texts:
 League and ABA League, leading the team to a Croatian National Cup victory. He finished second in the Croatian League in scoring, with 27 points per game, and earned all-league second team honors from basketball website Eurobasket.In addition, he was named ABA League All-Star and won the All-Star MVP award. Success in Spain (2007–2014)
On July 27, 2007, English signed with Spanish team Gran Canaria of the Liga ACB and ULEB Cup for the 2007–08 season. Through 34 ACB games, he averaged 15.2 points, 3.4 rebounds, and 2.2 assists per game. Through 14 ULEB Cup games, English averaged 15.9 points, 4.1 rebounds, and 2.4 assists per game. In his debut on October 6, 2007, he recorded a team-high 18 points and 4 steals in a 68–61 win over Sevilla. On December 9, English scored 26 points, shooting 4-of-7 on three-pointers, in an 85–79 loss to Granada. He scored a season-high 28 points in 25 minutes on January 20, 2008, against FC Barcelona.On August 3, 2008, English re-signed with Gran Canaria for one more season. He averaged 15.2 points, 3.4 rebounds, and 2.2 assists per game through 33 ACB games. English averaged 15.9 points, 4.1 rebounds, and 2.4 assists per game through 6 EuroCup games. He made his season debut on October 8, 2008, scoring 20 points in a 76–68 loss to Zaragoza. In 2009, he left CB Gran Canaria and joined Caja Laboral for the 2009–10 season, where he averaged 9.3 points and 2.8 rebounds per game in the ACB League. On 3 August 2010, he signed with DKV Joventut. In August 2011 he moved to Cajasol Sevilla.One year later, he signs for CB Estudiantes leaving the team in 2013 without finishing the season. Another year later, in March 2014, English agreed terms with Iberostar Tenerife. Twilight years (2014–2017)
On November 5, 2014, English signed with AEK Athens of the Greek Basketball League. Return to Canada (2017–present)
On November 15, 2017, English signed with the St. John's Edge of the National Basketball League of Canada. In his season debut versus the Island Storm on November 18, he made a


type: original

texts:
 game-winning three-pointer with about 4 seconds left. On March 3, 2018, English broke the league's single-game scoring record with 58 points in a 127–117 win over the KW Titans. He finished the season with 23.7 points per game, second in the league behind Royce White.National team career
English has been part of Canada Basketball since 2000. He has been a crucial component of the Canadian national basketball team in recent years and spent the summer of 2008 playing with the Canadian national team, trying to help them qualify for the 2008 Olympics. The following summer English also participated in the 2009 FIBA Americas Championship, he helped lead Canada to a 4th-place finish losing in the 3rd place game to Argentina. Personal life
English is married to his high school sweetheart Mandy and has three children: son Ryder, and daughters Kirsten and Kylie. Notes

References

External links
Euroleague.net Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Spanish League Profile
Italian League Profile

1981 births
Living people
ABA League players
AEK B.C. players
Alba Berlin players
Basketball people from Newfoundland and Labrador
Basketball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Caciques de Humacao players
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Croatia
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Germany
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Greece
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian men's basketball players
CB Estudiantes players
CB Gran Canaria players
Real Betis Baloncesto players
Charleston Lowgators players
Florida Flame players
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors basketball players
Joventut Badalona players
KK Zadar players
Liga ACB players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Saski Baskonia players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Sportspeople from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
St. John's Edge players
Virtus


texts:
<mask> (born <mask> July 8, 1941) is an American author, journalist, and former business executive. She has also published a number of books. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in Philadelphia and relocated to Manhattan, New York, and attended University of Pennsylvania and Yale University graduate schools where she studied ethics and aesthetics. Between college and graduate school Braudy worked for the New York ACLU. <mask>'s father worked for the Philadelphia Housing Authority and actively supported local artists such as Dox Thrash. Bernard Orr was Vice President of the American Jewish Committee. His Master's thesis at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania became the book Technological Unemployment, an early look at how advances in technology were replacing human labor.He was the principal of a vocational night school whose students were largely African-American. He also wanted to be a writer and Braudy believes this may be the reason she became a writer. Braudy's mother Blanche Orr taught history at Germantown High School, whose students were also largely African-American, and went back to school to become a reading supervisor because her students needed better reading skills. Braudy now lives with film editor Joe Weintraub. Career
Braudy has written for The New York Times, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, The Huffington Post, Harper's Magazine, Glamour, Vanity Fair, Ms., New York Magazine, The New Journal, Jezebel and The Week. She was the first woman writer hired by Newsweek where talented women had been previously relegated to jobs as fact-checkers, researchers and secretaries. Braudy had been commissioned by Playboy magazine in 1969 to write an "objective" piece on the feminism movement.Her final article was viewed as controversial by male Playboy editors. The debate continued up to Hugh Hefner; who wrote in a memo

masks:
Susan Braudy
Susan Orr
Braudy
Braudy


texts: (covertly distributed by female Playboy employees) that he felt the article needed to focus more on the "highly irrational, emotional, kookie trend" of feminism because "these chicks [are] the natural enemy of Playboy." He argued that radical feminists were rejecting the Playboy way of life. Braudy was reportedly brought to tears by the harsh reaction from the Playboy team to her piece and eventually withdrew her work. She later wrote an article published in Defiance and Glamour magazine in which she analyzed the contents of Hefner's memo and criticized his approach to women. She was one of the first editors of the student/faculty magazine The New Journal at Yale and is currently a member of the magazine's advisory board. Her cover story on Joseph Heller elicited a letter to the editor from him, "I found the article by <mask>y one of the most interesting and thorough I've ever read about anyone especially me."Braudy believes Heller's praise was her ticket to writing for mainstream outlets such as The New York Times magazine and New York Magazine. Braudy has taught writing at Brooklyn College. She also judged the Lukas Prize in 2006, the award from the Columbia University Journalism School and the Nieman Foundation at Harvard given annually to recognize excellence in book-length investigative journalism. Braudy was an editor and writer at Ms. magazine where she edited the October 1975 men's issue whose cover featured Robert Redford's back. The issue included a "tour de force" piece by Harold Brodkey and is the magazine's highest-selling. In 1977, Braudy became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization.The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. In 1981, Braudy was appointed Vice


texts: President of East Coast Production at Warner Brothers where she championed Oliver Stone's movie Platoon. She also worked as Vice President of Michael Douglas's Stonebridge Production Company for three years from 1986 to 1989 where she tried to convince Douglas to make the film The Hurricane, the story of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, and a docudrama about Martin Luther King Jr. She was hired by Francis Ford Coppola, Jerry Bruckheimer, Martin Scorsese, and Oliver Stone to write screenplays. Her article on paperback auctions, published in The New York Times magazine, was used by the Federal Trade Commission for an anti-trust suit against the high-bidder in a multimillion-dollar paperback rights auction. Braudy drew on her background studying philosophy to write prefaces to three books published by the Philosophical Library in 2012 including Essays in Aesthetics by Jean-Paul Sartre, The Treasured Writings of Kahlil Gibran, and Tears and Laughter by Kahlil Gibran. She counts as her mentors Margaret Mead, whose class she audited at Columbia and who demonstrated by example what a bright woman on her own could be; Gloria Steinem, who encouraged her to express her female voice; Daniel Yergin, who taught her the value of infinite research; Michael Douglas, who taught her that glamour isn't glamorous; Michael Wolff, who taught her the music of the New York hustle; Marshall Brickman, who taught her about heartbreak on the fast track; and Woody Allen, who taught her his artistic credo, "Turn pain into cash." <mask>'s January 2013 letter to the editors of The New York Times Book Review critiquing their policy of not allowing colleagues to review each other's books was influential.It convinced the institution to change its policy. The letter argued that like-minded people tend to know each other. Braudy states that eliminating them as reviewers had


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 historically skewed reviews against authors. Accusations against Michael Douglas
On January 18, 2018, Braudy accused former colleague Michael Douglas of sexual harassment in an article for The Hollywood Reporter. She contended that during her time at Stonebridge Productions, she was "subjected to sexual harassment by Douglas that included near-constant profane and sexually charged dialogue, demeaning comments about her appearance, graphic discussions regarding his mistresses," and finally masturbating in front of her. Douglas had published a preemptive denial of the claims in The Hollywood Star ten days earlier, saying he "felt the need to get ahead" and explain his concerns about the validity of the story. He stated: "I don't have skeletons in my closet, or anyone else who's coming out or saying this.I'm bewildered why, after 32 years, this is coming out, now." In popular culture
<mask>'s later reflection on the Playboy incident for Jezebel, "Up Against the Centerfold: What It Was Like to Report on Feminism for Playboy in 1969," was referenced by Pulitzer Prize-winning The New Yorker TV critic Emily Nussbaum on Twitter as an "amaaaaaazing," "must-read" piece. After writing an article for The New York Times about Woody Allen and his writing partner Marshall Brickman she was used as the muse for Diane Keaton and Meryl Streep's characters in Manhattan. Her jokes about the surreal twist were quoted on the New York Post gossip column "Page Six," as well as in People Magazine. After she wrote two articles on Seinfeld for The New York Times, writer Larry David named a screaming woman character "<mask>" on his HBO comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm. Books
 Between Marriage and Divorce: A Woman's Diary. New York: William Morrow, 1975. .
 Who Killed Sal Mineo?A Novel. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982. .
 What the Movies Made Me Do: A Novel. New

masks:
Braudy
Susan Braudy


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 York: Alfred Knopf, 1985. . This Crazy Thing Called Love: The Golden World and Fatal Marriage of Ann and Billy Woodward. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1992. . Basis for two television episodes on "A Crime To Remember" and "Power, Privilege & Justice." Family Circle: The Boudins and the Aristocracy of the Left.New York: Alfred Knopf, 2003. .
 Based on the story of Kathy Boudin, who was imprisoned for her part in the Brink's robbery (1981). Braudy was inspired to write the book because Kathy Boudin had been a classmate at Bryn Mawr.Family Circle got a "largely positive reception" despite being criticized by friends of Kathy Boudin. The book was nominated by Alfred Knopf for the Pulitzer Prize. It was later the subject of a 2014 Guardian article criticizing The New York Times and others for republishing findings on the break-in of FBI headquarters in Media, Pennsylvania that damaged J. Edgar Hoover's reputation beyond repair. The break-in's perpetrators had been revealed 11 years prior by Braudy in her nonfiction book. Kick Kennedy's Secret Diary. New York: Blanche Wolf, 2019. .

Prefaces
 Sartre, Jean-Paul Essays in Aesthetics.Transl. Wade Baskin. Pref. <mask>. Open Road Media, 2012. .
 Gibran, Kahlil. The Treasured Writings of Kahlil Gibran. Pref.<mask>. Open Road Media, 2011. .
 Gibran, Kahlil. Tears and Laughter. Ed. Martin Wolf. Pref. <mask>.Open Road Media, 2011. . Articles
 "James Taylor, a New Troubadour"

References

External links
 Manhattan Voyeur a <mask>y blog
 Writers Celebrate Writers a <mask>y blog
 <mask>y Huffington Post author page

 <mask>y The Leonard Lopate Show
 <mask>y on Amazon.com
 Michael Wolff "Hell's Kitchen" GQ

American women journalists
American women writers
Living people
1941 births
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania

masks:
Susan Braudy
Susan Braudy
Susan Braudy
Susan Braud
Susan Braud
Susan Braud
Susan Braud
Susan Braud


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<mask>,  (; born 9 May 1947) is a South African-born biophysicist and a professor of structural biology at Stanford University, a position he has held since 1987. Levitt received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel, for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems". In 2018, Levitt was a founding co-editor of the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pretoria, South Africa, to a Jewish family from Plungė, Lithuania; his father was from Lithuania and his mother from the Czech Republic. He attended Sunnyside Primary School and then Pretoria Boys High School between 1960 and 1962. The family moved to England when he was 15. Levitt spent 1963 studying applied mathematics at the University of Pretoria.He attended King's College London, graduating with a first-class honours degree in Physics in 1967. In 1967, he visited Israel for the first time. Together with his Israeli wife, Rina, a multimedia artist, he left to study at Cambridge, where their three children were born. <mask> was a PhD student in Computational biology at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and was based at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology from 1968 to 1972, where he developed a computer program for studying the conformations of molecules that underpinned much of his later work. Career and research
In 1979, he returned to Israel and conducted research at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, becoming an Israeli citizen in 1980. He served in the Israel Defense Forces for six weeks in 1985. In 1986, he began teaching at Stanford University, and since then has split his time between Israel and California.He went on to gain a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College,

masks:
Michael Levitt
Michael Levitt
Levitt


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 Cambridge. From 1980 to 1987, he was Professor of Chemical Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot. Thereafter, he served as Professor of Structural biology, at Stanford University, California. Royal Society Exchange Fellow, Weizmann Institute, Israel, 1967–68
Staff Scientist, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, 1973–80
Professor of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute, 1980–87 (dept. chair 1980–83)
Professor of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 1987–present

Levitt was one of the first researchers to conduct molecular dynamics simulations of DNA and proteins and developed the first software for this purpose. He is currently well known for developing approaches to predict macromolecular structures, having participated in many Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) competitions, where he criticised molecular dynamics for inability to refine protein structures. He has also worked on simplified representations of protein structure for analysing folding and packing, as well as developing scoring systems for large-scale sequence-structure comparisons.He has mentored many successful scientists, including Mark Gerstein and Ram Samudrala. Cyrus Chothia was one of his colleagues. Industrial collaboration
Levitt has served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of the following companies: Dupont Merck Pharmaceuticals, AMGEN, Protein Design Labs, Affymetrix, Molecular Applications Group, 3D Pharmaceuticals, Algodign, Oplon Ltd, Cocrystal Discovery, InterX, and StemRad, Ltd,. COVID-19

Levitt has been outspoken during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and made a number of predictions on the disease's spread based on his own modelling. On March 18, 2020, he predicted that Israel would see less than


texts: ten deaths from COVID-19, and on July 25, 2020, he incorrectly predicted that the outbreak in the U.S. would be over by the end of August 2020 with a total of fewer than 170,000 deaths. As of November 2021, the U.S. was recording COVID-19 deaths at the rate of about 1,000 per day, while Israel has reported over 8,000 COVID-19 deaths since the start of the pandemic. However also in March 2020, when community spread of COVID-19 had dropped to zero in China, the Los Angeles Times reported that Levitt had correctly forecast a month earlier that the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country would be over long before when many health experts had predicted.As of December 2021, China has only added 40,000 additional COVID-19 cases to its total, which at the beginning of March 2020 had stood at 80,000 cases. Levitt has also raised concerns about potential damaging effects of COVID-19 lockdown orders on economic activity as well in increasing suicide and abuse rates, and has signed the Great Barrington Declaration, a statement supported by a group of academics advocating for alternatives to lockdowns which has been criticized by the WHO and other public health organizations as dangerous and lacking in sound scientific basis. Critics have expressed concern regarding Levitt's incorrect or potentially misleading predictions as well as his anti-lockdown positions, in part due to his status as a Nobel laureate and his large following on Twitter. Maia Majumder, a computational epidemiologist  at Harvard Medical School, stated that "<mask>tt has a huge, huge following, so this creates lots of problems when he’s tweeting something that may be misinformative." Randy Schekman, a 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, wrote of Levitt's expressed


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 positions that "in this instance, I believe he crossed a boundary from data to public policy where the impact of his word as a Nobel laureate has undue influence." Awards and honors
<mask> was elected an EMBO Member in 1983, a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2002, and received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, together with Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel, "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems". He received the DeLano Award for Computational Biosciences in 2014.He was elected an ISCB Fellow by the International Society for Computational Biology in 2015. Personal life
Levitt holds South African, American, British and Israeli citizenship. His wife Rina died on 23 January 2017. He is the sixth Israeli to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in under a decade. See also

QM/MM
Coarse-grained modeling

References

External links

1947 births
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Israeli Nobel laureates
American Nobel laureates
British Nobel laureates
Israeli bioinformaticians
American biophysicists
Structural biologists
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century British biologists
21st-century British biologists
British Jews
Israeli Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Jewish American scientists
Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School
Alumni of King's College London
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
Living people
Weizmann Institute of Science faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the International Society for Computational Biology
Computational chemists
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Annual Reviews (publisher)


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<mask> (21 May 1855 – 31 May 1926) was an Italian explorer, geographer, cartographer and naturalist. Biography
<mask> was the illegitimate son of <mask>, a land owner from Zerbolò, and a young seamstress, Teresa Brichetti. He grew up with his mother and used her name until his father recognized the paternity after a lengthy legal battle. In 1874 <mask> changed his family name to <mask>. <mask> enrolled at the faculty of Civil Engineering at the University of Pavia and then continued his education at the University of Zurich and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where he eventually graduated. He was a person of many cultural and scientific interests (ethno-anthropology, geography, geology, zoology, etc. ), with an excellent knowledge of languages, including German and Arabic, which he spoke fluently.He dedicated himself intensively to study and combat widespread slavery in Africa. A classic nineteenth-century explorer, he returned to his home in Pavia from his travels with a large number of objects and African documents. During his last trip to Africa in 1903 he freed a Somali bantu woman and her son from slavery and brought them with him to Pavia. He later legally adopted the boy, who took the name of Mabruc <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> died in Pavia in 1926. Travels and explorations
<mask> <mask> spent much of his time travelling to Africa. He was the first European  explorer to visit extensively the Horn of Africa region, also referred to as Benadir, to which he gave its current name of Somalia.In 1885 he travelled to Egypt, from where he reached the Oasis of Siwa in the Libyan desert. finds
In 1888 he travelled to Zeila in Somalia. He then crossed the Danakil Desert, and

masks:
Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti
Robecchi Bricchetti
Ercole Robecchi
Luigi
Robecchi Bricchetti
Robecchi Bricchetti
Robecchi
Bricchetti
Robecchi
Bricchetti
Robecchi
Bricchetti


texts:
 arrived in Harrar, Ethiopia, where he lived for several months and conducted a series of scientific studies . He collected many poems circulating in the region at the time including some that covered the sage Guled Haji and the demise of the powerful Sultan Hersi Aman. In 1890 he returned to Somalia where he explored the then unknown region of Hobyo. His journey covered an area of more than two thousand kilometers until he reached Alula, and is documented by a large number of maps and photographs that he put together during the trip. Between 1890 and 1891 he led an expedition to the unknown territory of Migiurtinia, where he produced significant cartographic and ethnographic observations.In 1896 he made a new crossing of the Libyan desert up to the Oasis of Siwa. His last known trip to Africa was in 1903. The scientific collection
<mask> <mask>'s collection of insects was initially assigned to a team of specialists (Charles Emery for ants, Raffaello Gestro for the beetles, Pietro Pavesi for spiders and scorpions, Paolo Magretti for wasps and grasshoppers, Arturo Issel for the shells, etc.). The reptiles were sent to the herpetologist George Albert Boulenger at the British Museum. As a tribute, Boulenger dedicated to <mask> <mask> a pygmy chameleon (Rhampholeon robecchii, now considered a subspecies of Rieppeleon kerstenii ) and an agama (Agama robecchii ). He was also honoured by the ichthyologist Decio Vinciguerra, who named a catfish  after him. (Clarias robecchii, synonym of Clarias gariepinus)

<mask> <mask> left a will where he donated the majority of his archive to the Ethnographic and Anthropological Museum in Florence and the Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and

masks: Robecchi Bricchetti Robecchi Bricchetti Robecchi Bricchetti


texts:
 Ethnography in Rome.The Natural History Museum, Pavia, received his photo-archive, his library and a selection of weapons and items collected during his thirty years of travels and explorations. The Robecchi Bricchetti Museum in the Visconti Castle (Pavia) is dedicated to him. Bibliography

Books

 All’oasi di Giove Ammone,  Fratelli Treves, Milan, 1890
 Tradizioni storiche dei Somali Migiurtini raccolte in Obbia, Ministero Affari Esteri, Rome, 1891
 I nostri protetti (i Galla), Marelli, Pavia, 1894
 Nell’Harrar, Galli, Milan, 1896
 Somalia e Benadir: viaggio di esplorazione nell’Africa orientale, prima traversata della Somalia per incarico della Società Geografica Italiana, Carlo Aliprandi, Milan, 1899
 Nel paese degli aromi. Diario di una esplorazione nell’Africa orientale: da Obbia ad Alula, Cogliati, Milan, 1902

Periodicals

 "Lettere dall’Harrar", in Bollettino della sezione fiorentina della Società Africana d’Italia, vol. IV, 1888, p. 243; vol. V, 1889, p. 57; vol. VI, 1890, p. 130
 "Lettere dall’Harrar", in Bollettino della Società Africana d’Italia, vol.VIII, no. I-II, 1889, pp. 35–38
 "Lettera dall’Harrar sul Borelli", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. III, 1889, pp. 27–40
 "Sulla via dell’Harrar", in La Riforma illustrata, vol. VIII (“L’Africa Italiana”), 1890
 "Da Obbia ad Alula", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. III-IV, 1890
 "Un’escursione attraverso il deserto libico all’oasi di Siuva, in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol.III, 1890, pp. 869–879 and 996-1008
 "Viaggio nel paese dei Somali", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. III, 1890, pp. 869–879 and 996-1008
 "Esplorazione di Obbia:


texts:
 rapporto", in Bollettino della Società Africana d’Italia, vol. IX, 1890, pp. 124–130, 204, 245-261
 "Gl’Isa Somali", in Bollettino della Società Africana d’Italia, 1890, pp. 15–19
 "Harrar: ricordi di viaggio", in L’illustrazione Italiana, vol.XII, 1890, p. 163 and p. 190
 "Harrar", in La Tribuna Illustrata, vol. I, no. 46, 1890, pp. 715–717
 "In viaggio per l’Harrar", in Nuova Antologia,  16 November 1890
 "Lingue parlate Somali, Galla e Harari: Note e studi raccolti ed ordinati nell’Harrar", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. III, 1890, pp. 257, 271, 380-391, 689-708
 "Ricordi di un soggiorno nell’Harrar", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, January 1891
 "La prima traversata della penisola dei Somali", in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, May 1893
 "Il commercio di Tripoli", in Memorie della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. VI, 10 April 1896

Additional References
 Ettore Fabietti, <mask> Bricchetti e la prima traversata della Somalia, G. B. Paravia, Turin, 1940
 Francesco Surdich, "L’immagine dell’Africa e dell’Africano nelle esplorazioni di <mask> Bricchetti", in Storia delle Esplorazioni, volume V, Bozzi Editore, Genoa, 1983
 Silvio Zavatti, Uomini verso l’ignoto: Gli esploratori nel mondo, Gilberto Bagaloni Editore, Ancona, 1979
 Gabriele Gregoletto, Pianeta Terra: Dizionario di navigatori, esploratori, scienziati e viaggiatori che, con le loro azioni o imprese piccole e grandi, contribuirono principalmente alla conoscenza geografica della Terra'', Cornedo Vicentino, 2004

References

Italian explorers
Italian geographers
19th-century Italian cartographers
People from Pavia
Explorers of Africa
Abolitionists
1855 births
1926

masks:
Luigi Robecchi
Luigi Robecchi


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<mask> (October 7, 1847 – June 3, 1931) was a Canadian-American businessman and real estate developer. <mask> is best known for helping create the Hollywood subdivision in Los Angeles. He is among those known as the "Father of Hollywood." Early life
<mask> was born in Toronto, the seventh and youngest son of <mask> and <mask>. He grew up in Flint, Michigan, and attended Toronto Business College. <mask> became a naturalized citizen of the United States in the 1870s. In 1887, <mask> married his second wife, Margaret Virginia Ross.Early career
<mask> moved to Chicago, where he owned a hardware store and candy store. He became interested in land development, became a land agent for the Rock Island Railroad and was elected to its board of directors. He plotted and organized towns in the Cherokee Strip, and when Oklahoma became a state in 1912 he "declined the first governorship." California

Hollywood

<mask> came to California in 1893; the next year, 1894, he established the HJ Whitley Jewelry Store in Los Angeles. Hollywood was then a rural settlement of eighteen families; <mask> envisioned Hollywood "as a thriving suburb of Los Angeles." He subdivided 400 acres of open fields and gardens into a residential section, and more families came here to live." <mask> became a major shareholder, with <mask> Otis and George W. <mask>, of the Los Angeles Pacific Boulevard and Development Company.He orchestrated the opening of the Ocean View Tract and construction of a bank located on the corners of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland. Whitely built the Hollywood Hotel on the same Hollywood and Highland corner, with George W<mask> as builder. Construction was completed in February 1903. The neighborhood of Whitley Heights in the Hollywood Hills originated as a residential housing development financed by Whitley. <mask>, along with Charles E. Toberman, has been called "The Father of Hollywood." The first reference to <mask> by that title was in 1905. Corcoran, California
<mask> took the lead in

masks:
Hobart Johnstone Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Joseph Whitley
Eleanor Johnstone
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Harrison Gray
Hoover
. Hoover
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley


texts:
 building the city of Corcoran, California.He purchased over  to start the development, and was able to control the town's development through an interlocking set of companies that he controlled. Whitley Gardens, California
<mask>'s last development was never finished. He bought thousands of acres and started the town of Whitley Gardens. It is about ten miles (16 km) east of Paso Robles, California. Around 1924, as Los Angeles Times columnist Lee Shippey put it:

<mask> became a Paso Robles enthusiast, after the waters had given him new strength. He bought 48,000 acres of ranch lands there and dreams of putting through one more great development project. He can't understand how fine fertile land with water on it, on a state highway and within reach of ocean winds can still be bought for around $50 an acre.It was said that <mask> had amassed "a private fortune running into the millions" but "most of this wealth dwindled in [this] one unfortunate investment at Paso Robles." Other projects
In 1905, he and others began the development of 47,000 acres of land in the San Joaquin Valley and 50,000 acres in the San Fernando Valley. In 1909 he formed the Suburban Homes Company, a syndicate, along with <mask>, H. G. Otis, M. H. Sherman and O. F. Brandt. <mask><mask> extended his Pacific Electric Railway (Red Cars) through the Valley to Owensmouth (now Canoga Park). The Suburban Home Company laid out plans for roads and the towns of Van Nuys, Reseda (Marian) and Canoga Park (Owensmouth). The rural areas were annexed into the city of Los Angeles in 1915. From about 1920 until his death, his company Whiltley Oil and Refining engaged in oil drilling in California.<mask> died on June 3, 1931 at the Whitley Park Country Club on Ventura Boulevard near Van Nuys. He was buried in the Hollywood Memorial Park Cemetery, today named Hollywood Forever Cemetery. On his crypt is inscribed "The Father of Hollywood". He was survived by his wife, a son and a daughter. Legacy
It is estimated that <mask> founded

masks:
Whitley
Whitley
Whitley
Harry Chandler
Henry E
. Huntington
Death Whitley
Whitley


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 more than 140 towns in his lifetime. The Hollywood Citizen said of him after his death: "He is remembered by the affectionate title which his community long ago bestowed upon him, the 'Father of Hollywood.'" He was identified with the founding of Home Savings Bank, the First National Bank of Hollywood, the First National Bank of Van Nuys, and the State Banks of Owensmouth (Canoga Park), Reseda, and Corcoran.<mask> donated large parcels of land and money for civic use. The donations were used to finance public schools, libraries, parks, landscaping, streets, transportation, lighting and churches. At the time of his death, he was practically insolvent, having lost heavily in real estate developments. Streets named after <mask> include:
Hobart Blvd
Whitley Heights, Los Angeles - a residential neighborhood, historic preservation overlay zone in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, CA. Whitley Avenue, Los Angeles - a north/south street, begins on Hollywood Blvd. in Hollywood, running to Whitley Terrace in Whitley Heights. Whitley Terrace - an east/west street, in Whitley Heights, Hollywood.Whitley Terrace Steps - goes from Milner Road to Emmet Terrace. Whitley Avenue - main street in Corcoran, California. References

Further reading
 Gaelyn <mask> Keith, The Father of Hollywood
 Newspaper article: "Will Subdivide Large Paso Robles Ranch," The Van Nuys News, March 16, 1926

1847 births
1931 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
American real estate businesspeople
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Toronto
California Republicans
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian real estate businesspeople
History of Los Angeles
History of the San Fernando Valley
Hollywood history and culture
Land owners from California
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Oklahoma Republicans
People from Corcoran,

masks: Whitley Whitley Whitley


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<mask> (; born 3 July 1974) is an Indian artist and a disciple of the Kuchipudi expert Smt. Manju Bhargavi. She is a performing artist, teacher of the Indian classical dance form Kuchipudi, choreographer, art curator, entrepreneur, and the founder of Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation Trust Bangalore. Early life and education
Sashindran started the classical dance form of Bharatanatyam at the age of 5 under the Gurus Kalamandalam Usha Datar and Dr. Savithri Ramaiah. From the age of 8, she started learning the Kuchipudi form of dance under the renowned Kuchipudi expert Smt. Manju Bhargavi and continued studying under her for three decades. She also trained with Guru Vempati Ravi Shankar on new innovations.Currently, Sashindran is creating finer nuances of the art-form with the Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation Trust, which she established in Bangalore. Career
Sashindran is a versatile artist of the Kuchipudi dance style who has practiced the art-form for close to four decades. She has received many accolades for her vivacious dance techniques and spellbound solo performances. She has also had lead roles in dance dramas and performed alongside her Guru on many prestigious festivals and occasions. The government of Karnataka's Kuchipudi textbook committee has incorporated her dance pictures into the Kuchipudi text book of that state. The First International Kuchipudi Dance Conference of North America, which was held in Houston and organized by Samskriti, invited Sashindran to render solo performances. She has conducted workshops and performances at Doha, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi.The Festival of India at Bahrain, organized by the Ministry of Culture,


texts: invited an ensemble led by Sashindran to perform. Sashindran has carved a niche for herself with original choreographic works that include numerous authentic solo repertoires, as well as features and dance dramas such as Shivaleela, Dakshayagnam, Jayadeva Dashavatharam, Agnijyotsna, PanchaNayikas, Sri Venkatadri Vaibhavam (Annamacharya TTD Project), Nadhi, Nandanar Charitam, and so forth. She teaches students In India, Europe, USA, Australia, South Korea, the UAE, and South Africa. Sashindran has also helped organize innovative dance festivals such as NatyaVedam, Natya Parampara Utsav, Guru Vandana, and the Art Cafe series. She has helped organize workshops, lectures, and demonstrations. She has received many awards such as the Best Kuchipudi Artiste of Karnataka from Yuvaranga, the Nritya Shiromani National Award at Cuttack, and the Sathyabhama Award from Kuchipudi danseuse Padmasri -Sobha Naidu at Visakhapatnam. Garden University honored her with the International Women Achievers Award, and she has also been honored by the Philanthropic Society of India and Nanma Kerala.She is an accredited artist of Doordarshan, an empaneled artist of the Festivals of India Abroad, a co-opted member of Karnataka NrithyakalaParishath, an interim faculty member at Alliance University, and an examiner at Reva University. Aside from dance, Sashindran is a law graduate with a PGD in industrial relations and personal management, a human resources specialist in the software industry, and an entrepreneur in Human Capital Management Services. She founded the company Karma Kreators which has successfully engaged with well-known startups and mid-sized companies


texts:
 like Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Samsung, MISys, Subex, Sasken, and others. She has also taken up social responsibilities as an Rotarian. Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation
The Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation, founded by <mask> Sashindran, is a non-profit trust intended to propagate and promote the Kuchipudi form of classical dance. The Foundation offers systematic training, including master classes in Bangalore and Calicut to cultivate artists of high caliber. The activities of the foundation include not only classes, workshops, performances, productions, and festivals but also other endeavors for the propagation of the art form devised by its professionally run advisory committee.The foundation now also holds master classes at Sri Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri’s Swathi Kala Kendram at Calicut, Kerala. Many veteran artists of Bangalore have attended. In 2014, the Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation held their first "Divinity in Kuchipudi" festival entitled Natya Parampara Utsav. The festival included eminent Kuchipudi artists such as the senior Guru of Kuchipudi Village. The Foundation produced the inaugural dance drama presentation "Agnijyotsna" about Queen Draupadi. It received rave reviews for its conception, lyrics, music, choreography, and presentation. This production also paved the way for new character innovation without deviating from the purity of the dance form.The youngest member of the academy, the child prodigy Lakshmika, was featured on the editorial page of the latest 2014 attendance book "Telugu Traditions". This book was written in part by Ashish Mohan Khokar and guest edited by Padmasri Ananda Shankar Jayant. Dance


texts:
 festivals

Natya Vedam Annual Dance Festival - 2012
<mask> Sashindran organized the Natya Vedam Annual Dance Festival 2012 on 18 and 19 May as a tribute to her Dance Guru, Manju Barggavee. The event was held in Bangalore and featured eminent artists of classical and contemporary dance forms. Natya Parampara Utsav - 2014 till date
The foundation has organized Natya Parampara Utsav for the promotion of the arts. For example, the event "Divinity in Kuchipudi" was held on 24–25 May 2014 at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Bangalore and featured eminent artists of the Kuchipudi dance forms. Awards and Credentials
Best Kuchipudi Artiste Yuva Ranga
Nritya Shiromani National Award
Sathyabhama Excellence Award
Nrithya Vilasini
Natya Kousthuba
International Women Achievers of Bangalore award by Garden City University
Honored by the Philanthropic Society of India
Honored by Exide Life Insurance Company Ltd
 Best Institution Recognition by Rotary International

References

External links

 Review by The Hindu
 Review by Narthaki
 Review by Highbeam
 Kuchipudi Parampara Foundation

Performance videos:
 Video of Agnijyotsna by <mask> Sashindran
Udaya News Channel
Bala gopala Tarangam Kuchipudi
Brocheva keerthanam Kuchipudi
Ganesha Stuti
Guruvayur Temple festival
Devi Stuti Ranjani Niranjani Kuchipudi
Kamakshi Stuti

Performers of Indian classical dance
Kuchipudi dancers
Bharatanatyam exponents
Living people
Malayali people
Dancers from Karnataka
Indian classical choreographers
1974 births
Indian female classical dancers
Indian women choreographers
Indian choreographers
Bangalore University alumni
Women artists from Karnataka
20th-century Indian

masks: Deepa Deepa


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<mask><mask> is a British-born engineer, humanist and human rights activist. He was president of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) from 2003 to 2006 and was for a time its main representative at the United Nations, Geneva. Early years

<mask> was born in London on 2 November 1947. He was educated at the Martin School, East Finchley and The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, an Independent school in Elstree in Hertfordshire, and the University of London where he read Engineering. He trained as an engineer with ITT in London working on the development of electronic systems, and the UK Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Orford Ness and Aldermaston where he was part of the team developing monitoring systems for the international Test Ban Treaty. After emigrating to Canada where he worked for four years with Canadian Marconi in Montreal on the design of airborne radar and navigation systems he returned to the UK as Chief Designer for Racal Research in Tewkesbury, pioneers in the field of Computer Aided Design. Metier Management Systems

In 1976, with three colleagues: Richard (Dick) Evans, Robin Lodge and James Miller, <mask> founded  Metier Management Systems in London, the first company to develop and market mini-computer-based systems for the management of large scale projects.Their first product, Apollo, launched in 1977, was the first Project Management System to run on a minicomputer but was limited to network planning and scheduling. It was joined in 1978 by a sister product, Artemis which incorporated cost and resource management, and became the world's first commercially successful relational database system. By the early 1980s, Artemis systems were in use in over 30 countries providing management information for some of the world's largest civil, aerospace, nuclear and military projects, including the construction of off-shore oil platforms, aircraft development, the construction of five military cities in the Middle East, the maintenance of the US navy fleets at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Yard, aerospace projects, nuclear power plant maintenance, and

masks:
Roy W
. Brown
Roy Brown
Brown


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 production scheduling in the UK and US automobile industries. From 1978 until 1982, as the business grew, Metier developed Artemis systems for other platforms including Hewlett Packard and IBM mainframes. From 1980 Metier embarked on an ambitious programme to develop their own RISC-based computer hardware and a complete software rewrite, to be called Artemis 2. By 1985 when the partners sold the company to the Lockheed Corporation, one of their biggest customers, Metier had 700 employees (of whom 70 were shareholders) and offices in 21 countries. World Population Foundation

<mask> moved to the Netherlands in 1984 where with his wife Diana he founded the World Population Foundation (WPF) to promote family planning: a major factor in improving the quality of life of women and families, and solving the problems of human development and rapid population growth in developing countries.By 1993 WPF had become one of the leading population advocacy organisations in Europe,  and in 1994 played an important role in the Dutch delegation to the International Conference on Population and Development, (ICPD), held in Cairo. In 1996, WPF became a founding member of Eurongo, the European network of NGOs working in the field of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Population and Development, an organisation first proposed in 1991 by <mask>, Sjaak Bavelaar (at that time Executive Director of WPF), and Ann Allport of CARE International. WPF played a significant role in persuading the Dutch government to treble its funding for population assistance in 1998, becoming the largest single donor to the UN Population Fund. In 1999 WPF became more widely known when it was chosen by the UN to host the Hague Forum on Population and Development. WPF continued to grow under the direction of Executive Director <mask> Meijer and by 2004 when he retired, had projects in 16 countries and had opened offices in Pakistan and Viet Nam, employing around 60 staff worldwide. In 1998 <mask> handed over the chairmanship of WPF to Nicolaas Biegman, former Dutch ambassador to the UN, but remained on the board until

masks: Brown Brown Wouter Brown


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 2012.

International Foundation for Population and Development

The family moved to Switzerland in 1987. On 1999, together with Christine Magistretti, Charles Riolo and Frederick Naville, <mask> became a founding member of the board of the International Foundation for Population and Development based in Lausanne Switzerland.Working with their partner organisation, the Centre for the Study of Social Change, CSSC, in Mumbai, India, IFPD created the WIN program, opening  20 clinics providing primary health care for mothers and their children, family planning, skills training and literacy classes for young women and girls in the slums around Bandra East. As of 2010, WIN was providing services to a population of over 80,000 people. International Humanist and Ethical Union

<mask> was brought up as a Methodist but became a Humanist when he met his second wife Diana. He became a life member of the British Humanist Association, the National Secular Society and the Council for Secular Humanism, but only became active in the Humanist movement after attending the 14th World Humanist Congress in Mumbai in 1999. He became a member of the IHEU Committee for Growth and Development later the same year and chair of the Committee in 2000. He was elected a vice-president of IHEU in 2001, and president in 2003. He served as president until 2006.Prior to the 50th anniversary of the foundation of IHEU, <mask> acted as co-ordinator of the project to update its founding document, the Amsterdam Declaration. The Amsterdam Declaration 2002 was adopted unanimously that year by the 15th World Humanist Congress and the IHEU General Assembly as "the official defining statement of World Humanism". As president of IHEU <mask> initiated a process of decentralisation with the appointment of a number of regional representatives to work closely with the more than 100 IHEU member organisations in over 40 countries. In 2004 in Kampala Uganda he inaugurated the launch of the African Humanist Alliance, uniting Humanist, secular and freethought organisations around Africa. Human Rights at the UN

Since 2004 <mask> has also

masks: Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown


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 served as IHEU Main Representative at the UN, Geneva, where he has worked at the UN Commission on Human Rights and its successor, the Human Rights Council. <mask> has prepared written submissions and spoken at the plenary sessions of the Commission and Council on issues as diverse as Female Genital Mutilation, the plight of the Dalits in India, slavery in North Africa, witchcraft and witch hunts in Africa, freedom of expression, the concept of defamation of religion, the incompatibility of the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam with the Universal Declaration, and the role of the Holy See in attempting to cover up the child abuse scandal and its failure to honour its obligations under the International Convention on the Rights of the Child. A Vision for Europe

In 2006 the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, announced plans to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the European Union with a declaration to be known as the Berlin Declaration that was to make reference to Europe's "Christian roots".The declaration was to be signed by all 27 heads of government of the European Union and would become the preamble to the proposed new European Constitution. <mask> proposed a campaign to challenge this potentially divisive idea which promised to neglect not only other faiths but Humanism, secularism and Europe's debt to the Enlightenment. IHEU agreed to work on a joint campaign, "A Vision for Europe", with the European Humanist Federation and the international NGO Catholics for a Free Choice to create an alternative to the Berlin Declaration, be called "the Brussels Declaration" to set out Europe's common heritage based on the values of the Enlightenment. <mask> was appointed co-ordinator of the campaign. The drafting process ran from October 2006 until January 2007 and involved hundreds of conversations and some 15 preliminary drafts. The Brussels Declaration was presented to the representative of the European presidency at the European Parliament on 27 February 2007, one month before the date of the anniversary celebrations, and addressed to all 27 heads of government with a

masks: Brown Brown Brown


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 plea that the values set out in the Brussels Declaration be incorporated into the Berlin Declaration. The campaign was successful.When the Berlin Declaration was promulgated on 27 March 2007, three heads of government refused to sign because the declaration contained no reference to God, religion or Europe's supposed Christian heritage, and the declaration was eventually signed only by Angela Merkel as president of the European Council, Hans-Gert Pottering, president of the European Parliament, and Jose Maunuel Barroso, President of the European Commission. The declaration was then incorporated as the Preamble into the daft of the European Constitution. One of the reasons for the success of the campaign was that rather than attempt to obtain a million or more signatures from ordinary citizens the campaign enlisted the support of 1000 leading Europeans including elder statesmen, religious leaders and Nobel laureates, all with considerable influence in their respective countries. One not entirely unexpected result of the campaign was that a furious Pope Benedict XVI declared that "Europe has lost its soul" and demanded an invitation to address the European parliament. When the invitation was eventually received however the Pope declined, stating that the Parliament had become "too secular". Awards

1999, with his wife Diana, Council for Secular Humanism "Distinguished Humanists" award

2006, the Free Press Prize of the Danish Free Press Society, together with the Norwegian-Pakistani comedian Shabana Rehman. The prize announcement stated that "<mask> has been a tireless advocate of free speech as part and parcel of human rights.He has thus made an invaluable contribution to the defence of the open society and freedom of expression." In 2008, <mask> received the IHEU Distinguished Service to Humanism award for, among other things, his work representing the IHEU at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva. References

English humanists
People from Finchley
Living people
1947 births
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
Free speech activists
Alumni of the University of

masks:
Roy Brown
Brown


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<mask> (9 September 1873 – 11 August 1908) was a Brazilian soldier, surveyor, rubber producer and politician who led the armed revolt during the Acre War of 1902–3, when the Republic of Acre broke away from Bolivia. He was the president of the state of Acre just before and after it was purchased by Brazil. After the war he became extremely wealthy as a rubber producer, and made many enemies. He was assassinated in 1908. He is considered a hero of Brazil. Early years
<mask> was born on 9 September 1873 in São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul. His great grandfather had served in the 1801 war in which the Missões territory was annexed to Rio Grande do Sul and his grandfather had fought in the 1820s Cisplatine War between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil.His father, captain <mask> da Fonseca <mask>, fought in Uruguay and in the Paraguayan War (1864–70). His mother was Zeferina <mask> <mask>. His father died when he was twelve years old, and <mask> <mask> had to work to help support his mother and six brothers. He took various jobs before joining the 1st Regiment of Field Artillery in 1889 at the age of 16. A few months later he enrolled in the Rio Pardo School of Tactics. In 1892 he returned to his regiment as a staff sergeant. The next year he entered the Porto Alegre Military Academy.<mask> was studying there at the start of the Federalist Revolution in 1893. He considered that the government of Marshal Floriano Peixoto was illegitimate, and direct elections should have been held to choose a new president. He joined the rebels and reached the rank of major. After the revolt was defeated in 1895 he refused the government amnesty and left the army. He stayed for a short time in São Gabriel, then moved to Rio de Janeiro, at that time the capital of Brazil. <mask> <mask> arrived in Rio de Janeiro in 1896. He was given a position at the

masks:
José Plácido de Castro
José Plácido de Castro
Prudente
Castro
de Oliveira
Castro
Plácido
de Castro
José Plácido
Plácido
de Castro


texts:
 Military College of Rio de Janeiro as an inspector of students.He lost this job due to a quarrel with a teacher, and by March 1898 was working with the Companhia Docas de Santos, which ran the docks in the port of Santos, São Paulo. Early in 1899 he accepted an offer from the engineer Orlando Correia Lopes to go to Acre to work on delimiting rubber concessions. At that time Acre belonged to Bolivia, but was mainly occupied by Brazilian rubber tappers. He began to work as a land surveyor, and soon fell ill with malaria. In July 1899 the Brazilians in Acre declared the Independent Republic of Acre. This was quickly dissolved by troops sent by the Brazilian government. Bolivia sent a small military mission to occupy Acre that was stopped by the rubber tappers.Silvério <mask>, governor of Amazonas, dispatched an expedition to Acre, known as the "Poets Expedition" due to the intellectuals among its members, which declared a second Independent Republic of Acre in November 1900. This time the republic was overthrown by Bolivian troops. The newspapers now reported an alleged agreement where Bolivia would lease Acre to an Anglo-American "Bolivian syndicate" for 30 years, and would send troops armed by the United States to defend the territory. The possibility of losing control of the rubber trade alarmed the merchants of Pará, who until then had not backed the Amazonas merchants in trying to displace Bolivia from Acre. Bolivian president <mask> Pando obtained approval from Congress for the syndicate plan on 21 December 1901. The news that a US concern backed by troops was taking over caused panic among the Brazilian rubber tappers in Acre. Acre revolution

Plácido <mask> was working in the Purus River area when he heard of the Bolivian government's leasing plan.At the start of 1902 he accepted an invitation from <mask> Carvalho and two other large rubber producers to

masks:
José Néri
José Manuel
de Castro
Rodrigo de


texts: lead a revolt against Bolivia. Plácido <mask> took a boat up the Acre river, ostensibly to conduct land surveys in the south but in fact carrying arms and ammunition. He stopped off briefly in Puerto Alonso (also called Puerto Acre, now Porto Acre) to meet the Bolivian governor Lino Romero and evaluate his future opponent. In the south he organised the rubber tappers and other inhabitants for the revolt. He then returned to Brazil, bypassing Puerto Alonso to avoid alerting the Bolivians. Plácido participated in the 1 July 1902 meeting at which the revolutionary junta was formed with a goal of obtaining the independence of Acre and then integrating it with Brazil. Although he argued for immediately attacking the garrison of 230 troops at Puerto Alonso, <mask> <mask> was persuaded to first take the outpost at Xapuri.He entered Xapuri with 33 men in the early morning of 6 August 1902 and captured the sleeping garrison without spilling blood. On 7 August 1902 he issued a manifesto proclaiming that Acre was independent. He planned to next take Puerto Acre, but news of an approaching column of Bolivian troops from the Orthon River caused many of his 200 men to desert. When the remaining 63 rebels were attacked at Volta da Empresa (now Rio Branco) on 18 September 1902 they were decisively defeated, losing half their number. The Bolivian commander, Colonel Rojas, issued a proclamation in which he called the rebels and their leaders cowards. As a result, Plácido's ranks quickly swelled to at least 500 angry rubber tappers. Rojas had lost men and was short of supplies.He made camp at Volta da Empresa and sent messengers to Puerto Alonso and Riberalta asking for fresh guns and ammunition. Plácido <mask> surrounded the Bolivian camp but failed to achieve surprise in an attack on 5 October 1902 and instead settled into a siege, digging diagonal trenches to close in on the

masks:
de Castro
Plácido
de Castro
de Castro


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 Bolivians. He invited Rojas to surrender on 9 October. Rojas held out for a few more days, then surrendered on 15 October and led his disarmed men back to Bolivia. On 14 October 1902 the rebels captured some of the outer defences of Puerto Alonso and the armed Bolivian launch Rio Afua, which they renamed the Independencia. Further successful fighting continued in the south against a column of Bolivian rubber tappers and a picket of poorly trained troops at Santa Rosa del Abuná. Plácido <mask> could not persuade his men to continue south to destroy the Bolivian base on the Orthon, and turned back towards Puerto Alonso.Lino Romero had failed to organise for defence. Plácido <mask> surrounded the town on 8 January 1903, and launched an attack on 15 January 1903 that soon petered out. By now Plácido had 2,000 men under his command. They started to dig zigzag trenches to the Bolivian lines. Eventually, with his forces exhausted and almost out of ammunition, Romero surrendered on 24 January 1903. Plácido <mask>'s leadership skills had played a key role in the success of the revolt, helped by supplies of food, ammunition and weapons from the great rubber barons of Acre. Later years

The Brazilian government sent troops under General Olímpio da Silveira to take control.<mask> <mask> went to Rio de Janeiro to report on the campaign to  <mask>, Baron of Rio Branco. On his journey he was acclaimed in Manaus and Belém, and received with honour in Rio. He declined an offer to become a colonel in the National Guard. In August 1903 Plácido was made provisional commander of the army of Acre and president of the territory of Acre. <mask> <mask>'s views were those of a caudillo rather than a democrat. He was not impressed by Brazil's lack of support for the revolt, and favoured an independent state of Acre. However, under the Treaty of Petrópolis of 17 November 1903 Brazil

masks:
de Castro
de Castro
de Castro
Plácido
de Castro
José Paranhos
Plácido
de Castro


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 formally acquired Acre for two million pounds sterling, ceded some land in Mato Grosso and undertook to build the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad  to allow export of Bolivian products via the Amazon River.Plácido remained leader of Acre until February 1904. After leaving office <mask> <mask> bought the Capatará rubber concession on credit, and also obtained property in Bolivia. He became a major landowner, culminating with the purchase on credit of the great Bagaço rubber concession. His rapidly acquired fortune earned him enemies. In June 1906 he was appointed prefect of Alto Acre, one of the four departments of the territory of Acre. He had to deal with various intrigues, including opposition by a former subordinate, Colonel Alexandrino <mask> Silva. He resigned from his post due to a disagreement with the government.On 9 August 1908, as he was preparing to return to Rio Grande do Sul, he fell into an ambush prepared by <mask> Silva. He was shot from behind, and died two days later. His dying words were recorded as, "Death is a phenomenon as natural as life. He who knows how to live will know how to die. I only lament that having had so much occasion for glorious death, these 'heroes' have shot me in the back." His body was taken to Porto Alegre and buried in the Santa Casa cemetery. Legacy
Plácido <mask> has become admired as a hero of Brazil.The municipality of Plácido de Castro, Acre, was created in 1963. Rio Branco has a Praça Plácido de Castro. <mask> <mask> was included in the Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom in Brasília on 17 November 2004 as the liberator of Acre. The Rio Branco International Airport was renamed the Rio Branco-Plácido de Castro International Airport in 2009. Notes

Bibliography

1873 births
1908 deaths
People from São Gabriel
People murdered in Brazil
20th-century Brazilian politicians
20th-century Brazilian

masks:
Plácido
de Castro
José da
José da
de Castro
José Plácido
de Castro


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Mian Hizabruddin, better known by his title <mask>, was a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held charge of Multan, Samana, and Sivistan at various times during Alauddin's reign. Associated with Alauddin since the latter's days as a governor of Kara, <mask> led a major division of Alauddin's army from Kara to Delhi after Alauddin assassinated his predecessor Jalaluddin in 1296. Along with Alauddin's brother <mask>, he led the army that invaded Multan to eliminate the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family. <mask>, along with <mask>, probably led the Delhi army that inflicted a crushing defeat on the Chagatai Mongol invaders at Jaran Manjur in 1298. Later that year, Alauddin dispatched <mask> to recapture Sivistan, which had been occupied by Mongol invaders. <mask> decisively defeated the invaders, and took their leader to Delhi as a prisoner.In 1299, he was killed in the Battle of Kili against the Mongol invaders led by Qutlugh Khwaja. Before being killed in action, he inflicted heavy casualties on the Mongols, which was an important factor in the subsequent Mongol retreat. However, his legacy was not recognized in the Sultanate's chronicles, as he had disobeyed Alauddin's orders in recklessly attacking the Mongols during the battle. Early career

Little is known about the early life of Hizabruddin <mask> <mask>. He was not a Turk and was likely an Indian Muslim. He Was born into an Arain family. The 15th century chronicler, Yahya, says that his original name was Yusuf, and also that he was a son of a sister of Alauddin.The 16th century chronicler `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni) calls him Badruddin instead of Hizabruddin. <mask> <mask> led Alauddin's forces even before Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi. After Alauddin assassinated his predecessor

masks:
Zafar Khan
Zafar Khan
Ulugh Khan
Zafar Khan
Ulugh Khan
Zafar Khan
Zafar Khan
Zafar
Khan
Zafar
Khan


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 Jalaluddin at Kara, <mask> <mask> led one of Alauddin's two contingents that marched to Delhi. The first contingent was headed by Alauddin and Nusrat <mask>; <mask> <mask> headed the second contingent that arrived in Delhi via Koil (modern Aligarh). After taking control of the throne in Delhi, Alaudidn appointed <mask> <mask> as Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of War). Siege of Multan

After establishing his power in Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate Jalaluddin's surviving family members, who were in Multan. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000-strong army led by his brother Ulugh <mask> and <mask> <mask> to conquer Multan.The defending forces, facing a certain defeat, surrendered after a short siege. <mask> <mask> was later given charge of Multan. Battle of Jaran Manjur

In the winter of 1297-98, Duwa, the ruler of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate, sent an expedition to the Delhi Sultanate. The army, led by his noyan Kadar, ransacked the Punjab region, advancing up to Kasur. According to Ziauddin Barani, Alauddin dispatched Ulugh <mask> and <mask> <mask> to check the Mongol invasion. Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau omits <mask> <mask>'s name, but Barani is probably correct. (<mask> <mask>'s name was omitted in the dynasty's official chronicles because Alauddin was unhappy with his reckless disobedience during the Battle of Kili).The Delhi army decisively defeated Mongols with on 6 February 1298 at Jaran-Manjur, a place located on the banks of the Sutlej River. According to Khusrau, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle. Siege of Sivistan

<mask> <mask> subsequently served as Alauddin's governor of Samana in the Punjab region. In 1298-99, a Mongol army (possibly Neguderi fugitives) led by Saldi invaded the Sindh region, and occupied the fort of Sivistan. At this

masks: Zafar Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan


texts:
 time, a large part of Alauddin's army had marched to Gujarat under Ulugh <mask> and Nusrat <mask>. In their absence, Alauddin dispatched <mask> <mask> to recapture Sivistan. Despite a barrage of arrows from the Mongols and despite not making use of any siege engines, <mask> <mask>'s army captured the fort using short ranged weapons like axes, swords, javelins, and spears.<mask> <mask> took Saldi and other Mongols to Delhi as prisoners. He was given charge of Sivistan. The victory established <mask> <mask>'s reputation as a brilliant general. According to the chronicler Ziauddin Barani, Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion just like Muhammad had established Islam. He compared his four brave and loyal generals (Alp <mask>, Nusrat <mask>, Ulugh <mask>, and <mask> <mask>) to Muhammad's Rashidun companions Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Barani also states that <mask> <mask>'s success at Sivistan made both Alauddin and his brother Ulugh <mask> jealous. According to Barani, Alauddin thought of sending <mask> <mask> away from Delhi, by ordering him to conquer and govern Bengal.Barani also claims that Alauddin and Ulugh <mask> made plans to blind or poison <mask> <mask>. Historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations. Death at the Battle of Kili

In 1299, a Mongol army from Chagatai Khanate, led by prince Qutlugh Khwaja, invaded India. As the governor of Samana, <mask> <mask> challenged them to a battle as they passed through Punjab, but Qutlugh Khwaja refused the offer, declaring that "kings only fight kings". He asked Zafar to fight under the banner of his master Alauddin at Delhi. The Mongols encamped at Kili near Delhi, and Alauddin personally led a force against the invaders. <mask> <mask> was given charge of the Delhi

masks: Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Khan Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Khan Zafar Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan


texts: army's right wing, which was supported by Hindu warriors.He was one of the five lead commanders of the Delhi army; the other four being Alauddin, Nusrat <mask>, Akat <mask>, and Ulugh <mask>. Alauddin's strategy was to delay the battle, as he was expecting reinforcements to arrive from his provincial armies, and hoped that scarcity of provisions would ultimately force the Mongols to retreat. He asked his generals not to make a move without his orders, but <mask> <mask> disregarded these instructions, and attacked one of the Mongol contingents. The Mongols feigned retreat, tricking <mask> <mask> and his cavalry into following them to an isolated location. After covering approximately 55 kilometers, <mask> <mask> realized that his infantry had been left behind, and he had only 1,000 horsemen left with him. Another Mongol contingent blocked his return to the Delhi camp. Finding themselves in a tough situation, <mask> <mask> and his companions determined that a return to the Delhi camp was not possible, and even if it happened, Alauddin would punish them for disobedience and cowardice.Therefore, they decided to die fighting. According to Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Qutlugh Khwaja offered <mask> <mask> an opportunity to surrender, promising to give him a bigger position at the Chagatai court than he held at the Delhi court. But <mask> <mask> refused this offer. According to the 14th century chronicler Isami, <mask> <mask> and his companions managed to kill 5,000 Mongols, while losing only 800. After this, <mask> <mask> put up a last stand with his 200 surviving soldiers. After his horse was cut down, he fought on foot, and engaged in a hand-to-hand combat with the Mongol commander Hijlak. He was killed by an arrow that bypassed his armour and pierced his

masks: Khan Khan Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan


texts:
 heart.The Mongols ultimately decided to retreat after two days, without any further action on the battlefield. Barani states that the Mongols retreated because of the terror that <mask> <mask>'s attack had caused among them. According to him, whenever their horses refused to drink water, the Mongols would ask them if they had seen <mask> <mask>. The actual reason for the Mongol retreat seems to be that Qutlugh Khwaja was seriously wounded in action. Legacy

Although <mask> <mask> was killed in action, Alauddin resented the fact that he had disobeyed the royal orders. Nobody in the Delhi court praised <mask> <mask>'s gallantry; on the contrary, Alauddin denounced his recklessness and disobedience. <mask> <mask>'s name was omitted in the subsequent royal chronicles written during Alauddin's reign.For example, Amir Khusrau's <mask>l Futuh makes no mention of him. While describing the military victories accomplished during Alauddin's reign, Khusrau completely omits the Siege of Sivistan which established <mask> <mask>'s reputation as a general. However, the battle is mentioned by the later chroniclers such as Ziauddin Barani, Isami and Firishta. In 1301, when Alauddin was at Ranthambore, a group of <mask> <mask>'s followers helped his officer Malik Hamiduddin suppress Haji Maula's rebellion in Delhi. After Alauddin's death, his son Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah bestowed <mask> <mask>'s title on Malik Dinar, who had earlier served as the Sultanate's master of the elephants (Shihna-yi pil). References

Bibliography

External links
 Mentions of <mask> <mask> in Delhi chronicles, as recorded in The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians (Volume 3)  By Sir Henry Miers Elliot

Alauddin Khalji
1299 deaths
Delhi Sultanate
Khalji dynasty
Year of birth unknown
Military

masks: Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Khanu Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan Zafar Khan


texts:
<mask> (2 March 1855 – 5 July 1948) was the inaugural First Lady of Panama serving from February 1904 to October 1908. She was one of the creators of the original Panamanian flag and a member of the separatist movement which fought for Panamanian independence from Colombia. She is known as the "Mother of the Nation" and in the corregimiento Parque Lefevre a school was named in her honor. In 1953, for the nation's 50th anniversary, a stamp bearing the likeness of her and her husband was issued by the government of Panama. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 March 1855 in Sahagún, Chinú Province, Bolivar State, during the time it was part of the Republic of New Granada to <mask> and <mask>. <mask>'s father was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for the Isthmus Department of Colombia and her maternal grandfather and his brothers were signers of the Declaration of Independence of Panama from the Spanish Empire. Her <mask> siblings included: Jerónimo (1847–1907), who wrote the National anthem of Panama; Ramona (1849-prior to 1919), who married the legislator Manuel C. Cervera; Emilia (1850–1938), mother of Edwin Lefèvre, who was a women's rights advocate and later a writer; José Francisco Ramón (1851–1852); José Francisco (1856–1956), who served as Mayor of the Isthmus Department and later a Superior Court Judge; Ricardo (1860–1907), who owned a Peruvian business; and <mask> (1864–?), who married Jose Guillermo Lewis Herrera. <mask> Ossa was raised in an era of rigid custom, where upper-class women were kept separate from society and trained in the arts of music and needlework, to prepare them for marriage and the domestic sphere. She attended a convent school in Panama City and was educated by private

masks: Manuela María Maximiliano de la Ossa Escobar


texts:
 tutors. On 6 February 1872, she married <mask> Guerrero, as his second wife. <mask> had a previous son, Manuel Encarnación <mask> Terreros, with his first wife, <mask> Jesús Terreros. The couple had two children, Raúl Arturo, who as an adult was attached to the Panamanian consulate in New York City and Elmira <mask>, who married William Ehrman, one of the owners of the Ehrman Banking Company. Independence movement

When the French company that owned the rights to build the Panama Canal went bankrupt, the United States bought the rights to build the canal in 1902.Contentious negotiations with Colombia led the United States to back the separatist movement in Panama, believing that negotiations would be more favorable to American interests from a small, weak newly developing state. To that end, <mask> traveled to New York in September 1903 to work out how the United States was willing to support their separation movement. He returned to Panama to put plans in motion and asked his son, Manuel Encarnación to design the flag for the new nation. The design was completed on 1 November and <mask> <mask> and her sister-in-law Angélica Bergamonta <mask> <mask>, Jerónimo's wife, purchased the blue, red, and white fabrics from three different warehouses in Panama City, so as not to arouse suspicion. Having secured sufficient fabric to make two flags, the women worked through the night on 2 November using a portable sewing machine to complete the flag. A third, smaller flag was made of the fabric remnants by <mask>, Angélica's daughter and the women were assisted by <mask> <mask>'s domestic helper, Águeda. The U.S. naval ship USS Nashville arrived on the coastline on 2 November.On 3 November 1903, word reached

masks:
Manuel Amador
Amador
Amador
María de
María
Amador
de la
Ossa
de la
Ossa
María Emilia
de la
Ossa


texts: separatists in Panama City, that General Juan B. Tobar, was landing with the cruiser Cartagena and merchant ship <mask>io from Colombia to the coastline near Colón. Leading a battalion of 500 soldiers, which included the Third Sharpshooter Battalion, Tobar was on the way to the capital. Fearing that if they were caught they would be executed, <mask>, along with José Agustín Arango, <mask>, and Manuel Espinosa Batista met to discuss the situation. Many of their colleagues decided to abandon the cause. <mask> <mask> suggested that her husband make contact with a trusted ally, Herbert G. Prescott, assistant superintendent of the Panama Railway, in hopes that Prescott could convince Superintendent James Shaler to help. Prescott was at the time, the fiancé of <mask> <mask> <mask> Bergamota, daughter of <mask> <mask>'s brother Jerónimo. When <mask> went to speak with Prescott, <mask> <mask> left and met with Arango and Espinosa, husband of her cousin, to reassure them that the plans were proceeding and convince them to remain steadfast to the cause.<mask> <mask>'s plan involved having Shaler convince Tobar to come to the capital, separating him from his troops. Once there, he would be captured and his troops bribed to return home. When the plan successfully concluded, one of the flags was hung from a balcony and the other was paraded through the streets on 3 November. Upon securing Panama's independence, <mask> was elected as the first constitutional President of Panama and <mask> <mask> became the inaugural First Lady. Their term began on 20 February 1904 and ended on 1 October 1908 with <mask> <mask> serving as the official hostess of the country. Her duties included providing official entertainments for

masks:
Alexander Bix
Amador
Federico Boyd
De la
Ossa
María Emilia
de la
Ossa
de la
Ossa
Amador
de la
Ossa
De la
Ossa
Amador
de la
Ossa
de la
Ossa


texts:
 dignitaries and meeting daily during the season with official guests. Choosing not to seek re-election, <mask> died soon after leaving office in 1909.After her husband's death, <mask> <mask> traveled between visits to various family members in the United States and Europe. She was a proponent of women's education and had a strong belief in religion as providing a moral compass to guide women. She lived in Paris until 1939, when she moved to Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1935, Flag Day was first celebrated in her honor on 4 November and in 1941, Public Law 60 was passed by the National Assembly of Panama to recognize her contributions to the nation. Death and legacy
<mask> <mask> died on 5 July 1948, in Charlotte and her remains were buried in Panama. She is known as the "Mother of the Nation" and in the corregimiento known as Parque Lefevre, a school was named in her honor. Of the three flags made for the independence, one was destroyed by repeated use.The small flag made by <mask> was either hoisted on the flagpole of the first steamer to leave Panama for the United States to announce the success of the country's independence or taken by <mask> to New York, where it was exhibited in a shop and later a museum, before its whereabouts became unknown. The third flag, which was retained by <mask> <mask> was later given as a gift to President Theodore Roosevelt and is believed to have been later donated to the Library of Congress. In 1953, for the nation's 50th anniversary, a stamp bearing the likeness of her and her husband was issued by the government of Panama. Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1855 births
1948 deaths
Flag designers
People from Panama City
First Ladies and Gentlemen

masks:
Amador
de la
Ossa
De la
Ossa
María Emilia
María Emilia
de la
Ossa


texts:
<mask> (June 1, 1903 – August 24, 1994) was an American actress, who appeared in Broadway musical comedies during the 1920s and 1930s before becoming a Broadway producer. Theater
Leaving New Orleans at the age of 16, she attended the Semple School. Yale University student Jock Whitney took her to the Richman Club where vocalist Helen Morgan heard her singing and encouraged her to attend auditions being conducted by Florenz Ziegfeld. Beginning with Have a Heart (1917). Fears performed in ten Broadway productions, including the Ziegfeld Follies of 1925. In Ziegfeld's No Foolin (1926) she appeared with Edna Leedom and the Yacht Club Boys plus a chorus line with Paulette Goddard, Susan Fleming, Clare Luce and Baby Vogt. By 1932, with Child of Manhattan (written by Preston Sturges), Fears became a Broadway producer.Her only motion picture appearance is the role of Gaby Aimee in The Lottery Lover (1935). In 1971, Louise Brooks, a former lover to Fears by her own account, wrote for Sight & Sound about meeting <mask> and W.C. Fields in 1925:
The fifth floor dressing-room lost its exclusive atmosphere when <mask>, who had also transferred from Louie the 14th to the Follies, decided to become my best friend. She was a darling girl, with a sweet singing voice, from Dallas, Texas. Her smooth chestnut-coloured hair was untouched by dyes or permanent waves. Instead of the expensive gowns of a Follies girl, she wore schoolgirl sweaters and skirts. Perhaps it was her whimsical sense of fun that attracted her to me. And what could be more fun than <mask>, the most popular girl in the show, becoming friends with its most abominated member--me?One night she crashed our dressing-room carrying a Wedgwood teapot full of corn whiskey and, knowing my literary pretensions, two disgustingly vulgar magazines, Broadway Brevities and the Police Gazette. A week later we were living together in the Gladstone Hotel off Park Avenue, where swarmed <mask>'s friends until September when she went

masks:
Peggy Fears
Peggy Fears
Peggy Fears
Peggy
Peggy


texts:
 on tour with the Follies and I went into The American Venus at Paramount's Long Island studio. It was through <mask> that I came to know Bill Fields. Before the matinée, at the Rosary Florist, she would select a bouquet to be wrapped in waxed paper and presented to Bill in his dressing-room. It touched his heart. Bill adored beautiful girls, but few were invited to his dressing-room. He was morbidly sensitive about the skin disease which inflamed his nose and sometimes erupted on his hands, making it necessary for him to learn to juggle wearing gloves.After several devastating experiences with beautiful girls he had decided to restrict his choice of girl friends to those less attractive whom he would not find adrift with saxophone players. Bill entertained <mask> and me with distinction. His bar was an open wardrobe trunk fitted with shelves, planted, as if it were an objet d'art, beside his chair. While Shorty, the silent dwarf who was his valet and assistant on the stage, went about preparing our drinks, <mask> and I would dance around Bill who sat at his make-up shelf, listening to our nonsense with gracious attention. Marriages and relationships
On June 19, 1927, she married Alfred Cleveland Blumenthal. As Broadway producers during the early 1930s, they co-produced Music in the Air, written by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II. The show had a run of 342 performances in 1932-33.Blumenthal earned $15 million during the first three years of their marriage. Fears purchased five Rolls-Royce autos and a $65,000 chinchilla coat, retaining only $300 in her bank account. The couple fought and split up. Eventually, they reunited and renewed their vows during three different marriage ceremonies. In 1950 Fears and Blumenthal separated permanently. Fears entertained in night clubs, and Blumenthal lived in Mexico. Although she had been married, Fears is described by those who knew her as having been bisexual or lesbian, primarily preferring the company of women in her

masks:
Peggy Fears
Peggy
Peggy


texts:
 private life.According to actress Louise Brooks, she and Fears were involved with one another, but Brooks never allowed herself to let the affair develop into a serious relationship. Death of mother
In 1938, her mother was found dead from gas asphyxiation. Real estate
Fears built Fire Island Pines, New York's original Yacht Club. Part of the construction was a cinderblock hotel which still stands today. She invested $10,000 and bought an inlet on Great South Bay. In 1959, she paid off the last of her debt on her property. It was then valued at $350,000.While a resident of Fire Island, she had a stormy romantic relationship with Tedi Thurman, famed in the 1950s as the sexy voice of Miss Monitor on NBC's Monitor. Thurman was interviewed about her life with Fears for Crayton Robey's documentary film, When Ocean Meets Sky (2003), which features Sara Ramirez as the voice of <mask>s. In 1966 she sold out her interest to John B. Whyte. Fears died August 24, 1994 at the age of 91 in La Crescenta-Montrose, California. See also
 List of caricatures at Sardi's restaurant

References

Sources
 Brooks, Louise. Lulu in Hollywood. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982.Charleston Daily Mail, "In the Wonderful World of Jim Bishop," Friday, September 2, 1960, Page 5. External links

 Louise Brooks and <mask>s

American film actresses
American stage actresses
American female dancers
American musical theatre actresses
American theatre managers and producers
Bisexual actresses
People from Fire Island, New York
Actresses from New Orleans
1903 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Bisexual women
LGBT dancers
LGBT musicians from the United States
LGBT businesspeople from the United States
LGBT people from Louisiana
20th-century American singers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
People from La Crescenta-Montrose, California
20th-century American women singers
Dancers from New York (state)
20th-century American dancers
20th-century LGBT

masks:
Peggy Fear
Peggy Fear


texts: <mask> (born 1959) is a Tanzanian writer, curator, critic, and artist. Merali began his artistic practice in the 1980s committing to social, political and personal narratives. As his practice evolved, he focused on functions of a curator, lecturer and critic and has now moved into the sphere of writing. Previously he was a key lecturer at Central Saint Martins School of Art (1995-2003), a visiting lecturer and researcher at the University of Westminster (1997-2003) and the Head of the Department of Exhibition, Film and New Media at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin (2003-2008). A regular speaker on ideas of contemporary exhibition making internationally, in 2018 he was the keynote speaker at the International Art Gallery of the Aga Khan Diamond Jubilee Arts Festival, Lisbon. As an exhibition maker at the Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Merali curated several exhibitions accompanied by publications which he edited, including The Black Atlantic; Dreams and Trauma - Moving images and the Promised Lands; and Re-Imagining Asia, One Thousand Years of Separation. <mask> was the co-curator of the 6th Gwangju Biennale, Korea (2006) and the co-curator of Berlin Heist or the enduring fascination of walled cities for the 4th Mediations Biennale, Poland (2014-2015).In 1988, <mask> co-founded the Panchayat Arts Education Resource Unit in and around Spitafields Market. The Unit's main function was one of collecting ephemera,

masks:
Shaheen Merali
Merali
Merali


texts:
 documents and publications. The collection provided research material aimed to illustrate the link between modern and contemporary art and activism through archival practices focused on the work of South Asian, Black and issue-based artists in the United Kingdom and internationally. The Panchayat archival material was donated and is now part of the Tate library's Special Collection in London. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1959 in Tanganyika, now known as Tanzania. His family left India and arrived to Tanganyika in the early 20th century as part of the British colonial campaign to explore to explore its colonial labour policy following its indentured labour policy. The South Asian labour was sent to East Africa to assist the further urbanisation and industrialisation of the East African territories.<mask>'s mother was born in Mombasa, Kenya, and his father was born in Mwanza, Tanganyika. A decade after the independence, <mask>'s family came to the UK as British subjects. Merali, then 11 years old, and his family settled in Borough of Enfield, North London. <mask> attended Arnos School and then later Southgate college. He then completed his Foundation Course in Art and Design in Barnet College. After graduating, he attended Gwent College of Education, now known as Gwent College, Newport, where he did his undergraduate in sculpture. After graduating, <mask> continued to live in Newport for a further year

masks: Merali Merali Merali Merali Merali


texts:
 during which he worked with young adults on community based projects, focusing on housing estates.Career
Merali emerged as an artist in the 1980s. In his early artistic practice his medium of choice was drawing, collage and batik. Work with batik enabled the artist to question the conventional distinction between "art" and "craft", by bringing the latter into the space of gallery exhibition dedicated to 'fine art'. Another convention that Merali battled with was one of batik's decorative functions: his artistic practice consistently revolved around personal, social and political narratives. From batik work, Merali shifted towards mixed media, video and installation art. Upon his return to London, Merali continued to work with young adults and children in formal and informal education sectors, including schools, community services and young offenders' centres. Eventually, with support of Haringey Arts Council, he organised a flexible workshop and gallery called One Spirit Batik Centre in Wood Green specialising in working with young adults with disabilities who had English as the second language.Between 1990 and 1991, Merali organised solo exhibitions of Chila Kumari Burman and Tam Joseph, as well as group exhibitions by artists from Soweto, South Africa and print makers from Havana, Cuba. He was consequently invited to exhibit his own work at the University of West Indies, where his one-person exhibition was


texts: programmed alongside a concert by Don Cherry. In early 1989, Merali met the curators and the directors of the forthcoming 3rd Havana Biennale, including Geraldo Mosquera and Liliane Llanes. They implemented Merali's proposal of participation of five Black and Asian artists, living in Britain but coming from a global diaspora, to be included in what was, until then, the dedicated Southern World biennale. Returning from Cuba in 1988, Merali organised the works of the five artists, Sonia Boyce, Allan de Souza, Pitika Ntuli and Keith Piper alongside his own work to be exhibited in the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in Havana, as well as at the Institute of Education, London. The experience in Havana formalised the working relationship of exhibition making and the possibility of archiving through curating. <mask>'s commitment to the community education presented itself with further opportunities: in 1988 he became involved with a group of artists, Bhajan Hunjan, Symrath Patti, Allan de Souza and Shanti Thomas, who initially met at the Slade School of Art to discuss the possibilities of an organisation in a self-funded way.<mask> and de Souza volunteered and became the responsible administrators of the Panchayat Arts Education Resource Centre. The organisation was involved with publishing, exhibitions and workshops, alongside its principal function of collecting the material as a record of those times. Panchayat focused on

masks: Merali Merali


texts: the growing connection of Black and Asian artists with a globalising art world, as well as documenting their expression relating to intersection between race, class, gender, policed sexualities and (dis)ability. In 2015, the Collection was donated as a gift to the Tate Library. Parallel to the research and archive activity, Merali curated Crossing Black Waters at the City Gallery, Leicester, which then toured to South London Gallery, Cartwright Hall, Bradford, Oldham Gallery and Museum, making it the first time that these spaces exhibited works by artists from India, Pakistan and its diaspora in the UK. Merali further curated Extreme Unction, HIV/AIDS, RACE/ ETHNICITY, the first exhibition of artists, including Paul Pfeiffer and Ken Chu, from the US and Canada who were exploring both activism and cultural framing of HIV/AIDS. The connection to artists from the US and Canada continued with the co-curation of unbound geographies/fused histories at A Space, Toronto and the Lethaby Gallery, London.In 2000, same year as when Panchayat won an open call for the Rich Mix Project, Merali co-curated Slow Release at Bishopsgate Goodsyard, London, which included new commissions by Edwina Fitzpatrick and installations by Dinh Q Le and Simryn Gill. Merali continued his work as an artist, participating in group shows, such as Out of India, Queens Museum, curated by Jane Farver, and Transforming the Crown, Bronx Museum of Art, curated


texts: by Mora Beauchamp-Byrd (see Artistic practice). With the development of curation as a practice and shows which were bringing him curatorial acknowledgement, the issue of artists being curators and vice versa emerged. Following publications, such as Eddie Chambers' Crowning folly in Art Monthly, Merali decided to avoid the possible collision of interests which can arise when curators are curating their own work. Unwilling to define others through one's own practice, Merali focused on the curatorial. By that time <mask> was already lecturing at Saint Martins's School of Art and University of Westminster, and in 2003 he was offered the position at Haus der Kulturen der Welt. Upon relocating to Berlin, Merali initially worked with a devolved programme of two large-scale exhibitions: DisORIENTation curated by Jack Persekian; and Body City with Geeta Kapour and Jyotinder Jain.During his five-year contract with HKW, in 2006 <mask> was granted permission to research and work with Professor Wu Hung on the 6th Gwangju Biennale. <mask> then spent considerable time between Berlin and Korea, researching and collaborating with the biennale staff, specifically looking at both Asian artists and artists working about Asia. The working relationship with Professor Wu Hung continued at the University of Chicago, where they co-curated Re-Imagining Asia – A Thousand Years Of Separation. Further, <mask>, Wu Hung and Christopher Philips

masks: Merali Merali Merali Merali


texts: worked together for the Berlin installation of the historic exhibition Between Past and Future, which had started at the ICP, New York, then toured to HWK, Berlin, and finally to the V&A, London. In 2008, after his contract with HWK ended, <mask> was asked to design and facilitate a new gallery in Berlin for the Bodhi Group, which had spaces in Mumbai, Singapore and New York. He worked with local technicians to create a larger gallery space alongside five other galleries which became known as the BodhiBerlin, which represented artists including Shilpa Gupta, Subodh Gupta and Jitish Kallat. <mask> then continued to work in Europe, Asia and America with exhibitions at the Tokyo Gallery, Budla Gallery, Kunstagenten Gallery, Berlin, Birla Academy of Art & Culture, Kolkata; Castrum Peregrini, Amsterdam; Brot Kunsthalle, Vienna; Arario Gallery, New York; Freies Museum, Berlin, etc.(see Curatorial Practice). In this period, <mask> predominantly works with artists from Iran, Palestine, India and its diasporas. In 2014-2015 he co-curated the main exhibition for the 4th Mediations Biennale, Poland. <mask> is the co-organiser, as part of the 1989 Collective, of the International conference 1989 This is Tomorrow—De-canonisation and decolonisation, at the Courtauld Institute. He has started writing his debut fictional novel in 2019, as well as co-editing for the first volume (of six) in a series contingently titled Artefacts of


texts:
 Solidarity— Critical Pasts, Impending Futures, for London-based MAPT (Merali and Pachkhédé Texts). Curatorial practice

1989-2003: Independent
1989

 Distinguishing Marks, Bloomsbury Gallery, Institute of Education, London. With Sonia Boyce, Keith Piper, Allan de Souza, Pitika Ntuli.Five Black British Artists, Havana Biennale, Cuba. First intervention by Black artists from Europe at the Havana Biennale. Including participation by Sonia Boyce, Keith Piper, Allan de Souza, Pitika Ntuli, a. 1991

 Siting Resistance, Embassy Cultural House, London, Ontario, Canada. Initiated by Jamelie Hassan, Ron Banner, with works by Sonia Boyce, Keith Piper, Allan de Souza, Pitika Ntuli. Group show from South Africa and Artists with (Dis)abilities, One Spirit Gallery, Haringey, London. One-person show by Chila Kumari Burman, One Spirit Gallery, Haringey, London.One-person show by Tam Joseph, One Spirit Gallery, Haringey, London. 1992

 Crossing Black Waters, City Gallery, Leicester; Cartwright Hall, Bradford; Oldham Art Gallery and Museum, Oldham; South London Art Gallery, London. Featuring UK artists: Said Adrus, Manjeet Lamba, Nina Edge, Bhajan Hunjan, Samena Rana; India artists: Anand Moy Banerji, Sushanta Guha, Arpana Caur, Sashidaran; Pakistan artists: Quddus Mirza, Anwar Saeed. Co-curated with Allan de Souza. 1993

 Forensic Fictions, ICA, London. Co-curated performance with Stuart Taylor . 1994

 Extreme Unction, HIV/AIDS, RACE/


texts:
 ETHNICITY, The Garage, Hoxton, East London.Performances and installations by Asian American artists Dan Kwong, Monica Chau, Paul Pfeiffer and Ken Chu / Scottish artist Alistair Maclennan. Screenings by Asian American film-makers at the National Film Theatre including Tran T.Kim Trang. 1995

 Samena Rana, Diorama Centre, London. Posthumous exhibition on (dis)ability and photography. Insurgent Voices, Gallerie 101, Ottawa, Canada. Asian American artists working with HIV/AIDS, RACE/ETHNICITY. Installations by Ming Ma & Ken Chu and video works by Tran T. Kim Trang.1996

 Creative Futures Festival, University of Westminster. Richard Graville, Commercial Gallery, London. Clare Robins, Commercial Gallery, London. Gender and its Multiplicities, Watermans Arts Centre, London. Video screening around masculinity. Featured artists: Ming Ma, ManAct, Michael Petry, Keith Piper, Sarbjit Samra. Co-curated with Jeremy Mulvey.1997

 Videobox, University of Westminster Gallery, London. Video works by Black and Asian artists from Panchayat's archive. Foreign Vienna, University of Westminster Gallery, London. Photographic record of the changing demographic population of Vienna. 1998

 Xenographic Views, Lisl Ponger, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, MA Space, London. 1999

 unbound geographies/fused histories, A Space, Toronto;  The Lethaby Gallery, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London . Featuring artists:


texts:
 Simon Tegala, Tanya Syed, Jin-Min Yoon, Enam Huque.Co-curated with Shelly Bahl and Marilyn Jung. 2000

 Slow Release, Bishopsgate Goodsyard, London. Site-specific commissions around the notion of the garden. Featuring artists: Edwina Fitzpatrick, Simryn Gill, Dinh Q. Le. Co-curated with Janice Cheddie, Sharmini Pereira and Sally Tallant. 2001

 Local Artists, AI-Saqi Bookshop, London, an exhibition of International artists living in London W2.Artists: Anna Thew, Robert Taylor, David Medalla, Caryle Reedy, Tina Keene. Co-curated with Mai Ghossoub. Martin, Spitz Gallery, London. Post graduate students, Central Saint Martins. 2002

 Ford, Oxford House, Ashley Gardens and 1&1, Three East London galleries. Post graduate students, Central Saint Martins School of Art and Design. 2006

 Aug 9th – Nov 11th.The Sixth Gwangju Biennale 2006: Fever Variations, First Chapter. Gwangju Biennale Hall, Gwangju. Chief Curator Wu Hung, with Curators <mask> <mask> and Binghui Huangfu and Collaborating Curator Jacquelynn Baas. Featuring artists: Lida Abdul, Lise Autogena & Joshua Portway, Thomas Bayrle, Dove Bradshaw, Chen Chieh-jen, Choi Jung Hwa, Choi Min Hwa, David Hammons, Hong Lei, Michael Joo, Jitish Kallat, Akio Kamisato/Satoshi Shibata/Takehisa Mashimo, Kim Jong-ku, Kim Sang Yoen, Sun K. Kwak, Dinh Q. Le, Lee Jong Sang, Lee Soo Kyung, Lee Ufan, Shu-min Lin, Armin Linke, Susan Meiselas, Rei Naito, Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba, Vong

masks: Shaheen Merali