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 Hardee and named in honor of Samuel Cooper. The camp was commanded by Lt. Col. <mask>. Lee of the Second Cavalry from 1856 to 1857. In a letter dated Camp Cooper, 12 April 1856, he wrote:

We are in the Comanche Reserve with the Indian camps below us on the river, belonging to Catumseh's band, whom the Government is trying to humanize. It will be up hill work I fear.Catumseh has been to see me and we have had a talk, very tedious on his part and very sententious on mine. I hailed him as a friend, as long as his conduct and that of his tribe deserved it, but would meet him as an enemy the first moment he failed to keep his word. Officers serving under Lee's command at the camp included Captain Earl Van Dorn, Captain George Stoneman, and Captain Theodore O'Hara. Major George H. Thomas succeeded Lee as commander and was wounded while pursuing Comanche warriors. The camp of 250 men under the command of Capt. S.D. Carpenter was abandoned to Col. W.C. Dalrymple, Texas Troops on 21 February 1861, after General David E. Twiggs agreed to surrender all federal military posts.Death
It was during this period, when settlers began to attack the Indians, that Neighbors became hated among white Texans. Neighbors reported that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper, near the reservations, failed to give adequate support to him and his resident agents, and adequate protection to the Indians and settlers alike. The military's attitude was shared by the settlers, who believed the reservation Indians were committing continuing raids on white settlements. In spite of continuous threats against his life, Neighbors never faltered in his determination to protect the Indians. "The main source of opposition to Major Neighbors and the reservation policy was John R. Baylor, the former Comanche agent ...


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 apparently blamed Major Neighbors for his dismissal and resented him bitterly ... arousing public opinion to oust the Major ... destroying the reservation ..."

With the aid of federal troops, Neighbors managed to protect the Indians on the reservations, successfully thwarting an attack on 23 May 1859 by John Baylor and 250 marauders. Convinced however that the Indians, especially the Comanche, would never be safe in Texas due to the continuing raids of those bands still resisting white settlement of the Comancheria, he determined to move all Indians to safety in the Indian territories. In August 1859 he, and four companies of troops under Major George H. Thomas, succeeded in moving 1420 Indians, without loss of life, to a new reservation in Indian Territory.Attacked while returning to Texas, Neighbor's party headed for Fort Belknap with Colonel Leeper as a casualty. Neighbors proceeded to the nearby village of Belknap the next morning to "wind up his accounts as superintendent of Indian affairs", where on September 14, 1859, while Neighbors was speaking with two men, he was shot in the back by Edward Cornett. Historians believe the assassination was a direct result of Neighbors' actions protecting the Comanche. He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap. Personal life
<mask> Neighbors was a Methodist, a Mason, and a leader in the temperance movement. He had married Elizabeth Ann Mays in Seguin, Texas, on July 15, 1851, and their home was on his Salado Creek ranch, now part of San Antonio, Texas. Two sons survived childhood.Further reading
Texas Memorial Museum
California Road

References

1815 births
1859 deaths
Army of the Republic of Texas officers
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Texas–Indian Wars
United States Indian agents
People from Seguin, Texas
19th-century American politicians
People from


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<mask>. (July 11, 1930 – October 4, 2020) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 53rd governor of Louisiana from January 1996 until January 2004. Early life and career

<mask>. was born in Franklin, the seat of government of St. Mary Parish. His father, also named <mask>, was an area sugar planter and owner of oil and natural gas lands, whose own father was Murphy J<mask>., who was Louisiana governor from 1892 to 1900 and a U.S. Senator from 1901 to 1913. As governor, <mask> led the campaign to disenfranchise Black citizens through the Louisiana Constitution of 1898, calling for an end to "the leprous virus of negro suffrage, thereby creating a running sore which has ever since tainted our government, both federal and state, with foul corruption and loathsome disease." <mask>'s mother, Olive Roberts (1904-1990), was descended from a prominent family in Minden in Webster Parish and Shreveport in Caddo Parish in northwestern Louisiana.<mask>'s maternal great-grandfather, Alfred Goodwill (1830-1905), was a native of England and a captain in the Confederate Army. One of the three children of Captain Goodwill and his second wife Ida, was Olive Goodwill (born circa 1875). She married Robert Roberts Jr., a former mayor of both Farmerville in Union Parish and Minden, a state representative for Webster Parish, a state district court judge, and an attorney in private practice in Shreveport. Their daughter married <mask>'s father. One of <mask>'s cousins, Jasper Goodwill, was the mayor of Minden from 1955 to 1958. <mask> attended public high school in Franklin, graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge in 1952 with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, and Southern University Law Center with a juris doctorate in 2004, the year he left the governorship. He became an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America in 1946 and was a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.He was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Zeta Zeta chapter) and The Friars. He

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Murphy James Foster Jr
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 joined the Air Force and served in the Korean War. By the time <mask> entered politics, he had already become a wealthy sugar planter and owner of a construction firm. He resided at Oaklawn Manor, an antebellum plantation mansion in Franklin. <mask> entered politics at the age of 57. In 1987, then-Democrat <mask> unseated liberal Democratic state Senator Anthony Guarisco Jr. of Morgan City by a large margin. <mask> was said to have run for the state Senate because Guarisco would not return his telephone calls.Guarisco was a vocal supporter of the defunct Equal Rights Amendment. <mask> served two terms in the state Senate and then ran for governor. Election as governor, 1995

<mask> entered the 1995 gubernatorial race as a minor candidate whom most local political observers discounted. Then in September 1995, <mask> announced he would qualify for the race as a Republican. The Republicans had not coalesced on a candidate, and <mask>'s announcement that he was switching parties vaulted him from single digits in the polls to serious contention. <mask> rode a wave of popular dissatisfaction with the more unsavory aspects of the casino gambling that had been legalized under outgoing Governor Edwin W. Edwards. <mask> came out strongly against gambling and pledged to run Louisiana "like a business."His conservative platform included attacks on welfare abuse, gun control, affirmative action, racial quotas, and political corruption. He carried the endorsement of the columnist and former Republican presidential candidate Patrick J. Buchanan. <mask> edged out two more well-known candidates for a seat in the runoff with then-United States Representative Cleo Fields from Louisiana's 4th congressional district, a prominent black Democratic politician. Future U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu ran third and missed the general election berth by just 8,983 votes (0.6 percent of the total votes cast). Former Governor Buddy Roemer, seeking a gubernatorial comeback, came in fourth place. <mask>'s embrace of the

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 Republican label and his conservative platform undercut Roemer, another Democrat-turned-Republican.Reminiscent of his grandfather's inauguration virtually a century earlier, <mask>'s inauguration ceremony on January 8, 1996, occurred at the Old State Capitol. Always a man of few words, <mask> remarked briefly about the historicity of the occasion and made cordial statements about outgoing four-term Governor Edwin Edwards, who was present. <mask> defeated black Democratic candidates in both of his campaigns for governor—Cleo Fields in 1995 and Congressman William Jefferson of Louisiana's 2nd congressional district in 1999. He defeated Jefferson in a landslide, avoiding a runoff with 64 percent of the vote. His second inauguration took place on January 10, 2000. <mask> as governor

<mask> was widely seen as having favored business to a greater degree than had previous governors. He retained the secretary of economic development, former legislator Kevin P. Reilly Sr. of Baton Rouge, the former CEO of Lamar Advertising Company of Baton Rouge.He ended state affirmative action and set-aside programs, which earned him the support of the business community but prompted protests from civil rights groups. <mask> also targeted tort reform and ended the practice by which trial lawyers could seek punitive damages from businesses. <mask> had close relations with the statewide pro-business lobbying group Louisiana Association of Business and Industry (LABI) for most of his tenure, though there were short-lived tensions in 2000 over <mask>'s attempt to raise business taxes in an effort to secure funding for higher education. By the end of his second term, <mask> was receiving criticism for his reluctance to take business trips in order to attract businesses and jobs to Louisiana, and for enrolling in part-time law school classes while still in office. He also appointed then 24-year-old Bobby Jindal, later a two-term Republican governor, as head of the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.

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texts: As his executive counsel, <mask> appointed the Democrat Cheney Joseph Jr. (1942–2015), a member of the LSU Law School faculty and a former district attorney for East Baton Rouge Parish. <mask> appointed former state Representative Terry W. Gee of New Orleans as the executive director of the Louisiana Offshore Port Authority, or LOOP.Gee remained in the post for the entire <mask> administration and worked to guarantee port security in light of the threat of terrorism. <mask> appointed education reformer and attorney Paul Pastorek to the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education; Pastorek was thereafter from 2007 to 2011 the state superintendent of education. In 2000, <mask> named Terry Landry, a veteran African-American officer, as the superintendent of the Louisiana State Police. In 2012, Landry was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives for Lafayette, Iberia, and St. Martin parishes. <mask> named Democrat former state Representative Randy Roach to head a task force on transportation infrastructure and economic development. Thereafter, Roach was elected mayor of Lake Charles. In 1996, <mask> appointed Bo Ackal, a state representative from New Iberia as his assistant on budgeting and taxation.<mask> worked to re-organize the state's community college system by creating the Louisiana Community and Technical College System, and expanded the Tuition Opportunity Program for Students (TOPS), a brainchild of the New Orleans oilman Patrick F. Taylor, so that students were eligible based on merit, rather than income. In the 2002 legislative session, <mask> credited freshman Representative Tom Capella of Jefferson Parish, now the parish assessor, with saving TOPS from the budget axe. <mask> instituted mandatory standardized testing for grade advancement in a move described by his administration as an effort to make public schools more accountable. He made increasing teacher salaries a major priority, at one point promising to stop cashing his paychecks until teachers'

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texts: salaries reached the Southern average. Andy Kopplin served as Governor <mask>'s chief of staff. He retained long-term political operative Aubrey W. Young, originally the aide de camp to Governor John J. McKeithen, as the drug and alcohol counselor in the Department of Health and Hospitals. In 1997, <mask> named former state budget director Ralph Perlman as secretary of the Louisiana Gaming Control Board, a position that Perlman held for five years while in his eighties.The two Speakers of the House under <mask>'s administration were Democrat (later Republican) Hunt Downer of Terrebonne Parish and Charles W. DeWitt Jr., a Democrat from Rapides Parish. In Louisiana, the governor practically handpicks the Speaker despite the separation of powers. <mask> also relied heavily on Republican State Representative Chuck McMains of Baton Rouge as a legislative floor leader for the administration. He named Republican Representative Garey Forster of New Orleans as his state labor secretary. Known for going to bed early, <mask> still managed to adjust to evening classes he took while Governor at the Southern University Law Center. An avid motorcycling enthusiast, <mask> introduced an initiative while governor to remove a legal mandate that required motorcyclists to wear helmets when they ride on the highways. This initiative was later overturned by his successor, Democratic Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco.In 2000, <mask> was the Louisiana campaign chairman for the Bush-Cheney ticket. Despite having run on an anti-gambling platform, in office <mask> became a quiet supporter of the gambling industry. His advocacy of a bailout bill for the Harrah's casino in New Orleans helped ensure the passage of the measure. Prior to leaving office, <mask> quarreled with fellow Republican Representative David Vitter over expanded gambling on Indian reservations. The dispute did not prevent Vitter from winning the U.S. Senate seat from Louisiana vacated by Democrat John Breaux in 2004. Atchafalaya Basin

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 Program

In November 1996 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers requested that <mask> appoint a lead agency to coordinate state participation in the Atchafalaya Basin Project. <mask> chose the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources as the lead agency.Sandra Thompson, a highly regarded state administrator from the 1970s, was called back to state government to head the project, an important position in the preservation of the environment. The project encompasses a million acres (4,000 km2) and  of swampland. In December 1996, the Atchafalaya Basin Advisory Committee was created, members appointed, and planning initiated that resulted in the Atchafalaya Basin Master Plan, as authorized by the U.S. Congress. A result of this plan was the creation of the Sherburne Complex Wildlife Management Area (Section 4.41-B) that includes the partnership of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The area consists of , and is managed by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. <mask> and David Duke

In his 1995 campaign, <mask> paid more than $150,000 for former Ku Klux Klansman David Duke's mailing list of supporters.After failing to report the purchase as a campaign expenditure, <mask> became the first Louisiana governor to admit and pay a fine for a violation of the state's ethics code. <mask> insisted that he did not need to report the expenditure because he paid Duke with his personal funds and did not utilize the list in his campaign. Duke also endorsed <mask> in the 1995 campaign. <mask> initially seemed to favor Duke's run for the Senate seat being vacated in 1996 by J. Bennett Johnston Jr., but under pressure from the Republican Party, he did not officially endorse Duke. Instead, the Republican consensus choice for the Senate was veteran state Representative Louis E. "Woody" Jenkins of Baton Rouge. Jenkins was narrowly defeated by Johnston's choice, Mary Landrieu. <mask> and Dan Richey

In


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 1997, <mask> named former state Senator Dan Richey, to head the new Governor's Program on Abstinence.The appointment became controversial in 2002, when the American Civil Liberties Union sued the state on grounds that Richey had permitted religious instruction to be used in the program in violation of federal law. <mask> and Richey went to court to defend the program and pledged that violations cited by the ACLU had been remedied. The program is underwritten by the National welfare reform law of 1996. Post governorship

In retirement, <mask> lived with his wife Alice C<mask> (born 1940), to whom he was married for over 50 years, on the family estate near Franklin. She is active in the Sunshine Foundation in Baton Rouge, which seeks to enhance self-esteem among Louisiana public school youngsters. In 2003, <mask> was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. In 2013, the state agreed to fund $2 million to renovate part of Franklin City Hall to provide housing for <mask>'s papers.On September 28, 2020, news reports confirmed <mask> entered hospice care. After spending a week in hospice care, <mask> died on October 4, 2020, at the age of 90. Electoral history

State Senator, 21st Senatorial District, 1987

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 24, 1987

State Senator, 21st Senatorial District, 1991

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 19, 1991

Governor of Louisiana, 1995

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 21, 1995

Second Ballot, November 18, 1995

Governor of Louisiana, 1999

Threshold > 50%

First Ballot, October 23, 1999

Sources
State of Louisiana – Biography
DuBos, Clancy. "<mask> on Fire." Gambit Weekly. October 3, 1995. Kurtz, David."<mask>'s Millions:  He may be a working man, but <mask> certainly doesn't have to." New Orleans Magazine, May 1996. Reeves, Miriam. The Governors of Louisiana. Gretna: Pelican Publishing, 1998. Warner, Chris. "<mask>'s Legacy: What Will it Be?"State Business Louisiana. Winter 2002. Governor Murphy J.

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texts: Joshua Milton Blahyi (born September 30, 1971), also known by his nom de guerre <mask>, is a Liberian evangelical preacher, writer and former warlord best known for his role during the First Liberian Civil War. In the conflict, Blahyi led a group of soldiers which fought on the side of United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) before converting to Christianity and becoming a pastor in 1996. Born in the Liberian capital of Monrovia to a Krahn family, Blahyi was handed by his father to several tribal elders who initiated him as a high priest in 1982 at the age of eleven. Serving as high priest, Blahyi oversaw several human sacrifices. After Liberian military officer Samuel Doe staged a coup d'état in 1980, the new regime employed Blahyi to perform black magic rituals at the presidential palace to help him win the 1985 general election. In 1989, National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) rebel leader Charles Taylor rebelled against Doe's regime, sparking a civil war. Blahyi joined ULIMO, a rival militia group, and operated primarily around the Monrovia area.During the conflict, Blahyi and his men, a group of soldiers known as the Naked Base Commandos, fought without clothing and perpetrated numerous atrocities, including human sacrifice and cannibalism. Blahyi abandoned his life as a warlord and turned to preaching after undergoing a religious conversion in 1996, attributing these actions to receiving a vision of Jesus. In 2008, Blahyi testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, claiming that his victims numbered at least 20,000 individuals. The public testimony brought mixed reactions and led to


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 international attention, leading Blahyi to be featured in several documentaries. Early life

Joshua Milton Blahyi was born on September 30, 1971 in Monrovia, Liberia. He was born into a Krahn family, some of whom resided in Sinoe County; among the Krahn people, belief in child sacrifice and black magic was common. When he was seven years old, his father granted control over him to several Krahn elders, who arranged for Blahyi to be a warrior and initiated him as a high priest in 1982, when he was at the age of eleven.As Blahyi noted in his memoirs, the role of high priest included overseeing human sacrifices. Blahyi, like other Krahn priests, would use visions to determine which individual would be sacrificed. After receiving the vision, Blahyi would "give the victim’s last name to its village elders", who would then lead a procession to the sacrifice victim's house, abducting and sacrificing them atop an altar; the victim would then be ritually dismembered. In 1980, Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) officer Samuel Doe staged a coup d'état, overthrowing then-President William Tolbert. Doe, who was also of Krahn descent, employed Blahyi to perform black magic rituals at the Executive Mansion in Monrovia, which in part were to help him in winning a general election held in 1985 to legitimize the new regime. Blahyi later explained his support for Doe as being based on tribal loyalty, as they were both members of the same ethnic group. Military career

In 1989, Charles Taylor, a rebel leader in the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), launched a rebellion against the Doe regime, sparking the First Liberian Civil War (1989–1997).After


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 Doe was murdered and his regime collapsed in 1990, the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) was founded by Krahn and Mandinka refugees and former AFL soldiers in 1991. Blahyi became a member of ULIMO and fought against the NPFL and rival militias, which came to control most of Liberia amidst the chaos of the civil war. During the conflict, Blahyi became a warlord, lead a unit of several dozen combatants (consisting primarily of child soldiers) known as the Naked Base Commandos and operated primarily in Monrovia. The unit, including Blahyi himself, frequently wore no clothing except for shoes and magic charms, earning Blahyi the nom de guerre '<mask>t <mask>'. Blahyi claimed that this practise made him and his soldiers "immune to bullets." During the conflict, Blahyi's forces perpetrated numerous atrocities, including cannibalism and human sacrifice. After the conflict, Blahyi claimed that he had a vision in which the Devil informed him "that he would become a great warrior and should practice human sacrifice and cannibalism to increase his power."Recalling the atrocities he perpetrated during the war, Blayhi stated that

Sometimes I would enter under the water where children were playing. I would dive under the water, grab one, carry him under and break his neck. Sometimes I'd cause accidents. Sometimes I'd just slaughter them. Blahyi also made his soldiers consume psychoactive drugs in order to make them more alert and willing to follow Blahyi's orders. He would later recall that whenever the Naked Base Commandos "captured a town, I had to make a human sacrifice. They bring to me a living child that I

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General But
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 slaughter and take the heart out to eat it."The rival militias, including the Naked Base Commandos, frequently fought with each other over control over Liberia's lucrative diamond fields and gold mines, and Blahyi traded gold and diamonds with Mexican drug cartels for weapons and cocaine. On April 6, 1996, the NPFL attempted to arrest ULIMO rebel leader Roosevelt Johnson in Monrovia, leading to Blahyi and other militias affiliated with Johnson to resist the attempt by force of arms. The ensuring confrontation led to an intense firefight breaking out, which ultimately resulted in the forced displacement of half of Monrovia's population. During the firefight, a bystander reported seeing Blayhi standing atop a truck, "holding an assault rifle in one hand and a man’s severed genitals in the other." Religious conversion

In 1996, as the civil war was drawing to a close, Blayhi claimed that as he saw the blood of a child on his hands, he received a vision of Jesus Christ, who "asked [Blayhi] to stop being a slave." After the vision, Blayhi converted to Christianity and became an evangelical preacher, ministering to Liberian refugees in Ghana and former combatants who had served under him during the conflict. From 2006 onwards, Blahyi travelled to Monrovia's slums in an effort to engage with former child soldiers living there.In 2008, Blayhi became the first Liberian warlord to testify before the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was established by the Legislature of Liberia after the conflicts to investigate the atrocities perpetrated during the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. During his testimony, which was


texts: broadcast live on telelvision, Blahyi stated that he believed the number of murders committed by him and the Naked Base Commandos to be at least 20,000. He was recommended for prosecutorial amnesty by the commission. In Liberia, his testimony elicited mixed responses; among the Liberian general public, Blahyi noted that he had been both publicly praised and criticized by passers-by for his actions during the war. The testimony also led to Blayhi becoming "front-page news" among Liberian press outlets, and several international journalists, including reporters from the Daily Mail and Vice Media, conducted interviews with him. In 2007, Blahyi established Journeys Against Violence, a NGO with the stated aim of helping former combatants and street children reintegrate into society. Blahyi has publicly called for Liberia to establish a war crimes court in order to prosecute suspected war criminals, arguing that former warlords such as current Liberian senator Prince Johnson to go on trial in order "to account for their individual roles played and the actions of their respective troops which committed atrocities and war crimes during the Liberian civil conflicts."In an appearance on Spoon Talk, Blahyi stated that he lives "in regrets almost every time not just because of the people who I made childless, but children who I deprived of their parents." As part of his career as an evangelical preacher, Blahyi attracted numerous benefactors from outside Liberia, including West Village pastor Bojan Jancic, who would later write the foreword to The Redemption of an African Warlord, a 2013 autobiography written by Blahyi himself and published by


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 Destiny Image Publishers, a "small Christian press". Jancic wrote in the foreword that "Not since the conversion of Saul of Tarsus on the Road to Damascus have I ever heard a conversion story more radically compelling." In popular culture

Blahyi's notoriety and public testimony has led to numerous appearances in popular culture. In 2010, Vice News produced a documentary called The Vice Guide to Liberia as part of their road travel series The Vice Guide to Travel. In the documentary, Blahyi conducted an interview with Vice, where he claimed that the planned withdrawal of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) in 2011 would lead to further violence breaking out in Liberia. The filmmakers also filmed Blahyi conducting a sermon in Monrovia.In 2011, filmmakers Eric Strauss and Daniele Anastasion produced a documentary about Blahyi titled The Redemption of General Butt <mask>, which was screened at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. The documentary focused on Blahyi's career as an ULIMO rebel leader and his life after converting to Christianity. A review by Kirk Honeycutt for The Hollywood Reporter praised the documentary for foregoing "any personal judgments to let audiences draw their own conclusions." The Book of Mormon, a 2013 satirical musical comedy written by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone, features a character named "General Butt Fucking <mask>"; the character is depicted as a Ugandan warlord, as he was originally modeled after Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) commander Joseph Kony. Parker noted in an interview with Comingsoon.net that "warlords in Liberia have such colorful names and we were reading about the one

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 named General Butt <mask>. We just ripped off his joke, basically." References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Websites

Books

1971 births
20th-century Liberian people
21st-century Liberian writers
African warlords
Converts to evangelical Christianity
Converts to Protestantism from pagan religions
Liberian cannibals
Liberian evangelicals
Liberian rebels
Liberian religious leaders
Living people
Krahn people
Military history of


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<mask> ( , ; 3 November 1801 – 4 October 1859) was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. <mask> was descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers. He was the eldest of ten children of Gottschalk Diederich Bädeker (1778–1841), who had inherited the publishing house founded by his own father, Zacharias Gerhard Bädeker (1750–1800). The company also published the local newspaper, the Essendische Zeitung, and the family expected that <mask>, too, would eventually join the firm. <mask> changed the spelling of the family name from Bädeker with the umlaut to Baedeker around 1850. Biography

<mask> was born in Essen, then in the Kingdom of Prussia, on November 3, 1801. After his schooling in Hagen, he left home in 1817 to study humanities in Heidelberg where he also worked for a while at the leading local bookseller J.C.B.Mohr. Military service followed, after which he moved to Berlin where he worked as an assistant at Georg Andreas Reimer, one of the leading booksellers in the city, from 1823 to 1825. He then returned home to Essen and worked with his father until 1827 when he left for Coblence (now Koblenz) to start his own bookselling and publishing business. Essen was then a small town with about 4000 inhabitants and he felt that Koblenz, which was not only larger, but was also the capital of the Prussian province of the Rhine and a hub for tourism, had far more to offer. In 1832, <mask>'s firm acquired the publishing house of Franz Friedrich Röhling in Koblenz, which in 1828 had published a handbook for travellers by Professor Oyvind Vorland entitled Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende (A Rhine Journey from Mainz to Cologne; A Handbook for Travellers on the Move). This book provided the seeds for <mask>'s own travel guides. After Klein died and the book went out

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 of print, he decided to publish a new edition, incorporating some of Klein's material but also added many of his own ideas into what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller or reader.<mask>'s ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside the travel guide: about routes, transport, accommodation, restaurants, tipping, sights, walks and, of course, prices. In short, the lot. While the travel guide was not something new (Baedeker emulated the style of English guide books published by John Murray), the inclusion of detailed information on routes, travel and accommodation was an innovation. <mask> was always generous in acknowledging the part John Murray III had played in nurturing his outlook on the future development of his guides. As a bookseller in Koblenz, he had often seen tourists enter his bookshop, either carrying a red Murray guide or looking for one. At the time, John Murray III was the leader in the field, but <mask> was about to change that. He is often referred to as the 'father of modern tourism'.In 1846, <mask> introduced his famous 'star' ratings
(for sights, attractions and lodgings) in the third edition of his Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat - an idea based on the Murray guides star system. This edition was also his first 'experimental' red guide. He also decided to call his travel guides 'handbooks', following the example of John Murray III. Baedeker's early guides had tan covers, but from 1856 onwards, Murray's red bindings and gilt lettering became the familiar hallmark of all Baedeker guides as well, and the content became famous for its clarity, detail and accuracy. Travel guides

From Baedeker: Ein Name wird zur Weltmarke

<mask>'s list:

1828: Rheinreise von Mainz bis Cöln; Ein Handbuch für Schnellreisende

 This was the travel guide written by

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 Klein that <mask> inherited when he bought the firm of Röhling. Baedeker reissued the guide in 1832. In 1835 he published a revised edition but in 1839, he brought out a comprehensively revised and augmented edition, which bore little resemblance to Klein's original work.Many regard this to be the first true Baedeker which set the standards for what lay ahead. 1829: Extract from 'Rheinreise'. 1829: Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne

1829: Coblence; an extract from 'Le Rhin'. 1835: Holland

1835: Belgien

1839: Moselreise von Trier bis Koblenz mit geschichtlichen Bemerkungen

1842: Handbuch für Reisende durch Deutschland und den Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaat

1844: Schweiz

Despite being a virtual translation of John Murray III's 1838 "Handbook for Travellers in Switzerland", this edition was Baedeker's pièce de résistance and the turning point in his career as a publisher of travel guides. One of the most popular Baedeker handbooks, it ran into 39 revised editions until 1937. La Suisse, its French counterpart, appeared in 1852 and ran into 20 editions until 1928. The English edition (Switzerland) appeared, after Baedeker died, in 1863 under <mask> II and ran into 28 editions until 1938.The founding father's guides and handbooks are only in German and French.1847: Bad Bertrich im Uesbachthale an der Mosel

1851: Handbuch für Reisende in Deutschland, Erster Theil: Oesterreich, Süd- und West-Deutschland

1852: La Suisse

1853: Handbuch für Reisende in Oesterreich

1855: Südbayern, Tirol und Salzburg, Oberitalien

1855: Paris und Umgebung. nebst Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne und den Eisenbahn-Strassen vom Rhein bis Paris

Paris became another highly popular title. 1859: La Hollande et la Belgique

Maps

From the beginning, Baedeker realised the importance of including quality, reliable maps in his travel guides, which were black-and-white initially. To this end, he engaged

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 the services of Eduard Wagner of Darmstadt, a specialist in cartography, and the maps he produced for Baedeker were way ahead of the times. An accurate cartography of Tripoli and El-Mina in 1906 under the Ottoman Empire can be found in French in the book edited by Leipzig and entitled Palestine et Syrie. Manual of conversation

The first Baedeker travel guide in English appeared in 1861 after <mask>'s death. However, in 1836 he published The Traveller's Manual of Conversations in English, German, French and Italian.The 352-page book also contained many useful Dutch expressions and vocabulary. The manual was founded on the works of Boldoni, Mad. de Genlis and others, acknowledged on the title pages, which were in both English and German, unusual then, but he was an astute businessman and primarily a bookseller at the time. Unusually, too, the German page was on the left and the traditional title page on the right was in English. Whereas the German title page gave the name of the publisher as K. BAEDEKER, the English page gave this uniquely as CHARLES BAEDEKER. Tourists in the area, and particularly those from England on their way to Switzerland, would pass through Koblenz and buy it at his bookshop. In the preface, he wrote that he is at all times ready to afford any information to those travellers, who do him the honour to visit his establishment".The manual turned out to be a resounding success and ran into many editions. The inclusion of Dutch material in the first edition, also unusual at the time and emphasised on the title pages in both languages, further increased its sales, as his brother Adolph, who had opened a bookshop of his own in Rotterdam that year, sold it in Holland and also managed its sales in England. However, very few copies of the first edition have survived, which has made it one of the rarest and most sought-after Baedeker publications of all time.


texts:
 The "Conversationsbuch für Reisende" (The Traveller's Manual of Conversation), in four languages (English, German, French and Italian) which appeared later was based on this manual and for a long time, the stereotype editions remained unrivalled in the travel publishing world. In the preface to the English stereotype editions, the traveller is told:

 "The number of editions through which this Handbook has passed is the best evidence of its utility and the general estimation in which it is held. The Editor's object, as in the case of his other handbooks, is to promote the freedom and comfort of the traveller, and render him, as far as possible, independent of the troublesomre and expensive class known as "Valets de place". Other handbooks of a similar description may claim to be more voluminous; the editor, however, believes this to be a doubtful advantage."Little and good" is accordingly the maxim by which he has been guided, feeling that the traveller is likely to be perplexed rather than assisted by a superabundance of matter." The rear endpages listed the main European exchange rates current at the time of publication, as well as the denomination of the major gold and silver coins across the continent including Scandinavia and Russia - another Baedeker innovation. Hinrichsen index

In 1981, Alex W. Hinrichsen (1936 - 2012), a leading authority on the history of the Baedeker family and their publishing house, and also on the German artist, graphic designer and illustrator Paul Neu (1881 - 1940),
produced an easy to understand numbering system for all Baedeker travel guides and handbooks published since the 1828 Rheinreise which has the number D000. He updated the list in 1991. According to Hinrichsen's revised list, which starts with the D000 edition, the number of Baedekers he listed, in German, English and French, was just eight short of 1000 i.e. 500 in German, 266


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 in English and 226 in French. He kept
reviewing and revising this list regularly.Hinrichsen's referencing is akin to that of Ludwig Ritter von Köchel's index of Mozart's works, in as much as Baedeker guides are also referred to by their Hinrichsen number à la Köchel/Mozart. Alex W. Hinrichsen died on December 9, 2012 in Holzminden, Germany. His index remains the definitive bibliographical list of Baedeker travel guides published since Verlag Karl Baedeker was founded in 1827. He also
produced valuable works of reference on Baedeker ephemera. Anecdotal revelations

Books and articles about the rise of the House of Baedeker invariably recount anecdotes about its founder and these are not without substance. He was renowned for his hard and careful work, his high standards, both personal and professional, and for being absolutely incorruptible. Baedeker generally went around conducting his research incognito.In an article entitled The Baedeker Guide Books published in the November 1989 issue (68) of the now defunct Book and Magazine Collector, Michael Wild, the Baedeker historian and author of Baedekeriana: An Anthology wrote:

On September 22, 1975, The New Yorker magazine ran a 38-page profile of the "House of Baedeker". Its author, Herbert Warren Wind, had spent a considerable amount of time at the contemporary Baedeker publishers in Germany, researching the history of the firm. He gave the following account, related by Gisbert von Vincke, a German Shakespearen scholar, of the famous Milan Cathedral story, which has acquired a legendary status of its own, because of its manifold
variations:

On descending from the roof, Baedeker reversed the pea-transferring process, thus ensuring that there was no error in his calculations. The number of peas multiplied by 20 plus any steps remaining had given him the correct count. (The year of this incident is usually given as 1847, so


texts:
 1844 is probably a misprint in the magazine.) A few years after <mask> died, the Pall Mall Gazette described a Baedeker guidebook as being singularly accurate, and in the English version of Jacques Offenbach's musical La Vie parisienne this memorable lyric rings out:

Kings and governments may err / But never Mr. Baedeker. Legacy

Towards the end of his life, Baedeker told friends that he regretted not having accomplished more in his life and wondered whether his work would survive.Little did he know that the name Baedeker would one day become a synonym for a travel guide, whatever its provenance, and that Verlag Karl Baedeker, which still exists and continues to bear his name, would, in its heyday which lay ahead, become the premier and most successful travel guide publishing house in the world. <mask> died in Koblenz on October 4, 1859. He was only 57. In The New Yorker profile of the House of Baedeker Herbert Warren Wind wrote:

"For years, he had attempted to do the work of several men, preparing the new guidebooks single-handedly and periodically revising the older ones. At length, his sturdy physical endowment had worn out under the strain." Michael Wild wrote in his article mentioned earlier:

"It is a moot point whether he invented tourism or tourism invented him." <mask> lies buried at the main cemetery (Hauptfriedhof) in Koblenz.See Baedeker for the separate Wikipedia article on Verlag Karl Baedeker, the publishing house. See also
 Baedeker
 List of Baedeker Guides

References

External links

 <mask>ker's Universe by Edward Mendelson
 Remembering Founder of Venerable Travel Publishing House
 Baedekeriana: An Anthology by Michael Wild
 Early Baedeker guidebooks in the travel!digital Corpus

1801 births
1859 deaths
Businesspeople from Essen
German travel writers
German publishers (people)
People from the Rhine Province
German male non-fiction writers
Writers from

masks:
Karl Baedeker
Karl Baedeker
Baedeker
Karl Baede


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<mask> (sometimes Eiramjan; , ; January 3, 1937 – September 23, 2014) was the outstanding Russian-Armenian film director, writer and producer. Creator of the first commercial film in the USSR. Author of humorous stories and sketches. He began his film career in the 1970s as a screenwriter. In 1989 <mask> began shooting films from his own scripts. In 1992 he founded New Odeon film studio, having become a director, screenwriter and producer of his films. For the way to shoot quickly and cheaply, he was compared to Ed Wood.At the same time, his achievements include the fact that he made many films in the conditions of the decline of the film industry in Russia in the 90s and gave many film actors the opportunity to work in their specialty. <mask> <mask> is the author of famous Russian comedies beloved by many viewers, which capture great Russian actors. Biography
<mask> was born in 1937 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. His father was Nikolay Nikolaevich Ter-Grigoryan, an accomplished teacher of music and the piano. <mask> <mask>'s mother, whose surname was taken by <mask>, was Arevik Nikitichna <mask> - the grand daughter of the famous Armenian writer Ghazaros Aghayan (1840–1911). He is cousin of composer and musical and public figure Eduard Khagogortian. Nephew of painter Martiros Saryan.His wife - Oksana Shagdar (educated as engineer-programmer) is assistant of movie director, photographer, make-up artist, actress. Her last film work - cameraman in the video for the song "Charmed, enchanted" for famous Russian singer Mikhail Zvezdinsky. In 1961 <mask> graduated from the Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry. In 1972 he completed a three-year program at the Screenplay branch of the High Course of Scriptwriters and Movie Directors (conducted by I. Olshansky). After graduating he began writing movie scripts. <mask> was also the author of short comic stories. He was honored as the winner of the prestigious "Golden Calf award" from the Russian "Literary Newspaper" for 1972 - 1973.In 1989 <mask> began producing films from

masks:
Anatoly Nikolaievich Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Anatoly
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan
Eiramdzhan


texts:
 his own scripts. He was created the film studio "New Odeon" in Moscow in 1992 by Eiramdzhan to focus on creating low budget comedies. He also took on the responsibilities of screenwriter, art director and film director. During his career at film studio "New Odeon", <mask> was responsible for the creation of 22 films. In 1995 the publishing house Author, Inc. of Moscow published Eiramdzhan's first book, titled "The Ladies' Man and Other Comedy Films". The book includes comedy movie scripts. In 1997, the film "The Impotent Man" was awarded the Award "Golden Demetra" at the Yalta International Film Festival, whose presidents were Emil Loteanu and Vladimir Motyl.In 2006 the publishing house Golos-Press published his second book, titled "From Everyone One Thread". Artwork of the book - artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan. The book includes interesting and funny life stories, as well as several film novels and humorous stories. In 2012 the publishing house Golos-Press published the third book, titled "The Shirt for Naked". Artwork of the book - artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan. The book includes stories, novels, scripts, plays - stories about cinema and for cinema. All of them are written with subtle humor, beautiful Russian language, with love for the heroes of these works.Recently, such books are very rare in Russian literature. In 2014 the publishing house Golos-Press published the 4-th book, titled "Where is NOFELET and something else...". The book includes stories, novels, screenplays - stories about cinema and for cinema. <mask> Eiramdzhan:
"Why -..." and something else. " Firstly, because in addition to the script "Where is NOFELET?," I placed two more scripts written relatively recently in the book. In "somethings else" include stories, entertaining stories "about cinema and for cinema," which I hope will be interesting to my readers." Since 2003 <mask> lived and worked in Miami, FL with his wife Oksana Shagdar and his son Koka (Nikolay).The name of <mask> <mask> is well known to the Russian cinematographer, films directed by

masks: Eiramdzhan Anatoly Eiramdzhan Anatoly Eiramdzhan


texts:
 himself or other directors based on his scripts are still popular. He demonstrated and proved the possibility of the existence in Russia of an independent low-budget commercial cinema that can survive. All the films of <mask> <mask> are not similar to either Soviet or post-Soviet comedies, they have an author's face. <mask>'s films consistently receive very high ratings and have large theater and TV audiences. Around 15 scripts for films, the libretto of the musical "His Majesty's Occasion" (based on the biography of the great writer O. Henry) and the theater play "Lesha is to blame in all," written in the last years of his life, remained as unfulfilled projects. Many of these scripts are published in the latest books of the writer and filmmaker. <mask> <mask> died in Miami, Florida September 23, 2014 in the age 77 and was buried in Miami at Southern Memorial
Park.The death came from cardiac arrest. Filmography

 as scriptwriter
 Fellows Villager (1973) - scriptwriter
 What There is Our Life? - The Film-Almanac «Au-Uu!» (1975) scriptwriter
 Let's Meet at the Fountain (1976) - scriptwriter
 If I Would Be the Chief (1980) - scriptwriter
 Where It Will Get To?! (1981) - scriptwriter
 It Is Time of Red Apples (1981) - scriptwriter
 Travel Will Be Pleasant (1982) - scriptwriter
 Vitya Glushakov - A Friend of the Apaches (1983) - scriptwriter
 The Most Charming and Attractive (1985) - scriptwriter
 Where is the Nophelet? (1987) - scriptwriter

as director and scriptwriter
For Fine Ladies! (1989) - director, scriptwriter
The Ladies' Man (1990)  - director, scriptwriter
My Seawoman (1990) - director, scriptwriter
Real Man (Short-Footage Film) (1991) - producer, director, scriptwriter. as producer, director and scriptwriter
New Odeon (1992)
Old Records  (1993)  (Short-Footage Film)
The Groom from Miami   (1994)
The Third is Not Superfluous (1994)
The Impotent Men (1996) (The Award"Gold Demetra", Yalta 1997)
Night Visit (1997)
When We Are Not Strange (1998)
Prima Donna Mary (1998)
The Ultimatum (1999)
The Valentine's Day

masks: Anatoly Eiramdzhan Eiramdzhan Anatoly Eiramdzhan


texts:
 (2000)
The Agent in the Miniskirt (2000)
The Mistress From Moscow (2001)
Secret Appointment (2001)
We Have Made It !(2001)
The Son of the Loser (2002)
Easy Kiss (2002)
Arrow of Love (2002)
The Braked Reflex (2004)
To Marry at 24 hours (2004)
The Gift of Nature (2005)

Critics

Newspaper "CULTURE":

"You can treat the work of <mask> <mask> in different ways. Some (primarily film critics-snobs) indulgently or even contemptuously smile when it comes to his paintings. Others (primarily distributors), on the contrary, believe that he makes a strong movie, which is to the taste of the mass audience. But can't call of surprise and respect the fact that, no matter that Eiramdzhan is filming and filming. " Newspaper "VZGLYAD":

"in the so-called intellectual environment, a good word about <mask> <mask> was considered then and is now considered inappropriate. Despite numerous attempts, I never managed to publish a single positive paragraph about <mask>'s movie in the cinematic press, although some films and some techniques of the master have always caused me admiration. In me, but not others. "(Igor Mantsov)

Weekly newspaper "Ether" (Armenia):

"The audience loves the comedies of <mask> Eiramjan and praises them. Critics secretly watch his comedies with his whole family, but publicly, as a rule, they are viciously criticized, for that they are critics. " The critic Igor Mantsov described <mask> <mask> as "the most stable, accurate and professional (yea, yea!) cinematographer of the decade" (i.e. 1990s), "a true knight of low-budget cinema", who "on scanty money in a situation of complete collapse of the film industry managed to give out one movie farce after another" and in which "only the lazy person did not spit». References

External links
Official web site <mask> Eiramdzhan
http://www.noviyodeon.com/Eiramdzhan.html

1937 births
2014 deaths
Soviet writers
Russian writers
Writers from Baku
Soviet Armenians
Russian expatriates in the United States
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian male writers
Soviet male

masks: Anatoly Eiramdzhan Anatoly Eiramdzhan Eiramdzhan Anatoly Anatoly Eiramdzhan Anatoly


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<mask> (21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979) was an Italian engineer and architect. He studied at the University of Bologna graduating in 1913. Nervi taught as a professor of engineering at Rome University from 1946 to 1961 and is known worldwide as a structural engineer and architect and for his innovative use of reinforced concrete, especially with numerous notable thin shell structures worldwide. Biography
<mask> was born in Sondrio and attended the Civil Engineering School of Bologna from which he graduated in 1913; his formal education was quite similar to that experienced today by Italian civil engineering students. After graduating he joined the Society for Concrete Construction and, during World War I from 1915 to 1918, he served in the Corps of Engineering of the Italian Army. From 1961 to 1962 he was the Norton professor at Harvard University. Civil engineering works

Nervi began practicing civil engineering after 1923.His projects in the 1930s included several airplane hangars that were important for his development as an engineer. A set of hangars in Orvieto (1935) were built entirely out of reinforced concrete, and a second set in Orbetello and Torre del Lago (1939) improved the design by using a lighter roof, precast ribs, and a modular construction method. During the 1940s he developed ideas for reinforced concrete which helped in the rebuilding of many buildings and factories throughout Western Europe, and even designed and created a boat hull that was made of reinforced concrete as a promotion for the Italian government. Nervi also stressed that intuition should be used as much as mathematics in design, especially with thin shell structures. He borrowed from

masks:
Pier Luigi Nervi
Nervi


texts:
 both Roman and Renaissance architecture while applying ribbing and vaulting to improve strength and eliminate columns. He combined simple geometry and prefabrication to innovate design solutions. Engineer and architect
Nervi was educated and practised as an ingegnere edile (translated as "building engineer") – in Italy.At the time (and to a lesser degree also today), a building engineer might also be considered an architect. After 1932, his aesthetically pleasing designs were used for major projects. This was due to the booming number of construction projects at the time which used concrete and steel in Europe and the architecture aspect took a step back to the potential of engineering. <mask> successfully made reinforced concrete the main structural material of the day. Nervi expounded his ideas on building in four books (see below) and many learned papers. Archeological excavations suggested that he may have some responsibilities for the Flaminio stadium foundations passing through ancient Roman tombs. His work was also part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics.International projects
Most of his built structures are in his native Italy, but he also worked on projects abroad. <mask>'s first project in the United States was the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, for which he designed the roof, which consists of triangular pieces that were cast in place. This building is still used today by over 700 buses and their passengers. Noted works

 Stadio Artemio Franchi, Florence (1931)
 Ugolino Golf House, Impruneta, Italy (1934) (collaborating with Gherardo Bosio)
 Torino Esposizioni, Turin, Italy (1949). UNESCO headquarters, Paris

masks: Nervi Nervi


texts:
 (1950) (collaborating with Marcel Breuer and Bernard Zehrfuss)
 The Pirelli Tower, Milan (1950) (collaborating with Gio Ponti)
 Palazzo dello sport EUR (now PalaLottomatica), Rome (1956)
 Palazzetto dello sport, Rome (1958)
 Stadio Flaminio, Rome (1957)
 , Turin (1961)
 Palazzetto dello sport, Turin (1961)
Australia Square tower building, Sydney (1961 - 1967)
 Sacro Cuore (Bell Tower), Firenze (1962)
 Paper Mill, Mantua, Italy (1962)
 George Washington Bridge Bus Station, New York City (1963)
 Australia Square tower, Sydney (1964) Architect: Harry Seidler & Associates
 Tour de la Bourse, Montreal (1964) (collaborating with <mask>)
 Leverone Field House at Dartmouth College
 Sede Centrale della Banca del Monte di Parma, Parma (1968, collaboration with Giovanni Ponti, Antonio Fornaroli, and Alberto Rosselli)
 Edmund Barton Building (also published as Trade Group Offices), Canberra (1970), Australia. Architect Harry Seidler & Associates
MLC Centre, Sydney (1973) Architect: Harry Seidler & Associates
 Thompson Arena at Dartmouth College (1973 - 1974)
 Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, San Francisco, California (1967) (collaborating with Pietro Belluschi)
 Paul VI Audience Hall, Vatican City (1971)
 Chrysler Hall, & Norfolk Scope Arena in Norfolk, Virginia (1971)
 Australian Embassy, Paris (1973) Consulting engineer. Architect.Harry Seidler & Associates
 Good Hope Centre, Cape Town (1976) by Studio Nervi, an exhibition hall and conference centre, with the exhibition hall comprising an arch with tie-beam on each of the four vertical facades and two diagonal arches supporting two intersecting barrel-like roofs which in turn were constructed from pre-cast concrete


texts:
 triangular coffers with in-situ concrete beams on the edges. Awards
<mask> <mask> was awarded Gold Medals by the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK, the American Institute of Architects (AIA Gold Medal 1964)  and the RIBA. In 1957, received the Frank P. Brown Medal of The Franklin Institute and the Wilhelm Exner Medal. Publications
 Scienza o arte del costruire? Bussola, Rome, 1945. Costruire correttamente, Hoepli, Milan, 1954. Structures, Dodge, New York, 1958.Aesthetics and Technology in Building (The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, 1961-62). Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1965. See also
 Thin-shell structure

References

External links

 Ing. Nervi Pier <mask>. Fascismo - Architettura - Arte / Arte fascista web site
 <mask> Nervi e l'arte di costruire, Fausto Giovannardi, Borgo San Lorenzo (Florence) Italy 2008
 NerViLab at Sapienza University, Rome
 Pier Luigi Nervi Project
 http://www.silvanaeditoriale.it/catalogo/prodotto.asp?id=3015, catalogue to the international travelling exhibition "Pier Luigi Nervi Architecture as Challenge, edited by Cristiana Chiorino and Carlo Olmo, Milan, 2010

1891 births
1979 deaths
People from Sondrio
IStructE Gold Medal winners
Chartered designers
20th-century Italian architects
Italian civil engineers
Structural engineers
Modernist architects from Italy
Concrete shell structures
University of Bologna alumni
Harvard University faculty
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
20th-century Italian engineers
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Italian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal
Honorary Fellows of the American Institute of

masks:
Pier Luigi
Nervi
Luigi
Pierluigi


texts:
<mask> (born 5 February 1992) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Serie A club Inter Milan and the Netherlands national team. He began his career at his local club VV Spirit, and debuted as a professional for Feyenoord aged 17. He spent five seasons at the Eredivisie club, serving briefly as captain, before joining Lazio in July 2014. A full international since 2012, <mask> has earned over 50 caps for the Netherlands. He was in the Dutch team which finished third at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and was selected for the Castrol Performance Index Team of the Tournament. He also played at UEFA Euro 2020. Club career

Feyenoord

<mask> played for local Ouderkerk aan den IJssel club VV Spirit for five seasons.At the age of 10, he attended a Feyenoord talent day. After various training sessions and a friendly match against ARC, <mask> was officially asked to join Feyenoord's youth division. At VV Spirit, <mask> often played as a central midfielder, but at Feyenoord he got turned into a defender. The youngster developed himself rapidly. After playing for Feyenoord U15, <mask> was one of the players to skip the U16 team to play in the U17 immediately. On 17 July 2009, <mask> signed his first professional contract with Feyenoord until summer 2012. <mask> made his official debut for Feyenoord's first team on 24 September 2009, when he replaced Kelvin Leerdam in the 58th minute in the KNVB Cup away match against Harkemase Boys (0–5).On 6 December 2009, <mask> made his Eredivisie debut in the home match against FC Groningen (3–1), when he replaced Denny Landzaat in the 89th minute. Aged 18 by its end, his first professional season saw him make 21 appearances, 17 of which were in the league. During the 2012–13

masks:
Stefan de Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij


texts:
 season, De Vrij replaced Ron Vlaar as team captain. However, after a poor run of form in the following campaign, De Vrij was stripped of his armband as it was given first to star striker Graziano Pellè and then to vice-captain Jordy Clasie after the former struggled with disciplinary issues. Lazio
On 30 July 2014, <mask> joined Serie A club Lazio for an undisclosed fee. He said "Lazio really proved that they wanted me and I am very happy I have made this move. I hope to become a more complete defender in Italy."<mask> had been widely expected to follow his international manager Louis van Gaal to Manchester United. He made his debut on 24 August in the third round of the Coppa Italia, and scored the third goal of a 7–0 home win over third-tier Bassano Virtus. A week later, he played his first Serie A match as Lazio began the season with a 3–1 defeat at A.C. Milan. On 21 September, he was sent off in the 85th minute of a game away to Genoa which Lazio had been dominating, and two minutes later Mauricio Pinilla scored the only goal to give Genoa victory. <mask> featured in the 2015 Coppa Italia Final on 20 May against Juventus, being substituted for Keita at half time in extra time in an eventual 2–1 defeat. His second season began with the 2015 Supercoppa Italiana, playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–0 loss to Juventus in Shanghai. In September, he picked up a knee injury on international duty but was passed fit to play a further match for the Netherlands, infuriating Lazio's medical staff.He did not make a sufficient recovery, and was subjected to an operation the following month. In November, it was confirmed that he would miss the next six months due to the injury. He scored his first goal for the club in Serie A on 11

masks:
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij


texts:
 September 2016 in a 1–1 away draw to Chievo. In March 2018, Lazio's sporting director Igli Tare announced that <mask> would be leaving the club on a free transfer in the summer. Inter Milan
Following months of speculation, on 28 May 2018, <mask> announced that he was going to join Inter Milan starting on 1 July. On 11 July, he was officially presented as an Inter player, signing a contract until June 2023. De Vrij received squad number 6, and made his competitive debut on 19 August in the opening championship week against Sassuolo.He scored his first goal for Nerazzurri one week later, putting his side two goals up against Torino at home, in an eventual 2–2 draw. In September 2018, <mask> played his 100th match in Serie A in the 2–1 home win over Fiorentina. He also made his first UEFA Champions League appearance in season opener against Tottenham Hotspur, assisting Matías Vecino's injury-time winner for a 2–1 home win. De Vrij eventually played 5 out of 6 matches in the competition's group stage, which saw en early elimination of Inter, instead continuing their European adventure in knockout phase of UEFA Europa League. Later on 14 March 2019, in the second leg of Europa League round of 16, <mask>'s wrong ball control resulted fatal for Inter who conceded inside 5 minutes, and eventually lost the game to Eintracht Frankfurt 1–0 at San Siro, crashing out of competition 1–0 on aggregate. Three days later, <mask> scored in the Derby della Madonnina match against rivals Milan, helping his team to win 3–2, taking back the third place in championship, and completing the first league double over them since 2011–12 season. On 9 November 2019, in the 2019–20 season, De Vrij made his 50th appearances in all competitions for Inter in a

masks:
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij


texts:
 2–1 league win over Verona at San Siro.International career

Youth teams
<mask>'s strong development at Feyenoord did not pass by unnoticed, as he quickly received his first invitation for a national youth team. On 21 November 2007, the Netherlands U16 won the friendly match against Ukraine U16 (1–0), with <mask>'s first appearance in the starting line-up. <mask> was active on the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship in Germany. The Dutch team, aided by a strong contingent of seven Feyenoord players in the squad, finished second after losing the final to Germany in extra-time (2–1). <mask> was paired up with Dico Koppers in central defence and participated in every match the Oranje played without getting substituted, making a notable contribution. With a second place on the European Championship, the Netherlands U17 qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria. Senior team
On 7 May 2012, <mask> was named in the provisional list of 36 players for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament, one of nine uncapped players to be chosen by Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk as part of the preliminary squad.He did not make the final cut. On 15 August 2012, De Vrij made his debut under new manager Louis van Gaal in the 4–2 loss against Belgium in a friendly match. He was one of four Feyenoord defenders named in Louis van Gaal's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the Netherlands' first game of the tournament, against Spain on 13 June, the referee gave a questionable penalty kick after 26 minutes after Diego Costa stood on <mask>'s foot and fell. Xabi Alonso converted this penalty to put Spain 1–0 up. The Dutch fought back, and <mask> scored their third goal, the first of his international career, as they eventually won

masks:
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij
De Vrij


texts:
 5–1. <mask> played in all of the Netherlands' matches as they eventually finished in third place.He and Arjen Robben were the two Dutch players selected to the Team of the Tournament. In the Netherlands' first game of UEFA Euro 2016 qualification away to the Czech Republic on 9 September 2014, De Vrij equalised with a header from Daley Blind's cross but the Dutch lost 2–1. He headed the team into the lead after 13 minutes in an eventual 2–0 win over Spain in a friendly at the Amsterdam ArenA on 31 March 2015, also wearing the captain's armband after Wesley Sneijder's substitution. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each De Vrij goal. Honours
Lazio
Supercoppa Italiana: 2017
Coppa Italia runner-up: 2014–15, 2016–17

Inter Milan
Serie A: 2020–21
Supercoppa Italiana: 2021
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2019–20

Netherlands U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2009

Netherlands
FIFA World Cup third place: 2014

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2014
Serie A Best Defender: 2019–20
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2019–20
Serie A Team of the Year: 2019–20

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Voetbal International

1992 births
Living people
People from Ouderkerk
Footballers from South Holland
Dutch footballers
Association football defenders
Feyenoord players
S.S. Lazio players
Inter Milan players
Eredivisie players
Serie A players
Netherlands youth international footballers
Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Netherlands international footballers
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
Dutch expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Dutch expatriate

masks:
De Vrij
Stefan de
Vrij


texts:
<mask><mask> (born August 5, 1974), also known as <mask>, is an American pornographer, radio host and professional wrestling promoter. Together with his then-wife Janet Romano (a.k.a. Lizzy Borden) he owned the porn company Extreme Associates. Zicari was prosecuted for distribution of obscenity by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. The case was dismissed but was reinstated upon appeal in 2005. Zicari entered into a plea agreement with the government in 2009, ending the case. (See United States v. Extreme Associates.)Career
<mask>, son of an adult bookstore owner, started out as a porn director in the mid 1990s. His former porn company Extreme Video was started in 1993/1994 and eventually developed into the present-day Extreme Associates. Black appeared as himself in the documentary film Sex: The Annabel Chong Story (1999). His work often involved scenes considered egregious and extreme even by other members of the pornography industry, such as adult performers acting as young girls, or a simulated rape of a disabled person in a wheelchair in Miscreants (1997). In 1998, he founded the porn company, Extreme Associates, together with fellow porn directors Tom Byron and Van Damage and porn star Tiffany Mynx (who have since left the company). Janet Romano started to work for him in the same year, first as an actress and then as a director. Beginning in 2000, Zicari and AVN Magazine engaged in a "propaganda war" against one another, and as a result, Black's products were not reviewed or advertised in that trade magazine for several years.In 2001 <mask> (as <mask>) unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Los Angeles, receiving 789 votes. <mask> is nephew to porn entrepreneur <mask>, a.k.a.

masks:
Robert D
. Zicari
Rob Black
Zicari
Zicari
Rob Black
Rob Zicari
Charles Zicari


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 Chuck Zane and cousin to fellow pornographers Mark and Matt Zane. Obscenity prosecution

The filming of Lizzy Borden's movie Forced Entry, which included several simulated rapes, was covered in the PBS Frontline documentary American Porn (2002); the makers of the documentary were repulsed and walked off the set. The filming of the movie was also a part of documentary produced for BBC 2 hosted by Louis Theroux which follows various figures of the porn industry. Theroux also leaves the set in a similar manner to that of the PBS documentary. After, Zicari was interviewed in the documentary and challenged Attorney General John Ashcroft.These scenes possibly led to the subsequent undercover operation by federal authorities. In April 2003, the premises of Extreme Associates were raided by federal agents. <mask>, his then wife Lizzy Borden and his company were indicted for distributing obscene pornographic materials. The case is United States v. Extreme Associates. <mask>'s company is located in Northridge near Los Angeles, but the trial took place in Pittsburgh, from where under-cover agents had ordered the offending materials. <mask> remained in business during the trial; he continued to market and sell the five tapes that are at the center of the prosecution as The Federal Five, with a portion of the sales price going to his defense fund. Note that buyers of those materials do not break the law, since mere possession of obscenity (unlike production and distribution) is not illegal.In April 2004, Zicari engaged in a public dispute with fellow pornographer Larry Flynt, who also had to fight various obscenity trials in the past. Zicari asked the adult industry for financial support to aid in his

masks: Zicari Zicari Zicari


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 defense; Flynt declined, saying that he only promotes consensual sex and that Zicari's actions harmed the industry as a whole. Zicari's lawyer H. Louis Sirkin initially argued that laws against the distribution of obscenity were unconstitutional since people have a right to own obscenity, but this argument was rebuffed on appeal. After 6 years of legal costs, Black and his wife both pleaded guilty to the reinstated federal obscenity charges in hopes to avoid more extensive loss and penalties if they lost at actual trial. Zicari and his wife were both sentenced to one year and one day in prison on July 1, 2009. In late September the couple began serving their prison sentences, Zicari at La Tuna Federal Correctional Institution in Texas and his wife at Waseca Federal Correctional Institution in Minnesota. Instead of reporting to the intended minimum-security satellite facility, Zicari mistakenly reported to the prison's primary facility, where officials placed him in solitary confinement for nearly a month because it "was the only space they had available".In March 2013, Zicari revealed on his radio show, The <mask> Show, that he was actually placed in solitary because he was mistakenly designated as a sex offender because of the obscenity charges. Xtreme Pro Wrestling
In 1999, <mask> and Tom Byron founded the Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW) independent professional wrestling promotion. He appeared on shows as the owner as well as a manager under the name of <mask>. His heel (bad guy) stable was called the "Black Army" and featured wrestlers such as John Kronus, Terry Funk, Abdullah the Butcher, and Juventud Guerrera. XPW folded in 2003 because of issues related to the obscenity prosecution, and

masks:
Rob Black
Zicari
Rob Black


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 in 2004 Zicari sold the company's footage to Xtreme Entertainment Group. In 2012, Zicari regained control and ownership of XPW. XPW was to make a comeback in late 2013, but the project never materialized due to insufficient backing.The <mask> Show
In March 2013, Zicari launched The <mask> Show on Blog Talk Radio. The Daily Beast called him "Porn's Dirty Whistleblower" for revealing unsafe practices on set, business arrangements that exploit performers and common sidelines such as porn talent agents working their charges on escort sites. References

External links

 <mask> at the Adult Film Database
 Zicari's statement on the raid and the continued availability of the tapes (archived)
 Dispute between Zicari and Flynt
 Report on November 2004 hearing
 Dismissal of U.S. v. Extreme Associates
 Ruling of the Court of Appeals, reinstating the case against Zicari
 Links to several blog comments regarding the affair
 Interview of <mask>ri by avninsider.com: part 1, part 2
 American Porn documentary by Frontline (first aired in 2002, updated in 2004), watchable online. 1974 births
People from the San Fernando Valley
Businesspeople from Rochester, New York
Living people
American pornographic film directors
American pornographic film producers
Professional wrestling

masks:
Rob Black
Rob Black
Rob Black
Rob Zica


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<mask>Elena<mask> (July 28, 1934 – September 16, 2010) was a Mexican sculptor and installation artist who has had work displayed all over the world from Mexico, Latin America, the United States, and Canada to the United Kingdom, (Germany), as well Israel and New Zealand. Her career as an artist spanned more than fifty years and explores ecological and urban problems through land art. Her works are site-oriented and ephemeral. Early life
<mask> was born on July 28, 1934 to a Mexican lawyer father and an English mother in Mexico City. She was educated in her home in a small neighborhood setting with her younger brother Miguel, taught by a French governess until the age of ten. At a young age, she learned ballet until she outgrew it. She was taught violin by Sander Roth, who at the time was a member of the world-famous Lener Quartet.Even though she became proficient with her violin skills, Escobedo eventually decided to switch to art. Education
At the age of 15 in 1949, she decided to enroll at the Mexico City College and attended art classes in the afternoon twice a week. At Motolinia University, she took art classes under an abstract sculptor, Germán Cueto where she experimented with many different materials. Impressed by her work, Professor John Skeaping, a British sculptor from the Royal College of Art, encouraged her to pursue sculpture. He offered her a one-year grant to study in London at his institution, where she attended eventually with a three-year scholarship. She studied under the guidance of Frank Dobson, Henry Moore, Jacob Epstein, Leon Underwood, and for a short time, Ossip Zadkine. In her second year, she wrote her thesis: Renoir and Degas: Two Impressionists in Sculpture.She got her bachelor's degree in Humanities at Motolinia University in Mexico and her master's degree in Sculpture from the Royal College of Art in London, U.K. by 1954 at the age of 20. Career
Aside from sculpture, <mask> was

masks:
Helen "
" Escobedo
Escobedo
Escobedo


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 a talented painter, printmaker, installation artist, writer, performance artist, lecturer, curator, and museum director in her lifetime. <mask> accepted the position be the head and served as director of the Museo de Arte Moderno and the Department of Museums and Galleries at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) in 1960, where she worked until 1978, organizing exhibitions. As she worked as director, she continued her craft and completed commissions as well as exhibitions of her own work. She would go on to serve as the Director of the Museum of Modern art between 1982 and 1984. From 1985 to 1989, she worked as an art curator of the Museum of the UNAM, specializing in international exhibitions. Having left her directorial role in art administration, <mask> decided to concentrate on her own work.Exhibitions
Her first solo exhibition was held in 1956 at the Galeria de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. It included her works made of bronze, drawings, and paintings. After marrying Fredrik Kirsebom, a Norwegian, they moved to Sweden where Escobedo spent two years learning about her new home and making some religious sculptures that would be shown in her second solo exhibition at the Galería de Arte Mexicano when she returned to Mexico two years later. In 1968, Mathias Goeritz invited her to participate in the Ruta de la Amistad (Route of Friendship) for the XIX 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, for which she made the sculpture called Puertas al Viento (Gateway to the Wind). The Route of Friendship was constructed to be an Olympic highway consisting of monumental sculptures made by selected artists. It was her first large-scale sculpture piece. In the same year, Escobedo set up an exhibition, self-produced and curated by Willoughby Sharp featuring fifteen large-scale environments made by many individual international artists.When <mask> mounted her Dynamic Walls exhibition, it traveled to different

masks: Escobedo Escobedo Escobedo


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 cities starting in Prague but eventually became lost on its journey to Rome. It reappeared in 1971 in poor condition that resulted in her method of creating temporary or ephemeral works at the location for a one-time installation rather than let her work travel and become ruined again. This would become her signature, known internationally, to create site-oriented ephemeral sculptures using materials that are available at or near the site. <mask> created a paper mural at the Galería Pecanins in Barcelona in 1973. The following year, she held another exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art and at this point, was also the director of the Department of Museums and Galleries. In 1978, <mask> created Coatl, at the University Cultural Center of UNAM in Mexico City, out of steel girders painted yellow to orange to red measuring to 15 meters. As a statement, her exhibit called Negro basura, negro mañana (Black garbage, black tomorrow) in 1991 was made up of painted black garbage, three meters wide stretching at one hundred feet inside Chapultepec Park in Mexico City that lasted three days.As the years go by, she participated in many other exhibitions throughout the world.Her next solo exhibition show was called Estar y no estar and was displayed at the University Museum in 2000. Two years later, she did three exhibitions, one in Mexico City called Salón Bancomer and the other two in Germany called Die Fluctlinge: The Refugees and Bicycle Taxi. The following year she returned to her home of Mexico City for her escasr Ríos Perenes exhibit. Through 2007 to 2008, <mask> continued her exhibitions in various locations with another in Germany as well as another four in Mexico. At Wakefield in the United Kingdom, she had a solo exhibition called Summer Field. In 2010, she would have her last solo exhibition in her home of Mexico City under her own name. Awards
Escobedo competed in the UNAM sculpture competition and was awarded


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 a prize in 1976.Entering with a small team of two other architects to design a building in 1980, they received the outstanding achievement Reaseguradora Patria for winning. She was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts, Latin America & Caribbean in 1991. In 1999, she was awarded the FONCA creators’ grant. Publications
Escobedo was also a writer whose works were published in public collections. She even conceived and coordinated a book in 1989 called Mexican Monuments: Strange Encounters that was printed in both Spanish and English that was met with equal success. It was her way of recording her Mexican heritage with the help of Paolo Gori. In 1999, she contributed an article entitled, “Work as process or work as product: a conceptual dilemma” to the compilation of Mortality Immortality?: The Legacy of 20th-century. In 2004, Graciela Schmilchuk wrote a book filled with Escobedo's s installations called <mask>o: Steps on the Sand'' with a prologue written by Dore Ashton. Later life
<mask> had two children with Fredrik Kirsebom, Andrea in 1962 and a son, Michael in 1964. She obtained a divorce in 1977. Her mother died following the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. By 1987, <mask> decided to split her year, six months at a time between living in Mexico and in Germany with her partner Hans-Jürgen Rabe whom she married in 1995. In 2003, Escobedo had a hip-bone replacement due to a sudden fall.Her first granddaughter was born as she celebrated her seventieth birthday in 2004. She lived in Mexico City, Sweden, Germany, Hamburg, and Berlin

On September 16, 2010, <mask> died in her hometown of Mexico City at the age of 76. References

1934 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Mexican women artists
Mexico City College alumni
Mexican sculptors
Mexican people of English descent
Directors of museums in Mexico
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Mexican expatriates in Germany
Artists from Mexico City
Women museum

masks:
Helen Escobed
Escobedo
Escobedo
Helen Escobedo


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<mask> (March 17, 1820 – December 17, 1891) was an American soldier who served as a Union general during the American Civil War. He is most notorious for his massacres against Native Americans during the Indian Wars in the American Old West. Early life and career
<mask> was born in rural County Kerry, Ireland on St. Patrick's Day, 1820. He emigrated to the United States and enlisted, as "<mask>'<mask>", in the United States Army on November 28, 1839. In addition to service in the Seminole Wars, he served as a dragoon at Fort Leavenworth, Fort Atkinson, Fort Sandford, and at the second Fort Des Moines. He was honorably discharged as a private on November 28, 1844, and after two years in New York, he moved to Texas. On April 5, 1845, he became a naturalized citizen.Mexican–American War
<mask> joined the Texas Volunteers in May 1846 using the name "P<mask> <mask>", serving as a first lieutenant in the Texas Foot Riflemen during the Mexican–American War. On July 7, 1846, at Galveston, he was mustered into the United States Army as a first lieutenant, enlisting for 12 months. His independent company of Texas Volunteers under the command of Captain Charles A. Seefield was ordered to Port Lavaca on Matagorda Bay as a part of General John E. Wool's Army of the Center, which was slated to invade Mexico. Marching through Monclova, Parras, and Saltillo, the company, now under <mask>'s command as a captain, and attached to the 2nd Illinois Volunteers under the command of Colonel William H. Bissell, fought in the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. The company saw heavy action and <mask> was wounded in the hand; two of his lieutenants and 13 men were killed.

masks:
Patrick Edward Connor
Patrick Edward Connor
Patrick Edward O
Connor
Connor
. Edward
Connor
Connor
Connor


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 <mask> was honorably discharged on May 24, 1847, near Monterey, Mexico, resigning due to rheumatism. When the California Gold Rush began, he crossed Mexico from Texas and arrived in California on January 22, 1850.California
Upon  his arrival in California, <mask> was involved in a boating accident in the Pacific Ocean while attempting to establish a new settlement near the mouth of the Trinity River. <mask> and his men were unaware that the Trinity River empties into the Klamath River instead of the Pacific. Of the 10 people in the whale boat attempting to navigate the heavy surf, five drowned. On May 28, 1853, <mask> was called by Harry S. Love to be his lieutenant in the company of California State Rangers with 20 other experienced Mexican–American War veterans. They hunted down and killed Mexican outlaw Joaquin Murrieta and three others of his gang and captured two others, breaking up the so-called "Five Joaquins".The rest of the Rangers and he  were well-rewarded by the state before being disbanded. Civil War
When the American Civil War broke out, <mask> was in command of the "Stockton Blues", a unit in the California Militia. He brought the strength of the unit up to regimental size and it became the 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry.His regiment was ordered to the Utah Territory to protect the overland routes from Indians and quell a possible Mormon uprising. While in Utah, <mask>, as senior officer, became commander of the District of Utah, Department of the Pacific, on August 6, 1862, establishing Camp Douglas at Salt Lake City in October, but became discontented with his assignment. His men and he wished to head to Virginia where

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor


texts: the real fighting and glory was occurring. When Major General Henry W. Halleck (a personal friend of <mask>'s) became the general-in-chief of the Union armies, <mask> pleaded that his men had enlisted to fight traitors. He offered to withhold $30,000 from the regiment's pay to ship the troops to the eastern battlefields. Halleck suggested that <mask> reconnoiter the Salt Lake City area. <mask> did so and established Fort Douglas in a commanding position over the city, despite the wishes of the Mormons.Brigham Young tried through his personal representative to Congress John F. Kinney to displace federal troops. However, through the efforts of Governor James Duane Doty and Colonel <mask>, federal troops were sequestered at Fort Douglas by Washington and the Pacific Theatre commanding general. In October 1863, <mask> and Governor Doty signed peace treaties with the remaining hostile Indian tribes, thereby bringing to a close all Indian hostilities within the Utah Territory. Shortly after the signing of the treaties, officers and enlisted men of the California Volunteers stationed at Fort Douglas established the first daily Utah newspaper called The Union Vedette. This newspaper offered a balance of news unavailable through the LDS Church-owned Deseret News. <mask> provided protection for non-Mormons and those wishing to leave the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints during his three years of service in Utah. He also discovered valuable mineral wealth in Utah that was reported to his superiors.This led to the gradual immigration of non-Mormons into Utah that led to weakening of the power of the LDS Church on everyday affairs in the territory.

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor


texts:
 <mask> engaged in extensive military correspondence, which was published in 1897 under The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. <mask> remained in command of the District of Utah until it was merged in March 1865 into the District of the Plains, established at his suggestion that a "Department of the Plains" be created which he would command. The new district, in the Department of the Missouri, combined the former districts of Utah (redesignated West Subdistrict), Nebraska Territory (East Subdistrict), Colorado Territory (South SubdDistrict), and the Territory of Idaho (North Subdistrict). <mask> was named commander of the new district. Bear River Massacre

In the early 1860s, population pressures in the Washington Territory near the present-day IdahoUtah border led to conflicts between immigrant settlers and Native Americans. After an attack on miners with depositions given in Salt Lake City by the survivors, <mask> marched his regiment 140 mi over the frozen winter landscape to "deal" with the Indians.On January 29, 1863, <mask>'s troops encountered a Shoshone encampment along the Bear River. <mask> and his militia crossed the river and attacked the camp, then feigned a retreat only to encircle the camp and renew their attack. <mask> sent additional troops to block the Indian escape route through a ravine, and sent the rest of his soldiers on a flanking maneuver to a ridge, from where they fired down into the Indians. The soldiers also fired on Indians as they attempted to escape by swimming across the bitterly cold river. The troops killed nearly all of the Indians in the encampment,


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 aside from about 160 women and children, who were later released and given some wheat to help feed them. The Shoshone had been supplied by the Mormons and large quantities of wheat and articles of war were captured by <mask>'s command after the battle at Bear River. According to <mask>, an Indian survivor later said that the large band of Indians was planning on destroying the town of Franklin in modern-day Idaho.<mask>'s dispatches are detailed in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies of the Pacific Theater. For a less biased view, Brigham Madsen's book The Northern Shosoni tells a different story. Post-war activities

Powder River Expedition

After the Bear River Massacre, <mask> was appointed brigadier general in the Volunteer Army. From July to September 1865, he led the punitive Powder River Expedition against Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians who were attacking travelers along the Bozeman Trail and overland mail routes. <mask>'s 2,600 men were organized into three widely separated units, which traversed hundreds of miles of what would become Montana and Wyoming. As the expedition began, <mask>'s orders to his officers were, "You will not receive overtures of peace or submission from Indians, but will attack and kill every male Indian over 12 years of age." <mask>'s superiors countermanded this order.The soldiers were harassed by Indians, who avoided pitched battles. <mask> established Fort Connor, later Fort Reno, and destroyed an Arapaho village at the Battle of the Tongue River. His Pawnee scouts also ambushed and killed a band of 24 Cheyenne warriors. Most of the time, however,

masks: Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor Connor


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 <mask>'s three units were on the defensive, fending off Indian raids on their horses and supply wagons, which left many soldiers on foot, in rags, and reduced to eating raw horse meat. On the whole, the expedition was considered "a dismal failure" carried out with "large, ungainly columns filled with troops anxious to get home now that the Civil War was over." Later life
After the Civil War ended, <mask> was appointed a brevet major general in the Volunteer Army and mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866. Never having been in combat against the Confederacy in the East, he continued to command troops on the frontier.He recruited Confederate veterans for service against the Indians. Making his permanent residence in Salt Lake City, <mask> established one the city's first newspapers. He also became involved in mining again. He founded a city in Utah and named it Stockton in honor of his California militia unit. <mask> died in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1891 at the age of 71 and was buried there. See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)
 Red Cloud's War
 Statue of <mask> <mask>

References

Further reading

Madsen, Brigham D. Glory Hunter: A Biography of <mask> <mask>. (1990)

Rogers, Fred B., Soldiers of the Overland: Being some account of the services of General <mask> <mask> & his Volunteers in the Old West, Grabhorn Press (1938), hardcover, 292 pages.External links

 "<mask>", MilitaryMuseum.org

1820 births
1891 deaths
19th-century Irish people
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American people of the Indian Wars
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Irish soldiers in the United States

masks:
Connor
Connor
Connor
Connor
Patrick Edward
Connor
Patrick Edward
Connor
Patrick Edward
Connor
Patrick Connor


texts:
 Army
Mormonism-related controversies
People from County Kerry
People of California in the American Civil War
People of Idaho in the American Civil War
People of Utah in the American Civil War
Pre-statehood history of Idaho
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Union Army generals
American city founders
American newspaper founders
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male


texts: <mask>. (August 28, 1924 – June 10, 2011) was an American FBI agent officially assigned by FBI Headquarters to investigate ultra-leftist like members of the KKK and General Edwin Walker along with "his Minutemen in Dallas." <mask> himself said so on page 4 of his book Assignment Oswald (1996). FBI agent John Fain was the one assigned to investigate Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald had just returned in June 1962 to the United States after his defection to the Soviet Union. Fain interviewed Oswald twice -- once in June 1962 and once in August 1962. After the second interview, Fain along with FBI Headquarters closed the FBI casefile on Oswald. General Edwin Walker was a well-known Anticommunist in his day, and all US Anticommunists were outraged that a defector to Communist Russia would be allowed to return to the Dallas area with a Russian bride.They demanded that the FBI continually investigate Oswald. Yet the FBI casefile was officially closed. <mask> tried to re-open the FBI casefile on Oswald several times in the next 9 months, but FBI Headquarters, including FBI Assistant Director Alan Belmont, rejected those requests. Belmont admitted this in his Warren Commission testimony. Hosty evidently kept a close eye on Oswald, anyway, through 1962 and 1963, without the sanction of FBI Headquarters. In early November 1963, Hosty made contact with Marina Oswald (a Soviet citizen) in order to interview her about her entry into the United States 17 months previous. Oswald wrote Hosty a hostile note to protest the alleged harassment of Marina.(Oswald also had <mask>'s name, phone number, and car license plate number in his address book.) <mask> failed to tell  the Warren Commission the truth about Oswald's hostile letter because he had destroyed it -- allegedly on his superior's orders. His superior, Gordon Shanklin, denied it. Because of this, Hosty attracted speculation as a possible conspirator in several conspiracy theories. The Warren Commission attorneys often asked how the FBI could either (1) be unaware of the dangers of Lee Harvey

masks:
James Patrick Hosty Jr
Hosty
James Hosty
Hosty
Hosty


texts:
 Oswald; or (2) be aware of Oswald's danger and yet fail to warn the Secret Service in Washington DC about this threat to JFK in Dallas. J. Edgar Hoover was asked this question numerous times in his own Warren Commission testimony, with ambiguous replies (which fed different JFK conspiracy theories). After those hearings, Hoover transferred <mask> to the FBI's slow-paced Kansas City office until his mandatory retirement in 1979.Hosty later wrote a memoir about the Kennedy assassination, titled Assignment: Oswald. In this book, Hosty claimed to have stumbled upon secret CIA information proving that Oswald killed JFK in collusion with Soviet consul Valeriy Kostikov. Hosty further claimed that J. Edgar Hoover and all of FBI Headquarters had deliberately prevented Hosty from learning the truth about Kostikov. Hosty, without any official confirmation, alleged that Kostikov was “the KGB's chief assassination expert for the Western hemisphere” (<mask>, 1996, p. 215). Since Oswald had admittedly met "Kostin" in Mexico City during the final week of September, 1963, Hosty concluded that the Soviets killed JFK with the aid of Lee Harvey Oswald. In this way, <mask> himself fostered a popular JFK conspiracy theory. It is noteworthy that Hosty's conspiracy theory was basically the same as that posed by General Walker, i.e.a 'Communist Conspiracy.' <mask>'s intrigue about Kostikov runs like a thread from the start to the finish of his 1996 book (Hosty, 1996, Index 'V.V. Kostikov'). Biography
<mask> was born on August 28, 1924, in Chicago, Illinois. He was one of seven children of Charlotte Irene and <mask> <mask> Sr., an executive in a sugar company in Chicago. Hosty served in the United States Military during World War II from 1942 to 1946 and graduated from the University of Notre Dame. He received an unsigned note from Lee Harvey Oswald about two weeks before the Kennedy assassination.The note asked Hosty to stop questioning Oswald's wife. Hosty filed it away. He first met Oswald on November 22, 1963. It was while he was interrogating

masks:
Hosty
Hosty
James Hosty
Hosty
Hosty
James Patrick
Hosty


texts:
 Oswald on November 22 that he realized that the unsigned note he had received two weeks prior was from Oswald. He said that, on orders from his supervisor, he destroyed the note after Oswald was killed on November 24, 1963. Notes taken down by <mask> during his interrogation of Oswald on November 22, indicate that when Oswald was asked to account for himself at the time of the assassination, he claimed to have "went outside to watch P. Parade"  (referring to the presidential motorcade). The newly discovered Hosty interrogation notes, unearthed at NARA by former British Intelligence agent and JFK researcher, Malcolm Blunt, were recently featured for the first time in the 2020 NHK World-Japan documentary Oswald and JFK - Unsolved Cases, Part II: The Chessmaster (at 35:00 - 36:10).He retired from the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1979. He died of prostate cancer on June 10, 2011, in Kansas City, Missouri. Portrayal in fiction
<mask> was portrayed in the 1991 Oliver Stone film JFK as having a central role in a government conspiracy to assassinate Kennedy and frame Oswald. In the 2011 Stephen King novel 11/22/63, Hosty questions the protagonist Jake Epping, a time traveler who has just narrowly prevented Oswald from killing the president. <mask> is suspicious of Epping because of what he knows about Oswald and his investigation by the FBI, but assists Epping in his efforts to quietly disappear, so that he may return to 2011. (The television adaptation has Epping returning to 2016.) In 2013, actor Ron Livingston portrayed <mask> in writer/director <mask>'s film Parkland, a film which recounts the chaotic events that occurred at Dallas' Parkland Hospital on the day JFK was assassinated.References

1924 births
2011 deaths
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
University of Notre Dame alumni
People from Chicago
People from Kansas City, Missouri
Military personnel from Illinois
Deaths from prostate cancer
People associated with the assassination of John F. Kennedy
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in

masks:
Hosty
Hosty
Hosty
Hosty
Peter Landesman