru Nanak
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Amar Das
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Guru Amar Das
Guru Amar Das
Guru
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Ram
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Amar Das


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 pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges. About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a Hindu monk (sadhu) who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counsellor) and <mask> decided to get one. On his return, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Sikh Guru Angad, singing a hymn by <mask>.He learnt from her about <mask>, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism and adopted him as his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his own age. He is famous in the Sikh tradition for his relentless service to <mask>, with legends about waking up in the early hours and fetching water for his Guru's bath, cleaning and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoting much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening. <mask> named <mask> his successor in 1552, instead of naming of his surviving son Shri Chand. He died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib and like other Sikh Gurus he was cremated, with the "flowers" (remaining bones and ash after the cremation) immersed into  (flowing waters). Teachings
<mask> <mask> taught with His own life the meaning of <mask> Service, also known in Punjabi religious parlance as <mask>wa. <mask> <mask> emphasised both spiritual pursuits as well as an ethical daily life. He encouraged his followers to wake up before dawn, do their ablutions and then meditate in silent seclusion.A good devotee, taught <mask>, should be truthful, keep his mind in control, eat only when hungry, seek the company of pious men, worship the Lord, make an honest living, serve holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander others. He recommended holy

masks:
Amar Das
Guru Nanak
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Guru Angad
Amar Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru
Guru Se
Guru Amar
Das
Amar Das


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 devotion with <mask> image in his follower's heart. He was also a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as sati (a Hindu custom). He encouraged the Kshatriya people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is Dharma. Influence
Religious organization

<mask> <mask> started the tradition of appointing manji (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called sangatias), introduced the dasvandh ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of <mask> and as pooled community religious resource, and the famed langar tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating. He also started and inaugurated the 84-level step well called baoli at Goindval with a resting place, modeled along the lines of the Indian tradition of dharmsala, which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (tirath) center. Akbar
He met the Mughal Emperor Akbar.According to the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, rather the <mask> suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on the floor and eat in the langar with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who sought to encourage tolerance and acceptance across religious lines, readily accepted the suggestion. After the conclusion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with the rest of the sangat and asked the <mask> a question. The Sikh hagiographies called janam-sakhis mention that <mask> <mask> persuaded Akbar to repeal the tax on Hindu pilgrims going to Haridwar. Rituals in Sikhism: wedding,

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Guru
Guru Amar
Das Ji
Guru
Guru
Guru
Guru Amar
Das


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 festivals,  funeral
Guru <mask> composed the rapturous hymn called Anand and made it a part of the ritual of Sikh marriage called "Anand Karaj", which literally means "blissful event". The Anand hymn is sung, in contemporary times, not only during Sikh weddings but also at major celebrations. Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Sikh temples (Gurdwara) every evening, at the naming of a Sikh baby, as well as during a Sikh funeral.It is a section of the Anand Sahib composition of <mask> <mask>, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the Adi Granth and set to the "Ramkali" raga. <mask> <mask>'s entire Anand Sahib composition is a linguistic mix of Panjabi and Hindi languages, reflecting <mask> <mask>' upbringing and background. The hymn celebrates the freedom from suffering and anxiety, the union of the soul with the divine, describing a devotee's bliss achieved through the Guru with inner devotion and by repeating the Name of the Creator. The hymn states in stanza 19 that the Vedas teach "the Name is supreme", in stanza 27 that Smriti and Shastra discuss the good and the bad but are unreal because they lack a Guru and that it is the grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and the devotion to the Name. The hymn celebrates the life of a householder and constant  inner devotion to the One, ending each stanza with the characteristic "says Nanak". <mask> <mask> is also credited in the Sikh tradition to have encouraged building of temples and places where Sikhs could gather together on festivals such as Maghi,
Diwali and Vaisakhi. He required his disciples to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in autumn for

masks:
Amar Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das


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 Diwali and in spring for Vaisakhi, both post harvest ancient festivals of India.Site of the Golden Temple
<mask> <mask> selected the site in Amritsar village for a special temple, that <mask> <mask> began building, <mask>jan completed and inaugurated, and the Sikh Emperor Ranjit Singh gilded. This temple has evolved into the contemporary "Harimandir Sahib", or the temple of Hari (God), also known as the Golden Temple. It is the most sacred pilgrimage site in Sikhism. Foundations and scripture
Scholars such as Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state that <mask> <mask> was influential in introducing "distinctive features, pilgrimages, festivals, temples and rituals" that ever since his time have been an integral part of Sikhism. He is also remembered as the innovator who began the collection of hymns now known as Goindwal Pothi or Mohan Pothi, the precursor to what became the Adi Granth – the first edition of Sikh scripture – under the fifth Sikh Master, which finally emerged as the Guru Granth Sahib under the tenth Sikh Master.Pashaura Singh (1996), Scriptural Adaptation in the Adi Granth, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Volume 64, Number 2 (Summer 1996), pages 337–357 The nearly 900 hymns composed by <mask> <mask> constitute the third largest part, or about 15%, of the Guru Granth Sahib. In popular culture <mask>'' is a 1979 documentary film, directed by Prem Prakash and produced by the Government of India's Films Division, covering his life and teachings. See also

Bhakti
Bhakti movement
Dasam Granth
Japji

References

<mask>
1479 births
1574 deaths
Punjabi

masks:
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Ram
Das
Guru Ar
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amar
Das
Guru Amardas
Amar Das


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<mask> (; also known as Lao Wei (); born 16 June 1958) is a Chinese author, reporter, musician, and poet. He is a critic of China's Communist regime, for which he was imprisoned. His books, several of which are collections of interviews with ordinary people from the lower rungs of Chinese society, were published in Taiwan and Hong Kong but are banned in mainland China; some have been translated into Spanish, English, French, German, Polish and Czech. Life and career

Becoming a state writer
<mask> was born in 1958, the same year as The Great Leap Forward. During the famine of The Great Leap Forward, he suffered from edema and was close to dying. In 1966 his father was branded a counter-revolutionary during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. <mask>'s parents filed for divorce to protect the children.His mother was arrested for attempting to sell government issued coupons on the black market. After high school, Liao traveled around the country. In his spare time he read banned Western poets such as John Keats and Charles Baudelaire. He also started composing his own poems and was getting published in literary magazines. He failed the university entrance exams and began to work for a newspaper. When his poetry was noticed, the Chinese Ministry of Culture gave him a paid position as state writer. Criticism of the system and imprisonment

In Spring 1989, two magazine companies took advantage of the relaxed politics and carried Liao's long poems "The Yellow City" and "Idol."In the poems, he criticized the system, calling it paralyzed and eaten away by a collective leukemia. The poems were deemed anti-communist and he was questioned and detained and his home

masks:
Liao Yiwu
Liao
Liao


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 was searched. In June 1989, after hearing about the Tiananmen Square protests, Liao composed a long poem entitled "Massacre." Knowing that it would never be published, he made an audiotape and recited the poem by using Chinese ritualistic chanting and howling, invoking the spirits of the dead. <mask> and friends made a movie, the sequel of Massacre, "Requiem." He was arrested in February 1990 as he was boarding a train. Six friends and his pregnant wife were arrested separately.<mask> received a four-year sentence. He was placed on the government's permanent blacklist. While in prison, due to torture and abusive punishment, he suffered several mental breakdowns and twice attempted suicide. He was known as "the big lunatic." From a fellow prisoner, an elderly monk, he learned to play the Xiao. He then began to interview other prisoners about their lives. When he was released from prison, his wife and their daughter left him, and his former literary friends kept their distance.He lived for a while as a homeless street musician in Chengdu, collecting stories. Work after his release, and international success
<mask>ulein Hallo und der Bauernkaiser, appeared in 2009. In 2008 he signed the Charter 08 of his friend Liu Xiaobo, although he says of himself that he is not really interested in politics, just in his stories. In May 2008, after the Sichuan earthquake, Liao went to the disaster region and interviewed survivors fighting corrupt officials.This material was published as Chronicles of the Big Earthquake in Hong Kong in 2009. The French translation Quand la terre s’est ouverte au Sichuan : Journal d’une tragédie appeared in 2010. After having been

masks: Liao Liao Liaoä


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 denied permission to leave the country many times, he wrote an open letter to Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel in February 2010. Later that year he was allowed to leave the country for the first time. He visited Germany accepting invitations to literary festivals in Hamburg and Berlin as well as to an event in Cologne. He held numerous readings and gave interviews. On stage, he sang songs, played the flute and drank hard liquor.On 4 June 2010, the international literature festival berlin held a worldwide reading for <mask> <mask> in order to commemorate the massacre of Tiananmen Square, and to admonish China's human rights record. Prior to his departure from China, he lived under police surveillance with his wife in Chengdu, supporting himself with the royalties from his books published abroad. April 2011: Travel Ban for "National Security" Reasons, Arrival in Germany

<mask> <mask> in an email dated April 1, 2011 wrote:

Friends:

I originally planned to leave for the United States on April 4 in order to make a publicity tour for my book God is Red which will be published in English translation by Harper Collins and for my book The Corpse Walker which was published by Random House. Unexpectedly, on March 28th, the police issued an order forbidding me to leave China. I had originally planned to travel to San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, New York, Washington and other cities and to give lectures, readings and musical performances at Harvard, Yale and other universities as well as participate in the New York Literary Festival where I was to make a speech and perform, and to have a dialogue with writers from around the world on the theme

masks: Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu


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 "Contemporary Writer and Bearing Witness to History". Now all this has been canceled. My new book is also going to be published in Australia.My plan to travel from the United States to Australia has also been canceled. Ever since my return from Germany last year, I have been closely monitored. The police have "invited me to drink tea" many times. My writing has been repeatedly interrupted. I have once again been forbidden to travel abroad for national security reasons. Over the last ten or so years I have strived to get the right to travel abroad 16 times. I succeeded once and failed 15 times.Thank you all for your concern for me over the years. <mask> <mask>

<mask> arrived in Germany on July 6, 2011, having left China overland by crossing the border with Vietnam. Awards
In 2003, he was awarded a Human Rights Watch Hellman-Hammett Grant. In 2007, he received a Freedom to Write Award from the Independent Chinese PEN Center. Authorities prevented him from attending the award ceremony in Beijing. In 2011 he was awarded the German Geschwister-Scholl-Preis and in 2012 the Ryszard Kapuściński Award as well as the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. In his address at the prize ceremony in the Paulskirche, <mask> <mask> described China as "the source of global disasters" and an "ever-expanding garbage dump".He concluded his speech with the wish that "for the peaceful well-being of all humanity, this empire (China) must break apart". List of works
Books

Bullets and Opium: Stories of China after the Great Massacre (Simon and Schuster: 2019)
For a Song and a Hundred Songs: A Poet’s Journey Through a Chinese Prison (2013)
The Corpse Walker (2002)
In

masks: Liao Yiwu Liao Liao Yiwu


texts:
 English, The Corpse Walker: Real Life Stories: China from the Bottom Up, hardcover: Pantheon (April 15, 2008), 336 pages, ; trade paperback: Anchor; Reprint edition (May 5, 2009) 352 pages,
The Fall of the Holy Temple (1998)
Report on China’s Victims of Injustice
Testimonials (證詞) An expanded German translation was published by Fischer in June 2011 (by the title of Für ein Lied und hundert Lieder. Ein Zeugenbericht aus chinesischen Gefängnissen). Testimonials describes the horrific treatment of <mask> <mask> and other political prisoners in a Chongqing prison who were arrested after the June 4, 1989 crackdown. Interviews with the Lower Strata of Chinese Society 中國底層訪談錄 2 volumes, Changjiang Publishing House, China   (banned by the Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department and the PRC Government's Publications Office)
Interviews with the Lower Strata of Chinese Society 中國底層訪談錄 3 volumes, Maitian Publishing House of Taiwan 台灣麥田出版社. China's Unjust Court Cases 中國冤案錄 Volume 1, Laogai Foundation, 2003, Washington, D.C.  (www.laogai.org) Black Literary Treasury, Edited by <mask> Tianqi. China's Petitioner Villages 中國上访村 Mirror Publishing Co., 2005, USA
 China's Unjust Court Cases 中國冤案錄 Volume 2, Laogai Foundation, Washington, 2005 D.C. Black Literary Treasury, Edited by Liao Tianqi.The Last of China's Landlords 最後的地主 (two volumes) printed in Hong Kong, published by The Laogai Research Foundation, Washington D.C. in April 2008. Website www.laogai.org
Earthquake Insane Asylum 地震瘋人院 in Taiwan 2009; French edition 2010. Forthcoming: Shepherds of the Far East 遠東牧羊 April 2011 in the U.S. and its English translation
God is Red scheduled for publication

masks: Liao Yiwu Liao


texts:
 by Harper Collins in the United States in August 2011. Chinese  地震瘋人院 in Taiwan 2009; French edition 2010. God is Red collects accounts of the persecution of Christians in China since 1949
My Witness in German translation June 2011 which book discusses the experiences of <mask> <mask> and other political prisoners in a Chongqing prison in the early 1990s. Poems

"The Yellow City" (1989)
"Idol" (1989)
"Massacre" (1989)

References

External links and further reading

 Michael Day's collection of articles on and translation of the poetry of <mask> <mask> of the 1980s and early 1990s
 <mask> Yiwu 廖亦武 selected poetry translations, translations by Michael M. Day of selected poems by <mask> <mask> 1984 - 1994
 China's Second World of Poetry: The Sichuan Avant-Garde, 1982-1992, Michael M. Day's ebook on the Sichuan poetry scene from which <mask> <mask> emerged
 The Public Toilet Manager, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2005
 The Leper and the Corpse Walkers, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2006
 The Peasant Emperor and the Retired Official, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2007
 My Enemies, My Teachers by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Winter 2007. Planned acceptance speech for the Freedom to Write award.The Survivor, interview by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2008
 Nineteen Days by <mask> <mask>, The Paris Review, Summer 2009. Commemoration  of the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen massacre. Dangerous Words by Brian Awehali, LOUDCANARY, Spring 2011. In-depth profile of <mask> <mask> based on a series of in-person interviews conducted in 2010. "Walking Out on China" opinion by

masks: Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu Liao Yiwu


texts:
 <mask> <mask> in ''The New York Times September 14, 2011
 Writer as a Recording Device: Interview with <mask> <mask> by Christen Cornell at Artspace China, 29 November 2011

1958 births
Living people
Charter 08 signatories
People's Republic of China musicians
People's Republic of China poets
Chinese prisoners and detainees
Writers from Mianyang
Chinese dissidents
People's Republic of China journalists
Poets from Sichuan
Musicians from


texts:
<mask> (December 6, 1903 – August 6, 1946) was an American professional baseball second baseman during the 1920s and 1930s, predominantly with the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. He was part of the famed "Murderers' Row" Yankee batting lineup of the late 1920s (including the 1927 team), along with Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Bob Meusel. <mask> was born and raised in San Francisco, California. He dropped out of school to work with his father as a boilermaker, but at the age of 18, began to play baseball professionally. After playing in minor league baseball from 1922 through 1925, <mask> joined the Yankees in 1926. He was a member of the original American League All-Star team in 1933. He was nicknamed "Poosh 'Em Up" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to "hit it out" (hit a home run).<mask> is one of only 14 major league baseball players to hit for the natural cycle (hitting a single, double, triple and home run in sequence) and the only player to complete a natural cycle with a grand slam. He also holds the American League record for the most RBI in a single game, with 11 on May 24, 1936. In that same 1936 game, he became the first major league player to hit two grand slams in one game. <mask> was posthumously inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1991. Early life
<mask> was born on December 6, 1903, to Augustine and <mask>, who had emigrated from Italy. They lived in the Cow Hollow district of San Francisco. Augustine worked as a boilermaker.At age 15, <mask> was expelled from school. He began to work with his father, earning $4.50 a day

masks:
Anthony Michael Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Lazzeri
Julia Lazzeri
Lazzeri


texts:
 ($ in current dollar terms). Lazzeri also played semi-professional baseball and trained to become a prizefighter. Minor league career
A friend of Lazzeri convinced Duffy Lewis, who managed the Salt Lake City Bees of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), to allow Lazzeri to try out for the team in 1922. Lazzeri made the team, earning $250 a month ($ in current dollar terms) as a utility infielder. He batted .192 in 45 games, and was demoted to the Peoria Tractors of the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League in 1923 to gain more experience. <mask> batted .248 with 14 home runs in 135 games for Peoria, before being recalled to Salt Lake City.Starting at shortstop for the Bees in 1924, <mask> batted .285 with 16 home runs. However, Lewis gave the starting shortstop role to Pinky Pittenger, and sent <mask> to the Lincoln Links of the Western League, where he batted .329 with 28 home runs in 82 games. Returning to Salt Lake City under new manager Oscar Vitt in 1925, <mask> batted .355 with 60 home runs and 222 runs batted in (RBIs), the most RBIs in professional baseball history. That year he became one of what are today four Pacific Coast League hitters to have had a 30 home runs, 30 stolen bases season, along with Joc Pederson (2014), Frank Demaree (1934), and Lefty O'Doul (1927). Though Salt Lake City had a working agreement with the Chicago Cubs, the Cubs passed on <mask> due to his epilepsy. The Cincinnati Reds passed on <mask> as well. Bill Essick, a scout for the New York Yankees, convinced Ed Barrow, the Yankees' general manager, to sign <mask>.Barrow agreed after receiving confirmatory reports from other scouts, including Ed Holly and Paul

masks: Lazzeri Lazzeri Lazzeri Lazzeri Lazzeri Lazzeri Lazzeri