texts:
 the issue and successfully putting pressure on the Government for adequate compensation for the men.In 1995, his health and energy undiminished, he was still pruning branches, perched on a ladder, from a tree in the garden of his home in Tadworth, Surrey, to some consternation of his third wife Jeannie. He was also involved on the fringes in the case for the release of Lee Clegg, a paratrooper imprisoned for murder after a shooting in Northern Ireland at the time of the troubles. Honours and awards
When he met the German commander of the battery in 1993 he admitted that he did not have the guts to refuse the proferred hand, but said afterwards that he could not forget his men, shot by the Germans as they hung helpless in trees. He shooed away picknickers from the battery, which is now a memorial and museum, declaring: "I don't like people eating and drinking where my men died." The citizens of Merville-Franceville-Plage in Normandy, France, decided to honour <mask> by the placing of a bust depicting him at the age of 29 at the time of D-Day and the assault on the battery. This was unveiled in the grounds of the Merville Battery Museum on 7 June 1997 by himself, Raymond Triboulet, a leader of the French Resistance during the war, and Olivier Paz, the Mayor. The bust was sculpted by Vivienne Mallock who had also created busts of John Howard, Bernard Law Montgomery and Richard Nelson Gale.There was a large family gathering to witness the ceremony and twenty-one people sat down to dinner that night at the Moulin du Pre, a local restaurant, converted from a farmhouse, coincidentally the same farmhouse against which <mask> landed on the night before D-Day. In 2001, he was awarded the Légion d'Honneur, and more recently had a new road near the battery named after him (Rue Colonel Otway). In 2007 his

masks: Otway Otway


type: original

texts:
 medals and beret were donated to the Merville Battery Museum by his wife, Jean. Visitors can now see the DSO and Légion d'honneur, along with a description of the battle by <mask> taken from a BBC documentary. Film and media
For the 50th anniversary, Mark Fielder produced a documentary called 'D-Day: Turning the Tide' in which Charles Wheeler, a D-Day landings veteran, visited the area of the Merville Battery and interviewed some of the protagonists, including Lt. Col. <mask>, and Raimund Steiner - the commander of the battery at the time of the assault. The documentary also features Maj John Howard who led the glider-borne attack on Pegasus Bridge. In 2004, for the D-Day 60th Anniversary programming, the BBC commissioned a drama-documentary entitled D-Day 6 June 1944 which included interviews with members of both the Allied and German armed forces, along with dramatisations of some of the key scenes.<mask> described the battle, and his character was played by Philip Rham. The film was later released on DVD. Notes
Citations

External links
 The 6th Airborne Division in Normandy
 The Merville Battery museum
 Obituary in the Telegraph
 Obituary in the Times
 Otway Family Tree maintained by <mask>
 Roll call: Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1989
 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1991
 9th Parachute Battalion Reunion Club Website

1914 births
2006 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
British Parachute Regiment officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys
People educated at Dover College
Royal Ulster Rifles officers
Operation Overlord people
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British expatriates

masks:
Terence
Terence Otway
Terence
Mark Otway
Terence B
H Otway


texts:
<mask> (né <mask>; born July 1909, Oberlin, Louisiana, United States – 1960) was an American blues pianist, vocalist, and songwriter. Career
From about 1954 to about 1963, <mask> performed at Jerry's Restaurant & Cocktail Lounge in Oneonta, New York, at 15 Dietz Street, in the Walnut Street Historic District. The restaurant was owned by Joseph G. ("Jerry") Monser (1926–1975), who opened it on August 5, 1954. The building was demolished in July 1970 to make way for a parking lot. Mark Bresee, et. al, purchased the property from Robert W. Melmer, his father, John J. Melmer, and his brother, John E. Melmer. Poet and academician Richard George Frost (born 1929) who, for a stint, had played drums with <mask> in a lounge in Oneonta described him as follows:
 <mask>, who had once been a house pianist for Decca Records, was a tyrant.The arrogant cuss seemed determined to derange me. He played in a fast, galloping blues-based format that often threw me. When he believed I had lagged or faltered, he would make unpleasant faces and groan loudly at his honky drummer. Selected discography
 Original releases
 <mask> <mask> and His Kentucky Boys, Decca Records
 <mask>

masks:
Ollie Shepard
Oliver Shepard
Shepard
Shepard
Ollie
Ollie
Shepard
Ollie


texts:
 <mask> (vocalist), Chu Berry (tenor sax), Sammy Price (piano), (unknown) (drums)

Decca 7400
Side X – C91348: "Honey Bee" (1937)
Side X – C91350: "Sweetheart Land" (1937)

Decca 7408
Side X – C91349: "No One To Call You Dear" (1937)
Side X – C91347: "She Walks Like A Kangaroo" (1937)

Decca 7463
Side X – 63514-A: "What's Your Guess?" (1938)
Side X – 63510-A: "Good Woman"  (1938)

Decca 7665
Side X – 65975-A: "Baby It's My Time Now" (1939)
Side X – 65973-A: "King of All Evil"

Decca 7480
Side X – 63513-A: "Biscuit Rolling Time" (1938)
Side X – 63515-B: "Hope You Haven't Forgotten Me" (1938)

Decca 7508
Side X – 63796-A: "Frankenstein Blues" (1938)
Side X – 63795-A: "Little Pigmeat" (1938)

Decca 7435
Side X – 63512-A: "Drunk Again" (1938)
Side X – 63507-A: "One Woman Blues" (1938)

Decca 7651
Side X – 65971-A: "Don't You Know?" 1; 28 October 1937 to 18 April 1939;
 Vol. 2; 18 April 1939 to 2 May 1941;

Selected compositions

 "It's A Low Down Dirty Shame" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub.Co.

 "Sweetheart Land" (1938)
 State Street Music Pub. Co.
 "I'm Going Back To Kokomo" (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Exactly What I Need"

masks: Shepard Ollie


texts:
 (1943)
 <mask> Shephard (sic) (w&m)
 Charling Music Corp.
 "Good Old Tennessee" (1944)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Take Everything There Is" ("But Leave Me You") (1944)
 <mask> <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Tee Nay" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> Shepard & Sammy Gallop (w&m)
 Charles K. Harris Music Pub. Co., Inc.
 "Stepping Out" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "That's What True Love Can Do" (1956)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Peer International Corp.
 "I'll Never Make You Blue" (1957)

 "Hot Dawg" (1957)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Desired Music, Inc.
 "Now I Know" (1959)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 Cincinnati: Jay & Cee Music Corp.

 "If You Want Me To" (1960)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "Sweetheart" (1960)
 "You Care" (1960)

 "Jitterbugs Broke It Down" (1967)
 <mask> <mask> (w&m)
 "My Babe Is Gone" (1957)
 "Sweetie Pie" (1957)
 "Regardless" (1957)
 "You Better Believe It" (1957)

References

1909 births
American blues pianists
American male pianists
People from Oberlin, Louisiana
African-American jazz pianists
20th-century American pianists
1960 deaths
Jazz musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century

masks: Ollie Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepardllie Shepard Ollie Shepardllie Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard Ollie Shepard


texts:
<mask> (born December 13, 1930) is an American businessman and philanthropist, best known as the founder of Pilot Corporation, which operates a chain of convenience stores and travel centers throughout the United States and Canada, and is one of the largest privately owned companies in the United States. <mask> is also a donor for the University of Tennessee, having provided tens of millions of dollars to the school over several decades. <mask>'s son <mask> is the current owner of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns and Major League Soccer's Columbus Crew, and his other son Bill is a former Governor of Tennessee. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in 1930 in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Melitta (Fry) and <mask>. His father was a World War I veteran who was, at the time, working for the Studebaker Corporation. The family lived for a time in Pennsylvania before moving to St. Petersburg, Florida. <mask> was a star football player at St. Petersburg High School, and had offers to play at several colleges.He eventually chose the University of Tennessee, following a recruiting visit from legendary U.T. coach Robert Neyland. <mask> enrolled at the University of Tennessee in 1948. During the Volunteers' 1951 national championship season, he was a starter on an offensive line that helped his Sigma Chi fraternity brother, Hank Lauricella, to an All American season and a second-place finish in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. <mask> was a captain on the 1952 team, but missed the last few games of the season due to eligibility issues. Following graduation, <mask> joined the United States Army, with the commission of Second Lieutenant. He spent several months in Korea following the 1953 armistice that ended combat operations in the Korean War.After returning to Tennessee, he turned

masks:
James Arthur Haslam II
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
James Arthur Haslam
Jim
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam


texts:
 down an offer to coach the South Pittsburg High School football team, and instead joined LaFollette, Tennessee-based Fleet Oil. After about a year, Fleet president Sam Claiborne appointed <mask> head of the company's new Sail Oil chain of stations. Pilot
In 1958, <mask> left Sail Oil to start his own company, having made an agreement with Claiborne that he would not compete in East Tennessee for three years. On October 9, 1958, <mask> and his first wife, Cynthia, incorporated Pilot Oil Corporation, the name of which was inspired by an insurance ad <mask> had seen while traveling in North Carolina. One month later, the company purchased its first filling station in Gate City, Virginia, for $6,000. This first station had four fuel pumps, and sold cigarettes and soft drinks. While waiting for his non-compete agreement with Fleet Oil to expire, <mask> focused on the Virginia and Kentucky areas.A former Pilot board member and early associate of <mask>, <mask>, later recalled that Haslam would sometimes spend days driving around a city, analyzing its traffic patterns, before deciding on a new location for a filling station. By 1965, Pilot had grown to a dozen stations, but was struggling with debt, and thus sold a 50% stake in the company to Marathon Oil. Marathon provided Pilot with a consistent supply of source oil and a $4 million loan, which allowed the company to further expand. In 1974, <mask>'s wife, Cynthia, died suddenly, and his eldest son, <mask>, then a student at U.T., took her place on the company's board of directors. Shortly afterward, Pilot expanded into the convenience store market. In 1981, Pilot opened its first travel center in Corbin, Kentucky, a move inspired by a visit to fellow U.T. alum Ken Pritchard, who was operating a travel center in Slidell, Louisiana.As Marathon

masks:
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy Smith
Haslam
Jimmy


texts: began to complain about Pilot's expansion efforts, <mask> bought out Marathon's share of the company in 1988. In 1994, Pilot acquired 11 Pro Stop stations, making it the nation's second-largest truck stop chain. By 1995, Pilot was operating over 80 travel centers in 33 states and 51 convenience stores in Tennessee and Virginia, and employed over 4,000 people. That year, <mask>'s son, <mask>, moved up to CEO, while his other son, Bill, moved up to president. <mask> became the company's chairman. In 2001, Pilot partnered with Marathon-Ashland to form Pilot Travel Centers, LLC. In 2003, Pilot bought 60 locations from Williams' Travel Centers for $189 million.By 2008, Pilot was the nation's largest operator of travel centers, with locations in 40 states and Canada, and was the nation's largest seller of over-the-road diesel fuel. That year, Pilot bought out Marathon's share of Pilot Travel Centers for $700 million, and in turn, sold a 47.5% stake to CVC Investments. In 2010, Pilot Travel Centers merged with the bankrupt truck stop chain, Flying J, to form Pilot Flying J. This new company operates over 550 locations in 23 states and Canada, and employs over 23,000 people. <mask> has been involved in politics in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Pilot is headquartered, both in an active role, and as a Republican Party fundraiser. He was a fundraiser for both Senator Howard Baker in the 1960s and President Gerald Ford in the 1970s. He was also appointed chairman of the Knox County Public Building Authority in the early 1970s.As chairman of this group, <mask>, a long-time proponent of metropolitan government, spearheaded the initiative to build the Knoxville City-County Building. In 1999, Knox County declined to reappoint <mask> to the Public Building Authority, which some interpreted as revenge for his

masks:
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Politics Haslam
Haslam
Haslam


texts:
 support of a failed metropolitan government initiative the previous year. In 2002, <mask>'s son, Bill, ran for mayor of Knoxville, bringing greater public scrutiny to the <mask> family. His opponent in the race, Madeline Rogero, consistently tried to portray Bill as a puppet of his father and the region's oil interests, which Bill staunchly denied. She also blamed <mask> for UT's hiring of controversial president, John Shumaker, in 2002. During Bill's 2010 gubernatorial campaign, his opponents consistently brought up price-gouging allegations levied against Pilot in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. In 2006, Chattanooga mayor Bob Corker, a former college roommate of <mask> and long-time family friend, was elected to the United States Senate.<mask> was the financial manager for his campaign. <mask> was the Tennessee state co-chairman for the 2012 presidential campaign of Republican candidate Mitt Romney. Philanthropy
<mask> serves on the University of Tennessee's board of trustees and has donated tens of millions of dollars to the school and its athletic programs over the years. In 2002, the football team's new practice field was named "<mask> Field" in his honor. The <mask> family's gift of $32.5 million in 2006 represents the school's largest gift ever. Part of this money was used to construct the new College of Business building, the James A. Haslam II Business Building, and part will be used to construct a new building for the School of Music, which will be named for <mask>. The money will also support construction of the Baker Center and renovations to Neyland Stadium.The <mask>s are also major donors to numerous Knoxville-area institutions, including the Knoxville Museum of Art, the Knox-Area Rescue Ministries, the East Tennessee Historical Society, the Foothills Land Conservancy, the Boys

masks:
Haslam
Haslam
Jim
Jim
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Natalie Haslam
Haslam


texts:
 and Girls Club, United Way, St. John's Episcopal Church, and the Knoxville Zoo. In 2006, three of the zoo's newborn lion cubs were named Ann, Bill, and <mask>, in honor of <mask>'s children. The Knoxville alternative newspaper, Metro Pulse, has dubbed <mask> "Knoxville's most conspicuous philanthropist." In 2014, the University of Tennessee announced that its College of Business would be renamed honor of Haslam after the family donated $50 million to the university. <mask> married Cynthia Allen in 1953. They have three children: James "<mask>" <mask> III (born 1954); <mask> Bailey (born 1956); and <mask> (born 1958). After his first wife died, <mask> married his long-time friend, Natalie Leach Tucker, in 1976.Through her, he has three stepchildren, Jennie McCabe, Susan Robie, and Carol Pattison. Bill is a former governor of Tennessee, sworn on January 15, 2011, and previously served as the mayor of Knoxville, 2003–2011. <mask>'s son, James III (<mask>), resigned as CEO of Pilot in September 2012 but resumed his role as CEO in February 2013. He also owned a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers, but made preparations to sell it in order to accommodate his purchase of the Cleveland Browns franchise in August 2012. References

External links
 Video of the James II and <mask> speaking about their donation to UT
 Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame

1930 births
Living people
American businesspeople in the oil industry
American retail chief executives
American philanthropists
American transportation businesspeople
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Businesspeople from Detroit
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
People from St. Petersburg, Florida
St. Petersburg High School alumni
Tennessee Volunteers football players
University of Tennessee alumni
University of Tennessee

masks:
Jimmy
Haslam
Haslam
Family Haslam
Jimmy
Haslam
Ann Haslam
Bill Haslam
Haslam
Haslam
Jimmy
Natalie Haslam


texts:
<mask> (September 19, 1897 – April 2, 1980) was an American journalist who was editor-in-chief of the Cleveland Press, a now-defunct daily newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1928 until his retirement in 1966. As editor of the Press, Seltzer became one of the most powerful and most well-known citizens of Cleveland, earning the nickname "Mr. Cleveland". Under Seltzer's leadership, the Press gained the largest circulation of any newspaper in Ohio and cultivated a reputation as a "fighting paper" that "fought like hell for the people". As editor of the Press, Seltzer emphasized the public service aspect of the paper and "vigorously developed the notion that his reporters were watchdogs for the public over political and governmental affairs". He also gained a reputation as a "kingmaker" for his successful sponsorship of numerous local politicians, including Cleveland mayors Anthony Celebrezze and Frank J. Lausche, who later became governor of Ohio and a U.S. senator. Seltzer was the subject of both glowing praise and harsh criticism, particularly for his extensive coverage of the trial of Sam Sheppard. Early life and career
<mask> was born on September 19, 1897, in Cleveland, Ohio, on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River.Seltzer's father, Charles Alden <mask>, was "a frequently unemployed carpenter and a totally unsuccessful writer of romantic short stories". The family lived in poverty during Seltzer's early years; when Seltzer was 12 and in the sixth grade, he dropped out of school to work as an office boy at The Cleveland Leader. Although his father started to earn money as a writer about a year later, by then Seltzer was successful enough at his own job that he refused to quit and return to school.

masks:
Louis Benson Seltzer
Seltzer
Seltzer


texts:
 At the age of 14, Seltzer met Marion Elizabeth Champlan, and the pair were married when they were both 18. Shortly after getting married, Seltzer moved to the Cleveland News to work as a reporter, but was fired shortly thereafter. After a short enlistment in the Army, Seltzer was hired by the Cleveland Press as a police reporter, and became a city editor in 1916. However, Seltzer felt he lacked the experience for the position and resigned after three months, switching to the role of political editor.Editorship of the Cleveland Press

Seltzer became editor of the Cleveland Press in 1928. During his editorship of the Press, Seltzer became one of the most well-known and most powerful people in the city, earning the nickname "Mr. Cleveland". Under his leadership the Press gained the largest circulation of any newspaper in Ohio, and cultivated a reputation as an advocate for its readers. Seltzer described the Press under his leadership as a "fighting paper" that "fought like hell for the people". During his editorship, Seltzer was the subject of "glowing" profiles in the national media, which emphasized his civic mindedness, his flamboyant public persona, and the freewheeling atmosphere of the Press newsroom. More recently, Seltzer has received both unfettered praise, and some criticism for his handling of certain stories, particularly the Sheppard trial. Community involvement and advocacy

Seltzer emphasized the public service aspect of the Press and was personally involved in numerous civic and charitable endeavors.According to <mask>'s obituary in The Wall Street Journal, "With Mr. Seltzer at the helm, the Cleveland Press played an important part in bringing the city such things as downtown


texts:
 redevelopment, a municipal zoo, bridges, highways and parks along what was once a dilapidated Lake Erie waterfront". "Kingmaker": Political activities
As editor of the Cleveland Press, "Seltzer vigorously developed the notion that his reporters were watchdogs for the public over political and governmental affairs". According to a 1950 profile of him in LIFE magazine, "No crook in public office has slept well in <mask>'s regime, although many a crook in private pursuits has doubtless slept like a baby". According to later writer James Neff, "When local government did not function, the Press struck with editorial might, even if it meant using a sledgehammer to crush a gnat. Overkill could be rationalized because the cause was just, for the little guy. Anyone who tried to play outside these rules or who was perceived as looking down on his mostly blue-collar readers, Seltzer enjoyed taking down a peg". Seltzer also gained a reputation as a "kingmaker" for his use of the paper's influence to help the careers of numerous local politicians, including "Frank J. Lausche, who served as mayor of Cleveland, governor of Ohio and a U.S. senator, Cleveland mayor Anthony Celebrezze, Thomas A<mask>, also mayor and then a U.S. senator, and Supreme Court Justice Harold H<mask>".According to a 1950 LIFE profile of Seltzer, "No civic campaign can get off the ground without his support, although no worthy cause... ever lacks it. For more than a decade nobody has been elected mayor or carried Cuyahoga County for governor without the backing of the Press". Coverage of Sheppard murder

In July 1954, when Sam Sheppard, a Bay Village doctor, was accused of murdering his wife, the Cleveland Press published a series of

masks:
Louis Seltzer
. Burke
. Burton


texts: front-page editorials, some written by Seltzer himself, alleging Sheppard's guilt and pushing for swift, punitive action from the local authorities. The stream of editorials began with the July 20 article "Somebody Is Getting Away With Murder", written by Seltzer himself. The following day, the Press published another front-page editorial, addressed directly to County Coroner Sam Gerber: "Why No Inquest? Do It Now, Dr. Gerber". A few hours after the editorial was published, Gerber ordered an inquest.And on July 30, the Press published an editorial entitled "Quit Stalling – Bring Him In". Sheppard was arrested on a murder charge that evening. <mask> and the Press later received harsh criticism for their handling of the case. Federal district judge Carl A. Weinmann, in his 1964 ruling that Sheppard did not receive a fair trial, partially blamed the media, particularly the Press: "If ever there was a trial by newspaper, this is a perfect example. And the most insidious example was the Cleveland Press. For some reason that newspaper took upon itself the role of accuser, judge and jury". The United States Supreme Court ruled on June 6, 1966 in Sheppard v. Maxwell that Sheppard did not receive a fair trial because of the negative publicity he received in the press.F. Lee <mask>, one of Sheppard's lawyers, later wrote that "Seltzer used his newspaper like a club, ordering politicians around like minions and intimidating everyone who disagreed with him. If Seltzer was roused, he would spread a personally penned editorial across eight columns of his newspaper, seeking to grind some unfortunate dissident under his heel". Seltzer defended the Cleveland Press and his own personal involvement in the case in

masks: Seltzer Bailey


texts:
 his 1956 memoir The Years Were Good. Seltzer argued that he was convinced the Sheppard family was involved in a conspiracy to get away with murder and that he personally wrote the editorials, instead of passing them off to one of his employees, out of concern for the safety of his staff. Later life and death
Seltzer published his memoir, The Years Were Good, in 1956. The memoir, which Seltzer published himself, is written in the "rags to riches" mold of Horatio Alger in that it emphasizes Seltzer's rise from relative poverty to professional success via persistent hard work. After retiring as editor of the Press in 1966, Seltzer occasionally wrote columns for suburban newspapers and also published a collection of character sketches, Six and God (1966).He continued to associate with more than 50 organizations and was on the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board from 1956 to 1968. When <mask>'s wife died in 1965 he moved in with his daughter, Shirley Cooper, in Rocky River, Ohio. When Cooper and her husband moved to Spencer in Medina County in 1973, Seltzer moved with them. Seltzer died in his daughter's house on April 2, 1980 at the age of 82. Seltzer's living relatives at the time of his death included his daughter, two siblings, four grandchildren and one great-grandchild. His son, Chester E<mask>, who was also a journalist and writer, had died in 1971. References

External links
The Years Were Good, Seltzer's 1956 memoir, archived on The Cleveland Memory Project
Seltzer, Louis B, entry in The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History

1897 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Cleveland
Journalists from Ohio
People from Medina County, Ohio
People from Rocky River, Ohio
20th-century American journalists
American male

masks:
Seltzer
. Seltzer


texts:
<mask><mask><mask>. (February 27, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an interrogation specialist for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), best known for his experiments with plants using a polygraph instrument in the 1960s which led to his theory of primary perception where he claimed that plants feel pain and have extrasensory perception (ESP), which was widely reported in the media. These claims have been rejected by the scientific community. Biography
He was born in Lafayette Township, New Jersey on February 27, 1924. <mask> began his career as an Interrogation Specialist with the CIA, and went on to become Chairman of the Research and Instrument Committee of the Academy for Scientific Interrogation. He is the former director of the Backster School of Lie Detection in San Diego, California and was a polygraph instructor before his experiments on plants. He got a D.Sc. in Complementary Medicine from Medicina Alternativa in 1996 and was on the faculty of the California Institute for Human Science Graduate School and Research Center founded by Hiroshi Motoyama which is unaccredited.He wrote the book Primary Perception — Biocommunication with Plants, Foods, and Human Cells which describes 36 years of his work and was published in 2003. He died on June 24, 2013, after a prolonged illness. <mask> founded the CIA's polygraph unit shortly after World War II. The Backster School of Lie Detection is located in San Diego, California. The school was founded in New York City in 1960, shortly after <mask> left his position with the Central Intelligence Agency. It trains policemen to use the polygraph or "lie detector" test. Primary perception

Findings
<mask>'s study of plants began in the 1960s, and he reported observing that a polygraph instrument attached to a plant leaf registered a change in electrical resistance when the plant was harmed or even threatened with harm.His work was inspired by the research of physicist Jagadish Chandra Bose, who claimed to have discovered that playing certain kinds of music in the area where plants grew caused them to grow faster. Bose used a crescograph to measure plant response to various stimuli and demonstrated feeling in plants. From the

masks:
Grover Cleveland "
Cleve
" Backster Jr
Backster
Backster
Backster
Backster


texts:
 analysis of the variation of the cell membrane potential of plants under different circumstances, he hypothesized that plants can "feel pain, understand affection etc" and wrote two books about it in 1902 and 1926. In February 1966, <mask> attached polygraph electrodes to a Dracaena cane plant, to measure at first the time taken for water to reach the leaves. The electrodes are used to measure galvanic skin response and the plant showed readings which resembled that of a human. This made <mask> try different scenarios, and the readings went off the chart when he pictured burning the leaf, because according to him, the plant registered a stress response to his thoughts of harming it. He conducted another similar experiment where he observed a plant's response to the death of a brine shrimp in another room; his results convinced him that plants demonstrated telepathic awareness.He argued that plants perceived human intentions, and as he began to investigate further, he also reported finding that other human thoughts and emotions caused reactions in plants, which could be recorded by a polygraph instrument. He termed the plants' sensitivity to thoughts "Primary Perception", and published his findings from the experiments in the International Journal of Parapsychology in 1968. Soviet scientists invited <mask> to the first Psychotronic Association conference in Prague in 1973 and his paper was entitled "Evidence of Primary Perception at a Cellular Level in Plant and Animal Life". After 1973, he further experimented on yoghurt bacteria, eggs and human sperm and he claimed his results showed "primary perception" could be measured in all living things. Reactions by the scientific community

Controlled experiments that have attempted to replicate <mask>'s findings have failed, and the theory was not accepted since it did not follow the scientific method. At the 141st annual meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science, the panel of biologists found the claim unsupportable. The results seemed to be spontaneous; repeatability is still a problem, for him and the people who tried to perform his experiment.His lack of control experiments were criticized and

masks: Backster Backster Backster Backster


texts:
 explanations, such as that the polygraphs were responding to static electricity build-up and humidity changes, were put forward. The reliability of the polygraph test itself has been questioned. Plants have cellulose cell walls but do not possess sensory organs, which rules out the possibility of plants having ESP. Biologist Arthur Galston told St. Petersburg Times, "We know plants don't have nervous systems. But they do have little electrical currents flowing through them and are subject to outside manipulation." He further said that plants can show altered electrical responses to light, chemical agents and disease but he "draws the line" to the claim of them "responding to human thoughts and events, including life elimination." Scientists at the Cornell University and the Science Unlimited Research Foundation, San Antonio, Texas, could not find results that supported <mask>'s findings in the experiment, where the death of brine shrimp caused electrical voltage changes in the leaves of a plant in another room.<mask> explained that they did not follow the exact laboratory techniques which he had used to perform the original experiments and he has not attempted to repeat them himself. In 2005 Kari Byron, Grant Imahara and Tory Belleci from the science based program Mythbusters also tried to replicate the results of primary perception. They used the same polygraph (Stoelting 22500) and took it a step further by using an EEG machine, but all tests failed. Popular culture and influence
<mask>'s work became popular and drew public attention, and his findings were similar to the beliefs of Hindus, Buddhists and New Age followers. Some parapsychologists criticized his work, suggesting the results were due to "his own telekinetic abilities". His theory is in books like Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird's The Secret Life of Plants and Robert Stone's The Secret Life of Your Cells. He was a guest on June 27, 2007, on the evening radio show, "Coast To Coast AM", during which he discussed with host George Noory and with callers to the program his experiments with primary perception and findings of an interconnection between all living cells.He had been a guest several times

masks: Backster Backster Backster


texts:
 before on Art Bell's Coast to Coast, as well as on Jeff Rense's radio shows, and has presented papers at many international conferences and meetings as well as those in the US. Marcel Vogel claimed to be able to duplicate this effect "using plants as transducers for bio-energetic fields from the human mind". <mask>'s work caught the attention of the Church of Scientology founder, Ron Hubbard. Hubbard officially used the polygraph as an "E-meter" and he too, published plant communication experiments on tomato plants. <mask>'s "Primary Perception" theory was a subject of the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters. After all human and environmental stimuli that could alter the results were removed, the Mythbusters team reproduced <mask>'s experiments with the dracaena plant, yoghurt, saliva and eggs. They performed some of these experiments using a model of polygraph machine identical to the one used by <mask> in his original research, while other experiments were performed with an EEG instrument, which is based on a different technology than the polygraph.Experiments where the team employed the same model of polygraph machine used by <mask> showed positive results with the plant reacting both to actual harm, as well as thoughts of harm. In another segment of the episode, the team tested with an EEG by connecting it to a plant to check whether it would "see" eggs being catapulted randomly into boiling water. The EEG instrument registered no change in the plant and the myth was considered as "busted" in that particular segment of the episode. The differences between the two
technologies likely played a key role in the differing results. In an episode of Adam Ruins Everything that discussed the pitfalls of forensic science, there was a cutaway during the segment which criticized polygraphs and also referenced <mask>'s Primary Perception experiment. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s website
 Backster School of Lie Detection Website
 "Coast To Coast AM" show with <mask> <mask>
 "The Intelligent Plant: Scientists debate a new way of understanding flora." Michael Pollan

1924 births
2013 deaths
Polygraphy
People from Lafayette Township, New

masks: Backster Backster Backster Backster Backster Backster Cleve Backster Cleve Backster


texts:
Jean-<mask> (1627 – 17 April 1681) was a French naval officer, descended from a prominent naval family of Marseille. He is known for his role as commander of a squadron of French ships during the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78. Family

Several genealogists trace the origin of the Valbelle family to the old viscounts of Marseille. However, a Sieur Garcinière wrote to <mask>, author of the Nobiliaire de Provence, that the <mask> family went back no further than to Honoré I, an apothecary, who made a fortune from his profession and was then elected second consul of Marseille in 1528. Another genealogist states that this proves the nobility of the family, since no second consul of Marseille was ever taken from a mechanical trade. The genealogist Pierre d'Hozier noted on one of these contradictory letters that despite the warning the late Sieur <mask> did not refrain from drawing up the genealogy of the Valbelle family as requested in exchange for a payment of 1,000 pistoles. <mask>e twice participated in the defense of Marseille, first against the constable of Bourbon who raised the siege in 1524, and then against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1536.Honoré left handwritten memoirs on these two defenses. His son, Cosme <mask>, was captain of 50 men in the army of Francis I of France and fought in the Battle of Ceresole (1544). Under Henry II of France, he commanded three galleys sent to the Kingdom of Naples in 1552 to help the prince of Salerno, and in 1553 he helped take the Isle of Corfu. His son Antoine commanded Marseille in 1579 and 1584 against the Huguenots. Antoine's son Cosme II was a captain of 100 men and commander of a galley under Louis XIII of France. Life

Early years (1627–47)

Côme <mask> <mask> married Anne-Marguerite <mask>

masks:
Baptiste de Valbelle
Robin de Briancon
Valbelle
Robert de Briançon
Honoré de Valbell
de Valbelle
II de
Valbelle
de Paule


texts:
 in 1606, daughter of Francois <mask> and <mask> Puget. They had two sons, Jean-Philippe and Jean-<mask> Valbelle.Jean-Baptiste was born in Marseille in 1627. His family home in Marseille was a house built towards the end of the 16th century adorned with delicate sculptures. It had a porch with columns that supported a stone into which the family coat of arms had been engraved. Côme II died on 15 August 1638 at the age of 70 in a clash with Spanish galleys outside Genoa. Jean-Philippe, the older son, was lieutenant on the galley Valbelle and was badly wounded in this action. In recognition of his role in the fight he was made capitaine de galère on 15 December 1638 in command of the Valbelle. The parish church of Marseille was given the flags of the Spanish galleys that Côme <mask> Valbelle had defeated before Genoa in 1638, which were hung above the high altar.At the age of fourteen Valbelle served in the forces of the <mask> Sourdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux in the Battle of Tarragona (August 1641), where he was wounded. He fought in the Battle of Barcelona in 1642 under Jean Armand <mask>-Brézé, and was the first to board one of the enemy ships. As a reward he was given a small boat that he named Le Persée. Soon after he encountered a Spanish ship stronger than his own, approached without firing a single shot, grappled it, boarded it with all his volunteers and soldiers, gained its surrender after a fierce battle and took it to Toulon. This was one of several valuable prizes he took around this time, which contributed to his large fortune. The Order of Saint John accepted his membership as an officer despite his young age. He fought in many engagements against the Muslims.Galley captain (1647–66)

Valbelle became a galley captain during

masks:
de Paul
Jeanne de
Baptiste de
II de
Henri de
de Maillé


texts:
 the regency of Anne of Austria (r. 1643–1651).. He was made galley captain in 1647 after rising through the ranks of ensign and lieutenant. During the Fronde rebellion (1648–53) he remained faithful to the crown. On 8 October 1649 at the Siege of Candia he personally made a Turkish pasha prisoner, whom he was going to take to the city alive, but being surrounded by attackers was forced to kill his prisoner to save himself. He alternated between the service of religion and of his country. In October 1654 he served on one of the ships of the Chevalier Paul and gave remarkable service in the taking of Castellammare di Stabia. In 1655, when the navy of  Louis XIV  was very weak, he armed two galleys at his own expense to fight the Spanish and the Turks, and distinguished himself in several fights.In 1655 he commanded a single vessel that fought four English ships, dismasted two of the enemy ships and obtained an honourable surrender. Ship captain (1666–74)

In 1666 Valbelle was promoted to capitaine de vaisseau. In 1669 he commanded a squadron that tried to relieve the Siege of Candia, and then commanded another squadron on the coasts of Tunisia and Algeria. He fought with distinction in the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78. Antoine Lefèbvre <mask> Barre, the future governor of New France, commanded the Maure in 1674 in the Valbelle's Mediterranean fleet. At that time Valbelle was about 51 years old, a man of medium height, swarthy, nervous and agile. As an adventurous young man he had been attractive to women and had various affairs.His secret correspondence with the king and his ministers Colbert and Seignelay shows he had an original turn of mind, was witty, bold and familiar. Sicily (1674–76)

Valbelle is best known for his expedition to


texts: Messina, Sicily, in 1674–75. At this time Messina was divided between two factions, the Merli who supported Spain and the Malvizzi who sought the protection of France. In the 1674 Messina revolt the people of the city drove out the Spanish garrison, gained control of almost all of the city and its forts and requested protection from Louis XIV. Valbelle was with the fleet of Louis Victor <mask>rt <mask>, Compte de Vivonne, at anchor off the coast of Catalonia, when the news arrived. On 27 September 1674 Vivonne sent Valbelle with a small squadron to help the rebels. Valbelle helped the Messinese expel the Spanish from the last fort, the Faro at the harbour entrance.Lacking sufficient provisions and land forces to act against the Spanish, he left to ask for more effective assistance. On 1 January 1675 <mask>'s squadron returned, bringing a small corps of land forces under Lieutenant-General Vallavoire(fr). The Spanish army was camped outside the city, had retaken some of the forts and seemed to be about to take the city. The Spanish had a fleet of 22 ships and 19 galleys cruising at the entrance to the Strait of Messina. Valbelle had six warships and three fire ships, boldly attempted the passage on 8 January 1675 and entered the harbour unharmed. He was helped by a favorable tide and a stern wind. Although the Spanish troops withdrew some distance from the city, Valavoire did no have the resources to advance inland, and provisions soon ran low again.Vivonne sent another squadron under Capitaine <mask>. He joined Valbelle, but together they were still not strong enough to attack the Spanish Admiral Melchor <mask> Cueva's force of 15 sailing warships and 15 galleys. Vivonne himself arrived on 11 February 1675 with eight warships and three

masks:
de Rochechoua
de Momart
Valbelle
de Tourville
de la


texts:
 fireships. The French fleet now had 20 sailing warships, of which nine were ships of the line. The French easily defeated the Spanish in the Battle of the Lipari Islands, and captured the 44-gun frigate Nuestra Señora del Pueblo. Vivonne was now able to sail into Messina, delivering large quantities of food. In the remainder of 1675 the French increased their strength in Sicily and along the southern coast of Italy.Vivonne took Augusta, Sicily, on 17 August 1675. The States General of the Dutch Republic sent a fleet under Admiral Michiel <mask>ter to the aid of Spain. Abraham Duquesne opposed it and engaged in a furious battle on 8 January 1676 in the Battle of Stromboli off the coast of Calabria. After reinforcements joined Ruyter he wanted to retake Augusta. Vivonne and Valballe went to its aid, and on 22 April 1676 fought the Battle of Augusta. Valbelle commanded the vanguard after vice admiral d'Almeras(fr) was killed at the start of the battle. Ruyter had his right leg smashed and half of his left foot swept away by a cannonball from Valbelle's ship.The siege of Augusta was raised, and Ruyter died of his wounds in the port of Syracuse. On 3 June 1676 a third engagement was decisive, when Vivonne and Valbelle destroyed the remainder of the combined fleet of Spain and Holland in the Battle of Palermo. Last years (1676–81)

In 1679 Valbelle was charged with punishing the corsairs of Tripoli. He forced them to surrender and freed a great many slaves. On return from this expedition Pope Innocent XI named Valbelle bailli and Grand Cross of the Order of Malta. Valbelle died in Toulon, Var, on 17 April 1681. Notes

Sources

Further reading

1627 births
1681 deaths
17th-century French military personnel
French Navy officers
Knights


texts:
<mask> (born 12 June 1974) is a Nigerian-born Igbo author who writes in English and Dutch. In April 2014 she was selected for the Hay Festival's Africa39 list of 39 Sub-Saharan African writers aged under 40 with potential and talent to define future trends in African literature. Previously based in Belgium, she now lives in the United States. Biography
<mask>we was born in 1974 in Enugu, Nigeria, the sixth of her parents' seven children. She attended secondary school at Federal Government Girls' college in Abuja and obtained a BA in English in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in 1995. In 1996, she earned an MA degree in English from the KU Leuven (KUL, the Catholic University of Leuven). She has a Ph.D in Literature (2004) from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.Her debut novel, De Feniks, was published in 2005 by Meulenhoff and Manteau (of Amsterdam and Antwerp, respectively) and was shortlisted for the Vrouw en Kultuur debuutprijs for the best first novel by a female writer. She is also the author of two children's books published by Macmillan, London. She has published short fiction in several anthologies, journals and magazines, including Wasafiri (University of London), Moving Worlds (University of Leeds), Per Contra, Voices of the University of Wisconsin and Okike of the University of Nigeria. She won the 2003 BBC Short Story Competition and a Commonwealth Short Story Competition award. In 2004, she was shortlisted for the Caine Prize for African Writing. In the same year, her short story made the top 10 of the Million Writers Award for best online fiction. In 2005, she won third prize in the Equiano Fiction Contest.Her first novel, De Feniks, was published in Dutch in

masks:
Chika Nina Unigwe
Chika Unig


texts: September 2005 and is the first book of fiction written by a Flemish author of African origin. Her second novel, Fata Morgana, was published in Dutch in 2008 and subsequently released in English as On Black Sisters' Street. On Black Sisters' Street is about African prostitutes living and working in Belgium, and was published to acclaim in London in 2009 by Jonathan Cape. On Black Sisters' Street won the 2012 Nigeria Prize for Literature; valued at $100,000 it is Africa's largest literary prize. Also in 2012, Zukiswa Wanner in The Guardian rated Unigwe as one of the "top five African writers". Still in 2012, she floored Olushola Olugbesan's Only A Canvass and Ngozi Achebe's Onaedo: The Blacksmith's Daughter to clinch the coveted $100,000 Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas NLNG Nigeria Prize for Literature, becoming the second Diaspora writer to win the prize. She attended the 2013 Adelaide festival in Australia and for the first time met an Aboriginal chief.She was so moved by the story of the Aborigin in Australia and she wrote an article titled what I'm thinking about ... forgiveness and healing. Unigwe sits on the Board of Trustees of pan-African literary initiative Writivism, and set up the Awele Creative Trust in Nigeria to support young writers. In April 2014, she was selected for the Festival's Africa39 list of 39 sub-Saharan African writers aged under 40 with potential and talent to define future trends in Africa. In autumn 2014 the University of Tübingen welcomed Unigwe and her fellow authors Taiye Selasi, Priya Basil and Nii Ayikwei Parkes to the year's Writers' Lectureship, all of them authors representing what Selasi calls Afropolitan literature. In the same year, she published


texts: Zwarte Messias, a novel about Olaudah Equiano. In 2016, Unigwe was appointed as the Bonderman Professor of Creative Writing at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. Her novel Night Dancer (published in 2012) was also shortlisted for the NLNG Nigeria Prize for Literature; the winner was subsequently announced as Abubakar Adam Ibrahim.She was also a Man Booker International judge that year. In 2017, she was a visiting professor at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia and stayed until 2019. In 2019, Cassava Republic Press in Abuja & London published a new collection of short stories entitled Better never than late. It is a collection of linked stories about Nigerian immigrants in Belgium. In the same year she contributed to New Daughters of Africa. The book was nominated for NAACP Awards for Outstanding Literary Work. It is a compilation of orature and literature by more than 200 women from Africa and the African diaspora, edited and introduced by Margaret Busby, who compared the process of assembling the volume to "trying to catch a flowing river in a calabash".In 2020 Unigwe contributed to The middle of a sentence: short prose anthology with Two Happy Meals. The Common Breath Short Prose Anthology is a celebration of fiction in its shortest form, uniting work from some of the greatest contemporary novelists, alongside an exciting selection from TCB’s open submissions process, and supplemented by pieces from a range of literary history’s finest artists. In July of the same year she was appointed a professor of creative writing at Georgia College & State University in Milledgeville, Georgia. In November 2020, she began writing a weekly column for Nigeria’s Daily Trust. In 2021, Unigwe


texts:
 was shortlisted for Dzanc Books Diverse Voices Award. Personal life
Unigwe formerly lived in Turnhout, Belgium, with her husband and four children. She emigrated to the United States in 2013.She writes in English and Dutch. Fellowships
 2007: Unesco-Aschberg Fellowship for creative writing
 2009: Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (Bellagio Centre, Italy)
 2011: HALD Fellowship (HALD Centre, Denmark)
 2011 and 2016: Writing Fellowship at the Ledig House (Omi NY, USA)
 2013: Writing Fellowing at Cove Park (Scotland)
 2014: Writer-in-Residence, Haverford College (Philadelphia PA, USA)
 2014: Sylt Fellowship for African Writers

Bibliography
Tear Drops, Enugu: Richardson Publishers, 1993. Born in Nigeria, Enugu: Onyx Publishers, 1995. A Rainbow for Dinner. Oxford: Macmillan, 2002. In the Shadow of Ala; Igbo women's writing as an act of righting. Dissertation, Leiden University, 2004.Thinking of Angel, 2005. Dreams, 2004. The Phoenix. Lagos: Farafina Publishers, 2007. On Black Sisters Street (translation of Fata Morgana). London: Jonathan Cape, 2009. Night Dancer.London: Jonathan Cape, 2012. Black Messiah (2014)
Zwart, Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Atlas Contact, 2018. A collection of stories and essays in Dutch, collected and edited by Vamba Sherif and Ebissé Rouw. . Contains a story by Unigwe: Anekdotes om rond de tafel te vertellen. Better Never Than Late. Cassava Republic, 2019. The Middle Of A Sentence: Short Prose Anthology.The Common Breath, 2020. References

External links
 Author's website

 Writivism

1974 births
Living people
Writers from Enugu
Igbo women writers
Nigerian emigrants to Belgium
Nigerian writers
Nigerian women writers
Brown University faculty
Georgia College & State


texts:
<mask> (1949 – 23 January 2015) was a Cameroonian businessperson and politician for the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM). She began a career in business at age 12, opening a restaurant before entering into the tourism, transportation, food, medical and education sectors. <mask> became president of CPDM's women's division in 1992 and was appointed the party's leader in Douala and the national committee five years later. In 2002, she was elected deputy mayor of Douala II and began serving in the National Assembly that same year. <mask> led the African Network and Cameroonian Businesswomen and consulted The World Bank, the African Development Bank along with several international agencies. She was founding president of the Association of Cameroonian Businesswomen and the NGO World Female Company Managers. A street in Douala was named in her memory.Biography
<mask> was born in 1949 to a modest Bamileke family in Cameroon's western region of Menoua. She did not have a proper background, and did not enroll at university but learnt English and French. After encouragement from her family to work, she went into tourism at age 12 in Douala, the Southern Cameroonian port city. In 1966, <mask> began a business career by establishing the restaurant New Style to earn extra money. She diversified into the transportation industry by purchasing 2 taxis from the Japanese car manufacturer Toyota, expanding to 150 by 2005. <mask> added the gravel company Les Graviers Unis, and the Socamac food and Ovicam export-import companies and the Anflo furniture company to export to Europe and the United States. She joined the Cameroonian Ministry of Tourism as a civil servant in the 1970s before deciding to focus on her business career.<mask> brought a

masks:
Françoise Foning
Foning
Foning
Foning
Foning
Foning
Foning


texts: medical clinic in Dschang and established the school Collége de la Faternité in the city. This led the government of Cameroon and the local authorities of <mask>'s home region to award her with honours for her activities. The kingdom of Bamun granted her the title of Nijh and Menoua's Bafou community crowned her as its queen. <mask> also received the Grand Officer Order of Merit. At Douala in 1992, she was appointed president of the women's wing of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM). <mask> became president of the CPDM in Douala and its national central committee in 1997, following a 1996 reform by the political party to allow women to lead sections of the party. She was close to Chantal Biya, the wife of Paul Biya, the president of Cameroon, and the two worked at the Foundation Chantal Biya.In 2002, <mask> was elected the deputy mayor of Douala II, and began serving in the National Assembly that year. She focused on helping the young, building power lines, health centres, roads, schools, eliminating illness and organising funeral services. In June 2003, she was involved in the signing of a "partnership convention" to train Douala's "bendskin drivers" at professional driving schools. <mask> was involved in a car accident a month later. which fractured both her legs on the Douala-Bafoussam road in Nomayos I in Cameroon's Centre region, and caused her to be flown to France for medical attention on the orders of Paul Biya. The accident meant she walked with a limp. She was named African manager of the year in 2004.In 2005, <mask> was elected president of the World Association of Women Entrepreneurs, having been its vice-president since 1996. Later that year in October, she became the first black woman president of the NGO World

masks: Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning


texts:
 Female Company Managers (WFCL). <mask> lost her seat in the 2007 Cameroonian parliamentary election by securing 41 per cent of the vote over the winning candidate's who garnered 48 per cent of votes. Although she was accused of embezzling money from the municipal government, she was re-elected to the National Assembly in 2009. <mask> left her role as president of the WFCL in 2012. She was the Association of Cameroonian Businesswomen's founding president, led the African Network for the Support for Female Entrepreneurship and consulted The World Bank, the African Development Bank and several international agencies. <mask> took part in several international conferences and meetings, including the USA/Africa summit in Washington, D.C. She was also international vice-president of the Francophone Business Forum, permanent secretary Africa of the AGOA training center (African Growth Opportunity Act), and was president of the Chamber of Commerce's Industry Department.Personal life and death
<mask> praised the Cameroonian presidential couple at official ceremonies and her fellow citizens called her "national leader" as a result. She had been married three times, and had six children. On 18 January 2015, <mask> attended a meeting of the 4th assembly of the United Cities and Councils of Cameroon in the Cameroonian capital of Yaoundé. After leaving the meeting, the driver of her car carrying her and her bodyguard lost control on the Yaoundé Bafoussam road in Ebebda after attempting to avoid a motorcycle passing a lorry holding sand in the opposite direction at high speed, causing the car to roll several times. <mask> broke her legs and ribs, and was immediately transported to the emergency unit at Central Hospital of Yaoundé. <mask> died from a

masks: Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning


texts:
 sudden spike of blood pressure and hypertension on the morning of 23 January, with the news made public by hospital officials about midday. Funeral
On 18 March, Paul Biya signed an decree instituting the official funeral service for <mask> to be held five days later.A vigil and masses were held in her honor before the funeral. Work on the burial site by companies in Douala was completed on 20 March. The brief ecumenical service service was held in the palace of Johny Baleng in Menoua with members of her family and government officials in attendance on 21 March. <mask> was interned at the family home afterwards. Legacy
She was posthumously conferred the Grand Condor of the Order of Merit by Philémon Yang, the Prime Minister, and the foundation of the Francoise Foning Foundation to help retain the memory of her work in the public was announced by her son. <mask> was replaced as president of Association of Cameroonian Businesswomen by Agnès Ntube Ndode, and the contest to take her place as mayor of Douala 5 ended with Carlos Ngoualem winning the election on 5 August. At the request of her family, a  street in the Douala 5 district linking the Akwa-Nord Pharmacy to the Makepe Roundabout bearing the name Rue Françoise <mask> was renamed from No 5.508 to honour her in late 2016.An accompanying plaque was installed at both ends of the street and a monograph on the life and works of <mask> was published in 2017. References

1949 births
2015 deaths
People from West Region (Cameroon)
African women in business
20th-century businesswomen
21st-century businesswomen
20th-century Cameroonian women
21st-century Cameroonian women
Cameroonian women in politics
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement politicians
Members of the National Assembly

masks: Foning Foning Foning Foning Foning


texts: <mask> is a Canadian author, filmmaker and investigative historian. He holds a PhD in criminal justice history and espionage in international relations from the University of Toronto. He is the author of the bestseller true crime histories Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters (2004), Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters and Sons of Cain: A History of Serial Killers From the Stone Age to the Present (2018), a New York Times Editors' Choice, and most recently  American Serial Killers: The Epidemic Years 1950-2000 (2021), a history exploring the epidemic surge of serial killers in the second half of the 20th century. He is the director of several feature films, including Bad Company (1980) and Mondo Moscow (1992). Vronsky is the creator of a substantial body of formal video and electronic artworks and new media. He has also worked professionally in the motion picture and television industry as a producer and cinematographer in the field of documentary production and news broadcasting with CNN, CTV, CBC, RAI and other global television networks in North America and overseas. <mask>'s 2011 book, Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada, is the definitive history of Canada's first modern battle – the Battle of Ridgeway  fought against Irish American Fenian insurgents who invaded across the border from the United States on the eve of Canadian Confederation shortly after the American Civil War.He currently lectures at Ryerson University's History Department in the history of international relations, terrorism, espionage, American Civil War, and the Third Reich. He consults as an

masks:
Peter Vronsky
Vronsky


texts:
 investigative criminal historian to a number of law enforcement cold case homicide units including the NYPD, New York State Police, and Bergen County Prosecutor's Office New Jersey. 1970s
<mask> was a writer and film reviewer for Canada's national film magazine Cinema Canada and University of Toronto's The Varsity. He was a member of Toronto Filmmakers Coop and University of Toronto Film Board (Hart House). He studied with Canadian film directors Don Shebib, Clarke Mackey, and <mask> at the Toronto Filmmakers Coop. <mask> dropped out of the University of Toronto at the end of his second year to pursue filmmaking full-time. He wrote and directed two thirty-minute short drama films starring Paul Young from the Cardboard Brains: American Nights (1976) and The Sheep-Eaters (1977).He received several Canada Council and Ontario Arts Council Grants and directed and produced a thirty-minute music documentary special on punk rock for CBC television Crash'n'Burn (Dada's Boys) (1977) with the Viletones, Teenage Head, Dishes, The Ramones and The Deadboys, filmed at CBGB in New York and the New Yorker Theater and Crash'n’Burn in Toronto; (Not to be confused with Ross McLaren's independent Crash 'n' Burn made the same year on the same subject). Vronsky produced and directed a feature film, Bad Company (1980). He worked as an assistant-director on Canadian feature films:  Nothing Personal (1979), The Last Chase (1979) and Screwballs (1981). <mask> frequently collaborated with documentary filmmaker <mask> on Video Culture International projects and with horror film director Tibor Takacs who before he left for Hollywood worked as a D.O.P. and Art Director on

masks:
Peter Vronsky
Peter Pearson
Vronsky
Vronsky
Peter Lynch


texts:
 several Vronsky films. 1980s
<mask> created numerous video art tapes and formal video installations exhibited in Canada and internationally in Tokyo, Paris, Rome, Amsterdam, New York and London. He was the Artist-in-Residence with Sony Corporation at Video/Culture International, 1983.He frequently worked as an undercover video specialist – field producer with CBC's The Fifth Estate and CTV's W5. In 1984–1985 during the pioneering period of laserdisc development, Vronsky was the Head of Interactive Laser Optical Software Development, Sony Corporation-Video/Culture and the Project Director of the Berlin Wall Videodisc, Sony Canada-Image Over Time, 1985. He worked as a Field Producer/Cameraman for CNN International, Rome Bureau, 1986–1990. Vronsky was the Producer-director of Russian Rock Underground (1988), a thirty-minute music television special on underground ("unofficial") rock music in the Soviet Union, featuring Boris Grebenshchikov, Televizor, Zvuki Mu and Auktion. 1990s
Vronsky was the writer-producer-director of Mondo Moscow, a feature-length documentary on incipient Stalinism and underground culture in the USSR, 1990. In 1991 Vronsky investigated Lee Harvey Oswald's activities in the USSR in 1959–1962 and was the first Westerner ever to interview Oswald's friends, lovers and acquaintances in Russia. Vronsky was the cameraman-line producer on The Hunt for Red Mercury, an investigative one-hour documentary (Discovery Channel – CTV) on nuclear weapons material smuggling in Chechnya, 1992.He was the writer-director of The Uncanadians, a NFB feature documentary 1994–1995 (but withdrew his name from the director's credit in a dispute with


texts:
 the National Film Board over the film's controversial contents). <mask> was the Head of English Language Production, Panavideo, Venice Italy – service producer for Italy's national television network, RAI, 1997–1999. 2000s
<mask> was the Queens Park/Toronto Bureau Chief at E-Press, Canada's first online news streaming service, 2000 and the Broadband Content Specialist, Canada-Invest.com, financial news streaming service, 2000–2001. He was the Director of Photography on the feature-length music documentaries, Life Could Be A Dream (Bravo Television, 2002) and I'll Fly Away Home (Bravo Television, 2004). He authored two crime history books, Serial Killers The Method and Madness of Monsters (Berkley-Penguin Books, 2004) and Female Serial Killers:  How and Why Women Become Monsters (Berkley-Penguin Books, 2007). <mask> returned to the University of Toronto as a full-time student from 2003 to 2010, completing the following degrees:
 University of Toronto, Trinity College, Honours B.A., 2003. University of Toronto, Graduate School, M.A.(History) 2004. University of Toronto, Graduate School, Ph.D. (History), 2010. In 2015 Leah McLaren, writing in The Globe and Mail, reported on the strange disappearance in Cambodia of Dave Walker, a friend of <mask>'s. According to McLaren, Vronsky was working hard to determine what happened to Walker, when the Canadian government seemed to want his story to be forgotten. Walker had told <mask> that he had worked as an advisor for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) ferreting out genocidal Khmer Rouge perpetrators infiltrating Canada among legitimate refugees from Cambodia during the 1980s and 1990s.

masks: Vronsky Vronsky Vronsky Vronsky Vronsky


texts:
 Vronsky suspected this could have played a role in his death in Cambodia. Currently
<mask> is currently writing American Lycanthrope: The Life and Crimes of Serial Killer Richard Cottingham, the Times Square Torso Killer and New Jersey Girls Murderer based on a series of prison interviews he is conducting with the notorious serial killer Richard Cottingham.In January 2020, <mask> revealed that Cottingham who has been incarcerated since 1980 in the Trenton State Prison for six murders committed between 1967-1980, had recently confessed to an additional three unsolved murders of school girls in New Jersey 1968-1969. Vronsky currently lectures at Ryerson University History Department in international relations, American Civil War, Third Reich, espionage and the history of terrorism. In 2017, he was chosen as the Writer-In-Residence at the Toronto Public Library. He recently appeared in Joe Berlinger's new Netflix show, Crime Scene (Season 2): The Times Square Killer (2021) about the 1979-80 torso murders in New York committed by serial killer Richard Cottingham who Vronsky is in the midst of interviewing since 2018. <mask> is fluent in English, Russian and Italian and resides in Toronto, Canada and Venice, Italy. References

External links
 <mask>ky Home Page:  CV, Streaming Video Excerpts, Websites, etc
 <mask>ky YouTube Channel
 Books by <mask>
 Battle of Ridgeway 1866
 Sons of Cain Table of Contents

Year of birth missing (living people)
Artists from Toronto
Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian multimedia artists
Canadian people of Russian descent
Canadian video artists
Film directors from Toronto
Living

masks:
Vronsky
Vronsky
Peter Vronsky
Peter Vrons
Peter Vrons
Peter Vronsky


texts: Earvin "<mask><mask>. (born August 14, 1959) is an American former professional basketball player and former president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Often regarded as the best point guard of all time, <mask> played 13 seasons for the Lakers and was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. After winning championships in high school and college, <mask> was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA draft by the Lakers. He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season, and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s. <mask> retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV, but returned to play in the 1992

masks:
Magic
" Johnson Jr
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


texts: All-Star Game, winning the All-Star MVP Award. After protests from his fellow players, he retired again for four years, but returned in 1996, at age 36, to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time. <mask>'s career achievements include three NBA MVP Awards, nine NBA Finals appearances, twelve All-Star games, and ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations.He led the league in regular season assists four times, and is the NBA's all-time leader in average assists per game, at 11.2. <mask> was a member of the 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team ("The Dream Team"), which won the Olympic gold medal in 1992. After leaving the NBA in 1992, <mask> formed the <mask> All-Stars, a barnstorming team that traveled around the world

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Magic Johnson


texts: playing exhibition games. <mask> became a two-time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame—being enshrined in 2002 for his individual career, and again in 2010 as a member of the "Dream Team". His friendship and rivalry with Boston Celtics star Larry Bird, whom he faced in the 1979 NCAA finals and three NBA championship series, are well documented. Since his retirement, <mask> has been an advocate for HIV/AIDS prevention and safe sex, as well as an entrepreneur, philanthropist, broadcaster and motivational speaker. His public announcement of his HIV-positive status in 1991 helped dispel the stereotype, still widely held at the time, that HIV was a "gay disease" that heterosexuals need not worry about; his bravery in making this announcement was

masks: Johnson Johnson


texts:
 widely commended.Named by Ebony magazine as one of America's most influential black businessmen in 2009, <mask> has numerous business interests, and was a part-owner of the Lakers for several years. <mask> also is part of a group of investors that purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2012 and the Los Angeles Sparks in 2014. During <mask>'s ownership of both teams, the Sparks won the 2016 WNBA championship, and the Dodgers won the 2020 World Series championship. Combining his playing career and sports ownership career, <mask> has 10 NBA championships, five each as a player and later as a minority-owner of the Lakers. Early life
Earvin <mask>. was born in Lansing, Michigan, the son of General Motors assembly worker Earvin Sr. and school janitor Christine. <mask>, who

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson Jr
Johnson


texts: had six siblings and three half-siblings by his father's previous marriage, was influenced by his parents' strong work ethic. His mother spent many hours after work each night cleaning their home and preparing the next day's meals, while his father did janitorial work at a used car lot and collected garbage, all while never missing a day at General Motors.<mask> would often help his father on the garbage route, and he was teased by neighborhood children who called him "Garbage Man". <mask> came to love basketball as a young man. His favorite basketball player was Bill Russell, whom he admired more for his many championships than his athletic ability. He also idolized players such as Earl Monroe and Marques Haynes, and practiced "all day". <mask> came from an

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: athletic family. His father played high school basketball in his home state of Mississippi, and <mask> learned the finer points about the game from him. <mask>'s mother, originally from North Carolina, had also played basketball as a child, and she grew up watching her brothers play the game.By the time he had reached the eighth grade, <mask> had begun to think about a future in basketball. He had become a dominant junior high player, once scoring 48 points in a game. <mask> looked forward to playing at Sexton High School, a school with a very successful basketball team and history that also happened to be only five blocks from his home. His plans underwent a dramatic change when he learned that he would be bused to the predominantly white Everett High School

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: instead of going to Sexton, which was predominantly black. <mask>'s sister Pearl and his brother Larry had bused to Everett the previous year and did not have a pleasant experience. There were incidents of racism, with rocks being thrown at buses carrying black students and white parents refusing to send their children to school. Larry was kicked off the basketball team after a confrontation during practice, prompting him to beg his brother not to play.<mask> did join the basketball team but became angry after several days when his new teammates ignored him during practice, not even passing the ball to him. He nearly got into a fight with another player before head coach George Fox intervened. Eventually, <mask> accepted his situation and the small group of black


texts:
 students looked to him as their leader. When recalling the events in his autobiography, My Life, he talked about how his time at Everett had changed him:

<mask> was first dubbed "<mask>" as a 15-year-old sophomore playing for Everett High School, when he recorded a triple-double of 36 points, 18 rebounds, and 16 assists. After the game, Fred Stabley Jr., a sports writer for the Lansing State Journal, gave him the moniker despite the belief of <mask>'s mother, a Christian, that the name was sacrilegious. In his final high school season, <mask> led Everett to a 27–1 win–loss record while averaging 28.8 points and 16.8 rebounds per game, and took his team to an overtime victory in the state championship game. <mask> dedicated the championship victory to his best

masks: Johnson Magic Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts:
 friend Reggie Chastine, who was killed in a car accident the previous summer.He gave Chastine much of the credit for his development as a basketball player and as a person, saying years later, "I doubted myself back then." <mask> and Chastine were almost always together, playing basketball or riding around in Chastine's car. Upon learning of Chastine's death, <mask> ran from his home, crying uncontrollably. <mask>, who finished his high school career with two All-State selections, was considered at the time to be the best high school player ever to come out of Michigan and was also named to the 1977 McDonald's All-American team. College career
Although <mask> was recruited by several top-ranked colleges such as Indiana and UCLA, he decided to play close to home. His

masks: Johnson Magic Johnson Johnson


texts: college decision came down to Michigan and Michigan State in East Lansing. He ultimately decided to attend Michigan State when coach Jud Heathcote told him he could play the point guard position.The talent already on Michigan State's roster also drew him to the program. <mask> did not initially aspire to play professionally, focusing instead on his communication studies major and on his desire to become a television commentator. Playing with future NBA draftees Greg Kelser, Jay Vincent and Mike Brkovich, <mask> averaged 17.0 points, 7.9 rebounds, and 7.4 assists per game as a freshman, and led the Spartans to a 25–5 record, the Big Ten Conference title, and a berth in the 1978 NCAA Tournament. The Spartans reached the Elite Eight, but lost narrowly to eventual


texts: national champion Kentucky. During the 1978–79 season, Michigan State again qualified for the NCAA Tournament, where they advanced to the championship game and faced Indiana State, which was led by senior Larry Bird. In what was the most-watched college basketball game ever, Michigan State defeated Indiana State 75–64, and <mask> was voted Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four. He was selected to the 1978–79 All-American team for his performance that season.After two years in college, during which he averaged 17.1 points, 7.6 rebounds, and 7.9 assists per game, <mask> entered the 1979 NBA draft. Jud Heathcote stepped down as coach of the Spartans after the 1994–95 season, and on June 8, 1995, <mask> returned to the Breslin Center to play in the Jud Heathcote


texts:
 All-Star Tribute Game. He led all scorers with 39 points. Professional career

Rookie season in the NBA (1979–1980)
<mask> was drafted first overall in 1979 by the Los Angeles Lakers. <mask> said that what was "most amazing" about joining the Lakers was the chance to play alongside Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the team's 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) center who became the leading scorer in NBA history. Despite Abdul-Jabbar's dominance, he had failed to win a championship with the Lakers, and <mask> was expected to help them achieve that goal. Lakers coach Jack McKinney had the  rookie <mask>, who some analysts thought should play forward, be a point guard, even though incumbent Norm Nixon was already one of the best in the league.<mask> averaged 18.0 points, 7.7 rebounds, and

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: 7.3 assists per game for the season, was selected to the NBA All-Rookie Team, and was named an NBA All-Star Game starter. The Lakers compiled a 60–22 record in the regular season and reached the 1980 NBA Finals, in which they faced the Philadelphia 76ers, who were led by forward Julius Erving. The Lakers took a 3–2 lead in the series, but Abdul-Jabbar, who averaged 33 points a game in the series, sprained his ankle in Game 5 and could not play in Game 6. Coach Paul Westhead, who had replaced McKinney early in the season after he suffered a near-fatal bicycle accident, decided to start <mask> at center in Game 6; <mask> recorded 42 points, 15 rebounds, 7 assists, and 3 steals in a 123–107 win, while playing guard, forward, and center at different times during the


texts:
 game. <mask> became the only rookie to win the NBA Finals MVP award, and his clutch performance is still regarded as one of the finest in NBA history. He also became one of four players to win NCAA and NBA championships in consecutive years. Ups and downs (1980–1983)
Early in the 1980–81 season, <mask> was sidelined after he suffered torn cartilage in his left knee.He missed 45 games, and said that his rehabilitation was the "most down" he had ever felt. <mask> returned before the start of the 1981 playoffs, but the Lakers' then-assistant and future head coach Pat Riley later said <mask>'s much-anticipated return made the Lakers a "divided team". The 54-win Lakers faced the 40–42 Houston Rockets in the first round of playoffs, where Houston upset the Lakers 2–1


texts: after <mask> airballed a last-second shot in Game 3. In 1981, after the 1980–81 season, <mask> signed a 25-year, $25 million contract with the Lakers (), which was the highest-paying contract in sports history up to that point. Early in the 1981–82 season, <mask> had a heated dispute with Westhead, who <mask> said made the Lakers "slow" and "predictable". After <mask> demanded to be traded, Lakers owner Jerry Buss fired Westhead and replaced him with Riley. Although <mask> denied responsibility for Westhead's firing, he was booed across the league, even by Laker fans.Buss was also unhappy with the Lakers' offense and had intended on firing Westhead days before the Westhead–<mask> altercation, but assistant GM Jerry West and GM Bill Sharman had convinced Buss to

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: delay his decision. Despite his off-court troubles, <mask> averaged 18.6 points, 9.6 rebounds, 9.5 assists, and a league-high 2.7 steals per game, and was voted a member of the All-NBA Second Team. He also joined Wilt Chamberlain and Oscar Robertson as the only NBA players to tally at least 700 points, 700 rebounds, and 700 assists in the same season. The Lakers advanced through the 1982 playoffs and faced Philadelphia for the second time in three years in the 1982 NBA Finals. After a triple-double from <mask> in Game 6, the Lakers defeated the Sixers 4–2, as <mask> won his second NBA Finals MVP award. During the championship series against the Sixers, <mask> averaged 16.2 points on .533 shooting, 10.8 rebounds, 8.0 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. <mask> later


texts: said that his third season was when the Lakers first became a great team, and he credited their success to Riley.During the 1982–83 NBA season, <mask>'s first of nine consecutive double-double seasons, he averaged 16.8 points, 10.5 assists, and 8.6 rebounds per game, and earned his first All-NBA First Team nomination. The Lakers again reached the Finals, and for a third time faced the Sixers, who featured center Moses Malone as well as Erving. With <mask>'s teammates Nixon, James Worthy, and Bob McAdoo all hobbled by injuries, the Lakers were swept by the Sixers, and Malone was crowned the Finals MVP. In a losing effort against Philadelphia, <mask> averaged 19.0 points on .403 shooting, 12.5 assists, and 7.8 rebounds per game. Battles against the Celtics


texts:
 (1983–1987)

Prior to <mask>'s fifth season, West—who had become the Lakers general manager—traded Nixon to free <mask> from sharing the ball-handling responsibilities. <mask> averaged another double-double season, with 17.6 points, 13.1 assists, and 7.3 rebounds per game. The Lakers reached the Finals for the third year in a row, where <mask>'s Lakers and Bird's Celtics met for the first time in the postseason.The Lakers won the first game, and led by two points in Game 2 with 18 seconds to go, but after a layup by Gerald Henderson, <mask> failed to get a shot off before the final buzzer sounded, and the Lakers lost 124–121 in overtime. In Game 3, <mask> responded with 21 assists in a 137–104 win, but he made several crucial errors late in the contest during Game

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: 4. In the final minute of the game, <mask> had the ball stolen by Celtics center Robert Parish, and then missed two free throws that could have won the game. The Celtics won Game 4 in overtime, and the teams split the next two games. In the decisive Game 7 in Boston, as the Lakers trailed by three points in the final minute, opposing point guard <mask> stole the ball from <mask>, a play that effectively ended the series. Friends Isiah Thomas and Mark Aguirre consoled him that night, talking until the morning in his Boston hotel room amidst fan celebrations on the street. During the Finals, <mask> averaged 18.0 points on .560 shooting, 13.6 assists, and 7.7 rebounds per game.<mask> later described the series as "the one championship we should have had but didn't

masks:
Johnson
Dennis Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


texts: get". In the 1984–85 regular season, <mask> averaged 18.3 points, 12.6 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game, and led the Lakers into the 1985 NBA Finals, where they faced the Celtics again. The series started poorly for the Lakers when they allowed an NBA Finals record 148 points to the Celtics in a 34-point loss in Game 1. However, Abdul-Jabbar, who was now 38 years old, scored 30 points and grabbed 17 rebounds in Game 2, and his 36 points in a Game 5 win were instrumental in establishing a 3–2 lead for Los Angeles. After the Lakers defeated the Celtics in six games, Abdul-Jabbar and <mask>, who averaged 18.3 points on .494 shooting, 14.0 assists, and 6.8 rebounds per game in the championship series, said the Finals win was the highlight of their careers. <mask>


texts: again averaged a double-double in the 1985–86 NBA season, with 18.8 points, 12.6 assists, and 5.9 rebounds per game. The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference Finals, but were unable to defeat the Houston Rockets, who advanced to the Finals in five games.In the next season, <mask> averaged a career-high of 23.9 points, as well as 12.2 assists and 6.3 rebounds per game, and earned his first regular season MVP award. The Lakers met the Celtics for the third time in the NBA Finals, and in Game 4 <mask> hit a last-second hook shot over Celtics big men Parish and Kevin McHale to win the game 107–106. The game-winning shot, which <mask> dubbed his "junior, junior, junior sky-hook", helped Los Angeles defeat Boston in six games. <mask> was awarded his third Finals MVP


texts:
 title after averaging 26.2 points on .541 shooting, 13.0 assists, 8.0 rebounds, and 2.33 steals per game. Repeat and falling short (1987–1991)

Before the 1987–88 NBA season, Lakers coach Pat Riley publicly promised that they would defend the NBA title, even though no team had won consecutive titles since the Celtics did so in the 1969 NBA Finals. <mask> had another productive season with averages of 19.6 points, 11.9 assists, and 6.2 rebounds per game despite missing 10 games with a groin injury. In the 1988 playoffs, the Lakers swept the San Antonio Spurs in 3 games, then survived two 4–3 series against the Utah Jazz and the Dallas Mavericks to reach the Finals and face Thomas and the Detroit Pistons, who with players such as Bill Laimbeer, John Salley, <mask> and

masks:
Johnson
Vinnie Johnson


texts: Dennis Rodman were known as the "Bad Boys" for their physical style of play.<mask> and Thomas greeted each other with a kiss on the cheek before the opening tip of Game 1, which they called a display of brotherly love. After the teams split the first six games, Lakers forward and Finals MVP James Worthy had his first career triple-double of 36 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists, and led his team to a 108–105 win. Despite not being named MVP, <mask> had a strong championship series, averaging 21.1 points on .550 shooting, 13.0 assists, and 5.7 rebounds per game. It was the fifth and final NBA championship of his career. In the 1988–89 NBA season, <mask>'s 22.5 points, 12.8 assists, and 7.9 rebounds per game earned him his second MVP award, and the Lakers reached the


texts: 1989 NBA Finals, in which they again faced the Pistons. However, after <mask> went down with a hamstring injury in Game 2, the Lakers were no match for the Pistons, who swept them 4–0. Playing without Abdul-Jabbar for the first time, <mask> won his third MVP award after a strong 1989–90 NBA season in which he averaged 22.3 points, 11.5 assists, and 6.6 rebounds per game.However, the Lakers bowed out to the Phoenix Suns in the Western Conference semifinals, which was the Lakers' earliest playoffs elimination in nine years. Mike Dunleavy became the Lakers' head coach in 1990–91, when <mask> had grown to be the league's third-oldest point guard. He had become more powerful and stronger than in his earlier years, but was also slower and less nimble. Under Dunleavy, the


texts: offense used more half-court sets, and the team had a renewed emphasis on defense. <mask> performed well during the season, with averages of 19.4 points, 12.5 assists, and 7.0 rebounds per game, and the Lakers reached the 1991 NBA Finals. There they faced the Chicago Bulls, led by shooting guard Michael Jordan, a five-time scoring champion regarded as the finest player of his era. Although the series was portrayed as a matchup between <mask> and Jordan,  Bulls forward Scottie Pippen defended effectively against <mask>.Despite two triple-doubles from <mask> during the series, Finals MVP Jordan led his team to a 4–1 win. In the last championship series of his career, <mask> averaged 18.6 points on .431 shooting, 12.4 assists, and 8.0 rebounds per game. HIV


texts:
 announcement and Olympics (1991–1992)

After a physical before the 1991–92 NBA season, <mask> discovered that he had tested positive for HIV. In a press conference held on November 7, 1991, <mask> made a public announcement that he would retire immediately. He stated that his wife Cookie and their unborn child did not have HIV, and that he would dedicate his life to "battle this deadly disease". <mask> initially said that he did not know how he contracted the disease, but later acknowledged that it was through having numerous sexual partners during his playing career. He admitted to having "harems of women" and talked openly about his sexual activities because "he was convinced that heterosexuals needed to know that they, too, were at risk".At the time, only a small


texts: percentage of HIV-positive American men had contracted it from heterosexual sex, and it was initially rumored that <mask> was gay or bisexual, although he denied both. <mask> later accused Isiah Thomas of spreading the rumors, a claim Thomas denied. <mask>'s HIV announcement became a major news story in the United States, and in 2004 was named as ESPN's seventh-most memorable moment of the previous 25 years. Many articles praised <mask> as a hero, and the then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush said, "For me, <mask> is a hero, a hero for anyone who loves sports." Despite his retirement, <mask> was voted by fans as a starter for the 1992 NBA All-Star Game at Orlando Arena, although his former teammates Byron Scott and A. C. Green said that <mask> should not play, and

masks: Johnson Johnson Johnson Johnson Magic Johnson Johnson


texts: several NBA players, including Utah Jazz forward Karl Malone, argued that they would be at risk of contamination if <mask> suffered an open wound while on court. <mask> led the West to a 153–113 win and was crowned All-Star MVP after recording 25 points, 9 assists, and 5 rebounds. The game ended after he made a last-minute three-pointer, and players from both teams ran onto the court to congratulate <mask>.<mask> was chosen to compete in the Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics for the U.S. national team, dubbed the "Dream Team" because of the NBA stars on the roster. The Dream Team, which along with <mask> included fellow Hall of Famers such as Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, and Larry Bird, was considered unbeatable. After qualifying for the Olympics with a gold medal


texts:
 at the 1992 Tournament of the Americas, the Dream Team dominated in Olympic competition, winning the gold medal with an 8–0 record, beating their opponents by an average of 43.8 points per game. <mask> averaged 8.0 points per game during the Olympics, and his 5.5 assists per game was second on the team. <mask> played infrequently because of knee problems, but he received standing ovations from the crowd, and used the opportunity to inspire HIV-positive people. Post-Olympics and later life
Before the 1992–93 NBA season, <mask> announced his intention to stage an NBA comeback. After practicing and playing in several pre-season games, he retired again before the start of the regular season, citing controversy over his return sparked by opposition from several active


texts: players.In an August 2011 interview, <mask> said that in retrospect he wished that he had never retired after being diagnosed with HIV, saying, "If I knew what I know now, I wouldn't have retired." <mask> said that despite the physical, highly competitive practices and scrimmages leading up to the 1992 Olympics, some of those same teammates still expressed concerns about his return to the NBA. He said that he retired because he "didn't want to hurt the game." During his retirement, <mask> has written a book on safe sex, run several businesses, worked for NBC as a commentator, and toured Asia, Australia and New Zealand with a basketball team of former college and NBA players. In 1985, <mask> created "A Midsummer Night's Magic", a yearly charity event which included a


texts:
 celebrity basketball game and a black tie dinner. The proceeds went to the United Negro College Fund, and <mask> held this event for twenty years, ending in 2005. "A Midsummer Night's Magic" eventually came under the umbrella of the Magic Johnson Foundation, which he founded in 1991.The 1992 event, which was the first one held after <mask>'s appearance in the 1992 Olympics, raised over $1.3 million for UNCF. <mask> joined Shaquille O'Neal and celebrity coach Spike Lee to lead the blue team to a 147–132 victory over the white team, which was coached by Arsenio Hall. Return to the Lakers as coach and player (1994, 1996)

<mask> returned to the NBA as coach of the Lakers near the end of the 1993–94 NBA season, replacing Randy Pfund, and Bill Bertka, who served as an

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Magic Johnson
Johnson


texts: interim coach for two games. <mask>, who took the job at the urging of owner Jerry Buss, admitted "I've always had the desire (to coach) in the back of my mind." He insisted that his health was not an issue, while downplaying questions about returning as a player, saying, "I'm retired. Let's leave it at that." Amid speculation from general manager Jerry West that he may only coach until the end of the season, <mask> took over a team that had a 28–38 record, and won his first game as head coach, a 110–101 victory over the Milwaukee Bucks.He was coaching a team that had five of his former teammates on the roster: Vlade Divac, Elden Campbell, Tony Smith, Kurt Rambis, James Worthy, and Michael Cooper, who was brought in as an assistant coach. <mask>, who still had a


texts: guaranteed player contract that would pay him $14.6 million during the 1994–95 NBA season, signed a separate contract to coach the team that had no compensation. The Lakers played well initially, winning five of their first six games under <mask>, but after losing the next five games, <mask> announced that he was resigning as coach after the season. The Lakers finished the season on a ten-game losing streak, and <mask>'s final record as a head coach was 5–11. Stating that it was never his dream to coach, he chose instead to purchase a 5% share of the team in June 1994. At the age of 36, <mask> attempted another comeback as a player when he re-joined the Lakers during the 1995–96 NBA season. During his retirement, <mask> began intense workouts to help his fight


texts: against HIV, raising his bench press from 135 to 300 pounds, and increasing his weight to 255 pounds.He officially returned to the team on January 29, 1996, and played his first game the following day against the Golden State Warriors. Coming off the bench, <mask> had 19 points, 8 rebounds, and 10 assists to help the Lakers to a 128–118 victory. On February 14, <mask> recorded the final triple-double of his career, when he scored 15 points, along with 10 rebounds and 13 assists in a victory against the Atlanta Hawks. Playing power forward, he averaged 14.6 points, 6.9 assists, and 5.7 rebounds per game in 32 games, and finished tied for 12th place with Charles Barkley in voting for the MVP Award. The Lakers had a record of 22–10 in the games <mask> played, and he


texts: considered his final comeback "a success." While <mask> played well in 1996, there were struggles both on and off the court. Cedric Ceballos, upset over a reduction in his playing time after <mask>'s arrival, left the team for several days.He missed two games and was stripped of his title as team captain. Nick Van Exel received a seven-game suspension for bumping referee Ron Garretson during a game on April 9. <mask> was publicly critical of Van Exel, saying his actions were "inexcusable." <mask> was himself suspended five days later, when he bumped referee Scott Foster, missing three games. He also missed several games due to a calf injury. Despite these difficulties, the Lakers finished with a record of 53–29 and fourth seed in the NBA Playoffs. Although they were


texts: facing the defending NBA champion Houston Rockets, the Lakers had home court advantage in the five-game series.The Lakers played poorly in a Game 1 loss, prompting <mask> to express frustration with his role in coach Del Harris' offense. <mask> led the way to a Game 2 victory with 26 points, but averaged only 7.5 points per game for the remainder of the series, which the Rockets won three games to one. After the Lakers lost to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the playoffs, <mask> initially expressed a desire to return to the team for the 1996–97 NBA season, but he also talked about joining another team as a free agent, hoping to see more playing time at point guard instead of power forward. A few days later, <mask> changed his mind and retired permanently,


texts:
 saying, "I am going out on my terms, something I couldn't say when I aborted a comeback in 1992." <mask> Johnson All-Stars

Determined to play competitive basketball despite being out of the NBA, <mask> formed the Magic Johnson All-Stars, a barnstorming team composed of former NBA and college players. In 1994, <mask> joined with former pros Mark Aguirre, Reggie Theus, John Long, Earl Cureton, Jim Farmer, and Lester Conner, as his team played games in Australia, Israel, South America, Europe, New Zealand, and Japan. They also toured the United States, playing five games against teams from the CBA.In the final game of the CBA series, <mask> had 30 points, 17 rebounds, and 13 assists, leading the All-Stars to a 126–121 victory over the Oklahoma City Cavalry. By the

masks: Magic Johnson Johnson Johnson


texts: time he returned to the Lakers in 1996, the Magic Johnson All-Stars had amassed a record of 55–0, and <mask> was earning as much as $365,000 per game. <mask> played with the team frequently over the next several years, with possibly the most memorable game occurring in November 2001. At the age of 42, <mask> played with the All-Stars against his alma mater, Michigan State. Although he played in a celebrity game to honor coach Jud Heathcoate in 1995, this was <mask>'s first meaningful game played in his hometown of Lansing in 22 years. Playing in front of a sold-out arena, <mask> had a triple-double and played the entire game, but his all-star team lost to the Spartans by two points. <mask>'s half-court shot at the buzzer would have won the game, but it fell short.On


texts:
 November 1, 2002, <mask> returned to play a second exhibition game against Michigan State. Playing with the Canberra Cannons of Australia's National Basketball League instead of his usual group of players, <mask>'s team defeated the Spartans 104–85, as he scored 12 points, with 10 assists and 10 rebounds. Brief period in Scandinavia
In 1999, <mask> joined the Swedish squad M7 Borås (now known as 'Borås Basket'), and was undefeated in five games with the team. <mask> also became a co-owner of the club; however, the project failed after one season and the club was forced into reconstruction. He later joined the Danish team The Great Danes. Rivalry with Larry Bird

<mask> and Bird were first linked as rivals after <mask>'s Michigan State squad defeated Bird's Indiana


texts: State team in the 1979 NCAA finals. The rivalry continued in the NBA, and reached its climax when Boston and Los Angeles met in three out of four NBA Finals from 1984 to 1987.<mask> asserted that for him, the 82-game regular season was composed of 80 normal games, and two Lakers–Celtics games. Similarly, Bird admitted that <mask>'s daily box score was the first thing he checked in the morning. Several journalists hypothesized that the <mask> rivalry was so appealing because it represented many other contrasts, such as the clash between the Lakers and Celtics, between Hollywood flashiness ("Showtime") and Boston/Indiana blue collar grit ("Celtic Pride"), and between blacks and whites. The rivalry was also significant because it drew national attention to the

masks:
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson Bird


texts: faltering NBA. Prior to <mask> and Bird's arrival, the NBA had gone through a decade of declining interest and low TV ratings. With the two future Hall of Famers, the league won a whole generation of new fans, drawing both traditionalist adherents of Bird's dirt court Indiana game and those appreciative of <mask>'s public park flair. According to sports journalist Larry Schwartz of ESPN, <mask> and Bird saved the NBA from bankruptcy.Despite their on-court rivalry, <mask> and Bird became close friends during the filming of a 1984 Converse shoe advertisement that depicted them as enemies. <mask> appeared at Bird's retirement ceremony in 1992, and described Bird as a "friend forever"; during <mask>'s Hall of Fame ceremony, Bird formally inducted his old rival. In 2009,