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 them on June 3, 1971 from Hawk and Hanson. Once again, <mask> and Becker dropped the titles to Hawk and Hanson but regained them in a rematch. The following year, <mask> teamed with Art Neilson to win the title twice more. <mask> returned to Florida to compete in 1975 and won the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship by teaming with Dick Slater. He also competed in Texas, where he won the Amarillo version of the NWA International Heavyweight Championship in November 1976. After a brief absence from the Mid-Atlantic territory in 1975, he returned for one more main event run in 1978 with Baron Von Raschke for the area's Television championship.1980s
<mask>'s final championship reigns came in 1981 while wrestling in the Mid-Atlantic area. He teamed with Dewey Robertson to win the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship in 1981 by defeating Genichiro Tenryu and Mr. Fuji. They lost the belts to Chris Markoff and Nikolai Volkoff later that year, but <mask> regained the title on November 27, 1981 while teaming with Jay Youngblood. <mask> also worked as a booker while Mid Atlantic was partnered with Frank Tunney`s Maple Leaf Wrestling in Toronto and briefly held the North American title during a feud with Leo Burke Leonce Cormier. <mask>'s last years in the ring were in an "elder statesman" role, helping establish new stars just entering the territory, most notably Roddy Piper. He also helped book the Mid-Atlantic territory for nearly 8 years as well, roughly between 1966 and 1973. In the early 1980s, <mask> also booked the house shows in the southern part of the territory.<mask> began his broadcasting career in 1979 as color commentator with World Wide Wrestling host Rich Landrum. He became Landrum's permanent sidekick for the early 1980s, where he became famous for singing "Turn out the lights, the party's over" at the end of matches that face wrestlers won (a nod to Don Meredith, who did the same thing on Monday Night Football near the end of games). When Landrum left the company

masks: Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver Weaver


type: original

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 in 1983, <mask> then worked briefly with David Crockett, wrestling in a tag team match at Starrcade '83, before becoming paired with the longtime voice of Mid-Atlantic Wrestling Bob Caudle; whom he worked with until leaving the company in 1988. For a period of time in the early 1980s, there was a string of recurring angles in which <mask> would get into ringside verbal confrontations with heel wrestlers or their managers. These confrontations always ended with <mask> slapping the wrestler or manager across the face, to the delight of the fans in the studio. Recipients of these slaps have included Roddy Piper, Lord Alfred Hayes, and Kevin Sullivan. <mask> made a brief in-ring return in late 1987 in the corner of the "American Dream" Dusty Rhodes who was using a sleeper hold, calling it the "Weaver lock", and chasing down Lex Luger and the N.W.A.United States Title. During this angle, <mask> was placed in a Japanese version of the sleeper by Hiro Matsuda, causing him to bleed from the mouth. <mask> was in Rhodes' corner at Starrcade '87: Chi-Town Heat, when Rhodes defeated Luger in a steel cage after DDTing Luger onto a steel chair. Legacy
CWF Mid-Atlantic out of Burlington, North Carolina promotes the Johnny Weaver Cup tournament every summer, culminating in Weaver Cup Finals Night every August. Mr. <mask> was a special guest in attendance to present the trophy to the tournament winner at every Finals Night until his death in 2008. Since then a former tournament winner usually presents the trophy, often accompanied by surviving members of Mr. <mask>'s family. Past tournament winners have been "Dangerous E" Corey Edsel (2004), Jesse Ortega (2005), Gemini Kid (2006), "Handsome" Mitch Connor (2007), Brass Munkey (2008), Kamakazi Kid (2009), "The 1st" Ric Converse (2010), Arik Royal (2011, 2012) and Trevor Lee (2013)

Personal life
<mask> was a deputy sheriff with Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.In his 50s, <mask> became one of the oldest people to take the basic law

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 enforcement test and ultimately joined the sheriff's office. He spent most of his nineteen-year career transporting prisoners on the same back roads he had traveled as a wrestler and promoter. <mask> was married to female wrestler Penny Banner for decades. They had a daughter together named Wendi. In her self-published autobiography, Banner Days, Banner describes decades of physical abuse at the hands of her controlling, womanizing husband - who she referred to as "<mask>" instead of naming him. She finally divorced him after what she described as a drunken murder attempt when he nearly killed her with his wrestling finisher, the sleeper hold. <mask> also had a son by a previous marriage.<mask> of Houston Texas, still living and a retired D.J. and webmaster

<mask> died of natural causes on February 15, 2008, aged 72. Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Alliance
AWA Indiana World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with <mask>
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Dick Slater (1)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (4 times)
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with George Becker
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with George Becker (4) and Art Nielson (2)
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Dewey Robertson (1) and Jay Youngblood (1)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship/NWA Eastern States Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (6 times) - with Cowboy Bob Ellis (1) and George Becker (5)
NWA Television Championship (1 time)
NWA Western States Sports
NWA International Heavyweight Championship (Amarillo version) (1 time)

References

External links

SLAM! Wrestling Article: <mask> dead at 72

1935 births
2008 deaths
American male professional wrestlers
NWA/WCW World Television Champions
Professional wrestling announcers
Stampede Wrestling

masks:
Weaver
Johnny Ace
Weaver
Bill Weaver
Weaver
Sonny Weaver
Johnny Weaver


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<mask> (Florence, 1590 – Rome, c. 1655-60) was an Italian painter who played an important role in the development of the genre of cityscapes (vedute) of Rome. He created capricci, i.e. imaginary architectural perspectives and harbour views, in which the figures were often executed by another artist. Life
Very little is known about <mask>'s early life and training. He is believed to have been born in Florence in 1590. The first written record of the artist dates from 1628 when he is mentioned in connection with other artists in Rome. <mask> completed important public and private commissions in Rome.In 1628 he made frescos in the castle of the Sacchetti family (the 'Casino Sacchetti', now 'Casino Chigi') in Castelfusano, working alongside Andrea Sacchi and Pietro da Cortona. In 1634 <mask> became member of the Roman Accademia di San Luca (the "Academy of Saint Luke"). In 1635 he worked in the Santa Maria in Vallicella (also known as the 'Chiesa Nuova') where in the Chapel of the Presentation of Our Lady he painted fresco's on the vault, depicting the story of Hannah, Elkanah and the young Samuel. His fresco's were painted over the decorations made by Domenico de Coldie in 1590. He began to collaborate with Jan Miel, a Flemish history and genre painter residing in Rome, around 1535. Many of their collaborative paintings have been preserved to this day, for the most part in private collections. He collaborated in a similar way with Michelangelo Cerquozzi.A few compositions painted in collaboration with Johannes Lingelbach are also known. <mask> also got to know Viviano Codazzi, another painter of architectural

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Alessandro Salucci
Alessandro Salucci
Salucci
Salucci
Salucci


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 paintings who had worked in Naples until 1647 and then moved to Rome. He clearly also was familiar with the work of the landscape artist Claude Lorrain then working in Rome. In 1647-48 he painted a major cycle of frescoes in the Church of Sant’Elisabetta dei Fornari, which was destroyed in 1889. <mask> died, probably in Rome, after 1650. Work

General

<mask> is regarded as one of the significant early exponents of the genre of the veduta. The type of decorative architectural paintings that <mask> created represent a form that became popular in mid-17th century Rome.Art historians interpret the growing popularity of the architectural piece in 17th century Italy as the result of a shift of patronage from 'committente' to 'acquirente', that is, from painting on commission to painting on the open market. Architectural canvases were particularly welcome within the typical 17th-century decorative ensemble, where walls were completely covered with paintings of various types and sizes. The architectural piece lent variety to such ensembles by introducing the strong verticals and horizontals of its subject matter. The roots of this type of vedute can be found in 16th-century painting, and in particular in the architectural settings that were painted as the framework of large-scale frescoes and ceiling decorations known as . These architectural elements gained prominence in 17th-century painting to become stand-alone subjects of easel paintings. A number of artists practiced this genre. Viviano Codazzi was an important contemporary practitioner of the genre whose work influenced <mask>.Codazzi's vedute where, however,

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Salucci
Alessandro Salucci
Salucci
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 more realistic in nature than those of <mask> who showed more creativity and fantasy in his works in which he rearranged many Roman monuments with elegance. <mask> preferred a lighter palette and removed thereby any dramatization. Unlike the Flemish and Dutch artists active in Rome who strived for realism in their depictions of Roman cityscapes, many of <mask>'s city and harbour views do not aim to give a realist rendering of his subjects. His views tend to mix antique monuments in Rome with fantasy elements, and thus resemble more "capricci". The antique structures in his compositions are not recorded in archeological detail but are solely used for decorative effect. <mask>'s compositions are generally composed of a Roman arcade dominating the centre on the left, water in the distance on the right, and figures in the foreground. He also often included in his views a portico with paired columns and pedestals and a double-story loggia.<mask>'s work reveals an awareness of the classical marine views of Claude Lorrain, who was active in Rome in the 1640s and 1650s. Claude's warm, golden light and balanced compositional structure are found in <mask>'s works such as the Fantasy view with figures (Busiri-Vici collection, Rome) which was likely inspired by Claude's port views, such as Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba of 1648 (National Gallery, London). Collaborations
<mask> often collaborated with specialist figure painters who painted the staffage in his architectural compositions. Collaborations with Jan Miel, Michelangelo Cerquozzi and Johannes Lingelbach have been recorded. These three

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Salucci
Salucci
Salucci
Salucci
Salucci
Salucci
Alessandro Salucci


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 collaborators all painted in the bambocciante style pioneered by the Dutch painter Pieter van Laer. The bamboccianti had brought existing traditions of depicting 'low-life' subjects from Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting with them to Italy and created small-scale depictions of the lower classes in Rome and its countryside. Jan Miel was <mask>'s most frequent collaborator, a collaboration, which commenced in 1635 and ended when Miel left Rome for Turin in 1658 to work at the court of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy.The only dated example of the two artists' collaborative efforts is an Imaginary Seaport (Cincinnati Art Museum), which is dated to 1656. Miel excelled in depicting stories for which the large open spaces in <mask>'s view paintings provided suitable settings. Miel often included multiple anecdotal scenes in a single work. This is evident in An architectural capriccio with an ionic portico, a fountain, a two story loggia, a Gothic palace and figures on a quay (Christie's, Sale 1708, Lot 56) where the elegant couple on the lower left on the stairs of the portico are acting separately from the figures at the well next to them, while the latter figures, in turn, are oblivious to the card players on the steps further back. Miel's figures were typically farmers, beggars, morra players, innkeepers and porters often mixed with elegantly dressed men and women, thus providing a rich flavor of Roman daily life to the architectural setting created by <mask>. References

External links

Painters from Florence
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters
Italian

masks: Salucci Salucci Salucci


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<mask> (September 15, 1916 – February 10, 2010) was a general in the United States Army. Weyand was the last commander of United States military operations in the Vietnam War from 1972 to 1973, and served as the 28th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1974 to 1976. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Arbuckle, California, on September 15, 1916. He attended and graduated from Fresno High School. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army through the Reserve Officers Training Corps program at the University of California, Berkeley, where he graduated in May 1938. He married Arline Langhart in 1940. Military career

World War II, Korean War and interbellum
From 1940 to 1942, Weyand was assigned to active duty and served with the 6th Field Artillery.He graduated from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in 1942 and served as adjutant of the Harbor Defense Command in San Francisco from 1942 to 1943. He moved on to the Office of the Chief of Intelligence for the US War Department General Staff in 1944. He became assistant chief of staff for intelligence in the China-Burma-India Theater from 1944 to 1945. In the immediate aftermath of the war he was in the Military Intelligence Service in Washington, D.C. from 1945 to 1946. Weyand was chief of staff for intelligence, United States Army Forces, Middle Pacific from 1946 to 1949. He graduated from the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning in 1950. He became commander of the 1st Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment and the assistant chief of staff, G–3, of the 3d Infantry Division during the Korean War from 1950 to 1951.Weyand served on the faculty of the Infantry School from 1952 to 1953. Following this assignment he attended the

masks:
Frederick Carlton Weyand
Weyand


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 Armed Forces Staff College, and upon graduation became military assistant in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Financial Management until 1954. He moved on to become military assistant and executive to the Secretary of the Army from 1954 to 1957. He then graduated from the Army War College in 1958, moving on to command the 3d Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment, in Europe (1958–1959). He served in the Office of the United States Commander in Berlin in 1960 then became chief of staff for the Communications Zone, United States Army, Europe from 1960 to 1961. He was the deputy chief and chief of legislative liaison for the Department of the Army from 1961 to 1964. Vietnam War
Weyand became commander of the 25th Infantry Division, stationed in Hawaii, in 1964.He continued to lead the division as it was introduced into operations in Vietnam in 1965 and 1966. He served as the head of the 25th Division until 1967, when he became deputy, then acting commander, and finally commander of II Field Force, Vietnam responsible for III Corps Tactical Zone comprising the 11 provinces around Saigon. In 1968, he became chief of the Office of Reserve Components. A dissenter from General William Westmoreland's more conventional war strategy, Weyand's experience as a former intelligence officer gave him a sense of the enemy's intentions. He realized that "the key to success in Vietnam was in securing and pacifying the towns and villages of South Vietnam" (Mark Salter, <mask> "Hard Call: The Art of Great Decisions"). Weyand managed to convince a reluctant General Westmoreland to allow him to redeploy troops away from the Cambodian border area closer to Saigon, significantly contributing to making the 1968 Tet Offensive a military catastrophe for


texts:
 North Vietnam. Before the 1968 holiday truce for Tet went into effect, Fred Weyand got the feeling that "something was coming that was going to be pretty bad, and it wasn't going to be up on the Laotian border somewhere, it was going to be right in our own backyard."Westmoreland's obsession with the enemy hitting the Marines at Khe Sanh turned out to be a tactical feint, and the Communist strategy all along was a multi-pronged, simultaneous attack of key cities (Hue', Da Nang, Nha Trang, Quinhon, Kontum, Banmethuot, My Tho, Can Tho, Ben Tre and Saigon)

From his Tactical Operations Center, most incredibly, Fred Weyand denied the Communists from taking Saigon. A perfect surprise attack, the jewel in the crown of the Communist offensive would have been the fall of Saigon. He "had prepared better than he could have known for a battle he could never have anticipated." The Tet offensive had the "will-breaking effect" on the American psyche, equivalent to that of Dien Bien Phu to the French. In 1969, <mask> was named the military advisor to Ambassador <mask>ot Lodge, Jr. at the Paris Peace Talks. In 1970 he became assistant chief of staff for force development. Later in 1970, he became deputy commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV).Weyand succeeded General <mask> Abrams, who was appointed as Army Chief of Staff, as commander of MACV on June 30, 1972. By the end of 1972 General Weyand had overseen the withdrawal of all United States military forces from South Vietnam. In March 1973, Weyand was awarded the National Order of Vietnam, first class and the Vietnamese Gallantry Cross. Senior commands and Chief of Staff
Weyand served briefly as Commander in Chief of the United States Army Pacific in 1973 and was Vice Chief of Staff of

masks:
Weyand
Henry Cab
Creighton


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 the United States Army from May 1973 to October 1974. Weyand was appointed as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from October 3, 1974 to September 30, 1976. As Chief of Staff he supervised army moves to improve the combat-to-support troop ratio, to achieve a sixteen-division force, to enhance the effectiveness of roundout units, and to improve personnel and logistical readiness. Weyand retired from active service in October 1976.Confidential source for 1967 New York Times article
In an editorial in The New York Times on December 11, 2006, Murray Fromson, a reporter for CBS during the Vietnam War, stated that General <mask> had agreed to reveal himself as the confidential source for New York Times reporter R.W. Apple, Jr.'s August 7, 1967, story "Vietnam: The Signs of Stalemate." General <mask>, then commander of III Corps in Vietnam, was the unidentified high-ranking officer who told Apple and Fromson (reporting the same story for CBS) that:

The story was the first intimation that war was reaching a stalemate, and contributed to changing sentiment about the war. Dates of rank

Awards and decorations
His awards and decorations include:

Personal life

After retiring from the United States Army in 1976, Weyand moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, which was also the home of the 25th Infantry Division. He became active in Hawai'i community affairs and held a number of prominent business positions, including corporate secretary and senior vice president of First Hawaiian Bank between 1976 and 1982. He was an active member of the Rotary Club of Honolulu and a trustee of the now-dissolved Samuel M. Damon Estate, as well as the American Red Cross Hawaii Chapter, where he served as chairman of the board in 1992 and director of the Honolulu Symphony. He

masks: Weyand Weyand


texts:
 was active in the Sony Open golf tournament, Shriners Club, the East-West Center, the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, and the Hawaii Theatre.Weyand was also a member of the Vietnam Veterans Leadership Program and a member of several military and veteran organizations, such as the Association of the United States Army, the Air Force Association, the Military Officers Association of America, the 25th Infantry Division Association, the Go for Broke Association (100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment), the 3rd Infantry Division Association, and the associated 7th Infantry Regiment Association. After his first wife died in 2001, Weyand married Mary Foster. He died on February 10, 2010, of natural causes at the Kahala Nui retirement residence in Honolulu, Hawaii. References

External links

Weyand Bibliography in Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff of the Army, a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History. Murray Fromson's article revealing Weyand as source

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1916 births
2010 deaths
People from Colusa County, California
Military personnel from California
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1 Weyand, Frederick
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
United States Army Vice Chiefs of Staff
United States Army Chiefs of Staff
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
United States Army War College


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<mask> (born 1952) is an American biological anthropologist, author, and educator. His work focuses on bioarchaeology, the study of human remains from archaeological settings. Although his interests span the entire record of human evolution, his research largely pertains to the last 10,000 years, a period of dynamic change in health, well-being, and lifestyle, much of which relates to population increase, overcrowding, and nutritional decline that co-occurred with the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, creating living conditions that humans are grappling with to the present day. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the middle child of five children, including two older sisters and two younger sisters. He spent most of his childhood in Beatrice, Nebraska, graduating from high school in 1970. His exposure to artifacts and exhibits at the Homestead National Monument’s museum near his home town initiated his fascination with all matters ancient. Within weeks of high school graduation, <mask> spent his first archaeological field season on a Nebraska State Historical Society excavation of Fort Atkinson, the first military fort west of the Missouri River.The discovery of human bone fragments at the site that summer captured his interest in the study of archaeological human remains. <mask> attended Kansas State University (BA, Anthropology, 1974), where he studied with archaeologist Patricia J. O’Brien and physical anthropologists William M. Bass III and Michael Finnegan. Following his freshman and sophomore years, he worked with Smithsonian Institution physical anthropologists, Douglas H.

masks:
Clark Spencer Larsen
Larsen
Larsen
Larsen


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 Ubelaker and T. Dale Stewart, on field projects in South Dakota (1971) and Maryland (1972) and subsequently with American Museum of Natural History archaeologist David Hurst Thomas in Nevada (1973, 1974). He completed his graduate education at the University of Michigan (MA, Anthropology, 1975; PhD, Biological Anthropology, 1980), studying with Milford H. Wolpoff (advisor), C. Loring Brace, David S. Carlson, Frank B. Livingstone, and Stanley M. Garn. Career
Soon after entering the graduate program at Michigan, he began working with David Hurst Thomas on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, a project that lead to <mask>'s Ph.D. dissertation research on the bioarchaeology of the Georgia coast, documenting the health and lifestyle impacts of the introduction of agriculture and its intensification in later prehistory on native populations. His long-term research program in the American Southeast has been called “…the most comprehensive data for all of North America.” This research program is part of a decades-long (1975–   ) collaboration with the American Museum of Natural History involving the study of health, dietary, and economic changes prior to and after the arrival of Europeans and the establishment of the mission system in Spanish Florida. He has served as a Research Associate with the American Museum since 1980.<mask> has played a lead role in the study of ancient human remains in other regions of North America (Great Basin, Nevada), at Çatalhöyük (Turkey) (cite Wiki), and Badia Pozzeveri (Tuscany, Italy). He is co-director of the European History of Health Project, tracking health and lifestyle history based on human

masks: Larsen Larsen


texts: remains from across Europe over the last 5,000 years with an international collaboration of bioarchaeologists, archaeologists, economic historians, climatologists, and geologists. <mask> began his professional teaching and research career at the University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth campus (1979–1983), subsequently moving to Northern Illinois University (1983–1989; chair, 1987–1989), Purdue University (1989–1993), and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (1993–2001). He spent a term (Spring, 1999) at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught bioarchaeology. He was Adjunct Professor in Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University (1995–2001). He moved to Ohio State University (2001–    ), where he was recruited to chair the Department of Anthropology. Over the course of his tenure as chair (2001–2017), he led the transformation of the department from an unknown unit into a leading program in science-based anthropology, adding nine faculty positions, expanding laboratory facilities, and attracting top students to its undergraduate and graduate programs.In <mask>’s role in graduate education, he has directed 26 doctoral students in their dissertation research. <mask> has played a leadership role in professional societies and in publishing, serving as Vice President (1996–1998) and President (1999–2001) of the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, Chair of the Anthropology section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2010–2011), Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2001–2007), and founding editor of the book series, Bioarchaeologial

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 Interpretations of the Human Past, for the University Press of Florida (2006–  ). <mask> is a member of professional societies including the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists, and the Society for American Archaeology. Honors
<mask> has published 35 books and monographs and over 200 articles and contributions to books. His textbook, Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology(W. W. Norton), is a leading introductory textbook, and Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton (Cambridge University Press),  the first major synthesis of the field of bioarchaeology. 1978–79 Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, Division of Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
 1984 Elected Member, Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society
 1990 Gary Shapiro Memorial Distinguished Lecturer, Museum of Florida History, Tallahassee
 1999 Amos Hawley Distinguished Term Professor, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
 2000 Marshall Urist Lecturer, Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons
 2001 Distinguished Professor of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Ohio State University
 2002 Charles P. Taft Distinguished Lecturer, University of Cincinnati
 2003 Educational Hall of Fame Award, Beatrice, Nebraska
 2005–08 National Distinguished Lecturer, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
 2006 Elected Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2008 Gabriel W. Lasker Distinguished Service Award, American Association of Biological Anthropologists


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 2016 Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences
 2017 Distinguished University Professor, Ohio State University
2020 Elected Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2020 Cozzarelli Prize, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Selected works
Clark Spencer Larsen (1982) The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island: 3. Prehistoric Human Biological Adaptation.Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 57, part 3. 115 pp. Christopher B. Ruff, <mask> <mask>, and Wilson C. Hayes (1984) Structural Changes in the Femur with the Transition to Agriculture on the Georgia Coast. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64:125–136. <mask> <mask>, Margaret J. Schoeninger, Nikolaas J. van der Merwe, Katherine M. Moore, and Julia A. Lee-Thorp (1992) Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotopic Signatures of Human Dietary Change in the Georgia Bight. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89:197–214. <mask> <mask> and George R. Milner (editors) (1994) In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest.Wiley-Liss, New York. 216 pp. <mask> <mask> (1995) Biological Changes in Human Populations with Agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:185–213. <mask> <mask> (2000) Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 248 pp.Richard H. Steckel, Jerome C. Rose, <mask> <mask> and Phillip L. Walker (2002) Skeletal Health in the Western Hemisphere from 4000 B.C. to the Present. Evolutionary Anthropology 11:142–155. <mask> <mask> (2003) Animal Source Foods and Human Health during Evolution. In (Montague Demment and Lindsay Allen,

masks:
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen
Clark Spencer
Larsen


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 supplement editors) Animal Source Foods to Improve Micronutrient Nutrition and Human Function in Developing Countries. Journal of Nutrition 133:3893S–3897S. <mask> <mask> (2006) The Agricultural Revolution as Environmental Catastrophe: Implications for Health and Lifestyle in the Holocene.In (S.A.G. Leroy, H. Jousse, and M. Cremaschi, guest editors), Impact of Rapid Environmental Changes on Humans and Ecosystems. Quaternary International 150:12–20. John L. Brooke and <mask> <mask> (2014) The Nurture of Nature: Genetics, Epigenetics, and Environment in Human Biohistory. In: Roundtable Forum on History and Biology, edited by Randolph Roth. American Historical Review 119:1500–1513. <mask> <mask> (2015) Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton, Second Edition.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 650 pp. <mask> <mask> (2020) Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology, Fifth Edition. W. W. Norton, New York. 509 pp. http://books.wwnorton.com/books/webad.aspx?id=4294992858

Pedro Da-Gloria and <mask> <mask> (2017) Subsisting at the Pleistocene/Holocene Boundary in the New World: A View from the Paleoamerican Mouths of Central Brazil. PaleoAmerica 3:101–121.Richard H. Steckel, <mask> <mask>, Charlotte A. Roberts, and Joerg Baten, editors (2019) The Backbone of History: Health, Diet, Work, and Violence over Two Millennia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 462 pp. <mask> <mask>, Christopher J. Knüsel, Scott D. Haddow, Marin A. Pilloud, Marco Milella, Joshua W. Sadvari, Jessica Pearson, Christopher B. Ruff, Evan M. Garofalo, Emmy Bocaege, Barbara J. Betz, Irene Dori, Bonnie Glencross (2019)


texts:
 Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük Reveals Fundamental Transitions in Health, Mobility, and Lifestyle in Early Farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 12615–12623. References

1952 births
Living people
20th-century anthropologists
21st-century anthropologists
American anthropologists
American archaeologists
People from Omaha, Nebraska
Physical anthropologists
Scientists from


texts:
<mask> (born 12 October 1972) is a Brazilian politician as well as a pastor, writer, film producer, and theologian. He has spent his political career representing São Paulo, having served as federal deputy representative since 2011. A polarizing figure in Brazilian politics due to his outspoken conservative views, his election to president of the commission on human rights and minorities caused controversy and protest due to <mask>'s comments regarding Africans, LGBTQ individuals, women, Catholics, among others. Personal life
<mask> is the son of a single mother <mask>, and grew up in an impoverished environment. He is married to Edileusa de Castro Silva and has three children: Kamilly, Ketlin, and Karen. He is an alumnus of the International Seminary Hosanna and Bible School, located in Pompano Beach, Florida. He is a pastor of the Catedral do Avivamento (Revival Cathedral), a neo-charismatic church affiliated with the Assembleias de Deus.<mask> began preaching at the age of nineteen, but was not allowed to become pastor in the church of Assembly of God in Belém where he attended because he was too young. At the age of 26 he traveled to the United States and was ordained a pastor there under by the Gideões Missionários da Última Hora or GMUH, a sub-group of the Assembly of God in Brazil. Currently there are 14 churches under his leadership in Brazil. In addition to being a pastor and theologian, <mask> is also a writer with 18 published books, a performer of Christian music, and the producer of 2 evangelical documentaries. Political career
In the 2010 Brazilian general election <mask> was elected to the federal Chamber of Deputies from his home state of São Paulo with 212,000 votes. <mask> voted in favor of the impeachment of then-president Dilma Rousseff. <mask> voted in favor of 2015 tax reforms and the 2017 Brazilian labor reform, and would vote against a corruption investigation into Rousseff's successor Michel Temer.<mask> was one of only 10 deputies who opposed the expulsion of then-president of the chamber of deputies Eduardo Cunha for corruption. In July 2019 <mask> announced

masks:
Marco Antônio Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Lucia Maria Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano


texts:
 that he would run as a vice-presidential candidate in the 2022 Brazilian general election. A long time member of the Social Christian party, in March 2018 <mask> joined the Podemos party. President of Commission on Human Rights and Minorities and controversy

Preceding comments
In March 2011 on his Twitter account, <mask> posted that "Africans are descendants from ancestors cursed by Noah." <mask> later defended his statement with several passages from the book of Genesis which he said backed up what he had said. Roberlei Panasiewicz, a theologian at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, called Feliciano's statement fundamentalist and wrong. In an interview with Danilo Gentili on the television show Agora É Tarde on the channel Rede Bandeirantes, <mask> defended himself against the accusations or racism saying "After being lynched, they are waking up.I am not racist, my mother is black and I did missionary work in Africa." In one of his published books, <mask> wrote on homosexuals "The rotten feelings of homosexuality leads to hatred, crime, and rejection. We love homosexuals, but we abhor their promiscuous practices." His statements were supported by then fellow federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro. <mask> was investigated for hate speech for that comment, but was eventually cleared of any wrongdoing. In the closing statements the court said that <mask>'s comments were clearly homophobic and reprehensible, but as no law existed at the time to prosecute homophobia in Brazil, <mask> could not be formally charged. In August 2013 there was controversy again as there were reports of LGBTQ activists being attacked after a campaign rally by <mask> claimed that giving women more rights would undermine relationships and marriage, as well as increasing the likelihood that their children would be gay. In a video posted on the website YouTube in April 2013, <mask> preaching on an unknown date states in a sermon that Catholics worshiped Satan, and that the customs Catholics have of hanging crucifixs was idol worship which prostituted Jesus and other biblical figures. Feliciano also claimed

masks: Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Feliciano Felicianoliciano Feliciano


texts:
 that Catholicism encouraged homosexuality, saying that "My Jesus was not meant to be a homosexual neckpiece." Nomination
In March 2013 <mask> was nominated by his party, the Social Christian Party of Brazil, to serve as the president of the commission on human rights and minorities. The parties leader and spokesperson Everaldo Pereira stated that Feliciano had always been committed to promoting and protecting family values, which extended to human rights according to Pereira. After <mask> was presented to the panel of federal deputies on 7 March 2013. After he was presented as the sole candidate for the ministry of human rights and minorities, several members including Domingos Dutra, Erika Kokay, Jean Wyllys, Luiz Couto, and Luiza Erundina boycotted the meeting in protest to his nomination.The meeting continued and <mask> was elected by the remaining 12 members, 11 members voted in favor and one abstained. Reactions and protests
Speaker of the house Henrique Eduardo Alves commented that "the situation of the Commission on Human Rights and Minorities has become unsustainable" and that the decision to appoint <mask> was the wrong choice. Attorney general and chief prosecutor Roberto Gurgel also stated that <mask> "is not suitable" to take the position due to his views and past comments. His nomination was also criticized by Britain-based human rights organization Amnesty International. Reactions to <mask>'s appointment by right-wing politicians was mostly positive, pastor Silas Malafaia and then-federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro reacted enthusiastically to his appointment, and several pastors and elders of the Assembleias de Deus also voiced their support. Not all the reactions were favorable though, congresswoman Antonia Lúcia, herself an evangelical and member of the Social Christian Party, said she would resign from her post as vice chair of the commission due to <mask>'s comments. Response by the Brazil's National Bishops' Conference, the main spokespiece for Brazil's Catholic bishops, was mixed.The conference described <mask>'s appointment as a setback for human rights in Brazil,

masks:
Marco Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano


texts:
 however it also added that they agreed with <mask>'s views regarding abortion and same-sex-marriage. Responding to the uproar and controversy resulting from his appointment, <mask> claimed "This manifestation is all because, for the first time in the history of Brazil, a pastor filled with the holy spirit has conquered the space that until yesterday was dominated by Satan." Other controversies

Rape allegations
In 2016 <mask> was charged with attempted rape and assault by 22-year-old Patricia Lelis, a PSC activist who attended the same church as the pastor. The deputy chief of staff, Talma Bauer, was arrested for initially being suspected of kidnapping the young woman and forcing her to record videos defending the deputy in order to dismiss the initial complaint. After a police inquiry, Bauer was released and the São Paulo Civil Police concluded that there was no kidnapping or aggression, and requested the arrest of Patrícia Lélis for the crimes of slanderous denunciation and extortion against Bauer. Spending on dental treatment
Brazilian newspaper Estadão reported on August 3, 2019 that The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies reimbursed Deputy Pastor <mask> the quantity of 157 thousand Reals ($40,000) referring to a dental treatment. He argued that he needed to correct a jaw joint problem and reconstruct the smile with crowns and implants in his mouth.<mask> said he suffered from chronic pain related to bruxism. "I don't wish for anyone," he said. “I am a politician and a preacher. My mouth is my tool." Brazilians have taken to social media to protest what they are calling the golden teeth of <mask>, and abuse of public money. References

|-

1972 births
Living people
People from Orlândia
Brazilian Assemblies of God pastors
Social Christian Party (Brazil) politicians
Podemos (Brazil) politicians
Republicans (Brazil) politicians
Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from São Paulo
Brazilian businesspeople
Brazilian non-fiction writers
Brazilian Christian theologians
Brazilian gospel singers
Critics of the Catholic Church
Anti-same-sex-marriage

masks:
Feliciano
Feliciano
Feliciano
Marco Feliciano
Feliciano
Marco Feliciano


texts: <mask> (June 3, 1930 – November 11, 2011) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Montgomery, Alabama, from 1977 to 1999. Although the mayor's office is nonpartisan, <mask> was known to be a Republican. <mask> was born in Pike County near Montgomery. He attended school in Pike County and then Montgomery. He was a United States Army ranger and a veteran of the Korean War. He thereafter graduated from The University of Alabama with a degree in business. He entered politics in 1975 by winning election to the Montgomery City Council.He soon became the council president. He then ascended to the mayor's office after a scandal forced the resignations of the sitting mayor and public safety director and the subsequent resignations or terminations of a number of police officers and supervisors. He remained in office from 1977 to 1999. Although the city's elected positions are nonpartisan, <mask> was unabashedly a conservative Republican. He served as the chairman of the Alabama Republican Party and received several, primarily honorary, political appointments from Republican U.S. Presidents Ronald W. Reagan and George H.W. Bush. He was named "Civilian Aide" to the United States Secretary of the Army.The appointment carries the protocol weight of a four-star general, and Folmar took the position seriously. He even had a set of combat fatigues personalized with his name and the words "Civilian Aide" embroidered on the collar where a soldier's rank was displayed at the time. He was defeated in 1999 by political newcomer, attorney Bobby Bright, in an election that stunned many in the community who thought Folmar's re-election likely. Bright later served one term in the United States House of Representatives from 2009 to 2011. After leaving the city limelight, <mask> went into a mobile document shredding venture before being appointed in 2003 by Governor Bob Riley to run the state Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, where he served a relatively

masks:
Emory McCord Folmar
Folmar
Background Folmar
Folmar
Folmar


texts:
 quiet tenure as the agency's commissioner until Riley left office early in 2011. Folmar battled cancer and other health ailments in his final years before he died at the family home on the evening of November 11, 2011. On the night of Folmar's death, current Mayor Todd Strange lauded the former city leader as his mentor, inspiration, a good man, a family man, a Christian and a valuable leader of the city.Entertainment
One notorious incident of many was his crackdown on rock-n-roll concerts in the city-owned Montgomery Civic Center --- a mass arrest of concert-goers carrying drugs, paraphernalia and minors with alcohol and beer at the facility early in his tenure set the tone for his administration, according to some. Folmar defended his actions after he had attended many concerts and witnessed personally the abuse of drugs and alcohol, particularly by minors. He noted on many occasions he saw a young girl "puking her guts out" after consuming too much vodka. Subsequently, few live rock-n-roll acts appeared in Montgomery during his tenure. The arrests were later nullified by a federal judge who rebuked Folmar's tactics. Further incidents against entertainment venues included a noise curfew against a motorsports park located about two miles away from a residential area. Folmar was part of the city effort to relocate the Alabama Shakespeare Festival from Anniston to Montgomery, on land and money both donated by Winton "Red" Blount, a wealthy construction magnate and former U.S. Postmaster General.The Festival along with the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts (a city facility) were located in the Winton M. Blount Cultural Park. The City of Montgomery Parks and Recreations Department maintains the grounds. Folmar was also instrumental in pushing for the growth and development of the city's long-running street festival, Jubilee CityFest. Languishing and drifting without direction under the loose guidance of an ad hoc coalition of the community's arts and


texts:
 entertainment groups, Folmar said the glorified block party should grow or cease and challenged leaders to take the festival to the next level. As a result, the free "block party" was changed to a paid-admission event with multiple stages with national headline acts. The Montgomery Zoo was another area where Folmar put resources and passion to grow the small five-acre zoo to the sprawling 40-acre facility it is today. In 1989, the zoo was expanded to its current size, enhanced with natural habitat enclosures for the animals and has regularly added new and exciting additions to the exhibits and collections.In addition to the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, <mask> and his wife Anita P<mask> were great private and public supporters of many of the cultural activities in the city, notably the Montgomery Symphony Orchestra, the Montgomery Ballet, the Alabama Dance Theater. The Art Council of Montgomery named its Children's Art Gallery in Anita's honor and established the Anita P<mask> Distinguished Volunteer in the Arts Award. <mask> was criticized by some of the city's residents that he didn't do enough to attract minor league baseball back to the city nor secure the location of a Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail facility in the city. One of the premier golf trails in the nation, the RTJ course in the area was finally located in Prattville, a nearby bedroom community. However, Folmar supporters say that this was a shrewd decision that risked no capital outlay, but allowed the city to reap the benefits of filling its abundant hotel rooms with golfers traveling to play the Trail. At the time, Montgomery's Lagoon Park Golf Course was one of America's top 50 municipal golf courses. After the Montgomery Rebels departed in 1980, leaving the 7,000 seat Paterson Field in poor upkeep, Folmar decreed the facility and nearby Cramton Bowl would remain dedicated to amateur sports.City administration and political philosophy
His 22 years in office marked the longest

masks:
Folmar
. Folmar
. Folmar
Folmar


texts: consecutive period of any mayor in the city's history although his tenure began in the wake of a racially divisive scandal. The controversy took down his predecessor, the city's public safety director and many subordinate leaders of Montgomery's Police Department. While pursuing suspects after a robbery, a police officer mistook Bernard Whitehurst for the robbery suspect when he failed to heed officer's commands to halt, and they fatally shot him in the back as he was fleeing. Then an officer at the scene planted a weapon near Whitehurst that was later determined to have been confiscated by the police in another case and filed a report saying he was shot in the front of his body. <mask>, then the president of the City Council, assumed the mayor job. In the special election that followed, <mask> beat out 40 challengers without a runoff. A fiscal conservative, Folmar was known for the tight fist with which he held onto the city's coffers, an effective steward of the taxpayer dollars with which the city was entrusted.He was criticized for not taking as many chances for growing some areas of the community's development of entertainment and sporting venues. Although <mask> prided himself in keeping roads paved, potholes filled, water flowing and garbage collected, he was criticized at some points for not being sufficiently proactive in repairing infrastructure in poor, minority sections on the periphery of the city limits. His leadership style was unyielding and even sometimes bordered on bullying, but he was unapologetic about his leadership style, saying that his tactics were in support and furtherance of a quality life for the citizens who paid the salaries of the public servants, although he never accepted a salary while mayor. He was financially supported by family real estate and other holdings. He often verbally tangled with vocal critics on the city council, particularly former councilman Joe Reed, a black leader who represented a decidedly

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar


texts:
 minority district in the city. But Folmar also took great pleasure in jousting with former city councilman Richard Moncus, who represented a primarily white constituency in a heavily middle class section of Montgomery. Moncus became a pariah on the council, but he also had constant disagreements with another white councilman, Dr. Rick McBride.So, in 1991 <mask> put together what he called "Montgomery's Team," basically a group of hand-picked city council candidates he could entrust to help him push his policy agenda. At the polls that year, he received the solid supporting city council he wanted. <mask> was also successful in helping to direct the city's economic development successes during his time in office, although the city's most celebrated economic development prize - Hyundai Motor Manufacturing - followed a few years after his leaving office. <mask> often addressed the senior civic classes of area high schools during his time as mayor. On such occasions he often drew criticism for the Civic Center raid that city youth blamed on effectively killing the concert business in the city. Once Folmar answered that criticism by saying "You can stay at home and get as high as a Georgia Pine and I won't care. But when you bring it out on my streets, it becomes my business."He often characterized himself politically as "so conservative if it were up to me, I would take down all the traffic lights and let the strongest, fastest car get through the intersection first." Racial issues and bigoted remarks
<mask>'s controversial stances were cast at the outset of his political career in the 1970s in highly controversial city council votes along racial lines. Among them were the championing of a vote to spend a large portion of federal grant money on a public golf course and softball fields on the predominantly white east side of the city rather than using all of the grant money to end urban blight by providing necessary city utility infrastructure on the

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar


texts:
 predominantly-black west side. Many western areas of the city are without utility infrastructure over 25 years later. A number of incidents involving his hard-line stances include long-time racial tensions between the police and black citizens which zeroed in on <mask>'s leadership as the precursor; as mayor, he was known to be the true, de facto leader of the city's police force and he routinely furthered that image by getting proactive in on-the-scene police investigations and was known to carry a pistol. He instructed police on night-watch 3rd shift to start wearing SWAT-team, military-style black uniforms and baseball-style black caps. A notorious incident happened on Todd Rd.in 1983 when 2 white police detectives, Ed Spivey and Les Brown, allegedly barged into a home where black mourners had gathered after the funeral of a grandmother. The detectives were following up on a missing person case and observed a suspicious subject outside the residence. The detectives were held hostage and beaten by the black occupants and held until other police arrived, who subsequently arrested the mourners under allegations of assault & torture of the officers, with resulting claims by local black leaders of police abuse during questioning of the suspects. <mask> was quoted in 1997 using the word "queer" publicly in a derogatory fashion noting his disapproval of the lifestyles of gay and lesbian individuals. During <mask>'s re-election bid in 1999, Samuel J. Caraway, a 19-year-old, openly gay resident of Montgomery, was beaten and jailed by two members of the Montgomery Police Department while attempting to erect a sign mocking Folmar's election slogan, "Folmar - Still The One." Caraway's sign said, "Folmar, Still A Bigot." Caraway would later cite Folmar's derogatory use of the word "queer" as an inspiration for his sign.His suit against the city resulted in a $20,000 settlement, negotiated by local attorney Julian L. McPhillips, Jr.

Public


texts:
 transportation
The Montgomery City Bus Transit System had a long historical past of serving the city and stepped to the forefront with the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955 and the subsequent year-long Montgomery bus boycott thereafter, which still didn't destroy the transit system. It took a political decision by Folmar to selectively ban certain ads on buses, namely an anti-death penalty ad, to dismantle the bus system. When <mask> was told that he couldn't ban the ad as discriminatory, he banned all ads, which saw advertising revenue plummet, a large portion of the transit system's income. Within a couple of years, the traditional system of large buses and fixed routes and the historical Montgomery buses were abolished in favor of a demand system equal to a public taxi shuttle, which many citizens found unfair and troublesome for impromptu use, requiring 24-hour advance booking. Race for governor and bad timing
<mask> ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1982 winning just over 40% of the vote. <mask> lost to George Wallace, who was seeking an unprecedented fourth term. The election was noted as being the first truly competitive two-party campaign in Alabama history due to strong Republican political gains on the national, state and local levels after a long history of state Democratic domination in Alabama.However, Alabama remained largely Democratic at the state level, dooming <mask>'s campaign. Afterward, he served as chairman of the Alabama Republican Party from 1985 to 1989. With his high position in the party and with Ronald Reagan enjoying widespread popularity, <mask> could have sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination again in 1986, which instead went to Guy Hunt who was thought to be the Republicans' "sacrificial lamb". The Democratic side featured two strong candidates, Bill Baxley and Charles Graddick. Graddick won the primary, but the Alabama Democratic Party argued that many Republicans had crossed over and "illegally" voted for

masks: Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar Folmar


texts:
 Graddick in the Democratic primary. However, Alabama had no party registration laws to restrict participation in either party primary by voters. Democratic party leaders successfully managed to have Graddick's win nullified in favor of Baxley.The resulting negative press led to a voter backlash against Democrats and Guy Hunt was subsequently elected the first Republican Alabama Governor since the post-Civil War Reconstruction period. <mask> later became state chairman for George H. W. Bush's 1988 and 1992 US presidential campaigns. He is largely credited for helping guide the Republican Party back to legitimate status in the state. Since his unsuccessful bid against Wallace and subsequent state party leadership, of the four elected governors, three have been Republicans. A second Democrat was governor during the period. Lieutenant Governor Jim Folsom, Jr. served out the remainder of Hunt's term after he was convicted of misappropriating campaign contributions. Folsom was then defeated by former governor Fob James, a Democrat turned Republican.References

External links
 <mask> <mask> short bio at Alabama State Archives
 Archived article from Southern Changes circa 1983 about <mask>'s tenure
 Article about the fall of the famous Montgomery Bus Transit System under Folmar
 Article quoting anti-gay remarks by Folmar
 Video of C-SPAN Interview and Call-In Show with <mask> <mask> about the Republican Party in Alabama, 1985
 Details of 1986 Governor's race involving <mask>'s decision not to run
 Details of 1986 & all other Alabama governor's races
 Vanderbilt Television News Archive ABC Story about the 1983 Todd Rd incident

|-

1930 births
2011 deaths
Mayors of Montgomery, Alabama
People from Pike County, Alabama
Montgomery, Alabama City Council members
Alabama Republicans
Businesspeople from Alabama
Sidney Lanier High School alumni
University of Alabama alumni
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
20th-century

masks: Folmar Emory Folmar Folmar Emory Folmar Folmar


texts:
<mask> (until 1906 Gummerus , 18 January 1882 - 10 June 1966) was a National Coalition Party MP who became known as a Jäger activist, Ostrobothnia White Guard founder, in the 1920s and 1930s, leader of the strikebreaking organisation Export Peace, also known as "Pihkala's Guard" and an influencer of the Lapua movement and the Patriotic People’s Movement. Life
<mask> was born into the Gummerus family, known as the clergy family. His parents were provost Aleksanteri Gummerus and Alma Maria Nordlund. <mask>'s brothers were Bishop Jaakko Gummerus of Tampere and Professors Lauri “Tahko” <mask> and <mask>. <mask>'s son was Professor of Agricultural Sciences KU Pihkala. He is also the grandfather of Bishop <mask>. The founder of the Gummerus publishing house, Kaarle Jaakko Gummerus, was the uncle of <mask>.After graduating from high school, Pihkala graduated as a primary school teacher from the Jyväskylä Seminary in 1903. He then worked as a teacher at Jyväskylä's deaf-mute school in 1904–1920. Jäger Movement, the White Guard and the Civil War

<mask> was involved in Jäger recruitment. In 1917, he toured with his brother Lauri <mask> in Central Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia to talk about the importance of establishing white guards. Together with Sakari Kuusi, he was the most significant influence on the establishment of the white guards of Central Finland. Pihkala took part in the Finnish Civil War on the White side in the 1st Battalion of the Northern Häme Regiment, led by the Estonian Hans Kalm, which later became known for its violence and war crimes. He was in the White guard headquarters organizing detachments which played a key role in the white terror that took place during the Civil War.It has been

masks:
Martti Aleksander Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Pihkala
Rurik Pihkala
Pihkala
Juha Pihkala
Martti Pihkala
Pihkala
Pihkala


texts:
 suggested that Pihkala also participated in the executions in the prison camps. In April 1918, Pihkala published the book "What kind of Finland should we create?" In his book, he considered the supreme enemy of culture to be the of lust in life rather than the goal of the continuation of the family. He advocated forced sterilization and the isolation of those who had "wicked" lives from society as a means of breeding a superior Finnish race. Pihkala placed harmony between social classes as a counterbalance to moral decay and socialism. Strikebreaking organisation Export Peace
After the Civil War, increased leftist activity was particularly evident on construction sites. The number of strikes increased and several of them became politicized.The interests of the Communists and the Soviet Union were seen as the reason for the strikes. In 1920, employers' organizations decided to set up a special organization focused on breaking strikes. <mask> <mask> came to lead this organization called Export Peace. Export Peace, known as the 'Pihkala Guard', had a maximum of 34,000 men, from which strike breakers could be assembled if necessary. Especially in Southern Ostrobothnia, <mask>'s organization was strong. Vihtori Kosola, the future frontman of the Lapua movement was an agent for the Export Peace. The best known of the strikes broken by the organization was the year-long harbor strike that began in 1928.In Export Peace, Pihkala offered an opportunity for “white leaders ... who took part in an activist movement or in the preparations for the struggle for freedom ... the most active voluntary way to fight Bolshevism.“ Export Peace was a significant successor to the so-called white Finnish ideology and the way to

masks: Martti Pihkala Pihkala


texts:
 maintain the activist network. Breaking the strikes also led to bloody clashes. Export Peace came to an end in 1940 with the January negotiations between employers 'and workers' organizations during the Winter War called the Betrothal of January. Lapua Movement and the path to membership of parliament
The Lapua movement, which sought to completely ban communism and socialism, was born in part as a continuation of the work of the strike breaker organization. One of the key demands of the Lapua movement from the beginning was to secure peace at work for “patriotic workers”. The nationwide network for Vientirauha played a key role in organizing the meetings leading to the birth of the Lapua movement. <mask> was one of the key influencers of the Lapua movement and negotiated with Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio and President Lauri Kristian Relander in the role of liaison.His role in the negotiations and events leading to the formation of the Svinhufvud government was central. Before the most heated phase of the Lapua movement in June 1930, Pihkala asked about the willingness of Prime Minister Kyösti Kallio to become the leader of the Lapua movement and, in practice, the dictator of Finland. <mask> was elected a National Coalition Party MP in the autumn of 1930 by votes of supporters of the Lapua movement. Patriotic People's Movement
After the Lapua Movement ended after the 1932 Mäntsälä Rebellion, <mask> joined the successor movement Patriotic People's Movement (IKL). Later on Pihkala took a distance to IKL after it approached the working class and created its own union according to the ideology of Volksgemeinschaft. Svinhufvud Testament
Pihkala's last attempt to influence Finnish politics took place in the autumn

masks: Pihkala Pihkala Pihkala


texts:
 of 1944, when, without the permission of the authorities, he distributed a book he co-authored with former President PE Svinhufvud: "Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: A Will to My People". The book called for Finland to remain at war with Germany until the end and condemned all attempts at separate peace.When Finland severed its relations with Germany in September 1944, Pihkala was one of the ten Finns considered to be the most dangerous, and who were detained. The detainees were prominent Finnish National Socialists, fascists and pro-German people. The distribution of the Svinhufvud book was considered to be detrimental to Finland's peace-making. <mask> was placed under house arrest for three years on a farm owned by the Helsinki countryside in Rekola . Pihkala spent his last years away from politics, cultivating his farm. Sources
Siltala, Juha: Lapuan liike ja kyyditykset 1930. Helsinki: Otava, 1985. . (suomeksi)
Silvennoinen, Oula & Tikka, Marko & Roselius, Aapo: Suomalaiset fasistit : mustan sarastuksen airuet.Helsinki: WSOY, 2016. . (suomeksi)
Uola, Mikko: ”<mask>, <mask> (1882–1966)”, Suomen kansallisbiografia, osa 7: Negri-Pöysti. ISSN 1799-4349 (Verkkojulkaisu). Helsinki: *Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2006. . Artikkelin maksullinen verkkoversio (suomeksi)
Vasara, Erkki: Valkoisen Suomen urheilevat soturit Klik!-arkisto. 23.10.1997. Helsinki: Helsingin Sanomat. <mask> Pihkala. (Suomen kansanedustajat.)Eduskunta. References

1882 births
1966 deaths
People from Pihtipudas
People from Vaasa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Patriotic People's Movement (Finland) politicians
National Coalition Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930–33)
Finnish eugenicists
People of the Finnish Civil War

masks: Pihkala Pihkala Martti Martti


texts:
<mask> MA (13 May 1869 – 31 May 1922) was an English solicitor and convicted murderer, the only solicitor in the history of the United Kingdom to have been hanged for murder. He was living in Cusop Dingle, Herefordshire, England, and practising in Hay-on-Wye, on the border of England and Wales, from 1906 until his arrest on 31 December 1921 for the attempted murder of a professional rival by arsenic poisoning. He was later also charged with, and convicted of, the murder of his wife, the crime for which he was executed. Early life and career
<mask> was born at 23 Princes Square, Plymouth, Devon, on 13 May 1869 to a family of modest means. The family later moved to Edge Hill, Liverpool. He studied at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, gaining a degree in law, and qualified as a solicitor in February 1895. He later gained an MA from St Catharine's in 1901.Initially practising in Liverpool, later Newton Abbot, he successfully applied for a vacancy in Hay-on-Wye, Breconshire, in 1906. The following year, he married Katharine Mary Friend of West Teignmouth; the couple had two girls, Eleanor and Margaret, and a boy, Pierson. Margaret was the youngest child. The <mask>s moved into an imposing family home called Mayfield in the village of Cusop Dingle not far from Hay where <mask> ran his law firm of Cheese & Armstrong. <mask> was a hard-working man and rose in the social community of the town. He was a leading member of the Freemasons and was appointed clerk to the justices. He joined the Volunteer Force and rose to the rank of captain.In 1914 he was called up in the First World War, where he eventually gained the rank of major in the Royal Engineers Territorial Force, and served in France, May to October 1918. The award of the Territorial Decoration for long service was published in the London Gazette, 4 November 1919. After the war, he was usually referred to as "<mask>". Death of Mrs

masks:
Herbert Rowse Armstrong TD
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Major Armstrong


texts:
 <mask>
In May 1919, <mask>'s health first began to weaken, with certain symptoms which the local physician, Dr Thomas Hincks, diagnosed as a case of brachial neuritis. From this she appeared to recover, and did not need to consult Dr Hincks for over a year. But in August 1920, Mrs <mask>'s health, both physical and mental, deteriorated again. <mask> kept in close contact with Hincks, and showed great concern for his wife, consulting relatives and friends as well.Hincks found that Mrs <mask> was showing signs of mental collapse and came to the conclusion that it was connected to her illness. At the end of August, Mrs <mask> was admitted to Barnwood, a private mental asylum near Gloucester. On admission she had pyrexia, vomiting, heart murmurs, and albumen in the urine. There was also partial paralysis in the hands and feet and loss of muscle tone. Mrs <mask> was also delusional. Mrs <mask>'s condition began to improve at Barnwood, and she was discharged home on 22 January 1921. Shortly after her return home her condition mysteriously deteriorated again and she died exactly a month after her return on 22 February 1921.Hincks was puzzled by Mrs <mask>'s symptoms, but nevertheless stated on the death certificate that she had died of gastritis, aggravated by heart disease and nephritis. Outwardly, <mask> had shown nothing but forbearing concern for his wife, sitting at her bedside reading to her in the evenings, and leaving the office early whenever possible to be with her. If <mask> did kill his wife, but for a later act of folly he might well have escaped detection. It would seem that there had been at least problems in the marriage. Though authors who have studied the case have assumed that the <mask>s' marriage was a failure due to the domineering attitude of Mrs <mask> to her husband, the precise nature of the <mask>s' relationship is far from clear. It was generally held that Mrs

masks:
Armstrong
Kitty Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong
Armstrong


texts:
 <mask> was a singularly unpleasant woman who regularly abused and humiliated her husband in public, and it was not unnoticed that, though the local newspaper described Mrs <mask> as a 'popular Hay lady,' few people attended her funeral. On the other hand, Mrs <mask>, whenever separated from her husband due either to her stays in hospitals or to his service in the War, is reported to have expressed her desire for the family to be reunited at the earliest opportunity.Whatever the truth, service in the First World War had opened up new experiences for the Major and he had had several affairs. He also went to dances in Hay and made passes at local girls. On the day of Mrs <mask>'s death, the servants closed all the curtains as a mark of respect. The first thing that <mask> did on returning home from the office was to open them again. Attempted murder of Oswald Martin

Oswald Martin was <mask>'s only rival solicitor in Hay. They were representing opposing parties in a property sale, the Velinewydd estate, which could have ended with <mask>'s client losing and <mask> having to pay a large sum to Martin's client. The details of the whole transaction remain unclear; Martin subsequently said there was a question about the titles.Perhaps <mask>'s reluctance to pay Martin was due to his having speculated with his client's money and then losing it. If this was the case, the only thing <mask> could do was gain time by quietening Martin somehow at least for a while until he could raise the necessary funds by some other means. It would certainly appear that the money entrusted to <mask> as a deposit on the sale was gone. Martin kept mentioning the matter of completion to <mask>, but the latter repeatedly delayed and it remained uncompleted by the time of <mask>'s trial. <mask> eventually invited Martin to a meeting at his home on 26 October 1921. Martin found tea laid out with cakes and buttered

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 scones. Martin probably thought that <mask> wanted to discuss completion of the property sale, but the two men merely discussed everyday things and office organisation, although Martin could have raised the matter himself.<mask> spoke of being lonely after the death of his wife. During the meeting over tea, <mask> picked up a scone, said, "excuse fingers" and handed it to Martin, who ate it. Having returned home, Martin became violently ill.

Martin's father-in-law, John Davies, the chemist (pharmacist) in Hay, had made several sales of arsenic to <mask> supposedly to kill dandelions despite the fact that it was the autumn and there were only twenty dandelions in the garden of Mayfield, the <mask>s' home. The chemist was now suspicious of Martin's sudden illness, and when Martin told him he had been to tea at Mayfield, Davies became suspicious. Meanwhile, Hincks became struck by how similar Martin's symptoms were to those of Katharine <mask>. Hincks, Martin, and Davies discussed the situation and Davies warned the Martins against receiving gifts. It was subsequently discovered that a few weeks before the tea party, a box of chocolates had been anonymously sent to the Martins.Mrs Martin's sister-in-law had eaten some and become violently ill. Fortunately, some chocolates remained and when examined some were found to have a small nozzle-like hole in the base. Dr Hincks contacted the Home Office and explained his suspicions about what had happened to Martin, and later voicing suspicions about Mrs <mask>'s death. Samples of the chocolates and Martin's urine were examined and found to contain arsenic, and the Home Office now passed the case to Scotland Yard. Meanwhile, <mask> began to bombard Martin with further invitations to tea, for which Martin found it increasingly difficult to find excuses to avoid. Scotland Yard had to move slowly so as not to warn <mask> of their suspicions. They

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 eventually arrested him on 31 December 1921, and he was charged with the attempted murder of Oswald Martin. He maintained he was innocent.When he was arrested, the police found a packet of arsenic in his pocket and many more in his house. Mrs <mask>'s body was exhumed and examined by the eminent Home Office pathologist Dr Bernard Spilsbury. Her body was riddled with arsenic ten months after death, and on 19 January 1922, <mask> was charged with the wilful murder of his wife. "I repeat what I said before. I am absolutely innocent," said <mask>. Trial
<mask>'s trial for the murder of his wife began at Hereford before Mr Justice Darling on 3 April 1922. <mask> was defended by Sir Henry Curtis-Bennett, one of the leading criminal trial barristers of the day.Public and media interest was enormous. A year earlier there had been a trial at Carmarthen Assizes of another solicitor, Harold Greenwood, for the murder of his wife by poison, supposedly disguised as an illness. Greenwood had been acquitted. Also, the fact that the three men who brought the charges to the police included <mask>'s business rival and the latter's father-in-law looked suspicious to some people. It was believed by some that <mask> was being framed. But despite the widespread belief that he would be acquitted, the prosecution case was a strong one. <mask>'s body was riddled with arsenic and at the time of her death the ingested quantity must have been far higher, and <mask> had made huge purchases of arsenic.The defence had somehow to make the jury believe that Mrs <mask> had committed suicide by getting out of bed, going downstairs and helping herself to arsenic without anyone seeing or hearing her; or that massive doses of arsenic had somehow got into her system some accidental way. All witnesses confirmed that towards the end she was almost paralysed. Dr Bernard Spilsbury insisted that the fatal dose must have been

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 taken within twenty-four hours of death, and Hincks affirmed that for Mrs <mask> to have taken it herself was "absolutely impossible". Arsenic poisoning
Then <mask> had to explain his habits concerning arsenic or the white powder, arsenic trioxide. He claimed that it was his practice to put small portions of arsenic into individual pouches, which he squirted into the ground near spots where dandelions tended to grow. One small pouch was found on his person following his arrest, and there was no reasonable explanation offered for his carrying it around, particularly as the arrest was in December. <mask> did not come off well under questioning by Mr Justice Darling concerning this point.Much later, after the trial, two possible motives emerged for Katharine <mask>'s poisoning. Firstly, <mask> had decided he wanted a different, more congenial wife. Secondly, Katharine had written a will in 1917 leaving the bulk of her estate not to her husband, but to their children. <mask> produced a new will following his wife's death, giving him control of her estate, but studies suggest that it was probably forged. For some time before the Velinewydd estate affair, <mask>'s business had been in financial difficulties. The difficulties in relation to the sale of the Velinewydd estate made things even worse for him. However, the evidence against <mask>, though considerable, was nonetheless purely circumstantial.No one had actually seen the Major administering poison, and . Mrs <mask> had occasionally spoken of suicide, some medicines contained arsenic, and there were plenty of other people coming into contact with her at Mayfield. The prosecution failed to show how it was <mask> and only <mask> who administered poison, and no one else. As for the Martin poisoning, . In short, other than gaining a little time, the death of Martin would not in any way have relieved the Major's business problems. <mask>

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 made no confession and adamantly maintained his total innocence to the bitter end. On 13 April 1922 at Hereford Shire Hall, he was found guilty of the murder of his wife.Execution
Mr Justice Darling stated that he concurred with the jury's view and that it was absurd and unsupported by any evidence that Mrs <mask> had committed suicide. He then sentenced <mask> to death. On 16 May 1922, the Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed his appeal and <mask> was hanged by John Ellis at Gloucester Prison on 31 May 1922. Ellis claimed that before the trap was opened on the gallows <mask> called out, "Kitty I'm coomin to ye!" although this is unconfirmed. The News of the World reported that when asked by the prison governor on the morning of the execution if he had anything to say, <mask>'s last words were "I am innocent of the crime for which I have been condemned to die." In popular culture
The then-recent <mask> case was discussed in Dorothy L. Sayers's 1927 mystery novel Unnatural Death.In addition, the murderer in Sayers's 1930 novel Strong Poison is caught with packets of arsenic, resembling <mask>'s case. In Detection Unlimited, a 1953 mystery novel written by Georgette Heyer, a character is compared to <mask>. The <mask> case was dramatised on the BBC radio series The Black Museum in 1952 under the title of The Champagne Glass. <mask> was also the subject of a 1994 TV mini-series called Dandelion Dead, which starred Michael Kitchen as <mask>, Sarah Miles as <mask>, David Thewlis as Oswald Martin and Lesley Sharp as Martin's wife, Constance. It was directed by Mike Hodges and won a BAFTA in 1995. As well as telling the main story of <mask>'s crimes, the series develops the courtship of Martin and his wife and shows the effects of events on <mask>'s children. Deadly Advice, a black comedy released in 1994, was set in Hay-on-Wye and had Jane Horrocks becoming a serial killer under the ghostly

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 influence of <mask> (played by Edward Woodward) and others like Dr Crippen (Hywel Bennett) and Jack the Ripper (John Mills).The Hay Poisoner
Armstrong's home in Cusop was subsequently owned by Martin Beales, a solicitor working in <mask>'s former office in Hay. Beales believed that <mask> was innocent and published a book arguing his case. References

Bibliography

Rose, Andrew; 'Lethal Witness', Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009; Chapter Nine ('Excuse Fingers'). Discusses Spilsbury's major role as prosecution witness. Beales, Martin; Dead not Buried. 1995 (later retitled The Hay Poisoner). The author sets out the case for <mask>'s being framed.Written with the co-operation of Margaret, the <mask>s' surviving daughter, who was incensed at the portrayal of her father in the 1994 film Dandelion Dead. Browne, D. and Tullett, E.V. ; Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases 1951. Jones, Frank; Beyond Suspicion: True Stories of Unexpected Killers. pp. 53–85: "A Tale of Two Lawyers": The author compares the cases against Greenwood and <mask>. He also points out a counter theory that <mask> may have been innocent but framed by Martin, Davies, and Hincks.Odell, Robin; Exhumation of a Murder: The Life and Trial of Major <mask>. London: Harrap, 1975. . Regarding <mask>'s guilt, the author concludes that while the evidence remains circumstantial, taken together with what is known of <mask>'s personality "all doubts are dispelled." 1869 births
1920s murders in the United Kingdom
1921 crimes
1922 deaths
People from Newton Abbot
People from Herefordshire
Volunteer Force officers
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Engineers officers
English solicitors
Poisoners
People executed for murder
20th-century executions by England and Wales
Executed people from Devon
English people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
Alumni of St Catharine's College,

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<mask> (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967), known among his contemporaries as "Cactus Jack", was an American Democratic politician and lawyer from Texas. He was the 32nd vice president, serving under Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1941. He was also the 39th speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933. <mask> and Schuyler Colfax are the only politicians to serve as presiding officer of both houses of Congress. <mask> began his political career as the county judge of Uvalde County, Texas. He served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1898 to 1902 and won election to represent Texas in the United States House of Representatives in 1902. He represented Texas's 15th congressional district from 1903 to 1933.<mask> served as House Minority Leader from 1929 to 1931, and was elevated to Speaker of the House when Democrats won control of the House following the 1930 elections. <mask> sought the Democratic presidential nomination in the 1932 presidential election, but he agreed to serve as Franklin D. Roosevelt's running mate at the 1932 Democratic National Convention. Roosevelt and <mask> won the 1932 election and were re-elected in 1936. A conservative Southerner, <mask> opposed the sit-down strikes of the labor unions and the New Deal's deficit spending. He broke with Roosevelt in early 1937 over the issue of enlarging the Supreme Court, and helped defeat it on the grounds that it centralized too much power in the president's hands. <mask> again sought the presidency in the 1940 presidential election, but Roosevelt won the party's presidential nomination at the 1940 Democratic National Convention. Roosevelt then chose Henry A. Wallace as his running mate.Biography

Early life and family

<mask> was born on November 22, 1868, in a log cabin in Red River County, Texas to <mask> <mask> and his wife, Sarah Guest <mask>. That mud-chinked log cabin no longer exists, but the large, white, two-story house where he was raised survives and is located at 260 South Main Street in Detroit, Texas. <mask> attended Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, for

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 only one semester before dropping out and returning home. He studied law at the firm of Sims and Wright in Clarksville, Texas, was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began practice in Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas. In 1893, <mask> entered politics, running for county judge of Uvalde County, the county's chief administrative officer. <mask> was opposed in the primary by a woman—Mariette "Ettie" Rheiner, a rancher's daughter. <mask> won, and with the Democratic nomination seen as tantamount to election in the post-Civil War Solid South, <mask> was elected county judge and served until 1896.<mask> and Rheiner began dating after the primary. They married in Sabinal, Texas on November 25, 1895. Their  son, Tully <mask> (1896–1968), became a banker and businessman. Mariette <mask> served as her husband's secretary throughout his Congressional career, and Second Lady of the United States during her husband's tenure as vice president. Texas politics

<mask> was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1898, and re-elected in 1900. During his service, the legislature selected a state flower for Texas. <mask> fervently supported the prickly pear cactus for the honor, and thus earned the nickname "Cactus Jack".(The Bluebonnet was chosen.) In 1901 <mask> voted for the poll tax, a measure passed by the Democratic-dominated legislature to make voter registration more difficult and reduce the number of black, minority, and poor white voters on the voting rolls. This disfranchised most minority voters until the 1960s, and ended challenges to Democratic power; Texas became in effect a one-party state. <mask> traveled parts of southern Texas controlled by the patrón system, currying political favor with the land bosses who exercised near-complete control of the local people and local elections. His patrón allies created a gerrymandered district for him, the 15th congressional district, a narrow strip reaching south to include tens of thousands of square miles of rural areas. <mask> was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1902. He was elected from the district 14

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 subsequent times, serving until 1933.His wife was paid and worked as his private secretary during this period. Throughout his career he maintained allegiance to the white landowners who controlled the voting booths in South Texas. He regarded his Mexican voting base as "inferior and undesirable as U.S. citizens." <mask> was chosen to serve as minority floor leader for the Democrats in 1929, and in 1931 as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, when the Democrats became the majority. <mask> supported passage of the federal income tax but opposed most tariffs except for those on wool and mohair, which were important to his Texas base. He also believed in rural investment, bringing taxpayer dollars to farmers of the Brush Country region of South Texas.<mask> was popular with his fellow House members in both parties. He held what he called his "board of education" during the era of Prohibition, a gathering spot for lawmakers to drink alcohol, or as <mask> called it, "strike a blow for liberty." (The "board of education" was continued by future Speaker Sam Rayburn after Prohibition had ended and <mask> had left the House.) Vice presidency (1933–1941)

In 1932, <mask> ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. It had become evident that Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York, was the strongest of several candidates, but although he had a solid majority of convention delegates, he was 87.25 votes short of the two-thirds required for nomination. After <mask> cut a deal with Roosevelt, thus allowing Roosevelt to win the nomination, <mask> became his vice-presidential candidate. <mask> was re-elected to the 73rd Congress on November 8, 1932, and on the same day was elected Vice President of the United States.On February 8, 1933, then-Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of his successor, House Speaker <mask>, while <mask> was seated next to him on the House dais. He was the second man, Schuyler Colfax being the first, to serve as both Speaker of the House and President of the Senate. <mask> was re-elected Vice President with Roosevelt in 1936,

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 serving in that office in total from March 4, 1933, to January 20, 1941. Like most vice presidents in this era, <mask> had little to do and little influence on the president's policies. He famously described the vice presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm piss" (for many years, this quote was bowdlerized as "warm spit".) During Roosevelt's second term, <mask>'s previously warm relationship with the president quickly soured, as <mask> disagreed sharply with him on a wide range of important issues. <mask> supported federal intervention to break up the Flint sit-down strike, supported a balanced federal budget, opposed the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 to "pack" the Supreme Court with additional judges, and opposed executive interference with the internal business of the Congress.During 1938 and 1939, numerous Democratic party leaders urged <mask> to run for president in 1940. <mask> identified as the champion of the traditional Democratic Party establishment, which often clashed with supporters of Roosevelt's New Deal. The Gallup poll showed that <mask> was the favorite among Democratic voters, based on the assumption that Roosevelt would defer to the longstanding two-term tradition and not run for a third term. Time characterized him on April 15, 1940:

Some other Democrats did not find him appealing. In Congressional testimony, union leader <mask>. Lewis described him using tetrameter as "a labor-baiting, poker-playing, whiskey-drinking, evil old man". <mask> declared his candidacy. Roosevelt refused to say whether he would run again.If he did, it was highly unlikely that <mask> could win the nomination, but <mask> stayed in the race anyway. He opposed some of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, most notably those related to wooing labor, and on principle, opposed presidents serving third terms. However, <mask> was also credited with steering a number of important bills through Congress in the crisis atmosphere of Roosevelt's first one hundred days in office and his relationship with the President would not become strained until Roosevelt's second term, when the Vice

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 President's hopes of balancing the budget and paring New Deal programs faded. He was also active in Roosevelt's Cabinet meetings on national policy and legislative strategy, which also resulted in the effective transformation of the previously ceremonial office of the U.S. Vice President. However, the president's "court-packing" plan of 1937 widened the rift with <mask>, and the final blow in their relationship came when the president attempted to purge opposition Democratic members of Congress in the 1938 elections. At the Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt engineered a "spontaneous" call for his renomination, and won on the first ballot. <mask> received only 61 votes out of 1,093.Roosevelt chose Henry A. Wallace to be his vice-presidential running mate. Final years and legacy

<mask> left office on January 20, 1941, ending a 46-year career in public life. He retired to his home in Uvalde for the last 26 years of his life, where he managed his extensive real estate holdings, spent time with his great-grandchildren, and fished. Throughout his retirement, he was consulted by active Democratic politicians and was especially close to Roosevelt's successor, Harry S. Truman. On the morning of <mask>'s 95th birthday, November 22, 1963, President <mask>. Kennedy called to wish him a happy birthday. This was just hours before  Kennedy's assassination. Dan Rather states that he visited the <mask> ranch that morning to film an interview with <mask>, where Miss Texas Wool was in attendance, and that he then flew back to Dallas from Uvalde to deposit the film at then-CBS affiliate KRLD-TV (now Fox owned-and-operated KDFW-TV).<mask> died on November 7, 1967, at the age of 98 years and 350 days. He is interred in Uvalde Cemetery. <mask> is the longest-lived Vice President in U.S. history, a distinction which was previously held by Levi P. Morton (Benjamin Harrison's Vice President, who died in 1920 on his 96th birthday). <mask> and Schuyler Colfax, vice president under Ulysses S. Grant, are the only two Vice Presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming

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 Vice President. As the Vice President is also the President of the Senate, <mask> and Colfax are the only people to have served as the presiding officer of both houses of Congress. The popular Garner State Park, located  north of Uvalde, bears his name, as does Garner Field just east of Uvalde. The women's dormitory at Southwest Texas Junior College in Uvalde bears his wife's name.<mask> Middle School, located in San Antonio's North East Independent School District, is also named after him. Footnotes

Further reading
 Anders, Evan. Boss Rule in South Texas. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982. Champagne, Anthony. "<mask> <mask>", in Raymond W Smock and Susan W Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998) pp 144–80

 Timmons, Bascom N. <mask> of Texas: A Personal History.1948. Will, George. "In Cactus Jack's Footsteps". Jewish World Review Jan 6, 2000. External links

 Let's get goin'!, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoon depicting <mask>'s 1940 presidential candidacy, December 19, 1939
 Conspicuous among the casualties, Bill Sykes Editorial Cartoon depicting Vandenberg and <mask> in 1940 presidential primaries, April 4, 1940

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1868 births
1967 deaths
20th-century vice presidents of the United States
1932 United States vice-presidential candidates
1936 United States vice-presidential candidates
American Methodists
Burials in Texas
Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
County judges in Texas
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Old Right (United States)
People from Red River County, Texas
People from Uvalde, Texas
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Texas Democrats
Texas lawyers
Vice presidents of the

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<mask> (21 October 1926 – 27 February 2016) was a Spanish baritone. He was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), Spain, on 21 October 1926. His father, <mask>, was born in Austria and <mask> was the first born of the Kraus-Trujillo family; soon would follow Alfredo, Enriqueta Lola and Carmen. Vocal technique

He and his brother Alfredo began their training with María Suárez Fiol, (born in Madrid, 1897 –  died in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1987). The first songs in front of an audience were in the house of his teacher, where Mrs Fiol organized benefit concerts. He started  singing in the Choir of the School of the Heart of Maria, and made an audition for Soloists in the Philharmonic  Society of Las Palmas. After coming back from Barcelona, <mask> married his fiancé  <mask>.He studied Voice technique in Milan with famous teacher and Soprano Mercedes Llopart. Mrs Llopart's legacy of exquisite technique and knowledge of voice production was passed on to her students, <mask>, Renata Scotto, Anna Moffo, Fiorenza Cossotto, Ivo Vinco, Greek soprano Elena Suliotis, Venezuelan coloratura soprano Cecilia Nuñez Albanese, and <mask>. <mask>'s baritone voice has a wide vocal range, up to a high B with powerful bright, dark, rich notes, placed high in the mask. His career

In December 1960, <mask> made his Debut in the “Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi” in Trieste with the Moussorgsky opera Khovanshchina in the role of  Shaklovity and using the stage name Franco di Marco. Later he

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texts: continued singing Enrico of Lucia di Lammermoor, Valentin of the opera Faust, and  Germont of La Traviata. He returned to Spain where he appeared with the “Festivales of Spain” in La Coruña. He made his debut in the “Teatro de la Zarzuela” in Madrid with the Compañía Lírica Nacional with great success.With this same Company he made a tour of Spain with identical results. In 1962 he formed his own company and toured Spain for four years, singing zarzuela: La Bruja, La Tabernera del Puerto, Katiuska, El Huésped del Sevillano, La Calesera, La Rosa del Azafrán, La del Soto del Parral, and other works of the repertoire with artists like Amparo Azcón, Celia Langa, Pilarín Alvarez, Rosa Gil, Fina Gessa, María Pastor, Eduardo Bermúdez, Enrique del Portal, José Luis Cancela and Andrés García Martí, under the baton of the Maestros Jose Terol and Mariano de las Heras. In Madrid, in June 1963, he performed several presentations of the opera Marina, by  the Spanish composer Emilio Arrieta. The performances took place in El Parque del Retiro, with his brother Alfredo. In 1966 a contract with the company of Maria Francisca Caballer and Agustín Lisbona, to perform in the National Theater of Caracas, “Teatro Nacionál,” took him to Venezuela for one long season. He then returned to the Canary Islands to dedicate more time to family matters. His break from the  Operatic scene was not total, however, and in the 1970s he took part in several seasons of Zarzuela with the Isaac Albéniz  Company of Juan


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 Jose Seoane, performing all over Spain and the Spanish Islands.Career in Venezuela

At the end of 1978 <mask> returned to Venezuela for a series of concerts and performances in Radio and Television. He performed in Teatro Municipal de Caracas with Opera Metropolitana de Caracas OMAC the opera Marina, with <mask>, soprano Cecilia Núñez Albanese and Cayito Aponte, with the Orquesta Filármonica de Caracas conducted by Dominican Maestro Carlos Piantini. He had a series of concerts in Hogar Canario de Caracas and Teatro Nacional. His brother Alfredo was very often performing in Caracas, Teatro Municipal, with OMAC (Caracas Metropolitan Opera Company). This time the stay would last nine years since, aside from his performances <mask> was offered the position as professor of vocal technique in the Superior School of Music of Caracas, Escuela Superior de Musica J.A. Lamas and also in the Escuela de Música Prudencio Esaá. He was very active as a teacher and some of his students were: Fanny Arjona soprano, Amelia Salazar, Natacha Valladares, Marisol Gil, Alfredo Olarte, Rosaura Longa, and Biella Da Costa.In 1987, he returned to Spain to teach voice technique in the Conservatory of the “Gran Teatre del Liceu” in Barcelona, where he taught until his retirement. Retirement

His last public performance took place in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1996, where he was awarded the Gold medal of the City. In July 2000 <mask> and his wife Enedina decided to be based permanently in the city where he was

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