texts:
 work force and promotes austerity among its European Union neighbors.In late 2014, <mask> also announced that the combined pension contributions from employers and employees would be cut by a total of 2 billion euros in 2015 due to the high level of reserves. Following annual negotiations between the Claims Conference and the German government in 2014, <mask> successfully introduced a proposal for extending German pension payments totaling 340 million euros ($461 million) for some 40,000 Holocaust survivors who were used by the Nazis in ghettos as laborers in exchange for food or meager wages. Most Holocaust survivors suffered serious malnutrition during World War II and also lost almost all of their relatives, leaving them with many medical problems and little or no family support network to help them cope. Following a succession of strikes that disrupted Germany's air and train travel in 2014, <mask> introduced a bill which amended labor laws to allow only one trade union to represent employees of one company in negotiating wage agreements, a move critics say in effect will deprive small unions of their right to strike. In 2015, <mask> commissioned an in-depth study to establish a definition of work-related stress and calculate its economic cost, leading to speculation that the study could pave the way for an "anti-stress act" as proposed by Germany's metalworkers' union. In response to rightwing populist assaults on chancellor Angela Merkel's liberal immigration policies, <mask> presented plans in early 2016 to ban EU migrants from most unemployment benefits for five years after their arrival. Leader of SPD in Bundestag, 2017–2019
After the Social Democrats experienced their worst result in German post-war history in the 2017 elections, their chairman Martin Schulz nominated <mask> to lead the party's group in the German Parliament.She replaced Thomas Oppermann and was the first woman to serve in this role. In the


type: original

texts:
 negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Merkel, <mask> led the working group on social affairs, alongside Barbara Stamm and Karl-Josef Laumann. In addition to her role as chairwoman, <mask> also joined the Committee on the Election of Judges (Wahlausschuss), which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. Leader of the Social Democratic Party, 2018–2019
<mask> was elected as the first ever female leader of the Social Democratic Party on 22 April 2018 at the party convention in Wiesbaden. She won the election with 414 delegate votes, against her opponent Simone Lange, who received 172 delegate votes, which worked out as 66% to 27% respectively. She succeeds Olaf Scholz who was acting leader for two months after the resignation of Martin Schulz who led the party to their worst election result since 1933. <mask> was the first female leader of the party in its 155-year history.Furthermore, this was the first time ever in German history that the country's two largest parties were led by women, the other being CDU with its leader Angela Merkel. <mask> was widely credited with stewarding the party toward another coalition government with Merkel's Christian Democrats. On 2 June 2019, <mask> announced that she would resign as SPD leader in the face of personal unpopularity, a major defeat for the SPD in the 2019 European Parliament election, and a record low result in the Forsa poll of 1 June 2019. She stated she would also resign as leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag. Life after politics
Since July 2020, <mask> has been serving as a special advisor to European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights Nicolas Schmit. Since 2020, <mask> has been serving as president of the Federal Posts and Telecommunications Agency in Bonn. In addition, she teaches at the NRW School of Governance of the University of Duisburg-Essen.In 2022, <mask> was nominated as

masks: Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles


texts:
 director of the Federal Employment Agency (BA). Other activities
 Central Committee of German Catholics, Member
 Denkwerk Demokratie, Member of the Advisory Board
 Maria Laach Abbey, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem, Member of the Board of Trustees
 spw – Zeitschrift für sozialistische Politik und Wirtschaft, Member of the Editorial Board
 IG Metall, Member
 Eurosolar, Member
 Attac, Member
 ZDF, Ex-officio Member of the Television Board (2000–2004)

Political positions
Once a leading voice on the SPD's left, <mask> has moved steadily towards the centre. She is known as a provocative and occasionally brusque orator. Personal life
<mask>' partner was VW manager Horst Neumann from 1997 until 2007. From 2010, she was married to art historian Marcus Frings with whom she has one daughter, born in January 2011. In January 2016 the couple announced their separation. <mask> lives in the village of Weiler, where she was born.A Roman Catholic, she attends Sunday mass in the village regularly. She resides on a farm that belonged to her great-grandparents. Since 2017, she has an apartment in Berlin's Moabit district. <mask> enjoys horse riding. Until an accident in 1986, she also was a track and field athlete. See also
Politics of Germany

References

External links

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|-

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1970 births
Living people
People from Mendig
German Roman Catholics
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Social Affairs ministers of Germany
Labor ministers (Germany)
Members of the Bundestag for Rhineland-Palatinate
21st-century German women politicians
Female members of the Bundestag
Women federal government ministers of Germany
University of Bonn alumni
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
20th-century

masks: Nahles Nahles Nahles Nahles


texts: <mask>, (born April 10, 1937, Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina) Bosnian journalist and diplomat, served as the Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993–2003). Somun was born in Čajniče to father Ibrahim, an imam, and mother Muniba (née Sirćo), a manufacturer in a shoe factory. He was the best student in his generation in Arabic, Persian and Turkish languages (1962) at the University of Sarajevo, and specialized Arabic at the Baghdad University in Iraq (1962–65). Somun is a "respected journalist" since high school, Somun was employed at the Sarajevo leading daily Oslobođenje (1965-1969), then TV Sarajevo as war reporter and commentator for international affairs (1969-1976). He first made his mark in Yugoslav journalism with a series of articles from Iraqi Kurdistan, where he went secretly and spent time in the headquarters of the renowned Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani. He reported on conflicts in the Middle East and was awarded for his TV films on the Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the Palestinian Commandos in 1974. He was also rewarded by various journalist awards in the former Yugoslavia and Bosnia.The Association of Journalists of Bosnia and Herzegovina awarded him with the Lifetime Award in 2015. Somun was appointed Middle Eastern correspondent for the Yugoslav News Agency (TANJUG), reporting from Baghdad for the Persian Gulf area (1976–79). He reported on the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978-79 that lead to his first co-authored publication with well-known Iranian writer Reza Baraheni. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the former Yugoslavia (SFRJ)


texts: offered him a position as counselor to the Yugoslav Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq, where he served 1979–82. Somun was Advisor on International Affairs to Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina until he was posted abroad again as minister counselor to the Yugoslav Embassy in Tehran, Iran (1987-1991). He was the Director of International Liaisons and Protocol of the Winter Olympic Games 1984 in Sarajevo. He was appointed Foreign Policy Advisor to the Presidency and the first President of the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, the late Alija Izetbegović.He was part of the Bosnian delegation at the London and Geneva Peace Conference (1992-1993), as well as at frequent international peace seeking meetings and mediation for the war-torn Bosnia. Somun was appointed first Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Ankara, Turkey in 1993 where he remained for five years. In the Bosnian Foreign Ministry he served as the head for non-European countries and spokesperson until his last diplomatic appointment as ambassador in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2002-2004). While serving in Kuala Lumpur, he wrote the book "Mahathir: The Secret of the Malaysian Success" that was a best-seller in Malaysia for several years. After retirement he lectured on history of diplomacy at the Philip-Noel Baker International University in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and today he actively publishes books, and contributes to the daily and weekly TV, papers and magazines in Bosnia and Herzegovina  and abroad. He is currently completing a book on Kurdistan and is the Honorary Consul General of


texts:
 Bangladesh in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Books

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Beograd: Rad, 1976.The Roots of the Iranian Revolution, co-author with the Iranian writer Reza Baraheni, Belgrade: NIN-Politika, 1979. Beirut in Poetry (translation and interpretation of contemporary Palestinian poetry), Sarajevo: Radio-Sarajevo, 1987. Bosnia Today - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Limkokwing, 2003. Mahathir, tajna malezijskog čuda, Sarajevo: Dani, 2003. Mahathir: The Secret of the Malaysian Success, Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk, 2003. Ghassan Kanafani: From the Country of Sad Oranges, Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2012. Personal View of the World, Sarajevo: Rabic, 2012.Sarajevo: My City, co-author, Sarajevo: Rabic, 2013. Palestinian Naqba, Sarajevo: Rabic, 2015. (Palestinska nakba)

Are we anti-semitic? Links between the nations of former Yugoslavia with Jews and Palestinians, Sarajevo: Rabic, 2017. (Jesmo i antisemiti? Veze naroda bivše Jugoslavije sa Jevrejima i Palestincima)
(promoted in Sarajevo 19 June 2017, Zagreb, Croatia 21 June 2017 and Ljubljana, Slovenia 22 June 2017)

Gasana Kanafani iz dežele žalostnih pomorandž, Hajrudin and Lejla Somun, Forma 7, Ljubljana, Slovenija, 2017.) Sefernameh from Iran (Sefernama iz Irana), Sarajevo: Dobra knjiga, 2019.(promoted in Sarajevo 14 February 2019 book review

Notable articles

Bosnia-Herzegovina Diaspora, Forum Bosnae, Vol. 1 No.1/2, pp 128–135, Sarajevo: Forum Bosnae, 1998. "Bosnia and Herzegovina – Turkey, 1992-1995," in A Bridge Between Cultures: Studies on Ottoman and Republican Turkey in memory of Ali Ihsan Bagis, edited by


texts:
 Sinan Kuneralp. The ISIS Press, Istanbul, 2006. Turkish Foreign Policy in the Balkans and "Neo-Ottomanism": A Personal Account, Insight Turkey Vol. 13 / No. 3 / 2011 pp.33–41

How Middle East revolutions relativize theories on „neo-Ottomanism", Politeia, Year 1, No. 2, Dec 2011

Policy analysis: “Iran and the Middle East – Perspectives Resting on Old Premises”, Foreign Policy Initiative BiH and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Sarajevo, October 2016

Interviews

Novo vrijeme, newsportal, Hajrudin Somun: Ekstremisti ISIS-a će formirati novu, ekstremističku državu

From Sarajevo to Tehran and Back, Iranian.com by Fariba Amini

Conference presentation: Debating New Turkey, 10 December 2010

OBN TV, Reflex: Political Situation in Egypt and Turkey, 29 July 2013

Federal Radio, The World Today, 4 January 2014,

Liberty TV, 30 Years Since Sarajevo Winter Olympic Games, 2 February 2014,

Radio Free Europe, Sarajevo Three Decades Later: Far Away from the Olympic Motto, 8 February 2014

TV1 Ukraine Crisis, 19 April 2014

HRT1 News, On ISIS and Iraq, 26 June 2014

FACE TV Face to Face Interview, 12 December 2015

OSM TV Face of the Nation Interview, 26 October 2016

TV1 Refugees and Berlin Attack, 21 December 2016

N1 - CNN - There will be no war! 2 February 219

References

External links
http://www.vijesti.ba/tag/Hajrudin%20Somun
http://ba.n1info.com/search/1/1?q=hajrudin+somun
https://tv1.ba/?s=somun
http://balkans.aljazeera.net/search?keywords=hajrudin+somun

1937 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Turkey
Ambassadors of Bosnia and Herzegovina


texts:
<mask> (January 4, 1914 – March 30, 2009) was a catcher, coach, manager, general manager and scout in Major League Baseball. He was born in Price, Utah, to Italian-American immigrant parents and attended the University of Utah. Playing career
A left-handed hitter who threw right-handed, <mask> was listed at  tall and . He broke into professional baseball with the Hollywood Stars of the Pacific Coast League in 1932, but he was soon acquired by the St. Louis Cardinals and joined their vast farm system. He made the Cardinals for just 17 games and 17 at-bats in 1939, before being drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers, where he served as a second-string catcher in 1940–41 and began his long association with Leo Durocher, then Brooklyn's manager. As a Dodger, <mask> caught Tex Carleton's no-hitter on April 30, 1940. <mask> missed  seasons during World War II, when he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater of Operations and attained the rank of lieutenant (junior grade).He resumed his playing career in 1946 with the Triple-A Montreal Royals, then became the playing manager of the Dodgers' St. Paul Saints affiliate in the Triple-A American Association in 1947. In August of that season, however, he resigned his post to return to the Major Leagues as a backup catcher with the Philadelphia Athletics, where he appeared in 48 games in 1947–48 and batted .221. Coaching career
In 1949, <mask> received his first coaching assignment, as an aide to Durocher with the New York Giants, and was activated for one final MLB game on August 28, 1949—going 2-for-3 against the Cincinnati Reds in a 4–2 New York triumph. As a coach with the Giants from 1949 to 1955, he was a member of two National League championship clubs (, ) and was the third-base coach of the

masks:
Herman Louis Franks
Franks
Franks
Franks
Franks


texts:
 World Series (1954) title team. However, he performed multiple tasks for Durocher during those seven seasons. According to author Joshua Prager in his 2006 book The Echoing Green, <mask> played a critical role in the Giants' Bobby Thomson's famous pennant-winning home run in the 1951 NL tiebreaker playoffs—Baseball's Shot Heard Round The World. According to Prager, <mask> was stationed in the Giants' center-field clubhouse at the Polo Grounds, their home field, stealing the opposing catcher's signs through a telescope and relaying them through second-string catcher Sal Yvars (positioned in the bullpen) to the Giants' coaches and hitters.When asked where he was when Thomson hit his home run, <mask> said, in 1996, that he was "doing something for Durocher" at the time. Whatever his role may have been on that day, <mask> was known as a devotee of Durocher-style, win-at-any-cost baseball, including intimidation through flying spikes and brushback pitching. Dodger outfielder Carl Furillo told author Roger Kahn that <mask> was known to poke his head into the Brooklyn clubhouse before games, to taunt Furillo that Giant pitchers were planning to throw at his head in the upcoming contest. Furillo, whose hatred for Durocher was so intense that he would engage Durocher in a fistfight in a Giant dugout filled with enemy players, said of the Giants, in Peter Golenbock's book Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers, "They were dirty ballplayers ... They all wanted to be like Durocher, to copy Durocher. That <mask>, he was another one." Managing career

Durocher quit the Giants after the  season, and the team relocated to San Francisco after .From 1956 to 1964, <mask> was briefly a Giants' scout, then the general manager of the PCL Salt Lake City Bees.

masks:
Franks
Franks
Franks
Franks
Franks
Herman Franks
Franks


texts: He also spent two additional one-year terms (in 1958 and 1964) as a San Francisco Giants coach before succeeding Alvin Dark as the club's manager a half‐hour after the conclusion of the 1964 season on October 4. Even though the team featured future Hall of Famers Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, Juan Marichal and Gaylord Perry, <mask>' four seasons (1965–68) managing the Giants each produced frustrating second-place finishes in the National League. The club lost close pennant races to the Los Angeles Dodgers by two games in  and  games in . It finished farther behind the Cardinals the next two years,  lengths out in  and nine back in . After he stepped down as skipper following the conclusion of the 1968 season, he was quoted as saying, "Is finishing second so evil?" He was replaced by Clyde King.A highly successful businessman off the field, <mask> spent the next eight years out of the Major League spotlight, apart from a partial season (August and September 1970) as a pitching coach under Durocher with the Chicago Cubs. <mask> returned to the major leagues as newly appointed Cubs general manager Bob Kennedy's first and only choice to replace Jim Marshall as manager on November 24, 1976. In 1977, he led the Cubs back to the .500 level, but the team lost ground in 1978 and was just one game above the break-even mark in September 1979 when <mask> resigned (issuing a number of complaints about certain players). He succeeded Kennedy as the Cubs' interim general manager on May 22, 1981. However, most of his tenure was taken up by the 1981 players' strike. He was replaced by Dallas Green just under five months later on October 15 as part of the franchise ownership transition from William Wrigley III to Tribune Company. Although <mask> compiled a poor

masks: Franks Franks Franks Franks Franks


texts:
 record as a player (a batting average of .199 with three home runs and 43 RBI in 188 games over parts of six seasons), he notched a winning record as a manager: 605–521, .537.References

External links
 Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record and playing statistics
 McGrath, Dan. "Former Chicago Cubs manager <mask> dies at 95," Chicago Tribune, Wednesday, April 1, 2009. Drew, Jay. "SLC baseball legend <mask> dies at 95," The Salt Lake Tribune, Wednesday, April 1, 2009. <mask> <mask>. – The Salt Lake Tribune Obituary Notices. Bibliography
 Baseball-library.com
 Official Baseball Register (1968 edition). St. Louis: The Sporting News.Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1984. 1914 births
2009 deaths
American sportspeople of Italian descent
Baseball coaches from Utah
Baseball players from Salt Lake City
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Caribbean Series managers
Chicago Cubs coaches
Chicago Cubs executives
Chicago Cubs managers
Columbus Red Birds players
Hollywood Stars players
Houston Buffaloes players
Jacksonville Jax players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball executives
Montreal Royals players
New York Giants (NL) coaches
New York Giants (NL) players
New York Giants (NL) scouts
Omaha Packers players
People from Price, Utah
Philadelphia Athletics players
Sacramento Solons players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints (AA) managers
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
San Francisco Giants coaches
San Francisco Giants managers
San Francisco Giants scouts
Sportspeople from Salt Lake City
United States Navy personnel of World

masks:
Herman Franks
Herman Franks
Herman Louis
Franks Sr


texts:
<mask> (3 February 1913 – 26 November 1996), usually cited as I. H<mask>, was a Dutch historian who worked for the Stadsarchief Amsterdam. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Amsterdam as the daughter of the banker <mask>hen in an Amsterdam canal mansion on 497 Herengracht that today is known as the KattenKabinet. Her father and grandfather were directors of Van Eeghen & Co. a bank active on the Herengracht since the 17th-century. Today, what remains of the firm is part of Bank Oyens & Van Eeghen. The young Isa was therefore quite wealthy, and determined to follow in the footsteps of her grandfather, also called <mask>, who in his free time set up the Vondelpark and was responsible for various improvements to the Van der Hoop museum in 1854, the forerunner of the Rijksmuseum. It was the elder Van Eeghen who paid to have the paintings in the Amsterdam surgeons' guild restored in 1865, among them of course the Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp. Isa attended the local girls' school MMS and then continued at the Gymnasium, eventually earning her degree in history from the University of Amsterdam.She earned her doctorate with a study on the cloisters and monasteries of Amsterdam in 1937. She then started a study to become archivist, choosing the history of the Walloon community of Amsterdam as her object of study. She was forced to do this in a volunteer capacity because she was refused a job at the Amsterdam archives. Career
When she gained her archivists diploma in 1943,

masks:
Isabella Henriette van Eeghen
. van Eeghen
Van Eeghen
Christiaan Pieter van Eeg
Christiaan Pieter van Eeghen


texts:
 she was still not considered for a job as archivist, so she accepted a job as administrator at the archives in 1944. It wasn't until 1947 when the Maastricht archives offered her a job as archivist that the Amsterdam archives appointed her chartermaster. She was not the first woman in such a position, because Gerda Kurtz, who had similar troubles with discrimination, had been working at the Haarlem archives since 1938, albeit at a lower salary than male colleagues. It was thus at the age of 32 that Isa first left her parents' home and rented rooms along with a group of five other women in a canal mansion on the nearby Prinsengracht, though she continued to eat dinner with her parents.In 1946, she became the first woman to be in the steering committee of the Amsterdam historical society Genootschap Amstelodamum. From 1950 to 1984, she was the editor of both its monthly magazine and its yearly book of essays Jaarboek Amstelodamum. Among various projects, she was responsible for the exact dating and attribution of Amsterdam artworks of the 17th-century, most notably Elsje Christiaens. She was a specialist in historical stories about children, women, marriage, crime, and personal diaries. Known in Dutch as egodocumenten, she is one of the first to study these diaries as a source of historical evidence. Works
 De verzameling Van Eeghen : Amsterdamse tekeningen, 1600-1950 , Gemeentearchief Amsterdam, 1988
 Het Trippenhuis te Amsterdam,  by Meischke, R. ; Reeser, H.E. ; Eeghen,


texts:
 I.H.van, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 1983
 Uit Amsterdamse dagboeken : de jeugd van Netje en Eduard Asser 1819-1833, Eeghen, I.H. van, Scheltema & Holkema, Amsterdam, 1964
 Het huis met de paarse ruiten en de familie van Loon in Amsterdam, Loon, M.N. van ; Eeghen, I.H. van, Museum Van Loon, 1984
 Jacob Aertsz. Colom's Kaart van Holland 1681, by <mask>, I.H. <mask>, Sijmons, A.H., Alphen aan den Rijn: Canaletto, 1990
 Seven letters by Rembrandt, by Gerson, Horst,  Eeghen, I.H. van, The Hague: Boucher, 1961
 Fodor 100 jaar : tentoonstelling van een keuze uit de collectie Fodor, by Eeghen, I.H.van, exhibition Museum Fodor 1963-07-12 - 1963-09-30, Amsterdam Museum, 1963
 An Amsterdam burgomaster's daughter by Rembrandt - in Buckingham Palace,  by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, Stadsdrukkerij Amsterdam, 1958
 De Amsterdamse waaierindustrie in de 18de eeuw, by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, Genootschap Amstelodamum, 1953
 "In mijn journaal gezet" : Amsterdam 1805-1808 : het getekende dagboek van Christiaan Andriessen,  by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, exhibition Gemeentearchief Amsterdam 1983-10-15 - 1983-12-17, Koninklijk Oudheidkundig Genootschap Amsterdam, 1983
 Alledaags Amsterdam in de Franse tijd, Eeghen, I.H. van, exhibition Gemeentearchief Amsterdam 1983-10-15 - 1983-12-17, 1983
 Eerherstel voor Christiaan Andriessen, <mask>, I.H. <mask>, Genootschap Amstelodamum, 1964
 Rembrandt aan de Amstel, by <mask>, I.H. <mask>, Genootschap Amstelodamum, 1969
 Vier eeuwen Herengracht :

masks: Eeghen van van van van Eeghen van Eeghen van


texts:
 geveltekeningen van alle huizen aan de gracht, by Fontaine Verwey, H. de la ; Eeghen, I.H.<mask> ; Roosegaarde Bischop, G. ; Wijnman, H.F., Stadsdrukkerij Amsterdam, 1976
 Het Amsterdams grachtenboekje uit de zeventiende eeuw : het plaatwerk van Cornelis Danckerts, by <mask>, I.H. <mask>, Genootschap Amstelodamum, 1963
 Vier eeuwen Amsterdams Binnengasthuis : drie bijdragen over de geschiedenis van een gasthuis, by Moulin, D. de ; Eeghen, I.H. van ; Meischke, R., Nijgh & van Ditmar, 1973
 Amsterdam in de tweede helft der XIXe eeuw gezien door Jacob Olie Jacobsz, by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, Genootschap Amstelodamum, 1960
 De historische verzameling der Universiteit van Amsterdam (1923-1953), by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, Stadsdrukkerij Amsterdam, 1953
 Vrouwenkloosters en Begijnhof in Amsterdam van de 14e tot het einde der 16e eeuw, by Eeghen, I.H. van, Amsterdam: Paris, 1941
 Bewaard uit het hart : een selectie van 63 Amsterdamse woon- en pakhuizen uit de periode van 1450, by Eeghen, I.H. van ; Jansen, L. ; Kroon, B.A.M., Gemeente Amsterdam, 1965
 Inventaris van het archief van de familie Backer 16e-20e eeuw, by Eeghen, I.H.van, Gemeentearchief Amsterdam, 1996
 Het Deutzen Hofje, by Eeghen, I.H. <mask>, Amsterdam, Deutzen Hofje, 1960

Rembrandt and other artwork research in Amstelodamum
 De anatomische lessen van Rembrandt, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1948
 De echtgenoot van Cornelia Pronck, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 Baertjen Martens en Herman Doomer, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 Een doodshoofd

masks: van Eeghen van van van van


texts:
 van Rembrandt bij het Amsterdamse Chirugijnsgilde?, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 De kinderen van Rembrandt en Saskia, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 Maria Trip of een anoniem vrouwsportret van Rembrandt, by Eeghen, I.H.van, 1956
 Maarten Soolmans en Oopjen Coppit, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 Rembrandt's Claudius Civilis and the funeral ticket, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 De portretten van Philips Lucas en Petronella Buys, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1956
 De Staalmeesters, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1957
 De anatomische les van Christiaan Coevershof of : op zoek naar een notoir misdadiger, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1958
 Rembrandt en de mensenvilders, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1969
 Elsje Christiaens en de kunsthistorici, by Eeghen, I.H.van, 1969
 Wat veroverde Rembrandt met zijn Claudius Civilis?, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1969
 De Staalmeesters, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1971
 Voor wie schilderde Rembrandt het portret van Nicolaas Ruts?, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1977
 Willem Jansz <mask> Pluym en Rembrandt, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1977
 Drie portretten van Rembrandt (Bruyningh, Cater, Moutmaker) Vondel en Blaeu, 1977
 De familie Trip en het Trippenhuis, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1983
 De tekeningen van vader en zoon Andriessen, by Eeghen, I.H. van, 1985

References

External links
Author page in the Digital Library for Dutch Literature

1913 births
1996 deaths
Writers from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch non-fiction writers
Dutch art historians
Female archivists
20th-century Dutch women writers
Women art historians
Dutch women


texts:
<mask> (14 May 1911 – 6 December 2001), also known as The Good Man of Auschwitz, was a German Nazi Party member who worked as an SS doctor during World War II at the Auschwitz concentration camp from 1943 to 1945 in German occupied Poland. He was acquitted of war crimes at a 1947 trial in Kraków. Münch was nicknamed The Good Man of Auschwitz for his refusal to assist in the mass murders there. He developed many elaborate ruses to keep inmates alive. He was the only person acquitted of war crimes at the 1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków, where many inmates testified in his favour. After the war and the trial, he returned to Germany and worked as a practicing physician in Roßhaupten in Bavaria. While suffering from Alzheimer's in old age, he made several public remarks that appeared to support Nazi ideology, and was tried for inciting racial hatred and similar charges.Münch was never sentenced, as all courts ruled that he was not of sound mind. He died in 2001. Career
After graduating from a gymnasium, <mask> studied medicine at University of Tübingen and the Munich University. He was active in the political section of the  (Reich’s leadership of university students). In 1934, he joined the NSDStB.— (National Socialist German Students' League)—and the NSKK— (National Socialist Motor Corps). In May 1937, he joined the NSDAP. He received his doctor's degree and married a physician in 1939.When World War II began, he replaced country doctors in their practices in the Bavarian countryside as they had been inducted into the army; Münch's attempt to enlist in the Wehrmacht was rejected as his work as a doctor was considered too important. Auschwitz
In June 1943, he was recruited as a scientist by the Waffen-SS and was sent to the  in Raisko, about  from the main camp at Auschwitz. Münch worked alongside the infamous Josef Mengele, who was the same age and also came from Bavaria. Münch continued the

masks:
Hans Wilhelm Münch
Hans Münch


texts:
 bacteriological research he was known for before the war, as well as making occasional inspections of the camps and the prisoners. Along with other doctors, Münch was expected to participate in the "selections" at the camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau, to decide who among the incoming Jewish men, women and children could work, who would be experimented on, and who would be murdered in the gas chambers. He found this abhorrent and refused to take part; this was confirmed by witnesses' testimony at his trial. The book on SS physicians of Auschwitz by Robert Jay Lifton (1986) mentions Münch as the only physician whose commitment to the Hippocratic oath proved stronger than that to the SS.While Münch did conduct human experiments, these were often elaborate farces intended to protect inmates, as experiment subjects who were no longer useful were usually killed. According to testimony from inmate Dr. Louis Micheels, Münch's last act before the camp was abandoned was to provide him with a revolver to assist his escape. After the evacuation of Auschwitz in 1945, Münch spent two months at the Dachau concentration camp near Munich. However, there are doubts as to the truth of this storyanother former inmate, Imre Gönczy alias "Emmerich," paints a very different picture: apparently, Münch not only participated in selections, but also used the flesh of the dead bodies to cook a broth which was used as a medium for his microbes. He did infect people, including Gönczy, with rheumatism. The latter is still suffering from these experiments. They met shortly before Münch's death, and the meeting was covered by a journalist from the German newspaper Die Welt.In the meeting, Münch said if he could go back in time and choose to go to Auschwitz again, he'd absolutely do it, because he saw it as a huge opportunity. Trial in Poland
After the war in 1945, Münch was arrested in a US internment camp after being identified as


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 an Auschwitz physician. He was extradited to Poland in 1946 to stand trial in Kraków. He was specifically accused of injecting inmates with malaria-infected blood, and with a serum that caused rheumatism; however, many former prisoners testified in support of Münch in their witness speeches. The court acquitted him on 22 December 1947, "not only because he did not commit any crime of harm against the camp prisoners, but because he had a benevolent attitude toward them and helped them, while he had to carry the responsibility. He did this independently from the nationality, race-and-religious origin and political conviction of the prisoners." The court's acquittal was based, among other things, on his strict refusal to participate in the selections.Of the 40 Auschwitz staff tried in Kraków at the Auschwitz Trial, only Münch was acquitted. He was called the "Good Man of Auschwitz", who had saved prisoners from being murdered in the gas chambers. Later life
He took over a rural doctor's practice in Roßhaupten in Ostallgäu, Bavaria. In 1964, Münch testified in the first Auschwitz Trial in Frankfurt on Main and in the following trials, he was called on for his expert opinion. In West Germany, Münch took part in discussion meetings and commemoration ceremonies. He was appreciated for having saved many Auschwitz prisoners at the risk of his own life. In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, he made a journey back to the concentration camp.Münch was invited by Eva Mozes Kor, a survivor of Josef Mengele's experiments on twins. Münch and Kor signed public declarations regarding what had happened there and declaring that such a thing should never be allowed to happen again. Münch has also commented on Holocaust denial. During an interview Münch, asked about the negationist claim that Auschwitz was a hoax, wearily responded:

During his final years, Münch lived in the Allgäu region,


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 by Forggen Lake. He died aged 89 in 2001. Controversies
In 1998 Münch made several controversial statements which caused charges to be filed against him. In 1998, journalist Bruno Schirra published an interview with Münch, conducted a year earlier, in Der Spiegel.Schirra and Münch had watched the film Schindler's List, and the interview was conducted directly after the viewing. A few days later, Dirk Münch, Münch's son, publicly expressed his lack of comprehension of this interview. He explained that his father had been suffering from poor concentration for two years. He criticised the fact that Schindler's List had been watched directly before the interview, saying that this would have been very exhausting due to the film's three-hour length and his father's advanced age. <mask> stated that, after the film, his father had even confused the female house cat Minka with the male cat Peter. A German filmmaker who made a documentary about Münch also stated that he was non compos mentis. He was later diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.Criminal proceedings (1998)
The Bavarian Justice Ministry initiated proceedings of criminal prosecution as a reaction to the interview. The  (the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes) opened preliminary proceedings. The authorities looked through Stasi-files from the secret police of East Germany (GDR) and demanded Der Spiegel hand over the tape recordings of the Münch interview in order to determine to what extent the public prosecutor should act. The assumptions of possible participation in National Socialist crimes were based on three indications:

 participation in the duty at the selection camp,
 participation in selections directly within the concentration camp
 participation in experiments with human material leading to the death of the test persons. The criminal proceedings against Münch were


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 dropped in January 2000 due to "progressed dementia". One year later, Münch died. Documentary film participation (1999)
Münch appeared in the documentary film Die letzten Tage, which was released in 1999 in the US as The Last Days and in Germany in March 2000.As a contemporary witness, he met and talked with camp survivor Renée Firestone, whose sister was murdered in Auschwitz during experiments with humans. A film review pointed out that the American version of the film made no clear indication that Münch suffered from Alzheimer's disease at this time. Only the credits of the film provided this information and then only in French. Proceedings and conviction in France (2000–2001)

In 1998, Münch made derogative statements about Roma and Sinti on the French radio programme France-Inter, where he said that the Roma were "pathetic" and the gas chambers would have been the only solution for them. Münch was accused of "incitement of racial hatred". He did not take part in the court hearing. A medical expert opinion had certified him "psychologically disturbed".The acquittal was based on this expert opinion. The Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported on 7 May 2001 that the Paris appeal court had annulled the June 2000 acquittal. In May 2001, Münch was convicted in Paris for "incitement of racial hatred" and "belittlement of crimes against humanity". The prosecutor demanded not the imprisonment of Münch but his release on license. Münch was found guilty, but due to his old age and his mental health, the Paris appeal court decided that the 89-year-old Münch should not serve out the sentence. As in the previous proceedings, Münch did not attend the court hearings. In September 2001, the French Radio rebroadcast the 1998 interview with Münch.Lawyers Without Borders, the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism and the Union of Jewish Students in France lodged complaints. In 2002, all of the


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 accused responsible staff members of the public-law broadcasting institution Radio France were acquitted of the accusation of assistance in incitement to race hatred. The reasoning of the court decision reads that all radio listeners would have understood that Münch's statements about Sinti and Roma and about NS-extermination camps were taken from the Nazi-propaganda. Legacy

Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future
The Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future () has <mask> in its listings as a participant in malaria experiments on Auschwitz inmates; however, he is not listed for the malaria experiments in the Dachau concentration camp, which had taken place until 5 April 1945 under the direction of physician Claus Schilling. Fritz Bauer-Institute
In 2002 and 2003, the Fritz Bauer-Institute in Frankfurt focused on the analysis of the first Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial and its effects on the socio-political-judicial-historical levels in the Federal Republic of Germany. There was an explicit invitation to participate in the series of public meetings and discussion events on perpetrators' and victims' biographies in the Nazi regime. On 4 November 2002, Prof. Dr. Helgard gave the lecture  (SS-physicians in Auschwitz and in the first Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial).Study: Examination of the previous trials
Within the context of Holocaust research, Helgard Kramer reports about details in a study from 2005: <mask> was heard in the first Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial and even called as an expert on 2 and 5 March 1964. Until the year 2000, the public prosecutor of Frankfurt had only knowledge about the judgement of the Kraków proceedings but not about the protocols and the witness hearings. <mask> had stated that he had been forced into the Waffen-SS and that he had come to Birkenau at the end of 1944. During the discussion of the second hearing he corrected himself, stating that he had already

masks:
Hans Münch
Hans Münch
Münch


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 arrived in 1943. The documents of the witness hearing provided the answer of Münch to the precise questions of the prosecutor during the main hearing of 1947:

Münch was questioned about the medical experiments he had effected in Block 10. The questioning was stopped, when he demanded an expert colleague as interrogator. Professor Jan Sehn had prepared the Kraków Trial of 1947 as examining magistrate.He ordered Münch with the medical treatment of another inmate. He also sent the whole stack of files of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS in Raisko into his cell for "arranging". Then the files were kept by the Kraków journalist Mieczysław Kieta, who later on engaged himself with the most efforts for the exculpation of Münch. Kieta worked within the command range of the SS-Hygienics Institute as a laboratory assistant under the supervision of Münch. Several concentration camp inmates have certified the fairness of Münch. Three of them are often quoted. The Hungarian medical science professor Geza Mansfeld was regarded as the most important among them.He praised Münch, as he had prevented his selection for the gas chambers and who had given him drugs because Mansfeld suffered from a stomach ulcer. In return Münch obtained training in Serology, Bacteriology and Chemistry. Mansfeld was one of the internationally famous "capacities" in these fields and he was meant to provide his knowledge to the Hygienics Institute for free. See also
The Holocaust
Nazi human experimentation
Josef Mengele
Eduard Wirths

References

External links
Profile, Nizkor.org

1911 births
2001 deaths
Auschwitz concentration camp personnel
Dachau concentration camp personnel
Physicians in the Nazi Party
SS-Untersturmführer
Auschwitz trial
National Socialist Motor Corps members
Waffen-SS personnel
People acquitted of international crimes
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Germany
 Nazi personnel who


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<mask> (May 29, 1943 – March 7, 2017), also known as <mask>, was an African-American photojournalist during the Civil Rights Movement for the Chicago Defender in Chicago, Illinois. Sengstacke was well known for his famous portraits of Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent civil rights leaders. <mask> inherited the family–owned Sengstacke Newspaper Company. After retiring from journalism in 2015, Sengstacke moved to Hammond, Indiana where he lived until his death due to a respiratory illness in 2017 at age 73. Biography

Early life and education
Born in 1943, <mask><mask> was the product of the Sengstacke family newspaper business legacy in Chicago. He was the son of John H<mask> and <mask>. Sengstacke resided for most of his life in Chicago.For elementary education, <mask> attended the University of Chicago Lab School, Manumit School in Bristol, Pennsylvania and Howalton Day School in Chicago. Sengstacke attended Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Academy High School) and later graduated from Central YMCA High School in 1962. Sengstacke took over his family business later on in his life. Career
Sengstacke started work at the age of 16 at his family's newspaper business, working small jobs. <mask> then went to school in Los Angeles, California, and began photographing Black sororities and fraternities. He returned to Chicago to take part in documenting the Black Arts Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. <mask> went on to work for the Muhammad Speaks publications, Chicago's Mayor Richard J. Daley, and as the cast photographer for Oscar Brown Jr. Productions.He became the editor and publisher of Memphis Tri-State Defender from 1974 until 1989. Shortly after, Sengstacke became President of the Sengstacke Newspaper and the Chicago Defender. Chicago Defender
The Chicago Defender was a newspaper for African Americans founded in 1905. The newspaper was founded by <mask> <mask>. <mask>'s nephew, John, was Sengstacke's father, and was the previous owner before his passing in the late nineties. <mask><mask> inherited the newspaper upon his father's death. Sengstacke took the newspaper from a weekly to daily newspaper in the United

masks:
Robert Abbott Sengstacke
Bobby Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Robert A
. Sengstacke
. Sengstacke
Myrtle Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Robert Sengstacke
Abbott
Abbott
Robert A
. Sengstacke


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 States.The paper was a voice for African Americans all around. He went on to control the newspaper for six decades. He also purchased newspapers like, the Michigan Chronicle, the Tri-State Defender, and the New Pittsburgh Couriers. He was active in promoting Black Culture and advocating for civil rights in his paper. He is remembered for his generosity to young photographers and his commitment to the African American Community. Throughout the years that he ran the newspaper he took on a number of roles. He acted as the Defender's promotions and Marketing Director, Special Events and Fundraiser for the Bud Billiken Parade and becoming the editor and publisher of the Memphis Tri-State Defender.His photography that was featured in the Defender, like portraits of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is critically acclaimed nationally and internationally. The Chicago Defender was eventually sold to a company called Real Time but the Chicago Defender maintained a charity now  ran by Sengstacke's daughter Myiti Sengstacke. Notable Works and exhibits
<mask> is a photojournalist. He is best known for his portraits of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and <mask>. He painted the Sengstacke Eye Mural in a neighborhood in Chicago called Bronzeville. He also collaborated with other Black artists on the Wall of Respect, contributing to the religion section of the mural and documenting its creation through his photographs. He took a large body of photos of African Americans protesting during the Black Arts Movement and the civil rights movement.He worked on famous projects like Summer in The City and Opportunity Please Knock. His portfolios have appeared in many publications, including Ebony, Jet, Essence, Life, and the Washington Post. His work also was seen on the TV and in theaters. Filmmaker Spike Lee featured some of his photography in his film School Daze, and Patti Labelle featured his famous poster of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on her TV sitcom Out All Night. His work also appeared in books like: The Dream Lives On:Martin Luther King Jr, African American Art, and The Photography of Martin Luther King Jr. Sengstacke works has been exhibited in

masks:
Sengstacke
Muhammad Ali


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 many places. His work was featured in a major exhibit in 1969 at the Chicago Loop Public Library branch. Some of his work that was showcased there were pieces like, The Wall of Respect: Vestigies, Snards and The Legacy of Black Power.The Wall of Respect was the highlight   of this exhibit because it revealed portraits of famous African American Public Figures. His works has also been exhibited at the Statue of Liberty, Smithsonian Institution, and the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Personal and death
Sengstacke fathered six children and had been married twice, First to Veela Gonzalez with whom he had four children; Saief, Myiti, Omhari and Hasani Sengstacke. Sengstacke later married Jacquelyn Spencer and together they had two children, Domenic and Jasmine Sengstacke. <mask> and Spencer were married at the time of his death. Sengstacke died on March 7, 2017, in Hammond, Indiana. Sengstacke was suffering from an extended respiratory illness.His memorial service took place at the Logan Center of Arts on the University of Chicago Campus in his hometown of Chicago. Awards
<mask><mask> has won many awards. He received the NNPA Award in 1986-1987 for his Michigan Chronicle newspaper. He went on to win the NNPA Award for his New Pittsburgh Courier paper in 1995. He also received the Superior Public Award in 1977. He was also awarded the Cannon 40D award and the Gordon Parks Award for leadership in film making, multimedia making and photojournalism. The Sengstakce paper won the John B. Russman Award.His father John H.<mask> was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal for forming the African American Newspaper organization. There also was a <mask><mask> Memorial Award made in Sengstacke's granduncle's honor. See also
List of photographers of the civil rights movement

References

External links
Robert Sengstacke Photography Archive

1943 births
2017 deaths
African-American journalists
African-American photographers
African-American publishers (people)
American publishers (people)
American photojournalists
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
People from Chicago
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

masks:
Sengstacke
Robert A
. Sengstacke
H Sengstacke
Robert S
. Abbott


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<mask> (born 2 January 1978 in Manchester) is an English footballer who was most recently a first team coach of Sheffield Wednesday. Known for his versatility, his main position is as a central midfielder, but he also played regularly at fullback during his career. <mask> played over 100 games for each of Notts County, Reading and Leeds United. Playing career
<mask> began his career at Oldham Athletic making 44 appearances scoring once before joining Notts County, where he made 130 appearances scoring 18 times. At Notts County <mask> helped earn them the Division Three championship. Reading
He joined Reading on 5 July 2001 on a three-year deal as a replacement for Darren Caskey, but Notts County and Reading failed to agree a transfer fee and this was later set at around £250,000 by a tribunal. <mask> became an important player for Reading and helped earn the side promotion to the First Division of The Football League, finishing second in the Nationwide League Division Two.His earlier seasons at Reading had seen him play in his preferred midfield role and he flourished, going on to make 183 appearances and scoring 19 times. Norwich
<mask> joined Norwich from Reading on 21 July 2005 for a fee believed to be around £500,000. He endured a tough start to his Norwich career, as his own form and that of the team was poor for much of the 2005–06 season. In 2006–07 season, new manager Peter Grant used him more as a utility player, covering on either wing or full back position. <mask> played 41 games that season. Leeds United
<mask> moved to Leeds United on a two-year deal on 9 August 2007 for an undisclosed fee. <mask> joined Leeds the same day that the club was docked 15 points in League 1.In an interview, <mask> explained his reasons for leaving Norwich: "Dennis Wise told me the challenge and the position the club was in. He wants fighters and I felt the challenge of playing for Leeds United and Dennis Wise was too good to turn down ... The manager

masks:
Andrew John Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


texts: at Norwich told me he didn't want me to leave, but I didn't want to stay and be a squad player." He scored his first and what turned out to be only goal for Leeds on 19 April against Millwall, tapping in from close range to finish a flowing move that <mask> had himself started on the edge of Millwall's box. His first season at Leeds saw <mask> play an important squad role by being used in a variety of positions, which saw Leeds get to the playoff final against Doncaster Rovers in League One. Leeds lost the game 1–0 and remained in League One. The following season <mask> again was played in a variety of roles, and was mainly used off the bench.Leeds after a stuttering start managed to get into the play-offs after new manager Simon Grayson rejuvenated Leeds. Leeds lost out in the semi-finals of the play-offs against Millwall after losing 2–1 on aggregate. At Leeds, <mask> was mainly used as a utility player, playing in various positions. He started the 2009–10 season playing for Leeds at left back due to the absence of Ben Parker through injury. <mask> missed a few games himself with an injury but returned to the Leeds side playing in either full back position, eventually ousting loan signing Tony Capaldi at left back. <mask> played for Leeds against Manchester United when Leeds won 1–0 at Old Trafford on 3 January 2010 in the FA Cup. However, <mask> picked up an injury against Manchester United and was not fit enough to be involved in the following game against Wycombe Wanderers, but returned to the line-up in the next game, against Exeter City.He played left back for Leeds when they earned a 2–2 draw against Tottenham Hotspur in the FA Cup on 23 January. <mask> played an instrumental part as Leeds were promoted to the Football League Championship after finishing in second place in League One and thus earning automatic promotion. Of the 33 games Leeds won, <mask> started in 32 of them. On 26 May 2010, <mask> signed a new one-year deal with

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


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 the club. After being an unnamed substitute against Derby County, <mask> came on as a second-half substitute in the following game against Lincoln City. He also came on as a half time substitute in the 1–0 win against Watford where he played at left back after regular left back Fede Bessone picked up an injury. On 8 January 2011, <mask> came on as a second-half substitute and helped earn Leeds a 1–1 draw against Arsenal.Leeds were 1–0 up from a Robert Snodgrass second half penalty, before Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fabregas also scored a penalty. <mask> left the club after waving goodbye to the fans after the FA Cup Replay at Elland Road against Arsenal, where he was an unused substitute. <mask>' totemic status at Leeds was due more to his willingness to work hard in whichever position he was asked to play, his humility, and his rapport with fans and teammates, than to any exceptional football ability. The esteem he is held in by the club's fans is evident in the popular chant '<mask> is fucking brilliant', and in the continued use of a photograph of him as the website banner of fan magazine The Square Ball, even after he left the club. Scunthorpe United
On 21 January 2011, it was announced <mask> would join Scunthorpe United on an 18-month contract. Charlton Athletic
On 1 August 2011, <mask> was transferred from Scunthorpe to Charlton Athletic. He made his debut on 13 August 2011 after coming on as a substitute against his former club Notts County.He made 15 league appearances in the 2011–12 season, however he played his last game of the season in January in a 4–0 FA Cup loss to Premier League side Fulham after sustaining an Achilles injury while playing golf. The injury consequently needed surgery and kept him out until February the following year. After 13 months out with injury, <mask> played his first game in a 0–0 draw in a development squad match against Millwall in which he was one of three over 21 players

masks:
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Andy Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


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 permitted. He returned to the first team starting line-up on 30 March 2013 in the 3–2 win against Bolton Wanderers, and made his first appearance for the side since returning to the Championship. On 29 May 2013 <mask> signed a new one-year contract to stay with the club till 2014. On 7 May 2014, it was confirmed that <mask> was leaving Charlton. Coaching career
On 22 July 2014, <mask> joined Football League Championship club Bolton Wanderers as their Professional Development Coach.<mask> also continued his registration as a player with the Bolton squad, taking his career into a nineteenth season. On 3 October 2014 it was announced that <mask> and fellow coach Lee Turner would take charge of Bolton in the interim following the departure of manager Dougie Freedman. In his only game in caretaker charge, Bolton lost 2–1 at home against AFC Bournemouth

In December 2015, <mask> joined Championship club Rotherham United as their First Team Development Coach. He left the club in February 2016. On 3 March 2016, he joined Crystal Palace's first team coaching setup and took his first session at the club's training ground. <mask> played for Alan Pardew while the duo were at Reading, between 2001 and 2003. <mask> had a positive impact in his short spell with the team keeping its premiership status for a record 4th consecutive season and reaching the FA cup final only to lose to Manchester United in extra time .On 26 May 2016, he joined fellow Championship side Huddersfield Town as their new first-team coach, replacing the departed Mike Marsh, who joined up with the England national under-17 football team. The decision to bring <mask> in as first team coach proved yet again to be a success and have another positive impact with in the club, assisting  David Wagner in gaining  promotion to the Premier League and creating history in their first full season together. When Wagner left Huddersfield by mutual consent in January 2019, <mask> stopped working with


texts:
 Huddersfield on a day-to-day basis and his departure, along with that of assistant head coach Christoph Bühler, was officially confirmed at the end of the 2018–19 season upon Huddersfield's relegation from the Premier League. The following season <mask> was approached for his services  by newly promoted Sheffield United to take the role of lead U23 coach which he accepted after turning other first team opportunities down . <mask> spent a full season in charge of the U23s enjoying and learning the Sheffield Utd identity and tactical principles of their exciting system under LMA manager of the year Chris Wilder and his loyal assistant Alan Knill. On 12 August 2020, he joined Sheffield Wednesday as first team coach. He later left the club a few months later on 9 November 2020 when Garry Monk left the club.Managerial statistics

Honours

Club
Notts County
Division Three Champions: 1997–98

Reading
Division Two Runners Up (Promoted): 2001–02

Leeds United
League One Runners Up (Promoted): 2009–10
League One Playoff final runner up 2007–08

Charlton Athletic
League One Champions (Promoted): 2011–12

Personal
Club Awards
Leeds United Player of the Year Awards – 2007–08: The chairman's Special Award
Leeds United Player of the Year Awards – 2008–09: Best Contribution to the Community Award

Career statistics

(correct as of 26 August 2012)

References

External links
 <mask> profile at scunthorpe-united.co.uk

Living people
1978 births
Footballers from Stockport
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C.players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Rotherham United F.C. non-playing staff
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

masks:
Hughes
Hughes
Andrew Hughes


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<mask> (born 23 October 2001) is a German racing driver, son of former Formula One driver <mask>, nephew of seven-time Formula One world champion <mask>, and cousin of current Formula One driver <mask>. Career

Karting career
<mask> began karting at a young age, alongside his cousin Mick. From there he competed in multiple karting championships under his mother's maiden name Brinkmann. In 2017, <mask>'s last year in karts, he chose to race with the <mask> name and finished as runner-up in the DKM Championship to Dennis Hauger in the senior class. Lower formulae
In August 2017, it was announced that <mask> would graduate to single-seaters, competing for his father's US Racing outfit in the 2018 ADAC Formula 4 Championship. In January 2018, he made his single-seater debut, contesting the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Rasgaira Motorsports Team from the second round onwards. Claiming three wins, <mask> ended the season as vice-champion to Charles Weerts.In ADAC Formula 4, <mask> scored a consistent string of points finishes, with three 4th places being his best finishes, and ended the season 9th in the championship. His results translated into eight race wins in the Rookies' Cup and he claimed the title of rookie champion. Euroformula Open Championship & Asian F3 Winter Series
<mask> competed in the final two rounds of the 2018 Euroformula Open Championship with RP Motorsport. He was ineligible to score points as a guest driver, but claimed two 4th-place finishes at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. These results placed him 6th in the Spanish Formula 3 championship, which is made up of three rounds from the Euroformula Open championship. In January 2019, <mask> was named as part of Pinnacle Motorsport's three car line-up for the Asian F3 Winter Series. He competed in two of the championship's three rounds, taking a podium finish at the Buriram International Circuit and finishing 8th in the championship.Formula Regional European Championship
In March 2019 it was announced that <mask> would compete in the inaugural season of the Formula Regional European Championship,

masks:
David Schumacher
Ralf Schumacher
Michael Schumacher
Mick Schumacher
Schumacher
David
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher
Schumacher


texts:
 returning to the US Racing team co-owned by his father. He claimed four race victories over the season, including two consecutively at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, as well as five other podium finishes, five pole positions and three fastest laps. He ended the season 4th in the championship. FIA Formula 3 Championship
In September 2019 <mask> made his debut in the FIA Formula 3 Championship, standing in at Campos Racing for the injured Alex Peroni at the final round in Sochi. <mask> finished the two races in 22nd and 20th. <mask> made his first appearance at the Macau Grand Prix in November, racing for Sauber Junior Team by Charouz. He placed 23rd in qualifying, fell back to 25th in the qualifying race and finished 21st in the main race.In December he took part in the second round of the MRF Challenge Formula 2000 series at Bahrain International Circuit, taking both pole positions of the weekend and finishing all four races on the podium, including a victory in the second race. In February 2020 it was confirmed that <mask> would return to the FIA Formula 3 Championship, racing full-time with Charouz Racing System. However, following the Spanish round, he left Charouz to join Carlin Racing. He did not score any points, had a best finish of 12th at the Austria feature race, and finished the championship in 28th place. In February 2021 it was announced that <mask> would race for Trident Racing in the 2021 season. On 4 July 2021 he achieved his first FIA F3 points, podium and victory in race 2 of the third round at the Red Bull Ring, having started the race from reverse-grid pole. Throughout the next two rounds, the German would go on to finish in the points in all but one race, even scoring his second podium of the year in the second race at Spa-Francorchamps, where him and teammate Jack Doohan gave Trident their first one-two finish in their Formula 3 history.At Zandvoort, <mask> qualified a career best of 2nd, behind Dennis Hauger. During the feature race,  with 3 laps to go, <mask> was running in 2nd place until Victor Martins made a failed attempt to pass <mask>,

masks: Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher Schumacher


texts:
 taking him out while trying to overtake him. <mask>'s 5th place the race before proved to be his last points finish during the season, as he finished 14th and 15th in the final round. He ended the season with just 55 points, compared to his teammates Doohan and Novalak with 179 and 147 points respectively. He still however, helped Trident clinch the constructors' championship by 4 points. Touring cars
He left Formula three at the conclusion of the 2021 season to join the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters for its 2022 campaign. Personal life
<mask>'s family includes his father former Formula One driver Ralf, his uncle seven-time Formula One world champion Michael and his cousin Formula One driver Mick.He is also in a relationship with Hungarian racing driver Vivien Keszthelyi. Karting record

Karting career summary

Racing record

Racing career summary

† As <mask> was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points. Complete Formula 4 UAE Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete ADAC Formula 4 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Regional European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate points for the fastest lap of top ten finishers)

† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance. Complete Macau Grand Prix results

References

External links

2001 births
Living people
German racing drivers
Formula 4 drivers
ADAC Formula 4 drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
FIA Formula 3 Championship drivers
MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers
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masks:
Schumacher
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David Cha


texts: <mask>ng (; 10 May 874–7 September 934, courtesy name Baoyin, ; formally Emperor Gaozu of (Later) Shu ) was a general of the Later Tang who went on to found the independent state of Later Shu during the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. <mask>ng was an in-law of the Later Tang ruling family, who went by the family name Li. <mask> married the eldest sister or perhaps a cousin of the founding emperor, Zhuangzong. Meng served the Later Tang as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), after the  conquest of Former Shu. After Emperor Zhuangzong's death, Meng was more distant to the succeeding emperor. The new emperor was Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother, Emperor Mingzong. Meng, fearing accusations by Emperor Mingzong's chief advisor An Chonghui, rebelled, in alliance with Dong Zhang, military governor of neighboring Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan).The Meng-Dong alliance repelled subsequent attempts to suppress or control them, although they continued as nominal subjects of Mingzong. Eventually, Meng overpowered Dong, thus assuming control of both allied domains. Meng continued as titular vassal to Mingzong for the rest of that emperor's reign; but, afterwards, <mask> Zhixiang declared himself suzerain of an independent state named Shu, in 934, now called Later Shu to avoid confusion with other political entities sharing the same name. Birth, family,

masks:
Meng Zhixia
Meng Zhixia
Meng
Meng


texts:
 and early career

Birth
<mask> Zhixiang was born in 874, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. Family
His family was from Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), and his ancestors had served for generations as army officers at Xing, including his grandfather <mask> Cha () and his father <mask> Dao (). His uncle <mask> Fangli become military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered then in Changzhi, Shanxi), which Xing Prefecture belonged to, late in Tang Dynasty, and later moved the circuit's capital from Lu Prefecture () to Xing in 882, precipitating a mutiny that led to the division of the circuit in two in 883. After <mask> Fangli's subsequent suicide in 889, he was succeeded by his younger brother (<mask> Zhixiang's uncle) <mask> Qian (), who subsequently surrendered the parts of Zhaoyi he controlled to the major warlord Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 890.Early career
Li later put <mask> Qian back in command of (reunified) Zhaoyi Circuit in 899. However, when Zhaoyi came under attack in 901 by Li's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), <mask> Qian surrendered the circuit to Zhu. <mask> <mask>'s father <mask> Dao continued to serve Li, but did not distinguish himself in the Hedong army. Li, however, was impressed with <mask> Zhixiang's talent, and eventually gave his eldest daughter

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Zhixiang Meng Meng


texts:
 to <mask> Zhixiang in marriage. (<mask> Zhixiang's younger sister later married another younger brother of Li Keyong's, Li Kening.) <mask> Zhixiang thereafter became a training officer in the Hedong army. Political background during Jin
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu.Li Keyong and several other regional governors (Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit) refused to recognize the new Later Liang emperor, with Li Keyong, Li Maozhen, and Yang continuing to maintain the Tang era name of Tianyou, while Wang shortly after declared himself the emperor of a new state of Former Shu, although Li Keyong was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin as he carried the title of Prince of Jin. In 908, Li Keyong died and was succeeded as the Prince of Jin by his son Li Cunxu. Career as training officer
<mask> Zhixiang continued to serve as training officer. Meanwhile, there was an incident in or around 912, when Li Cunxu, angry that the recently surrendered official Li Yan () refused his request for Li Yan to serve as teacher to his son Li Jiji, was considering executing Li Yan. It was at <mask>'s intercession (pointing out that

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng


texts:
 executing Li Yan would speak poorly for Li Cunxu's reputation) that Li Yan was spared. Promotion
In or around 919, Li Cunxu wanted to make <mask> Zhixiang chief of staff (中門使, Zhongmenshi) of the recently captured Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei). However, as that position was a thankless position, and several prior chiefs of staff had been executed due to accusations of wrongdoing, <mask> was fearful and declined the position.When Li Cunxu asked him for an alternative recommendation, he recommended the officer Guo Chongtao, whom Li Cunxu subsequently made chief of staff. Because of this recommendation, Guo, whose career would be greatly bolstered by this commission, became thankful to <mask> later. <mask> himself was thereafter made the discipline officer at Hedong. At one point, Li Cunxu awarded one of his own concubines, a Lady Li, to <mask> Zhixiang, and she gave birth to <mask> Zhixiang's third son <mask> Renzan, in 919. During Later Tang

During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign
In 923, Li Cunxu declared himself the emperor of a new state of Later Tang (as Emperor Zhuangzong) at Xingtang (興唐, i.e., Weibo's capital). He designated Taiyuan as the western capital and made <mask> Zhixiang its mayor, as well as its deputy defender. (<mask>'s wife, as the new emperor's eldest sister, was created the Grand Princess Qionghua, either at that time or in 925.)Shortly after, Emperor Zhuangzong destroyed rival Later Liang and took over

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng Meng


texts: its territory, setting his capital at Luoyang. In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was planning to launch a major campaign to destroy Former Shu. He commissioned Li Jiji as the titular commander as its operations, with Guo Chongtao serving as deputy commander, in actual command of the operations. Before departing Luoyang, Guo, still thankful to <mask> for having recommended him initially, recommended <mask> as the prospective military commander of Xichuan if the campaign would be successful in conquering Former Shu. Later in the year, after Li Jiji and Guo were successful in capturing Former Shu's capital Chengdu and its emperor Wang Zongyan (Wang Jian's son and successor), thus destroying it, Emperor Zhuangzong summoned Meng to Luoyang and made him the military governor of Xichuan, also bestowing on him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), preparing him to send him to Xichuan. By this point, though, friction had begun to surface between Emperor Zhuangzong and the once highly trusted Guo. Emperor Zhuangzong and his wife Empress Liu were suspicious that Guo had seized the wealth of the Former Shu state and not submitted most of it to the imperial treasury.There were also rumors that Guo would rebel and seize the Shu territory for himself. Thus, when sending Meng on its way, Emperor Zhuangzong commented, "I have heard that Guo Chongtao may have treasonous wishes. When you get there, Lord, execute him for me." Meng responded,

masks: Meng Meng


texts: "Guo Chongtao is an accomplished old subject of the Empire, and it is not likely that he has such wishes. When I, your subject, reaches Shu, I will examine him. If he has no such wishes, I will send him back." Emperor Zhuangzong, at that time, agreed.However, Empress Liu became convinced that Guo was about to rebel and would kill her son Li Jiji first. She was unable to persuade Emperor Zhuangzong of this, however, and she decided to issue an edict on her own, to be delivered by her servant eunuch Ma Yangui () to Li Jiji, ordering Guo's death. When Ma caught up with <mask>, he delivered the message to <mask>, and then himself rushed toward Chengdu. <mask> knew that disaster was about to come, and therefore decided to speed himself to Chengdu as well, behind Ma. Ma arrived in Chengdu shortly after, in spring 926. Li Jiji initially hesitated after receiving Empress Liu's edict, but then carried it out by summoning Guo to him and then killing him and his sons in surprise. This led to a general state of confusion in Chengdu, but Meng arrived shortly after and comforted both the army and the people in the city.Shortly after, Li Jiji left <mask> in command of the city, departing it and heading back toward Luoyang with his troops. The nearly simultaneous killing of both Guo and another major general, Zhu Youqian, however, shocked both the armies around the empire at large and the people, and almost immediately caused a number of mutinies to rise around the

masks: Meng Meng Meng Meng


texts: empire. One of those mutinies was led by one of the generals who served under Guo during the Former Shu campaign, Li Shaochen (né Kang Yanxiao) and whose soldiers were largely previously under Zhu, and therefore who wanted to avenge Zhu. Li Shaochen claimed the title of military governor of Xichuan and postured to attack Chengdu. However, he was quickly defeated in a joint operation commanded by Meng, Dong Zhang the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit, and Ren Huan. After Li Shaochen's defeat, Li Jiji, who had stopped his progress east pending the result of the campaign, continued east back toward Luoyang. Despite Li Shaochen's defeat, however, there were still many disturbances and much banditry in the Shu territory.It was said that Meng comforted the people by selecting honest officials and decreasing the tax burden, causing the people to begin to acquiesce to his control. Before Li Jiji could reach Luoyang, however, the mutinies multiplied, and in summer 926, Emperor Zhuangzong himself was killed in a mutiny at the capital Luoyang itself. The commander of one of the mutinies, Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother Li Siyuan (and therefore adoptive brother to Meng's wife Grand Princess Qionghua), quickly reached Luoyang itself and claimed the title of regent. Li Jiji postured to challenge him, but soon discovered that his own soldiers were abandoning him in droves. Finding the situation hopeless, Li Jiji committed suicide, and Li Siyuan claimed the


texts:
 title of emperor shortly after (as Emperor Mingzong). During Emperor Mingzong's reign

Initial establishment in Xichuan
Emperor Mingzong appeared to immediately try to make an attempt to reaffirm <mask> Zhixiang's faith to his newly established administration, by bestowing on Meng the greater honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (). However, Meng was said to begin to plan to take personal control of the region, by establishing, in addition to the 26 corps that Guo Chongtao left in Xichuan, which totaled 27,000 soldiers, some 36 additional corps of troops, totaling 32,000 soldiers, including six special naval corps preparing to defend against attacks from water.Meanwhile, Ren Huan became a chancellor and was also in charge of the three finance bureaus (taxation, treasury, and salt and iron monopolies), and, believing that Xichuan was wealthy and capable of supporting the central government financially, sent Meng's old friend Zhao Jiliang to Xichuan to prepare to transported the wealth previously stored by the Former Shu regime, as well as taxes collected since then, to Luoyang. When Zhao arrived at Chengdu in winter 926, <mask>'s staff members initially advised him to refuse the orders completely, but Meng chose to partially comply — allowing Zhao to have the stored wealth shipped to Luoyang, but refusing to turn over any further tax revenues. He also kept Zhao at Chengdu to serve as his deputy military governor. By this point, Emperor Mingzong's chief


texts: of staff An Chonghui had begun to suspect both Meng (as his wife was Emperor Zhuangzong's eldest sister) and Dong Zhang (who was one of Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite generals) of planning to separate their territory from Later Tang proper. Li Yan (whose life Meng had previously saved by interceding with Emperor Zhuangzong), who had previously served as Later Tang's emissary to Former Shu and had been a major proponent of the campaign against Former Shu, volunteered to serve as the monitor to the Xichuan army, believing that he could curb Meng's ambitions, so An had Li commissioned as the monitor to the Xichuan army, while commissioning the officer Zhu Hongzhao as the deputy military governor of Dongchuan, hoping that they could curb the powers of <mask> and Dong, respectively. <mask> was very displeased with Li's commissioning, and while ostensibly welcoming Li, he sent a large number of soldiers to escort Li to Chengdu, hoping that the large display of military might would intimidate Li into leaving on his own. Li took no heed of this, however, and proceeded to Chengdu.Once Li arrived at Chengdu, <mask> initially outwardly treated him with respect, but in spring 927, after publicly rebuking him for advocating the campaign against Former Shu that led to the destruction of both Former Shu and Later Tang — i.e., the destruction of Emperor Zhuangzong's administration — executed him. Hearing of Li's death, Zhu fled back to Luoyang, fearing the same fate.

masks: Meng Meng Meng


texts: <mask> then submitted a report to Emperor Mingzong, claiming that Li had plotted to take over the army and had falsely claimed that Meng would soon be summoned back to Luoyang to undermine Meng. During this time, Meng had sent his attendants to escort his wife Grand Princess Qionghua, as well as <mask> Renzan (and probably <mask> Renzan's mother Lady Li) to Xichuan. When they reached Fengxiang, the news of Li Yan's death had also reached Fengxiang, and the military governor of Fengxiang, Li Congyan (Li Maozhen's son and successor, who was allowed to inherit the circuit after Li Maozhen submitted to be a Later Tang vassal) immediately had them detained at Fengxiang. However, wanting to retain Meng's faithfulness by grace, Emperor Mingzong ordered that they be allowed to continue on to Chengdu, escorted by the official Li Renju (). Meanwhile, <mask> and Dong were also disputing themselves, over the profitability of the salt mines that both of their circuits controlled.To try to gain a trade advantage on Meng, Dong reduced the prices of Dongchuan salt, thus inducing merchants to go to Dongchuan, buy salt, and selling it on the Xichuan salt markets, thus depressing the price of Xichuan salt. In 928, Meng reacted by establishing taxation checkpoints on the border of Xichuan and Dongchuan and taxing such salt trade heavily. With their profits taken away by these taxes, merchants no longer went to Dongchuan to buy salt. Around that time, Emperor Mingzong had


texts:
 ordered that Xichuan contribute troops in a campaign against the rebel warlord Gao Jixing the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), to take back three prefectures that Emperor Zhuangzong had previously bestowed Gao (Kui (), Wan (), and Zhong (), all in modern Chongqing). Meng sent 3,000 troops, commanded by the officer Mao Chongwei (). After Later Tang imperial forces were able to recapture those prefectures from Gao, however, Meng requested that the troops be returned; Emperor Mingzong refused. Meng then sent secret messengers to Mao and induced him to, in violation of imperial orders, return to Chengdu with his troops.Mao did so, and when Emperor Mingzong subsequently ordered that Mao be punished, Meng refused. Further, <mask> also started to refuse to comply with past orders to supply the central government-created Ningjiang Circuit (寧江, headquartered at Kui Prefecture) with food, claiming that the food was necessary for his own circuit's army. Joint campaign of resistance against Later Tang with Dong Zhang
Meanwhile, the Later Tang imperial government, under An Chonghui's strategy, was placing key posts in the region under its own control — with Xia Luqi (), who had been the deputy commander of the operations against Jingnan, made the military governor of Wuxin Circuit (武信, headquartered in modern Suining, Sichuan), Li Renju made the military governor of a new Baoning Circuit (保寧, headquartered in


texts: modern Langzhong, Sichuan), carved out of Dongchuan and Xichuan's neighboring Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), and An's brother-in-law Wu Qianyu () the prefect of Mian Prefecture (綿州, in modern Mianyang), in the heart of Dongchuan itself. (Meng had effectively taken control of Wuxin earlier when Li Shaowen () the military governor of Wuxin died in 927 and the imperial government abided by Meng's wishes by having Meng's officer Li Jingzhou () made the acting military governor of Wuxin.) Further, there were rumors that An was ready to have Mian and nearby Long Prefecture (龍州, also in modern Mianyang) carved out of Dongchuan as a separate circuit. These developments made both <mask> Zhixiang and Dong Zhang apprehensive of the imperial government's attentions, and despite their prior animosity with each other, they began to negotiate an alliance, agreeing to have Dong's son marrying Meng's daughter; they also began to plan a joint resistance in case of an imperial operation against them. They then submitted a joint petition expressing their apprehension and objecting to the imperial establishment of these garrisons, to no avail.(Dong subsequently neutralized Wu by tricking him to Dongchuan's capital Zi Prefecture () and putting him under arrest, while the imperial government bestowed the greater honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling () on Meng.) Dong made one last-ditch attempt to stop the imperial government from


texts: what he and Meng saw as provocative deployments — by having his son Dong Guangye (), who served as the director of imperial gardens at the capital Luoyang, inform An's deputy Li Qianhui () that if the imperial government sent more soldiers into the region, he would rebel. (However, as noted by, inter alia, the modern historian Bo Yang, Dong's threat had the exact opposite effect, since An's intent was to force Dong and Meng into rebellion so that he could destroy them.) When An thereafter, in fall 930, sent the officer Xun Xian'ai () to reinforce Baoning's capital Lang Prefecture (), Dong publicly declared his rebellion, and he and Meng joined their forces to prepare to attack Baoning, Wuxin, and Zhaowu (昭武, headquartered in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) Circuits, which were loyal to the imperial government. Their plan (as proposed by Zhao Jiliang) was to quickly capture Baoning and Wuxin, and then defend the treacherous Jianmen Pass to stop the imperial army from advancing. Emperor Mingzong reacted by commissioning his son-in-law Shi Jingtang the military governor of Tianxiong as the commander of an army against Dongchuan and Xichuan (with Xia as his deputy), stripping Dong Zhang and <mask> of all of their titles, and slaughtering Dong Guangye and his family. Long before Shi's army could arrive in the region, however, the joint Dongchuan/Xichuan forces, under Dong Zhang's command, quickly captured Lang Prefecture and killed Li Renju, while a Xichuan army


texts: commanded by Li Renhan, with Zhao Tingyin as Li Renhan's deputy, put Xia under siege at Wuxin's capital Sui Prefecture ().However, Dong, believing that Jianmen Pass was securely defended by his own Dongchuan army, turned down Meng's offer of reinforcements; rather, he headed for Zhaowu's capital Li Prefecture () and tried to capture it; when inclement weather subsequently stopped his advance, he withdrew back to Lang Prefecture without reinforcing the Jianmen defense. Dong's failure to adequately guard Jianmen led to the only crisis for Meng and Dong in their campaign against the imperial forces. In winter 930, the imperial officer Wang Hongzhi () bypassed Jianmen Pass and then circled around to attack it by surprise. Jianmen fell to him, and he then captured nearby Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan), shocking both Dong and Meng. However, no imperial forces reinforced Wang, who thereafter felt compelled to abandon Jian Prefecture and simply guard Jianmen. Xichuan forces under Zhao Tingyin and Li Zhao () subsequently were able to take Jian Prefecture and defend it, alleviating the situation. Meanwhile, Meng also sent the former Former Shu general Zhang Wu () to capture the imperially-held Wutai Circuit (武泰, headquartered in modern Chongqing).By this time, Emperor Mingzong's resolve to defeat Dongchuan and Xichuan was beginning to dissolve, as he no longer fully trusted An's judgment or loyalty. He was particularly worried about the western


texts: circuits' reports of their difficulty in supplying Shi's army. An volunteered to head to the front to oversee the operations himself. However, as soon as he left Luoyang, Shi, who did not agree with this operation, submitted petitions requesting an end to the operations. Apparently as a test to see whether Meng would be willing to end his resistance, Emperor Mingzong released some 1,500 men that Xichuan had previously sent to Kui Prefecture back to Xichuan. In spring 931, Meng submitted a petition thanking Emperor Mingzong for their release, but did not stop his own military operations, as soon thereafter, Li Renhan captured Sui Prefecture, and Xia committed suicide. Meng, after showing Xia's head to the imperial army to demonstrate that Sui Prefecture had fallen, buried Xia with respect.By this point, An was almost at the front, but after he visited Fengxiang on the way, then governed by Zhu Hongzhao, Zhu submitted a secret petition falsely accusing An of being resentful to the emperor and possibly ready to seize the command of the imperial army from Shi, and also wrote Shi expressing the same. Shi, in fear, submitted petitions requesting that An be recalled. Emperor Mingzong thus recalled An. As soon as he did so, Shi, without first requesting approval from the emperor, withdrew his army from the Jianmen front and headed back toward Luoyang. When Dongchuan and Xichuan forces subsequently chased Shi's army and reached Li Prefecture, Li Yanqi () the


texts:
 military governor of Zhaowu abandoned it and fled as well. Meng made Zhao Tingyin the acting military governor. Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated seizing Dong by trick and taking over his army, but Meng stopped him from doing so.After Li Renhan captured Wuxin, Meng sent him further east to attack Ningjiang. An Chongruan () the military governor of Ningjiang abandoned Kui Prefecture as well, allowing Li Renhan to capture Ningjiang. When Zhao Tingyin subsequently advocated further attacking Shannan West Circuit, however, Meng, pointing out that the army was tired, refused. Meanwhile, even before An Chonghui reached Luoyang, Emperor Mingzong commissioned him the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), and shortly after, after An offered to retire, initially granted the request to retire, but then sent his nephew Li Congzhang () the Prince of Yang to kill An. After An's death, Emperor Mingzong blamed the imperial conflicts with Dong, Meng, and Qian Liu the King of Wuyue on An, and in essence capitulated by sending the Xichuan official Su Yuan () and the Dongchuan officer Liu Cheng (), who had been trapped at Luoyang, back to their circuits to announce An's death and the imperial government's desire for peace. (Other than minor skirmishes, this effectively ended the imperial campaign against Dongchuan and Xichuan.) Aftermaths of campaign against Later Tang
After Su Yuan arrived in Chengdu in winter 931,


texts: delivering Emperor Mingzong's message and further assuring Meng that his nephews who remained in imperial territory were safe, Meng wanted to resubmit to the imperial government, and tried to persuade Dong Zhang to do so as well.Dong refused in anger, pointing out that his family members had been executed; thereafter, he began to be hostile toward <mask> again. <mask>, not wanting to be seen as the breaker of the covenant between him and Dong, did not himself send emissaries to the imperial government initially, and tried two more times to persuade Dong, to no avail. On the last of those occasions in spring 932, <mask>'s emissary Li Hao, after returning to Chengdu, pointed out that it appeared that Dong was planning an attack and that Xichuan should be prepared. (Around this time, <mask>'s wife Grand Princess Fuqing (her title's having been changed to Fuqing by Emperor Mingzong) died.) In summer 932, Dong launched his attack, and initially the Dongchuan army, with Dong being known as a fierce fighter, had a number of victory over Xichuan forces. As part of Dong's plan to adversely affect the Xichuan morale, he wrote letters to Zhao Jiliang, Zhao Tingyin, and Li Zhao, acting as if they were acting in concert with him. Meng paid no heed to those letters, and, leaving Zhao Jiliang in command at Chengdu, himself took an army, along with Zhao Tingyin, to engage Dong.Meanwhile, Dong, after capturing Xichuan's Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan),


texts: approached Chengdu. <mask>'s and Zhao Tingyin's forces engaged him, but initially the Dongchuan forces prevailed; however, when Xichuan forces that Zhao Tingyin put in reserve then engaged Dongchuan forces, the Dongchuan forces were crushed, and Dong fled back to Zi Prefecture. Once he got there, his officers Wang Hui () and Dong Yanhao () (a son to one of his cousins) mutinied. In the mutiny, another officer, Pan Chou () killed Dong Zhang and offered his head to Wang. Wang thereafter surrendered the city to Meng. Meng thereafter faced the situation that both Zhao Tingyin and Li Renhan wanted command of Dongchuan — a conflict that threatened to tear the victorious Xichuan forces apart. <mask>, to resolve the situation, took command of Dongchuan himself, while returning Li to Wuxin and giving Zhao the command of Baoning.By this point, Meng had effective control of not only the two original circuits of Xichuan and Dongchuan, but the carved-out circuits of Wuxin, Baoning, Zhaowu, Ningjiang, and Wutai as well. However, he rejected an overture from his subordinates, led by Zhao Jiliang, to declare himself a prince. When the imperial government initially received reports of conflict between Dong and Meng, it hoped to take advantage of the situation, but after Meng quickly defeated Dong, An Chonghui's successor as chief of staff, Fan Yanguang, pointed out to Emperor Mingzong that even though Meng controlled the region, he still needed imperial sanction because


texts: his soldiers were largely from the Central Plains. Emperor Mingzong, still outwardly treating Meng as an old friend, thus sent his attendant Li Cungui () — a son of Li Kening's and therefore a nephew of Meng's — to Chengdu, reassuring Meng of his family members' and friends' safety and urging him to return to the imperial fold. After Li Cungui reached Chengdu, Meng, taking the form of a subject, knelt and accepted the imperial edict. Thereafter, he became formally a vassal of Later Tang again, but was said to be even more arrogant toward the imperial government than before. He also reported the death of Grand Princess Fuqing, whom Emperor Mingzong then posthumously honored as Grand Princess Yongshun of Jin.Shortly thereafter, Meng had Li Hao draft petitions on the part of the five acting military governors of the five subsidiary circuits, asking that Meng be given acting imperial authority in the region and asking for imperially-issued staffs for their own commands. Li Hao pointed out that this is the authority that Meng himself should be asking for, lest that he be viewed as needing the sanctioning from his subordinates. Under Li Hao's suggestion, Meng therefore submitted a petition of his own, requesting authority to commission prefectural prefects and lower-level officials on his own, while requesting that the imperial government officially command the five acting military governors as military governors. He also requested that the imperial


texts:
 government send the wives and children of the soldiers from the Central Plains to allow the families to be reunited. In winter 932, Emperor Mingzong again sent Li Cungui to Chengdu to deliver his edict, largely approving Meng's requests, and further giving him the authority to commission even military governors in the region. However, he refused to send the wives and children of the soldiers to the region, but also did not (as Meng had feared that he might) order that they be returned to the imperial government. Shortly after, Meng, under authorities granted by Emperor Mingzong, formally bestowed the five acting military governors full commands.In spring 933, Emperor Mingzong further formally created <mask> the Prince of Shu and made him the military governor of both Dongchuan and Xichuan, sending the high-level officials Lu Wenji and Lü Qi for the creation ceremony. <mask> himself crafted clothes and crowns that were like the emperor's. Later that year, Emperor Mingzong died and was succeeded by his son Li Conghou the Prince of Song (as Emperor Min). When Meng received the news, he commented:

Thereafter, his subordinates persuaded him to take the throne himself, and, in spring 934, he did so, claiming himself to be the Emperor of Shu. As emperor of independent Later Shu state
Shortly after <mask> Zhixiang claimed the Later Shu throne, the Later Tang imperial succession was thrown into turmoil when Emperor Min's chiefs of staff, Zhu Hongzhao and Feng


texts:
 Yun, who suspected both Shi Jingtang and Emperor Min's adoptive brother Li Congke the Prince of Lu, tried to move their commands — Shi from Hedong to Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Shanxi) and Li Congke from Fengxiang to Hedong. Li Congke, fearing that this move was intended to trick him to his death, rebelled; he subsequently defeated the imperial forces sent against him and advanced toward Luoyang, eventually killing Emperor Min and taking the throne himself. As he was doing so, Zhang Qianzhao () the military governor of Shannan West and Sun Hanshao () the military governor of Wuding Circuit (武定, headquartered in modern Hanzhong), who had been part of the imperial forces against him and who feared reprisals, surrendered their circuits to Later Shu, allowing Later Shu to take the region south of the Qinling Mountains.Meanwhile, <mask>, who was said to have suffered from a stroke for over a year, became gravely ill. In fall 934, he created <mask> Renzan Crown Prince. He died the same day, and <mask> Renzan (whose name was then changed to <mask> Chang) took the throne. Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Dao (), posthumously honored Emperor Xiaowu with the temple name Xianzong (honored 934)
 Wife
 Lady Li (died 932), eldest daughter of Li Keyong the Prince of Jin, later Grand Princess Qionghua (created 923?/925?) 136. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 64.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 268, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279.


texts:
 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (), vol. 48. 874 births
934 deaths
Jin (Later Tang precursor) generals
Later Tang jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Later Shu emperors
Later Tang jiedushi of Dongchuan Circuit
Mayors of Taiyuan
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people born during Tang
Politicians from Xingtai
Mayors of Chengdu
Jin (Later Tang precursor) politicians
Generals from Hebei
Burials in Chengdu
Founding


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<mask> (born march 19, 1941) is a Herzegovinian Croat Franciscan, most notable for being a parson in Medjugorje during the alleged Marian apparitions in 1981. He was very active in the promotion of apparitions around the world. He is an adherent of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. <mask> was ordained a priest as a Franciscan in 1965. During the alleged Marian apparitions in Medjugorje in 1981, he was the parish priest of the St. James Church and became the first supporter and mentor of the visionaries. The same year he was sentenced to three years in prison because of a sermon allegedly criticising the communist authorities, which Zovko denied. After being released in 1983, he became a vicar in Tihaljina near Grude, but remained in close touch with Medjugorje.It is claimed by the visionaries of Our Lady of Medjugorje, that the Virgin gave them a vision of <mask> while in prison in October 1981. <mask> claims to have had a vision of Our Lady in April 1983. The Bishop revoked his priestly jurisdiction because of disobedience and his activity in Medjugorje, a decree soon afterward confirmed by Rome in 1989. However, <mask> continued to be active in Medjugorje and around the world, promoting the apparitions, despite the suspension. He finally submitted to the decree under pressure from Rome, and moved to a Franciscan friary in Badija near Korčula in Croatia in 2009, and periodically lived in Graz, Austria, until he moved permanently to Zagreb, Croatia's capital in 2011, where he currently lives. Biography

<mask> <mask> was born in Uzarići, Herzegovina and attended elementary school in nearby Široki Brijeg. He was ordained a

masks:
Jozo Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Zovko
Jozo
Zovko