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<mask> (November 27, 1881 – March 28, 1965) was Virginia lawyer and member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Buckingham, Appomattox and Cumberland Counties for 38 years beginning in 1922. A member of the Byrd Organization, <mask> became a leader of its Massive Resistance to racial integration. Early and family life
<mask> was born in Marion, Virginia in 1881 to Baptist minister (and former Confederate chaplain) <mask> (1831-1913) and his wife Maria Elizabeth Woodruff of Cumberland County, Virginia. The family moved to Buckingham in 1894. His elder brother <mask> (1868-1951) eventually became president of the Richmond College where he served 51 years and for whom the main library is named. The <mask> family also included at least three daughters. <mask> married his wife <mask> (1884 - 1965) in 1912, and the couple had five children, all of whom survived their parents (Grace died three weeks after her husband).<mask> Jr. (1915 - 1993) became a lawyer and secretary of the Gray Commission and later for the Virginia legislature helping it adopt uniform state laws. <mask> and <mask>'s children also included <mask> (1921 - 1994), and daughters <mask> <mask> (1913 - 2001) and <mask> Rice (1917 - 2002). His grandson <mask><mask> III also became lawyer and federal public defender. Political career
<mask> was admitted to the bar in 1908 and worked for the U.S. State Department for several years. He began a general legal practice in Buckingham, Virginia in 1914. He was active in the state bar, as well as with the Baptist Church, Modern Woodmen fraternal benefit society, Ruritans society and local game conservation club. He was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1921 from Buckingham and re-elected 18 times.He initially served the 23rd District, but after redistricting in 1936 represented the 59th district. <mask> decided not to run for reelection in 1959, but remained secretary

masks:
John Baker Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
Reuben Baker Boatwright
Frederick William Boatwright
Reuben Boatwright
John Boatwright
Grace Nalle Jones Boatwright
John Boatwright
John
Grace Boatwright
Frederick Boatwright
Louise Boatwright
Broome
Carolyn Boatwright
John B
. Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright


type: original

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 of the Buckingham County Democratic party until his death (after a brief illness) six years later. <mask> helped write and implement many of the Massive Resistance laws which were passed in a special section of the Virginia General Assembly called by Governor Thomas B. Stanley in August 1956. The legislation exceeded the recommendations of the Gray Commission on which State Senator Garland Gray, <mask>, Charles R. Fenwick and other <mask> loyalists sat, and for which David J. Mays served as counsel. (Mays defended segregation in several legal cases, including the anti-NAACP legislation later sponsored by <mask> Sr., as well as sat on the University of Richmond board of directors). Seven laws were directed against the NAACP and other organizations challenging racial segregation within the Commonwealth, and approved by the General Assembly on September 29, 1956. The principal draftsman, Fenwick, represented Arlington (one of the school districts being sued, and which by June had issued a plan proposing to accept the judicial desegregation order).Governor Stanley, <mask> and others in the Byrd Organization proposed to close any school desegregating, even if doing so pursuant to court order. The legislators adopted them despite Mays' opinion that courts would declare them unconstitutional, as eventually happened. Boatwright Committee
<mask> chaired the new Committee on Offenses against the Administration of Justice, initially with his son <mask><mask> Jr. as its Secretary and Harold V. Kelly of the Division of Statutory Research and Drafting as the other clerk and assistant counsel. William H. King of Richmond was the Committee's counsel (the partner at what eventually became McGuireWoods would serve as President of the Virginia State Bar in 1963-1964). The President of the Senate appointed lawyer-senators E. Almer Ames Jr. of Onancock and Earl A. Fitzpatrick of Roanoke, to the committee (the

masks:
Boatwright
Boatwright
Byrd
John Boatwright
Boatwright
Boatwright
John B
. Boatwright


texts: latter becoming Vice-Chairman). The Speaker of the House of Delegates appointed <mask>, and fellow lawyer-delegates William F. Stone and J. J. Williams Jr. Beginning in January 1957, the committee issued letters requesting information from the NAACP as well as the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties and other segregationist organizations. During the next month, it began subpoenaing NAACP membership lists.These activities prompted litigation (NAACP motions to quash the subpoenas) in Richmond and several Virginia counties, which eventually became part of the record submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in NAACP v. Button, argued twice and finally decided in 1963. The subpoenas and other activities soon reduced NAACP membership in Virginia by half. In March 1957 the Boatwright Committee formally opined that various segregationist organizations did not commit the expanded legal offenses of champerty, maintenance, barratry, running and capping, nor the unauthorized practice of law. The commission did not hold any public hearings at this time, but participated in the NAACP litigation, which included testimony by attorney witnesses as well as parents of client plaintiffs. The Committee's initial report issued November 13, 1957 recommended enforcement of the new laws against the various NAACP lawyers who had testified in that litigation. Meanwhile, young delegate James M. Thomson of Alexandria (Senator <mask>'s son-in-law) chaired the other new investigative committee, the Committee on Law Reform and Racial Activities (a/k/a Thomson Committee). Thomson's aggressive questioning of printer David H. Scull (a Quaker from Annandale) concerning a pro-desegregation pamphlet, led to Scull's being cited for contempt by an Arlington court, which the U.S. Supreme Court reversed in Scull v. Virginia ex rel.Committee on Law Reform & Racial Activities on May 4, 1959. After the unfavorable Scull

masks: Boatwright Byrd


texts: decision, the Thomson Committee was merged with this committee. Stone had been elected to the Senate but remained on the committee; Senator Ames and Delegate J.J. Williams left the committee. Thomson and delegates Francis B. Gouldman of Fredericksburg and Frank P. Moncure of Stafford were added, together with Senator Joseph C. Hutcheson of Lawrenceville(former president of the Commonwealth's Attorney Association). The revised committee held a hearing in Floyd, Virginia on July 27, 1959. There, it questioned NAACP attorney Reuben E. Lawson of Roanoke (with Samuel Wilbert Tucker serving as his counsel), as well as James L. Walker of the Harriss-Hart School Parent Teacher Association and nearly a dozen parents about a lawsuit that Lawson had filed against the Floyd County school board. Some husbands testified that they did not sign up for the litigation but their wives went to meetings; others admitted signing papers and considered Lawson their attorney, but testified they did not pay the lawyers employed in the litigation and expected the NAACP or PTA paid them, or said that they really didn't understand the litigation but wanted their children to go to school (whether at the black high school out-of-county in Christiansburg, Virginia or to Check High School or Floyd High School in the county, or a proposed new black high school in Floyd County).James H. Combs, superintendent of the Floyd County schools testified that he received a petition about the matter in April 1958 and that at least once he told the Harris-Hart school principal to forbid Lawson from speaking to the PTA on school property. On December 14, 1959 the committee issued a 13-page report on offenses including barratry, champerty, running and capping. The report complained that the Virginia State Bar was spending more than $5000 on a Jamestown commemoration and $6250 on a new continuing legal education program, but not "ridding


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 it of those unethical influences which discredit all lawyers, in bringing about the punishment of those engaged in the unauthorized practice of law". It said that the Virginia State Bar retained A.R<mask> Jr. of Richmond to bring proceedings against <mask> M. Savage, as well as the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the NAACP and the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, and also indicated the State Corporation Commission was investigating the NAACP, but otherwise only criticized the NAACP and its chief staff attorney, Oliver W. Hill. The committee continued after <mask>'s term ended, but was disbanded after a legislative reorganization in 1974. Oddly, the only Virginia State Bar prosecution related to this report was of Samuel W. Tucker, and began in Emporia in 1960.Both Tucker of Emporia and "<mask>. Savage of Baltimore" had been mentioned in the committee's 1957 report, but Tucker only in the "Offense of Unprofessional Conduct" section, together with future 4th Circuit Court of Appeals judge Spottswood W. Robinson III and Hill (for both of whom the Richmond federal courthouse is now named), and seven other lawyers from Norfolk, Alexandria, Richmond and Newport News. The 1957 report had accused Savage of champerty, barratry and unauthorized practice of law, the latter two offenses together with the Virginia NAACP's non-lawyer secretary W. Lester <mask> of Richmond and non-lawyer Norris W. Tingle of Baltimore. Hill and Robinson were also initially accused of barratry, together with NAACP entities and men from Baltimore, Richmond and Portsmouth who like Walker and <mask>, may not have been attorneys. Death
<mask> died in 1965 and is buried in the Buckingham Baptist Cemetery. References

1881 births
1965 deaths
University of Richmond alumni
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Buckingham, Virginia
Virginia Democrats
20th-century American politicians
People from Marion,

masks:
. Bowles
Barnard
Boatwright
Bernard M
Banks
Banks
Boatwright


texts:
<mask> (; c. 1612 – 1659) was a Polish Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer. He was an early Western traveller within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. The first European Chinese dictionary, published in 1670, is attributed to <mask>. Biography

<mask> was born in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), around 1614, to a well-off family of Hungarian ancestry. His grandfather  Jerzy Boim came to Poland from Hungary with the king  Stefan Batory, and married Jadwiga Niżniowska. <mask>'s father,  Paweł Jerzy Boim (1581–1641), was a physician to King Sigismund III of Poland. Out of Pawel Jerzy's six sons, the eldest, the ne'er-do-well Jerzy was disinherited; Mikołaj and Jan became merchants;  Paweł, a doctor; while
<mask> and  Benedykt Paweł joined the Society of Jesus.The family had their own family chapel in Lviv's central square, which was constructed around the time of <mask>'s birth. In 1631, Boym joined the Jesuits in Kraków, and was ordained a priest. In 1643, after almost a decade of intensive studies in the monasteries of Kraków, Kalisz, Jarosław and Sandomierz, <mask> embarked on a voyage to Eastern Asia. He first traveled to Rome, where he obtained a blessing for his mission from Pope Urban VIII, and then proceeded to Lisbon. Later that year he embarked with a group of nine other priests and clerics on a voyage to Portuguese Goa, and then Macau. Initially he taught at St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau). He then moved to the island of Hainan, where he opened a small Catholic

masks:
Michał Piotr Boym
Boym
Michał Boym
Michał
Michał
Michał
Boym


texts: mission.After the island had been conquered by the Manchus, Boym had to flee to Tonkin in 1647. Even as Jesuits in northern and central China were successfully switching their loyalties from the fallen Ming Dynasty to the newly established Qing, the  Jesuits in the south of the country continued to work with the Ming loyalist regimes still controlling some of the region. Accordingly, in 1649 Boym was sent  by the Canton-based Vice-Provincial of the China Mission Alvaro Semedo with a diplomatic mission to the court of the Yongli Emperor, the last Chinese ruler of the Ming Dynasty, still controlling parts of the Southwestern China. As the Yongli regime was endangered by the encroaching Manchus, the Jesuit Andreas Wolfgang Koffler, who had been at the Yongli court since 1645, had succeeded in converting many of the members of the imperial family to  Christianity believing this would attract help from Western monarchs for the Southern Ming's struggle to continue to rule China. Among the Christians at the Yongli's court were Empress dowager Helena Wang (Wang Liena), the main wife of the emperor's father; Empress dowager Maria Ma (Ma Maliya), the mother of the emperor; Empress Anne Wang, the main wife of the emperor; and the heir to the throne, prince Constantine (Dangding), Zhu Cuxuan. The Emperor's eunuch secretary Pang Tianshou (龐天壽), known by his Christian name  Achilles, had become a Christian as well, years earlier. Boym was chosen to present the situation of the Chinese Emperor to the Pope.He received letters from Empress dowager Helena and


texts: from Pang Achilles, to give to Pope Innocent X, the General of the Jesuit Order, and Cardinal John de Lugo. Additional letters were dispatched to the Doge of Venice and to the King of Portugal. Together with a young court official named  Andrew Zheng (), Boym embarked on his return voyage to Europe. They arrived at Goa in May 1651, where they learned that the King of Portugal had already abandoned the cause of the Chinese (Southern Ming) Emperor, and that Boym's mission was seen as a possible threat to future relations with the victorious Manchu. This view was also supported by the new local superior of the Jesuits, who believed the Jesuit Order should not interfere in the internal power struggles of China. Boym was placed under house arrest. However, he managed to escape and continue his voyage  on foot.By way of Hyderabad, Surat, Bander Abbas and Shiraz, he arrived at Isfahan, in Persia. From there he continued his journey to Erzerum, Trabzon and İzmir, where he arrived near the end of August 1652. As the Venetian court was having conflicts with the Jesuits, Boym discarded his habit and dressed up as a Chinese Mandarin, before he arrived in Venice in December of that year. Although he had managed to cross uncharted waters and unknown lands, his mission there would not be easy, as the political intrigues at the European courts proved to be extremely complicated. Initially the Doge of Venice refused to grant Boym an audience, as Venice wanted to maintain a neutral stance in regards to China. Boym managed to convince the French ambassador to


texts: support his cause, and the Doge finally saw Boym and accepted the letter. However, the French involvement caused a negative reaction from the Pope, as Innocent X was actively opposed to France and its ambitions.Also the newly elected General of the Jesuits, Gosvinus Nickel, believed Boym's mission might endanger other Jesuit missions in China and other parts of the world. A new Pope was elected in 1655, and after three years, Alexander VII finally saw Boym on 18 December 1655. However, although Alexander was sympathetic to the Ming dynasty and its dilemma, he could not offer any practical help and his letter to the Chinese emperor contained little but words of empathy and offers of prayers. However, the letter from the new Pope opened many doors for Boym and his mission. In Lisbon, he was granted an audience by King John IV, who promised to help the Chinese struggle with military force. In March 1656, Boym started his return trip to China. Out of eight priests accompanying him, only four survived the journey.Upon reaching Goa it turned out that Yongli's situation was dire and that the local Portuguese administration, despite direct orders from the monarch, did not want to let Boym travel to Macau. This was in order not to compromise their commercial enterprises with the victorious Manchu. Boym again ignored the Portuguese monopoly by travelling on foot, this time by an uncharted route to Ayutthaya, the capital of Siam. He arrived there in early 1658, and hired a ship from pirates, with which he sailed to northern Vietnam. In Hanoi, Boym tried


texts:
 to procure a guide to lead him and the priests travelling with him to Yunnan. However, he was unsuccessful and he had to continue the journey alone, with the assistance only of Chang, who had travelled with him all the way to Europe and back. They reached the Chinese province of Guangxi, but on 22 June 1659 Boym died, having failed to reach the emperor's court.The burial place remains unknown. Works

Boym is best remembered for his works describing the flora, fauna, history, traditions and customs of the countries he travelled through. During his first trip to China he wrote a short work on the plants and animals dwelling in Mozambique. The work was later sent to Rome, but was never printed. During his return trip he prepared a large collection of maps of mainland China and South-East Asia. He planned to expand it to nine chapters describing China, its customs and political system, as well as Chinese science and inventions. The merit of Boym's maps was that they were the first European maps to properly represent Korea as a peninsula rather than an island.They also took notice of the correct positions of many Chinese cities previously unknown to the westerners or known only by the semi-fabulous descriptions of Marco Polo. Boym also marked the Great Wall and the Gobi Desert. Although the collection was not published during Boym's lifetime, it extended the knowledge of China in the west. The best known of Boym's works is the Flora Sinensis ("Chinese Flora"), published in Vienna in 1656. The book was the first description of an ecosystem of the


texts:
 Far East published in Europe. Boym underlined the medicinal properties of the Chinese plants. The book also included pleas for support of the Catholic Chinese emperor and a poem containing nearly a hundred chronograms pointing to the date of 1655, the date of coronation of Emperor Leopold I as the King of Hungary, as Boym wanted to gain support of that monarch for his mission.Athanasius Kircher heavily drew on the Flora Sinensis for the chapters on the plants and animals of China in his celebrated China Illustrata (1667). <mask> authored the first published Chinese dictionary for a European language, a Chinese–French dictionary published in the first French edition of Kircher's work, in 1670. In his other works, such as Specimen medicinae Sinicae ("Chinese medicinal plants") and Clavis medica ad Chinarum doctrinam de pulsibus ("Key to the Medical Doctrine of the Chinese on the Pulse") he described the Chinese traditional medicine and introduced several methods of healing and diagnostics previously unknown in Europe, particularly measurement of the pulse. The latter book was likely written by the Dutch doctor and scholar Willem ten Rhijne. See also

Benedict of Poland
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki
List of Jesuit scientists
List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists
Nicolae Milescu

Notes and references

External links

 Flora Sinensis 1656 at Bibliothèque Universitaire Moretus Plantin. Hartmut Walravens, "Michael Boym und die Flora Sinensis" - very good bio, and analysis of Flora Sinensis


texts:
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070727002548/http://form.nlc.gov.cn/sino/show.php?id=2 (Chinese)

1610s births
1659 deaths
17th century in China
Jesuit missionaries in China
Polish explorers
Clergy from Lviv
Polish Jesuits
Polish people of Hungarian descent
Polish Roman Catholic missionaries
Polish sinologists
Catholic clergy scientists
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Jesuit scientists
Jesuit missionaries
Polish expatriates in China
Missionary


texts:
<mask> (Zutphen, 13 February 1959 – Heiloo, 28 September 2021) was an independent scholar who studied ancient Indo-European languages, hieroglyphic Luvian/Luwian, and Mediterranean protohistory. He was the former editor of Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. Life
<mask> graduated from high school in 1977. He finished his history studies in 1985 with an exam in Ancient History and specializing in Prehistory and Early History of the Mediterranean region. His education included Provincial Roman Archeology and the study of Classical languages, including Latin and Greek, as well as Luwian languages, Italian dialects and Mycenaeology. In 2006 he obtained his doctorate from Erasmus University Rotterdam with a Dissertation on The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples. From 1986 to 1989 and 1992 to 1995 <mask> was editor of the Dutch journal Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society and from 1990 to 1992 director of the “Henri Frankfort Foundation”.Work
Woudhuizen examined in particular the writing systems of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age of the Mediterranean, including Luwian hieroglyphs, Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A, Cypro-Minoan and the Byblos Script. He has also dealt extensively with the Luwian language and with "Trümmersprachen" (Lycian, Lydian, Sidetic, Carian) and investigated Etruscan and Southwest Iberian. Woudhuizen applied a methodical principle to his work, which Stefan Hiller describes as a “paleographic-comparative procedure”. A similar approach had been used by Michael Ventris in the deciphering of Linear B. Similar or comparable character forms in related writing systems are used and their known phonetic values are transferred to the

masks:
Frederik Christiaan Woudhuizen
Fred Woudhuizen
Woudhuizen


texts: script to be deciphered. Woudhuizen described the most difficult part of his deciphering work as “hunting for sound values”. If the character sequence of the writing to be deciphered can be translated into a sequence of phonetic values, the writing becomes legible.In order to make them understandable, word parallels in other languages must be used. Due to the close relationship of the language branches within the Indo-European language family, the meaning of some terms is obvious. Until 2008, Woudhuizen worked for two decades jointly with Jan Best, at that time a lecturer in Ancient History and Prehistory at the  University of Amsterdam. Best had deciphered the libation formula in Linear A in 1981: “I have given and my hand has made as an expiatory offering, oh Asherah.” According to his studies, this sentence showed that it is a Semitic language, which was written in a linearized script derived essentially from the Cretan hieroglyphs. <mask> continued this work on his own from 2009, mainly transferring the phonetic values from the later Linear B to the signs of Linear A. He then identified the words using a Semitic dictionary – and was thus able to read Linear A. According to Woudhuizen, the language of the Linear A tablets is identical to the Semitic dialect that was spoken in Byblos at the same time.The deciphering of Linear A triggered a domino effect, because the transfer of phonetic values between similar characters in different writing systems also made other scripts that were previously considered undeciphered readable, including the Byblos Script and Cypro-Minoan. According to Woudhuizen, the situation on Crete, with regard to languages and scripts, was complicated, as in addition to Semitic,


texts:
 Luwian and Pelasgian were also spoken and written on the island. The Luwian language turned out to be particularly helpful in deciphering Cretan hieroglyphs, the longest text of which, according to Woudhuizen, is the famous Phaistos Disc. Woudhuizen's works show that characters, scripts and languages of the 2nd millennium BC were largely derived from one another across the entire Mediterranean region. With regard to the transcription of Luwian hieroglyphs, Woudhuizen insisted that the sound values of the Luwian language, which are known for around 90 percent of the words, ought to be used. The standard method for transcription, as established in 1973, however, uses Latin terms. The well-known Luwian word “parna” (for house) is therefore transcribed with the Latin term “DOMUS”.<mask> argued that the translation into Latin hinders access to the Luwian language, thus making it unnecessarily difficult to understand. He also assumed a position against the so-called “new reading” advocated by  J. David Hawkins and suggested replacing this with an “adapted old reading”. Woudhuizen’s arguments have been confirmed by the subsequent studies in a number of instances:

 Since the 1980s, Woudhuizen has argued that the coming of the Greeks should be placed around 1600 BC. Historian Robert Drews, in his work, The Coming of the Greeks, seems to agree with this late date. <mask> argued that Luwian has to be centum like all other Early Indo-European languages. This suggestion was accepted by Craig Melchert in 2012. According to Woudhuizen, Luwian hieroglyphic came into use as early as 2000 BC, and Willemijn Waal in a 2012 paper confirmed the existence of Middle Bronze Age Luwian inscriptions.The word tíwaná occurs frequently

masks: Woudhuizen Woudhuizen


texts:
 in the Late Bronze Age Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions from Yalburt and Südburg. Already in the 1990s, Woudhuizen interpreted this word to represent “enemy,” which helped understanding the texts much better. This interpretation was later confirmed by Ilya Yakubovich. Piero Meriggi in 1964 read the sequence ma-sà-ka-na- as “Phrygians” in Kızıldağ 4 – and Woudhuizen was the only scholar who maintained this identification ever since. In 2019, the word “Muski” turned up in the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription and was then interpreted to mean “Phrygian” – as it does in Kızıldağ 4. The Tuscany Dice bears the Etruscan words for the digits 1-6, where θu has been read as “one” and zal as “two”. Woudhuizen suggested swapping the numbers so that θu stands for “two” and is thus typically Indo-European.This interpretation was later adopted by John Ray. In the late 1990s, Woudhuizen suggested that Southwestern Iberian is Celtic – an idea subsequently advocated by John Koch. Selected publications
 Luwian hieroglyphic monumental rock and stone inscriptions from the Hittite Empire period
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts 1
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts 2
 Selected Luwian hieroglyphic texts, the extended version
 The earliest Cretan scripts
 The earliest Cretan scripts 2
 The Phaistos Disc: A Luwian letter to Nestor
 The ethnicity of the Sea Peoples
 Ethnicity in Mediterranean Protohistory, with Wim M.J. van Binsbergen
 Some More Etruscan Inscriptions
 Two Notes on Lydian
 Etruscan as a colonial Luwian language, Amsterdam 2019
 The Liber Linteus

References

External links

1959 births
2021 deaths
Independent scholars
Dutch historians
People from Zutphen
Dutch philologists
Erasmus University Rotterdam alumni
Luwian


texts:
<mask> (August 13, 1909 – November 12, 1990) was an American character actor. He appeared in 181 films and television series from 1939 to 1979. Biography
Born in 1909, <mask> began his professional career in vaudeville in 1931, teaming with his boyhood friend Jack Carson in a comedy song and dance routine. For a time in the mid-1930s, he was a reporter and editor for a Milwaukee newspaper. He first appeared on screen in Good Girls Go to Paris (1939), in an uncredited bit part. He teamed with Carson again when Carson invited him to write for his radio show; <mask> wrote and played the part of Carson's nephew Tugwell on The Jack Carson Show from 1943 to 1949. <mask> and Cliff Arquette had their own radio and television shows in the early 1950s.Both versions were called <mask> and Charley; the radio version was heard circa 1950, but the television version of it was on the air for only three months in early 1952. In the 1961–1962 season, he played Harvey Clayton, father of the 1920s teenager Margie Clayton, portrayed by Cynthia Pepper in ABC's Margie. He appeared on an episode of Dragnet as an ex-vaudevillean who is cheated out of $9,000 that he found on a sidewalk. In 1966, he had an uncredited role as the bartender in the Elvis Presley vehicle Frankie and Johnny. <mask> is probably most familiar to modern audiences from his performance as Baby Jane Hudson's father in the opening scenes of the cult classic What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962). He appeared in a two episodes of The Cara Williams Show with Cara Williams in 1964 and 1965 and played seven different characters on CBS's Green Acres with Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, mostly portraying clerks or elevator operators.<mask> did voice acting for animated series,

masks:
David Willock
Willock
Willock
Willock
Dave
Willock
Willock


texts:
 such as the offscreen narrator on Wacky Races (1968) and as father Augustus "Gus" Holiday on The Roman Holidays (1972). <mask> appeared in a classic 1970 television commercial for "The Great American Soups", directed by American satirist Stan Freberg, alongside tap-dancing star Ann Miller. He died of complications due to stroke on November 12, 1990 at the age of 81. He is buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery. For his contribution to the television industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6358 Hollywood Boulevard. Selected filmography

 Three Texas Steers (1939) - Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 S.O.S. Pat Casey
 Four Jills in a Jeep (1944) - Heckling Soldier (uncredited)
 Pin Up Girl (1944) - Dud Miller
 Wing and a Prayer (1944) - Ens.Hans Jacobson
 She's a Sweetheart (1944) - Wes
 Bring on the Girls (1945) - Sailor (uncredited)
 It's a Pleasure (1945) - Elevator Man (uncredited)
 It's in the Bag! (1945) - Stratosphere Balcony Usher (uncredited)
 Pride of the Marines (1945) - Red (uncredited)
 This Love of Ours (1945) - Dr. Dailey
 Spellbound (1945) - Bellboy (uncredited)
 Joe Palooka, Champ (1946) - Mr. Rodney
 The Runaround (1946) - Hubert 'Billy' Willis
 The Searching Wind (1946) - Harry, Male Nurse
 The Fabulous Dorseys (1947) - Foggy
 Stork Bites Man (1947) - Lester
 State of the Union (1948) - Pilot (uncredited)
 So This Is New York (1948) - Willis Gilbey
 Sealed Verdict (1948) - Stockade Desk Sergeant
 Chicago Deadline (1949) - Pig
 No Man of Her Own (1950) - Jimmy Baker (uncredited)
 Belle of Old Mexico (1950) - Tommy Mayberry
 Louisa (1950) - Joe Collins - Cab Driver
 Call Me Mister (1951) - Chet in Skit (uncredited)
 Let's Go Navy! (1951) - Algernon Hobenocker
 Darling, How Could

masks: Willock Willock


texts:
<mask>, FACS, FRACS (born 11 August 1965) is an American trained surgeon who is practicing general, breast and oncologic surgery in Australia. Dauway was co-inventor of the use of radioactive seeds in the breast to localise non-palpable breast cancers and the first in Australia to use magnetic seeds instead of radioactive seeds. This technique replaces hookwire or needle localisation improving patient safety, outcomes and satisfaction. The method was patented by the University of South Florida while Dauway was a fellow of surgical oncology. The method has been used since 1999 and has improved with the development of modern equipment. <mask> is also a Yoga Instructor, a Keynote speaker and is founder/director of Restore More, a non-profit initiative which provides education and funding to women in regional and geographically disadvantaged areas for breast cancer treatment and reconstruction. Education

<mask> graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School, Long Beach CA  in 1983.She then studied for a Bachelor Degree, Natural Science from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, graduating in May 1987, and obtained a Doctorate of Medicine from the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford IL in 1992. Dauway then completed an Internship/Residency in General Surgery at Ochsner Medical Foundation Hospital, New Orleans LA, from June 1992 to May 1997. She completed a Fellowship in Surgical Oncology from University of South

masks:
Emilia Dauway MD
Dauway
Dauway


texts:
 Florida, H.L. Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute Tampa FL, from June 1997 to May 1999. Career

Dauway has been employed in medical academic appointments and medical clinical appointments. She was employed as an Assistant Professor of Surgery from June 1999 to April 2001, at the West Virginia University Robert C Byrd School of Medicine, Dept. of General Surgery Division of Surgical Oncology, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.In 1999, Dr <mask> and Dr Charles Cox presented the results of a pilot study to the Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons. Results from that study indicated that the surgeons had discovered a safe new method of taking biopsies from lesions in the breast. The use of radioactive seeds allowed surgeons to more accurately locate tumors, allowing less tissue to be removed. From April 2001 to December 2005 <mask> worked as a General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist at the Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA, in the Dept. of General, Thoracic, Vascular Surgery. Then she took the position of Chief of Surgery/Surgical Oncologist at Wilcox Memorial Hospital, Kauai, Hawaii, USA, from December 2005 to July 2012. From June 2007 to June 2012 she was Assistant Professor of Surgery at Texas A & M Health Sciences Division of Surgical Oncology, Temple, Texas, USA and Clinical Instructor of Surgery at John Burns Medical School, Hawaii, USA, from June 2012 to Dec 2014.Her last appointment in the USA,

masks: Dauway Dauway


texts: was Chief of Breast Surgery at Scott and White Healthcare, Texas, USA, from July 2012 to December 2014. In 2014, IntraMedical Imaging LLC, licensed a key patent from the University of South Florida for the new breast cancer treatment co-invented by Dauway and Dr. Charles Cox, McCann Foundation Endowed Professor of Breast Surgery. The seed localization technique had been further refined and allowed surgeons to be guided by mammography, to place small radioactive seeds inside the patient’s breast lump. The seeds are tracked to guide the surgeon to the lump, which minimizes the volume of breast tissue removed, resulting in a less invasive surgical option for patients, and better outcomes. This means that surgeons can locate and excise smaller tumours in the breast without the need for a mastectomy. In January 2015, <mask> moved to Australia and was employed as a Specialist General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist/Consultant at the Gladstone Mater Hospital and the Gladstone District Hospital, in Gladstone, Queensland, with her time divided equally between the two hospitals. The partnership between the two hospitals allowed each hospital more opportunities to employ specialists and provided better after-hours coverage.From October 2015 to 2018 Dauway was also employed in the academic position of Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland School of Medicine, in the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.


texts:
 Dauway continued to make advances in oncoplastic surgery. She was the first surgeon in Australia to offer Magseed localization for breast cancer surgery, using small magnetic seeds, the size of a grain of rice, instead of radioactive seeds or the more traditional use of hook-wires. This seed can stay in place for up to 30 days winch allows more flexibility in timing. With the increased risk of infection with hook-wire technique, women from rural areas often had to travel to have this implanted and it needed to be done on the same day as the breast surgery. The first Magseed localisation was done on a breast-cancer patient from Middlemount, Queensland. Dauway left Gladstone in January 2020, to take up a position as Specialist General Surgeon/Surgical Oncologist/Consultant at the Hervey Bay Hospital & St. Stephens Private Hospital, Queensland.Philanthropy and community involvement

Restore More
Dauway founded Restore More, a non-profit organisation, to provide education and funding to women in regional and geographically disadvantaged areas, to allow better access to breast cancer treatment and reconstruction. After working in Central Queensland, Dauway noticed that rural and remote patients had barriers preventing them from accessing the full range of reconstruction options open to those living in cities. Reconstruction is not just cosmetic as those who have had one breast removed can suffer from muscular-skeletal problems and issues


texts:
 with balance. Reconstructive surgery can reduce issues caused by asymmetry and this is a vital part of treatment and recovery. Long distances and the expense of travel and accommodation can reduce reconstruction options for some patients. Only one in ten Australian women will be offered reconstructive surgery and Dauway aims to increase awareness of options and improve access. Fundraising events help provide funds for Restore More to continue this work.The holistic approach
Dauway believes that treatment of cancer requires a holistic approach. In her practice, as well as removing the cancer, she aims for the person to be restored mentally and physically in order to live a quality life after treatment. She is a certified Yoga instructor and incorporates Yoga, diet and mindfulness techniques into surgical practice. She regularly taught at Epic Yoga and Lifestyle, in Gladstone, Queensland. Dauway believes that all patients should have access to reconstruction options. Surgical volunteerism
When possible, Dr Dauway spends a few weeks each year working with surgical missions in various countries (listed below). The missions provide her with opportunities for teaching and learning.Restore More- Nepal, Dhulikhel Hospital, 2019
 IMA Helps- Paraguay, General Surgery, 2017- 2019
 IMA Helps– Nicaragua, General Surgery, 2016
 IMA Helps –El Salvador, General Surgery, July 2014
 FLMMC Cameroon, Medicine & development of a new medical facility,


texts:
 January 2014
 IMA Helps– Peru General, Surgery, July 2013
 IMA Helps– Nicaragua, General Surgery, July 2012
 Haiti, General Surgery, July 2010

Professional memberships

 Fellow Royal Australian College of Surgeons
 Fellow American College of Surgeons
 Fellow Society of Surgical Oncology
 American Society of Breast Surgeons
 Breast Surgeons Australia New Zealand
 Association of Women Surgeons

Awards and recognition
In 2019, at the Regional Women's Network, CQ Inc (RWN), Dauway won the Inspirational Woman of the Year 2019 award and was the first to receive the Ann Augusteyn Trophy. She was honored for a holistic approach to surgery and her work with regional women through her non-profit, Restore More. Patent
Dauway was the co-inventor of the use of radioactive seeds in the breast to localise non-palpable breast cancers and the first in Australia to use magnetic seeds instead of radioactive seeds. This technique replaces hook-wire or needle localisation improving patient safety, outcomes and


texts:
 satisfaction. The method was patented by the University of South Florida while Dauway was a fellow of surgical oncology. The method has been used since 1999 and has improved with the development of modern equipment. Radio guided seed localization of imaged lesions
US Patent- US6496717B2
Inventor: Charles E. Cox, <mask>. Dauway
Assignee: University of South Florida

Research
Sample of research:

 <mask>, E.L., Giuliano, R., Pendas, S., Haddad, F., Costello, D., Cox, C.E., Berman, C., Ku, N.N.and Reintgen, D.S. (1999). Lymphatic mapping: a technique providing accurate staging for breast cancer. Breast Cancer, 6(2), pp. 145–154. Gray, R.J., Giuliano, R., <mask>, E.L., Cox, C.E. and Reintgen, D.S.(2001). Radioguidance for nonpalpable primary lesions and sentinel lymph node(s). The American Journal of Surgery, 182(4), pp. 404–406. Gray, R.J., Salud, C., Nguyen, K., <mask>, E., Friedland, J., Berman, C., Peltz, E., Whitehead, G. and Cox, C.E. (2001). Randomized Prospective Evaluation of a Novel Technique for Biopsy or Lumpectomy of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Radioactive Seed Versus Wire Localization.Annals of Surgical Oncology, 8(9), pp. 711–715. Povoski, S.P., <mask>, E.L. and Ducatman, B.S. (2002). Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for breast cancer at a rural-based university medical center: Initial Experience with intraparenchymal and intradermal injection routes. Breast Cancer, 9(2), pp. 134–144.Goodwin, J.T., Decroff, C.,

masks:
Emilia L
Dauway
Dauway
Dauway
Dauway


texts:
 <mask>, E., Sybenga, A. and Mahabir, R.C. (2013). The management of incidental findings of reduction mammoplasty specimens. The Canadian journal of plastic surgery = Journal canadien de chirurgie plastique,  21(4), pp. 226–8. Gray, R.J., Cox, C.E. and <mask>, E.L. (2016).Radioguided Surgery for Non-palpable Breast Lesions: I-125 Radioactive Seed Localization. Radioguided Surgery, pp. 125–137. <mask>, E.L. (2018). The state of breast reconstruction in australia: challenges and opportunities. Mastology, 23(4), pp. 203–205.References

External links
 Centre for Personal Renewal
 Restore More (non-profit)

1965 births
Living people
American surgeons
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Illinois at Chicago alumni
Women

masks: Dauway Dauway Dauway


texts:
<mask> (; 22 December 1930 – 13 July 1989) was an Kurdish politician and Kurdish leader. <mask> was the Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) from 1973 until his assassination in 1989 by individuals suspected of being agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Early life and education
Born in Rezaieh, West Azerbaijan, Iran to a wealthy feudal family, his father was <mask>, a landowning Kurdish nationalist Agha and Khan from the Kurdish Shekak tribe who was born in 1875. His mother was Nana Jan Timsar, an Assyrian Christian. His father was an adviser to the Shah of Iran, who gave him the title "Wussuq-e Divan." He completed his early education in Urmia and then in Tehran. He witnessed the era of the Republic of Mahabad and became a co-founder member of the youth wing of KDP-I at the age of 15.<mask> moved to France to continue his studies at the Sorbonne. He met his wife Helen Krulich in Czechoslovakia. They had two daughters together, Mina (1953) and Hewa (1955). <mask> was fluent in 8 languages; Kurdish, Persian, Arabic, Azerbaijani, French, English, Czech, and Russian. He was also familiar with German, Slovak, and Polish. Career
<mask> went back to Kurdistan in 1952 after completing his studies. He then spent several years as an active militant in the Kurdish military fields.In 1973, during the Third Congress of the PDKI, he was elected to the position of secretary general of the party, a position to which he was reelected several times until his assassination. In 1979, his party supported the revolution which ended in the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Khomeini considered their last hour

masks:
Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Mohammad Vesugh Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou


texts:
 participation in the revolution as "opportunistic". Kurds belonging to the party had overtaken the military compounds in the Kurdish areas. Khomeini demanded all armed groups to become part of one revolutionary organization and requested that Kurdish soldiers "return" their weapons. Ghasemlou demanded autonomy for Kurds and refused to lay down weapons. The party boycotted the referendum for the new constitution.Following two bloody confrontation between Kurdish people and forces loyal to Khomeini, the Kurdish struggle turned into a war. Shortly, after the beginning of the armed Kurdish rebellion, Ayatollah Khomeini declared a "holy war" against the PDKI and Kurdistan. This was the start of confrontation of the party and the new state, which ended in a military defeat of the Kurdish rebels. In 1982 <mask>, attempted to overthrow the Shia clerics in an alliance with the former and dismissed president of Iran Abolhassan Banisadr, but Banisadr declined to join his pro-Kurdish alliance due to ambitions for independence among the Kurds. The armed conflict continued up to 1984 in the middle of Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) where both countries supported the armed rebels in each other's territory. After the defeat of the armed rebellion, <mask> settled in Paris and joined the National Council of Resistance of Iran that was founded by the PDKI and other opposition forces: the Islamist-Marxist People's Mujahedin, the liberal-leftist National Democratic Front, the United Left of small socialist groupings, and the independent Islamist-leftist former president of Iran Abolhassan Bani Sadr in October 1981. Books
"Kurdistan and Kurd" is a

masks: Ghassemlou Ghassemlou


texts:
 book on the history of Kurds and their land written by <mask> and published in 1964 in Slovak, 1965 in English, 1967 in Arabic, 1969 in Polish, and 1973 in Kurdish.Assassination and funerals

In 1988, after the war had ended, the Iran government decided to meet with him. Several meetings followed in Vienna, on 28 December, 30 December and 20 January 1989. Another meeting was set up for 13 July, again in Vienna. The Tehran delegation was as before, namely Mohammed Jafar Sahraroudi and Hadji Moustafawi, except that this time there was also a third member: Amir Mansur Bozorgian who was a bodyguard. The Kurds also had a three-man delegation: <mask> <mask>, his aide <mask> Azar (a member of the PDKI Central Committee) and Fadhil Rassoul, an Iraqi Kurdish university professor who had acted as a mediator. The next day, 13 July 1989, in the very room where the negotiation took place, <mask> was killed by three bullets fired at very close range. His assistant Ghaderi Azar was hit by eleven bullets and Rassoul by five.Hadji Moustafawi succeeded in escaping. Mohammad Jafar Sahraroudi received minor injuries and was taken to a hospital, questioned and allowed to go. Amir Mansur Bozorgian was released after 24 hours in police custody and took refuge in the Iranian Embassy. His deputy, Sadegh Sharafkandi, succeeded <mask> as secretary-general until his assassination on 17 September 1992 in the Mykonos restaurant in Berlin, Germany. <mask> Azar and <mask> <mask> were buried on 20 July in Paris at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Investigation
According to PDKI
In late November 1989 the Austrian courts issued a warrant for the arrest of the three

masks:
Ghassemlou
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou
Abdullah Ghaderi
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Abdullah Ghaderi
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou


texts:
 Iranian representatives and the Austrian Government expressly accused the Iranian Government as having instigated the attack on <mask> <mask>. The three representatives of Iran's government in the negotiations with the Kurdish leaders returned to Iran freely.One of them had never been in custody, one was escorted by Austrian police to the Vienna airport nine days after the assassination, and the third, after one night of the arrest, spent a few months in the Iranian embassy in Vienna before he disappeared from Austria. One of the suspects was Mohamed Magaby, whom the Kurdish protesters in Vienna requested to be arrested and be put under travel ban. Warrants for their arrest were not issued until November 1989. The warrants have never been executed. Unlike the German Mykonos trial for the assassination of <mask>'s successor Sadegh Sharafkandi in Berlin, the assassination in Vienna was never clarified by any court. The Mykonos verdict of 1 April 1997 put the responsibility on the Iranian government of the time for the murders in Berlin and in Vienna. References

External links

1930 births
1989 deaths
Iranian Muslims
People from Urmia
Iranian Assyrian people
Iranian Kurdish people
Iranian people murdered abroad
People murdered in Austria
Deaths by firearm in Austria
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan politicians
Iranian emigrants to France
Members of the Assembly of Experts for Constitution
National Council of Resistance of Iran members
Assassinated Kurdish politicians
Assassinated Iranian Kurdish dissidents
1980s murders in Austria
1989 crimes in Austria
1989 murders in Europe
Iranian elected officials who did not take

masks:
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou


texts:
Quatawapea or <mask> (c. 1760 – 1826), also known as <mask> and <mask>, was a Shawnee leader for whom Lewistown, Ohio, is named. <mask> fought in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795) as part of Shawnee opposition to the expansion of the United States into Shawnee territory. After the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, he sought to preserve Shawnee autonomy by promoting accommodation with the U.S., working with Black Hoof, the principal Shawnee spokesman. <mask> served in the War of 1812 as an American ally. After the war, he signed a number of treaties with the U.S., eventually getting Lewistown recognized as an Indian reservation for his band of Shawnees, along with Senecas also living at Lewistown. <mask> made several trips to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. officials, including Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, to promote Shawnee land rights. Continued American encroachment on Shawnee lands convinced <mask> to give up on remaining in Ohio.He broke with Black Hoof and advocated Shawnee relocation to the west, promoting a Native confederacy with allied Cherokees in Missouri and the Arkansas Territory. He died before this plan could be realized. After his death, the Shawnees and Senecas of Lewistown, known as the "Mixed Band", were in 1831 compelled to cede their reservation in Ohio and move to Indian Territory. The Lewistown Shawnees eventually became the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Early life
Little is known of <mask>'s early life or family background. His year of birth has been estimated as 1760 and 1766. Evidence suggests he was born in the Ohio

masks:
John Lewis
Captain Lewis
Colonel Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


texts: Country, in one of the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains along the Scioto River, near present-day Circleville, Ohio.In the 1680s, the Shawnees had been driven out of the Ohio Country by the Iroquois. By the mid 1700s, they had begun to reunite in their traditional homeland. <mask>'s Shawnee name was Quatawapea, which was spelled in a variety of ways, including Quitewepea, and has been translated as "the Man Who Swims Below and Above the Water" and "Man on the Water Who Sinks and Rises Again." Shawnees of <mask>'s era belonged to one of five tribal divisions: Kispoko, Chalahgawtha (Chillicothe), Mekoche, Pekowi (Piqua), and Hathawekela. <mask> probably belonged to the Piqua division. In addition, each Shawnee belonged to a clan that was named after a totemic animal. <mask> belonged to the Turtle clan.When <mask> was a child, the Iroquois ceded land south of the Ohio River (including present Kentucky) to the British in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix. The Shawnees, who used Kentucky as their seasonal hunting ground, had not been consulted in the treaty. They attempted to organize Native resistance to colonial occupation of the region, culminating in the 1774 Battle of Point Pleasant. <mask> fought in the battle as a young man. After losing the battle, the Shawnees were compelled to cede Kentucky to the American colonists. Shawnee resistance to American occupation of Kentucky continued in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). <mask> joined Shawnee war parties that raided colonial settlements in Kentucky and Virginia.After the war, the Americans, victorious over the British, claimed the Ohio Country

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


texts:
 by right of conquest. The Natives of the region continued to resist American encroachment, however, which led to the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795). <mask> fought in that war as well, taking part in St. Clair's defeat (1791) and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), although not in a leading role. The defeat at Fallen Timbers compelled the Shawnees and other Natives to cede much of present-day Ohio to the United States in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. <mask> likely attended the treaty negotiations, though he did not sign the document. In the mid-1780s, <mask> married Polly Kaizer, a white captive who had been adopted into the Shawnee tribe as a child. They had two children.He married a second time to Mary Succopanus, who was of mixed Shawnee-Mingo heritage. They apparently had no children together. Lewistown

After their defeat in the Northwest Indian War, the Shawnees were divided between those who sought accommodation with the United States, those who wished to continue resisting, and those who left the U.S. by moving west of the Mississippi River. <mask> was among those Shawnees who hoped to hold onto their remaining Ohio lands by accommodating the United States. Around 1796, he and his followers established the Shawnee village of Lewistown, in present-day Logan County, Ohio, just north of the Greenville Treaty line. Nearby were two other Shawnee settlements: Hog Creek and Wapakoneta. Wapakoneta was the home of Chief Black Hoof, the principal spokesman of the Ohio Shawnees and foremost advocate of accommodation with the United States.On February 5, 1802, <mask> was part of a Shawnee and Lenape

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


texts: (Delaware) delegation that met with President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of War Henry Dearborn in Washington, D.C. Black Hoof spoke for the Shawnees. He complained about white American poachers trespassing on their lands, and asked the government for a deed for their Ohio lands, hoping to secure permanent Shawnee title to their homeland. The U.S. officials promised to punish the poachers, but they refused to issue a deed, saying that the division of lands on the Indian side of the Greenville boundary was outside of their jurisdiction. <mask> received a "peace medal" from Jefferson on this trip, which he would often wear. Back in Ohio, <mask> and Black Hoof encouraged their fellow Shawnees to adopt some American-style practices to better coexist with their white neighbors. Working with Quaker missionaries, Shawnee men were encouraged to give up hunting and begin farming, which among Shawnees had been considered women's work. In 1808, Black Hoof and <mask> were the only Shawnees to sign the Treaty of Brownstown, which granted the United States a right-of-way to build a road through northwestern Ohio.<mask> and Black Hoof faced opposition from an emerging Shawnee leader named Tenskwatawa, who became known as the Shawnee Prophet. In 1806, Tenskwatawa and his brother Tecumseh established a new town, Greenville, less than fifty miles from Lewistown. There they attracted hundreds of converts to a movement that rejected the accommodationist program, which represented a challenge to the Shawnee chiefs who sat on the tribal council at Wapakoneta. Most Ohio Shawnees followed Black Hoof's path and rejected the

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


texts:
 Prophet's leadership. Sugden (1997) wrote that <mask> initially supported the Prophet's movement, but Edmunds (2017) disagreed, saying that <mask> was by 1807 a proponent of Black Hoof's acculturation program. In 1808, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh moved to a new town, Prophetstown, north of present-day Lafayette, Indiana. As the Americans continued to acquire additional Native land in a series of treaties, tensions arose between Prophetstown and the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison.In 1811, Harrison assembled an army to march on Prophetstown, hoping to disperse the settlement and bring an end to the Prophet's movement. Black Hoof and <mask> assured American officials they would remain at peace during the conflict. War of 1812

After Harrison destroyed Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh joined forces with the British in Upper Canada at the outset of the War of 1812. <mask> and other Shawnee leaders agreed to act as scouts and interpreters for the American army under General William Hull that was marching through Ohio to protect Detroit. <mask> took no part in the early skirmishing around Detroit; instead, he and Black Hoof encouraged other Natives to remain neutral in the conflict. This proved to be difficult after Tecumseh helped the British capture Detroit and Hull's entire army. Many Natives decided to side with the British, who seemed to have the upper hand in this early stage of the war.The tide began to turn in September 1812 when a new American army under William Henry Harrison began a campaign to recapture Detroit. <mask> and several other Shawnees, including Captain Logan,

masks: Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis Lewis


texts: served as scouts for Harrison's army. American soldiers made little distinction between hostile and friendly Natives, however. On January 25, 1813, while <mask> and Black Hoof were meeting with Ohio militia General Edward Tupper, an unknown American militiaman shot Black Hoof in the face. Black Hoof survived the assassination attempt; the assailant was never caught. While Black Hoof recovered, <mask> continued to scout for the Americans. In April, he was in Fort Meigs with Harrison when Tecumseh and a British force under General Henry Procter unsuccessfully laid siege to the fort.Although <mask> and other Natives served with the Americans in the war, many whites continued to distrust them. To demonstrate their loyalty, Captain <mask> joined more than 200 Shawnee and Delaware warriors for Harrison's invasion of Upper Canada, serving as scouts and skirmishers. <mask> and his men were present at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813, in which Tecumseh was killed. <mask>'s men were still encircling the British position when the Americans charged, and so the battle was over before <mask> and his warriors were engaged. Although Tecumseh is popularly associated with Shawnee resistance to the United States, more Shawnees served in Harrison's army at the Battle of the Thames than alongside Tecumseh. <mask> returned to Lewistown after the battle, only to find that a mob of Americans had attacked his village, burning some cabins and destroying the cornfields. Indian agent <mask> restored peace and provided the Shawnees with food to get through the winter.In the 1814 Treaty of Greenville, the Americans sought to

masks:
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
John Johnston


texts:
 gain the loyalty of Natives who had been fighting for the British. <mask> signed the treaty, although he doubted the sincerity of some of the other signatories. In October 1814, <mask> and 65 Shawnees joined Colonel Duncan McArthur's invasion of Upper Canada, fighting at the Battle of Malcolm's Mills on November 6. The Shawnees suffered no casualties in the battle. At the end of the war, <mask>, Black Hoof, and other Shawnees signed the Treaty of Spring Wells on September 8, 1815, which confirmed that the Shawnees still owned the land guaranteed to them in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. Reservation
The American population in Ohio continued to rise after the War of 1812, increasing pressure on the Shawnees to cede their territory and move west of the Mississippi. <mask> and Black Hoof resisted these pressures, and worked to secure a definitive title to their lands.In the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs, they and leaders from other tribes ceded northwestern Ohio to the United States in exchange for carefully delineated reservations. The treaty created three small Shawnee reservations in Ohio: Wapakoneta, Lewistown, and Hog Creek, encompassing about . The Lewistown reservation was , divided between Shawnees and Senecas who lived at Lewistown. The treaty authorized the Lewistown chiefs to divide the reservation into lots assigned to individual families. According to Lakomäki (2014), "The United States had finally recognized exclusive Shawnee ownership of clearly bounded territories. Now no other nation would be able to sell the land under Shawnee feet." The Treaty of Fort Meigs met with opposition in the United States


texts:
 Senate.Senators disliked the notion of Natives holding land in fee simple, and so they instructed U.S. officials to renegotiate the treaty. A supplemental agreement, the 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's, was created with language that made clear the U.S. government still ultimately controlled the land, and if Shawnees sold the land, they could only sell it to the U.S. government. <mask> signed the second treaty, although he was likely discouraged by the change. Indian agent <mask> reported that there were 800 Shawnees living in Ohio in 1819: 559 at Wapakoneta, 169 at Lewistown, and 72 at Hog Creek. Although the Ohio Shawnees now had reservations, white settlers continued to poach on their lands. In 1820, <mask> and Black Hoof made another trip to Washington, D.C., where they met with Secretary of War <mask>. Calhoun. The Shawnees wanted to secure patents in fee simple to their lands, but their request was denied.Officials in Washington now favored a policy of Indian removal, which encouraged Natives to cede their lands to the government and resettle west of the Mississippi. Removal

After the failed 1820 trip to Washington, <mask> seemed to have concluded that remaining in Ohio was no longer feasible. In 1822, he took his family and a small band of followers from Lewistown to the Arkansas Territory, establishing a village near present-day Yellville, Arkansas. There <mask> supported Cherokee Chief Takatoka's plan to create a Native confederacy of tribes in Arkansas and southern Missouri. The confederacy would defend against white trespassers as well as Osages, who were in frequent conflict with the Native

masks:
Lewis
John Johnston
Lewis
John C
Lewis
Lewis


texts: immigrants. <mask> soon became a leading figure of the proposed confederacy. In August 1823, he traveled back to Ohio to invite the Shawnees to join.On the way he met with Indian agent William Clark and told him about the plan. Clark endorsed the idea and wrote Secretary Calhoun, urging him to support it as well. Back in Ohio, some Shawnees supported <mask>'s proposal to relocate, but Black Hoof was steadfastly opposed. In October 1823, <mask> traveled to Kaskaskia, Illinois, to meet with a Cherokee delegation headed by Takatoka. Takatoka became ill and died at Kaskaskia, depriving <mask> of his most influential ally in creating the confederacy. <mask> returned to Wapakoneta with Indian agent Pierre Menard to make another attempt at convincing Black Hoof to emigrate to the west, which was again unsuccessful. In February 1825, <mask> made another trip to Washington, D.C., where he met with Calhoun and President James Monroe.Monroe disapproved of <mask>'s plan, because American politicians from Missouri and Arkansas opposed settling more Natives there. Instead, U.S. officials proposed creating a Native reservation even further west. <mask> supported the idea, but Black Hoof and <mask> worked against the plan. <mask> spread rumors that <mask> was only attempting to enrich himself, telling American officials that <mask> was no longer a chief. A council was held at Wapakoneta in May 1825, where <mask> tried to convince Shawnees to emigrate to the west. In attendance was <mask>, governor of the Michigan Territory, who had brought Tenskwatawa, <mask>'s old opponent, to help promote the removal plan. Black Hoof

masks:
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
John Johnston
Johnston
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis Cass
Lewis


texts:
 still opposed removal, and he criticized <mask> for promoting the idea without the support of the Wapakoneta council.In the autumn of 1825, <mask> left Lewistown with 255 Shawnees and a few Senecas to settle in the west. In November he met with William Clark at St. Louis, and told him that he and his followers would no longer return to Ohio. <mask> disappeared from the historical record after this time, and appears to have died of natural causes in Arkansas in 1826. Legacy
After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, American officials increased pressure on Natives still living in Ohio to sign treaties and move to the West. In the 1831 Treaty of Lewistown, the Shawnees and Senecas of Lewistown, known as the "Mixed Band", were compelled to cede their reservation in Ohio and move to Indian Territory. In a treaty with the United States finalized in 1868, the Mixed Band of Senecas and Shawnees separated into two groups, the Shawnees becoming the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Treaties signed

Treaty of Brownstown (1808) as "Koitawaypie, or Col. Lewis"
Treaty of Greenville (1814) as "Quitawepeh, or captain <mask>"
Treaty of Spring Wells (1815) as "Quatawwepay, or capt.<mask>"
Treaty of Fort Meigs (1817) as "Quitawepea, or Captain <mask>"
Treaty of St. Mary's (1818) as "Quitawepa, or Colonel <mask>"

References

Citations

Bibliography

Kappler, Charles J., comp. and ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Volume 2: Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office. Native Americans in the War of 1812
Shawnee people
People from Logan County, Ohio
Year of birth uncertain
1826 deaths
Native


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<mask> (1781 – 22 July 1852) was a Scottish architect. His career started in 1805 and he was appointed as the official city architect of Aberdeen in 1807, the first person to hold this post. Together with Archibald Simpson, he contributed significantly to the architecture of Aberdeen, and many of the granite buildings that gave the city the nickname 'The Granite City' or also 'The Silver City' are attributed to them. <mask> was the son of a successful builder and architect and his own son, William, continued the family tradition by also becoming an architect. After completing his training in London, <mask> quickly became established throughout the north-east of Scotland. He secured private commissions to design, renovate or alter numerous country houses, parish churches and castles; his official capacity as City Architect ensured he is also credited with several extensive public works. Towards the middle of his career around the 1830s, as his individuality developed, he gained the nickname of 'Tudor <mask>'; an indication his designs were starting to favour a Tudor Gothic styling.Ancestry and early life
<mask> was born in Aberdeen in 1781. His father was William 'Sink-em' <mask> (d. 1815), also a successful builder and architect. The younger <mask> attended Aberdeen Grammar School before serving an apprenticeship as a stonemason in his father's building firm. He undertook further architectural design training in London, possibly under the tutelage of James Playfair, but as Playfair died in 1794, the offices of Robert Lugar seem more likely. By the end of 1804, <mask> returned to Aberdeen, where construction and development was rapidly evolving. Career

One of <mask>'s first major commissions was to design a town house for the merchant Patrick Milne in 1805. Sited on Union Street, Aberdeen, Crimonmogate was a two-storey "Greek inspired

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texts: country house" with a five windowed frontage.He is next credited with the design of Footdee, an area within Aberdeen. Consisting of 56 but and ben one storey thatched houses arranged in two squares, the plans quickly received Council approval and construction was completed by 1809. The new housing accommodated residents formerly living in condemned properties beside the harbour; the re-location of these tenants allowed the Council to begin initial proceedings for Thomas Telford's 1824 Aberdeen Harbour improvements, which <mask> was also associated with. <mask> was appointed as the official architect for Aberdeen in 1807. He is credited with compiling the first map showing a correct outline of Aberdeen city in 1810 indicating present and planned improvements. Archibald Simpson returned to Aberdeen in 1813, establishing a business competing with <mask>. Both firms were successful despite uncertainties due to the War and their careers were described by Miller as "destined to run remarkably parallel".Although at times rivals, <mask> often collaborated with Simpson and between these two men their buildings became the nucleus of establishing the style of the heart of the Aberdeen city centre. As the buildings were constructed from silver granite, the city gained the name of the Silver City or alternatively the Granite City. <mask> became known as "<mask>" as his later designs around the 1830s, particularly for mansions and churches, incorporated a Tudor-Gothic form. However, his civic designs in Aberdeen city remained in a neo-classical style. Miller designates <mask>'s design for the North Church in Aberdeen as "generally considered to be his greatest building" and further states "Undisputedly by far the finest neoclassical church in the City of Aberdeen." Sited on the corner of Queen Street and King Street the design gained approval from the

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 Town Council in September 1828. The church opened in June 1831 but it was years later before sufficient funding was available to install clocks.A Greek Revival style was used in the construction of the  by  rectangular building with a circular pepper pot tower set upon a two-stage box tower. It was the tallest building in Aberdeen until its height was surpassed by the spire of the Triple Kirk designed by Simpson. Suitable to seat 1600 at services, congregation numbers declined and the church closed in 1954. It was used as the Aberdeen Arts Centre from the early 1960s. One of the last designs before his death was for Balmoral Castle; he initially did some work re-building the tower for Robert Gordon, 5th son of the 3rd Earl of Aberdeen, who was leasing Balmoral in 1830. Subsequently, he was involved with drawing up the initial plans for the new castle, by this time owned by Queen Victoria and Price Albert after meeting Price Albert on Friday 11 September 1848. After <mask> died in 1852 the final designs and work were undertaken by his son William.He is buried with his wife, Margaret Grant, in the churchyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street in Aberdeen. Works
With a career spanning the years from 1805 until his death in 1852, the list of works <mask> was associated with, both in his official capacity as City Architect and private commissions, is lengthy; some examples are given below. Bridges

Captain Samuel Brown designed the Wellington Suspension Bridge, which spanned the River Dee in Aberdeen at Craiglug; <mask> competed against Simpson to win the contract to design the structures architectural sections. The bridge opened in May 1831 and featured arched granite pylons. <mask>'s contract also included building three miles of approach road and he designed/built the toll house at the north-east end of the bridge. <mask>'s design

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 for the widening of the historic medieval Bridge of Dee in 1841 was described by Paxton and Shipway as "an exemplary widening of a historic bridge". In 1837, <mask> designed the St Devenick's Bridge.It was also known as Morrison's Bridge after Reverend George Morrison who commissioned its design and paid for the construction; another name was the Shakkin' Briggie because it would shake whenever anyone walked over it. The bridge was  long with a span of  and followed the same style as the Wellington Suspension Bridge. Castles

In 1814–1815 <mask> was commissioned to design modifications to Brucklay Castle including remodelling the main entrance hall and frontage; this was in the neoclassical style. Work was also undertaken on the second and third storeys of the north elevation. Returning in 1820, <mask> extended the old stable block in a mainly one and a half-storey Gothic style with a central pyramid roofed two-storey tower. That year he also began work on an extensive enlargement of Cluny Castle for Colonel <mask>. Originally a Z-plan castle built c. 1604, the later extensions were described by architectural historian H. Gordon Slade as "the most shocking mis-use of architectural effort and granite in the north east of Scotland."<mask> also worked on nearby Castle Fraser constructing an access stairway between the great hall on the first floor and the rear courtyard entrance. The two-storey building it was housed within had a glazed cupola at its centre under a lead roof. Two crow stepped gatehouses were constructed between an arched gateway entrance and various access passages joined the first floor wings. He was also responsible for the library design. Roof repairs carried out at Craigievar Castle were essential in the 1820s as the structure had fallen into decay. The owner, Sir <mask>, had considered demolishing the tower but <mask>

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 advised against it stating it was: "one of the finest specimens in the Country of the age and style in which it was built." The work lasted two years and involved the re-construction of almost all of the top floor.The windows, external harling and pointing were replaced and it is likely <mask> also designed the gardener's cottage. Although Drumtochty Castle was built to the designs of James Gillespie Graham with further extensions c. 1815, the actual work of the extensions was undertaken by <mask>. Miller speculates Gillespie Graham could have had a dispute with the owner, George Drummond, but considers <mask>'s closer proximity to the site is a more plausible scenario. The rugged cliff tops to the north of Cruden Bay were the setting for Slains Castle where, in 1836, <mask> was engaged by William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll and Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire to renovate his existing courtyard house into a stylish residence suitable for a person of his standing. <mask>'s design enveloped the previous building, encasing it in a new structure of pink Peterhead granite and featured round towers. Churches

The construction, restoration, renovation or alteration to several parish churches throughout Aberdeenshire, Angus and Kincardineshire are credited to <mask>. One of his first rural church designs was at Fintray, Aberdeenshire in 1821; later that year he also designed Udny Parish Church.These formed the basis of designs that <mask> would evolve and develop in future years for other parish churches. Udny Parish Church was the first of <mask>'s Tudor-Gothic ecclesiastic designs. A box tower above the main entrance features a crenellated top with louvred pointed panels, belfry and clock incorporated in the front (south) gable with walls of rough granite. The main church is a basic rectangle with a slated roof. The north aisle of St Machar's

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 Cathedral was restored to <mask>'s designs in 1832 and the entrance lodges and gateway were re-built. A new session house was also added. He also undertook work at Skene Parish Church in 1840 and constructed the parish church in Longside in 1835.Country houses

<mask> undertook considerable work for the Fergusons at their Pitfour estate in Aberdeenshire. Starting in 1809, the third laird of Pitfour, James Ferguson commissioned him to design a new house. This was a three-storey house,  square by high, with 365 windows. There were Greek pediments included on top of the side elevations, stone margins set into the rendered walls and it conveyed an impression of northern Italy. Over the following years, <mask> designed several other structures within the policies at Pitfour. These included: the horseshoe-shape, neo-classical two-storey riding stables to the rear of the mansion during the time of the fifth laird in 1820; gatehouses and bridges; a small replica six-bay Greek Doric temple, styled after the Temple of Theseus; and the Observatory, an eight-sided crenellated three-storey tower. Among other country houses featuring <mask>'s designs was the Neo-Greek style Dunecht House in 1820.Comprising two storeys and a full basement, it was constructed from granite. A low parapet hid the slate, low pitched roof. The original <mask> designed house was later extensively expanded by William, his son. Work was undertaken at Haddo House on the kitchens and peripheral buildings in 1843. He returned there in 1845 and built the gate houses at the North and South entrances. Constructed in a rough coarse granite, these single-storey buildings are in a Tudor style. Sometime before 1830 William Rickart Hepburn commissioned <mask> to design Rickarton House in Kincardineshire.Forglen House near Turriff was designed by <mask> for Sir Robert Abercromby. The new

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 mansion house was described by architectural historian Charles McKean as an "Elizabethan Gothic confection". Other works
The re-construction of the front of King's College, Aberdeen was undertaken by <mask> in 1825. The work incorporated other renovations as the building had fallen into a ruinous condition. Designs were drawn up for the section named Cromwell's Tower and its original six storeys were replaced with four modern levels and included a ground floor flat for the housekeeper with classrooms above. Predominantly in a Tudor style, some of the extensive designs were not enacted; however, eventually the joining of the Chapel, Cromwell's Tower and the old Crown Tower was achieved. The work was one of <mask>'s earlier Tudor-Gothic designs.<mask> completed a contract started by William Burn to the back and west boundary walls of Robert Gordon's College with extra wings and other alterations continued from 1830 until 1833. During the same years (1830–1833) the "Ionic Screen" at the front of Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street, Aberdeen was installed. Featuring a triumphal arch with paired Ionic columns set to each side, the columns were originally supposed to be of cast iron. Death and legacy
<mask> married Margaret Grant, a daughter of George Grant of Auchterblair. Most of their eight children died at an early age but their fourth child, William, joined his father in business and also became city architect in Aberdeen. The couple also had a daughter, Margaret Grant <mask>. Having suffered a lengthy, painful illness, <mask> died in 1852 at the home he inherited from his wife's father.There is a plaque to commemorate him sited at the Kirk of St Nicholas in Union Street, Aberdeen. Gallery

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1781 births
1852 deaths
19th-century Scottish architects
British neoclassical architects
Architects from

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<mask> (born <mask>, September 15, 1876February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor, pianist and composer. Born in Berlin, he escaped Nazi Germany in 1933, was naturalised as a French citizen in 1938, and settled in the United States in 1939. He worked closely with Gustav Mahler, whose music he helped to establish in the repertory, held major positions with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Salzburg Festival, Vienna State Opera, Bavarian State Opera, Staatsoper Unter den Linden and Deutsche Oper Berlin, among others, made recordings of historical and artistic significance, and is widely considered to be one of the great conductors of the 20th century. Biography

Early life
Born near Alexanderplatz in Berlin to a middle-class Jewish family, he began his musical education at the Stern Conservatory at the age of eight, making his first public appearance as a pianist when he was nine; he performed a concerto movement with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1889 and a full concerto with them in February 1890. He studied composition at Stern with Robert Radecke, and remained active as a composer until about 1910 (see list of compositions below). But it was hearing a concert in 1889 by the Berlin Philharmonic led by Hans von Bülow, he wrote, that "decided my future. Now I knew what I was meant for.No musical activity but that of an orchestral conductor could any longer be considered by me." He made his conducting début at the Cologne Opera with Albert Lortzing's Der Waffenschmied in 1894. Later that year he left for the Hamburg Opera to work as a

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 chorus director. There he first met and worked with Gustav Mahler, whom he revered and with whose music he later became strongly identified. Conducting
In 1896, he was appointed Kapellmeister of the Stadttheater (municipal opera) in Breslau, on the strength of a recommendation from Mahler to the theater's director, Theodor Löwe. However, Löwe required that before taking up this position the young conductor change his last name from Schlesinger—which literally means Silesian—"because of its frequent occurrence in the capital of Silesia". In a letter to his brother, paraphrased by biographers Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, <mask> said that he had "suggested several names, which Mahler wrote down and gave to Löwe, who returned the contract with the name <mask>".These biographers add that <mask> wrote to his parents that he found that "having to change his name was 'terrible'". They report that Mahler and his sisters "pressed" <mask> to make the change of name, and add that contrary to occasional unsubstantiated reports, it "is unknown" whether Löwe's stipulation had anything to do with a desire to conceal <mask>'s Jewish origins. In 1897, <mask> became Chief Conductor at the municipal opera in Pressburg (now Bratislava). He found the town provincial and depressing, and in 1898 took the position of Chief Conductor of the Riga Opera, Russian Empire. While there, he converted to Christianity, probably Roman Catholicism. In 1899 <mask> was appointed music director of the Temeswar, Austria-Hungary (now Timișoara, Romania) Opera, the current Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara. <mask> then

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 returned in 1900 to Berlin, where he assumed the post of Royal Prussian Conductor at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, succeeding Franz Schalk; his colleagues there included Richard Strauss and Karl Muck.While in Berlin he also conducted the premiere of Der arme Heinrich by Hans Pfitzner, who became a lifelong friend. In 1901, <mask> accepted Mahler's invitation to be his assistant at the Court Opera in Vienna. <mask> led Verdi's Aida at his debut. In 1907 he was elected by the Vienna Philharmonic to conduct its Nicolai Concert. In 1910, he helped Mahler select and coach solo singers for the premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 8. In the following years <mask>'s conducting reputation soared as he was invited to conduct across Europe—in Prague, in London where in 1910 he conducted Tristan und Isolde and Ethel Smyth's The Wreckers at Covent Garden, and in Rome.When Mahler died on May 18, 1911, <mask> was at his deathbed. On June 6, he wrote to his sister that he was to conduct the premiere of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde; he did so in Munich on November 20, 1911, in the first half of an all-Mahler concert (the second half contained Mahler's Symphony No. 2). On June 26, 1912 he led the Vienna Philharmonic in the world premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 9. Munich
Although <mask> became an Austrian citizen in 1911, he left Vienna in 1913 to become the Royal Bavarian Music Director and General Music Director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. While there, argue Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, "<mask>'s contribution to the history of Wagner performance [was] more significant than many

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 realize.The Bayreuth Festival was suspended after 1914 and resumed only in 1924. During those nine years, Munich was the centre of authentic Wagner performance; its Prinzregenttheather was closely patterned after the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, and its National Theatre had seen the world premieres of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, and Tristan und Isolde. <mask> was the city's music director for most of this period, and he presided over most of the Wagnerian repertoire." In January 1914, <mask> conducted his first concert in Moscow. During the First World War he remained actively involved in conducting, giving premieres to Erich Wolfgang Korngold's Violanta and Der Ring des Polykrates as well as Hans Pfitzner's Palestrina. In 1920, he conducted the premiere of <mask>fels' Die Vögel. In Munich, <mask> was a good friend of Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII).<mask>'s close friendship with Thomas Mann seems to have begun in Munich by 1914. United States
<mask> ended his Munich appointment in 1922 (being succeeded by Hans Knappertsbusch) and left for New York in 1923, working with the New York Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall; he later conducted in Detroit, Minnesota and Boston. Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna
Back in Europe, <mask> made his debuts with both the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1923, and was Music Director of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (Städtische Oper) from 1925 to 1929. He made his debut at La Scala in 1926, and was chief conductor of the German seasons at Covent Garden in London from 1924 to 1931.

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texts: <mask> served as Principal Conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1929 until March 1933, when his tenure was cut short by the new Nazi government, as detailed below. In speeches in the late 1920s, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler had complained bitterly about the presence of Jewish conductors at the Berlin opera, and mentioned <mask> a number of times, adding to <mask>'s name the words "alias Schlesinger." When the Nazis took power, they undertook a systematic process of barring Jews from artistic life.As reported by biographers Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, when Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, <mask> was conducting in New York, but the next month sailed back to Leipzig planning to conduct his previously scheduled concerts with the Gewandhaus Orchestra in March. However, Leipzig's Chief of Police informed management that he would cancel the concerts if <mask> was to conduct them. Management resisted and <mask> led rehearsals, but on the day that the first concert was to take place, the police, "in the name of the Saxon ministry of the interior," forbade the dress rehearsal and the concerts; <mask> left Leipzig. <mask> was then scheduled to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic on March 20, but its management was warned by Joseph Goebbels that "unpleasant demonstrations" might occur at the concert, and the Propaganda Ministry clarified this by saying that there would be violence in the hall. Hearing of this, <mask> chose to withdraw, saying to management, "Then I have no further business here." The concert in the end was conducted by Richard Strauss. <mask> later wrote,

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texts: "The composer of Ein Heldenleben ["A Hero's Life"] actually declared himself ready to conduct in place of a forcibly removed colleague."A concert that <mask> was scheduled to lead in Frankfurt was also cancelled. <mask> left Germany and was not to conduct there again until after the war. Austria became his main center of activity for the next several years. He and his family moved to Vienna, where he regularly conducted the Vienna Philharmonic—with whom he made a number of momentous recordings during this period—and at the Salzburg Festival. In 1936 he accepted an offer to be Artistic Director of the Vienna State Opera, where he occupied the same office that had once been Mahler's. He was also appointed Permanent Guest Conductor (eerste dirigent) of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra from 1934 to 1939, and made guest appearances such as in annual concerts with the New York Philharmonic from 1932 to 1936. When Nazi Germany annexed Austriathe Anschlussin 1938, <mask> was in the Netherlands conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra.His elder daughter Lotte was in Vienna at the time, and was arrested by the Nazis; <mask> was able to use his influence to free her. He also used his influence to find safe quarters in Scandinavia for his brother and sister during the war. <mask>'s daughter Gretel was murdered on August 21, 1939 by her husband Robert Neppach, who then killed himself; his motive was jealousy over her growing relationship with the Italian bass singer Ezio Pinza. <mask>'s wife fell into a permanent depression and died in 1945, and <mask> blamed himself for the tragedy, as his

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 daughter had met Pinza only because <mask> had made special efforts to hire him to sing the role of Don Giovanni. Return to the United States
On November 1, 1939, he set sail for the United States, which became his permanent home. He settled in Beverly Hills, California, where his many expatriate neighbors included Thomas Mann. While <mask> had many influences within music, in his Of Music and Making (1957) he notes a profound influence from the philosopher Rudolf Steiner.He notes, "In old age I have had the good fortune to be initiated into the world of anthroposophy and during the past few years to make a profound study of the teachings of Rudolf Steiner. Here we see alive and in operation that deliverance of which Friedrich Hölderlin speaks; its blessing has flowed over me, and so this book is the confession of belief in anthroposophy. There is no part of my inward life that has not had new light shed upon it, or been stimulated, by the lofty teachings of Rudolf Steiner ... I am profoundly grateful for having been so boundlessly enriched ... It is glorious to become a learner again at my time of life. I have a sense of the rejuvenation of my whole being which gives strength and renewal to my musicianship, even to my music-making." {{ external media | align = center|width=200px |audio1 = You may listen to <mask> conducting the New York Philharmonic in:  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No.40 in G minor  Richard Strauss' tone poem Don Juan in E major, Op. 20  with commentary in 1953 here on archive.org}}

During his years in the United States, <mask> worked with many famous

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 American orchestras. In December 1942, he was offered the music directorship of the New York Philharmonic, but declined, citing his age; then in February 1947, after the resignation of Artur Rodzinski, he accepted the position but changed the title to "Music Adviser" (he resigned in 1949). Among other orchestras he worked with were the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra. From 1946 onwards, he made numerous trips back to Europe, becoming an important musical figure in the early years of the Edinburgh Festival and in Salzburg, Vienna and Munich. In September 1950 he returned to Berlin for the first time since the aborted concert of 1933; he conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a program of Beethoven, Mozart, Richard Strauss, and Brahms, and "gave a lecture for the students of the Municipal Conservatory – formerly his old school, the Stern Conservatory – at the students' request". His late life was marked by stereo recordings with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble of professional musicians assembled by Columbia Records for recordings.He made his last live concert appearance on December 4, 1960 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and pianist Van Cliburn. His last recording was a series of Mozart overtures with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra at the end of March in 1961. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack in his Beverly Hills home in 1962. He is buried in the cemetery of Gentilino in Canton Ticino, Switzerland. Work

Recordings

<mask>'s work is documented on hundreds of recordings made between

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texts: 1900 (when he was 24) and 1961. Most listeners became familiar with him through the stereo recordings made in his last few years, when his health was declining.Some critics have suggested that these recordings do not fully convey what <mask>'s art must have sounded like in its prime. The late recordings are said to have a geniality that contrasts with the energetic, intense and mercurial performances of earlier decades.Furthermore, <mask>'s late recordings focus mostly on older compositions, whereas in his youth he often conducted what was then considered newer music. <mask> worked closely with Mahler as an assistant and protégé. Mahler did not live to perform his Das Lied von der Erde or Symphony No. 9, but his widow, Alma Mahler, asked <mask> to premiere both. <mask> led the first performance of Das Lied in 1911 in Munich and of the Ninth in 1912 in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic. Decades later, <mask> and the Vienna Philharmonic (with Mahler's brother-in-law Arnold Rosé still a concertmaster) made the first recordings of Das Lied von der Erde in 1936 and of the Ninth Symphony in 1938. Both were recorded live in concert, the latter only two months before the Nazi Anschluss drove <mask> (and Rosé) into exile.These recordings are of special interest for the performance practices of the orchestra and also for intensity of expression. <mask> was to re-record both works successfully in later decades. His famous Decca Das Lied von der Erde with Kathleen Ferrier, Julius Patzak and the Vienna Philharmonic was made in May 1952, and he recorded it again in stereo, with the New York

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texts: Philharmonic, in 1960. He conducted the New York Philharmonic in the 1957 stereo recording of the Second Symphony. He recorded the Ninth in stereo in 1961. These recordings, as well as his other American recordings, were released initially by Columbia Records and later on CD by Sony. Since Mahler himself never conducted the Ninth Symphony and Das Lied von der Erde, <mask>'s performances cannot be taken as documentations of Mahler's interpretations.However, in the light of <mask>'s personal connection with the composer and his having given the original performances, they have another kind of primary authenticity. In his other (greatly esteemed) recordings of Mahler—various songs and the First, Second, Fourth, and Fifth Symphonies—there is the great added interest that he had heard Mahler's own performances of most of them. <mask> made many highly acclaimed recordings of other great Germanic composers, such as Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss Jr., and Anton Bruckner, as well as of Bach, Wagner, Schumann, Dvorak, Richard Strauss, Tchaikovsky, Smetana, and others. <mask> was a leading conductor of opera, and recordings of Mozart's Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro from both the Metropolitan Opera and the Salzburg Festival, of Beethoven's Fidelio, and of Wagner and Verdi are now available on CD. Also of great interest are recordings from the 1950s of his rehearsals of Mozart, Mahler and Brahms, which give insight into his musical priorities and into the warm and non-tyrannical manner—as contrasted with some of his colleagues—with which he related to

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 orchestras. Compositions
<mask> composed actively until at least 1910. As detailed in the biography by Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, his compositions include:
 Symphony No.1 in D minor (composed circa 1907; premiered in Vienna, 1909; recorded by CPO #777 163–2, 2007)
 Symphony No. 2 in E (composed circa 1910)
 Symphonic Fantasia (composed 1904; premiered by Richard Strauss in 1904)
 String Quartet in D major (1903; premiered in Vienna by the Rose Quartet)
 Piano Quintet (premiered in 1905 in Vienna by the Rose Quartet)
 Piano Trio (premiered in 1906 in Vienna by <mask> and members of the Rose Quartet)
 Sonata for Violin and Piano in A (circa 1908; premiered by <mask> and Rose in Vienna in February 1909; recorded VAI vaia #1155, 1997)
 Incidental music for "King Oedipus" (1910. The production was an adaptation of the Sophocles play by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It was directed by Max Reinhardt, and premiered in September 1910 in Munich, followed by performances in Berlin, Cologne, and Vienna. Numerous songs
 Choral Works

Written works
 Gustav Mahler's III. Symphonie. In: Der Merker 1 (1909), 9–11
 Mahlers Weg: ein Erinnerungsblatt.In: Der Merker 3 (1912), 166–171
 Über Ethel Smyth: ein Brief von <mask>. In: Der Merker 3 (1912), 897–898
 Kunst und Öffentlichkeit. In: Süddeutsche Monatshefte (Oktober 1916), 95–110
 Beethovens Missa solemnis. In: Münchner Neueste Nachrichten (30. Oct. 1920), Beethoven suppl., 3–5
 Von den moralischen Kräften der Musik. Vienna 1935
 Gustav Mahler. Wien 1936
 Bruckner and Mahler.In: Chord and Discord 2/2 (1940), 3–12
 Thema und Variationen – Erinnerungen

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 und Gedanken. Stockholm 1947
 Von der Musik und vom Musizieren. Frankfurt 1957
 Mein Weg zur Anthroposophie. In: Das Goetheanum 52 (1961), 418–21
 Briefe 1894–1962. Hg. L.W. Lindt, Frankfurt a.M. 1969

Notable recordings
 1935: Richard Wagner, Die Walküre (Act I), with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, feat.soloists Lotte Lehmann, Lauritz Melchior, Emanuel List, et al. (EMI Great Recordings of the Century, Naxos Historical)
 1938: Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 9, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. (Dutton, EMI Great Artists of the Century, Naxos Historical)
 1941: Ludwig van Beethoven, Fidelio, with the Metropolitan Opera, feat. soloists Kirsten Flagstad, Alexander Kipnis, Herbert Janssen, et al. (Naxos Historical)
 1952: Gustav Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, feat. soloists Kathleen Ferrier and Julius Patzak.(Decca Legends, Naxos Historical)
 1956: The Birth of a Performance: <mask>'s rehearsals and finished performance of Mozart's "Linz" Symphony, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. A then-rare instance of rehearsals of a performance being issued on a commercial recording. (Sony Masterworks)
 1958–1961: Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 4, Symphony No. 6 and Symphony No. 9, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. (Sony Bruno Walter Edition)
 1960: Johannes Brahms, Symphony No.2 and Symphony No. 3, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. (Sony Bruno Walter Edition)

Source: Grove Music Online

References

Bibliography

External links

 The <mask> Papers in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 <mask>

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 Heritage at Vienna Music University

 Page with an mp3 file: <mask> conducts Gustav Mahler (1. Symphony, Trio of 2d Movement)
 <mask> biography at Sony Classical
 Conducting the London Philharmonic

1876 births
1962 deaths
Musicians from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Austrian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
Music directors (opera)
Anthroposophists
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Berlin University of the Arts alumni
Jewish classical musicians
Analysands of Sigmund Freud
Music directors of the New York Philharmonic
Salzburg Festival

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Bruno Walter
Bruno Walter