texts:
 Bangladesh, MERS in the Middle East and Republic of Korea, Ebola in Western Africa, Zika in Brazil, yellow fever in China, chikungunya in Pakistan, H7N9 in China and plague in Madagascar, followed by the 2018–20 Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which began in 2019. His awards include the 2001 Walter Reed Medal, and the United States Department of the Army's Commander's Award for Public Service, for the care he gave to those injured at The Pentagon on September 11, 2001.Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born at Castle Air Force Base, into a military family in Merced County, California and spent his childhood in various parts of the United States including Florida, Ohio, Virginia, South Carolina, Pennsylvania and North Dakota. In 1973, he joined Dartmouth College, from where he graduated in psychology in 1977. He then gained admission to study medicine at Dartmouth Medical School, now known as Geisel School of Medicine, when as a medical student in 1979, he spent two months at the Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa, recalling later that this was his "first exposure to infectious disease". Early medical career

He gained an M.D. in 1982, following which he began his early training at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where he worked with people who were suffering from a previously unknown disease, later known as HIV/AIDS. In 1988 he gained a masters in public health from Harvard School of Public Health, where he had gained a fellowship of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. From 1988 to 1990 he was attending physician at United States Air Force, Wilford Hall Medical Center,

masks:
Daniel R
. Lucey


type: original

texts:
 San Antonio, Texas.From 1992 to 1998, he was attending physician in infectious diseases and internal medicine at the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda. In 1993, while he was studying HIV at the National Institutes of Health campus, he became a fellow of the American College of Physicians, Three years later, he was appointed to work on biodefense vaccines, vaccines for hepatitis A and B, and vaccines for Lyme disease and HIV, at the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Subsequently, in 1998, he was appointed to HIV research as viral immunologist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Washington Hospital Center
In 2001, as chief of infectious diseases at the Washington Hospital Center during the September 11 attacks, he had worked on preparations on what to do should there be an intentional release of an infectious agent. Anthrax

Lucey contributed to the preparedness of the hospital for the subsequent 2001 anthrax attacks by arranging stock piles of antibiotics. Several media companies and two U.S. senators had received letters containing anthrax spores, infecting 22 people in total, five of whom died. Of these cases, 11 involved the skin and 11 were in the lungs (inhalation anthrax).Antibiotics needed to be given quickly. Noting that the first case of anthrax presented with meningitis, Lucey emphasised that should a diagnosis of anthrax meningitis ever be made, a public health response should be triggered. He has published works on inhalation anthrax, particularly the staging of the disease which he divided into four: "asymptomatic, early-prodromal, intermediate-progressive and late-fulminant", with survival being more likely with earlier


texts:
 administration of antibiotics. Learning from the experiences of medical professionals who treated the victims of the 1979 anthrax outbreak in the city of Sverdlovsk, he developed an understanding of treating anthrax affecting the lungs by draining the resulting infected and toxic lung fluid, and injecting antibiotics directly into the pleural space. As a result, he has endorsed the stock-piling of items ready to perform pleural drainage should it be necessary. A later study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, showed the importance of detecting anthrax early and administering  antibiotics within hours of a bioterrorist attack, as well as stockpiling chest drains to perform lung fluid drainage. Smallpox vaccination program

In 2003, Lucey was involved in a campaign to administer smallpox vaccinations to hundreds of thousands of workers.Despite the mounting cost of the campaign and doubts about it being necessary, <mask> in 2003, as director of the Center for Biologic Counterterrorism and Emerging Diseases at the Washington Hospital Center, endorsed the vaccination of healthcare workers and stated that "the threat is definitely real. This is a dangerous time," and advised "for ourselves to be protected, and to then be able to take care of patients and contribute to a large-scale vaccination program." Lead contamination
In February 2004, a few days after starting work with biodefense at the Washington DC department of health, <mask> was present at a taskforce meeting on the high lead levels in Washington DC's public water system. He became involved in the subsequent investigations and gave testimony on April 7, 2004, to the Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water Subcommittee. The 'Lead Free Drinking Water

masks: Lucey Lucey


texts:
 Act of 2004' was introduced the following month. Georgetown University Medical Center

Since 2004, as adjunct professor of medicine and infectious diseases at Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), he has taught students on bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease. In 2014, he became a senior scholar with the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law at Georgetown University.In the same year, as an anthropology research associate, he co-organised an exhibition on epidemics at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Along with the institute's team, he worked with 30 colleagues from around the world to produce an exhibit of eight viral outbreaks, beginning with the quote "our world is interconnected more than ever before – by global travel and trade, technology, and even our viruses", and ending with "what's next is already here; we just haven't recognized it yet". Emerging infectious diseases
Science writer, Laura Stephenson Carter, wrote in the 2012 alumni album of Dartmouth College, that for over 30 years Lucey has been "chasing things you wouldn't want to catch". He coined the term "pan-epidemic", and between 2003 and 2016, he spent time researching infectious disease outbreaks in several countries. SARS 2003
In 2003 he worked on the SARS outbreaks in Guangzhou China, Hong Kong and Toronto, Canada, where the affected hospitals came to be known as SARS hospitals. At the time, regarding personal protective equipment, Lucey stated that "getting all hospital workers to comply with standard infection control procedures—all the time—was a key to stopping an outbreak of SARS in 2003 ... someone stood there and monitored you to make sure you followed, step by step by step,


texts:
 putting it on properly and taking it off." Bird flu
Subsequently, he worked on the H5N1 bird flu outbreak in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt, and the H1N1 flu in Egypt.MERS

He worked on MERS in the Middle East and Republic of Korea. Having studied MERS, he considers it “in terms of a super-spreading event rather than a super spreader”. Ebola in Western Africa
He treated people with ebola during the ebola outbreak in Liberia, Guinea and Sierre Leone, where he helped in the isolation unit at Connaught Hospital in Freetown. Zika
In 2016, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, <mask> and his colleague Larry Gostin called for the zika epidemic in the Americas to be announced a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), criticizing the WHO for not escalating their response sooner, and stating that "it is far better to be overprepared than to wait until a zika epidemic spins out of control". Nipah virus
Lucey visited Bangladesh during its nipah virus outbreak of 2004, caused by the consumption of date palm sap contaminated by fruit bats. More than a decade later, when in 2018, nipah occurred in Kerala, India, where it had never previously emerged, he responded that “the medical and public health response in Kerala prevented it from becoming much worse”. His report in 2018, published in the International Journal of Infectious Diseases, called the incident in Kerala "a bellwether of that potential risk of a Nipah pandemic".He warned of a potential epidemic of nipah virus, and stated at the time that "immediate enhanced preparation measures should include training on personal protective equipment (PPE), infection prevention and control, diagnostic testing, and clinical management


texts:
 protocols". The report advocated the need for countries that had no past experience of nipah outbreaks, to make preparations. Yellow fever
On the question of whether Asia will ever encounter an outbreak of yellow fever, Lucey showed concern when, in 2016, an outbreak in Angola led to several infected travellers reaching China. He worked on yellow fever during that outbreak, highlighting difficulties should mass quantities of vaccine be required. Other emerging infectious diseases
Other involvements have included the chikungunya outbreak in Pakistan, H7N9 influenza in China and the plague in Madagascar. He was one expert who called for the 2018-20 ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to be declared a PHEIC in July 2019. COVID-19 pandemic

Reporting on his views of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which began in 2019, Lucey recalled that "the SARS outbreak in Toronto in 2003 started with one missed case".The new coronavirus outbreak, reported by the World Health Organization on December 31, 2019, has been associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, a wet market in Wuhan, China. When Chinese researchers published their report in January 2020 in The Lancet, on the first 41 confirmed cases of the new coronavirus, Lucey hypothesised that if the data was accurate, with 12 of the 41 with no direct link to the market and the earliest reported onset of symptoms being December 1, 2019, and with a calculated incubation period of up to two weeks, the virus may have already been quietly circulating among humans from at least November 2019 and "the virus came into that marketplace before it came out of that marketplace". His analysis of the Chinese report was


texts:
 published in a paper titled "Coronavirus — Unknown Source, Unrecognized Spread, and Pandemic Potential" in Think Global in January 2020. Awards
In 1982, while at Dartmouth Medical School, he gained membership to the AOA Medical Honor Society. In 1988, he received the young investigator award from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. For his work in preparing the city of Washington for the anthrax attacks, Lucey received the Walter Reed Medal in 2001. The following year the United States Department of the Army awarded him the Commander's Award for Public Service, for the care he gave to those injured at The Pentagon on September 11, 2001.In 2003, he received a Distinguished Service Award from the District of Columbia Hospital Association for Bioterrorism Preparedness. In the same year, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia awarded him their Meritorious Service Award. Selected publications
 "Development and evaluation of a quantitative, touch-down, real-time PCR assay for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 40, Number 2 (February 2002), pp.490–494. . Hans Henrik Larsen et al. "The emerging zika pandemic: enhancing preparedness". Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 315, No. 9 (March 1, 2016), pp. 865–866. .Co-authored with Lawrence O. Gostin. "One health education for future physicians in the pan-epidemic “Age of Humans”". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 64 (November 2017), pp. 1–3. . Co-authored with  Sabrina Sholts, Halsie Donaldson, Joseph White, and Stephen R. Mitchell."Enhancing preparation for large nipah outbreaks beyond Bangladesh: Preventing a tragedy like


texts:
 Ebola in West Africa". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vol. 72 (July 2018), pp. 69–72. . Co-authored with Halsie Donaldson. "Boosting Global Yellow Fever Vaccine Supply for Epidemic Preparedness: 3 Actions for China and the USA".Virologica Sinica. Vol. 34, Issue 3 (June 2019), pp. 235–239. . Co-authored with K. R. Kent. "Coronavirus—unknown source, unrecognized spread, and pandemic potential". Think Global Health.(February 6, 2020). Co-authored with K. R. Kent. References

External links

 S&ED Preview & Korea's MERS Response. Lucey's response to MERS (interview)
 <mask> - Lessons from Traveling to Zika, Ebola, MERS, FLU, and SARS Pandemics. YouTube video 2015
 This Earth Day, the Planet’s Health is Your Health. Smithsonian Institution (2017)
 Defending Against Aerosol Anthrax Attacks on US Cities
 “Much more must be done to implement post-Ebola reforms”. The British Medical Journal Opinion.January 23, 2017
 Anthrax: Diagnosis, Clinical Staging, and Risk Communication. Presentation February 16, 2017

Living people
American infectious disease physicians
People from Merced County, California
Harvard School of Public Health alumni
Date of birth unknown
Disaster preparedness
Physicians from California
Writers from California
21st-century American writers
Year of birth missing (living


texts:
<mask> (高緯) (557–577), often known in history as Houzhu of Northern Qi ((北)齊後主), courtesy name Rengang (仁綱), sometimes referred to by his later Northern Zhou-created title of Duke of Wen (溫公), was an emperor of Northern Qi. During his reign, Northern Qi's imperial administration was plunged into severe corruption and wastefulness, with the military suffering after <mask> killed the great general Hulü Guang in 572. Rival Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou launched a major attack in 576, and Northern Qi forces collapsed. <mask>, who formally passed the throne to his son <mask>, was captured while trying to flee to Chen Dynasty, and later that year, the Northern Zhou emperor executed him and almost all members of his clan. Background
<mask> was born in 557, when his father <mask> was the Prince of Changguang under Emperor Wenxuan, <mask>'s older brother. <mask>'s mother was <mask>'s wife Princess Hu, and he was her first son, but not his father <mask>'s first son—as <mask>'s concubine Lady Li also gave birth several hours earlier on the same day Princess Hu did, to <mask> (高綽). However, as Princess Hu was his wife, <mask> publicly announced that <mask> was born first and treated him as the first-born.Thereafter, he was named <mask>'s heir apparent. In 561, another older brother of <mask>, Emperor Xiaozhao, died, leaving instructions for the throne to be passed to <mask>. <mask> therefore took the throne (as Emperor Wucheng). In 562, he created his

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao Wei
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan
Gao Wei
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan
Gao Chuo
Gao Zhan
Gao Wei
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan
Gao Zhan


texts:
 wife Princess Hu empress and created <mask> crown prince. While <mask> was crown prince, he married the daughter of the key general Hulü Guang as his wife and crown princess. In 565, with astrological signs indicating that the imperial position should be changed, Emperor Wucheng's favored officials He Shikai and Zu Ting, wanting to ingratiate themselves with Empress Hu and <mask> as well, suggested that Emperor Wucheng avoid the ill fortune by passing the throne to <mask>. Emperor Wucheng agreed, and <mask>, at age eight, became emperor, although Emperor Wucheng, carrying the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor), retained the actual powers.Emperor Wucheng created <mask>'s wife Crown Princess Hulü empress. Early reign (with Emperor Wucheng as regent)
In spring 567, <mask> celebrated his rite of passage. <mask> was considered a young man of weak personality, and while <mask> was emperor, Emperor Wucheng and Retired Empress Hu both greatly favored his younger brother, <mask> the Prince of Dongping, honoring <mask> with many high offices and making sure that <mask> received all of the same supplies as his emperor brother did. <mask> was considered intelligent and decisive, and he once asked Emperor Wucheng, "My brother is weak in personality. How can he lead the empire?" Both Emperor Wucheng and Retired Empress Hu considered deposing <mask> and making <mask> emperor, but did not actually do so. Around the year 569, Emperor Wucheng

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Wei
Gao Yan


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 suffered a major illness and died suddenly, after entrusting the important matters to He Shikai.He Shikai, after initially not announcing Emperor Wucheng's death, did after several days. Retired Empress Hu now carried the title of empress dowager. Middle reign
After Emperor Wucheng's death, while <mask> formally took on imperial authorities himself, the government was led by a group of eight high-level officials—He Shikai, Lou Dingyuan (婁定遠), Zhao Yanshen (趙彥深), <mask> (高文遙), Tang Yong (唐邕), Qilian Meng (綦連猛), <mask>gong, and Empress Dowager Hu's cousin Hu Changcan (胡長粲). However, infighting soon developed, as by spring 569, Emperor Wucheng's cousin <mask> (高叡) the Prince of Zhao Commandery, Emperor Wucheng's brother <mask> (高潤) the Prince of Fengyi, Emperor Wucheng's nephew <mask> the Prince of Ande, Lou, and <mask>o, were all recommending that He Shikai, who was clearly the most powerful of the eight, be made a provincial governor. <mask>, in particular, was most critical of He Shikai for being corrupt and immoral, as it was an open secret that He Shikai was having an affair with Empress Dowager Hu. Faced with the officials' pressure, He Shikai agreed to be sent out to the provinces (along with <mask>o), and it was announced that after Emperor Wucheng's burial, He Shikai would be made the governor of Yan Province while <mask>o would be made the governor of Western Yan Province (西兗州, roughly modern Anyang, Henan). After Emperor Wucheng's

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wenyao
Gao Ana
Gao Rui
Gao Run
Gao Yanzong
Gao Wenya
Gao Rui
Gao Wenya
Gao Wenya


texts: burial, <mask> pressured He Shikai to leave Yecheng as quickly as possible, despite Empress Dowager Hu's desire to keep He Shikai for 100 days after Emperor Wucheng's burial.He Shikai bribed Lou and was permitted to meet Empress Dowager Hu and <mask> once more—and he persuaded them that the high level officials were intending harm to them and that they could only trust him. <mask> thus issued an edict rebuking <mask>. When <mask> nevertheless entered the palace to try to pressure Empress Dowager Hu and <mask> to remove He Shikai. Empress Dowager Hu, instead, arrested <mask> and had the guard commander Liu Taozhi (劉桃枝) strangle <mask>. Thereafter, He Shikai's power went unchecked. The other favorite associates of <mask> included <mask>'s wet nurse Lu Lingxuan and her son Mu Tipo, as well as Zu Ting. In summer 570, <mask>'s concubine Consort Mu Sheli gave birth to his first son, <mask>ng, and <mask> declared a general pardon.Lady Lu, who was also Consort Mu's adoptive mother, wanted <mask> to eventually be crown prince and emperor, but was afraid that Empress Hulü would oppose the plan, so she gave <mask>ng to Empress Hulü for her to raise. In winter 570, <mask> created <mask> crown prince. During much of Emperor Wucheng's and <mask>'s reign up to this point, rival Northern Zhou had gradually encroached on Northern Qi territory, making minor gains on the borders. In winter 570, Hulü Guang launched a counterattack and captured significant

masks:
Gao Rui
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Rui
Gao Rui
Gao Wei
Gao Rui
Gao Rui
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao He
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao He
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao Wei


texts: amounts of territory north of the Fen River (汾水, flowing through modern Linfen, Shanxi). He then also defeated Northern Zhou troops at Yiyang (宜陽, in modern Luoyang, Henan). On his way back to the capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei), <mask> ordered his troops demobilized even though many of the soldiers had not received rewards. However, he received an order to demobilize his troops.Hulü Guang submitted a secret petition to <mask>, requesting the emperor to send imperial messengers to the army to honor the soldiers. <mask> did not act immediately, however, and the army approached Yecheng without receiving any words from the emperor. <mask> was displeased that Hulü Guang brought the army close to the capital, and he summoned Hulü to the palace before sending messengers to honor the soldiers and demobilizing them. Later in 571, <mask>'s brother <mask>, now the Prince of Langye, angry at the hold that He Shikai had on power, killed him, and further mobilized his troops to consider seizing power and killing Lady Lu and her son Mu Tipo, who had also become powerful. Hulü, while he approved of <mask>'s killing of He Shikai, was still loyal to the emperor, and he intervened on the emperor's side, ordering <mask>'s troops to disband, and they collapsed. Hulü seized <mask> and took him to the palace. At Hulü's urging, <mask> spared <mask> initially, although in winter 571 he nevertheless had Liu Taozhi suffocate <mask>, and <mask>'s four

masks:
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Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Wei
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Yan


texts: posthumous sons were also killed.Also in winter 571, after discovering that Empress Dowager Hu had been conducting an affair with the Buddhist monk Tanxian (曇獻), he executed Tanxian and put Empress Dowager Hu under house arrest, disallowing the nobles from visiting her. In spring 572, in order to placate her, however, he posthumously honored <mask> with the unusual title "Emperor Gong'ai of Chu" and honored <mask>'s wife Princess Li "Empress of Chu." Zu and Lady Lu tried to have Lady Lu made empress dowager to replace Empress Dowager Hu, but <mask> did not do so. Empress Dowager Hu, in order to please her son, summoned the daughter of her brother Hu Changren (胡長仁) to the palace and dressed her in the best clothes. <mask> saw her and was infatuated with her, and he took her as a concubine. In 572, Empress Hulü gave birth to a daughter, and <mask>, wanting to please Hulü Guang, initially claimed that she gave birth to a son, but eventually had to admit that the child was a daughter. By this point, Hulü Guang was in serious conflict with the powerful officials Zu and Mu.He disliked Zu, and he often complained to his generals that Zu rarely consulted military generals. Once, when he was resting at a governmental building, Zu, who had blinded during a period of imprisonment during Emperor Wucheng's reign, rode past him without realizing that Hulü was there, and never got off the horse as demanded by customs of the time. Hulü angrily stated,

masks:
Gao Yan
Gao Yan
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts:
 "Who does he think he is?" Zu, realizing that Hulü disliked him, bribed Hulü's servant and asked the servant about Hulü's opinion of him. The servant stated, "Ever since you came into power, the Minister Prince [a reference to Hulü, as Hulü carried the title of Prince of Xianyang] each night sighed and stated, "With a blind man in power, the empire will surely be destroyed." Meanwhile, Mu had once requested to marry Hulü's daughter by a concubine, but Hulü refused. Further, when Mu requested that <mask> grant him the public fields at Jinyang, Hulü publicly opposed the action as being detrimental to the grazing of the army's horses.Zu and Mu therefore both despited Hulü. They therefore fostered suspicion of Hulü in the emperor's mind, and that suspicion was exacerbated by the fact that Empress Hulü was not favored by <mask>. At the same time, the Northern Zhou general <mask>an, wanting to try to exploit <mask>'s suspicions, decided to try to create a sense that Hulü would rebel. He wrote two songs in couplets, one of which read:

A hundred sheng [(升, a measurement unit -- and 100 sheng made up one hu (斛))] will fly up to the heavens,
A bright moon [(明月, mingyue, Hulü's courtesy name)] will shine over Chang'an [Northern Zhou's capital]. The other read:

The high [(高, gao)] mountain will collapse on its own,
The daimyo oak [(槲, hu)] will stand straight on its own. He sent spies to spread the songs near Yecheng, and the songs soon became

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Wei Xiaoku
Gao Wei


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 popular. Zu, exploiting the situation himself, added two more lines:

The blind man will bear a great axe,
The talkative woman will be unable to speak.Both Zu and Lady Lu then reported the song to <mask> to further foster his suspicion of Hulü. <mask> consulted another favorite, Han Zhangluan, who believed that he should not suspect Hulü, so <mask> initially took no action. Zu, however, would not relent, and he had Hulü's subordinate Feng Shirang (封士讓) make a secret submission indicating that when Hulü had brought the army close to Yecheng in 571, he was plotting a coup. <mask> believed it this time, and under Zu's suggestion, he awarded Hulü a horse, and then, as Hulü arrived at the palace to thank the emperor, he had Liu Taozhi seize Hulü and strangle him to death. Hulü's clan was nearly all slaughtered—including his brother and fellow general Hulü Xian (斛律羨) and his sons Hulü Wudu (斛律武都), Hulü Shixiong (斛律世雄), and Hulü Hengqie (斛律恆伽). Only his grandson Hulü Zhong (斛律鍾), who was only a few years old, was spared. Empress Hulü was deposed and confined to a subsidiary palace.Late reign
After Empress Hulü was deposed, Lady Lu wanted Consort Mu to be empress, but Empress Dowager Hu wanted her niece Empress Hu to be empress. She, however, did not believe she had enough persuasive power, and so she had to flatter Lady Lu and give her gifts. Lady Lu also saw that <mask> favored Empress Hu, and so agree to jointly suggest, with Zu Ting, that

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts: Consort Hu be created empress, and <mask> did so. He favored Empress Hu so greatly that he made clothes for her out of pearls, although those clothes were later destroyed in a fire. However, Lady Lu did not relent in her hopes of making Consort Mu empress, stating to <mask>, "How can a son be crown prince and a mother be a servant girl, a concubine?" But as <mask> favored Empress Hu, she could not carry out her wishes. She therefore engaged witches to use witchcraft on Empress Hu.It was said that within a month, Empress Hu began to show symptoms of psychosis, often mumbling to herself or laughing without cause. <mask> began to fear and dislike her. In winter 572, Lady Lu put Consort Mu in empress clothing and put her in a tent, surrounded with magnificent jewelry, and then told <mask>, "Let me show you a holy woman." When <mask> saw that it was Consort Mu, Lady Lu stated, "For a woman this beautiful not to be empress, who would be qualified to be empress?" <mask> agreed with her, and he created Consort Mu "Right Empress" and gave Empress Hu the title "Left Empress. Around the new year 573, Lady Lu further falsely told Empress Dowager Hu that Empress Hu had denigrated Empress Dowager Hu's moral character—and Empress Dowager Hu, in anger, without verifying the information, ordered Empress Hu expelled from the palace, and then had <mask> depose her. Thereafter, it was said that Lady Lu and Mu Tipo were so powerful and so corrupt that they

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts: were openly taking bribes and selling the imperial offices, and all that they wished were carried out.By spring 573, Mu Tipo, <mask>, and Han Zhanglauan were referred to as "the Three Nobles", and they controlled the government. The issue of corruption became severe, and with <mask> himself living in luxury and waste, constantly building palaces and tearing them downand rebuilding them, the Northern Qi imperial treasury was at a state of exhaustion. In spring 573, <mask> created Right Empress Mu sole empress. Also in spring 573, Zu Ting, knowing that <mask> had a love of literature, with <mask>'s approval, established the Wenlin Hall (文林館), headed by the officials Li Delin and Yan Zhitui (顏之推). They retained a group of literarily-capable men and authored one of the great compendia of the era, the Xiuwendian Yulan (修文殿御覽). In summer 573, rival Emperor Xuan of Chen launched a major attack across the Yangtze River, commanded by the general Wu Mingche. <mask> went against the advice of the officials Wang Hong (王紘), who advocated passive resistance while reducing tax burdens to strengthen the people's resolve, and Zhao Yanshen, who advocated commissioning the Liang Dynasty general Wang Lin, who had long wanted to reestablish Liang at Chen's expense, with an army.Rather, <mask> sent reinforcements to the attacked provinces—but only in small amounts, not sufficient to resist Chen forces—with the main force commanded by <mask> (尉破胡) and Zhangsun

masks:
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Wei Pohu


texts: Honglüe (長孫洪略) defeated by Wu's troops. Wang, who accompanied <mask> as a consultant, was then ordered to go to Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) to defend that city against attack—but with severe limitations on his authority. Soon, Shouyang fell, and Wang was captured and executed by Wu. All of Northern Qi's territory between the Yangtze and the Huai River fell into Chen control. Despite the losses, however, Mu Tipo and Han advocated continued epicurean lifestyle on <mask>'s and their own parts, with Mu famously stating, "Even if we lost all territory south of the Yellow River, we can still be like Qiuzi (龜茲, a city state in modern Xinjiang). But what is more piteous is that a human life is like borrowed time, and we should use all this short period to seek pleasure. Why worry about Shouyang?"<mask> agreed, and continued to spend his days feasting. During the Chen attack, Zu, who had become embroiled in conflict with Lady Lu, Mu Tipo, and Han, was expelled from the central government over his attempt to impose a reform regime to streamline the government and reduce expenses. He would not return, and after his departure, the government became even more inefficient than before. Further, also during the campaign, <mask> became suspicious of his cousin <mask> (高長恭) the Prince of Lanling, a capable general, and poisoned <mask> to death. Also during the Chen attack, another major wrongful massacre was carried out at <mask>'s orders. <mask>

masks:
Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Changgong
Gao Changgong
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts: was intending to visit the secondary capital Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), which he and his predecessors did on a regular basis. The senior officials Cui Jishu (崔季舒) and Zhang Diao (張雕) -- who had been <mask>'s teacher previously and respected by him—believed that for <mask> to go to Jinyang would be misinterpreted by the populace as a flight to Jinyang, and would lead to popular panic, so they, with a number of other officials—including Feng Xiaoyan (封孝琰), Liu Ti (劉逖), Pei Ze (裴澤), and Guo Zun (郭遵) -- submitted a joint petition requesting <mask> to stay at Yecheng.Han suggested that these officials were in fact intending to rebel, and <mask> agreed, executing Cui, Zhang, Feng, Liu, Pei, and Guo. He further exiled their clan members, confiscated their women, and castrated their boys. In spring 574, <mask> (高思好) the Prince of Nan'an and governor of Shuo Province (朔州, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), angry that he had been disrespected by <mask>'s servant Zhuogu Guangbian (斫骨光弁), rebelled. <mask> sent Tang Yong to resist <mask> while personally leading the next army north, but before he could get there, <mask> was defeated, and he committed suicide by drowning. Meanwhile, around this time, <mask> had become less attracted to Empress Mu, instead becoming more infatuated with Empress Mu's servant girl Feng Xiaolian, making her an imperial consort. They went everywhere together, and they swore to live and to die together. The

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Sihao
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Sihao
Gao Sihao
Gao Wei


texts:
 historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, had this to say about <mask> and his reign:

The ruler of Qi was not a good speaker and could not speak clearly, and so he did not like to meet with governmental officials.He spoke nothing to anyone except his jesters and servants. He was weak in his personality and was fearful of people staring at him. Even the most honored officials or the head of the government were not allowed to look at him, and therefore the officials could only make summary reports and then withdraw in panic. He inherited the luxurious and wasteful living habits of Emperor Wucheng and thought that this was proper. All of the women and eunuchs of the palace dressed in the best silk and ate delicacies. It sometimes took 10,000 pi [匹, a measurement unit for textile] to make one skirt for them. Each of them competed with each other for the newest and most wonderful things, and clothes made in the morning may be considered old and out of style that same evening.He spent much effort on building palaces and gardens of the greatest splendor, but his affections for them could not last, so all buildings were torn down and rebuilt and torn down again. These construction activities went around the clock without ceasing, with great torches used for illumination at night, and water boiled to mix with the dirt in the winter. In order to carve Buddha images in the western hills of Jinyang, over 10,000 torches were used for one night,


texts: bright enough to shine on the Jinyang Palace like it was the day. Whenever there were natural disastrous, ill omens, or agrarian rebellions, he never blamed himself, but would only hold great vegetarian feasts to treat the Buddhist and Taoist monks, believing that this would bring divine blessings so that difficulties would pass. He liked to play the pipa and sing, and he wrote a song entitled, Song of No Worries (無愁曲), with several hundred servants singing with him, leading to the people referring to him as "the Son of Heaven with no worries." He established "the Pauper Boy's Village" within the Hualin Garden (華林園), where he would put on pauper clothes and beg in the village, believing that this was great joy. He also built models of the important border cities and had soldiers act like Northern Zhou soldiers to attack them, and with him resisting the attacks with the eunuchs.His favorite servants Lu Lingxuan, Mu Tipo, <mask>, and Han Zhangluan controlled the government. The eunuchs Deng Changyong (鄧長顒) and Chen Dexin (陳德信), and the Xiongnu He Hongzhen (何洪珍) also participated in the important decisionmaking. Each of them brought their friends and relatives into the government and promoted them beyond proper bounds. The officials' promotions were all dependent on the amount of bribes they paid; those who submitted bribes were promoted and those who did not were demoted. The judges issue their verdicts depending on bribes as well, with the


texts: rich allowed to live and the poor sentenced to death. The officials compete in their corruption and flattery, to the detriment of the people. The servants, such as Liu Taozhi, were promoted to great honors and created princes.Almost 10,000 of such persons as eunuchs, Xiongnu, singers, dancers, magicians, and slaves, received honors beyond propriety. Hundreds of non-members of the imperial <mask> clan received creations as princes. The high rank of Kaifu (開府) included more than 1,000, and the rank of Yitong (儀同) was filled innumerably. There were more than 20 generals of the imperial guards. There were tens of imperial attendants. Even dogs, horses, eagles, and hunting cocks received official posts, and were allowed to enjoy the food portions of their salaries. The servants attended the emperor at all times and think of nothing but to please the emperor.A musical can cost over 100 million coins. Later, after the imperial treasury was exhausted, he used the commanderies and counties as awards, giving two to three commanderies or six to seven counties at each time, to allow the servants to auction off the governor and magistrate posts and pocket the proceeds. Therefore, the commandery governors and county magistrates were largely wealthy merchants who find ways to extract and extort from the people, and the people could not live. Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou had long wanted to destroy Northern Qi, and he launched a major attack in fall 575.


texts: Several of his generals suggested attacking Jinyang, but he instead attacked Luoyang. However, when he laid siege to the fortress Zhongtan (second character not in Unicode), it was well-defended by the Northern Qi general Fu Fu (傅伏), and Emperor Wu became ill during the siege and withdrew. During the meantime, however, Chen forces, commanded by Wu, commenced a new attack, putting Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) under siege.(For the rest of Northern Qi's existence, however, Wu would not be able to actually capture Pengcheng.) In winter 576, Northern Zhou's Emperor Wu again launched another major attack on Northern Qi, putting Pingyang (平陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) under siege and then capturing it. At the time the news of Northern Zhou's attack on Pingyang arrived, <mask> was hunting at Qilian Lake (祁連池, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi) with Consort Feng, and <mask>, not believing the matter to be serious, did not report the news to <mask>. Only after Pingyang fell did <mask> give <mask> the news. <mask> gathered his troops and headed for Pingyang, and Emperor Wu, believing <mask>'s troops to be still strong, withdrew but put the general Liang Shiyan (梁士彥) in charge of defending Pingyang against the Northern Qi counterattack. The Northern Qi forces sieged Pingyang with all effort—and after several days, were able to breach the wall—but at this point, <mask> stopped his attack and summoned Consort Feng so she could witness the fall of

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts: the city. When she arrived, however, Northern Zhou forces had already filled in the breach, and therefore held the city.With Pingyang under siege, Emperor Wu launched another attack to try to lift the siege on Pingyang. <mask> advised against direct faceoff with Emperor Wu's troops, but <mask>, egged on by eunuchs, chose to directly engage Emperor Wu, and the armies engaged in a battle around year 577. A minor fallback by some of <mask>'s troops caused Consort Feng and Mu Tipo to panic, and they suggested an immediate retreat—and <mask> abandoned his troops and fled to Jinyang, causing his army to collapse. Once at Jinyang, instead of preparing for resistance, <mask> instead planned to have his cousins <mask> the Prince of Ande and <mask>g (高孝珩) the Prince of Guangning defend Jinyang, planning to himself flee north to Shuo Province, against <mask>'s advice. He first sent Empress Dowager Hu and <mask> to Shuo Province. When Northern Zhou forces arrived at Jinyang, he left Jinyang under <mask>'s command and fled, initially intending to flee to Shuo Province or Tujue, but after persuasion by the general Mei Shenglang (梅勝郎), headed back to Yecheng, accompanied by <mask>. Meanwhile, Mu Tipo abandoned <mask> and surrendered to Northern Zhou.His mother Lady Lu committed suicide, and his family members were all either executed or sentenced to hard labor. Meanwhile, Tang Yong, still at Jinyang, along with other generals, persuaded <mask> to take

masks:
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Yanzong
Gao Xiaohen
Gao Yanzong
Gao Heng
Gao Yanzong
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Yanzong


texts:
 the throne himself—stating to him that if he did not, they could not die for him. When <mask> heard this news, he commented, "I would rather that Bing Province [the province containing Jinyang] fall into Zhou's hands than Ande's hands." Soon, Northern Zhou forces put Jinyang under siege, and they were able to breach the defenses at the east gate—but a counterattack by <mask>'s troops led to a major rout against Northern Zhou forces, in which Emperor Wu almost died. However, <mask>'s troops went into celebration and could not regroup. The next day, another Northern Zhou attack finally captured the city. Once <mask> arrived at Yecheng, he ordered that high rewards be posted for people who would join the army, but he himself was unwilling to contribute treasures from his own palace holdings.Further, when he was giving a speech intending to raise morale, his irreverent attitude instead infuriated the generals. The generals and the officials all lost the will to fight. The official <mask> (高勱), who had escorted Empress Dowager Hu and Crown Prince Heng back from Shuo Province, suggested making one last stand at Yecheng, but <mask> did not accept his suggestion. When astrologers indicated that the imperial seat is about to be changed, he decided to pass the throne to <mask> and did so in spring 577, even though <mask>ng was only seven years old. <mask> himself took the title of Taishang Huang. As retired emperor
<mask> continued to exercise

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Yanzong
Gao Yanzong
Gao Wei
Gao Mai
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao He
Gao Wei
Gao Wei


texts: imperial authority, even though <mask> was emperor. He honored his mother Empress Dowager Hu as Grand Empress Dowager, while Empress Mu took the title of empress dowager.Meanwhile, the official Moduolou Jingxian (莫多婁敬顯) and the general <mask> (尉相願) plotted to try to have <mask> killed, and then declare <mask>g emperor, but the plot dissolved when the ambush they set in place for <mask> could not be carried out. Meanwhile, <mask>g requested an army so that he could resist Northern Zhou, but <mask> and Han Zhangluan, suspecting him of plotting a coup, sent him out to be the governor of Cang Province (滄州, roughly modern Cangzhou, Hebei). Meanwhile, <mask>, receiving news that Northern Zhou forces were about to arrive at Yecheng, decided to abandon Yecheng and head to the provinces south of the Yellow River to organize a resistance—but that if the resistance would fail, to flee to Chen. He left the general Murong Sanzang (慕容三藏) in charge of Yecheng and fled toward Ji Province (濟州, roughly modern Liaocheng, Shandong), where had earlier sent Grand Empress Dowager Hu, Empress Dowager Mu, and the emperor <mask>. Once <mask> left, Murong Sanzang was unable to defend the city, and it fell. When <mask> arrived at Ji Province, he issued an edict in <mask>'s name further passing the throne to <mask>'s uncle <mask> (高湝) the Prince of Rencheng, sending the edict and the imperial seal to <mask> at Ying Province (瀛州, roughly modern eastern Baoding, Hebei)

masks:
Gao Heng
Wei Xiangyuan
Gao Anagong
Gao Xiaohen
Gao Anagong
Gao Xiaohen
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao Wei
Gao Jie
Gao Jie


texts:
 with the official Hulü Xiaoqing (斛律孝卿), where <mask> was governor. However, instead of delivering the edict and the imperial seals to <mask>, Hulü surrendered to Northern Zhou.Meanwhile, <mask> left Grand Empress Dowager Hu and <mask> at Ji Province while further fleeing with Empress Dowager Mu, Consort Feng, <mask>, Han, and Deng Changyu further east to Qing Province (青州, roughly modern Qingzhou, Shandong). He planned to further flee to Chen, but <mask>, who had been in communications with Northern Zhou forces and was planning to offer <mask> as a prize, fed him false information to slow him down. When Northern Zhou forces arrived at Ji Province, <mask> surrendered, allowing Northern Zhou forces to quickly descend on Qing Province. <mask> quickly tried to flee, but was captured by the Northern Zhou general Yuchi Qin (尉遲勤) and delivered back to Yecheng, to Emperor Wu. Death
Emperor Wu initially treated <mask> with respect, personally greeting him and treating him as an honored guest. Meanwhile, <mask> and <mask>g made an attempt to resist Northern Zhou at Cang Province, and when Emperor Wu had <mask> send an edict to <mask> to order his surrender, <mask>e refused. However, Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi quickly defeated <mask> and <mask>g, capturing them and largely ending resistance, although <mask>'s cousin <mask> the Prince of Fanyang (Emperor Wenxuan's son) fled to Tujue, and Tujue's Tuobo Khan put <mask> under his

masks:
Gao Jie
Gao Jie
Gao Wei
Gao Anagong
Gao Heng
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Anagong
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Jie
Gao Xiaohen
Gao Wei
Gao Jie
Gao Ji
Gao Jie
Gao Xiaohen
Gao Wei
Gao Shaoyi
Gao Shaoyi


texts:
 protection and soon had him declare himself Northern Qi's emperor, albeit in exile.In summer 577, Emperor Wu returned with <mask>, as well as the princes and officials of Northern Qi, putting <mask> at the front of the victory procession. He also ceremonially offered <mask> and the other captives to the ancestors at the ancestral temple, but did not harm them at this point. He created <mask> the Duke of Wen. In winter 577, Emperor Wu, apprehensive of the <mask> clan, falsely accused <mask> of plotting rebellion with Mu Tipo, and then ordered him and other members of the Gao clan to commit suicide. Only <mask>'s developmentally disabled brother <mask>ying (高仁英) and mute brother <mask> (高仁雅) were spared, but were exiled to modern Sichuan. Only during the regency of Yang Jian over Emperor Wu's grandson Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou were members of the Gao clan, including <mask>, properly buried north of Chang'an. Era names
 Tiantong (天統 tiān tǒng) 565-569
 Wuping (武平 wǔ píng) 570-576
 Longhua (隆化 lóng huà) 576

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 Empress, of the Hulü clan ()
 A daughter (b.572)
 Empress, of the Hu clan of Anding (), first cousin
 Empress, of the Mu clan (; 557–577), personal name Xieli ()
 <mask>, Emperor (; 570–578), first son
 Shufei, of the Feng clan (), personal name Xiaolian ()
 Zhaoyi, of the Cao clan
 Zhaoyi, of the Dong clan
 Furen, of the Wang clan ()
 A son
 Unknown
 <mask>, Prince Dongping (; d. 572), second son
 <mask>

masks:
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao
Gao Wei
Gao Wei
Gao Ren
Gao Renya
Gao Wei
Gao Heng
Gao Ke
Gao Shande


texts:
 (), third son
 <mask> (), fourth son
 <mask>an (), fifth son
 A daughter who married Han Xing, Duke Nanyang ()

Ancestry

References

Citations

Sources

 History of the Northern Dynasties, vol. 8. Book of Northern Qi, vol. 8. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173. Northern Qi emperors
Northern Qi regents
557 births
577 deaths
Pipa players
Northern Zhou people
People from Taiyuan
Murdered Chinese

masks:
Gao Maide
Gao Zhiqi


texts:
<mask> is an American research scientist whose primary areas of research are developmental biology and genetics and genomics. He works as a professor at Columbia University Medical Center, teaching neuroscience within the Department of Genetics and Development. Personal life and education
<mask> has a brother, <mask>, who was also recognized as a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Both <mask> and Kevin studied at MIT for their undergraduate degrees, but <mask> attended Cambridge for his doctorate degree while Kevin completed his studies at Stanford University. Both did postdoctoral research at Cambridge, but their research differs, as Kevin works on eukaryotic gene regulation. <mask> obtained his undergraduate degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received his doctorate from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and then he completed his postdoctoral fellowships both at the University of Cambridge and at Harvard University.He serves as a professor at Columbia University Medical Center in the Department of Genetics and Development, in neuroscience. He is married to Iva Greenwald, with whom he has a daughter. Research
Struhl has his own lab at Columbia University, the Struhl Lab at Columbia’s Mortimer B Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute. A large portion of Struhl’s research centers around the common fruit fly, or Drosophila, and the developmental genetics surrounding this type of insect. He was accepted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2005 and into the National Academy of Sciences for cellular and developmental biology in 2008. In 1999, Struhl published a paper looking at the frizzled and frizzed2 proteins of Drosophila. For this paper, the amber mutation

masks:
Gary Struhl
Gary Struhl
Kevin Struhl
Gary
Gary
Struhl


texts: of fz2 was isolated to look at its effects on signal transduction.It was concluded that fz2 is a primary receptor of Wg in Drosophila and that without f2 or fz2, signal transduction was not able to occur. <mask> also published a paper relating to frizzled function that analyzed the planar cell polarity of epithelial cells. In this paper, it was concluded that each of the cells has a mechanism that allows it to estimate the amount of asymmetric bridges, occurring between Stan and Stan plus Fz, that act as the link with neighboring cells. This mechanism was thought to be the method of reading the local slope of tissue-wide gradients of Fz activity, and that through this, all of the cells come to point in one direction. Further research by <mask> and his associates was done into the control of Drosophila wing growth and its unified mechanism. This paper concluded that Decapentaplegic (Dpp, a BMP) and Wingless (Wg, a Wnt) act together through a common mechanism in order to control wing growth as a function of morphogen range. <mask>’s work with Epsin can be seen in a two decade span of several papers.His first major paper regarding Epsin was written in 2004, titled “Drosophila Epsin mediates a select endocytic pathway that DSL ligands must enter to activate Notch”. This paper proposed that Epsin was essential for cell signaling because it “targets mono-ubiquitinated DSL proteins to an endocytic recycling compartment that they must enter to be converted into active ligands”. Additionally, he proposed that Epsin “may be required to target mono-ubiquitinated DSL proteins to a particular subclass of coated pits that have special properties essential for Notch activation”. These two parts of the hypotheses were further tested

masks: Struhl Struhl Struhl


texts: and developed in some of Struhl’s more recent work and publications. He co-authored a paper that discussed Notch Activation by ligand endocytosis, and looked at the force exerted by the ligand on the notch. In this paper, he stated that there were two models, the recycling models and the pulling models, that could help explain the requirement that the ligand must be endocytosed by Epsin in signal-sending cells. Another of Struhl’s papers investigated the requirement of the ligands to be endocytosed so that the Notch in signal-receiving cells could be activated.The experiments and research of this paper supported and further extended their hypothesis from an earlier paper, showing that the mono-ubiquitination of the DSL proteins was essential for gaining access to the pathway that allows them to activate Notch. <mask> co-authored a paper in which he discussed the three roles for notch in Drosophila R7 photoreceptor specification. In this paper, he wrote that the three distinct roles were to block photoreceptor differentiation, to enable the R7 cell to receive R8’s RTK signal to override the block from the first role, and to specify that the cell is an R7 and not an R1/6. A research article published by <mask> in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences journal looked at the relationship between epigenetic states and inheritance of cis-acting chromatin modifications. The key nucleosome in question was the H3K27me nucleosome. The paper concluded that H3K27me was a determinant of epigenetic memory, and that PRE-associated PRC2 propagates the mark as a requirement for perpetuating the memory. In further research looking into the controls of Drosophila wing size, Struhl explored the mechanisms that limit growth as a function

masks: Struhl Struhl


texts:
 of time.Two constraints were identified that prevent the wing from further growth once it meets its intended size goal at the end of larval growth. These two factors were an intrinsic limit on the spread of morphogen and the capacity of ecdysone, a steroid hormone, to gate the ability of these wing cells to grow as a response to morphogen. <mask> along with research associates looked at the activation thresholds of C. elegans Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1. This article discussed the fact that Epsin is not required for Notch signaling in the species C. elegans, which means that greater force is now necessary to expose the cleavage site, and that the NRRs of these proteins are tuned to a lower force threshold. Controversy
In 2004, Struhl was involved in a controversy regarding research on Wnt signaling, which is a major pathway in human cancer and embryonic development. A postdoc named Siu-Kwong Chan performed experiments that came to the conclusion that the beta-catenin or Armadillo could transduce Wnt signals without entering the nucleus. Struhl attempted to replicate this experiment, but received opposite results for important aspects of the experiment.When he reached out to Chan, Chan admitted that large portions of the data had either been fabricated or was not performed. Because of this, <mask> had the paper retracted and Chan lost his position at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Many came to <mask>’s defense, arguing that he was put in a very challenging position, but had no knowledge of this fraud, and that it was an unfortunate lesson for him to learn. References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American biologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia University


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; October 22, 1912 – June 6, 2018) was an American judge who served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. He was known for taking cases related to housing, voting, and jury service, especially if these cases were directly impacted by injustice, particularly racism. Early life
<mask> and his twin sister Georgina were born in New Bedford, Massachusetts on October 22, 1912 to Ana Silva Garcia and <mask>, immigrants from Brava, Cape Verde. At home, the family spoke Crioulo. His surname was anglicized to "<mask>" after a teacher claimed she could not pronounce his last name "Leitão." <mask> left school after sixth grade to work with his father picking cranberries, strawberries, and blueberries. He also worked on an oil tanker that sailed from Fall River, Massachusetts to Aruba.He read voraciously throughout his late childhood and began attending night school through the Works Progress Administration starting in 1934 to make up for his lack of diploma. Education and military
In 1936, <mask> won $200 from the Cape Verdean Memorial Scholarship Fund and applied to Howard University. He was initially rejected, but F.D. Wilkinson, the school's registrar, agreed to let him enroll as a non-degree student, and that if he could prove he could succeed without a high school education, the university would change his status to degree-seeking. To further complicate matters, <mask> recalls having a poor grasp on the English language before attending Howard. Despite this, he made the Dean's List during his first semester and was made a candidate for degree. He remained on the Dean's List every semester until he graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor's in

masks:
George Neves Leighton
George Neves Leitão
George Neves Leitão
António Neves Leitão
Leighton
Leighton
Leighton
Leighton


texts:
 history in 1940.While at Howard, one of his Kappa Alpha Psi brothers recommended him for the position of the Assistant to the Dean of Men, which gave him free housing and tuition. He was also inducted into Phi Beta Kappa and earned a commission from Howard's AROTC. James McCauley Landis, the Dean of Harvard Law School, granted him a first-year scholarship and admitted him. World War II began in his second year and he was sent to Fort Benning in Georgia in March 1942. At the end of basic, he was sent to Fort Huachuca in Arizona before shipping out to the Pacific Theater as part of the segregated 93rd Infantry Division. He became a military captain and earned a Bronze Star Medal, the Distinguished Service Medal, the Asiatic Pacific Service Metal, and the Combat Infantry Badge for his service. After the war ended in 1945, he returned to the Law School and earned his LL.B.degree the following year. Law career
He passed the Massachusetts Bar in 1946; then, impressed that Black congressman William Dawson had been elected to public office, moved to Chicago and passed the Illinois Bar in 1947. His early years as a lawyer were spent in private practice, including with Christopher C. Wimbish. From 1947 and 1952, he was the president of the Third Ward Regular Democratic Organization; he then was elected Assistant State Attorney General of Illinois in 1949. He served two terms and left in 1951 to co-found Moore, Ming, and Leighton (later McCoy, Ming, and Leighton), one of the largest Black law firms in the United States. Chicago was still deeply segregated at this time and he was unable to rent an office from a white landlord, so he moved to the South Side and worked near Comiskey Park. Many of his clients were too poor to afford his


texts:
 services, so he often worked for free, and when he was paid, it was usually between $50 and $100.In 1964, Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley asked <mask> to run for Circuit Court judge; he was elected in 1964 and won by a landslide despite being the only Black person on the 18-person Democratic ticket. He began teaching at the John Marshall Law School the following year; he was later involved in convincing the American Bar Association to continue accrediting evening law programs. In 1969, Walter V. Schaefer, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, asked <mask> to accept an assignment to the Illinois Court of Appeals in Illinois' First District. He accepted and served in that role for 11 years. He was the first Black man to be appointed to this position. In 1975, he was again contacted for a promotion. Charles H. Percy, a Republican Senator in Illinois, recommended Leighton to President Gerald Ford as a United States District Court judge.<mask> was sworn in in front of a Republican-controlled Senate and held the role until 1987, when his wife Virginia became ill and he stepped down from the bench. He had been made a senior judge the year before. He became counsel for Neal & Associates (now Neal & Leroy), a minority-owned firm, to earn enough money for Virginia's around-the-clock medical care and only left the practice in 2011 at age 99. <mask> often traveled to the South to provide legal counsel, especially on civil rights issues. He brushed shoulders with many notable Black professionals; he mentored several Chicago lawyers including Barack Obama and at one point had Martin Luther King, Jr. as a client. Notable cases

Schnell v. Davis (1949)
More generally known as the Boswell Amendment case, Schnell v. Davis was a lawsuit

masks: Leighton Leighton Leighton Leighton


texts:
 filed in response to the Boswell Amendment, which required voter registrants to pass a test before being allowed to vote. The test was to be able to explain a provision of the U.S. Constitution.<mask> traveled from Chicago to Mobile, Alabama to serve as counsel alongside David R. Landau to 10 Black people who were told their answers were not satisfactory, while "white applicants with less qualifications were registered." The defense consisted of Governor Jim Folsom and the Mobile County Board of Registrars; their attorneys were Alabama Attorney General Albert A. Carmichael, Assistant Alabama Attorney General Si Garrett, Geneva County Representative (and writer of the Boswell Amendment) E.C. "Bud" Boswell, Klan leader Ira B. Thompson, Kenneth Griffith, and Carl Booth. Plaintiffs argued their qualifications satisfied all other requirements and requested that the judge declare the Boswell Amendment unconstitutional. Eventually, a three-judge court declared it unconstitutional on the grounds of being used to discriminate "for the franchise of the basis of race and color." Judge Mullins agreed that the Amendment violated the Fifteenth Amendment. Harrisburg desegregation case (1951)
In 1950, Harrisburg City schools in Harrisburg, Illinois blocked Black children from applying to schools other than the historically Black-only Lincoln School, alleging that the applications came in late and that "arrangements had already been made for enrollment at customary schools."Defendants in the case were Dale Wilson, county superintendent of schools; Russell Malan, superintendent of Harrisburg schools; and D.B. McGehee, president of the Board of Education for School District 43; they were represented by <mask>. Lee and L.M. Hancock. <mask>,

masks:
Leighton
George B
Leighton


texts:
 representing 6 parents and their 14 children, filed a lawsuit for injunction that Harrisburg schools be ordered to desegregate. He also mentioned that Black-only schools had poorer facilities and resources than white-only schools, and that segregation violated the Fourteenth Amendment. In March 1951, Harrisburg schools were ordered to desegregate schools by October 1. Judge Casper Platt told the school board they had a month to put their intent to desegregate into a legal document, including the date that schools must be desegregated by.The Board agreed to zone Black children to the schools nearest their home, and to close the Black-only school. In October 1951, inspectors visited the schools to ensure desegregation had adequately taken place. Around the same time, <mask> and colleague William Robert Ming worked a similar case in Cairo, Illinois with counsel from Thurgood Marshall. Cicero race riots (1951)
In 1951, WWII veteran Harvey Clark and his family attempted to rent an apartment owned by Camille DeRose in the all-white suburb of Cicero, Illinois and were quickly turned away by the sheriff. Leighton gave them legal permission to rent. When they returned to Cicero in July 1951, however, about 4,000 white residents rioted and the apartment building was set on fire. While 60 police officers were on site, they reportedly did not provide crowd control, though they did eventually request that the firemen turn their hose on the rioters; they were refused.County Sheriff John E. Babb contacted Governor Adlai Stevenson to request the Illinois National Guard be sent in. The mob caused more than $20,000 in damage and 119 rioters were arrested and charged with unlawful assembly. Along with five others, <mask> was indicted for inciting

masks: Leighton Leighton


texts:
 the riot. Three months later, Assistant State Attorney James A. Brown requested the charges be dropped against <mask>. Leighton used the false indictment charges against him as a lesson in understanding "defendants [who] say to me, 'Judge, I ain't guilty,' I could see what he meant because I had gone through the same thing." All indictments were eventually dismissed, barring the one against Cicero Police Chief Erwin Konovsky, who was charged for "malfeasance in office in failing to prevent the mob from rioting."Fines dealt to three police officers, including Konovsky, were sentenced, but later repealed by the Illinois Court of Appeals. In October 1951, a federal jury was formed to investigate the riot. The NAACP provided counsel for the Clark family in his $200,000 suit against Cicero. The case wrapped up in April 1957 when Cicero agreed to settle with Camille DeRose for $4,300 and with the Clarks for $2,400. The Clarks subsequently moved to Detroit. After the riot, a Black family purchased the home from Camille DeRose and "rent[ed] to all comers, preferably negro and white war veterans." Earl Howard Pugh (1955)
In 1936, Earl Howard Pugh and William Fowler were arrested of murdering railway worker William Hagg during a robbery.Pugh received life in prison and Fowler was given 199 years. In 1951, <mask> found that the arresting officers had intimidated a false confession out of the two men and concealed documents that would have shown they were not guilty. Fowler died in 1949 in prison and Pugh was released in 1955 and awarded $51,000 from the Illinois General Assembly in retribution. Pugh was 20 at the time he entered prison and 37 upon his release. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1960)
In 1960, Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested


texts:
 for a traffic violation in DeKalb County, Georgia near Atlanta. He and his wife had invited white writer Lillian Smith to dinner and he was driving her back to Emory University, where she was receiving cancer treatments, when he was pulled over and falsely charged for driving without a license. He was placed on a probation that would end in jail time if he broke any more laws; he was not informed of this and a few days later participated in a sit-in at Rich's Department Store.He was arrested and sentenced to four months in prison. <mask> and Thurgood Marshall represented him during his appeal. While in jail, King contacted presidential candidates <mask> and John F. Kennedy. <mask> did not respond but Kennedy called Coretta; a few days later, Robert F. Kennedy contacted the sentencing judge and the decision was reversed. Lloyd Eldon Miller, Jr. v. Pate (1967)
Lloyd Miller was convicted on September 29, 1956 in Carthage, Illinois on charge of the November 1955 rape and murder of 8-year-old Janice May of Canton, Illinois. Less than a month later, he was sentenced to death by electric chair. Miller appealed a number of times, nearly once per year, but they were continuously dismissed.<mask> joined the case pro bono in 1963 and alleged that the prosecution had buried evidence that would have immediately exonerated Miller. Judge Joseph Sam Perry contacted the Illinois Supreme Court, who had already rejected four of Miller's appeals, to request a deferral of Miller's execution so he might be retried. Not long after, a journalist who worked on the Miller case spoke to his children and learned that the girls, 7 and 8 at the time, had seen Miller at the supposed time of the murder but didn't realize this should have been reported. Miller

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Richard Nixon
Nixon
Leighton


texts: was renting a room from their grandmother at the time and had requested someone wake him from his nap at 4:00pm; May's body was found at 4:30pm. One of Miller's ex-girlfriends, who testified he had told her he murdered May, came forward about lying on the stand and that she had done so at the request of the Fulton County Deputy Sherriff, who paid her off. In fact, what he told her was that he was going to be blamed for the death. Miller claimed that after his initial arrest, he was held for 52 hours and was not allowed to contact his family or attorney.He was told he could do so if he signed some documentation about the case, which he did not realize was a confession. Following the new eye-witness report and Miller's ex-girlfriend admitting to perjury, Judge Joseph Sam Perry told Hancock County authorities that they had to retry Miller within three months. A year later, the United States Court of Appeals found that Miller had been tried fairly and evidence was not misrepresented. Despite this, he requested another hearing a month later. He was granted one in 1966 by the Illinois Supreme Court but the appeal was not successful in his favor. At the beginning of 1967, Miller's legal team found that prosecutors had withheld vital information for over eight years, that being the strand of hair found on May's body did not belong to Miller. They knew this information before the first trial even occurred.The case was elevated to the United States Supreme Court, where the prosecutors were interrogated about the 1955 trial. Another article of evidence came forward: the stained shorts found near May's body were covered in paint, not blood as the defendants had led them to believe. The Supreme Court very quickly and unanimously withdrew


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 the conviction because they refused to "tolerate a state criminal conviction obtained by the knowing use of false evidence." Miller was released from prison in March 1967 after 11 years in prison. They married in Washington, DC and had two daughters: Virginia Anne and Barbara Elaine. Virginia suffered several strokes in the late 1980s and Leighton insisted she receive around-the-clock care. He retired from the bench to earn more money in private practice.She died in 1992. <mask> turned 100 in October 2012. He spent his final years at the Brockton VA in Massachusetts. He died of pneumonia on June 6, 2018. He was survived by two daughters, five grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. He had always wanted to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery; his daughter Barbara and her husband Robert made sure he was. <mask> was an avid chess player and traveled regularly for major chess tournaments across the country, including the Eastern Open (DC), New York Open (NY), World Open (PA), National Open (NV), New England Open (MA), Michigan Open (MI), American Open (CA), Chicago Open (IL), and Bermuda International Open (1993 and 1995).He stopped traveling in 1997 and played his last tournament in the 2002 US Masters. In the 1980s, he beat Grandmaster Leonid Kaushansky. Legacy and honors
In 2019, he was awarded the Medal of Merit First Class from the Republic of Cape Verde. He also received the Illinois State Bar Association's first Diversity Leadership Award. In 2005, a USPS building in his hometown of New Bedford, Massachusetts was renamed the "Honorable <mask> N<mask> Post Office Building" in his honor. In 2008, Harvard Law School established the Honorable <mask>. <mask> Endowed Fund "to honor the judge's accomplishments and in

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Judge George
. Leighton
George N
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 hopes of providing a boost to other promising students"
 In 2009, the Illinois Supreme Court established the "Honorable <mask>. <mask> Justice Award," which recognizes one who has given exceptional service to the legal community and exhibits the qualities that personified <mask>'s character, service and legal career. He was the first recipient.In 2010, the Illinois Supreme Court Historic Preservation Commission established the "Honorable <mask> Justice Award," which recognizes "a career full of significant achievements." In 2012, the Cook County Criminal Courthouse in Chicago was renamed the "Hon. <mask> N. <mask> Criminal Court Building." In 2018, shortly after his death, a tree was planted on the Alfred J. Gomes Elementary School campus in New Bedford in his honor. See also
 List of African-American jurists

References

External links

 Listing from American Inns of Court
 Biographical profile

1912 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
African-American centenarians
African-American judges
African-American lawyers
American centenarians
American people of Cape Verdean descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
Harvard Law School alumni
Howard University alumni
Illinois Democrats
Illinois state court judges
John Marshall Law School (Chicago) faculty
Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois
Lawyers from Chicago
Massachusetts Democrats
Massachusetts lawyers
Men centenarians
Military personnel from Massachusetts
NAACP activists
People from Brockton, Massachusetts
People from New Bedford, Massachusetts
United States Army officers
United States district court judges

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<mask> (born March 29, 1944) is an American former professional baseball player. He was a pitcher in Major League Baseball for ten seasons, most notably for the Detroit Tigers. In 1968, McLain became the most recent Major League Baseball pitcher to win 30 or more games during a season (with a record of 31–6) — a feat accomplished by only 11 players in the 20th century. As a player, McLain was brash and outspoken, sometimes creating controversy by criticizing teammates and fans with little provocation. His stellar performance at the beginning of his major league career included two Cy Young awards and an American League MVP award. His success in baseball stood in marked contrast to his personal life; he associated with organized crime and was eventually convicted on charges of embezzlement, for which he served time in prison. Professional playing career

The rise to stardom
<mask> was born in Markham, Illinois, and attended Mt.Carmel High School in Chicago, where he played on the baseball team as a shortstop and pitcher. As a teenager he met his future wife, Sharyn Boudreau, the daughter of major league player Lou Boudreau. <mask> was also musically talented, learning to play the organ from his father. Upon his graduation from high school in June 1962, McLain was signed by the Chicago White Sox as an amateur free agent, and was assigned to play with the Harlan Smokies of the Appalachian League. <mask> had a spectacular performance in his minor league professional baseball debut, throwing a no-hitter and striking out 16 batters in a game against the Salem Rebels on June 28. After just two games with the Smokies, he was promoted to the Clinton C-Sox of the Midwest League, where he posted a record of four wins and seven losses. At the time, players with one year of service in the minor leagues were subject to a draft if they were not called up to the major leagues.The White Sox left <mask> in the minor leagues, and he was selected off waivers

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Dennis Dale McLain
McLain
McLain
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McLain


texts: by the Detroit Tigers on April 8, 1963. He progressed swiftly through the Tigers' minor league system, jumping from Class A Duluth-Superior to Class AA Knoxville during the summer. The Tigers saw enough promise that they decided to advance him all the way from Class AA to the majors, and he made his major league debut on September 21, 1963 at the age of 19. His debut against the Chicago White Sox was almost as impressive as his minor-league debut, holding the White Sox to one earned run on seven hits. He also picked off two baserunners and hit a home run, which was the only home run of his major-league career. <mask> is one of only six teenaged pitchers to hit a major-league home run since 1920, a list that includes Hall-of-Famers Don Drysdale and Jim Palmer. <mask> began the 1964 season with the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League, but was called back to the major leagues in early June and ended the season with a won-loss record of 4–5.He then played for the Mayagüez Indians in the Puerto Rico Baseball League, where he posted a 13–2 record and helped the Indians win the league championship. He was called back to the majors in 1965 and continued to pitch well for the Tigers. On June 15, <mask> set a major-league record for relief pitchers, when he struck out the first seven batters he faced after entering the game in the first inning to relieve starting pitcher Dave Wickersham. He ended the season with a 16–6 record, a 2.61 earned run average, and 192 strikeouts, the third-highest strikeout total in the American League behind Sam McDowell and teammate Mickey Lolich. Although he had a curveball and a changeup, he relied mostly on his fastball to get batters out. In 1966, <mask> had a 13–4 mid-season record and earned the role of American League starting pitcher in the 1966 All-Star Game, where he threw just 28 pitches to retire all nine batters that he faced. He finished the season with a 20–14 record with a 3.92 earned run

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 average.In 1967, the Tigers hired former major-league pitcher Johnny Sain as their pitching coach. Sain helped develop <mask>'s pitching skills and taught him the psychology of pitching. The 1967 season was memorable due to the tight four-way pennant race between the Tigers, the Boston Red Sox, the Minnesota Twins, and the Chicago White Sox. <mask> finished with a 17–16 record and a 3.79 earned run average but was winless after August 29. On September 18, <mask> reported that he had severely injured two toes on his left foot, saying that he had stubbed them after his foot had fallen asleep. Going into the final game of the season against the California Angels, the Tigers needed a victory to force a one-game playoff with the Red Sox for the American League pennant. <mask> pitched ineffectively in the final game and the Tigers lost to finish the season one game behind the Red Sox.The year of the pitcher
Ten games into the 1968 season, the Tigers were in first place, having won nine consecutive games after losing the opener. <mask> made controversial statements in early May by criticizing Detroit fans for being "the biggest front-running fans in the world." He continued to win games at a remarkable pace, registering his 29th victory on September 10. On September 13, he appeared on the cover of Time. On September 14 at Tiger Stadium, <mask> pitched the Tigers to a 5–4 victory over the Oakland Athletics in front of a nationally televised audience to become Major League Baseball's first 30-game winner since 1934. Dizzy Dean, the previous 30-game winner, was on hand to congratulate him. After the Tigers had clinched the 1968 American League pennant, <mask> added to his penchant for notoriety while pitching his 31st and final regular season victory in a game against the Yankees on September 19.<mask> had grown up idolizing New York Yankee center fielder Mickey Mantle, who entered the game tied with Jimmie Foxx for third place in the major-league

masks: McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain


texts: career home runs list. When Mantle—who was nine days away from his last major league appearance—came to bat in the eighth inning with the Tigers leading 6–1, <mask> intentionally threw a soft pitch directly over home plate. Other accounts said that he called catcher Jim Price to the mound and had him tell Mantle that he would be throwing only fastballs. Mantle hit the pitch for his 535th career home run (the penultimate home run Mantle would hit in his career), putting him in sole possession of third place on the all-time home run list, behind only Babe Ruth and Willie Mays. As Mantle ran around the bases, <mask> stood on the pitcher's mound and applauded. Mantle tipped his hat to <mask> as he rounded the bases. The next batter, Joe Pepitone, waved his bat over the plate, as if asking for an easy pitch of his own.<mask> responded by throwing the next pitch over Pepitone's head. After the game, <mask> smilingly denied that he had served up an easy pitch for Mantle to hit; however, he was later reprimanded by Major League Baseball Commissioner William Eckert. <mask> completed a 31–6 record along with a 1.96 earned run average, as the Tigers won the American League pennant by 12 games. He had 280 strikeouts and 63 walks, giving him a 4.44 K:BB ratio, a Tigers season record that stood until 2016, when it was eclipsed by Justin Verlander. <mask> also earned his second All-Star berth and won the 1968 American League Cy Young Award, as well as the American League Most Valuable Player Award, the first by an American League pitcher since Bobby Shantz in 1952 and the first by a Tiger since fellow pitcher Hal Newhouser's back-to-back honors in 1944 and 1945. He was the first pitcher in American League history to win the Most Valuable Player Award and the Cy Young Award in the same season. St. Louis Cardinal Bob Gibson won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award that same year, making 1968 the only season to date in which a pitcher won the

masks: McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain


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 MVP Award in both leagues.<mask>'s performance in the Tigers' 1968 World Series triumph over the Cardinals was not as impressive as his regular season. Having already pitched 336 innings and 28 complete games during the regular season, a sore-armed <mask> lost twice to Gibson (including a still-standing World Series record 17-strikeout performance in the opener) to help put the Tigers down three games to one. Trailing three games to two, <mask> won the crucial Game 6 on just two days' rest, aided by a grand slam home run from Jim Northrup. Teammate Mickey Lolich won three games during the series, including a complete-game triumph in Game 7 against Gibson, and won the World Series MVP award. After the season, when <mask> was asked about Lolich's performance in the World Series, he responded controversially by saying: "I wouldn't trade one Bob Gibson for 12 Mickey Loliches." The season became known as the "Year of the Pitcher", with batting averages and run production dropping in both leagues. After the record home-run year by Roger Maris in 1961, the major leagues increased the size of the strike zone from the top of the batter's shoulders to the bottom of the knees.Pitchers such as <mask> and Gibson among others dominated hitters, producing 339 shutouts in 1968. Carl Yastrzemski was the only American League hitter to finish the season with a batting average higher than .300. In the National League, Gibson posted a 1.12 earned run average, the lowest in 54 years, while Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale threw a record  consecutive scoreless innings during the 1968 season. As a result of the dropping offensive statistics, Major League Baseball took steps to reduce the advantage held by pitchers by lowering the height of the pitcher's mound from 15 inches to 10, and by reducing the size of the strike zone for the 1969 season. Since then, no pitcher has won more than 27 games in a season. Later career

In January 1969, <mask> was

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 selected as the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. He created more disruption when he was named as the starting pitcher for the American League in the 1969 All-Star Game in Washington, D.C., but missed the start of the game because of a dental appointment in Detroit.The appointment was scheduled for Wednesday the 23rd, the day after the All-Star game, but because of a rainout on the scheduled date, the game was played on the 23rd. <mask> was a nonconformist and liked to play by his own rules. He had learned to fly and purchased an airplane. Having kept his dental appointment, he then flew himself to Washington, arriving at the game during the second inning. He pitched in the fourth inning, but by then the National League had already built a 9–2 lead. <mask> created more dissension when he clashed with Tigers' manager Mayo Smith over the latter's role in the firing of Johnny Sain as the team's pitching coach. Despite the troubles, <mask> had another productive season in 1969, winning 24 games and a second consecutive Cy Young Award, tying with Baltimore's Mike Cuellar, marking the first time two players had shared the award.It was the last award of his major league career. The downfall
In February 1970, Sports Illustrated and Penthouse both published articles about <mask>'s involvement in bookmaking activities. Sports Illustrated cited sources who alleged that the foot injury suffered by McLain late in 1967 was caused by an organized crime figure who stomped on McLain's foot as punishment for failing to pay off on a lost bet. Early in his career, McLain's interest in betting on horses was piqued by Chuck Dressen, one of his first managers. <mask>'s descent into his gambling obsession was further precipitated by an offhand remark made during an interview: that he drank about a case of Pepsi a day. (When he pitched, he was known to drink a Pepsi between innings.) A representative from Pepsi then offered McLain a contract with the

masks: McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain


texts: company, just for doing a few endorsements.<mask> soon realized that he and the Pepsi representative shared an affinity for gambling; when the two realized how much money they were losing, and that they could earn so much more by "taking the action" on bets, they attempted to set up a bookmaking operation as hands-off, silent partners. <mask> was suspended indefinitely by Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn; the suspension was then set for the first three months of the 1970 season. He returned in mid-season, but struggled to pitch well. In September, the Tigers suspended him for seven days after he doused sportswriters Jim Hawkins of the Detroit Free Press and Watson Spoelstra of the Detroit News with buckets of water. Just as the seven-day suspension was about to end, he was suspended for at least the remainder of the season by Kuhn for carrying a gun on a team flight. <mask>'s 1970 season ended with a won-loss record of only 3–5. Later that year, he was forced into bankruptcy despite being the first $100,000 player in Tigers history.Meanwhile, <mask> and his friend Jim Northrup co-schemed to make more money; they were back in Detroit furthering a plan that they shared to generate a nude baseball model calendar. These efforts eventually fell short. On October 9, 1970, the Tigers traded <mask>, Elliott Maddox, Norm McRae, and Don Wert to the Washington Senators for Joe Coleman, Eddie Brinkman, Jim Hannan, and Aurelio Rodríguez. Kuhn actually had to clear the trade because <mask> was still under suspension, and suspended players cannot be traded without the commissioner's permission. Kuhn later wrote in his autobiography, Hardball: The Education of a Baseball Commissioner, that he was shocked at what he called a "foolish gamble" by the Senators, and predicted that the trade would turn out to be a Tiger heist. The <mask> trade was made over the strenuous objections of Senators manager Ted Williams, who had little patience for <mask>'s high


texts: living. The feeling was mutual; early in the 1971 season, <mask> became a charter member of the "Underminers' Club", a group of five players dedicated to getting Williams fired.They spent much of the season feuding over Williams' use of a then-unusual five-man rotation for his starters. Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield later told Rob Neyer that when Williams yanked <mask> early from a July 5 game against the Cleveland Indians, <mask> threatened to call Senators owner Bob Short and have him get rid of Williams. By this time, McLain had serious arm trouble, inadvertently made worse by numerous cortisone shots he took for his sore arm. As a result, he essentially stopped throwing fastballs midway through the 1971 season. Due to his arm troubles and his inability to get along with Williams, McLain went 10–22. He thus earned the dubious distinction of going from leading his league in wins (tied with Mike Cuellar with 24 wins in 1969) to two years later leading his league in losses. <mask>'s 22 defeats (a mark later tied by three pitchers, all in 1974) remains the most in a major-league season since Jack Fisher of the Mets lost 24 in 1965.After the 1971 season, <mask> was traded to the Oakland Athletics for journeyman pitcher Jim Panther and prospect Don Stanhouse (who went on to have a few good years as the Baltimore Orioles' closer in the late 1970s). After only five starts, one win, and a 6.04 ERA, the Athletics sent him to the minor leagues on May 15. The Associated Press said the reasons for the demotion were "pitches which lacked steam and a medical problem." On June 29, Oakland traded him to the Atlanta Braves for Orlando Cepeda; he went only 3–5 for Atlanta, and his overall totals for 1972 were 4–7 with a 6.37 ERA. His final major league appearance came on September 12 against the Cincinnati Reds; he came into a tied game in the ninth and promptly gave up three runs without retiring a batter, taking the loss. (Coincidentally, the


texts:
 last batter McLain ever faced in the major leagues was Pete Rose, who also was involved in a gambling scandal years later.) The Braves released <mask> during spring training, on March 26, 1973.After short stints with minor-league clubs in Des Moines and Shreveport, <mask> retired. Three years after winning 31 games and two years after winning his second consecutive Cy Young, he was out of baseball at the age of 29. Music career
<mask>'s success on the playing field led to endorsement opportunities from the Hammond Organ Company; he also made musical appearances in Las Vegas. He was invited to appear with his musical quartet on The Ed Sullivan Show along with his World Series opponent (and guitarist) Bob Gibson. <mask> also made appearances on The Steve Allen Show and The Joey Bishop Show. He also released two albums on Capitol Records, <mask> at the Organ (1968) and <mask> in Las Vegas (1969). Career statistics
In a 10-year major-league career, <mask> won 131 games against 91 losses.His career earned run average was 3.39 and he recorded 1,282 strikeouts in 1,886 innings pitched. <mask> was a three-time All-Star and won the Cy Young Award twice in his career. Because he relied so much on his fastball, he also surrendered numerous home runs, leading the American League in home runs allowed in three consecutive years (1966–1968). Since McLain's 31-win season, only two other pitchers have approached the 30-game milestone (Steve Carlton won 27 games in 1972 and Bob Welch also with 27 victories in 1990). With Major League Baseball moving from the four-man pitching rotation of McLain's era to five-man rotations, and with the increased reliance on relief pitchers, some observers believe that another 30-game winner may not occur because of the way the game is played today. Post-major league career

In 1974, <mask> played a season for the London Majors of the Intercounty Baseball League at Labatt Memorial Park in London, Ontario. Because of his arm

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McLain
McLain
McLain
McLain
Denny McLain
Denny McLain
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texts: problems, McLain pitched only nine innings for the Majors, but played in 14 games at shortstop, first base, or catcher, and batted .380, including hitting two homers in one game in London.<mask> continued to earn side money playing the organ at clubs, including a club in suburban Detroit where former heavyweight boxing champion Leon Spinks worked as a bartender. <mask> also earned quite a bit of money hustling golf, easily attracting "marks" due to his past baseball fame. Additionally, he reportedly once accepted over $160,000 to fly a wanted felon out of the country. <mask>'s weight ballooned to  during his post-baseball career. He was imprisoned for drug trafficking (cocaine), embezzlement, and racketeering. Tampa attorneys Arnold Levine and Stevan Northcutt, who later became a Florida state appellate judge, represented <mask> before the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta. His conviction was reversed under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act  in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida in Tampa.Between his stints in prison and rehabilitation in the mid-1980s to the early-1990s, <mask> could be found on various talk radio sports shows and occasionally on panel-format sports shows on network television in the Detroit area; he also modeled Hanes underwear. He could also be found signing autographs at a metro Detroit 7-Eleven store at the corner of Mound Road and Metro Parkway in Sterling Heights, Michigan, where he was employed on work-release. After his release, he also hosted a popular daily talk radio show for a few years on Detroit talk station WXYT. <mask>'s oldest daughter, Kristin, 26, was killed on March 20, 1992, in a drunk driving accident. She had been living in Florida and was moving back home to Michigan when she was killed just a few miles from her parents' home. In part to escape his grief, <mask> and several partners bought the Peet Packing


texts: Company (Farmer Peet's) located in the small town of Chesaning, Michigan, in 1994. McLain was also a partner in the Michigan Radio Network.Both companies went bankrupt two years later. In 1996, he was convicted on charges of embezzlement, mail fraud, and conspiracy in connection with the theft of $2.5 million from the Peet employees' pension fund. <mask> spent six years in prison; to this day, he insists he knew nothing about the shady financial deals alleged by the government. <mask> claims he paid restitution for this incident. During the Detroit Tigers 2006 playoff run, <mask> was the baseball analyst for Drew and Mike on WRIF radio in Detroit. In 2007, <mask> released his autobiography I Told You I Wasn't Perfect, co-authored by longtime Detroit sportscaster and author Eli Zaret. Prior to that, <mask> and Zaret hosted a sports television show together in Detroit.<mask> currently resides in Pinckney, Michigan, with his wife, Sharyn. Sharyn had divorced <mask> during his most recent incarceration but remarried him upon his release. <mask> writes a monthly editorial column and blogs regularly for In Play! Magazine, a Detroit sports magazine. Kevin Costner's character in the 2005 film The Upside of Anger was partly based on <mask> (and also partly on Kirk Gibson, another Tiger of World Series note). On April 11, 2008, <mask> was arrested without incident after deputies discovered an outstanding warrant against him for failing to appear for a January 16 court hearing. On September 22, 2011, <mask> was arrested in Port Huron, Michigan, at the Canada–US border after officials discovered an outstanding warrant against him from St. Charles Parish, Louisiana.Because of construction detours, <mask> had inadvertently taken an exit off I-94 sending him directly across the Bluewater Bridge and into Canada. He immediately returned to the U.S., where he was obligated to go through a U.S. Customs and Border Protection inspection booth. The outstanding

masks: McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain Denny McLain McLain McLain McLain McLain


texts:
 warrant was then discovered, for which <mask> was jailed in Port Huron, Michigan. In less than a week, the warrant was cleared and <mask> was released. From 2017 to 2018, <mask> hosted a Sunday radio show about life and politics on WFDF (AM). In January 2019 <mask> and former local sportscasters Eli Zaret and Bob Page launched a podcast called No Filter Sports. In October 2020 McLain had an estate sale hosted by Aaron's Estate Sales.This event was covered nationally by outlets such as ESPN and the Associated Press. See also

 1968 Detroit Tigers season
 1968 World Series
 1968 in baseball
 Associated Press Athlete of the Year
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Detroit Tigers team records

Notes

References
 Nobody's Perfect by <mask> with Dave Diles (The Dial Press, New York, 1975). Strikeout: The Story of <mask> by <mask> and Mike Nahrstedt (Sporting News, 1988). I Told You I Wasn't Perfect by <mask> and Eli Zaret (Triumph Books, 2007). Thirty-one and six: The story of <mask> by Robert B. Jackson (H. Z. Walck, 1969). External links
, or Retrosheet
The Baseball Biography Project: <mask>
 ESPN Classic: From the big time to the big house
 The downfall of former pitcher <mask>
 Denny <mask>'s Tigers Report

1944 births
Living people
American drug traffickers
American extortionists
American League All-Stars
American League Most Valuable Player Award winners
American League wins champions
American people convicted of fraud
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Chicago
Birmingham A's players
Capitol Records artists
Clinton C-Sox players
Cy Young Award winners
Detroit Tigers players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Harlan Smokies players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Iowa Oaks players
Knoxville Smokies players
London Majors players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Oakland Athletics players
People from Markham, Illinois
Shreveport Captains players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) players
American

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<mask> ( ; born October 30, 1982) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Washington Nationals, New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks in Major League Baseball (MLB), as well as the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He managed the Tupper Lake Riverpigs of the independent Empire League in the covid-shortened 2020 season and again in 2021. Career

Pittsburgh Pirates
<mask> was selected by the San Francisco Giants in the 34th round (1,021st overall) of the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign. In the following year he was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 19th round (564th overall), and signed on June 6, 2001. He spent a number of years in the minors in the Pirates system as a starting pitcher, and in 2005 was converted to a reliever. The Pirates released him on April 25, 2007.Washington Nationals

On May 3, 2007, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals, and played most of the season for the Class-AA Harrisburg Senators, compiling a 4.17 earned run average in 21 appearances. He moved up to the Class-AAA Columbus Clippers and finished the season extremely well, posting an ERA of 0.78 in 14 appearances. When rosters expanded in September, the Nationals, then leading the league in innings pitched by relievers, brought him up. On September 5, 2007, <mask> made his Major League debut. In the top of the third inning, in a game against the Florida Marlins, Tim Redding was injured by a batted ball and needed to be replaced. Albaladejo entered the game with two men on and

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Jonathan Albaladejo Santana
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 one out, and allowed a ground ball (where an inherited runner scored) and a pop up. In the fourth inning, Albaladejo struck out the side, and then was relieved.New York Yankees
On December 4, 2007, he was traded to the New York Yankees for relief pitcher Tyler Clippard. The deal is regarded, years later, as one of the worst in Brian Cashman's tenure as Yankees General Manager. He made the Yankees' Opening Day roster in 2008, but only pitched in seven games while recording a 3.95 ERA. He suffered an elbow injury on May 9, 2008, and was ruled out for the season in June. Albaladejo again made the Yankees' major league roster to start the 2009 season. After posting an ERA of 6.00 in 18 appearances through May 22, he was optioned to Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre to make room on the roster for pitcher Chien-Ming Wang. In 17 innings at Triple-A, he compiled a 1.59 ERA and 0.65 WHIP, earning a promotion back to the majors when Wang was placed on the disabled list on July 5, 2009.<mask> was sent back down to Scranton on July 10, 2009, to make room for Mark Melancon. Though he did not make the postseason roster, he got his first World Series ring when the Yankees won their 27th franchise World Series title by beating the Phillies. <mask> began the 2010 season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. After a poor spring training, Albaladejo transitioned from his two-seam fastball to his four-seam fastball, which allowed him more control. He was named International League Pitcher of the Week from July 5–12, and from July 12–18, and pitched in the Triple-A All-Star Game. After saving 31

masks: Albaladejo Albaladejo