texts:
 founded the rival M&C Saatchi agency, taking with them many of their management and creative staff, as well as a number of clients – including British Airways. The new company has also been described as a success.In mid 2019 M&C Saatchi PLC - a public company listed on the AIM exchange - reported to the City some accounting irregularities which would cause the company to take a charge lowering its 2018 and 2019 results. By the time the matter was finalised in December 2019 following a PricewaterhouseCoopers review, the accounting issues were quantified at £11.6M. Over the course of 2019 the company's share price took a significant tumble from near £4 down to 79p. Then in a shock announcement to the City on 10 December <mask> resigned as an executive director along with all three of the independent non-executive directors – Sir Michael Peat, Baron Dobbs and Lorna Tilbian. It was reported that the departing directors disagreed over whether David Kershaw, one of Saatchi's co-founders of the company should stay as CEO following the accounting scandal. Political career
<mask> was created a life peer as <mask> (or, Lord Saatchi), of Staplefield in the County of West Sussex on 4 October 1996. He sits in the House of Lords as a Conservative.Under the leadership of Iain Duncan Smith, Saatchi served as shadow Treasury spokesman in the Lords, forming a close relationship with Michael Howard, who was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. Saatchi argued for the simplification of the tax system and that the poorest eight million people in the United Kingdom should not pay income tax. In June 2014, he suggested that small businesses should pay no corporate tax and that investors in said small businesses should pay no capital gains tax in order to "challenge cartel capitalism." After Howard became leader of the Conservatives in November 2003, <mask> was appointed joint chairman of the party with Liam Fox. He had responsibility for running

masks:
Saatchi
Maurice Saatchi
Baronatchi
Saatchi


type: original

texts:
 the party campaign for the 2005 general election, after which he stepped down. He published his reflections on the election campaign in a Centre for Policy Studies pamphlet If this is Conservatism, I am a Conservative in a chapter entitled How I Lost the Election. Among his failings listed in the document, Saatchi highlighted the following:

 I DID NOT convince the Party that if you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything.I DID NOT dispel the illusion of research, which said that, as immigration was the number one issue in deciding how people vote, it should be the number one topic. I DID NOT prevent economics, the Conservatives' former ace of trumps, becoming a 'second order issue.''' I DID NOT avoid the underestimation of public intelligence, as in the policy description 'Lower Taxes' when in fact taxes would be higher.He recommended that future Conservative leaders establish a "moral purpose" as an ideology and future direction for the Party. Following the death of his wife Josephine Hart to ovarian cancer, <mask> has campaigned for a change to the UK law which, he believes, holds doctors back from using innovative treatments because they fear litigation. His Medical Innovation Bill was formally introduced in 2013 and was co-adopted by the government in its passage through parliament. The bill has enjoyed some popular support and favourable press coverage, but has drawn a critical response from some medical and legal bodies, patient groups and charities. Other roles
He was chairman of the Finsbury Food Group plc, and is a governor of the London School of Economics.Saatchi is a trustee of the Museum of Garden History, and also a director of the Centre for Policy Studies. He was also a trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum from 1988 to 1996. Accolades and philanthropy
He is a previous recipient of St. George's Society of New York's Medal of Honour, an award established in 1996 which recognizes those who


texts:
 have rendered exemplary service to British interests and/or the international community at large. He and his brother founded the Saatchi Shul, an independent Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Maida Vale, London, England, in 1998. Personal life
<mask>'s first wife was Gillian Osband, a children's book editor and writer whom he had known since childhood and whom he married in 1972. They divorced in 1984 and that same year he married the novelist Josephine Hart (1942–2011), whom he first met when they worked together at Haymarket Publications in 1967. She died on 2 June 2011.His country property is a mock Tudor castle called Old Hall in Staplefield, West Sussex, built in 1842. There are sixty acres of parkland and ten acres of flowers, trees and lakes. <mask> has a fondness for gardening, laid out the garden on the estate and built a conservatory to house semi-tropical plants. The property was the subject of a display article in Architectural Digest in January 1995. <mask> and his brother Charles were listed at number 366 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2008, with an estimated wealth of £220m in advertising and art. In the Sunday Times Rich List 2009 they were listed at number 438. Arms

 Bibliography
 <mask> If this is Conservatism, I am a Conservative from the Centre for Policy Studies

 References

General

 External links
<mask> profile

Business profile at Bloomberg Businessweek''
M&C Saatchi Website
M&C Saatchi Mobile Marketing Website
 The Guardian Media Top 100 2001 number 44; 2002 number 47

1946 births
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British businesspeople
British Sephardi Jews
British people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Businesspeople in advertising
Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK)
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Iraqi businesspeople
Iraqi emigrants to the United Kingdom
Iraqi Jews
Living people
People from Baghdad
British politicians of Iraqi descent
Maurice
Jewish British politicians
Advertising

masks:
Saatchi
Maurice Saatchi
Maurice Saatchi
Maurice Saatchi
Maurice Saatchi


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<mask> (died 1820), actor and dramatist, was born in Dorset of a family of no great wealth. Early career
He was intended for the legal profession, and received from Charles Macklin, the actor, lessons in elocution. A favourite with Macklin, he accompanied him to the theatre, acquiring in his visits tastes which led him to adopt the stage as a profession. At an unrecorded date he appeared at the Richmond Theatre in Charles Surface, and failed conspicuously. He then joined Austin's company at Lancaster. Before leaving London he tried vainly to force upon Macklin a remuneration for his services as a teacher. Tate Wilkinson saw <mask>, it is said, in Edinburgh, and engaged him for the York circuit.His first appearance was made in York in 1782 as Lothario to the Calista of Mrs Jordan. Wilkinson, who was greatly disappointed with him, advised him to quit the stage, but <mask> struggled on, playing Charles Oakley, Spatterdash in the Young Quaker, Carbine in the Fair American, etc., and gradually grew in public favour. Wilkinson generously acknowledged the error of his former judgement, and during the five years in which <mask> remained with the company he took the lead, and had only one quarrel with the management. Finding his name as Twineall in Such things are put third on the list, the customary place for the character, he insisted on its place being first, and being refused did not appear. On 27 October 1787 he played at the Bath Theatre as the Copper Captain, Spatterdash, Ramilie in the 'Miser', Duke of Monmouth in 'Such

masks:
Thomas Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight


texts:
 things were', and Marquis in the 'Midnight Hour' followed. Marriage
In 1787 <mask> married at Bath, Margaret Farren, sister of the Countess of Derby (Elizabeth Farren). In 1786 Margaret Farren played with <mask> in York and followed him by to Bath for their wedding.Soon afterwards she made her first appearance there as Miss Peggy in The Country Girl to her husband's Sparkish. In the course of the same season <mask> acted thirty characters, among which Touchstone, Trappanti, Claudio in Measure for Measure, Trim in Steele's The Funeral, Sir Charles Racket, and Pendragon may be mentioned. In Bath, as at Bristol, which was under the same management, he played during the nine years of his engagement an endless variety of comic parts—Charles Surface, Antonio in Follies of a Day, Clown in All's Well That Ends Well, Mercutio, Duretête, Goldfinch, Dromio of Ephesus, Pistol, and Autolycus being among the most easily recognisable. Covent Garden
<mask>'s first appearance at Covent Garden took place on 25 September 1795 as Jacob in The Chapter of Accidents (when his wife played Bridget) and Skirmish in Dibdin's The Deserter. <mask> was seen in an endless number of parts at Covent Garden. The most important are Sim in Wild Oats, Hodge, Bob Acres, Slender in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Roderigo, Gratiano, Dick Dowlas, Sir Benjamin Backbite, Tony Lumpkin, Sergeant Kite in The Recruiting Officer, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Touchstone, and Lucio in Measure for Measure. His original parts included Young Testy in Holman's Abroad and at Home,

masks: Knight Knight Knight Knight Knight


texts:
 Count Cassel in Mrs. Inchbald's adaptation, Lovers' Vows, Changeable in <mask>'s Jew and the Doctor, Farmer Ashfield in Morton's Speed the Plough, and Corporal Foss in Colman's The Poor Gentleman.Edinburgh
After acting with his wife for three years at Covent Garden, they went together to Edinburgh, where he made, probably in error, his first appearance as Sir Harry Beagle in the 'Jealous Wife'. Mrs. <mask> acted elsewhere and died in Bath in 1804. With Fawcett, Holman, Johnstone, Pope, H. Johnston, Munden, and Incledon, <mask> signed the well-known statement of the 'Differences subsisting between the Proprietors and Performers of Covent Garden', London, 1800, octavo (3rd edition). The lease of the Liverpool Theatre having come into the market, the house was taken by <mask> in partnership with Lewis for fourteen years, at a rent elevated from £360 to £1,500, and was opened 6 June 1803 with 'Speed the Plough' and 'No Song, no Supper', and an address by T. Dibdin, spoken by <mask>. During this season <mask> remained at Covent Garden, where his last performance took place for his benefit, 15 May 1804, as Farmer Ashfield in 'Speed the Plough', and, for the first time, Lenitive in the 'Prize'. He also spoke an address. In 1802 he was living at 10 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden.While managing the Liverpool Theatre he lived first at Norton Hall, Lichfield, and subsequently at Woore, Shropshire. In 1817 a new lease was granted to <mask>, <mask>, a son of his late partner, and Banks, with whom <mask> became associated in the

masks:
Thomas Dibdin
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Thomas Lewis
Knight


texts:
 management of the Manchester Theatre. At the Manor House, Woore, 4 February 1820, <mask> died with appalling suddenness.
.
<mask> wrote many pieces himself. His 'Thelyphthora, or the Blessings of two Wives at once', a farce, was acted at Hull in 1783, but neither printed nor apparently brought to London; 'Trudge and Wowski', a prelude, supposedly from 'Inkle and Yarico', was acted by <mask> for his benefit in Bristol 1790, and 'Honest Thieves', a two-act abridgment of the 'Committee' of Sir Robert Howard, was produced at Covent Garden with <mask> as Abel, 9 May 1797. On 14 November 1799 he appeared at Covent Garden as Robert Maythorn in his own 'Turnpike Gate'. This farce was printed in octavo, 1799, was well received, went through five editions in two years, and kept possession of the stage. Munden made in it as Crack a noteworthy success.<mask>'s 'Turnpike Gate' and the 'Honest Thieves' are included in collections of acting plays by Oxberry, Cumberland, Mrs. Inchbald, etc. The anonymous author of the 'Managers' Note-book', which appeared in the 'New Monthly Magazine', attributes to <mask> the 'Masked Friend', an anonymous and unprinted reduction to three acts of Holcroft's 'Duplicity', given at Covent Garden for the benefit of Mr. and Mrs. <mask>, 6 May 1796, with the former as Squire Turnbull and the latter as Miss Turnbull, and 'Hints for Painters', an unprinted farce, given on the same occasion; also 'What would the Man be at?' a one-act piece, unprinted, in which, for his benefit, he played Charles, George, and Will

masks: Knight Knight Knight Knight Knight Knight Knight


texts:
 Belford, three brothers. <mask> also wrote an 'Ode on the late Naval War and the Siege of Gibraltar', Hull, quarto, 1784, and some comic songs or recitations. <mask> was an admirable actor, and a worthy man. Though living in good style, and consorting with men of science and letters, he realised an independence, which was augmented by a legacy from an uncle. His repertory was not unlike that of his namesake <mask> He had a light and elegant figure, a melodious voice, and much sense and tact.As Watty Cockney in the 'Romp', chosen for his second part, he did not create much effect, and his wife's Priscilla Tomboy was a failure, the result being that both were relegated for a time into obscurity. His great parts were Jacob Gawkey, Plethora in 'Secrets Worth Knowing', Count Cassel, and Farmer Ashfield, all very distinct impersonations. His Master Stephen in Ben Jonson's 'Every Man in his Humour', which he revived for his benefit, also won much praise. During the latter part of his life he assumed the position of a country gentleman, and left a reputation for great liberality. A portrait of him, by Zoffany, as Roger in the 'Ghost', is in the Garrick Club, where also are other portraits of him by De Wilde as Jacob, and by Wageman. References

DNB references
These references are found in the DNB article referred to above. External links

Year of birth missing
1820 deaths
English actors
English dramatists and playwrights
18th-century English male actors
English male stage actors
19th-century English male actors
18th-century

masks:
Knight
Impact Knight
Edward Knight


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<mask> (27 December 1975 – 19 March 1995), better known as <mask> (), was an Indonesian singer, actress, model, and philanthropist. Usually referred to as the "Lady Rocker" and the "Queen of Rock" by the Indonesian media, <mask> was instrumental in the return of teen pop rock in the country's music scene, and a dominant presence during the first half of the 1990s. At the height of her career and fame in 1995, she was involved in a traffic incident that took her life at the age of 19. Her death prompted an outpouring of nationwide grief. The media regularly refers to the fact that she is the only musician in the country whose death continues to be mourned even after more than 25 years, and hailed by many as one of the most successful figures in Indonesia's entertainment industry. <mask> has sold more than 30 million albums to date, making her the best-selling Indonesian artist in history and her 1990 album Bintang Kehidupan which has sold over 6 million copies in Southeast Asia, holds the title of being the best-selling Indonesian album of all time. Early life
Raden Rara <mask> was born on 27 December 1975 in Bandung, West Java, to youngest child of three siblings of Raden Edi Kusnadi and Nining Ningsihrat.She has Dutch and German ancestry from her maternal grandmother who was descended from the Geesdorf family. Her father worked for the Indonesian Railway Company (PT Kereta Api Indonesia), which caused the family to move periodically throughout her childhood. They eventually settled in Bandung where she began performing in talent shows at the age of five, winning a local singing competition in 1980. Career
Denny Sabri, a talent scout, helped <mask> sign a

masks:
Raden Rara Nike Ratnadilla
Nike Ardilla
Ardilla
Ardilla
Nike Ratnadilla
Ardilla


texts: record deal with Arista Records. In 1987, she contributed to a compilation album titled Bandung Rock Power, which featured Nicky Astria, Mel Shandy among others. When Ardilla was 13, she released her debut album Seberkas Sinar in 1989 which she managed to finish recording within a day. It reached number one on the charts, and sold over 1 million copies within a year.The title track stayed at the top of the charts for ten weeks, and the album had further hits with the top-ten ballad "Cinta Pertama", and the top-five song "Tembang Asmara." In the spring of 1990, <mask> Kehidupan had sold over two million copies and won two BASF Awards, for Best New Artist and Best Selling Album. She performed the title track at the 1991 Asia Song Festival in Shanghai where she won the "Gold Prize of New Singer." Her next album Nyalakan Api was released in the autumn of 1990, which earned her a third BASF Award, again for Best Selling Album. Her fourth album Matahariku was released in the summer of 1991 and was followed in the spring of 1992 by Biarlah Aku Mengalah, which was featured on Musik Plus.After winning Best Selling Album consecutively at the 1993 BASF Awards, <mask> released the greatest hits album, Tinggallah Ku Sendiri (The Best Of). It spawned the hit single "Tinggallah Ku Sendiri". She moved from Billboard Records (now EMI) to Musica Studios for her record Biarkan Cintamu Berlalu, which debuted at number one and earned her the 1994 HDX Best Selling Album award. Her final album, Sandiwara Cinta, was released on 1 March 1995. The single first began airing on the radio in late February. The first version of the Sandiwara Cinta video debuted on TV in late February

masks: Ardillag Ardilla


texts:
 1995. A second version of the video was released posthumously in April 1995, featuring <mask> in the style of her idol Marilyn Monroe.Sandiwara Cinta won HDX Awards for Best Selling Album, Best Single (Deru Debu), and Best Video Klip MTV Indonesia. In addition to singing, <mask> was also active as an actress and model. In 1986, she joined the cast of the film Kasmaran, starring Ida Iasha and Slamet Rahardjo in which she played the daughter of Iasha's character. In 1988, She starred in one of the best-selling regional film series: Sri Kabayan for which she recorded a single for the soundtrack of the film. In 1990, <mask> starred as the main character in the movie Ricky Nakalnya Anak Muda with actor Ryan Hidayat that became box office hit. <mask> continued to produce successful films throughout the period of the late 80s to early 90s. She was also successful in several soap operas, including NONE, one of the highly rated soap operas directed by Putu Wijaya.In 1990, <mask> won a modeling competition Gadis Sampul and a "Best Model Catwalk" award in the "LA Model Contest" in Bandung two years prior. Death and legacy

On the night of 18 March 1995, <mask> met with friends from Aneka-Yess!, a popular teenage magazine, at Jayakarta Hotel Bandung, to discuss the election of the magazine's cover girl and cover boy. The vote was to be held the following day, with her appearing as a guest star at the event. She spent the early hours of the next day with friends and later left a hotel at 05:15 AM to go home with her female companion and bodyguard, Atun Sofiatun. While attempting to overtake another car, she lost control of her Honda Civic Genio and slammed it into a wall

masks: Ardilla Ardilla Nike Nike Ardilla Ardilla


texts: in a suburban Bandung street, killing her instantly. Sofiatun, severely injured, was taken to a hospital where she recovered, though with little recollection of the crash. She was buried on the same day (per Islamic funeral customs) in Ciamis, West Java, in the presence of family, friends, fans, reporters as well as tens of thousands of mourners.Two months after her death, a commemorative concert was held in Bandung with performances from some of Indonesia's best-known artists, proceeds from which went into the establishment of a charity, the Nike Ardilla Foundation. Some international media outlets reported her passing, such as Hong Kong Asiaweek and the US Billboard. In 1996, Pos Indonesia published commemorative postcards and envelopes, which were sold out within days. In the same year, daily Bandung newspaper Pikiran Rakyat reported the Nike Ardilla stamps issued in Abkhazia and Tuva, Russia. Her posthumous releases, such as albums Mama Aku Ingin Pulang (1995) and Suara Hatiku (1996) were met with success. In 2013, JK released her early unreleased material Hanya Satu Nama, originally recorded in 1988 under the name "Nike Astrina." Ardilla appeared as a cover in the 370th edition of NOVA tabloid which was originally published in March 1995, managed to sell over 900,000 copies and remains the all-time best selling Tabloid edition.A quarter of a century after her death, her untimely departure has been said to leave an "eternal sorrow" throughout the country. She remains both a legend and a phenomenon in the Indonesian music scene today. Every year, thousands of fans commemorate her passing by visiting her grave and the Nike Ardilla Museum, which was


texts:
 constructed in her memory. Fan clubs dedicated to her are still running with active members. Wendi Putranto, a music observer, described Ardilla as "one in a million", a female version of Elvis Presley with a "cult status" in Indonesian pop culture. He further described her death as being similar to that of a president, and the national TV airing the news of her passing for an extended period of time. George Quinn, the Dean of the Asian Studies Faculty of the Australian National University, Canberra, conducted a research in 2007 on the Javanese pilgrimage.He compared the people who made pilgrimages to Ardila's grave to those who often make pilgrimages and pray at the tomb of saints (such as the Wali Sanga), and mentioned <mask> as the only pop culture figure who has achieved such an honour. Personal life
Melly Goeslaw, one of Ardilla's closest friends, described her as 'a person with high morals' and 'a very humble and kind person', who had the habits of bringing home numerous gifts after returning from abroad. They have known each other since childhood due to being neighbours. <mask> is also one of the figures who helped Goeslaw build her musical career. In 1993, <mask> funded the construction of a special school in Bandung for the deaf and mentally handicapped children. It was completed in 1995 after she died. The school still stands today funded with income from the continuing sales of her albums and is cited as an instance of her pious concern for the less fortunate.Discography

Studio albums
 Seberkas Sinar (1989)
 Bintang Kehidupan (1990)
 Nyalakan Api (1990)
 Matahariku (1991)
 Biarlah Aku Mengalah (1992)
 Biarkan Cintamu Berlalu (1994)
 Duri

masks: Ardilla Ardilla Ardilla


texts:
 Terlindung (1994; only Malaysian released)
 Sandiwara Cinta (1995)
 Mama Aku Ingin Pulang (1995; posthumous released)
 Suara Hatiku (1996; posthumous released)
 Hanya Satu Nama (2013; posthumous released)

Greatest hits albums
 1991 - Golden Hits: Nike Ardilla
 1991 - 16: The Best of Nike Ardilla
 1992 - 20: The Best of Nike Ardilla
 1993 - The Best of Nike Ardilla: Tinggallah Ku Sendiri
 1995 - 20 Mega Hit Nike Ardilla
 1996 - Best Slow Nike Ardilla Vol. 1
 1997 - Best Slow Nike Ardilla Vol. 2
 1998 - Best of the Best: Nike Ardilla Vol. 1
 1999 - Best of the Best Nike Ardilla Vol. 2
 2002 - Best Beat
 2009 - Koleksi Terlengkap: Nike Ardilla

Awards
 International
 Gold Prize of New Singer - Asia Song Festival 1991
 Anugerah Muzik 1994 — Best Indonesian Selling Album in Malaysia (Duri Terlindung)
 ABU Golden Kite World Song Festival 1994 — Best Performer (Second Runnerup)
 Golden Prize Malaysia Music Awards 2005 — Year's Best Compilation Album
 National
 TVRI Jakarta 1980 — First Champion
 HAPMI 1985 — First Champion, Pop Singing
 TERUNA Festival Indonesia, 1986 — Third Winner
 3 Genre Singing Festival, West Java, 1987 — First Champion
 Multi-Platinum Award for "Seberkas Sinar", 1989. BASF Awards 1990 — Best Selling Album ("Bintang Kehidupan")
 Indonesian Popular Song Festival 1990 — Best Performer
 BASF Awards 1991 — Best Selling Album ("Nyalakan Api")
 Multi-Platinum Award for "Matahariku", 1991. BASF Awards 1992 — Best Selling Album ("Biarlah Aku Mengalah")
 Multi-Platinum Award for "Tinggallah Ku Sendiri", 1993.HDX Awards 1994 — Best Selling Album ("Biarkan Cintamu Berlalu")
 HDX Awards 1995 — Best Selling Album ("Sandiwara Cinta")
 HDX Awards 1995 —


texts:
 Biggest Omzet Album ("Sandiwara Cinta")
 HDX Awards 1996 — Best Selling Album ("Suara Hatiku")
 Music Mingguan Awards ANteve 1996 — Best Selling Album ("Suara Hatiku")
 HDX Awards 1996 — Best Album ("Deru Debu")
 BASF Awards 1996 — Triple-Platinum Album ("Mama Aku Ingin Pulang")
 Multi-Platinum Award — "Panggung Sandiwara", 1997. Multi-Platinum Award — "Cinta Diantara Kita", 1997. Multi-Platinum Award — "Ingin Ku Lupakan", 1998. Multi-Platinum Award — "Belenggu Cinta", 1999. Multi-Platinum Award — "The Best of Volume II", 2000. Multi-Platinum Award — "Best Beat", 2002. Multi-Platinum Award — "Best of The Best", 2004.Multi-Platinum Award — "Golden Memories", 2005. Multi-Platinum Award — "11 tahun Nike Ardilla", 2006. Multi-Platinum Award — "Lagu Pilihan Fans", 2007. Multi-Platinum Award — "Tinggallah Ku Sendiri", 2008. Multi-Platinum Award — Number One RBT, 2009. Triple-Platinum Award — "Koleksi Lenggkap", 2010. Video Music Awards
 Video Musik Indonesia 1993 — Video Favorite of The Month ("Tinggallah Ku Sendiri")
 Video Musik Indonesia 1994 — Video Favorite of The Month ("Biarkan Cintamu Berlalu")
 Video Musik Indonesia 1994 — Video Favorite of The Year ("BIarkan Cintamu Berlalu")
 MTV Viewer Choice Indonesia 1997 — Best Female Video

 Television Awards
 Dunia Bintang SCTV Awards 1995 — Favorite Viewer Artist
 Dunia Bintang SCTV Awards 1995 — Favorite Journalist Artist
 Highest Second Rating, 2003 — Silet Infotainment, "Nike Ardilla Episode"
 SCTV Programme Eko Patrio Show, 2005 — Best Legend (Viewers' Choice)

 Modeling/Magazine/Tabloid/Newspaper
 Sahabat Pena Magazine, 1986 — Cover
 LA Clerk Model Contest, 1989 — Third Winner
 Gadis Sampul 1990 — Favorite


texts:
 Monitor Magazine, 1990 — Best Performer on TV
 Citra Magazine, 1992 — Best Actress (Readers' Choice)
 Nyata, 1993 — Most Wanted Actress (Readers' Choice)
 Popular Magazine, 1994 — Most Popular Artist
 URTV Magazine, 1994 — Favorite Cover
 Citra Magazine, 1994 — Most Dedicated and Creative Singer (Indonesian)
 Citra Magazine, 1995 — Best Female Singer (Indonesian)
 PT.POS Indonesia, 1996 — Nike Ardilla Stamp and Post Cards Tribute
 Nova, 2007 — Best Selling Tabloid, "Nike Ardilla Cover", 2007

References

External links

1975 births
1995 deaths
Indonesian child actresses
Indonesian child singers
20th-century Indonesian women singers
Indonesian pop singers
Indonesian rock singers
Road incident deaths in Indonesia
Actresses from West Java
Musicians from West Java
Indonesian people of Dutch descent
Indonesian people of German descent
Sundanese people
Indo


texts:
<mask>) (born 20 May 1938, Thessaloniki) is one of the most popular Greek singers whose career has spanned several decades. She has sung professionally since 1957. Since the beginning of her career, she has released 66 solo  albums and has been featured on albums by other musicians. Early life
She was born Kyriaki Papadopoulou (Κυριακή Παπαδοπούλου), in the city of Thessaloniki in northern Greece. Her parents were Greek refugees from Constantinople. She is the fourth and last child of a large family, which despite its poverty, was rich in love and in artistic vein. The whole family gathered around the turntable and sang, while her father tried to teach children the steps of the waltz and the tango.From the age of four years singing on the radio broadcast in "Pediki Ora (Children's Hour)" and later did ads for shops such as "Melka" in Thessaloniki, earning her first pocket money. She participated in many performances of children's theatre. At age 15, she gave up her budding career to finish school, but by seventeen, her passion for the theatre is stirring and she joins the artistic group of Mary Laurent, a "mpoulouki" (so called then the singer troupes that traveled Greece end-to-end for performances) and plays small roles. One day, the lead singer fell sick and sought <mask> as a

masks:
Marinella (
Marinella


texts: replacement, who was willing to take the singer's place. At that moment, the Greek music world found one of its best representatives. Marinella became the lead singer of the troupe. She later joined the Military Theatre because the remuneration was better.At the same time she started her career as a singer at the "Panorama" centre of Thessaloniki, where Tolis Harmas  coined the name "<mask>" for her, inspired by his song. She released her first song in 1957, "Nitsa, Elenitsa (Little Helen)". Her early career was marked by her collaboration with singer Stelios Kazantzidis. Together they managed to become the greatest duet of Greece, unsurpassed even today. Starting at the night club "Luxembourg" in Thessaloniki where they enjoyed great success, they later moved to Athens, the capital, where they became widely known. They sang the songs of Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hadjidakis, Vassilis Tsitsanis, Giorgos Mitsakis, Giorgos Zambetas, Apostolos Kaldaras, Theodoros Derveniotis, Stavros Xarchakos, Christos Leontis, whom are considered the best composers of the era. <mask> married Stelios Kazantzidis on 7 May 1964 and they toured together in Germany and the United States.They divorced in September 1966. <mask> then began a solo career and eventually in 1974 married singer Tolis

masks: Marinella Marinella Marinella


texts:
 Voskopoulos. This second marriage also ended in divorce in 1981. Early career
In October 1970, <mask> participated in the V Festival Internacional da Cançao Popular – Parte Internacion (FIC) in Rio de Janeiro, representing Greece with the song "Kyra Giorgena (Wife of George)", finishing 4th among 38 countries. On October 24, 1970, the Billboard wrote "Marinella from Greece, knows audiences in Athens clubs, carries enchantment in her songs and the warmth of the sun in her voice" (by Henry Johnston). <mask> was the first Greek singer to participate in the International MIDEM Festival of 1973 in Cannes with and three new songs composed by Stavros Xarchakos and in the Eurovision Song Contest of 1974, placing eleventh with the song "Krasi, Thalassa Kai T' Agori Mou (Wine, sea and my boyfriend)". Greek rock band Nostradamos had won the first Eurovision participation contest ran by the state broadcaster ERT to represent Greece at Eurovision.However, due to a scandal, the band was not allowed to compete at Eurovision, and <mask> was sent instead. She also performed in several Greek musicals, both as singer and actress. Her popularity rose in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, with a string of successful albums and live shows. She developed a new standard for shows in the Greek night clubs,


texts:
 introducing costumes, dancing, and special lighting effects. Later career
On 27 April 1998, <mask> performed in the Athens Concert Hall, performing her older hits to great acclaim. Her concert at the small Olympic Stadium of Athens on 1 October 1999 was a great success with more than 25,000 people. In November 2002, she collaborated with George Dalaras.They performed concerts in Athens and Thessaloniki as well as abroad. The tour was titled "Mazi (Together)" and the released live album from these performances reached platinum status in 2003. On 10 April 2003, The New York Times critic wrote about Marinella, "Her voice was earthy and strong, and she had the presence of an actress as she danced a few teasing steps or brought dignity to longing" (by Jon Pareles). In March 2004, she released a brand new album with new songs by Nikos Antypas and Lina Nikolakopoulou, entitled "Ammos Itane (It was sand)". In the same year, on 19 August, she performed at the closing ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics, along with Dimitra Galani, Haris Alexiou, Yiannis Parios and George Dalaras. In December 2005, she released a new album titled "Tipota Den Ginete Tihea (Nothing is random)", composed by Giorgos Theofanous. The album reached gold status and includes duets with famous Greek singers, such as


texts:
 Antonis Remos and Glykeria.In 2006, two new compilations of Marinella were officially released, the first titled "Sti Skini (On stage)" and containing older live recordings and the second one titled "Ta Logia Ine Peritta – 50 Chronia Tragoudi (Words are pointless – 50 Years of song)", which is a complete eight CDs boxset with Marinella's greatest hits from the beginning of her career until her collaboration with Kostas Hatzis at "Recital". She returned to nightlife, by performing live with Antonis Remos at the Athens Arena in 2006–07 and 2007–08, with Giannis Parios at the Diogenis Studio in the winter season 2008–09, and with Natassa Theodoridou at the Votanikos in 2011–12, in Athens. Versatility
Even though Marinella is often considered a singer of folk songs, her range is quite broad and has included a variety of musical styles including traditional, laika, pop, blues, and jazz. Marinella is characterised as "The Great Lady of Song" in Greece, where she is regarded with great respect. She rarely makes public appearances, and her concerts are few and far between. 2 (My first songs No. 2 1971 – 1974)
1997: Gia Proti Fora (For the first time)
1997: Tragoudia Apo Tis 45' Strofes (Songs of 45' rpm vinyl records)
2004: Ammos Itane (It was sand)
2005: Tipota Den Ginete Tihea (Νothing


texts:
 is random)

Live albums
1972: Mia Vradia Me Tin Marinella (An evening with Marinella)
1973: Mia Vradia Me Tin Marinella No.2 (An evening with Marinella no. 2)
1976: Marinella & Kostas Hatzis – Recital
1980: Marinella & Kostas Hatzis – To Tam-Tam (The tam-tam)
1998: I Marinella Tragouda Ke Thimate (Marinella sings and remembers)
1999: Me Varka To Tragoudi (With boat the song)
2003: <mask> & George Dalaras – Mazi (Together)
2007: <mask> & Antonis Remos – Live

Soundtracks
1971: Ena Karavi Gemato Tragoudia (A boat full of songs)
1991: I Pariziana (The Parisienne)
1995: I Prova Tou Nifikou (Fitting of the wedding dress)
1995: Gorgones Ke Magkes (Mermaids and tough guys)
2000: Ystera Irthan I Melisses (And then, came the bees)

Collaborations
1962: Mikis Theodorakis – Greek Serenade
1963: Kostas Virvos – Pikres Ke Hares
1963: Mikis Theodorakis No. 1
1963: Holiday in Greece
1965: Stelios Kazantzidis Sings
1965: The Voice of Stelios Kazantzidis
1965: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 2
1965: Vassilis Tsitsanis – Synnefiasmeni Kyriaki
1965: Manos Hadjidakis – Proti Ektelesi
1965: Christos Leontis – Katahnia
1965: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 3
1965: Tragoudia Tis Xenitias
1965: Dodeka Megales Epitihies Tou Miki Theodoraki
1965: Stelios Kazantzidis – Tragoudiste Mazi Mou
1965: Retsina Ke Mpouzouki No.

masks: Marinella Marinella


texts:
 3
1966: Christos Leontis – Anastasi Oneiron
1968: Kazantzides
1968: Stelios Kazantzidis – Stigmes
1970: V Festival Internacional Da Canção Popular – Rio (Parte Internacional)
1971: Christos Leontis – Dodeka Para Pente
1971: 12 Syghrona Laika Chromata
1972: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 4
1972: To 13ari Tis Epitichias
1973: Njihovi Uspesi
1974: Eurovision 1974
1974: Mikis Theodorakis No.2
1974: Kryfa Minymata 1967 - 1974
1974: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 5
1975: Tolis Voskopoulos – Ego Ti Eho Ke Ti Tha 'Ho
1976: Tolis Voskopoulos – Smyrneika Ke Laika
1976: Tolis Voskopoulos – Otan Tragoudo
1976: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 6 · Marinella
1976: Mikis Theodorakis – Politeia
1977: Nasos Panagiotou – Ilie Megale
1977: O Kazantzidis Se Dimotika Tragoudia
1977: Dimotiki Anthologia No. 3
1977: Stelios Kazantzidis No. 8
1978: Stelios Kazantzidis – Monaxia Mou
1978: Tolis Voskopoulos – Tragouda Theatrine! 1979: Akis Panou – Ase Me Zoi
1980: Tolis Voskopoulos – 80
1981: Giannis Kalatzis – Gia Olous
1981: Voskopoulos – Kardia Mou Moni
1981: Stelios Kazantzidis 1953-60
1981: Stelios Kazantzidis 1961-63
1982: Tolis Voskopoulos – Den Thelo Na Thimame
1982: O Stelios Kazantzidis Tragouda Mpampi Mpakali
1982: Stelios Kazantzidis – I Megales Epitichies Tou
1983: Giannis Spartakos – 50 Chronia Tragoudi
1983: 30


texts:
 Chryses Epitihies Tou Miki Theodoraki No. 2
1983: 30 Chronia Kaldaras No.2
1983: Manos Hadjidakis – 30 Spanies Erminies No. 2
1983: Ta 14 Chasapisa Tou Hthes Ke Tou Simera
1984: Stelios Kazantzidis – Anekdota Tragoudia Stis 33' Strofes
1984: Antonis Kalogiannis – Mikra Erotika
1984: Kostas Virvos – Tesseris Dekaeties
1985: Kazantzidis – Mia Gyneka Efyge (Anekdota Tragoudia Stis 33' Strofes)
1985: Kazantzidis Gia Panta No. 1 (Historical recordings 1952 – 1963)
1985: Mikis Theodorakis & Manos Hadjidakis - Synavlies 1961 (Live)
1985: O Mikis Theodorakis Sto Kentrikon (Live)
1985: Ta Laika Tis Nichtas (Athens by night)
1985: Antonis Kalogiannis – Ke Pou les Eftichia
1985: Gia Ta Pedia
1986: Kazantzidis Gia Panta No. 2 (Historical recordings 1952 – 1963)
1986: Stelios Kazantzidis – Tora
1987: Takis Bougas – Ring
1987: Manolis Chiotis – To Deka To Kalo
1988: O Giannis Markopoulos Ston Elliniki Kinimatografo
1988: Giannis Parios – Pistos
1990: Ola mesa
1990: Klisis, Proklisis, Prosklisis
1990: Stelios Kazantzidis – Anekdota Tragoudia Stis 33' Strofes nο. 3
1993: San Palio Cinema
1995: En Plo (Ypourgio Emporikis Naftilias)
1996: Mpampis Mpakalis – Megales Epitichies
1996: Lefka Christougenna
1996: Stelios Kazantzidis – Tragoudia Apo Tis 45' Strofes
1997: Giorgos Zampetas – Tragoudia Apo


texts:
 Tis 45' Strofes
1997: Stelios Kazantzidis – Tragoudia Apo Tis 45' Strofes No. 2
2000: Kazantzidis – Tragoudia Apo Tis 45' Strofes no. Festival Internacional Da Canção 1968 Rio
 2004 – Athens 2004 Olympic Games

Marinella in Greek cinema
The following table is a record of all instances of Marinella in films of Greek cinema, from the 1960 by 1966 with Stelios Kazantzidis and from 1967 by 1970 itself.Video sampling

References

External links
Marinella – Fan Club in Pathfinder
ΜΑΡΙΝΕΛΛΑ – Διαδικτυακό Αφιέρωμα

1938 births
Living people
Arion Music Awards winners
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1974
Greek actresses
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Greece
20th-century Greek women singers
Greek laïko singers
Greek entehno singers
Greek rebetiko singers
Universal Music Greece artists
PolyGram Records (Greece) artists
Minos EMI artists
Musicians from Thessaloniki
Singers from Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki Song Festival entrants
Greek


texts:
<mask> (August 5, 1798January 10, 1883) was a prominent Argentine jurist and policy-maker, as well as his country's first Vice President. Life and times

Early life
Born in the Andes-range city of San Juan, Argentina, <mask> was a precocious student, and enrolled in the University of Córdoba Law School while still in his teens. Mentored by the school's prestigious ecclesiastical Dean, Gregorio Funes, <mask> received a juris doctor in 1816, at age 18. He relocated to Buenos Aires, the capital of the newly declared United Provinces of South America, and following a stint as a journalist, he was appointed as an official in the Finance Ministry. General <mask>, Governor of his native San Juan Province (which had recently seceded from Mendoza Province), called on <mask> to replace Francisco Narciso de Laprida as his Minister of Government in 1822, the highest-ranking advisory position. Amid the turmoil surrounding the Argentine War of Independence, however, Pérez de Urdininea was returned to active duty in Bolivia by General José de San Martín, leaving <mask> as Governor of San Juan. Governor of San Juan
Taking office in January 1823, the 24-year-old Governor undertook an ambitious modernization program, commissioning the construction of roads, bridges, water works, public buildings and parks, purchasing the province's first printing press, and establishing San Juan's first newspaper.Inheriting a province devastated by the wars, he ordered the first Agricultural Census and created a charitable association. The first lawyer to occupy the governor's post, he established San Juan's judicial system and in 1825, promulgated the "May Charter," the province's first constitution. The liberal May Charter, the first in Argentina to guarantee freedom of worship and mandate the separation of church and state, also forced the closure of monasteries, and ran into arduous opposition from the Catholic Church. Facing a firestorm of protest, the governor was overthrown on July 26, and the May Charter was publicly

masks:
Salvador María del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
José María Pérez de Urdininea
del Carril
del Carril


texts:
 burned. National policy-maker

<mask>'s efforts, however, had gained him the respect of the influential Bernardino Rivadavia, a Buenos Aires lawmaker who, in 1826, was elected the first President of Argentina, and who appointed <mask>il Argentina's first Finance Minister. Saddled by the Cisplatine War, the nation's finances became dependent on credit from Baring Brothers in London, and <mask>il offered the nation's exports as collateral. His introduction of the Argentine peso fuerte - the first local currency convertible into gold, and the first in Argentina with that name - concentrated wealth into exporters and others with access to hard currency, making peso circulation scarce for the public in general and the war more difficult to finance.Rivadavia's National Bank was mismanaged under <mask>, additionally, and unrest resulted in President Rivadavia's resignation in 1827. The dissolution of national government ensued within months, in favor of an Argentine Confederation. The advent of the populist Governor of Buenos Aires Province, Manuel Dorrego, was opposed by <mask>, who became an adviser to a conservative insurrection led by General Juan Lavalle. Lavalle's violent 1828 overthrow of Dorrego returned <mask> to the cabinet as Finance and Foreign Minister. A countercoup led by General Juan Manuel de Rosas, a supporter of Dorrego's, forced Lavalle to call elections, though <mask>'s manipulation of the results triggered Rosas' overthrow and <mask>'s subsequent exile in Montevideo. Exile and return
<mask> remained an active opponent of Rosas' while in exile, supporting a failed 1830 invasion of Entre Ríos Province and negotiating an entente with the Governor of Corrientes Province. He struggled financially, however, though these difficulties were mitigated by his meeting Tiburcia Domínguez y López Camelo, whom he married and had seven children with.Rosas' grasp on power began to slip after the 1838 blockade imposed by France following the death of a French journalist in Buenos Aires, and

masks:
Del Carril
del Carr
del Carr
del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
Del Carril


texts:
 <mask> was named Supply Commissioner to the French Navy fleet stationed in the Río de la Plata. His tenure in the post attracted controversy, however, when he became conspicuously wealthy in the process. The 1843 overthrow of his ally, President Fructuoso Rivera of Uruguay, forced <mask> yet again into exile, and he fled to Brazil. He cultivated a friendship via correspondence with the powerful Governor of Entre Ríos, Justo José de Urquiza, in subsequent years, and following the latter's defeat of Rosas' forces in the 1852 Battle of Caseros, <mask> returned to Argentina. Vice Presidency

<mask> was elected to the assembly that approved the 1853 Argentine Constitution. Enmities remaining from the Rosas era thwarted an opportunity to return to the Governor's post in San Juan, however, and despite his personal efforts, Buenos Aires lawmakers rejected the new constitution. His belonging to the Buenos Aires-centric Unitarian Party and rapport with Urquiza (whom Buenos Aires distrusted) made <mask> an easy choice for the latter's running-mate in the elections that November, however, and their national unity ticket was elected handily in the electoral college.President Urquiza took care to preserve balance in his government between the two camps, placing the Vice President as a counterweight to the Federalist Interior Minister (Home Secretary), Santiago Derqui. <mask> became the most prominent voice for Buenos Aires interests in the administration, and compounded with a falling-out with erstwhile allies in his native San Juan Province, this ultimately frustrated his hopes that Urquiza might support his 1860 presidential candidacy (support which was tantamount to victory). Nominating Derqui instead, Urquiza's choice led to renewed conflict with Buenos Aires, and to Derqui's resignation and exile in 1861. National unity on the brink, <mask> negotiated a settlement between Urquiza and the leader of the Buenos Aires insurrection, General Bartolomé Mitre, and when the latter was elected President the

masks:
del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
Del Carril
del Carril
Del Carril
del Carril


texts:
 following September, <mask> was appointed to the Argentine Supreme Court. <mask> was a conservative justice, and reliably voted in favor of the executive's frequent use of state of siege declarations and capital punishment. This record helped him secure an appointment as Chief Justice in 1870 by Mitre's supporter and successor, President Domingo Sarmiento, and an uneventful tenure ended with his retirement in 1877. He was again in the spotlight, however, after the 1881 publication by historian Ángel Carranza of correspondence between <mask> and Lavalle during the 1828 coup.The letters revealed that <mask> pressed for the duly-elected Governor Dorrego's execution, advising Lavalle that claims of a fair trial should be concocted, adding that "if we should need to lie to posterity, we lie." The former Vice President lived afterwards in seclusion, and died in his Buenos Aires home in 1883, at age 84. Epilogue

<mask> became a wealthy man, and in later life owned over 130,000 hectares (330,000 acres) of land in the agriculturally productive La Pampa Province (worth around a million dollars, at the time). Debts incurred by his wife's spending habits strained the marriage, however, and the seasoned lawyer obtained a discharge of his responsibility for their repayment (leaving the debts in her name, solely). The couple subsequently separated, and after the judge's 1883 burial in an ornate La Recoleta Cemetery crypt, Mrs. <mask> commissioned the grave's sculptor, Camilo Romairone, to create a bust of her likeness - with its back turned towards that of her husband's; she died in 1898. References

1798 births
1883 deaths
People from San Juan, Argentina
Argentine people of Spanish descent
National University of Córdoba alumni
Argentine lawyers
Argentine businesspeople
Governors of San Juan Province, Argentina
Argentine diplomats
Argentine newspaper founders
Argentine Ministers of Finance
Vice presidents of Argentina
Supreme Court of Argentina justices
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
Patrician families of

masks:
del Carril
Del Carril
del Carril
del Carril
Del Carril
del Carril


texts:
<mask> (; born 26 April 1943) is a Swiss architect whose work is frequently described as uncompromising and minimalist. Though managing a relatively small firm, he is the winner of the 2009 Pritzker Prize and 2013 RIBA Royal Gold Medal. Early life
<mask> was born in Basel, Switzerland. His father was a cabinet-maker, which exposed him to design from an early age and he later became an apprentice for a carpenter in 1958. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule (arts and crafts school) in his native city starting in 1963. In 1966, <mask> studied industrial design and architecture as an exchange student at Pratt Institute in New York. In 1968, he became conservationist architect for the Department for the Preservation of Monuments of the canton of Graubünden.This work on historic restoration projects gave him a further understanding of construction and the qualities of different rustic building materials. As his practice developed, Zumthor was able to incorporate his knowledge of materials into Modernist construction and detailing. His buildings explore the tactile and sensory qualities of spaces and materials while retaining a minimalist feel. Career

<mask> founded his own firm in 1979. His practice grew quickly and he accepted more international projects. <mask> has taught at University of Southern California Institute of Architecture and SCI-ARC in Los Angeles (1988), the Technical University of Munich (1989), Tulane University (1992), and the Harvard Graduate School of Design (1999). Since 1996, he has been a professor at the Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio.His best known projects are the Kunsthaus Bregenz (1997),

masks:
Peter Zumthor
Zumthor
Zumthor
Zumthor
Zumthor


texts: a shimmering glass and concrete cube that overlooks Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Austria; the cave-like thermal baths in Vals, Switzerland (1999); the Swiss Pavilion for Expo 2000 in Hannover, an all-timber structure intended to be recycled after the event; the Kolumba Diocesan Museum (2007), in Cologne; and the Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, on a farm near Wachendorf. In 1993 Zumthor won the competition for a museum and documentation center on the horrors of Nazism to be built on the site of Gestapo headquarters in Berlin. Zumthor's submission called for an extended three-story building with a framework consisting of concrete rods. The project, called the Topography of Terror, was partly built and then abandoned when the government decided not to go ahead for financial reasons. The unfinished building was demolished in 2004. In 1999, Zumthor was selected as the only foreign architect to participate in Norway's National Tourist Routes Project, with two projects, the Memorial in Memory of the Victims of the Witch Trials in Varanger, a collaboration with Louise Bourgeois (completed in 2010), and a rest area/museum on the site of an abandoned zinc mine. For the Dia Art Foundation in Beacon, New York, Zumthor designed a gallery that was to house the “360° I Ching” sculpture by Walter de Maria; though the project was never completed.<mask> is the only foreign architect to participate, with two projects, the Memorial in Memory of the Victims of the Witch Trials in Varanger, a collaboration with Louise Bourgeois (2011), and a rest area/museum on the site of the abandoned Allmannajuvet zinc mines, in operation from 1882 to 1898,


texts:
 in Norway (2016). In November 2009, it was revealed that Zumthor is working on a major redesign for the campus of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Recently, he turned down an opportunity to consider a new library for Magdalen College, Oxford. He was selected to design the Serpentine Gallery's annual summer pavilion with designer Piet Oudolf in 2011. Currently, Zumthor works out of his small studio with around 30 employees, in Haldenstein, near the city of Chur, in Switzerland. Recognition

In 1994, he was elected to the Academy of Arts, Berlin. In 1996, he was made an honorary member of the Bund Deutscher Architekten (BDA).In 1998, <mask> received the Carlsberg Architectural Prize for his designs of the Kunsthaus Bregenz in Bregenz, Austria and the Thermal Baths at Vals, Switzerland (see below). He won the Mies van der Rohe Award for European Architecture in 1999. Recently, he was awarded Praemium Imperiale in (2008) and the Pritzker Architecture Prize (2009). In 2012, he was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal. Literature

<mask>'s work is largely unpublished in part because of his philosophical belief that architecture must be experienced first hand. His published written work is mostly narrative and phenomenological. Thinking Architecture

In Thinking Architecture <mask> expresses his motivation in designing buildings that have an emotional connection and possess a powerful and unmistakable presence and personality.It is illustrated throughout with color photographs by Laura J. Padgett of Zumthor's new home and studio in Haldenstein. “To me, buildings can have a beautiful silence that I associate with attributes

masks:
Zumthor
Zumthor
Peter Zumthor


texts:
 such as composure, self-evidence, durability, presence, and integrity, and with warmth and sensuousness as well; a building that is being itself, being a building, not representing anything, just being. The sense that I try to instil into materials is beyond all rules of composition, and their tangibility, smell, and acoustic qualities are merely elements of the language we are obliged to use. Sense emerges when I succeed in bringing out the specific meanings of certain materials in my buildings, meanings that can only be perceived in just this way in this one building. When I concentrate on a specific site or place for which I am going to design a building, when I try to plumb its depths, its form, its history, and its sensuous qualities, images of other places start to invade this process of precise observation: images of places I know and that once impressed me, images of ordinary or special places places that I carry with me as inner visions of specific moods and qualities; images of architectural situations, which emanate from the world of art, or films, theater or literature.”

Atmospheres

Atmospheres is a poetics of architecture and a window into Zumthor's personal sources of inspiration. In nine short, illustrated chapters framed as a process of self-observation, Zumthor describes what he has on his mind as he sets about creating the atmosphere of his houses: images of spaces and buildings that affect him are every bit as important as particular pieces of music or books that inspire him. From the composition and “presence” of the materials to the handling of proportions and the effect of light, this poetics of


texts:
 architecture enables the reader to recapitulate what really matters in the process of house design.In conclusion, <mask> has described what really constitutes an architectural atmosphere as "this singular density and mood, this feeling of presence, well-being, harmony, beauty...under whose spell I experience what I otherwise would not experience in precisely this way." <mask>or Therme Vals

Therme Vals is the only book-length study of this singular building. It features the architect's original sketches and plans for its design as well as Hélène Binet’s striking photographs of the structure. Architectural scholar Sigrid Hauser contributes essays on such topics as "Artemis/Diana," "Baptism," "Mikvah," and "Spring"—drawing out the connections between the elemental nature of the spa and mythology, bathing, and purity. Annotations by <mask>or on his design concept and the building process elucidate the structure's symbiotic relationship to its natural surroundings, revealing, for example, why he insisted on using locally quarried stone. Therme Vals's scenic design elements, and Zumthor's contributions to this book, reflect the architect's commitment to the essential and his disdain for needless architectural flourishes. Seeing Zumthor
Seeing Zumthor represents a unique collaboration between Zumthor and Swiss photographer Hans Danuser, containing Danuser's images of buildings created by Zumthor.More than twenty years ago, in a milestone event of twentieth-century architectural photography, Danuser photographed, at Zumthor's invitation, two buildings: the protective structure built for archaeological excavations in Chur and

masks:
Peter Zumthor
Peter Zumth
Peter Zumth


texts:
 St. Benedict's Chapel in Sumvitg. When first shown in exhibition, those photos ignited a lively debate that has been revived with a recent exhibition of Danuser's photographs of Zumthor's most famous work, the spa at Therme Vals. Seeing Zumthor collects these three important series of Danuser's pictures and includes essays by leading art historians exploring the relationship between the two seemingly different disciplines or architecture and photography. Personal
Zumthor and his wife, Annalisa <mask>-Cuorad, have three children. Principal works
1983 Elementary school Churwalden, Churwalden, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1983 House Räth, Haldenstein, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1986 Shelters for Roman archaeological site, Chur, Graubünden, Switzerland.1986 Atelier Zumthor, Haldenstein, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1989 Saint Benedict Chapel, Sumvitg, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1990 Art Museum Chur, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1993 Residential home for the elderly, Masans, Chur, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1994 Gugalun House, Versam, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1996 Spittelhof housing, Biel-Benken, Basel, Switzerland. 1996 Therme Vals, Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland.1997 Kunsthaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Vorarlberg, Austria. 1997 Topography of Terror, International Exhibition and Documentation Centre, Berlin, Germany, partly built, abandoned, demolished in 2004. 1997–2000 Swiss Pavilion EXPO 2000, Hannover, Germany. 1997 Villa in Küsnacht am Zürichsee Küsnacht, Switzerland. 1997 Lichtforum Zumtobel Staff, Zürich, Switzerland. 1999 Cloud Rock Wilderness Lodge, Moab, Utah, United States. 2007 Bruder Klaus Kapelle, Mechernich-Wachendorf, Germany.2007


texts:
 Kolumba – Erzbischöfliches Diözesanmuseum, Cologne, Germany. 2009 Leiser Ensemble, Leis/Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland
2011 Steilneset Memorial for the Victims of the Witch Trials, Vardø, Norway
2011 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011, London, England
2012 Werkraum Bregenzerwald Hof 800, 6866 Andelsbuch, Austria
2016 Rest area/museum, Allmannajuvet zinc mines
2018–24 (under construction) LACMA, Los Angeles, CA. Awards
1987, 2017: Auszeichnungen für gute Bauten Graubünden, Switzerland. 1989: Heinrich Tessenow medal, Technische Universität Hannover, Germany. 1991: Gulam, European wood-glue prize. 1992: Internationaler Architekturpreis für Neues Bauen in den Alpen, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1993: Best Building 1993 award from Swiss tc's 10vor10, Graubünden, Switzerland.1994: Auszeichnung guter Bauten im Kanton Graubünden, Switzerland. 1995: International Prize for Stone Architecture, Fiera di Verona, Italy. 1995: Internationaler Architekturpreis für Neues Bauen in den Alpen, Graubünden, Switzerland. 1996: Erich-Schelling-Preis für Architektur, Erich-Schelling-Stiftung, Germany. 1998: European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture (aka Mies van der Rohe Award) for Kunsthaus Bregenz. 1998: Carlsberg Architectural Prize. 2006: Spirit of Nature Wood Architecture Award.2006: Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture, University of Virginia. 2008: Praemium Imperiale, Japan Arts Association
2009: Pritzker Prize
2013: RIBA Royal Gold Medal for 2013, announced September 2012, award ceremony February 2013

References

External links

Architect <mask>or photo gallery at Time, 2009
"Slideshow: The Pritzker Prize Winner,"


texts:
 Sarah Williams Goldhagen, The New Republic, 16 April 2009
Interview with <mask>or Interview by Francesco Garutti Klat magazine, 2011
Conversation with <mask> and Toni Hildebrandt
Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2011 — designed by <mask>or. Channel.louisiana.dk: "Different Kinds of Silence" (2015 video) — interview of <mask>or by Louisiana Channel. zumthor.org - presentation of projects

Architecture educators
Modernist architects
1943 births
Living people
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Harvard Graduate School of Design faculty
Pratt Institute alumni
People associated with the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
People from Basel-Stadt
20th-century Swiss architects
21st-century Swiss architects
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Swiss

masks:
Peter Zumth
Peter Zumthor
Peter Zumth
Peter Zumth


texts:
<mask>, 1st Duke of the Infantado, or <mask>arez de Figueroa (Guadalajara, Castile, 25 September 1417 – Manzanares el Real, Spain, 25 January 1479) was a Spanish noble. Biography
He was the eldest son of the well known literary man of the 15th century, <mask>, (1398–1458), 1st marquis of Santillana since 1447. He became 2nd marquis of Santillana when his father died in 1458. The title Duke of the Infantado was awarded to him by the Catholic Monarchs, <mask> and Isabel I of Castile, on 22 July 1475. This was one of the most important duchies in Spain : around 1535, it was associated to the personal lives of some 90,000 vassal families,  perhaps about 3-4% of the people from the whole Peninsular kingdoms constituting by then the actual country described as Spain. At that time, that was an enormous number of people. American conquerors, European and American  regions Viceroys, on areas adding up to several hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, cities  and estensive territorial areas names,   bishops and cardinals of the Catholic Church stem out and settled in many places originating for some 300 years, from this powerful family.Construction of the New Castle of Manzanares el Real

The old castle of Manzanares el Real was the residence of a part of the Mendoza family since the end of the 14th century. The old castle of Manzanares el Real belonged to one the 1st Duke's aunts, a powerful and ruthless (elder) step sister of his father Íñigo, a duchess named Aldonza <mask>(circa 1380–1435). Her mother was a member of the troublesome Royal bastards of the middle of the 14th century, the ubiquitous Enriquez family. When Aldonza died in 1435 the nephew, Íñigo, a Lasso de la Vega by his mother, and father of this 1st Duke, insisted over and over again to King Juan II of Castile, on becoming a count of what is now Manzanares el Real. In the last third of

masks: Íñigo López de Mendoza y Lasso de la Vega


texts:
 the 15th century, the House of Mendoza decided to build a new palatial castle, larger and more luxurious, more fitting for the economic and political influence achieved by this family. <mask> started the works on the New Castle of Manzanares el Real in 1475, but it was his elder son who finished the works after his death. The castle is used now as a fancy place near Madrid for glamorous weddings, social events,  banquets and so on.Marriage and children

<mask> married firstly Brianda <mask> y Mendoza. They had:
 Íñigo <mask> Mendoza y Luna, 2nd Duke of the Infantado, married <mask> Luna
 <mask> Mendoza, married Alonso Ramírez <mask>, 1. conde de Aguilar
 <mask> Mendoza, married <mask> <mask>, 2. <mask> de Cabra
 Mencía <mask> <mask> y Luna, married  Beltrán <mask> Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque. <mask> <mask>, married Mencia <mask> Vega

He remarried with <mask> Noronha, and had:
 <mask> Mendoza, married Juan Pérez <mask>, 2. marqués de Moya
 Beatriz <mask>, married <mask> Castilla, 3. señor de Gor

Political background of this Mendoza's family branch

<mask> <mask> had several cadet brothers and sisters, another 9 or so, using different names which didn't impact future genealogists:

 <mask> <mask> y Suárez <mask>gueroa, Duque del Infantadon a.k.a. <mask> <mask>, 1. duque of l'Infantado, (1417–1479),  in English Wikipedia. Notice that the 2nd duke, the 4th and the 5th, grandson of the 4th because his father, who would have been the 5th, died before the 4th were called Iñigo Lópes <mask>, while the 3rd, the assumed to be 5th but who died before the 4th, and the 6th were all called <mask> <mask> at the least, within successive generations. Íñigo <mask> Mendoza, 1st count of Tendilla, second son, the title being awarded by king Henry IV of Castile in 1465. While his oldest  brother, later a duke,  was named as <mask> <mask>, his grandfather name,

masks:
Diego
Diego Hurtado
de Luna
López de
María de
Catalina de
de Arellano
María de
Diego Fernández
de Córdova
conde
Hurtado
de Mendoza
de la
Pedro Hurtado
de Mendoza
de La
Isabel de
Ana de
de Cabrera
de Mendoza
Diego de
Diego Hurtado
de Mendoza
Diego Hurtado
de Mendoza
de Fi
Diego Hurtado
de Mendoza
de Mendoza
Diego Hurtado
de Mendoza
López de
Diego Hurtado
de Mendoza


texts: this second child of the 1st marquis of Santillana was registered as Iñigo <mask> Mendoza, the same as his father and other earlier ancestors.However, his inheritor was also named Iñigo <mask> Mendoza. The first count was considered Iñigo <mask> Mendoza y Suarez <mask>, while the 2nd count of Tendilla  would be described as Iñigo <mask> Mendoza y Quiñones as his mother came from the Leon kingdom "Quiñones" family. Pedro Lasso <mask>, señor del valle de Lozoya. Here, Lasso was used to honor the memory of the "Lasso de la Vega" the mother's Cantabrian family. They were not people with outstanding political or military power records. Mencía <mask>, wife of <mask> <mask>elasco, count of Haro, a.k.a.<mask> <mask>elasco  y Manrique <mask>. She did not use either the "Hurtado de " or the "Lópes de" particles in her name, but it is interesting she described herself as a "Mendoza" rather than a "Lasso de la Vega" or as "Suárez de Figueroa" female, because of her grandmother or her mother, as many noble females used to do before the mid 15th-century times in Castile.Lorenzo Suárez <mask> y Figueroa, count of la Coruña. Title by king Henry IV of Castile, dated 28 April 1469. Notice, that here "Suarez de", from his mother's family name, is grafted before the "Mendoza", leaving "Figueroa" as the second part of his mother's name, something rather unusual until then. Apparently, this title was awarded again by king Charles I of Spain, a.k.a. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to Rodrigo Pacheco. In 1969, General Francisco Franco, recognized this title for aristocratic lady Marta Cotoner y Martos, married to motor car manufacturer Valeriano Barreiros, 2nd son of self-made motor industry man Eduardo Barreiros y  Nespereira. This self-autarchy Spanish cars factory was bought later by the American Chrysler Corporation,  while the Barreiros family, an industrial group from

masks:
Lopez de
Lopez de
Lopez de
de Firoa
Lopez de
de Mendoza
de Mendoza
Pedro Fernández
de V
Pedro Fernández
de V
de Lara
de Mendoza


texts:
 Galicia, NW of Spain, where the General came from, were given the status of a protected multiservices company, dealing mainly on Diesel motors manufacturing, trade, agricultural commodities, export, import, cinema and Television business.These industrial ventures related to Spanish Fascism do not seem to arouse today the morbidity of other political events at the time. Pedro González <mask>, (May 3, 1428 – January 11, 1495) was a most notorious  Spanish cardinal and statesman. Three of his male children, born out of wedlock while he was already a Catholic bishop were "legitimized",  as a token of generosity towards the "three beautiful sins of our cardinal" by the ruling Queen Isabel I of Castile, a.k.a. "The Catholic", deceased 1504, half sister of king Henry IV of Castile, who had died December 1474. <mask> <mask>, señor de Colmenar, El Cardoso y El Vado. Notice the name "<mask> <mask>" is used here again as in the case of the first son. Possibly an illegitimate child.<mask> Mendoza, wife of Pero Afán <mask>, Conde de los Molares. Leonor <mask> Vega y Mendoza, wife of  Gastón <mask> Cerda Sarmiento, count of Medinaceli. She was named for her grandmother Leonor (Lasso) <mask> Vega, almost a medieval reminiscence in contrast to her other sisters. <mask> <mask>, señor de  Tamajón. Here again another "<mask> <mask>" as his grandfather, the frequently unfaithful father of the 1st marquis of Santillana, who died while visiting one of his lovers, from the "Ayala" family in Toledo in the company of his bossy daughter from his first marriage, the later duchess Aldonza <mask>, for ever fighting with her younger half brother the first marquis and Poet,  Iñigo. Some sources

Santillana, M. <mask>, Obras completas, edición, introducción y notas de Gómez Moreno, Á., y Kerkhof, M. P.A.M., Planeta, Autores Hispanos, 1988. .

1417 births
1479 deaths
1
15th-century

masks:
de Mendoza
Juan Hurtado
de Mendoza
Hurtado
de Mendoza
María de
de Ribera
de la
de la
de la
Pedro Hurtado
de Mendoza
Hurtado
de Mendoza
de Mendoza
de


texts:
<mask> (December 3, 1964 – June 21, 2015) was an American professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1988 and 2001 for the Milwaukee Brewers, Texas Rangers, San Francisco Giants, Colorado Rockies, and New York Mets. <mask> prepped at Louisiana State University Laboratory School in Baton Rouge and then attended Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. Baseball career

Milwaukee Brewers
<mask> was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 11th round of the 1986 Major League Baseball draft and signed a contract with them on June 12, 1986. He made his professional debut that season with the Helena Gold Sox of the Rookie-level Pioneer League, hitting .391 in 65 games. In 1987 with the Stockton Ports of the Class A California League, he hit .328 in 125 games with eight homers and 61 RBI, on a team that was rated one of the top farm teams in Brewers history. He began 1988 with the Denver Zephyrs of the Class AAA American Association, where he hit .325 in 72 games. <mask> made his MLB debut on June 3, 1988, as a defensive replacement for Robin Yount in the top of the seventh against the California Angels.In his first at-bat, in the bottom of the inning, he singled to center field off of Stew Cliburn of the Angels for his first major league hit. He hit his first home run off of Bret Saberhagen of the Kansas City Royals on July 19, 1988. In 44 games with the Brewers during the second half of the 1988 season, <mask> hit .184. His most notable moment that season was during his first start in left field, on September 3, he collided with shortstop Dale Sveum while chasing a blooper over third base. They collided with such force that Sveum's leg snapped, causing him to miss the rest of the season and all of the 1989 season and derailing his career. <mask> avoided injury but spent the entire 1989 season back in the minors with the

masks:
Darryl Quinn Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton


texts: Zephyrs, where he hit .286 in 129 games. In 1990, despite missing time with injuries, <mask> played in 89 games and hit .295.He was awarded with the Brewers "Unsung Hero Award" in 1990 and the "Good Guy Award" in 1991 when he hit .311 in 122 games while still dealing with an assortment of injuries. <mask> stole 41 bases for the Brewers in 1992, while hitting .298 in 128 games. The Brewers as a team stole 256 bases, which was almost 100 more than the second place American League (AL) team. In a game on August 28, 1992, the Brewers set an AL record by recording 31 hits in a single game in a 22–2 rout of the Toronto Blue Jays. <mask> had four hits and five RBI in that game. When long-time Brewer star Paul Molitor left via free agency before the 1993 season, <mask> became more important to the Brewers offense. He had some more injuries this season, but <mask> still led his team in batting average (.310), hits (161), singles (130) and stolen bases (21) and was awarded with the team's "Harvey Kuenn Award."The Brewers decision to move <mask> from right field into center field for the 1994 season contributed to Hall of Famer Robin Yount's decision to retire after the 1993 season. In 1994, <mask> played in only 36 games (hitting .262) before he was shut down for the season and underwent reconstructive elbow surgery. Despite missing most of the season, the Milwaukee chapter of the Baseball Writers Association voted him the recipient of the "Michael Harrison Award" for community service. <mask> was also one of the Brewers player representatives during the leadup to the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. In his final season as a member of the Brewers, in 1995, <mask> played in 112 games and hit .271 with 11 stolen bases. In his seven seasons with the team, he had an overall .290 batting average in 666 games and hit 23 home runs, drove in 253 RBI and stole 109 bases. After

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


texts:
 the 1995 season, the Brewers declined <mask>'s $2.5 million contract option, making him a free agent.<mask> filed a grievance against the Brewers, claiming that he was benched in the weeks of the season in order to keep him from reaching 550 plate appearances which would have automatically picked up the option. The grievance was resolved in an undisclosed negotiated settlement. Texas Rangers
<mask> signed with the Texas Rangers on a one-year, $1.3 million, contract on December 14, 1995, for the 1996 season. He was critical of the Brewers when he signed with the Rangers, saying they were not interested in building a winning team. <mask> played in a career best 148 games with the Rangers and was their regular starting center fielder. He hit .293 with six homers and 51 RBI and also stole 15 bases. He described his experience with the Rangers as "great."<mask> did not make an error all season and led all center fielders in putouts as the Rangers put a premium on defense that season. The Rangers won the American League West division and the first playoff berth in franchise history. In the 1996 American League Division Series against the New York Yankees, <mask> had three hits in 19 at-bats as the Rangers dropped the series three games to one . San Francisco Giants
<mask> signed a two-year contract with the San Francisco Giants on January 10, 1997. On June 12, he got the first hit in the first-ever regular-season interleague game, when the Giants defeated the Rangers 4–3. In 125 games, <mask> had a .270 batting average, five homers, 43 RBI and 15 stolen bases. In the 1997 National League Division Series, <mask> was hitless in five at-bats as the Giants were swept in three games by the eventual World Series champion Florida Marlins.He followed that up by playing in 97 games for the Giants in 1998 and hitting .294. Colorado Rockies
The Giants traded <mask> and Jim Stoops

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


texts:
 to the Colorado Rockies for Ellis Burks on July 31, 1998. <mask> was surprised by the trade, wanting to complete his contract in San Francisco. In 51 games he hit .335. He re-signed with the Rockies after the 1998 season for one year and $3.6 million and played in 91 games in the 1999 season with an OBP of .374 for them. New York Mets
<mask> was traded to the New York Mets with Chuck McElroy for Rigo Beltrán, Brian McRae, and Thomas Johns on July 31, 1999. He played with the Mets through the 2001 season.In his three seasons with them he played in 150 games and hit .283. <mask> and the Mets played in the post-season in both 1999 and 2000. In 1999, the Mets made the playoffs as a result of winning a one game playoff against the Cincinnati Reds. Once in, they defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 1999 National League Division Series before losing to the Atlanta Braves in six games in the National League Championship Series. <mask> had six hits in 17 at-bats in that series. In 2000, the Mets defeated the San Francisco Giants in four games in the 2000 National League Division Series and the St. Louis Cardinals in five games in the 2000 National League Championship Series. <mask> was a part-time player in the series, with only five at-bats in the division series and two in the championship series.In the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees was hitless in three at-bats with two strikeouts as the Yankees won the series in five games. <mask> was disappointed with his playing time during the playoffs and had a meeting with manager Bobby Valentine during spring training the following year to discuss his reduced playing time. Things did not improve for him and he asked for his release at the end of June, and it was granted on July 11, 2001. He signed a minor league contract with the Rockies a week later, but was released on July 25 after four games with the

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


texts:
 Colorado Springs Sky Sox. He retired at the end of the 2001 season. Over his 13-year career, <mask> batted .291, with 51 home runs and 454 RBI in 1328 games. As an outfielder, he collected 2711 putouts and 45 assists, committing only 14 errors in 2770 total chances, for a .995 fielding percentage.Broadcasting career
<mask> worked for MLB Advanced Media from 2003 to 2006 and also worked for NBC Sports Network's Sports Talk and KPRC-TV in Houston. Also in Texas, <mask> lent his voice to KFNC and KGOW. At the conclusion of the 2006 baseball postseason, <mask> began working in the Major League Baseball Commissioner's Office of On-Field Operations, reporting to Vice President Bob Watson. In 2012, <mask> was named as a color analyst for a limited series of Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim games to be broadcast nationally by Compass Media Networks radio. In 2013, he joined the MLB Network as an on-air analyst. In 2014, <mask> served as a part-time color analyst on Brewers radio broadcasts, rotating with Craig Counsell and Jerry Augustine to call games with Joe Block when primary announcer Bob Uecker was absent. Personal life
<mask> was married in 1994 to Access Hollywood anchor Shaun Robinson; they later divorced.<mask> married fashion model Ursaline Steinke in 2000, with whom he had two sons, Donovan and Julian. At the time of his death, <mask> was living in an affluent neighborhood in suburban Houston, Texas, in a house belonging to his girlfriend, Monica Jordan. Jordan, a graduate of Florida State University and University of Houston Law Center, was an attorney who had been employed by Enron and Halliburton. The couple had a son together in 2014. Death
Around 4:45 p.m. on June 21, 2015, <mask>, 50, and his girlfriend, Monica Jordan, 44, were found dead in their Pearland, Texas, house, in what appeared to be a murder-suicide. Investigators said it appeared <mask> had been

masks: Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton Hamilton


texts:
 shot more than once and Jordan died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. <mask> and Jordan's 13 month-old child was found alive by police in the home and taken into the custody of Texas Child Protective Services.According to Pearland police, there did not appear to have been a struggle and the incident "occurred just inside the front door." A third party called 9-1-1. According to Brazoria County District Attorney Jeri Yenne, Jordan previously pleaded guilty to felony arson arising from a 2008 incident in which she burned down the house in which she had been living with her then-husband Rohaven Richards. Jordan allegedly had suspected Richards of cheating on her and chased him around the house while trying to douse him in gasoline. References

External links

The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia – Gary Gillette, Peter Gammons, Pete Palmer. Publisher: Sterling Publishing, 2005. Format: Paperback, 1824pp.Language: English. <mask> at Baseball Library

1964 births
2015 deaths
2015 murders in the United States
Louisiana State University Laboratory School alumni
Nicholls State University alumni
Major League Baseball center fielders
Colorado Rockies players
Milwaukee Brewers players
New York Mets players
San Francisco Giants players
Nicholls Colonels baseball players
Texas Rangers players
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Dallas
Sportspeople from Manhattan
Helena Gold Sox players
Stockton Ports players
Denver Zephyrs players
Phoenix Firebirds players
St. Lucie Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
American murder victims
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim announcers
MLB Network personalities
Milwaukee Brewers announcers
Deaths by firearm in Texas
People murdered in Texas
Murder–suicides in Texas
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century

masks:
Hamilton
Darryl Hamilton


texts:
<mask> (November 26, 1888 – March 23, 1979) was an American lawyer and diplomat. Early years

<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, on November 26, 1888, the son of <mask> (1840–1907) and <mask> (1851–1936). His family lived in Hartland, Wisconsin. Their wealth derived from one of America's largest soap manufacturing concerns, which was founded by <mask>'s grandfather in Utica, New York, in 1839, relocated to Chicago in 1860, and capitalized as James S. Kirk & Co. in 1900. <mask> was a director of the company. Its two national brands were "American Family" for laundry and "Juvenile" for the bath. <mask> was "fat" and "unhappy" in childhood and enjoyed drawing.At age 9, he attended the Art Institute of Chicago until his family decided he was too young to be drawing nude models. He was then sent to work incognito in a soap factory until his identity was discovered. He was then tutored at home for half the year by Hughell Fosbroke, future head of the General Theological Seminary of New York, spending the other half traveling in Europe with his mother and sister. <mask> attended the University of Chicago for one year and then Yale University, where he excelled in physics and graduated in 1909. He appeared with the Yale University Dramatic Association in 1908 and 1909. <mask>'s father died of a heart attack in 1907. He next spent two years at the School of Political Sciences in Paris.In order to fulfill his mother's promise to his late father, he earned his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1914. He was admitted to the Illinois bar. He joined the board of the family business at a salary of $10,000 a year. <mask> had two sisters, Gertrude 24 years his senior and Margaret his near contemporary. His sister Margaret married Albert Billings Ruddock in New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine in March 1912. The couple left for Berlin following the ceremony. Ruddock was third secretary of the American Embassy in Berlin in 1913, when

masks:
Alexander Comstock Kirk
Alexander Comstock Kirk
James Alexander Kirk
Clara Comstock
Kirk
James Alexander Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk


texts:
 Mrs. <mask> visited the couple there.In 1954 Ruddock became chairman of the board of trustees of California Institute of Technology, where an undergraduate residence hall was named for him in 1960. Diplomatic career
<mask> joined the American Diplomatic Service on March 6, 1915. In 1916, he was transferred from his post as secretary of the embassy in Berlin to a position in Constantinople. <mask> served as private secretary to the Secretary of State during World War I and accompanied him in that position to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. He then lived in "a commodious old house in Georgetown with his mother to act as hostess on the occasion of his entertainments", until posted to Peking as secretary of the embassy. He managed the State Department budget for a time in the 1920s, and later said he thought it "an obligation" to spend the entire amount in order to support the argument for additional appropriations. <mask> was counselor of the U.S. Embassy in Rome in 1932.His mother was presented to Queen Elena of Italy on March 9, 1932. She lived in Rome during his service there, and <mask> entertained important guests at her home, the Villa Spada on the Janiculum. Even in 1930, long before rising to ambassadorial rank, he entertained lavishly. He hosted an opera party for Mrs. William Randolph Hearst on her 1930 tour of Europe. <mask> was assigned to Moscow as embassy counselor and consul general effective March 18, 1938, where he was the senior official in the nine-month interim between the service of Ambassadors Davies and Steinhardt. He served as chargé d'affaires in Berlin beginning in May 1939 and became the senior officer when the American ambassador, Hugh R. Wilson, was recalled to protest the anti-Jewish attacks of Kristallnacht. Though his status was too low to allow access to important officials in the German government, he communicated with them by staging conversations close to a device the Germans used to eavesdrop on

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


texts: his conversations.Time called him "adroit" in his "uncomfortable post". The recall of Wilson as a way of protesting Kristallnacht greatly offended the Nazi regime, and senior German officials generally snubbed <mask> to show their disapproval. The American historian Abraham Asher described <mask>'s dispatches from Berlin as generally accurate, though his lack of high-level contacts limited his sources of information. He developed contacts with Germans who opposed the Nazi regime and became convinced, in spite of Germany's early victories, that the war would end badly for Germany. Discussing with noted dissident Helmuth James von Moltke the need for Germany to suffer complete defeat with no one to blame but its Nazi leaders, he said: "Do you want to know my solution? It's a flood without an ark." During the war, in 1943, Moltke twice tried without success to contact <mask>, whom he trusted as an intermediary between the German opposition and the Allies.In August 1939, the journalist Louis P. Lochner showed <mask> the text of the Obersalzberg speech, asking him to transmit back to Washington, but <mask> was not interested, leading Louchner to turn next to the British diplomat George Ogilvie-Forbes who did indeed transmit it to London. During the Danzig crisis, <mask> found playing himself a bit role. On 24 August 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent telegrams to both Adolf Hitler and President Ignacy Mościcki appealing to them to find a compromise to end the crisis. Hitler chose not to reply, but Mościcki wrote back that his nation was not the one "formulating demands and demanding concessions", but stated he willing to open negotiations with the Reich on the status of the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland). As Hitler continued to refuse to answer Roosevelt's telegrams, <mask> was sent to see der Fűhrer with a copy of Mościcki's reply. As Hitler refused to see him, he instead met on the evening of 26 August with the

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


texts: state secretary of the Auswärtiges Amt, Baron Ernst von Weizsäcker. <mask> argued to Weizsäcker that since for the first time, the Poles were willing to open talks on changing the status of Danzig, which might allow Danzig to "go home to the Reich", that this represented a potential breakthrough on finding a peaceful solution to the crisis.Weizsäcker replied he would pass on <mask>'s note for "the consideration of the Foreign Minister", and was otherwise evasive about what his government was planning to do in response. <mask> served briefly as embassy counselor in Rome before becoming minister to Egypt in 1941, when Time magazine described him as "smooth, spare". From March 29, 1941, to March 29, 1944, <mask> served as Ambassador to Egypt, first as head of the U.S. Legation and then of the embassy. King Farouk of Egypt had a strong dislike of homosexuals, and <mask>'s relations with the king were distant. By contrast, <mask> was close to Farouk's archenemy, the British ambassador, Sir Miles Lampson, which made for further difficulties as <mask> tended to back Lampson in his dealings with the king. <mask> took the view that it was crucial that the British 8th Army stop the advance of the German Afrika Korps, and given Farouk's pro-Axis sympathies, Lampson's high-handed treatment of the king was necessary. He advised the State Department in 1941 that a Jewish state "is incapable of realization in the future unless imposed by force on an unwilling native population."Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles did not share his assessment and did not forward <mask>'s views to the White House. Drawing on his experience with Nazi propaganda and antisemitism in Germany, <mask> expanded the embassy's coverage of Radio Berlin's Arabic-language broadcasts, providing complete translations of what came to be known as the "Axis Broadcasts in Arabic" along with his weekly analysis from 1941 to 1944, which Hull circulated widely. He dissected the

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


texts: Nazis' manipulation of anti-colonial, anti-Jewish, and anti-Bolshevik sentiment and their charges that Roosevelt and Churchill were being manipulated by their Jewish supporters. At the beginning of his Cairo tenure, <mask> focused on the strategic necessity of Allied victory in the Middle East because it would be impossible to counter the Nazi's exploitation of an Axis victory in its propaganda. Once the Allies won control of the region, he stressed political analysis and repeatedly underscored the critical role of the Egyptian capital in Arab nationalism. As <mask> looked to the end of the war, he anticipated a post-colonial world in which nations operated freely in a free enterprise environment, unlike Secretary of State Cordell Hull who expected the persistence of traditional spheres of influence, notably that of Great Britain in Egypt. While posted to Cairo, <mask> kept one house in the city for lunch, another near the pyramids for dinner and sleeping, and a houseboat on the Nile.As ambassador, <mask> was noted for his eccentricities such as wearing lavender silk tuxedos; maintaining a houseboat on the Nile flamboyantly decorated with white ostrich feathers and a framed picture of his mother with candles burning around it; and his insistence on only drinking milk from an Egyptian water buffalo he adopted and named after his mother. Even through <mask> was as openly gay as it was possible to be in the 1940s, he was popular with the diplomatic corps in Cairo, who liked him for his charm, and his frequent parties on his houseboat were always well attended. He hosted FDR, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-shek at the second house for the November 1943 Cairo Conference. He has been described as "an archeological dilettante" who liked to lecture his guests as they gazed at the pyramids. Clare Boothe Luce claimed to have flummoxed him by pre-empting his performance by asking: "Mr. Ambassador, what are those strange-looking objects?" Along

masks: Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk Kirk


texts: with several military men <mask> devised the successful plan to attack Rommel's communications instead of his ground forces.He later received the United States of America Typhus Commission Medal for his support of the commission's work during his time in Egypt. While resident in Cairo, <mask> was also accredited to the government-in-exile of Greece until November 13, 1941, and to Saudi Arabia until July 18, 1943. <mask> was appointed U.S. representative on the Allied Advisory Council for Italy, with the rank of ambassador, on April 4, 1944. He was appointed Ambassador to Italy on November 30, 1944, and in January 1945 became the first ambassador of any country to present his credentials to the new Italian government. Upon his appointment, Time gave him the title "suave Career Man". He resigned in 1946. When the American Office of War Information produced an Italian-language publication, <mask> insisted it be labeled propaganda to maintain a clear distinction between what Italians were accomplishing for themselves or not.In August 1945, he received petitions from Soviet prisoners of war, taken by the Germans and liberated by Allied forces. They wrote to him in his role as political advisor to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) and claimed the status of "political refugees" and asked "in the name of humanity" not to be repatriated to the Soviet Union. <mask> wrote to Secretary of State Byrnes seeking guidance, a diplomatic way of expressing his reservations about the repatriation policy. He was instructed to make certain none of the prisoners was actually from Poland or the Baltic States and to proceed with the repatriations. <mask> was long famous for entertaining and continued even when forced to operate in Rome "under a wartime minimum". Six or eight guests joined him for lunch or dinner, often many more. One Friday lunch he hosted about 20 enlisted men.Though some involved in recruiting the guests worried


texts:
 that a Negro corporal might not be well received, <mask> gave him the place of honor on his right. Life described him near the end of his career: "To call <mask> an ornament of the State Department is almost a libelous understatement. ... <mask>'s true value resides in the fact that he is an American who, far from being an innocent abroad, knows Europe infinitely better than most Europeans. This makes him almost unique in the current roster of U.S. foreign representatives in the diplomatic, charitable, or didactic spheres. <mask>'s career should be studied in detail, like The Education of Henry Adams." Fortune in July 1946 called him "foppish, intelligent, and very rich". <mask> predicted in 1945 that future diplomats should be technical experts "chosen for the ability not only to diagnose economic, industrial and political trends, but also to adjust their dislocations before they can start wars."He lamented the willingness of governments to spend on wars far more than on the diplomacy that might prevent them. A few years after <mask>'s retirement, as Senator Joseph McCarthy launched a campaign against suspected homosexuals in government, one investigator's 1948 report charged that State Department employees Carmel Offie and Charles W. Thayer "were very close personal friends of former Ambassador <mask> who is not now in the service but who had a very bad reputation of being a homosexual and certainly protected a lot of homosexual people." Personal life
In the 1920s, when he was counselor to the American Embassy in Rome, <mask> remodeled a significant building in Georgetown, the Robinson house, at the corner of Wisconsin Avenue and R Street and "filled it with furniture, rugs, hangings and objects of art brought from the Orient." In 1942 he sold this estate, including its "elaborate formal gardens, outsize ballroom, marble-floored billiard room, and swimming pool", to Evalyn Walsh McLean, mining heiress and owner of the Hope

masks:
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Kirk
Alexander Kirk
Kirk


texts:
 Diamond. While posted to Berlin, he lived in an "enormous mansion" in the "swank" Grunewald neighborhood. One German who visited described it as "one vast hall after another, and he quiet alone in the midst of it. Very funny; a little like the theatre."His staff of servants spoke only Italian. He held "a large buffet luncheon every Sunday noon, as a means of revenging himself for such hospitality as his position required him to accept." While ambassador in Rome, <mask> lived in the Barberini palace, which he redecorated. He filled a large enclosure the size of a tennis court with "Renaissance tables and settees covered in ivory silk", according to Life magazine, to create what he termed "a sort of cozy sitting room". When Life profiled him in 1945, it reported that he had always established fine residences wherever he was posted: "The Ambassador is fond of houses, and especially big ones. Equipped with ample private funds and the courage of his complexes, <mask> sees no reason why he should not capitalize the chance his profession gives him to indulge this fondness, all the more since such indulgence usually works out to the benefit of the State Department in one way or another." His nickname around this time was "Buffy".In 1945 he attributed "his excellent health to the fact that he has never worn himself down by any form of exercise more violent than scratching, which he only does when suffering from insomnia at 6 a.m."

He planned to retire to Arizona and bought a piece of land in the White Mountains at the end of World War II. He joked that he would live there not in a house but in a cave. Another diplomat reported that he retired to the mountains of Colorado and "amused himself operating a ranch and raising cattle" for a few years before relocating to Texas. His sister <mask> Metzeroff died in St. Petersburg, Florida, in 1948 at the age of 84. According to her obituary, her brother <mask> was then living in Washington, D.C.,

masks:
Kirk
Kirk
Gertrude Kirk
Alexander


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 and Santa Barbara, California, while her sister Margaret was living in Santa Barbara. <mask> died in Tucson, Arizona, on March 23, 1979. He is buried with his mother in Rome's Protestant Cemetery (Cimitero Acattolico).In his 1967 memoirs, George F. Kennan sketched an affectionate portrait of <mask>, as he knew him in Berlin before America entered World War II: "a confirmed bachelor, profoundly saddened by the recent death of an adored mother who, while she was alive, had preempted much of both his companionship and his emotional life, <mask> drowned the inner emptiness in the performance of his arduous official duties", sleeping in an office alcove while working 16 to 18 hours daily. He continued:

<mask> claimed he escaped from diplomatic functions by whatever ruse the situation required. At one embassy in Rome he found it necessary to leave by a door he could only reach by going under a grand piano. "In a case of this sort, <mask> recommends slow motion, which, he says, often prevents witnesses from even noticing a maneuver which, if executed fast, might horrify them." He insisted his favorite color was gray. He never had fresh flowers, rather he collected artificial ones in his favorite color. His wardrobe and household were maintained by a servant named Mario, who joined the <mask> household in Mexico early in <mask>'s career and continued through his stint as ambassador in Rome.Notes

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