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<mask> (January 17, 1924 – January 1, 2017) was an American biologist, cancer researcher, professor, dean, and academic administrator. She contributed to the field of cancer research by studying the cure for melanoma. <mask> was an advocate for increasing the representation of women and students of color in universities, and she created programs to support students interested in pursuing graduate school. Early life
<mask> was the only child of Frank V<mask>, and Carriebel (Cole<mask>. Both of her parents used to live in Washington D.C. Her mother, Carriebel, found employment as a physical education and dance teacher who graduated from college with a BA in interpretive dancing. She had re-entered college the same time <mask> enrolled resulting in both mother and daughter earning degrees in the same year.<mask>'s father, Frank, was the first Black person to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University, becoming a physician specializing in dermatology. <mask>'s paternal grandfather was a freed slave who graduated from Howard University in 1898 making a living as a pharmacist. <mask>'s economically privileged upbringing offered her a childhood of intellectual exploration. From her father's scientific library to her education at several multiracial institutions, <mask> developed an interest in learning from a young age. Although she anticipated becoming a physical education teacher, her interest in science solidified during her sophomore year of high school whilst looking through a microscope in biology class. This interest was encouraged by her biology teacher and she was fascinated by books on microorganisms like Paul DeKruif's The Microbe Hunters. Higher education
<mask> matriculated at the University of Michigan in 1942, but, dissatisfied with segregated housing for African-American students at Michigan, she transferred to Talladega College in Alabama.Talladega College did not accept transfer credits, forcing <mask> to start anew. In spite of this, she completed her course work in three years instead of the standard four. She graduated with a

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 BA in biology in 1944 and became a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. <mask> initially was denied a fellowship for graduate study in biology at New York University, allegedly due to her race, but was granted the fellowship after an interview. She earned her MS from New York University in 1947, and her PhD with a focus on cell physiology in 1950

Her dissertation, Mechanisms of Pigment Formation, examined melanin pigment granules formations in vitro using the enzyme tyrosinase. In 1949, she was appointed an independent investigator at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. In 2021, the town renamed a road near the Marine Biological Laboratory "Jewel Cobb Road" in honor of <mask>.Professional life
After receiving her Ph.D, <mask> became a biology teaching fellow at New York University while also working for the National Cancer Institute at Harlem Hospital (1950-1952). University of Illinois College of Medicine
From 1952-1954 <mask> was an instructor in anatomy in Chicago at the University of Illinois College of Medicine where she taught histology. Hunter College
Shortly thereafter, <mask> returned to New York, serving as an assistant professor for NYU's post graduate medical school (1955–60), while also working as a visiting lecturer at Hunter College (1956–57). Sarah Lawrence College
From 1960-69, <mask> was employed as head of the biology laboratory at Sarah Lawrence College. While there, she conducted research for participants in the National Science Foundation. Connecticut College
<mask> served as a professor of Zoology and as Dean of Arts and Sciences at Connecticut College from July 1969 until July 1976. <mask> was the first black Dean in the College's history.Upon accepting the position at Connecticut College, she expressed: "This is a college in transition, moving forward at an exciting pace. We need more black students and teachers to help us formulate and carry out our bold new plans." During her time at Connecticut College, she implemented a Black Scholarship program that provided financial assistance to at least 37 Black

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 undergraduates at the college. The scholarship intended to increase financial assistance needs for students of color. This work inspired similar programs at other universities. <mask> also established a Fifth Year Post-Baccalaureate Pre-Medical Program, which provided financial assistance and educational opportunities for minority students at the College who wanted to pursue careers in medicine or dentistry. Students were provided with resources for tutoring and counseling.Just five years after this program was established, these students were accepted into graduate programs, which included, Yale, Georgetown, and the University of Connecticut. While in Connecticut, Dr. <mask> also served as a member of the Lawrence and Memorial Hospital in New London, in addition to being elected Director of the American Council on Education, (1973-1976). Dr <mask>, as member of the National Science Board and advisor to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, chaired a conference of 30 minority women scientists to provide recommendations to schools, policy-makers and the US government on how to recruit more women of color into the sciences. The highly influential report was published as The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science. Due to the many roles, <mask> worked long hours. She did laboratory work in the early morning followed by administrative work before teaching in the afternoons. Douglass Residential College
In July 1976, <mask> decided to leave Connecticut College and become a dean and professor of Biological Sciences at Douglass Residential College at Rutgers University.<mask>'s decision to leave was not premeditated, rather it centered on an interest in becoming a full-time administrator for the Women's division of Rutgers. <mask>'s greatest hesitation in leaving the College concerned her inability to continue research to the same degree in her new role. While at Douglass, <mask> (alongside nine other Americans) was selected by the Rockefeller Foundation to participate in a global conference in Italy concerning the future


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 of higher education for women. Additionally, in April 1978, <mask> was nominated by President Carter as a member of the Board of Foreign Scholarships, best known as the organization responsible for determining Fulbright eligibility. California State University, Fullerton
<mask> was appointed President of California State University, Fullerton in 1981 where she began to improve campus facilities from the start of her term. <mask> was successful in obtaining funds for the construction of an Engineering and Computer Science Building which was constructed with state funds, as well as the Ruby Gerontology Center, which was the first building in the College's history to be funded through private donations. She also acquired financial capital for the construction of the first ever student residence on campus.The completion of this apartment complex was later named in her honor. <mask> also negotiated an agreement with the Marriott Corporation and the city of Fullerton for a lease to construct a hotel, allowing her to use available funds for the construction of a campus sports complex. The majority of the planning for the Science Laboratory Center, now called Dan Black Hall, was done while <mask> was president. At Fullerton, some faculty members did not share <mask>'s interests in research and rebuilding, holding that the primary mission of the college was to teach. Her decision to enter into the agreement to build the hotel on campus and to add a satellite campus in the southern part of Orange County thus generated criticism on campus. <mask> brought both of these issues to the Faculty Senate for a vote. Both times, her decisions were upheld.In 1990, aged 66, she was forced to retire under a rule imposed by W. Ann Reynolds, the Chancellor of the California State University System, requiring all campus presidents aged 65 or older to retire. In response to her departure, Julian Foster, a campus leader and prominent political scientist, expressed <mask>'s emphasis on research and scholarship to be her most important contribution to Cal State Fullerton. Shortly


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 after retiring, <mask> was named California State University Trustee Professor for its Los Angeles division. In 1991, she became the principal investigator at Southern California Science and Engineering ACCESS Center and Network, which assists middle school and high school students from disadvantaged backgrounds pursue a future in the fields of science and engineering. In 2001, <mask> became the principal investigator for Science Technology Engineering Program (STEP) Up for Youth—ASCEND project at California State University, Los Angeles. She also was named and served as a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees. Research
<mask>'s research included work on the relationship between melanin and skin damage, and on the effects of hormones, ultraviolet light, and chemotherapy agents on cell division.<mask> discovered that methotrexate was effective in the treatment of certain skin cancers, lung cancers, and childhood leukemia. This drug is still being used in chemotherapy today to give treatment to a variety of cancers and autoimmune diseases which includes: breast cancer, head and neck cancers, lung cancer, leukemia, and some types of lymphoma. <mask> was the first to publish data on actinomycin D and its ability to cause a reduction of nucleoli in the nucleus of normal and malignant human cells. She received a $5,000 grant from the American Cancer Society to continue her research in"Direct Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture." This grant supported her research and a broader examination of pigment cell growth and differentiation in human and mouse melanomas. Other support for her cancer research came through her post-doctoral fellowship, research grants from the: Damon Runyon, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, and Public Health Services. <mask> was part of the United States International Cancer congresses in London (1958) and Moscow (1962) and served on the advisory board to Mohegan Community College.She was awarded the National Institute of Health Fellowship for $68,000, where she spent seven months in Naples,

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 Italy continuing cell growth research at the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics. Throughout her career, she collaborated with other notable researchers, including oncologist Jane C. Wright, Grace Antikajian, and Dorothy Walker Jones. Her most influential mentors were her bacteriology professor James R. Hayden and her biochemistry professor M.J. Kopac. In recognition of her research achievements, <mask> was elected to the Institute of Medicine in the National Academy of Sciences in 1974. She was also a member of the National Science Board from 1974 to 1980. Additional societal contributions
<mask> was named Vice President of the Board for the 21st Century Foundation, dedicated to supporting the development of Black institutions that addressed issues in the Black community. Programs established by the organization included: economic, educational, and community development with the purpose of creating opportunities for people of color.She was also a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which supported both women and people of color in the field. <mask> was one of seven recognized by the Oakland Museum Association's Cultural and Ethnic Affairs for her contributions to science and/or technology. The museum's exhibition hoped to increase minority representation in the sciences by showcasing the accomplishments of people of color, including several of <mask>'s findings. As the keynote speaker at the 1971 Wheaton College commencement, <mask> called for an alliance between the Women's Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement. She called for the equality of women, the abolition of abortion laws, and the demand for public child care in particular. Final years and legacy
Many of the policies and programs <mask> initiated during her administrative careers take form in her 1979 paper, Filters for Women in Science, where she expressed concerns about female representation in science and engineering. Through an analogy connecting her passion for science and demand for equity, <mask> claimed that the

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 characteristics of the filtrate passing through a filter are primarily determined by the size of the pores, which she connected with the limitations of female employment in science.<mask>'s insistence on providing resources and programs to increase minority representation at her colleges of employment define her legacy outside of the laboratory. A former student, Timothy Yarboro, stated,  "I would not have become a doctor. Because of her, I knew it was possible." <mask> resided in Maplewood, New Jersey, until her death on January 1, 2017 at the age of 92. She was survived by her only child, Jonathan, a radiologist specializing in magnetic resonance imaging. Honors, awards, and memberships

 Honorary doctorates

 Medical College of Pennsylvania
 Northern University
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 Rutgers University
 Tuskegee University

 Awards

 Reginald Wilson Award
 Candace Award, National Coalition of 100 Black Women, 1982
 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education

 Memberships

 Human Resource Commission
 Sigma Xi
 National Academy of Sciences (Institute of Medicine)
 National Science Foundation. Allied Corporation's board of directors
 Tissue Culture Association of the Education Committee (1972-1974)
 Marine Biological Laboratory
 Board of Trustees for the Institute of Education Management

Publications

 <mask>, <mask>, Dorothy G. Walker, and Jane C. Wright."Comparative chemotherapy studies on primary short-term cultures of human normal, benign, and malignant tumor tissues—a five-year study." Cancer research 21.5 (1961): 583. <mask>, <mask>, and Dorothy G. Walker. "Studies on Human Melanoma Cells in Tissue Culture I. Growth Characteristics and Cytology." Cancer research 20.6 (1960): 858-867. <mask>, <mask>, and Dorothy G. Walker."Effect of Actinomycin D on Tissue Cultures of Normal and Neoplastic Cells23." (1958). A National Assessment of Performance and Participation of Women in Mathematics, 1979
 A Study of the Learning Environment at Women's Colleges, 1981
 A Survey of Black American Doctorates, 1968
 A

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 Survey of the Current Status and Plans of Colleges Traditionally for Women Only, 1972
 A Survey of Research Concerns on Women's Issues, 1975
 Academic Challenges, 1990
 Access and Power for Blacks in Higher Education, 1972
 Advancing Women's Leadership in Science, 1995
 An Assessment of Factors Affecting Female Participation in Advanced Placement Programs in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics, 1975
 An Impact Analysis of Sponsored Projects to Increase the Participation of Women in Careers in Science and Technology, 1977
 And Pleasantly Ignore my Sex, 1974
 Annual Report of the National Science Foundation Committee on Equal Opportunities in Science and Technology, 1982
 Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibility, 1987
 Campus 1970, Where do Women Stand? Research Report of a Survey on Women in Academe, 1970
 Careers in Science and Engineering for Black Americans, 1972
 Catalyst Annual Report, 1978-1979
 Changing America: The New Face of Science and Engineering, 1989
 College Resource Council—Study on Seniors and Freshman of a Number of Colleges Within the Member Group, u.d. Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering (CEEWISE), 1977-1979
 Data on Women in Scientific Research, 1977
 Degree Awards to Women: An Update, 1979
 Degrees Granted and Enrollment Trends in Historically Black Colleges: An Eight-Year Study, 1965
 Department of Health, Education and Welfare- Statement by the Director, National Cancer Program, National Cancer Institute, 1975

References

Further reading

External links
Profile, Fullerton.edu; accessed January 13, 2018. 1924 births
2017 deaths
American biologists
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
African-American scientists
Cancer researchers
California Institute of Technology trustees
California State University, Fullerton faculty
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
American women scientists
Talladega College alumni
Women heads of universities and colleges
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American


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<mask> (born July 15, 1976), also known as Fluffy, is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He has produced a number of stand-up specials for television outlets such as Comedy Central and Netflix, including I'm Not Fat… I'm Fluffy and Hot & Fluffy. As an actor, he has appeared in numerous live-action and animated TV shows and films, including starring in the sitcom Mr. Iglesias on Netflix, playing Tobias in the 2012 movie Magic Mike and its 2015 sequel, and providing the voice of Speedy Gonzales in Space Jam: A New Legacy. He was also the host of the shows Stand Up Revolution on Comedy Central and Fluffy's Food Adventures on Fuse. In 2018, <mask> was one of the top 10 paid comedians in the world. Early life
<mask> was born in San Diego, California, the youngest of six children of Esther P. Mendez and <mask>. He was raised by his single mother.He is of Mexican heritage. He grew up in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park, and Compton before settling in Section 8 low-income housing in Long Beach, where <mask> spent most of his youth. Career
<mask> worked for a cell phone company in Los Angeles and in 1997 went into comedy full-time, though it resulted in him being evicted from his home and losing his car. <mask> often references his weight in his comedy, often saying, "Oh, I'm not fat, I'm fluffy", elaborating that there were five levels of fatness, "Big", "Healthy", "Husky", "Fluffy", and "DAMN!!!" He later added a 6th level, "Oh Hell No!!" In 2000, he appeared in the sixth season of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That, co-starring with Amanda Bynes and Nick Cannon. <mask> was a contestant on the fourth season of reality TV series Last Comic Standing in 2006, surviving elimination to become one of the final eight comics.He was disqualified at that point for having used a smuggled BlackBerry to communicate with family and friends, which violated the rules of the show. In 2007, <mask> voiced an entire Mexican family in "Padre de Familia", a sixth season episode of the Fox TV animated

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 comedy Family Guy. That same year, he began voicing a recurring set of identical twin characters on The Emperor's New School, a Disney animated series that he describes as his favorite voice work. In 2011, Comedy Central debuted <mask> Presents Stand Up Revolution, a standup showcase series which <mask> produced and hosted, running for three seasons before ending in 2014. <mask> has hosted/co-hosted six episodes of Equals Three, and played a strip club DJ and drug dealer in the 2012 film Magic Mike. <mask> voiced Ned and Zed in the 2013 DisneyToon Studios film, Planes. He also voiced characters in the animated films The Nut Job (2014) and El Americano: The Movie (2016).<mask>'s Food Adventures upon its third season renewal in January 2017. From 2019 to 2020, he played <mask>, in Mr. Iglesias, a Netflix original series about a teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. In 2021, he voiced the character of Speedy Gonzales in the film Space Jam: A New Legacy and Picchu in Maya and the Three. Influences and style
<mask>’ comedy influences are Paul Rodriguez, Eddie Murphy, Robin Williams, and Bill Cosby. Though a substantial chunk of his jokes concerns race relations, such as his popular "gift basket" anecdote, <mask> tends to avoid edgy humor or deliberately offensive humor in favor of cleaner, if adult-oriented, material which he claims helps him maintain a sizeable and diverse audience. Awards and honors
On February 10, 2012, <mask> was presented with several awards by the city of El Paso, Texas, including the key to the city and the Beacon of H.O.P.E Award from the nonprofit organization Operation H.O.P.E.Personal life
<mask> lives in Whittier, California. He has a step-son Frankie, who was born in 1998, and was in a long-term relationship with Frankie's mother, whose identity he didn't discuss in order to protect her privacy. In 2017, he separated from his partner, which led to him cancelling performances, as well as quitting drinking for two years. Despite splitting up from

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 his step-son's mother, he still maintains a close relationship with Frankie. In The Fluffy Movie, <mask> describes how at his heaviest, which he states was , he was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes, and with his blood sugar spiking to over 300 mg/dl (16.6 mmol/L) regularly, was given two years to live by his doctor. He said the shock of being told he had two years to live prompted him to reevaluate how he took care of himself, and explained that he decided to lose weight in order to ensure his continued presence in the lives of his family. <mask> described the struggle to incorporate a healthier lifestyle, relating how he was told by a specialist that his heavy touring schedule precluded him from being a candidate for bariatric surgery, and how he resorted instead to weight-lifting, Diamond Dallas Page Yoga, and a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, which helped him shed over .<mask> has also struggled with depression and alcohol abuse which he attributes partly to burnout from his heavy touring schedule. On July 15, 2021 on his 45th birthday, <mask> tested positive for COVID-19, and cancelled his remaining shows at the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts as well as the taping of his upcoming comedy special. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography
 Hot and Fluffy (2008) Image Entertainment
 I'm Not Fat, I'm Fluffy (2009)
 We Luv Fluffy (2009)
 Aloha Fluffy (2013) Comedy Central
 I'm Sorry For What I Said While I Was Hungry (2016) Netflix
 One Show Fits All (2019) Netflix

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male actors of Mexican descent
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American stand-up comedians
American impressionists (entertainers)
Comedians from California
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Last Comic Standing contestants
Male actors from San Diego
Wilson Classical High School

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<mask>Sarenka) Zylberberg (5 January 1920 – 8 May 1943; 3 Iyar 5703 in Hebrew calendar) was an underground activist and participant in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. She held a key role in rousing the rebellion. Zylberberg was a member of Hashomer Hatzair, the Zionist-socialist youth movement. After the German invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, she left the capital for Wilno in northeastern part of prewar Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania), then returned to Warsaw together with Chajka (Chaikeh) Grossman and was actively involved in the Jewish resistance. Sarenka (Little Roe deer, or Fawn in Polish) was one of the few leaders who actually reentered the besieged ghetto, rather than flee it. She was among the first to set out on an impassioned journey to spread knowledge of the Nazi plan to eradicate the Jews in the Holocaust. Sarenka confronted her peers repeatedly with this information, until she convinced Mira Fuchrer, Mordechai Anielewicz' partner, and eventually Anielewicz himself, as well as other leaders of the movement, of the severity of their situation.In order to reenter the besieged ghetto and rejoin the Hashomer Hatzair Combat Unit, she gave up her daughter Maya, whose later history is unknown. She died in the bunker called Miła 18 beneath the 18 Miła Street in Warsaw, where her name is engraved on a memorial headstone together with those of almost 50 Jewish fighters. <mask> was more familiarly known as Sarenka, which translates into Hebrew as Ofra. Childhood and Education

<mask> was born <mask> Zylberberg on 5 January 1920 in Warsaw, interwar Poland, to Orthodox Jewish parents: Alexander (Sender) and Masha née Nordwind. Her parents owned a dairy-goods store at 37 Nowolipki Street, and later at 40a Nowolipki. <mask> Zylberberg studied at the

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 Jewish Gymnasia and joined Hashomer Hatzair, where she became member of the "Frontline Brigade" eventually, along with Mordechai Anielewicz, Commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. While in school, she excelled at her studies, excelled also at sports, and was known for her strong organizational abilities.As of 1938, she became a group leader for the younger students who greatly admired her. She received her matriculation certificate just as the Second World War broke out on 1 September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. Two weeks later, the USSR invaded Poland from the east. In Soviet Lithuania
Sarenka escaped to eastern Poland ahead of the German advance, together with her sister Ruth. She initially arrived in Kaidani, which at the time was under the Russian control, joining Ha-Manof Kibbutz, and eventually relocating to prewar Wilno (Vilna) and joining the Hashomer Hatzair Kibbutz there. With her good education, she immediately adopted an important role in kibbutz life. She lived in Vilna with her partner, Moshe Kopito who himself was a close friend of Mordechai Anielewicz; the two men had joined the movement together much earlier.On 22 February 1941, Sarenka's daughter Maya was born. On 22 June 1941 the German army attacked the Soviet positions in eastern Poland under the code-name Operation Barbarossa. Sarenka later described the 'deportation' of Jews from the Ghetto to nearby Ponary in the suburbs of Vilna, where the Ponary massacre was carried out by Nazi Germans and their Lithuanian collaborators. She wrote:

Sarenka moved into hiding at the Polish Dominican Convent of the Little Sisters in a forest some  outside of Vilna (see: Anna Borkowska (Sister Bertranda), the Polish Righteous Among the Nations who saved them). Reportedly, Sarenka stayed


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 there together with Abba Kovner and Joseph Shamir. In all, some fifteen to 20 comrades hid in the convent together. There, the idea of the uprising took shape, and became based around Kovner's declaration: "Let us not go like lambs to the slaughter!"The connection between the Hashomer Hatzair insurgents and the Catholic convent was arranged by Yodviga Dudezits with the assistance from Irena Adamowicz, later acknowledged as the Polish Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Both women belonged to the Polish Scouts Democratic Movement, and both had been hidden by Hashomer Hatzair activists when the city was destroyed by the Russians. After Moshe Kopito was murdered by the Nazis while attempting to buy milk and supplies for their daughter, Sarenka placed Maya at an orphanage in Vilna, under the name Yodviga (Jadwiga) Sogak. Maya (whose whereabouts are not known) is still being sought to this day. At that time, the Hashomer Hatzair leadership in Vilna decided to return Sarenka to Warsaw for partisan action. Chaikeh (Chajka) Grossman was sent by the movement to bring Sarenka back to the capital. Sarenka dressed up as Chaikeh's child even though they both were young, but Chaikeh was the elder of the two.Chaikeh later wrote: "This time I didn't come to Warsaw alone. I came with Sarenka. I needed to get Sarenka from Vilna to Warsaw, after the catastrophe with Moshe Kopito, her friend. We decided to transfer her to a family in Warsaw and have her join the action there." The purpose of Sarenka's return was to continue leading the youth remaining inside the ghetto, and to assist her family with their grocery store inside the Warsaw Ghetto. Death in the Warsaw Ghetto

Sarenka reentered the Warsaw Ghetto in January 1942, with two objectives. The first was to bear the


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 message, as an eyewitness, of the methodical extermination of Jews in Punar, near Vilna; her fellow Jews had not heard these details until then.The second was to arouse and motivate rebellion against the Nazis from inside the ghetto. On her return to the ghetto, a group of youth united around her, some of whom she had instructed as a counselor. She detailed the Nazi massacre. One day we were called to our brigade meeting with the new young woman delegate from the Vilna Ghetto. I think her name was Sarenka (or perhaps <mask>)? We all sat on the floor and before us stood a young woman, about 22 years old, whose hair already showed white streaks. In the twilight she looked so pretty and noble, but her eyes seemed extinguished.She described her experience of the removal of Jews by the Nazis for massacre. She died in the bunker under Miła 18, where her name is engraved. References

Sources
The Book of Jewish Partisans, Volume 2: 707
Chiakeh Grossman, "The Underground Activists". Moreshet Publishers, 1965: 109
 Aliza Vitis Shomron, "Youth In Flames", pgs. 74-75
Moshe Domb, "Schmelzownik", Moreshet Publishers, 2000
Professor Dinah Porat "Holocaust and War", pg. 71
Melech Neustadt  "Destruction and Rebellion of the Warsaw Jews",  1946 pgs. 294-295
Interview with Jack Fliederbaum, Tel Aviv, 2002
Interview with Moshe Domb, Kfar Menahem, 2001

External links
  Polska article about Zylberberg
  United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article
 article about Sarenka in a polish news website

1920 births
1943 deaths
Hashomer Hatzair members
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents
People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust
Jewish military personnel
Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust
Polish women in World War II resistance
People from


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Sir <mask>, KNZM (born 1949) is an Australasian business leader, knighted for services to New Zealand business in 2009. He transitioned from CIO to CEO, leading business and culture transformations across different industries. Currently the Chairman of Craigs Investment Partners, Sir <mask> has held several Chair and Board roles and was previously CEO of ASB Bank (1991–2001), Air New Zealand (2002–2005) and the Commonwealth Bank Group (2005–2011). While at ASB, Sir <mask> was instrumental in the launch of New Zealand’s first automatic teller machines and Eftpos technology. Sir <mask> is known for his business turnaround acumen and 'no surprises' approach, demonstrating a practical and down-to-earth style. He led the banking industry globally in moving executive long-term incentives (LTIs) away from purely financial performance, linking them for the first time to customer satisfaction. Sir <mask> is a Honorary Fellow of the Institute of IT Professionals, an ambassador of the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation, was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Business by the University of New South Wales in 2012 and became a Laureate of the Business Hall of Fame in 2014.He is a strong advocate of tertiary education. Early career
Starting as a cadet at the Mobil Oil Company, Sir <mask> soon joined the Auckland Savings Bank (now ASB Bank) in 1969. He was employed in the technology department, promoted to Chief Information Officer (CIO) and then became ASB’s CEO in 1991, at the age of 41. ASB Bank (CEO 1991–2001)
When Sir <mask> became CEO, ASB was a mainly Auckland-based savings bank, ranked seventh in size of New Zealand’s banks, with BNZ was six times bigger. The transformation of ASB’s culture, technology, customer experience and business performance during Sir <mask>’s tenure as CEO was significant and led to <mask> being appointed to lead the Commonwealth Bank Group’s international operations. In his decade as CEO, ASB grew into a full-service, national

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 bank and delivered top rankings for customer service each year. The bank also delivered organic market share growth,

Air New Zealand (CEO 2002–2005)
Following September 11 and the collapse of its Australian subsidiary, Ansett Australia, Air New Zealand reported the country’s largest ever financial loss.To prevent the national airline’s collapse, the New Zealand government was forced to inject over $885 million in capital, taking a majority share in the airline. Sir <mask>, who had been retained on the Air New Zealand Board, was offered the CEO role, taking the reins in early 2002. Under his leadership, the airline became a global success story, establishing itself as Australasia’s most profitable airline and launching a number of product innovations and new aircraft types. As CEO, Sir <mask> returned the airline to profitability within 24 months and launched complete overhauls of the domestic and international products. He also introduced the A320, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft which continue to be the backbone of the airline’s fleet, and he oversaw a ten-fold increase in internet bookings from 4% to 48% of total sales volumes in twelve months. The 'look to book' ratio also rose dramatically, from 25:1 to 8:1. Commonwealth Bank Group (CEO 2005–2011)
Sir <mask> was approached by the Commonwealth Bank Board to become CEO, taking over from David Murray in mid-2005.Over the next six and a half years, Sir <mask> transformed CBA in terms of culture, shareholder value, market share and technology. He also invested in the redevelopment of the branch network and growth of business banking. Sir <mask> linked executive long-term incentives to customer satisfaction and this move, amongst others, drove an improvement in customer experience levels which saw the bank rise from worst to best of the major Australian banks, across every business area, closing a 23-point gap. In 2010, Sir <mask> was named Customer Service CEO of the Year by the Australian

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 Customer Service Institute, the only bank CEO to ever be awarded this accolade. The same year, he was also named Banker of the Year and Banker of the Decade by Banking & Finance Magazine, along with being named New Zealand CEO of the Decade and Maori Business Leader of the Year in his home country. Over his time as CEO, CBA’s share of industry Ombudsman complaints fell dramatically from 30% to 18%, at the same time as the bank’s market share grew from 21% to 24%. Sir <mask> oversaw a rise in employee engagement to world’s best practice levels and a two third increase in the share price.The rise in shareholder value saw CBA Group move from being the fifth largest company on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), to the largest and, in 2009, CBA purchased BankWest from UK-based HBOS Group. Also in 2009, Sir <mask> launched the replacement of the bank’s then 40-year-old core banking system – a project that achieved international note for its unique project management approach and successful delivery. Footnotes

References
 "The great achiever. An interview with Sir <mask>". Minter Ellison Rudd Watts. 12 May 2017. "CRAIGS INVESTMENT PARTNERS APPOINTS NEW CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER".CRAIGS INVESTMENT PARTNERS. 15 Jun 2021. "Sir <mask> Joins Wilsons Board". Wilsons | Invested In You. 30 Jun 2021. "NEW DIRECTOR APPOINTED". Fletcher Building.18 Apr 2001. "Sir <mask> joins University of Auckland Council". Scoop Independent News. 4 Sep 2012. "The Treasury appoints three new members to its Board". Treasury New Zealand. 12 Feb 2013."Sir <mask> spells out reasons for Fonterra board departure". NBR.co.nz. 26 Nov 2015. "Origin Announces Board Change". Origin Energy. 17 Jun 2015. "Starship’s History".Starship. Sep 2021. "Board leadership and governance for clear-sighted CEO succession at Air New Zealand". The University of Auckland Business School. Sep 2014. 1949 births
Living people
People from Auckland
20th-century Australian businesspeople
21st-century Australian

masks:
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris


texts:
<mask> (born March 27, 1968) is a contemporary Franco-Brazilian plastic artist. She has taken part in a number of national and international exhibitions and developed several artistic projects, including a public masterpiece in São Paulo. Biography
<mask> was born in 1968, in the city of Taubaté, and is the daughter of French painter <mask> (1933–2006) and <mask>. She has lived and worked in São Paulo since 1986, the year she left Taubaté to study plastic arts in São Paulo, at Faculdade Santa Marcelina. She studied plastic arts in France from 1988 to 1989, at École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs, at Louvre Museum, in Paris. Back in Brazil in 1989, she opened Atelier Cité in São Paulo, with the plastic artist Verena Matzen. In 1996, Tuchband created a public masterpiece with the panel São Paulo Viva at Santa Cruz subway station in collaboration with the artist Verena Matzen, in São Paulo.The  mural consisted of 180 hand-painted ceramic pieces, installed with the collaboration of the architect Paula Pedrosa, Arte no Metrô project of the City Government of São Paulo. In 1999, her name was included in the Bénézit Dictionary (ed. Gründ, 1999), a reference dictionary of painters, sculptors, designers and engravers all over the world. Tuchband created fresco paintings to the company Unilever in São Paulo in 2004. In 2007, she was invited to create an artwork in celebration of the company O Boticário. The same year, her work O Amor Move o Mundo competed in Abril Journalism Award. Tuchband launched her first book Será que eu sou assim?in 2008, at Museu Brasileiro da Escultura (MuBE) and at Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo. The book is an

masks:
Isabelle Tuchband
Tuchband
Emile Tuchband
Marlene Tuchband


texts: illustrated biography with several photographs of the works – paintings, sculptures and ceramics – interspersed with those of the artist herself in distinct phases of her life, thus telling what <mask> used to do at that time. Resgatando Cultura project aims at registering and disclosing the work of art of Brazilian plastic artists, in addition to fostering cultural inclusion of people with special needs. In 2010, she launched engraving boxes with Editora Buriti, at Livraria da Vila in São Paulo. The same year, she painted the mural at Bar d'Hôtel of Hotel Marina All Suites, in Rio de Janeiro. <mask> painted the Chapel of Fazenda Borba Gato, in Vale do Paraíba and created a T-shirt collection to the store Bobstore and also a collection of canvas and ceramic pieces called 1001 Noites to the store Conceito Firma Casa, in São Paulo in 2011, and the same year, the bags of the store Tok&Stok were launched, with a reproduction of her work J'aime Paris au mois de mai. <mask> took part in the launch of the 2011 Fall-Winter collection of the store Diane von Fürstenberg, at Shopping Iguatemi, in São Paulo.During a trip to France, she carried out a mural painting at the house of the Dumetz family in Nice. In December 2011, her second book was launched called Atelier Cité — Paixões Declaradas/Professed Passions together with the artist Verena Matzen, in São Paulo. The book tells, by means of photographs and works, the history of Atelier Cité, fruit of great friendship and partnership between both artists. In 2012, <mask> created a jewelry collection called Gitane for the Italian designer Francesca Romana Diana, in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro, and was

masks: Tuchband Tuchband Tuchband Tuchband


texts:
 photographed by the American photographer The Selby. In January 2013, she exhibited her works at WN Gallery in New York, a collective exhibition called The New Collectors Selection Exhibition by Basak Malone. She exhibited at Espaço Cultural Citi Bank, with the curator Jacob Klintowitz, during an exhibition called "<mask> e a narrativa primordial". She took part in the launch of the book Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013 and created an Easter Egg to Ferrero Rocher.An exclusive 3-liter bottle of Veuve Clicquot painted by the artist was auctioned by BrazilFoundation, during BrazilFoundation Gala São Paulo. Style
The bright color is an omnipresent element in the work of <mask>. The colorful canvas painted in acrylic usually represent women, flowers and enchanted worlds. <mask> loves portraying people and families. She also uses collage on the surface of the canvas. Ceramic vases and plates are also part of the painter’s collections. When it comes to painting, her favorite source of inspiration is music.Works

 Public art masterpiece São Paulo Viva at Santa Cruz subway station in São Paulo, ceramic panel, 1996. J'aime Paris au mois de mai, 92x73cm, 2010. Gueixa Yoyô, 90x140cm, 2011. 1001 Noites, 170x140cm, 2011. Menina com pandeiro, 71x88cm, 2011. Alma Plena, collection of ceramic vases, 2013. Exhibitions
 1992 - São Paulo exhibition at Galeria Consolação, São Paulo para Todos' project of the City Government of São Paulo.1993 - Faianças individual exhibition at Banespa Museum, in São Paulo. 1994 - Exhibition at Café Design Tok&Stok, in São Paulo and Curitiba. 1995 - Exhibition at Banespa Museum, in São Paulo, and Loja Hum, in Rio de Janeiro. 1996 -

masks:
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle


texts: Vase Vide exhibition at Casa Brasil-Espanha - Madrid, Spain. 1997 - Vase Vide individual exhibition at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. Exhibits at Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Campinas (MACC), São Paulo. Makes an exhibition called Artistes et Écrivains at L'Adresse Musée de La Poste, in Paris, France.Exhibits at Gaia ecological center, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. Makes an exhibition called Eles por Nós — Retratos at Atelier Cité, in São Paulo. 1998 - Artuelle collective exhibition in Beirut, Lebanon. Makes an exhibition with her father Emile <mask>, called Tuchband & Tuchband at Galeria Casa das Artes, in São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition called Vive L'Afrique at Musée de L'Homme, in Paris, France. 2001 - México Imaginário echibition at Centro Cultural Casa das Rosas, in São Paulo. Exhibits works at Galeria Cité in São Paulo, during an exhibition called Confiance et Sérénité.2002 - Alma Paulista exhibition, in São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition in Berlin, Germany. Makes an individual exhibition called Ma Vie at the venue Esfera, in São Paulo. 2003 - Individual installation at Bienal Pavilion, in São Paulo. Makes an individual exhibition called Voilá mon Coeur at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. 2004 - Individual exhibition at Canvas, Hotel Hilton de São Paulo, São Paulo. Exhibits works at the individual exhibition Fellini, at Centro Cultural Chakras, in São Paulo.2005 - Exposition at Assembléia Municipal de São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition at the venue Alumni Hall, in São Paulo and at Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (MAM), in Rio de Janeiro. Individual exhibition at Roti, in São Paulo.


texts:
 Exhibition and launch of the book Voyage d'Amour, Maison Z, in São Paulo. 2007 - Individual exhibition O Amor que Move o Sol e as Outras Estrelas, in Lisbon and Cascais, Portugal. 2009 - Papa et moi no Museu exhibition at Museu de Arte Brasileira da Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado MAB-FAAP, in São Paulo, with works by <mask> and her father Emile <mask>. 2010 - Aba Sheli exhibition at the Gallery of Jewish Cultural Center, with works by Emile and <mask>, in São Paulo.Viens individual exhibition, at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. Amour, Délices et Lumières exhibition at the store Dominici, in São Paulo. 2012 - Continuar-me exhibition at ProArte Galeria together with the artist Verena Matzen, São Paulo. 2013 - Exhibition at WN Gallery, Basak Malone presents The New Collectors Selection Exhibition, New York City. <mask> e a narrativa primordial exhibition at Espaço Cultural Citi, with the curator Jacob Klintowitz, São Paulo. 2014 - Horizontes 4x4 collective exhibition for the launch of the book Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013, São Paulo. Exhibits works during À Vous individual exhibition at Hotel Negresco, Nice, France.Personal life
<mask> has a son, Max Joseph born in 2005, with Joseph Catão. Bibliography

Bénézit, E. Dictionnaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs. Paris : Gründ, 1999. .
Finocchiaro, A. Será que eu sou assim?. São Paulo: Instituto Olga Kos, 2008. .
<mask>, I. & Matzen, V. Atelier Cité – Paixões Declaradas/Professed Passions. São Paulo : Luste, 2011. .
Souza Ramos, Corinna.Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013''. São Paulo: Ipsis Gráfica e Editora, 2014.  .

References

1968 births
Living people
People from

masks:
Isabelle
Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Tuchband
Tuchband


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<mask> (May 27, 1823 – September 2, 1874) was an American soldier. A career military officer in the United States Army and a Union general during the American Civil War, he served in North and South Carolina during the war. A postbellum expert in underwater demolition, he wrote a treatise on the subject in 1869. He continued with the Army after the war, using his expertise as assistant to the Chief Engineer in Washington, DC and at a post on Lake Erie. From 1862 to December 1863 <mask> commanded the Department of North Carolina. After the Emancipation Proclamation, he appointed Horace James, a Congregational minister, to help freedmen prepare for independent life, and directed a former contraband camp to be developed as the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island. By 1864, 2,200 freedmen were settled on household plots.Many worked for pay for the Army, which held the forts. Under President <mask>, after the war, the Army abandoned the colony. Most of the freedmen chose to return to the mainland for work. Early life
<mask> was born in Whitefield, New Hampshire. When he was ten, his family moved to Nashua, where he attended the local schools before enrolling in the Hancock Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1846, fourth in his class of 59 cadets. He first served as an engineer during the Mexican–American War, under Winfield Scott.Severely wounded at the Battle of Molino del Rey, he won two brevet promotions for bravery. After the war, <mask> returned to West Point as an instructor. In 1858 he was on engineering duty in Charleston Harbor, where he helped in the construction of Fort Sumter. Civil War
Promoted to captain of U.S. engineers, <mask> was in command of the garrison at Fort Moultrie when the Civil War began. He immediately transferred his small force to

masks:
John Gray Foster
Foster
Andrew Johnson
Foster
Foster
Foster


texts: Fort Sumter and became second-in-command to Maj. Robert Anderson during the Battle of Fort Sumter. <mask> was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on October 23, 1861, and commanded the 1st Brigade in Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's North Carolina Expedition. He was conspicuous in action at the battles of Roanoke Island and New Bern.After the Battle of Roanoke Island, the Union renamed the Confederate Fort Bartow as Fort <mask> in his honor. The US Army dismantled the three forts on the island in late 1865 after the end of the war. After General Burnside was transferred to Virginia, <mask> assumed command of the Department of North Carolina. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 18, 1862, and led the Goldsboro Expedition. During Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign, upon hearing of a planned Confederate attack on Washington, North Carolina, <mask> personally assumed command of its defenses. When D. H. Hill demanded the surrender of Washington, <mask> defiantly replied, "If you want Washington, come and get it." Hill's forces besieged the garrison and two Union relief expeditions were turned back.<mask> escaped the besieged city and personally lead a relief column back. Hill withdrew his forces shortly afterward. Both Confederate and Union forces burned down much of the town. In December, <mask> led the Goldsboro campaign won two minor battle at Kinston and Goldsboro against inferior confederate forces led by brigadier general Nathan G. Evans, resulting in the shutdown of the vital Confederate supply line of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad for merely two weeks. After President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in rebel territory, in April 1863 <mask> appointed Horace

masks: Foster Foster Foster Foster Foster Foster Foster Foster


texts: James, an experienced Congregational chaplain, as "Superintendent of Negro Affairs for the North Carolina District." To support the transition to freedom for former slaves, he was to develop a colony from the contraband camp that had developed on Roanoke Island. It became known as the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867).James also managed other camps for freedmen in the state, such as one at Trent River near his base at New Bern. <mask> directed James to settle the people, give them farming tools and prepare them for a "free and independent community." By 1864, 2,200 freedmen lived on Roanoke Island, settled on individual household plots, and working for pay for the Army. James recruited teachers and founded several schools. A sawmill was built and a fisheries started. More than 150 freedmen from the island joined the nearly 4,000 from North Carolina who joined the United States Colored Troops. After the war, the Army dismantled the forts.Due to President <mask>'s returning lands to Confederate landowners, the colony was abandoned. Most of the freedmen chose to be transported to the mainland, where they looked for work. By 1870, only 300 remained on the island. In December 1863, <mask> was sent to Tennessee to assume command of the Department of the Ohio and its corresponding Army of the Ohio. He was in command for only a short time before he was badly injured in a fall from his horse. Upon his recovery, he took command of the Department of the South and aided in forcing the surrender of Savannah, Georgia. He was making preparations for the surrender of Charleston, but his wounds forced him to relinquish command to Maj. Gen. Quincy A<mask>.<mask> was assigned to command of the Department of Florida at the end of the war, receiving a promotion to the rank

masks:
Foster
Andrew Johnson
Foster
. Gilmore
Foster


texts:
 of major general in the volunteer service and brevet major general in the regular army. Postbellum
After the war, <mask> remained in the army, being promoted to lieutenant colonel of engineers in 1867. Promoted to colonel of engineers in 1871, he was involved in military and underwater surveying. He became an expert in underwater demolition, publishing a definitive manual on the subject in 1869 that became the acknowledged reference work. From 1871 until 1874, he was assistant to the Chief of Engineers in Washington, D.C. His final post was as superintendent of the Harbor of Refuge on Lake Erie. <mask> died in Nashua, New Hampshire, and was buried in Nashua Cemetery. The first official reunion of the New Hampshire Veterans Association, which took place in Manchester, New Hampshire in October 1875, was named Camp J.G.<mask>. Honors
 The <mask> G. <mask> Post #7 of the Grand Army of the Republic in Nashua was named in his honor. In 1900, Fort <mask> in Maine was named in his memory by the US Army. It is preserved as a park. See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

 Eicher, <mask>., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . Further reading
 Clarence E.E. Stout, "<mask> <mask>," The Granite Monthly, (1882).Frank G. Noyes, "Biographical sketch of Major-General <mask><mask>, son of New Hampshire, soldier of the Republic," The Granite Monthly, (1899). External links
 <mask><mask> webpage
 Fort Foster webpage
 <mask> biography

1823 births
1874 deaths
People from Whitefield, New Hampshire
United States Military Academy alumni
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army generals
People of New Hampshire in the American Civil War
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
American military

masks:
Foster
Foster
Foster
John
Foster
Foster
John H
John Gray
Foster
John G
. Foster
John G
. Foster
Foster


texts:
<mask> (13 August 1921 – 31 March 1944), was an officer in the Royal Air Force and member of a British Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
bomber crew who was shot down and taken prisoner during the Second World War. Notable for his part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 when he almost reached Switzerland but was one of the men recaptured and subsequently murdered by the Gestapo. War service
<mask> was born in Hackney, London the son of Ethel Grace and <mask> a postal worker and former soldier. It is noted that some sources state that he was born in Clapton, London. He was well known as a premier league table tennis player in the London region when he enlisted in the Royal Air Force in 1941 as an aircrew candidate with the service number 1287613. Cochran completed basic training and commenced specialised training in the dual trades of wireless operator and air gunner. Following the award of his aircrew brevet he was commissioned as pilot officer with service number 122441 and posted to No.10 Operational Training Unit a squadron flying Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bombers on anti-submarine patrols from RAF St Eval while completing the operational training of its men ready for missions with RAF Bomber Command. Prisoner of war

Flying operationally with No.10 Operational Training Unit aboard Armstrong Whitworth Whitley Mark V (serial number "AD671"), Cochran was a member of the crew of Sergeant C N Ellis when they took off from RAF St Eval on 8 October 1942 on a mission to hunt u-boats making passage in the Bay of Biscay between their home ports and the North Atlantic convoy routes. Their Whitley was intercepted by a German long-range maritime patrol aircraft Junkers Ju 88 flown by Leutnant Dieter Meister of 13 Staffel, Kampfgeschwader 40 and shot down into the Bay of Biscay. The British crew survived the attack and made it ashore in France. Cochran immediately went on the run and evaded capture for over a month but was eventually taken prisoner by the Germans on 9 November 1942 based on their

masks:
Dennis Herbert Cochran
Cochran
Herbert William Cochran


texts:
 own records. Cochran became prisoner of war No. 727 at Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland).He was a highly enthusiastic tunneller and spoke nearly fluent German having learned the language since a boy. While in captivity he was promoted flying officer He had experience of escaping having been on the run previously after an escape, on that occasion dressed in the uniform of a Luftwaffe private and carrying a skilfully carved wooden replica rifle. 'Great Escape'
For the Great Escape operation <mask> was one of the primary tunnellers and that factor coupled with his command of the German language gained him the favourable position No.16 in the line of the two hundred men hoping to escape through the tunnel. As such he was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944, in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". When the Germans discovered the escape they began extensive well planned manhunts. Disguised in a uniform stained to resemble those of the displaced persons on forced labour duties all across Germany Cochran was positively sighted sweeping streets in Frankfurt am Main before travelling alone to Freiburg and then south only to be recaptured at Lörrach in distant southern German right on top of the French and Swiss frontiers. Literally only needing to cross the river to Basel in neutral Switzerland he was hand-cuffed and taken to a local police station.He was not promptly returned to Luftwaffe custody to be sent back to prison camp as was the established practice but instead he was taken by his captors to Karlsruhe Kriminalpolizei prison under the control of Oberregierungsrat Josef Gmeiner head of the Karlsruhe Gestapo. Gmeiner deputised Krimminalkommissar Walter Herberg to take Cochran out into the countryside and supervise junior ranking Gestapo agents Heinrich Boschert and Otto Preiss who would execute him there with the official story that Cochran was attempting to escape again. The instruction was to take


texts:
 Cochran's body to the nearby Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp high in the Vosges mountains where he was to be cremated in the camp crematorium. The following morning, 31 March 1944 in a soft-topped official sedan, they collected Cochran but the driver drove directly through Strasbourg to Natzweiler in error and they had to leave the camp and stop in a wooded area nearby supposedly for a break before their journey. Cochran was promptly shot dead and his body taken to the camp for cremation. He was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo. Originally cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof then buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.His name was amongst the 47 murdered officers named in the British press when the story became public knowledge on or about 20 May 1944

Awards
His conspicuous bravery was recognised by a Mention in Despatches as none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously. It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944. Other victims
See Stalag Luft III murders
The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes. References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1921 births
1944 deaths
Royal Air Force  personnel killed in World War II
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
British escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
British World War II bomber pilots
Military personnel from London
People from Hackney


texts:
Henry (before 1144–1173×77), born Rodrigo according to Hugo Falcandus, was an alleged son of the Navarrese king García Ramírez and his wife, Margaret of L'Aigle, and brother of the Sicilian queen dowager Margaret, who made him Count of Montescaglioso (1166) and then Count of the Principate (1168). Arrival in Sicily (1166)
The main primary source for Henry's life is the Sicilian court chronicler known as Hugo Falcandus. He is an extremely unfriendly source to Henry. He reports the rumour that Henry was never acknowledged as a son by the Navarrese king and was considered a bastard, the product of one of the queen's affairs. This is contradicted by the actions of his sister, who always treated him as a full brother of royal blood. Henry's birth name, also, is evidence of legitimacy, for he was probably named after King García's illustrious grandfather, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as El Cid. Falcandus sums up Henry's appearance (short and swarthy) and character thus:
This Henry was low in stature, had a thin beard and a disagreeably dark complexion.He was rash and maladroit in conversation, a man interested only by dice and gambling, and he had no other desire than to have a playmate and money to lose. Upon his arrival in Sicily Margaret made him change his name from Rodrigo (Latin Rodericus), which sounded strange to the local nobility, to the more palatable Henry (Latin Henricus). Henry arrived in the kingdom of Sicily between May and September 1166. His sister had been, since the death of her husband, William I of Sicily, regent in the name of her young son, William II. In May or a short time after, perhaps before his arrival, he was married to an illegitimate daughter of Roger II and thus his sister's sister-in-law. On this occasion he was invested with Montescaglioso on


texts:
 the mainland, probably to keep him out of court politics. He was also given the fiefs of Noto, Sclafani and Caltanissetta on the island, territories which had been governed by <mask>, the previous Count of Montescaglioso, before his imprisonment for taking part in the rebellion of 1155–56.Henry first paid a visit to Palermo, the capital and the location of his nephew's court. There "he would spend wildly, with neither forethought nor consideration" and squander his money, creating such a poor reputation that he was forced to leave for Messina on the opposite end of the island. There too he gambled and fell in with criminals, so that the queen was forced to order him to leave the island and go to Montescaglioso. First revolt and imprisonment (1167–68)
In the summer of 1167, Henry returned to Palermo in order to obtain a part in the government of the whole kingdom. According to Falcandus, he went at the instigation of his friends, who thought that he, as a royal prince, deserved the highest secular office, the chancellorship, then occupied by Richard, Count of Molise. By the summer Stephen du Perche, his and Margaret's cousin, had replaced Richard. Stephen quickly befriended Henry, but some "Spanish knights" (milites hispanos), Henry's entourage who had travelled with him from Navarre, accused the chancellor of having an affair with the queen.Henry was not so easily persuaded, as Falcandus records:
He responded that he was ignorant of French, which was most necessary at court, and that his experience was not sufficient; that he should commit to the government of the chancellor, who was wise and prudent, as well as noble, despite his affair with the queen. Stephen and Henry appear to have been the leaders, willingly or unwillingly, of two opposed court factions seeking to


texts:
 dominate the regency. Eventually the rumours of incest convinced the count of Montescaglioso to act. He initially accused the chancellor before the king, his nephew, but to no effect. Soon a conspiracy against the detested Stephen had drawn him in. On 15 December 1167, when Stephen had the court moved temporarily to Messina, Henry remained at Palermo to lead the conspirators, whose ranks included Matthew of Ajello, the gaito or judge Richard and Bishop Gentile of Agrigento. When the court returned to Palermo shortly after 12 March 1168, its last session in Messina, Henry demanded, in council, the Principality of Taranto, which had been confiscated from Simon, an illegitimate son of Roger II, and all of Simon's other lands.Then, Gilbert, Count of Gravina, another cousin of Henry and Margaret, rose in council, denounced the count and accused him of treason. The charge was easily established, as Henry had admitted the conspiracy to a judge of Messina a short time before. He was promptly arrested and interned in Reggio di Calabria, while the "Spanish knights" who had accompanied him were given a day to leave Sicily, which they did. Second revolt (1168)
After Henry's imprisonment, Margaret offered him 1,000 gold ducats if he would return to Navarre and promise never to set foot in Sicily again. She assigned a certain French priest, Odo Quarrel, a canon of Chartres Cathedral who had come to Sicily in the following of Stephen du Perche, to escort Henry back to Navarre. He was in Messina, preparing seven galleys for the departure when, on 31 March, Easter Sunday, the Messinans, who despised the chancellor, revolted. Odo was captured and the galleys were commandeered across the strait to Reggio, where Henry was released upon their demand.The citizens rowed him back to Messina as


texts:
 the leader of a second insurrection against his cousin. Henry's brief rule of Messina was marked by bloodshed. He unjailed Odo and handed him over to the people, who executed him. He also failed to prevent a massacre of all the French in the city. He successfully worked to spread the rebellion, which was openly directed against the regime of the chancellor, throughout the island. By the summer Stephen was forced to go into exile. Henry returned triumphant to Palermo with twenty or twenty-four galleys.Richard, the count of Molise, disembarked with him. Historian John Norwich believed that Henry was offered a second sum of money by the queen to return to Navarre, which this time he accepted, but Norwich's assertion that he appears no more in Italian history is false. Rule of the Principate
In July 1168 Henry was invested with the Principate and formally made submission in order to obtain it. In a document dated 8 December he is titled "by the grace of God and the king Count of the Principate and brother of the Lady Queen Margaret". Henry only appears in two more document, one of 1170, the other, his last appearance, of July 1173. He was dead by September 1177, when his widow is cited in a dating clause as regent in the Principate for her son, Henry's heir, William IV. She continued in the regency for almost two decades.Another charter of 1179 also mentions her husband. The first recorded instance of William ruling in his own right dates to April 1195. Notes

Further reading

E. Cuozzo. "Milites e testes nella contea normanna di Principato". Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, LXXXVIII (1979), 161ff. J. Alio. Margaret, Queen of Sicily.New York, 2016. 12th-century nobility from the Kingdom of Navarre
Navarrese infantes
Kingdom of Sicily people
House of


texts:
<mask>  (born January 1946, in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, UK) is a safety expert in vehicle crashworthiness with a background in accident and injury investigation, and analysis. As an engineer and later as Honorary Chief Research Scientist, <mask> has been involved in the UK Government’s programme of Crash Injury Research for nearly 30 years. A pioneer in his field, key highlights of his career include undertaking the research that helped lead to the mandatory wearing of the seat belt in the UK, the development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Barrier Crash Test and the establishment of the safety organisation Euro NCAP. <mask> was awarded a C.B.E. in 2008. <mask> has provided advice to the World Bank (1), the World Health Organization, the European Commission and Central European and North African countries on transport safety and the provision of emergency services (2-4). Safety career
<mask> joined the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in 1972 as a Scientific Officer.For two years he was involved in investigating accident causation – when the police were called to an accident, so was <mask>. He spent time investigating the contributing factors to an accident. Was it the road user, vehicle, road or the surrounding environment? (5,6) In 1976 he reported on his analysis of brake defects and their contribution to accidents (7). In 1974, his research attention turned to the study of car occupant injuries. He analysed and reported on the direct connection between the accident, resulting injuries, their causes and the effectiveness of safety features. He gathered medical data, inspected cars and sent questionnaires.His conclusions were clear: intrusion

masks:
Charles Adrian Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs
Hobbs


texts:
 into the passenger compartment of the vehicle during a frontal impact accident played a very major role in causing injuries. (8-10)

As a result of this research, he realised how effective wearing a seat belt was in preventing serious injury to a vehicle’s occupant. In 1978, <mask> published a comprehensive study of the life-saving potential of seat belt wearing. (11-14) This study helped lead to the passing of the mandatory seat belt wearing legislation in the UK, which came into force on 31 January 1983. (15)

<mask> then switched his research focus to vehicle safety and, in 1985, he designed a demonstration Pedestrian Safety Car (based on a Mini Metro). (16-21) He later modified this Pedestrian Safety Car to incorporate current thinking in Frontal and Side impact protection. (22,23) For side impact, conventional wisdom held that protection came from strengthening the side of the car and providing padding protection on the inside of the door.<mask> expressed his concern that many manufacturers were simply fitting door beams, located where they could increase the risk of injury. (24-31) <mask>'s modifications did improve the car, but the car still did not provide good protection or meet the proposed side impact test requirements. Elsewhere in France, Germany, and the UK another vehicle was tested. Although much weaker than the modified Metro, this car performed better. Amazed, <mask> set out to find out why and to truly understand the side impact injury process. He discovered that a lighter door rather than a heavier door bounces off the impacting car and starts moving the occupant earlier, increasing the time the body has to absorb the impact,

masks: Adrian Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


texts:
 so reducing the severity of injuries. He also discovered that when the door is controlled to move in vertically, it spreads the load over the chest, abdomen and pelvis consequently avoiding its concentration on the vulnerable chest area, reducing the possibility of a fatal injury.The provision of padding, <mask> also concluded, had to be very soft to help spread the load and cushion the impact. (32-35) These conclusions and research directly contributed to the development of the European Side Impact Directive. In the early 1990s, <mask>  identified the inadequacies in the current frontal crash test procedure and his research led to the development of the Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) Frontal Impact Crash Test. (36-52). <mask>'s frontal ODB test was adopted, in Europe and elsewhere, for both legislation and consumer test programmes. With this research under his belt, <mask> took on the study of Compatibility, the science of how cars could work together to minimise injuries to the occupants of both vehicles. (53-57) Although the research identified what needed to be changed and an assessment procedure was developed, research funding dried up and government interest in further improving car crash safety was absent.Europe
During the 1990s, <mask> was an active member of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee (EEVC) in particular of the Frontal Impact and the Compatibility Working Groups, which he initiated. He also collaborated with other working groups to develop test procedures for side impact and pedestrian protection. <mask>  was asked by the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) to present the case for the adoption of the EEVC Frontal

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texts:
 and Side Impact test procedures for European Type Approval to the European Parliament in Strasbourg. The EEVC was proposing an initial crash test speed of 56 km/h (approx. 30 mph) rather than the 60 km/h already used in research crash tests. The intention was that the test speed would later be increased to 60 km/h. This was at a European Parliament Inter-group meeting, with Max Mosley of the Federation Internationale de L’Automobile (FIA) as chairman.Industry was there to oppose – their concern was that cars could not be built to withstand the speeds proposed. Yet Max Mosley, profoundly moved by the recent death of Ayrton Senna on the race track, developed an increased interest in reducing the road accident injury toll. The death of a racing driver had spurred on the cause to improve car safety for the public and to prevent millions of deaths on European roads. A new consumer information programme
Meanwhile, back in the UK Hobbs had been working on a proposal for an independent crash test programme called UK NCAP. His proposal, presented in 1994, outlined to the UK department of Transport the concept of a consumer information programme based on the EEVC proposed frontal impact, side impact and pedestrian protection crash test procedures. His reason for a consumer-based information car-testing programme was clear. He cited the New Car Assessment Programme in the US that had had a more significant effect on changing car design than any US legislative test.He also cited the magazine Auto Motor und Sport and the ADAC, in Germany, whose published car crash tests results were already influencing how manufacturers designed their cars, as they


texts:
 endeavoured to obtain good ratings in the published tests. The Department of Transport agreed to go ahead with the proposal and initiated the first phase of tests and assessments. (58-60) Following further discussions with the European Commission, in Brussels, (61,62) <mask> mentioned the proposal to Max Mosley. Mosley was inspired to help and make <mask>’s wish for a Europe wide consumer test programme a reality. Called initially the UK NCAP programme it later came to be branded, with the support of the FIA and other European players, as Euro NCAP. "No politician would put in legislative standards that a manufacturer couldn’t meet. It was necessary to create a competitive market place for safety, which ensured that carmakers exceeded basic standards.It was imperative to empower the safety engineer in the heart of carmakers so that their managements made safety a priority"

EURO NCAP
Euro NCAP (the European New Car Assessment Programme) is now an established consumer-testing programme that assesses and publishes the safety of new cars and provides valuable safety information to consumers. Thousands of crash-tested cars later and the award of thousands of stars to industry, Euro NCAP has led to the establishment of other similar consumer programmes across the world and has contributed greatly to the safety of cars available on the European market. Yet it all began with <mask>’s persistence and a group of dedicated safety pioneers. The inaugural meeting of Euro NCAP was held in December 1996 with only a few members: the UK Department of Transport, the FIA, the Swedish National Road Association (SNRA) and International Testing. The very first

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


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 results of 7 crash-tested super-minis were released publicly to the media in early 1997, much to the consternation of industry. (63-67)

<mask> was the first Chairman of the Technical Working Group and he later became Secretary General until his retirement in 2007. Euro NCAP’s team of engineers and labs now carry out a frontal, side impact and pedestrian protection test as well as assessments on child protection and on the range of technologies existing within the car.Tests are carried out on all vehicles from super-minis to SUVs to the latest hybrids and petrol engines, resulting in a star rating with a maximum award of 5 stars. Special awards are also given to car makers with innovative technologies. Safety achievements and developments in the industry, as a direct result of the work of Euro NCAP, have included the following:

For frontal impact protection: improved car structures limiting passenger compartment intrusion, so providing space for the restraints to operate without the occupants impacting the car’s interior, improved seat belts with pre-tensioners and load limiters, improved multi stage frontal airbags, removal of hazards in the knee impact area and knee protecting air bags. For side impact protection: improved car side structures with airbags to protect the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis, and pole impact protection. Additional achievements have been: car fronts with improved pedestrian protection, improved child occupant protection, provision of effective reminders to wear seat belts, promotion and greater introduction of technologies such as electronic stability controls, autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warnings.


texts:
 Personal life
<mask> continues to provide consultancy on road and vehicle safety issues and provides advice to the media. He is a motor sport enthusiast having been a rally driver in his youth.Since retirement, he has become involved in supporting a number of local and national organisations. Since 1974, he has been married to Jacqueline, a retired teacher with a keen focus on special needs. Their adopted son Philip died in 2002, aged 28. <mask> and Jackie live together in Berkshire. References

 Gerondeau, C et al, (1992) “Qualitative Analysis of the System to Campaign against Road Accidents,” World Bank - European Commission, New York and Brussels. <mask>, C A et al, (1993), “Road Traffic Accidents in Morocco,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1985), “Information and Guidelines on the Use of The Basic Data Set on Accidents,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen.Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1987), “A Basic Data Set and Guidelines for Its Use,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Harvey, Chris, (28 July 1974) “Crash course to cut accidents,” Sunday Times, London. Spicer, Roy, (30 November 1975) “There’s a Boffin in Your Back Seat,” Sunday Mirror, London. <mask>, C A, (1976) “Brake Defects in Cars,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference on “Braking of Road Vehicles,” Loughborough. <mask>, C A, (1980), “Car Occupant Injury Patterns And Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the Eighth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Wolfsburg. Mills, P J, and C A <mask>, (1984).”The Probability Of Injury To

masks: Hobbs Adrian Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs Hobbs


texts: Car Occupants In Frontal And Side Impacts,” Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Chicago. <mask>, C A.(1991) “The Need For Improved Structural Integrity in Frontal Car Impacts,” Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Paris. <mask>, C A, (1978), “The Effectiveness of Seat Belts in Reducing Injuries to Car Occupants,” TRRL Laboratory Report 811, Crowthorne. Timberlake, Lloyd, (10 July 1978), “So fasten your seatbelts,” Jerusalem Post, Israel,. “Recent British study finds seatbelts cut injuries in half,” The Windsor Star, Ontario, (15 November 1978). Timberlake, Lloyd, (14 November 1978) “Seatbelts get more backing in new, rigorous British study,” Edmonton Journal, Alberta,. “Road Traffic (Seat Belts) Bill,” Weekly Hansard, Issue No. 1135 Pg 1793, House of Commons, London, (16 – 22 March 1979).<mask>, C A et al, (1985), “PSC1 - A Demonstration Car with Improvements for Pedestrian Protection,”  Proceedings of the Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oxford. “Safety Metro unveiled,” Autocar, London, (10 July 1985). Rolfe, Allen, (October1985) “Safety Car,” Performance Car, London. “Crash,” (1989), Horizon - BBC Television, United Kingdom. “How Safe are our Children,” (1991), World in Action – Granada for Independent Television, United Kingdom. “Speed,” (2000), Panorama – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1997), “Progress Towards Improving Car Occupant Protection in Frontal Impacts,” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington.<mask>, C A et al, (1987) “Development of

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texts: the European Side Impact Test Procedure and Related Vehicle Improvements.” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington. “Trapped: can door beams kill?,” Top Gear, London, (October 1993). “Side impact bars don’t help says Renault safety chief,” The Sunday Times, London, (16 July 1994). Carter, Matthew, (23 July 1994), “The side-effects of trying to bar accidents,” The Weekend Telegraph, London. “Experts call for door beam rethink,” Complete Car, London, (August 1994). Oxford, Bob, (14 October 1994) “Row erupts over effectiveness of side impact bars,” Fleet News, Peterborough. Johnstone, Helen, (19 October 1994), “Side impact bars facing a broadside of criticism,” The Daily Telegraph - The Motor Show, London.“Lateral Thinking,” Complete Car, London, (December 1994). Hiday, Jeffrey, (12 February 1995), “Studies question side impact door beams,” The Providence Sunday Journal, Providence, Rhode Island. <mask>, C A and M G Langdon. (1988), “Thoracic Impact and Injury in Side Impact Accidents,” Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on The Biomechanics of Impacts, IRCOBI” Bergisch Gladbach. <mask>, C A, (1989), “The Influence of Car Structures and Padding on Side Impact Injuries,” Proceedings of the Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Gothenburg. Hamer, Mike, (22 October 1987), “Euro Sid sets the standard on car safety,” New Scientist, London. <mask>, C A, (1995), “Dispelling the Misconceptions about Side Impact Protection,” Advances in Occupant Protection Technologies for the Mid-Nineties (SP-1077) SAE International Congress and Exposition,


texts: Detroit.<mask>, C A, (1990), “Essential Requirements for an Effective Full Scale Frontal Impact Test – SAE 900410. SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. <mask>, C A, (1992), “The Need for a Deformable Impact Test Surface for Frontal Impact Testing.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Seminar on Frontal Impact Testing, London. <mask>, C A, And D A Williams, (1994), “The Development of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier Test,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Munich. <mask>, C A, (1995), “The Rationale and Development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Impact Test Procedure,” Issues in Automotive Safety Technology: Offset Frontal Crashes, Airbags, and Belt Restraint Effectiveness (SP-1072), SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1990) “Vehicle Safety ’90,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Steven, Catherine, (18 October 1991), “It’s no accident,” The Guardian, London.Shelley, Tom, (April 1993), “Real accidents make safer cars,” Eureka, Dartford. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1993). “Softer barriers for impact testing,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. “Are we being sold a dummy?,” Complete Car, London, (November 1994). Thomas, James, (22 March 1995), “Car makers face crash test U-turn,” Autocar, London. Wolmar, Christian, (20 March 1995), “Motorists demand stricter car tests,” The Independent, London. Bailey, Eric, (25 March 1995), “EU car crash tests ‘are too easy to pass’,” The Daily Telegraph, London.Nelson, Chris, (9 June 1995), “Desktops

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texts: will do fine if it comes to the crunch,” The Daily Telegraph, London. “Safety secrets: the hidden killer,” What Car?, London, (February 1996). “Have our Cars Really Become Safer,” (1 March 1993), Watchdog – BBC Television, United Kingdom. “The Driven Man – Rowan Atkinson,” (1990), Central Independent Television, United Kingdom. “J G Ballard – Crash,” (1991), Bookmark – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1996), “Compatibility of Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. Wykes, N J et al (1998) “Compatibility Requirements for Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor.Edwards, M et al, (2000), “Compatibility – The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Vehicle Safety 2000 Conference, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Edwards, M et al, (2001), “The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam. Bradsher, Keith, (24 September 1997), “A Deadly Highway Mismatch Ignored,” The New York Times. <mask>, C A, (1996), “United Kingdom - New Car Assessment Programme (UK-NCAP),” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. <mask>, C A, and P J McDonough, (1998), “Development of the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP),” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor.


texts: “How Safe is Your Car,” (14 October 1997), First Edition – Carlton Television, United Kingdom. Eason, Kevin, (25 March 1995), “Safety ‘scandal’ puts hundreds of lives at risk,” The Times – Car 95, London.“Berger – Safety Campain” (sic), (25 March 1995), Eurosport News, Brussels. Murray, Bob, (8 February 1997), “The man who must carry on crashing,” The Daily Telegraph - Motoring, London. “Carmakers work to meet denounced test standard,” Professional Engineer, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, (12 February 1997). Evans, John, (12 February 1997), “Row erupts over NCAP testing,” Autocar, London. Weir, Andrew, (November 1998), “This Crash Could Save Your Life,” Reader’s Digest, London. Foley, Vivian, (1999), “Is Your Car Safe?,” Vision Publications, Cork, . “Safety Award for TRL,” (15 November 1986), Motor, London.“Awards for Engineering Excellence”, (1998), 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor. Baker, Alan, (February 1999), “King of Crashes,” Automotive Engineer, London. “2004 Bertil Aldman Award,” (2004), International Research Council on Biokinetics of Impacts, Graz. Bremner, Richard et al, (25 May 2004), “The Motor Industry’s 100 Most Influential Britons,: Autocar, London. “BusinessCar Power list 2007,” BusinessCar, Foots Cray, (5 September 2007). “Birthday Honours List – United Kingdom,” (13 June 2008), The London Gazette, London. “Honours,” (14 June 2008), The Times, London.“<mask> – Mr Euro NCAP,” (Winter 2012), Advanced Driving - The Institute of Advanced Motorists, London. “Individual Achievement – Safety Awards 2013,” (30 May 2013), Global NCAP Annual Meeting, Seoul. Other selected


texts:
 publications
 <mask>, C A et al, “Classification of Injury Severity by Length of Stay in Hospital,” (1979), TRRL Laboratory Report 871, Crowthorne. Lowne, R W et al, (1979), “The Need for a Force Measuring Dummy in Side Impact Testing,” Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineers Passenger Car Meeting, Dearborn. <mask>, <mask>, (2000), “Protecting People in Crashes- Making Cars Safer,” Best in Europe 2000 Road Safety Conference, European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, <mask> et al, (2001), “Priorities for EU Motor Vehicle Safety Design,” European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, C A, (2005), “Creating A Market For Safety – 10 Years of Euro NCAP,” The European New Car Assessment Programme, Brussels.1946 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Ilkley
Safety

masks: Hobbs Hobbs Adrian Hobbs Adrian Hobbs


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Colonel <mask> (born January 30, 1938) is a United States Air Force officer, historian, senior aerospace defense executive, author, and the first Puerto Rican graduate of the United States Air Force Academy. He was commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission to write the "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico" (A Military History of Puerto Rico). Early years
<mask> was born in the town of Yauco, Puerto Rico, which is located in the southwestern region of the island. There he received his primary education. While still young, his parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. During this period of his life, his family continued to move, and <mask> was to attend school in the Mexican city of Veracruz and finally in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1956, he graduated from Frankford High School and enrolled in Drexel University, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he completed one year of civil engineering before he received appointments for all three service academies, The United States Military Academy at West Point, The United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs.He decided for the Air Force Academy, where in 1961 he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering with a major in public affairs. <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and was awarded his navigator wings. While at Drexel University, <mask> was a member of Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. Military career
In 1962, he received his pilot wings after completing pilot training at Reese Air Force Base, in Texas. In 1964, the Air Force presented him with a scholarship to pursue a  master's degree at the University of Puerto Rico. In 1967, he graduated from the University of Puerto Rico and earned a Master of Arts degree in Hispanic Studies. Negroni served as an assistant professor of

masks:
Héctor Andrés Negroni
Negroni
Negroni
Negroni
Negroni


texts:
 Spanish in the Air Force Academy between the years 1967 and 1971.There he taught and directed all the Spanish courses. He also holds degrees from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the Air War College. <mask> participated in combat missions during the Vietnam War and accumulated over 600 combat hours. During his tour he served in the 553rd Reconnaissance Squadron stationed in Korat, Thailand and as chief of combat operation in the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in Udon, Thailand. In 1973, he was assigned to the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, serving as an aircraft commander, flight commander, assistant operations officer, and wing chief of aircrew training. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1977 and became the commander of the 3rd Mobile Aerial Port Squadron. In 1978, he was named the chief of liaison for the Joint United States Military Group in Spain.The Spanish Government presented Negroni with its highest Air Force peacetime award, the Aeronautical Merit Cross for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States-Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. In 1980, <mask> was reassigned to the Pentagon and in 1981 promoted to colonel. Among the positions which he held in the Pentagon are the following:
Latin America Politico-Military Affairs Officer for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Vice commander for the Air District of Washington at Bolling Air Force Base. Chief of the Policy and Management Division, Directorate of International Program, Deputate of Programs and Resources at the Headquarters United States Air Force in the Pentagon. Written works
<mask> has authored over 200 articles which have been published in various U.S. and foreign journals. His research of the Corsican-Puerto Rican connection has provided a wealth of information about the Puerto

masks: Negroni Negroni Negroni


texts:
 Rico's ties with Corsica.Among <mask>'s works is "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) which provides an indepth study of the Puerto Rican people. He is the author of Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A Military History of Puerto Rico (the book)), commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission, "Historia de Yauco" (The History of Yauco) and The History of the Negroni Family. Later years
In October 1985, <mask> retired from the Air Force after 24 years of service. He then joined the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. He was named manager of the International Business Development for the Harpoon anti-ship missile program in the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company. In 1987 he was appointed manager of international program development for McDonnell Aircraft Company. In 1990 he was named general manager for McDonnell Douglas Spain Ltd., a subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas Corporation.He is currently married to Joan Leah Blanco, with whom he had two sons, Hector Emilio, a CEO for Fundamental Credit Opportunities in New York City and Xavier Andres, a managing director for Pierpont Securities in Stamford, Connecticut. <mask> and his wife resided in Vienna, Virginia where he was a commercial pilot, a navigator and a certified Spanish-English diplomatic translator-interpreter. In December 1992, <mask> became a private management consultant specializing in project, marketing, and proposal management. He was also involved with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, where he acted as eastern regional director; the Latin American Management Association as executive director and  T.E. Systems, Inc. as vice president of business development. In 1996, he joined AlliedSignal Aerospace Company (which later became Honeywell International) as the general manager for their Huntsville, Alabama office. His responsibilities include

masks: Negroni Negroni Negroni Negroni


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 marketing, sales and support activities with NASA's Marshall Space Center and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.He retired from the aerospace defense industry in 2000 and currently resides with his wife in  Bonita Springs, Florida. Awards and recognitions

Among Col. <mask>'s U.S. and foreign decorations and awards are the following:

Badges:
  Command pilot
  Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge

Foreign decorations
  Cruz de Mérito Aeronáutico (Aeronautical Merit Cross), Spain
  Command Pilot Wings, Bolivia
  Spanish Air Force Pilot Wings, Spain

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
Hispanics in the United States Air Force

References

Further reading
Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

External links
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A military History of Puerto Rico)
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican soldiers
Historical Summary of the Negroni Family "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) by <mask> <mask>ni In Spanish*

1938 births
Living people
Air War College alumni
Drexel University alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel
Puerto Rican writers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force colonels
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Puerto Rican military officers
People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
People from Vienna, Virginia
Commercial

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Negroni
Héctor
Andrés Negro


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R<mask>  is a professor of Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering. He currently holds a guest professor position at Harbin Engineering University of China. He is best known for his contributions to the development of nonlinear water wave theories, hydroelasticity of very large floating structures (VLFS), wave energy, and tsunami and storm impact on coastal bridges. He is also the co-developer, along with Professor H<mask> of the University of Hawaii, of the computer program HYDRAN for solving linear fluid-structure interaction problems of floating and fixed bodies. Early life and education
R<mask> was born and raised in Turkey. He received a B.Sc. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, the top technical university of Turkey, in 1977.Following the encouragement of his advisor, Prof. <mask> Dokmeci, he moved to the Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering of the University of California at Berkeley, United States, for higher education. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 1980 and 1984, respectively. His M.Sc. advisors were Professors Marshall P. Tulin and William C. Webster. His Ph.D. advisor was Professor John V. Wehausen. <mask> was the last student of Prof. John V. Wehausen before his retirement.After graduation, Prof. Wehausen offered Cengiz a postdoctoral research assistant position for 18 months at U.C. Berkeley. Professional career
Most of <mask>'s professional career has been dedicated to academic work; however, he also has several years of experience of working in the industry. In 1985, <mask> joined the Research Center of Shell Development Company in Houston, Texas. He took a faculty position (hired at the Associate Professor level) at the Department of Ocean Engineering of the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH) in

masks:
. Cengiz Ertekin
. Ronald Riggs
. Cengiz Ertekin
M Cengiz
Cengiz
Ertekin
Ertekin


texts:
 1986, and received tenure within four years and was promoted to Professor in 1994. The Ocean Engineering Department of UH was established by Prof. Charles Bretschneider in 1966 and is one of the first of its kind in the US. At the University of Hawaii, <mask> led and contributed immensely to the success of SOEST and the Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering (ORE, formerly Ocean Engineering).In the era of PCs, for example, Prof. <mask> played a key role in transferring the department from one focusing mostly on field and experimental studies, to also a leading institute in modern and computational hydrodynamics. The department was the host of some of the internationally leading conferences, workshops and meetings (details given below), mostly organized and chaired by <mask>. After almost 30 years, he retired from the University of Hawaii in September 2015. Starting in March 2014, he became a guest professor at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in China. Teaching and advising
<mask> has taught numerous courses on hydrodynamics and ocean engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and at University of California Berkeley. At the Ocean Engineering Department of the University of Hawaii, <mask> developed and taught several courses including Nonlinear water wave theories (ORE 707), Hydrodynamics of Fluid-Body Interaction (ORE 609), Buoyancy and Stability (ORE 411), and Marine Renewable Energy (ORE 677), to name a few. At the University of California at Berkeley, he taught Ship Statics (NAOE 151) and Ship Resistance and Propulsion (NAOE 152A).At the University of Hawaii, <mask> advised and mentored over 50 graduate students. Research
<mask>'s research on Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering has extended over a period of about forty years. His

masks: Ertekin Ertekin Cengiz Ertekin Ertekin Ertekin Ertekin