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 announced the Commonwealth and Western Australian (WA) governments have signed a preschool funding agreement that will benefit more than 130,000 Western Australian children in the year before school over the next four years. Reopening of Schools
In January 2022 Minister <mask> welcomed the reopening of Australian schools that had been disrupted due to the COVID pandemic. More than four million school students went back into classrooms across Australia. To support the safe return to school this year, National Cabinet agreed to nationally consistent approach to managing COVID-19 in schools to provide greater certainty for school communities and to give children the opportunity to continue their learning and development with minimal interruption. University Research Commercialisation Action Plan
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced a $2.2 billion University Research Commercialisation Action Plan.The Action Plan will drive reforms in four areas:

 placing national manufacturing priorities at the core of Australian Government-funded research
 priority-driven schemes to ramp up commercialisation activity
 university research funding reform to strengthen incentives for genuine collaboration with industry, and
 investing in people who are skilled in university–industry collaboration. The mechanisms to drive these reforms are:

 $243 million over five years for the Trailblazer Universities program to boost prioritised R&D and drive commercialisation outcomes with industry partners
 $1.6 billion over 10 years for Australia’s Economic Accelerator – a new stage-gated competitive funding program to help university projects bridge the so called ‘valley of death’ on the road to commercialisation
 a $150 million capital injection to expand the CSIRO Main Sequence Ventures program, which backs start-up companies and helps create


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 commercial opportunities from Australian research
 $296 million to be invested in 1800 industry PhDs and over 800 in fellows over 10 years
 the creation of a new IP Framework for universities to support greater university-industry collaboration and the uptake of research outputs. Childcare

Omicron Supports
In January 2022 Minister Rober announced a range of targeted measures to provide support to Australian families and the child care sector during the COVID-19 Omicron wave. Families were provided unlimited additional allowable absences during the peak of the Omicron wave, while children who were at high risk had the gap fee waived if they could not attend care. The Government also broadened the gap fee waiver for all children so a service could still receive the CCS if it closed, or partially closed, due to not being able to meet educator to child ratios due to COVID-19 or if it was following health guidelines. StartingBlocks
On 11 February 2022 Minister <mask> launched the Morrison Government’s new website: StartingBlocks.gov.au. The free service allows families to find local childcare services, view vacancies, compare costs, and check official quality ratings, including safety.Record Schools Funding
On 14 February 2022 a Productivity Commission report found the share of public expenditure on all schools provided by the Australian Government increased from 26.3 per cent in 2012–2013 to 31.7 per cent in 2019–2020. The Government said it demonstrated Morrison Government continues to deliver record school funding to support the educational needs of Australian students. Holocaust Museums

Canberra
In January 2022 Minister <mask> announced the Morrison Government would provide an additional $1.3 million to establish the Canberra Holocaust Museum and Education Centre as part of an ongoing commitment to support

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 Holocaust awareness in Australia. The announcement was made on International Holocaust Remembrance Day. He said: Today we remember those who lost their lives and reflect on the devastating impact of the Holocaust on the international Jewish community. We owe it to those who died or lost loved ones to ensure this dark period of history is never forgotten and never repeated, and educating future generations has a key role to play in achieving this. Darwin
In February 2022 Minister <mask> announced Australia will have a Holocaust memorial in each state and territory after the Morrison Government committed $750,000 toward the establishment of a Holocaust museum in Darwin.He said: It is vital we never forget the Holocaust and this investment will ensure we have dedicated spaces to remember those who lost their lives and reflect on the devastating impact of the Holocaust on the international Jewish community. Previous Policy stances
<mask> is a member of the Centre-Right faction of the Liberal Party. <mask> is an advocate of reforming the indexation rules surrounding military superannuation in both the Defence Force Retirements Benefits scheme and the Defence Force Retirement & Death Benefits scheme. He has spoken in Parliament on a number of occasions to argue that these indexation rules should reflect the "unique nature of military service". He has stated that such service deserves a superannuation scheme with fair indexation that is "indexed in the same way as the age pension and service pensions for those aged 55 and over". <mask> has also criticised Labor and the Australian Greens for their lack of policy in this area. In 2012 Labor sought to remove the entitlement from currently serving members of the Australian Defence Force who are single which allows them one free annual trip home.<mask> argued against removing this

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 entitlement. <mask> believes the realities of war pose different kinds of physical challenges "On a route fitness assessment you may be forced to carry 25 kg"..."But can you carry that weight when you haven't slept for days? Can you carry that weight after parachuting in the rain and landing in the mud?" He has also rejected comparisons from critics who point to countries like Israel, which has women in frontline roles, stating that Israel has regional threats that cannot be translated to Australia. <mask> further said that women in such positions pose a security risk as hostages, stating that male soldiers would react to female soldiers being tortured differently, potentially endangering troops or causing them to reveal state secrets. "The attitude with men [in capture] is just 'Suck it in and welcome to captivity,' but if they watching a woman suffer like that, it's a whole different ball game." Controversies

China trip and resignation from ministry
On 18 August 2014, <mask> attended an event in Beijing, China, at which a mining deal between Australian company Nimrod Resources and Chinese state-controlled corporation China Minmetals was signed.In February 2016, when details of the trip were released, the Opposition called <mask>'s presence at the signing "inappropriate", because Nimrod chairman Paul Marks was a friend of his, as well as being a substantial donor to the Liberal Party. <mask> claimed that the trip was in a "private capacity", and not official government business. In a subsequent Senate Estimates Committee hearing, officials from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) stated that the department had not been informed of the trip until <mask> had returned, and that it appeared that Chinese officials at the event were under the impression that <mask> was present as an Australian government

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 minister. Prime Minister Turnbull asked his department secretary, Martin Parkinson, to investigate and report on the circumstances of <mask>'s visit to China, to determine if he had breached ministerial standards of conduct. On 12 February 2016, <mask> announced his resignation from the First Turnbull Ministry as part of a broader reshuffle triggered by the resignation of Andrew Robb and Warren Truss. Robodebt
<mask> was criticised for his involvement in establishing the controversial Robodebt scheme during his time as minister for government services. The scheme saw hundreds of thousands of people issued with computer-generated debt notices, some of which made demands for payment from people who did not owe the Government any money, and led to a mammoth $1.23 billion refund and compensation settlement in November 2020.<mask> defended Robodebt until in 2020 it was found unlawful by Australian courts, which ordered the government to return $721 million in returned welfare payments. Crime and Corruption Commission – Operation Belcarra
In March 2017, it was revealed that <mask> would appear at a public hearing of the Queensland Crime and Corruption Commission named Operation Belcarra, inquiring into the possibly illegal conduct of candidates in some local government elections. It was alleged that some candidates had formed an undeclared group, and provided an electoral funding and financial disclosure return that was false or misleading. The Crime and Corruption Commission found it would "not be in the public interest" to take any further action. Possible breaches of Constitution and company law
In 2017, it was revealed that GMT Group, a company that <mask> had founded, had been awarded government contracts worth millions of dollars. This may have meant that, at past elections, he had been ineligible for election to

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 Parliament under Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia; <mask>'s situation had similarities to that of Bob Day, who had been disqualified under s. 44. However, because <mask> had been re-elected to Parliament after relinquishing his interests in the company, there was no possibility of the previous elections
being challenged in the High Court.It has also been reported that <mask>'s parents were listed as the directors of his company for six years without their knowledge. Australian Securities and Investments Commission investigated the claims. Internet usage
In October 2018, Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that he had asked the Special Minister of State, Alex Hawke, to investigate Mr <mask>'s internet bills. Mr <mask>'s internet usage is funded by taxpayers and concerns were raised about excessive bills. Although the plan had been approved by the Department of Finance, the Department said that they had warned <mask> 'multiple times' about the unusually high costs of his home internet. <mask> voluntarily repaid $37,975 of claimed allowance. Incorrect claims of cyberattack on the MyGov system
In March 2020, during the Australian coronavirus pandemic, the government's digital welfare platform, MyGov failed with indications it had suffered a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack.<mask> stated in a press conference the failure was due to a DDoS attack – where a service is targeted and attempted to be overwhelmed in traffic until it becomes inaccessible to regular users. “MyGov has not been offline, it’s simply suffered from a distributed denial of service attack this morning,” he said. Later he corrected the claim following further advice, with commentators incredulous that the Minister had said 'my bad' during the retraction. Business connection with Cryo Australia
In October 2018, a newspaper revealed

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 <mask> had joined a business selling cryotherapy devices. The business founder, also a director of the company, was a convicted rapist who at the time was before Queensland’s highest court on appeal against the conviction. <mask> said he did not realise the background of the company’s founder and director until contacted by the media. <mask> resigned his director's position after two and a half weeks.Cryo Australia was liquidated shortly thereafter and <mask> reportedly "lost a huge sum of money". ARC grants vetoed
The principal source of research grants for Australian academics is the independent Australian Research Council (ARC). Applications are expertly assessed and among the criteria are tests for "the national interest". In the 2021 round, for projects to begin in 2022, the ARC approved nearly 600 grants. <mask>, as acting education minister, vetoed six grants in the humanities as, in his own view, failing the national interest tests. He was criticised  by academics and politicians for: interference with expert evaluation, delay in making his decision and announcing it "under cover" of Christmas Eve. Personal life
<mask> was married in 1996 to his wife Chantelle and has three sons.References

External links
 - <mask>'s political website

1970 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Fadden
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Queensland University of Technology alumni
University of New South Wales alumni
Government ministers of Australia
Australian Army officers
Graduates of the Australian Defence Force Academy
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Abbott Government
Turnbull Government
21st-century Australian

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<mask>-Cyr, 1st Marquis of Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (13 April 1764 – 17 March 1830) was a French military commander in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire. He is regarded as Napoleon's finest commander in defensive warfare. Early life
He was born <mask>uvion in Toul, Three Bishoprics (now Meurthe-et-Moselle), the eldest child of Jean-Baptiste Gouvion, a tanner, and his wife Anne-Marie Mercier. He adopted the name Saint-Cyr after his mother, who had abandoned him at an early age. He went to Rome when he was eighteen in order to study painting, but, although he continued his artistic studies after his return to Paris in 1784, he never adopted the profession of a painter. He married Anne Gouvion (Toul, 2 November 1775 - Paris, 18 June 1844) and had issue, including <mask>, Marquis <mask>uvion Saint-Cyr (30 December 1815 - 30 January 1904), married in Saint-Bouize on 17 August 1847 to <mask> (5 November 1828 - 14 April 1880), daughter of Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet, and had issue. Revolutionary Wars

In 1792, Saint-Cyr was chosen as a captain in a volunteer battalion and served on the staff of General Custine.Promotion rapidly followed, and in the course of two years he rose to chef de brigade, général de brigade and général de division. He commanded the centre division of Jean Victor Marie Moreau's army in the Rhine Campaign of 1796, aiding in the celebrated retreat from Bavaria to the Rhine. In 1798 he succeeded André Masséna in the command of the army of Italy. In the following year he commanded the left wing of Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's army fighting in Germany; when Jourdan was succeeded by Masséna, he joined the army of Moreau in Italy, where he distinguished himself in face of the great difficulties that followed the

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Laurent de Gon Saint
Laurent Go
Laurent François
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 defeat of Novi. Moreau disliked Saint-Cyr for his sense of righteousness and incorruptibility. Rumours were soon spreading that Saint-Cyr was a "bad bed fellow". Moreau also accused him of not supporting his brother generals, though General Ney and Davout often thanked him for his support after battles.In 1800, when Moreau was appointed to the command of the army of the Rhine, Saint-Cyr was named his principal lieutenant, and on 9 May gained a victory over General Kray at Biberach. He was not, however, on good terms with his commander and retired to France after the first operations of the campaign. In 1801, Saint-Cyr was sent to Spain to command the army intended for the invasion of Portugal (see War of the Oranges), and was named grand officer of the Legion of Honour. When a treaty of peace was shortly afterwards concluded with Portugal, he succeeded Lucien Bonaparte as ambassador at Madrid. Napoleonic Wars
Saint-Cyr was a stoic in an age of pragmatism and glory. His refusal to sign the proclamation of congratulation for declaring the birth of the empire resulted in his name not being included in the first list of Napoleonic Marshals, while commanders such as Jean Lannes, Jean-Baptiste Bessières and Jean-<mask>-Dieu Soult who had not had independent command experience were included. For the whole of his life Saint-Cyr believed that Napoleon deliberately refused him troops just to disgrace him.In 1803, he was appointed to the command of an army corps in Italy. In 1805, he served with distinction under Masséna, and in 1806, he was engaged in the French invasion of Naples. When he returned to Paris to protest his treatment in Naples, Napoleon sent him back to his post on pain of death. He took part in the 1807 campaigns in Prussia and Poland, and in 1808, in which year he was made a


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 count, he commanded an army corps in Catalonia; but, not wishing to comply with certain orders he received from Paris, he resigned his command and remained in disgrace till 1811. He was still a général de division, having been excluded from the first list of marshals. On the opening of the Russian campaign, Saint-Cyr received command of the VI Corps, and on 18 August 1812 won a victory over the Russians at Polotsk, in recognition of which he was made a marshal. The Russians, under <mask> Tolly, were burning everything as they retreated back towards Moscow, and had just burned nearby Smolensk.It was just prior to the victory at Polotsk on the banks of the Daugava river, however, that Oudinot was wounded, and thus Saint-Cyr assumed his command. In October 1812, Saint-Cyr was driven out of Polotsk. He received a severe wound in one of the battles during the general retreat. Saint-Cyr distinguished himself at the Battle of Dresden (26–27 August 1813) and in the city's defence against the Allies after the Battle of Leipzig, capitulating only on 11 November, when Napoleon had retreated to the Rhine. In this year, Saint Cyr's relation with the Emperor warmed as Napoleon commented that Saint Cyr had no match in all of the marshalate and was the equal of Napoleon himself in defence. On the day he received his baton, he wrote a lengthy letter to his wife, and, true to his character, he devoted only one line to his promotion. Last years
During the Bourbon Restoration, Saint-Cyr was created a Peer of France, and in July 1815 was appointed War Minister, but resigned his office in the following November.During this appointment he tried to assist long-time friend and fellow marshal Michel Ney by providing him a jury of four other Napoleonic Marshals, but was disgraced when Marshal Moncey refused to


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 even sit in it. In June 1817, he was appointed Marine Minister, a pretext for him to resume the place of War Minister, which he did in September and continued to discharge till November 1819. During this time he initiated many reforms, particularly in respect of measures tending to make the army a national rather than a dynastic force. He made efforts to safeguard the rights of veteran soldiers of the Empire, organized the General Staff, and revised the code of military law and the pension regulations. He was made a marquess in 1817. Saint-Cyr died on 17 March 1830 in Hyères, a town in the southeast of France. In literature
Marshal Saint-Cyr is mentioned in Joseph Conrad's short story "The Duel" (as well as Ridley Scott's film adaptation The Duellists) as the commander of Armand d'Hubert after the second and final restoration of Louis XVIII as King of France.Writings
Journal des opérations de l'armée de Catalogne en 1808 et 1809 (Paris, 1821)
Mémoires sur les campagnes des armées de Rhin et de Rhin-et-Moselle de 1794 à 1797 (Paris, 1829)
Mémoires pour servir de l'histoire militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire (1831)

References
  In turn, it cites as reference Léonard Honoré <mask> Vernon's Vie de Gouvion Saint-Cyr (1857)
Chandler, David (editor). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987. 1764 births
1830 deaths
People from Toul
Counts of the First French Empire
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Ministers of Marine and the Colonies
French Ministers of War
French memoirists
Marquesses of Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Marshals of the First French Empire
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Peers of France
19th-century French male writers
Politicians of the Bourbon Restoration
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
19th-century


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<mask> (born 3 January 1989) is an English cricketer. He is a right-handed opening batsman who currently plays for Nottinghamshire. He made his One Day International debut against India in August 2014 and his Test cricket debut against South Africa in December 2015. Hales is the first English batsman to score a T20I century. He is also the first batsman to be dismissed for 99 in an ODI and a T20I. <mask> was born in Hillingdon and attended both Westbrook Hay School and Chesham High School (now Chesham Grammar School) in Buckinghamshire. His father Gary broke several local batting records (including 321 not out for Gerrards Cross versus Chalfont St Peter in a limited overs league match) while his grandfather Dennis was a talented tennis player who once forced Rod Laver to five sets at Wimbledon.Domestic career

County cricket
Hales first came to national attention in 2005 when, as a sixteen-year-old, he hit 55 off a single over (three no-balls, eight sixes, one four) in a Cricket Idol T20 tournament at Lords. Ironically, he had been picked for his fast bowling ability. Hales first represented Buckinghamshire in Minor Counties cricket during the 2006 season, and played for MCC Young Cricketers in the Second XI Championship of 2007. He then impressed whilst trialling with Nottinghamshire in 2007, scoring 218 in only his second appearance for the county, following it up with a hundred and two 95s. Notts offered him a two-year contract until the end of the 2009 season. He made his List A debut in a rain-affected match against Leicestershire in May 2008 and his first-class debut against Somerset in September 2008. During the

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 2009 season, after an impressive start, he signed a new two-year contract extension.On 29 August 2009, <mask> hit the top score in the Pro40 2009, 150 off 102 balls for Nottinghamshire against Worcestershire at Trent Bridge. In July 2011, Hales made a century for Nottinghamshire in the county championship, a score that, according to Cricinfo marked him as "beginning to warrant the attention of the England selectors": it was the second century of his first-class career. He went on to make 184. In May 2015, <mask> hit six consecutive sixes across two overs on the opening day of the NatWest t20 Blast in his 86 not out against Birmingham. On 5 August 2017, Hales hit 95 off 30 balls against Durham in the T-20 Blast competition. England
Hales represented England U19s in the summer of 2008 in a series of youth Test matches and ODIs against a touring New Zealand U19's, enjoying a successful time averaging 50 in the Tests and over 30 in the ODIs, including 3 half centuries. After just one season on the county circuit he was named in an England Performance Programme squad in the 09/10 winter.In the 2011 summer he was selected for the England Lions against Sri Lanka and was chosen for all the matches. 2011–2012 India, West Indies and World T20
Following an impressive year in domestic Twenty20, he was selected for the senior England squad to play India. He scored a two-ball duck on debut, however in the following series against the West Indies, he scored an unbeaten 62 in a 128-run stand with Craig Kieswetter as England won by 10 wickets. Hales kept his place in the side for the T20 match against India, but only scored 11 runs off

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 19 balls. On 24 June 2012, England achieved their highest successful chase in Twenty20 internationals. Hales was man of the match, after scoring 99 before losing his wicket to a yorker bowled by Rampaul with the game almost won. Hales played in both games against South Africa, making scores of 11 in both innings, although he remained unbeaten in the second as the match was rained off.<mask> is the only batsman to be dismissed for 99 in a T20I innings. Now an integral part of England's T20 team, Hales played in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20. England beat Afghanistan to qualify from the group, with <mask> being run out on 31. However, England were bowled out for 80 in the next game against India. In the super 8 stage, Hales again batted well against the West Indies, scoring 68.In that match against West Indies he along with Eoin Morgan set the record for the highest 4th wicket partnership in ICC World T20 history(107). After beating New Zealand, England lost to Sri Lanka, with Hales being dismissed for just 3, meaning England were knocked out of the tournament. 2013–2014 New Zealand, Australia and T20 World Cup

Hales played in all three T20 games against New Zealand, now batting with his county teammate Michael Lumb.He made scores of 21, 5 and 80. In the third match of the series, in which Hales made 80, he participated in a 143 opening partnership with Lumb as England won by 10 wickets. In the return series <mask> made 39 before the final match was abandoned. <mask> made 94 in the second match against Australia, as he consolidated his position at the top of the ICC player rankings. Hales was less effective in the away

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 series in Australia, scoring 22, 16 and 6. He was then selected in the limited overs tour of West Indies, where he was also expected to play in his first ODI. However, injury meant he could only play in the T20 series, where he made scores of 3, 40 and 38.England were drawn in a tough group for the 2014 World T20. Hales made a second ball duck in the first match against New Zealand, but followed this up by an unbeaten 116 against Sri Lanka. In doing so he became the first Englishman to score a T20I century. In that same match he along with Eoin Morgan set the record for the highest 3rd wicket partnership in T20 World Cup history(152). However, although Hales made 38 against South Africa, England lost and were knocked out of the competition. They then suffered a humiliating defeat against the Netherlands in their final match, in which Hales made 12 as England were bowled out for 88. 2014 Sri Lanka and India

<mask> kept his place in the team for Peter Moores first game in charge of the T20 side against Sr Lanka.Although England lost, <mask> top scored with 66. <mask> made his long-awaited ODI debut in the series against India. He started well, making scores of 42 and 40 in his first two games although England went on to lose them both. In the final two games of the series, he could only manage scores of 6 and 4 as England lost the series 3–1. He returned to form in the only T20 match between the two sides, hitting 40 to help England win the game. He was selected in the squad for the series against Sri Lanka, but was surprisingly dropped for the first two games. He made 27 when he was recalled for the third ODI, batting in

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 the middle order.In the fourth ODI he replaced suspended captain Alistair Cook at the top of the order, but was dismissed for a first ball duck. He made seven in the final match of the series. 2015 World Cup
Hales was overlooked for the start of England's World Cup campaign and did not play until the must-win game against Bangladesh. He made 27 as England lost the game to go out of the tournament. He played in the final game against Afghanistan, making 37 as England won the match by nine wickets. 2015 New Zealand
<mask> was included in the squad for the five-ODI series at home against New Zealand. He scored 20 in the first match, but England went on to win by 210 runs.In the second ODI <mask> performed more strongly, scoring 54 off 49 balls, but England lost by 13 runs in a close match. England lost the third ODI by 3 wickets, with Hales making 23. In the fourth ODI <mask> scored 67 off 38 balls as England won by seven wickets. In the final game of the series, <mask> was out for just one, but England went on to win the game by three wickets and the series 3–2. He made 27 as England won the one-off T20 match between the two sides. 2015 Australia
In the only T20 between the two sides, Hales made just three, but England went on to win the game by five runs. Hales had a poor start to the ODI series, scoring 22 in the first game and 18 in the second, as England lost both games to go 2-0 down in the series.However, England won the third game, despite Hales continuing to struggle for form. In the fourth match, Hales was out for a duck, but England chased down Australia's total of 299 to level the five match series 2-2. Hales

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 poor series ended with a score in 4 in the final game, which England lost to hand the series to Australia. 2015 Pakistan

Despite being included in the Test squad to face Pakistan, <mask> did not play in any Tests. He came into the side for the ODI series, and made in ten as England lost their opening game. He ended his poor run of form in the second match of the series, scoring 109 as England won by 95 runs. He made a score of 30 in the next match as England recorded a six wicket win to go 2-1 up in the series.England won the final game of the series, with Hales making a score of 22, to help England to a 3–1 series win. 2016 South Africa
In the one-day series again Pakistan in the UAE, BBC Sport commentator Jonathan Agnew stated that Hales' technique was simply too fallible outside off stump, planting his front foot on middle stump and playing with a bat two feet away from his body. Agnew surmised that whilst in 20 and 50 over cricket with no slips Hales could get away with this issue, in test cricket he could not. In the first three tests in South Africa, Hales' technique was cruelly exposed by their fast-bowling attack. In the first Tests he made scores of 10 and 26, although England went on to win the game by 241 runs. In a high scoring second Test, <mask> made 60 in the first innings but was dismissed for just five in the second. In the third Test, he was out for one in the first innings as England made 323.He was out for 18 in the second innings, as England went onto secure a seven wicket victory. In the final match of the series, he again struggled, and after making 15 in the first innings, he was out for just one

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 in the second innings as England were bowled out for just 101. Despite the heavy defeat, England won the series 2–1. However, in the ODI series, Hales returned to form in spectacular style. He scored 4 consecutive fifties and a century to garner Man of the Series. In the first ODI, Hales scored 57 off just 47 balls to put behind the poor Test series. He then went on to score 99 in the second ODI falling just short of his second ODI century.He continued this great form in the third ODI scoring 65 off 73 balls in a losing effort. In the fourth ODI, he scored yet another half-century scoring 50 off 56 balls in another losing effort. In the final ODI, he finally scored his second and well-deserved ODI century, scoring 112 off 128 balls finishing the series with 383 runs overall and the series highest run-scorer. In the T20 series <mask> scored 27 in the first game which England lost, before making a score of 16 in England's final match before the T20 World Cup, in which England were comprehensively beaten by nine wickets. 2016 T20 World Cup

<mask> made a score of 28 in England's opening game defeat against the West Indies, before making 17 in a historic run chase against South Africa. After missing the third game against Afghanistan through injury, Hales returned for the crucial game against Sri Lanka, and although he was out for a duck, England won the game. He made 20 in the semi-final against New Zealand as England booked their place in the final, but he was out for just one against the West Indies as England finished as runners-up.2016 Sri Lanka

Hales retained his place in the test team for the Sri Lanka series, but


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 after much debate by the selectors. He repaid their faith in the first test at Headingley by scoring 86, and sharing a century partnership with Jonny Bairstow when England were in trouble. England went on to win the match by an innings and 88 runs. In the first innings of the second test he again gave himself a good start of 83, but failed to reach his first Test century. He was out for just eleven in the second innings as England secured a nine wicket victory. In the third and final test at Lord's, Hales scored just 18 runs in the first innings, but made a brilliant 94 in the second innings, and was dismissed lbw by Angelo Mathews just six runs short of a place on the honours board. The third match ended in a draw, with England winning the series 2–0.<mask> made just 4 in the first ODI against Sri Lanka, as the match ended in a tie, with both teams posting 286. In the second match he made 133 not out and was involved in a record breaking partnership with Jason Roy as England won by ten wickets after reaching 256/0. In the third match he was out for a duck in a rain affected match, and did not bat in the fourth match which England won, due to injury. The injury ruled him out of the final match of the series, which England won to take the series 3–0. 2016 Pakistan
Hales was out for six in the first innings in the first Test against Pakistan, and then made 16 in the second innings as England lost by 75 runs. England won the second Test, although Hales only scored 34 runs in the match. After scoring 17 in the first innings of the third Test, Hales scored 54 in the second innings to help England turn the game around and win


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 by 141 runs.<mask> again struggled in the final Test, scoring just six in England's first innings as they were dismissed for 328 and just 12 in the second innings, as England suffered a ten-wicket defeat and drew the series, 2–2. Hales made scores of seven and 14 in the first two ODIs as England went 2-0 up in the series. In the third ODI Hales achieved the highest ever individual ODI score posting 171 during the third ODI against Pakistan on his home soil at Trent Bridge. The record was previously held by Robin Smith for 23 years. Hales' ton helped England achieve the highest ever team ODI score in the same game with England posting 444–3, bettering the previous record of 443 by Sri Lanka back in 2006 against the Dutch at Amstelveen. England won the match by 169 runs as well to seal the series. In the fourth ODI Hales made eight as England chased down Pakistan's target of 248 to go 4–0 up in the series.In the final match, Hales could only manage 23 as England lost their first game of the series, with it finishing 4–1. <mask> top-scored for England with 37 in the only T20I between the two sides, but England lost by nine wickets. 2017 India
After missing the series against Bangladesh due to safety concerns, Hales played in the first ODI against India and made nine in England's total of 350 runs, although England lost by three wickets. In the second ODI he made 14 as England lost by 15 runs. Injury ruled Hales out of the rest of the series. 2017 West Indies
Hales missed the first two matches against the West Indies through injury, but returned in the final game, making 110 as England made 328 and won by 186 runs. 2017


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 Ireland
Hales scored 55 from 47 balls in the 1st ODI in a modest chase of 127 which England accomplished in 20 overs and made 32 of 35 balls in the 2nd ODI which England also won by 8 runs.2017 South Africa
Hales started well in the ODI series with 61 off 60 balls in a 72 run for England in the 1st ODI, however, he could only make 24 off 28 balls in the next match and would follow it up with a 2-ball 1 in the 3rd ODI where England were bundled out for a poor 153. He made 47 off 38 balls in the first T20 and then was not in the squad for the 2nd T20, although he came back for the 3rd T20 where he scored 36 from 28 balls. 2017 Champions Trophy
He started off the tournament sublimely with a blazing 86-ball 95, although missing out on a hundred, his good form continued with 56 from 62 balls against New Zealand, however, he was bowled for a duck in the last group stage encounter against Australia and could only make 11 against Pakistan in the semi final which England lost. 2019 Cricket World Cup
In April 2019, he was named in England's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. However, two days after the England squad was named, Hales made himself unavailable for Nottinghamshire's fixture against Lancashire in the 2019 Royal London One-Day Cup citing "personal reasons". Nottinghamshire posted a statement on their website stating that no timetable had been made for his return to cricket. On 26 April 2019, it was confirmed that Hales had failed a drugs test for use of a recreational drug, and had been banned for 21 days.On 29 April 2019, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) announced that Hales had been dropped from England's


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 preliminary World Cup squad and all England squads ahead of the international season. Hales has not been called up for England since this incident, with England captain Eoin Morgan stating that Hales had lost the trust of the team. Domestic T20 Leagues

Indian Premier League
On 14 March 2015, Hales signed for Mumbai Indians for the final match of the regular season and the knockout stages replacing injured Corey Anderson. However, he ended his short stint without making a single appearance for the side. After going unsold in the 2018 IPL auction, on 31 March 2018, it was announced that Hales would join Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2018 season replacing David Warner. Hales made his IPL debut against Rajasthan Royals on 29 April 2018 and scored 45. Hales again went unsold in the 2021 IPL auction.In February 2022, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. Big Bash League

Hales has played for Melbourne Renegades, Adelaide Strikers, Hobart Hurricanes, and Sydney Thunder. Playing for Sydney Thunder, Hales finished as top scorer in the 2020–21 Big Bash League season. Other leagues
Hales was picked by Islamabad United in 2018 Pakistan Super League Draft. On 1 December 2018, Hales hit a record 87 not out off just 32 balls playing for Maratha Arabians. On 25 January 2019 <mask> struck his first BPL century off 47 balls for the Rangpur Riders

In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Durban Heat team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Barbados Tridents squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League.In December 2021,


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 he was signed by Islamabad United following the players' draft for the 2022 Pakistan Super League. On 15 February 2022, he pulled out of PSL due to bubble fatigue. He made a surprise return to PSL ahead of the Islamabad United's first eliminator playoff game against Peshawar Zalmi. Controversy
In September 2017, Hales, along with teammate Ben Stokes, was charged with bringing the game into disrepute by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). The charge related to an incident that took place outside a Bristol nightclub, in September 2017, several hours after England had played a one-day international against the West Indies at the County Ground in the city. Stokes was charged with affray over the incident by police and the ECB deferred its disciplinary hearing until the legal proceedings had finished. In December 2018, the Cricket Disciplinary Commission reached a verdict in response to Hales's behaviour in Bristol and in relation to "inappropriate images".The Commission banned Hales for six white-ball matches, two of which had been served and the remaining four were suspended. Hales was also fined £17,500, £10,000 of which was suspended for 12 months. Hales was also required to undertake "appropriate training" at his own cost. In April 2019, Hales tested positive for a recreational drug as he underwent a hair follicle test. According to a report published by the Guardian, Hales was subjected to a ban by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for 21 days as it was his second violation along with his removal from England's squad in the 2019 Cricket World Cup and all squads ahead of the international season. Hales's


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 ban followed him pulling out of Nottinghamshire's Royal London One Day Cup campaign due to "personal reasons". References

External links

<mask>s interview with LeftLion Magazine

1989 births
Living people
People from Hillingdon
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Worcestershire cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Twenty20 International cricketers
Melbourne Renegades cricketers
Adelaide Strikers cricketers
Hobart Hurricanes cricketers
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Islamabad United cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
Rangpur Rangers cricketers
Barbados Tridents cricketers
Durban Heat cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
Karachi Kings cricketers
Trent Rockets cricketers
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World


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<mask> (1 March 1917 – 12 February 1984) was an English art restorer and famous art forger who claimed to have faked more than 2,000 paintings by over 100 different artists. The total estimated of the profits of his forgeries amount to more than 10 million dollars in today's value. Early life
<mask> was born in Lewisham, London, into a poor family. His father worked as a house painter, and barely made enough to feed the household. At the age of fourteen, <mask> was turned away from St. Dunstan’s College in London. Because his father barely made ends meet, <mask> started working at a young age. He worked as a delivery boy, a lather boy, a lift boy and a bell boy before he started working for the family business as a house painter.He was then enlisted as a boiler-stoker in World War II. After World War II, he was admitted into the art programme at Goldsmith's College, University of London. However, he did not receive a diploma, as he dropped out after only two years. In his college classes, his painting technique was praised, while his originality was regarded as insufficient. During <mask>'s two years at Goldsmith's College, he worked side jobs for art restorers. He even worked for the revered Hahn Brothers in Mayfair. Utilizing the skills he learned through these jobs, he began to restore paintings for a living (although he also had to keep working as a house-painter to make ends meet).He exhibited his own paintings, but failed to break into the art market. In order to prove himself as good as his heroes, <mask> began painting in the style of them, especially Samuel Palmer. In 1963, he met Jane Kelly who would become his lover and

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Thomas Patrick Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
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 partner in spreading and selling his forgeries. However, they separated many years before they were put on trial for the forgeries. He later married his wife, Hellen, from whom he also separated in his later years. They had a son named Douglas. <mask> studied at London’s National Gallery and the Tate.Mid-life
After dropping out of college, <mask> was picked up by an art restorer named Fred Roberts. Roberts cared less about the ethics of art restoration than other restorers <mask> had previously worked for. One of <mask>'s first jobs was to paint children around a maypole on a 19th-century painting by Thomas Sidney Cooper that had a large hole in it. Most art restorers would have simply filled in the cracks to preserve the authenticity of the painting. His career of forgery stemmed from Roberts' workshop when <mask> criticized a painting done by Frank Moss Bennett. Roberts challenged him to recreate one of Bennett's paintings. At first <mask> produced replicas of Bennett paintings, but he felt he could do even more.<mask> recalls feeling as if he knew so much about Bennett that he could start creating his own works and pass them off as Bennett's. <mask> created his own Bennett-like piece, and was so proud of it, that he signed it with his own name. When Roberts saw it, without consulting <mask>, he changed the signature to F. M. Bennett and consigned it to the West End gallery. <mask> did not find out until later, but said nothing. According to <mask>'s account, Jane Kelly was instrumental in circulating his forgeries in the art market. With Palmer being one of his biggest inspirations, he created nearly twenty fake Palmers. <mask> and

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 Kelly then decided on the best three forgeries and Kelly took them to gallery specialists for auction.In 1962, <mask> counterfeited Edgar Degas' self-portrait. In 1963, he started his own informal school, teaching teenagers painting techniques in exchange for tobacco or second-hand art books. This is where <mask>, at the age of 46, met Jane Kelly, at the age of 16, a student of his. Kelly really enjoyed <mask>'s "class" and convinced her parents to pay Keating a pound/day for full-time instruction. She became especially attached to him and they ultimately became lovers and business partners. Four years later, the two began a life together in Cornwall, where they started an art restoration business. Forger with a cause
<mask> perceived the gallery system to be rotten – dominated, he said, by American "avant-garde fashion, with critics and dealers often conniving to line their own pockets at the expense both of naïve collectors and [of] impoverished artists".<mask> retaliated by creating forgeries to fool the experts, hoping to destabilize the system. <mask> considered himself a socialist and used that mentality to rationalize his actions. He planted "time-bombs" in his products. He left clues of the paintings' true nature for fellow art restorers or conservators to find. For example, he might write text onto the canvas with lead white before he began the painting, knowing that x-rays would later reveal the text. He deliberately added flaws or anachronisms, or used materials peculiar to the 20th century. Modern copyists of old masters use similar practices to guard against accusations of fraud.In <mask>'s book The Fake's Progress,

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 discussing the famous artists he forged, he stated that "it seemed disgraceful to me how many of them died in poverty". He reasoned that the poverty he had shared with these artists qualified him for the job. He added: "I flooded the market with the 'work' of Palmer and many others, not for gain, but simply as a protest against the merchants who make capital out of those I am proud to call my brother artists, both living and dead." Technique
Mastering an artist's style and technique, as well as getting to know the artist very well, was a priority for <mask>. <mask>'s preferred approach in oil painting was a Venetian technique inspired by Titian's practice, although modified and fine-tuned along Dutch lines. The resultant paintings, while time-consuming to execute, have a richness and subtlety of colour and optical effect, and a variety of texture and depth of atmosphere unattainable in any other way. Unsurprisingly, his favourite artist was Rembrandt.For a "Rembrandt", <mask> might make pigments by boiling nuts for 10 hours and filtering the result through silk; such colouring would eventually fade, while genuine earth pigments would not. As a restorer he knew about the chemistry of cleaning-fluids; so, a layer of glycerine under the paint layer ensured that when any of his forged paintings needed to be cleaned (as all oil paintings need to be, eventually), the glycerin would dissolve, the paint layer would disintegrate, and the painting – now a ruin – would stand revealed as a fake. Occasionally, as a restorer, he would come across frames with Christie's catalogue numbers still on them. To help in establishing false provenances for his

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 forgeries, he would call the auction house to ask whose paintings they had contained – and would then paint the pictures according to the same artist's style. <mask> also produced a number of watercolours in the style of Samuel Palmer. To create a Palmer watercolor, <mask> would mix the watercolor paints with glutinous tree gum, and cover the paintings with thick coats of varnish in order to get the right consistency and texture. And oil paintings by various European masters, including François Boucher, Edgar Degas, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Thomas Gainsborough, Amedeo Modigliani, Rembrandt, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Kees van Dongen.<mask>'s "Sexton Blakes"
Sexton blake is a term coined in the UK from the name of a fictional detective, comparable to Sherlock Holmes. In rhyming slang, the term means "fake". As usual, for a short time after its creation, a slang term has limited currency as it is known only to a few people, typically those in the criminal underworld. So <mask> initially referred to all of his forgeries as Sextons. Revealing the forger

In 1970, auctioneers noticed that there were thirteen Samuel Palmer watercolour paintings for sale – all of them depicting the same theme, the village of Shoreham, Kent. Geraldine Norman, the Times of London salesroom correspondent, looked into the 13 Palmer watercolors, sending them to be scientifically tested by a renowned specialist, Geoffrey Grigson. After careful inspection, she published an article declaring these "Palmers" to be fake.Norman was sent tips as to who forged these paintings, but it was not until Jane Kelly's brother met up with Norman and told her all about <mask>, that

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 she found out the truth. Soon after, she drove out to the house that Kelly's brother had told her about, and met <mask>. <mask> welcomed her inside and told her all about his life as a restorer and artist, not discussing his life as a forger. He also spent much of the time ranting about his fight against the art establishment as a working-class socialist. A little over a week after their meeting, The Times published an article written by Norman, writing about his life and the many allegations of forgery against him. In response, <mask> wrote: "I do not deny these allegations. In fact, I openly confess to having done them."He also declared that money was not his incentive. Though Norman was the one to expose him, <mask> did not feel resentment towards her. Instead he said that she was sympathetic, respectful of his radical politics, and appreciative of him as an artist. When an article published in The Times discussed the auctioneer's suspicions about their provenance, <mask> confessed that they were his. He also estimated that more than 2,000 of his forgeries were in circulation. He had created them, he declared, as a protest against those art traders who get rich at the artist's expense. He also refused to list the forgeries.The trial
After <mask> and Jane Kelly were finally arrested in 1979, and both accused of conspiracy to defraud and obtaining payments through deception amounting to £21,416, Kelly pleaded guilty, promising to testify against <mask>. Conversely, <mask> pleaded innocent, on the basis that he was never intending to defraud, rather he was simply working under the masters' guidance and in their spirit. The charges were

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 eventually dropped due to his poor health after he was severely injured in a motorcycle accident. He then contracted bronchitis in the hospital, which was exacerbated by a heart ailment and pulmonary disease, leading the doctors to believe that he was not going to survive. The prosecutor dropped the case, declaring nolle prosequi. Since Kelly had already pleaded guilty, she still had to serve her time in prison. However, <mask> served no time, and shortly after the charges were dropped, <mask>'s health improved.Soon after, <mask> was asked to star in a television show about the techniques needed to paint like the masters. Aftermath
The same year <mask> was arrested (1977), he published his autobiography with Geraldine and Frank Norman. A 2005 article in The Guardian stated that after the trial was halted, "the public warmed to him, believing him a charming old rogue." Years of chain smoking and the effects of breathing in the fumes of chemicals used in art restoring, such as ammonia, turpentine and methyl alcohol, together with the stress induced by the court case, had taken their toll. Through 1982 and 1983 <mask> rallied, however, and although in fragile health, he presented television programmes on the techniques of old masters for Channel 4 in the UK. A year before he died in Colchester at the age of 66, <mask> stated in a television interview, that, in his opinion, he was not an especially good painter. His proponents would disagree.<mask> is buried in the churchyard of the parish church of St Mary the Virgin at Dedham (a scene painted numerous times by Sir Alfred Munnings), and his last painting, The Angel of Dedham, is to be


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 found in the Muniment Library of the church. Even when he was alive, many art collectors and celebrities, such as the ex-heavyweight boxer Henry Cooper, had begun to collect <mask>'s work. After his death, his paintings became increasingly valuable collectibles. In the year of his death, Christie's auctioned 204 of his works. The amount raised from the auction was not announced, but it is said to have been considerable. Even his known forgeries, described in catalogues as "after" Gainsborough or Cézanne, attain high prices. Nowadays, Keatings sell for tens of thousands of pounds.And perhaps even more interesting, there are fake <mask>s. The 2005 Guardian article states, "Dodgy paintings in <mask>'s original style, proudly bearing what-looks-like his signature, are finding their way into the market. If they manage to fool, they can claim £5,000 to £10,000. But if uncovered they are virtually worthless, much like <mask>'s 20 years ago. If you can pick them up for next to nothing, they may be a better investment than an original <mask> counterfeit." <mask> on Painters (television show)
After <mask>'s legal suit was dropped, he was asked to star in a television show called <mask> on Painters. The show started airing in 1982 at 6:30 p.m. on weekdays to attract a family audience.On this show, <mask> demonstrated how to paint like the masters, illustrating the techniques and processes of painting like artists, such as Titian, Rembrandt, Claude Monet, and John Constable. In popular culture
In the 2002 film The Good Thief Nick Nolte's character claims to own a painting Picasso did for him after losing a bet, when it is exposed as a fake he

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Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Keating
Tom Keating
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 claims it was painted for him by <mask> after meeting in a betting shop. The fourth track, titled "Judas Unrepentant", on progressive rock band Big Big Train's 2012 album English Electric (Part One) is based on the life of <mask> as an artist. According to the blog of Big Big Train vocalist David Longdon, the song walks through <mask>'s artistic life from his time as a restorer to his death and posthumous fame. Further reading
 <mask>, Geraldine Norman and Frank Norman, The Fake's Progress: The <mask> Story, London: Hutchinson and Co., 1977. Associated Press obituary for <mask>
 Keats, Jonathon, Forged: Why Fakes Are the Great Art of Our Age, New York: Oxford University Press., 2013. (Excerpt on <mask> published by Forbes, 13 December 2012).Paci, P., "A Forger's Career, <mask> – UK," in Masters of the Swindle: True Stories of Con Men, Cheaters & Scam Artists, edited by Gianni Morelli and Chiara Schiavano, Milano, Italy: White Star Publishers, 2016, pages 180–84. References

1917 births
1984 deaths
English art forgers
People from Lewisham
House painters
Conservator-restorers
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Painters from London
Television personalities from London
English male painters
English socialists
British military personnel of World War

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Keating
Keating
Keating
Tom Keating
Tom Keating
Tom Keating
Tom Keating
Tom Keating


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<mask> (c. 1841 – 1882 to early 1890s), also known as Red-Handed bebito and Red Dick, was one of the best-known bandits in California history. His nickname was reportedly given due either to his red hair or his violent nature and bloodthirstiness. His given name has been variously reported as Tomaso Rodendo, <mask>, Thomas Rodundo, <mask>, <mask>, and Tomoso Bustemata. In 1872, the San Francisco Chronicle called him "one of the most fearless and daring desperadoes that has ever figured in the criminal annals of our state." He was twice convicted of cattle theft and twice served time in San Quentin prison, but was never convicted of any of the murders he was alleged to have committed. Contemporary newspaper accounts compared him to Robin Hood, and he was reportedly aided in escaping from lawmen by Mexicans residing in California. Youth

<mask> was born in Mexico, either in Sonora, or near Jose de Guadalupe.His parents were of mixed Spanish origin, and were reportedly "of roving habits". His father was a vaquero (cowboy), and <mask> was taught the same business at an early age. His mother was the older sister of the most notorious bandit in California history, Joaquin Murrieta. According to some accounts, <mask>'s father was killed by Indians in 1852, and Joaquin Murrieta brought <mask> and his mother to California. Another account indicates that <mask> moved with both parents to Los Angeles County in early 1853. Joaquin Murrieta died in approximately 1853, when <mask> was approximately 12 years old. Joaquin was killed by a group of rangers who placed his head in a brandy jar and displayed it at locations around California for spectators to view for a $1 fee.Joaquin Murrieta became a legendary figure, and in 1854 a fictionalized book was published on his life. The book claimed that Murrieta had been driven to a life of crime after his wife was raped and killed by Yanquis, his brother was hanged, and he was horsewhipped for a crime he did not

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Tomas Procopio Bustamante
Procopio Murietta
Jesus Procopio
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 commit. This account inspired corridos depicting Murrieta as a fierce avenger of injustices against Mexicans. It was said that the young <mask> witnessed his uncle's death and became so obsessed with his uncle that he took to using his name. As a youth, <mask> reportedly gained a reputation as "a fearless rider and a reckless youth." Early years: the Raines and Golding murders
<mask>'s first reported involvement in banditry came on November 17, 1862 when he was suspected in the murder of a Southern California rancher John Raines (or Rains), on the Rancho Cucamonga. Though the San Francisco Chronicle later reported that <mask> murdered Raines, and he was initially detained in the case, <mask> was released due to the lack of evidence against him.John Boessenecker, writes that <mask> fled north and that another confederate Manuel Cerada was caught and fingered <mask> as one of the killers. Cerrada claimed he, <mask> and four others were paid $500 by Ramon Carrillo, another ranchero, to kill Rains Cerrada was soon lynched and Ramon Carrillo, examined in court was released, no evidence having been found against him. Shortly after the Raines incident, <mask> appeared in Alameda County. <mask> joined, and soon assumed control of, a gang of bandits headquartered in the Livermore Valley. In 1863, the gang was reportedly engaged in nocturnal raids on farms and ranches in the area. <mask>'s gang was suspected in the brutal murder of rancher Aaron Golding (or Golden), his wife, and two children, at Corral Hollow on January 29, 1863. The house was burned to the ground, and a vaquero employed by the family was found dead, hanging from a tree on the premises.The Golding murders drew widespread attention, and suspicion immediately turned to <mask>, Narcisso Bojorques, Chano Ortega, and another bandit known to be operating in the area. A Mexican cattle-herder claimed to have witnessed the murders and identified <mask> as the guilty party. Authorities did

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 not believe that the man was not involved, and the only eyewitness was hanged for the crime. <mask> and two other members of his gang were arrested in the Golding murders but were freed due to a lack of evidence against them (the only eyewitness having already been hanged for the crime). Other accounts have attributed the Golding murders to a gang led by Narciso Bojorques and stated that <mask> was a member of the Bojorques gang at the time. Capture and imprisonment in 1863
<mask> was arrested in 1863 for stealing a lot of cattle from a farmer named Pope at a ranch on the Arroyo Vaya. Constable O.B.Wood from San Leandro tracked <mask> to Alvarado, where <mask> sold Pope's cattle to a local butcher, August Maye. Constable Wood drew his gun on <mask> as he was in the act of receiving money from the butcher, but holstered his weapon when <mask> claimed to be unarmed. <mask> drew a pistol and shot Wood in the arm. A crowd of armed citizens pursued <mask>, cornering him at a bridge outside of the town. <mask> took his pistol between his teeth, dove into the river and swam 50 or 60 feet to the other side. The crowd chased him into a salt marsh where a gunfight ensued. <mask> surrendered after his ammunition was used, and he was tried and convicted in San Leandro of stealing Pope's cattle.At his trial, <mask> accepted the entire blame for the theft, thereby exonerating his accomplice Narciso Bojorques. He was convicted and sentenced to nine years in the state prison at San Quentin. Further crimes: 1871–1872

<mask> was released from San Quentin in March 1871, and according to an August 1871 account in the Alameda Gazette "returned to his old practices as a dog to vomit." He returned to the Livermore Valley after his release from San Quentin, where he was suspected in May 1871 of stealing two cows belonging to John Arnett. <mask> was believed to be staying with Juan Camargo, a "fence" or receiver of stolen goods residing in Livermore. One of the

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 head of cattle stolen from Arnett was found in Camargo's yard, and Camargo was arrested and taken to Pleasanton. An armed and masked mob of 50 men seized Camargo from the jail, took him into the woods three miles from Pleasanton, placed a rope around his neck, and lifted him by it until he confessed, charging the robbery upon <mask> and another man.After hearing of the Camargo affair, <mask> reportedly moved south to Monterey County. There, <mask> met and teamed up with the notorious Tiburcio Vasquez. <mask> and Vasquez robbed a Visalia stagecoach near Soap Lake in July 1871. The passengers aboard the coach, four men and a woman, were tied up and robbed of two gold watches and $500 in gold coin. The pair also robbed a Mr. Moore, a delegate to the Santa Clara Democratic Convention, who was riding in a buggy, of $50 in gold coin. They also robbed the Salinas stagecoach station near Salinas Plains. A press report in 1871 noted that <mask> and his gang were "splendidly mounted and equipped, wear good clothes and sporting gold watches."During 1871, <mask> was reported to have "made himself generally obnoxious" to residents in Monterey County. Following a series of stagecoach robberies together, <mask> and Vasquez reportedly fled south for a "debauched stay" in rural Mexico "to spend their new wealth." In early 1872, Vasquez and <mask> are reported to have then taken a steamer to San Francisco. Arrest in San Francisco
By early 1872, Tiburcio Vasquez reportedly took to the hills, but <mask> remained in San Francisco, as he "had a girl in the city." Other accounts report that <mask> was enjoying "the pleasure of fast women in the brothels of (San Francisco's) Morton Street." <mask> was seen in the city, and Sheriff Harry N. Morse of Alameda County began to track him there. A tip led them to a house (described elsewhere as a brothel or dance hall) on St. Mark's place where Morse and three others kept watch.On February 10, 1872, Morse entered through

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 the back door and the other three deputies entered through the front door. As the officers entered, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that "the desperado sprang from his seat and was about to draw his revolver, when Morse rushed up behind, seized him by the throat, with one hand, while he leveled a revolver at his head with the other, and casually remarked: 'Put up your hands, <mask>—you're my man.'" <mask> was taken by the Oakland boat to the San Leandro jail. At the time of his arrest, the San Francisco Chronicle ran a lengthy article about <mask>'s arrest and career, beginning as follows:

Tomaso Rodendo, alias <mask>, although a young man, is one of the most fearless and daring desperadoes that has ever figured in the criminal annals of our state. The case drew attention even on the East Coast where The New York Times reported:

Tomas Rodundo, alias <mask>, who is charged with many murders, and stage robberies, and other crimes, was captured today at his hiding place in San Francisco. He has been the terror of Southern California for years. He was surprised today, and had not time to draw his pistols, or, it is said, he would never have been taken alive.<mask> was initially arrested for complicity in the murder of a Frenchman at Pleasanton, a crime for which his colleague, Bartolo Sepulveda, was given a life sentence. However, Sheriff Morse could not find sufficient evidence of <mask>'s role in the murder, and <mask> was instead indicted, tried and convicted of cattle theft and sentenced to another seven years in San Quentin. Later years: 1877–1878

<mask> was paroled in June 1877 and returned to banditry, leading a gang in raids near Fresno, Grangeville and Caliente. In Caliente, <mask> and his gang reportedly made a "forced levy" on the town's stores and people in the style of Tiburcio Vasquez. <mask> and his gang were captured near the Tejon Pass, and five members of his gang were lynched in Bakersfield. However, <mask> escaped,

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 formed a new gang and was alleged to have robbed a store in Hanford, California of $300 in jewelry. He also robbed the Brownstone & Swartz store at Grangeville in 1878.He put his knife to the stomach of the store manager, Henry Jerusalem, and reportedly said, "You, do not know me—no? I am <mask>—the Red-Handed Dick. You will open the safe for me, amigo." Procopio tied up Jerusalem and another worker, Emil Seligman, leaving them to lie on the store's floor overnight with their small dog for company. Loaded with clothing and supplies, <mask> fled on horseback for Arroyo Poso de Chane, several miles east of the present Coalinga. <mask>'s horse drowned as he attempted to cross a slough near Summit Lake. Traveling by foot, he encountered the posse sent to capture him at the sheep camp of Frank Woods and Theodore Draper.According to a first-person account by posse member Joel Whiteside, posse members encountered <mask> carrying a saddle on a trail, and <mask> asked in Spanish if they knew the way to Libertad, a nearby Mexican settlement. One of the posse members attempted to question him, but <mask> reportedly fled into the fog. The next day, the posse received a tip that <mask> was staying at a cabin owned by the Higuera brothers. According to Whiteside, they found <mask> asleep in the cabin and took him into custody. <mask> asked permission to dress himself and, when he put on his coat, drew two pistols from his breast pocket and opened fire. In the ensuing firefight, posse member Sol Gladden, who was to have been married the following week, was shot twice (once in the mouth) and killed as he entered the cabin. According to one press report: "<mask> made good his escape after the possemen had emptied their weapons vainly trying to shoot him in the smoke-filled cabin."Following the death of Sol Gladden, the pursuit of <mask> intensified. The San Jose Mercury reported on the chase as follows:

<mask> is regarded as even a more dangerous man than


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 (his intimate associate and dead confederate Tiburcio) Vasquez. He possesses a greater physical strength, is more blood-thirsty and revengeful, and is fully as cunning. After his release from San Quentin he went to Livermore and one night in affray at the Mexican settlement, known as Mexico, he shot a man, but for some reason was not prosecuted. Then he came to Mayfield, and a few days afterward shot a Californian in the leg in a difficulty about a woman. Press accounts of the time indicate that <mask> was aided in his escape as the posse was "several times misled and deceived by Mexicans along the route." Deputy Sheriff W.J.Ellis reported overtaking <mask> on his escape. <mask> asked Ellis in Spanish why Ellis was following him, and Ellis responded by telling <mask> to put up his hands A gunfight ensued in which <mask> shot one of Ellis' fingers. <mask> escaped through a thicket, though a Mexican national told Ellis the following day that <mask> had been slightly wounded by a shotgun blast. Uncertainty regarding death
There are numerous and contradictory accounts of <mask>'s exploits after his escape in 1878. Some indicate he was still working as an active bandit as late as 1882. There were press accounts of his having been arrested near Tucson, Arizona in 1883. One historical account reports that, in 1882, Procopio shot and killed an actor in a Mexican brothel, was arrested and executed by a firing squad.Another account states that he returned to Mexico and served in the army there. Yet another says that, after fleeing California in 1878, <mask> wandered among Mexican settlements, "making himself heartily disliked for his quarrelsomeness and his boastfulness of what he had done as a bad man to the hated gringo." According to that rendition, when he boasted of his exploits in one rural cantina, a group of rurales was dispatched from the barracks, and a dozen of them opened fire on <mask> at close range, later reporting that "Redhanded Dick

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 fell across the threshold riddled like the traditional sieve." Others say he died in Sonora, Mexico in 1882. Some accounts even indicate that he died in the early 1890s. Folklore of <mask>
As years passed, the stories of <mask>'s exploits grew. In 1925, the Los Angeles Times published a lengthy profile titled: "Killing Was Pastime for 'Red-Handed Dick,' One of California's Most Fearsome Bandits."The 1925 profile described <mask> as one of the most blood-thirsty of California's 19th century bandits:

<mask> got his title of Red-handed from his absolute wantonness and cruelty. He is said to have been the nearest rival of Three-fingered Jack ... in the joy of killing. His partners, of course, had few compunctions. But they killed in the way of business or to facilitate their escape. The situation never was so desperate and pursuit never so near but what <mask> had time to slash or stab with his knife, or to drop some inoffensive person with his pistol. One of his favorite pastimes was to ride gravely and innocently past when he met a stranger on the trail, and then to bury his huge knife to the hilt between the unsuspecting victim's shoulders. He seemed to love the feel and the color of warm blood, and so he used the knife whenever possible.Though the accounts of the day portray <mask> as a killer, the language of the 1925 profile reflects the apparent embellishment of the legend. It has been reported that, as <mask>'s legend grew, men would turn pale at the mention of his name, and mothers would frighten their children with it. See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

Further reading
 John Boessenecker, Bandido: The Life and Times of Tiburcio Vasquez (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010). 1840s births
19th-century deaths
Californios
Criminals from California
Fugitives
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Livermore, California
Mexican outlaws
Outlaws of the American Old West
Pleasanton, California
Year of

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<mask> (born September 30, 1961) is an American actor, director and producer. He played the role of Rocky Dennis in the biographical drama film Mask, which earned him the nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, and has appeared in a wide variety of films from mainstream including  Some Kind of Wonderful to independent films such as Pulp Fiction, Killing Zoe, and Kicking and Screaming. He was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in Pulp Fiction. In 2010, he portrayed Daniel Graystone in the science fiction television series Caprica, and became a regular director on the television series Glee. Early life
<mask> was born in Whittier, California, the son of Evelyn B. (née Vawter), a violinist and schoolteacher, and <mask>, an elementary school teacher. He has two sisters, Catherine, an opera singer, and Susan, a writer.<mask> was raised in both American Samoa and Santa Barbara, California, where as a child he once earned money playing piano for local musical theatre productions. He attended the University of Southern California, but dropped out after his junior year. He moved to New York in 1981 and studied with Stella Adler and Peggy Feury. Career

1978–1999
In the 1970s, Stoltz joined a repertory company that performed ten plays at the Edinburgh Festival. He returned to the United States in 1979, when he entered USC as a drama student, but subsequently dropped out to pursue film and television roles. In 1978, he was cast as Steve Benson in the television adaptation of Erma Bombeck's The Grass Is Always Greener over the Septic Tank. Director Cameron Crowe and Stoltz became friends while making Stoltz's first feature film, Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), which Crowe wrote and in which Stoltz had a minor role.According to Stoltz, Crowe promised <mask> a role

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texts: in all of his future films. He appeared in each of Crowe's next four films, The Wild Life (1984), Say Anything... (1989), Singles (1992), and  Jerry Maguire (1996). In 1985, Stoltz garnered attention with a Golden Globe nomination starring as Rocky Dennis in Mask. Among other roles in the 1980s, he appeared in the 1987 film Some Kind of Wonderful, written and produced by John Hughes. <mask> was originally cast as Marty McFly in Back to the Future. His view of the movie clashed, however, with that of the director, Robert Zemeckis. While the film was to become an action-comedy (and box office smash hit), Stoltz had read the script from a more serious angle, apparently focusing on the tragic consequences of going back to live a life that wasn't one's own.Five weeks into shooting the film, Zemeckis replaced <mask> with Michael J. Fox. This highly unusual move required buy-in from his own studio, which allowed for reshooting much of the film, as well as an agreement from the producers of television's Family Ties, which had earlier refused to allow its star to play the role because it would interfere with shooting the TV show; the deal allowed Fox to shoot the movie around Fox's television schedule. During the 1990s, Stoltz went back and forth between stage, film, and television, appearing in studio and independent films such as The Waterdance (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Grace Of My Heart (1996), and Anaconda (1997). During the 1990s, Stoltz produced the films Bodies, Rest & Motion (1993), Sleep with Me (1994), and Mr. Jealousy (1997). He continued to appear on the New York stage, both on Broadway (Three Sisters, Two Shakespearean Actors, Arms and the Man  Our Town) and off-Broadway (The Importance of Being Earnest, The Glass Menagerie, Sly Fox). He was nominated for a Tony Award as Featured Actor for his performance as George Gibbs in the 1989 Broadway

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 revival of Thornton Wilder's Our Town.A performance of this production was featured on Great Performances: Live from Lincoln Center, which received a 1989 Emmy nomination. On television, he had a recurring role as Helen Hunt's character's ex-boyfriend on Mad About You (five episodes, 1994–1998), spent a year on Chicago Hope (1994), and did some television and cable films such as Inside (1996) (directed by Arthur Penn) and The Passion of Ayn Rand (1999), with Helen Mirren. Stoltz received the Indie Sup(Y)port Award at the 1998 Los Angeles Film Festival. 2000–present
During the first part of the 2000s, he starred with Gillian Anderson in The House of Mirth (2000), based on the novel by Edith Wharton. From 2001 to 2002, he had a recurring role as the English teacher-poet August Dimitri in ABC's Once and Again, wherein Julia Whelan's character, a teenager, fell in love with his character. He directed an episode of the show in 2002. In 2003, he played his first leading TV role in Out of Order, which was canceled after five episodes.In 2004, he appeared in The Butterfly Effect as a child molester; the following year, he guest-starred in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace as Debra Messing's love interest. He was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for his direction of the cable movie My Horrible Year! (2001). He also directed a short film entitled The Bulls as well as the highest rated episode of Law & Order in 2005, entitled "Tombstone". He appeared in the music video of The Residents' "Give It to Someone Else", featured on The Commercial DVD. He has contributed essays to the books City Secrets—New York as well as Life Interrupted by Spalding Gray and appears on the children's CD Philadelphia Chickens. Beginning in 2007, Stoltz directed episodes of the drama series Quarterlife, which began airing as webisodes and were then picked up to air on the NBC network in 2008.<mask>


texts:
 played a serial killer in need of medical attention in three episodes of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy. He has also directed two episodes of Grey's Anatomy. <mask> starred as Daniel Graystone, inventor of the Cylons, in the science fiction television series Caprica, a prequel set 58 years before the Battlestar Galactica series. He became a regular director of Glee, directing a total of 12 episodes, including "Nationals", in which the Glee club finally wins the championship. In 2011 <mask> was seen back on the silver screen with the film Fort McCoy; he earned accolades for his leading role as a conflicted barber of German heritage forced to suppress his American patriotism after moving his family to a post–World War II military base housing a German POW camp. Starting in 2014, Stoltz became the producing director of the CBS political drama series Madam Secretary. The following year he became one of its four executive producers, alongside Morgan Freeman and Barbara Hall, and has directed more than 10 episodes, as well as starring alongside Téa Leoni in several episodes as her brother, Will Adams.Personal life
<mask> met Bridget Fonda in 1986 and they began dating in 1990. The relationship ended after eight years. In 2005 <mask> married Bernadette Moley, a singer and former animator for Disney who had migrated to the United States from Ireland. Stoltz is a vegetarian. Filmography

Actor

Film

Television

Director

Film

Television

He has directed many shows on The Learning Channel, TLC Network. Producer

Films

References

External links

1961 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American television directors
Living people
Male actors from Santa Barbara, California
USC School of Dramatic Arts alumni
Film directors from California
People from Whittier,

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<mask> the <mask> (; 28 October 1138 – 5 May 1194) was a Lesser Polish Duke of Wiślica from 1166–1173, and of Sandomierz after 1173. He became ruler over the Polish Seniorate Province at Kraków and thereby High Duke of Poland in 1177; a position he held until his death, though interrupted once by his elder brother and predecessor Mieszko III the Old. In 1186 <mask> also inherited the Duchy of Masovia from his nephew Leszek, becoming the progenitor of the Masovian branch of the royal Piast dynasty, and great-grandfather of the later Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high. The honorific title "the Just" was not contemporary and first appeared in the 16th century. Early life
<mask>, the sixth but fourth surviving son of Bolesław III Wrymouth, Duke of Poland, by his second wife Salomea, daughter of Count Henry of Berg, was born in 1138, after his father's death but on the same day. Consequently, he was not mentioned in his father's will, and thus left without any land. During his first years, <mask> and his sister Agnes (born in 1137) lived with their mother Salomea in her widow land of Łęczyca.There, the young prince remained far away from the struggles of his brothers Bolesław IV the Curly and Mieszko <mask> the Old with their older half-brother High Duke Władysław II, who tried to reunite all of Poland under his rule (contrary to his late father's testament) and was finally expelled in 1146. Salomea of Berg had died in 1144. <mask> and Agnes were cared for by their elder brother Bolesław IV, who assumed the high ducal title two years later. Although under his tutelage the young

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 prince could feel safe, he had no guarantee to receive part of the paternal inheritance in the future. When in 1151 he reached the proper age (age 13 at that time) to assume control over some of the lands of the family, he remained with nothing. Three years later (1157), his situation worsened as a result of the successful Polish campaign of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who came to the aid of Władysław II and his sons. As a part of the treaty Bolesław IV had to conclude with Barbarossa, <mask> was sent to Germany as a hostage in order to secure the loyalty of his brother to the Emperor.The fate of <mask> at the Imperial Court is unknown. He returned to Poland certainly before 21 May 1161, because on that day he is mentioned in a document along with two of his brothers, Bolesław IV and Henry of Sandomierz. Duke at Wiślica
In 1166, <mask>'s brother Henry was killed in battle during a Prussian Crusade. He died without issue, and in his will he named <mask> the only heir of his Lesser Polish Duchy of Sandomierz. However, High Duke Bolesław IV decided to divide the duchy into three parts: the largest (which included the capital, Sandomierz) he gave to himself; a second unnamed portion he granted to Mieszko III the Old, and only the third part, the small district of Duke of Wiślica, was given to <mask>. Angry and disappointed with the decision of the High Duke, <mask> rebelled against him, with the support of his brother Mieszko, the magnate Jaksa of Miechów, Sviatoslav son of Piotr Włostowic, Archbishop Jan of Gniezno, and Bishop Gedko of Kraków. <mask> also had the support of almost

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 all of Lesser Poland.Quick actions by Bolesław IV stopped the rebellion, and in the end, <mask> was only able to retain Wiślica. In 1172, Mieszko <mask> again rebelled against the High Duke, and tried to persuade his younger brother to join him. For unknown reasons, <mask> refused to participate this time. Bolesław IV died in 1173 and according to the principle of agnatic seniority he was succeeded as High Duke by Mieszko <mask> the Old, the oldest surviving brother. Mieszko decided to give the entire Sandomierz duchy to <mask>, and so <mask> finally assumed the ducal title that his late brother had usurped. Revolt against Mieszko <mask> the Old
The strong and dictatorial rule of the new High Duke caused a deep disaffection among the Lesser Polish nobility. This time a new revolt instigated in 1177 had a real chance of victory.The rebellion, apart of the magnates, counted upon the support of Gedko, Bishop of Kraków; Mieszko's eldest son Odon; Duke Bolesław I the Tall of Silesia, the son of former High Duke Władysław II; and <mask>. The reasons for his inclusion in this revolt, after being reconciled with Mieszko, are unknown. The battle for new leadership took quite strange course: Mieszko <mask>, completely surprised by the rebels in his Duchy of Greater Poland, withdrew to Poznań, where he stayed for almost two years enduring heavy fighting with his son Odon. Finally, he was defeated and was forced to escape. Duke Bolesław the Tall failed to conquer Kraków and the Seniorate Province, as he himself was stuck in an inner-Silesian conflict with his brother Mieszko I Tanglefoot and

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 his own son Jarosław; soon defeated, he asked <mask> for help. After a successfully action in Silesia, <mask> marched to Kraków, which was quickly mastered. <mask>, now Duke of Kraków, decided to conclude a treaty under which Bolesław the Tall obtained full authority over Lower Silesia at Wrocław, and in return <mask> granted the Lesser Polish districts of Bytom, Oświęcim and Pszczyna to the then deposed Mieszko I Tanglefoot as a gift for <mask>'s godson and namesake <mask> of Opole, the only son of Mieszko I Tanglefoot.High Duke of Poland
The 1177 rebellion against High Duke Mieszko <mask> the Old was a complete success for <mask>, who not only conquered Kraków (including the districts of Sieradz and Łęczyca) obtaining the high ducal title, but also managed to extend his sovereignty as Polish monarch over Silesia (then divided between the three sons of Władysław II: Bolesław the Tall, Mieszko I Tanglefoot, and Konrad Spindleshanks, as well as Bolesław's son Jarosław of Opole), Greater Poland (ruled by Odon), and Masovia and Kuyavia (ruled by Duke Leszek, then a minor and under the tutelage of his mother and the voivode Żyrona, one of <mask>'s followers). On the Baltic coast, Pomerelia (Gdańsk Pomerania) was ruled by Duke Sambor I as a Polish vassal. Mieszko <mask> the Old worked intensively for his return, however; at first in Bohemia and later in Germany and in the Duchy of Pomerania. In order to achieve his ambitions and give the hereditary right to the throne at Kraków (and with this the Seniorate Province) to his descendants, <mask> called an assembly of Polish nobles at

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 Łęczyca in 1180. He granted privileges to both the nobility and the Church, lifting a tax on the profits of the clergy and relinquishing his rights over the lands of deceased bishops. By these acts, he won the acceptance of the principle of hereditary succession to Kraków, though it still would take more than a century to restore the Polish kingship. However, in the first half of 1181 (and less than a year after the Łęczyca assembly), Mieszko <mask> the Old, with the assistance of Duke Sambor's brother Mestwin I of Pomerelia, conquered the eastern Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz and managed to persuade his son Odon to submit (according to some historians, Odon then received from his father the Greater Polish lands south of the Obra River).At the same time, Duke Leszek of Masovia decided to leave the influence of <mask>. He named Mieszko III the Old's son Mieszko the Younger as governor of Masovia and Kuyavia, and with this, made a tacit promise regarding the succession of these lands. Foreign affairs
For unknown reasons, <mask> chose not to react to these events and decided only to secure his authority over Lesser Poland. A diplomatic meeting occurred in 1184 at the court of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa where <mask>, in order to block the actions of Mieszko III the Old and retain power as High Duke of Poland, swore allegiance to Barbarossa and paid him a large tribute. The most important issues during the reign of <mask>, beside the conflicts with his brother Mieszko, were the diplomatic policies towards the neighbouring Russian principalities in the east. The first

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texts: task before him as High Duke was to create bonds with the Rurik Grand Princes at Kiev, who were strongly associated with the previous High Dukes through their marriages to Kievan princesses (Bolesław IV the Curly with Viacheslava of Novgorod and Mieszko <mask> the Old with Eudoxia of Kiev). For this purpose, in November 1178 <mask> arranged the marriage of his daughter with Prince Vsevolod IV of Kiev.His first major intervention in Kievan Rus' affairs occurred in 1180, when the High Duke supported Vasylko, Prince of Shumsk and Drohiczyn (and son-in-law of the late Bolesław IV the Curly), and his nephew Leszek of Masovia in a dispute with Vladimir of Minsk for the region of Volhynia at Volodymyr. The war ended with the success of Vladimir, who conquered Volodymyr and Brest, while Vasylko held his ground at Drohiczyn. However, this war did not definitively settle the matter of the rule at Brest, which had been granted as a fief to Prince Sviatoslav, Vasylko's cousin and <mask>'s nephew (stepson of his sister Agnes). In 1182 a revolt broke out against Sviatoslav's rule, but thanks to <mask>'s intervention, he was restored on the throne. Nevertheless, shortly afterwards <mask> saw that the situation was unstable, and so he finally decided to give the power to Sviatoslav's half-brother, Roman. In 1187, Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych died, whereafter a long struggle for his succession began. Initially, the authority over the principality was taken by his younger illegitimate son, Oleg, but he was soon murdered by the boyars.Halych was then taken by Yaroslav's eldest son, Vladimirko.


texts:
 Vladimirko's reign was also far from stable, a situation used by Prince Roman of Brest, who, with the help of his uncle <mask>, deposed him and took full control over Halych. The defeated Vladimirko fled to the Kingdom of Hungary under the protection of King Béla <mask> (his relative; Vladimirko's paternal grandmother was a Hungarian princess), who decided to send his army to Halych. Roman escaped to Kraków and Vladimirko, as an act of revenge, invaded Lesser Poland. However, King Béla <mask> soon decided to attach Halych to Hungary, and again deposed Vladimirko, replacing him as Prince of Halych with his own son, Andrew. The war continued for another two years, until <mask> restored Vladimirko's authority over Halych following instructions from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who had decided to help Vladimirko after he had declared himself to be his subject. Internal Politics
In 1186 Duke Leszek of Masovia died.Before his death the sickly duke decided to give all his lands to High Duke <mask>. Though Leszek had previously promised the inheritance to his elder uncle Mieszko III, his dictatorial proceedings caused Leszek to change his mind and decide in <mask>'s favor. Shortly after Leszek's death however, Mieszko <mask> occupied the lands of Kuyavia up to the Vistula River, and <mask> could only take possession over Masovia proper. Nevertheless, thanks to the Masovian inheritance, <mask> directly ruled over the major part of Poland. The involvement of <mask> in the Russian affairs was used in 1191 by Mieszko <mask>, who managed to take control over Wawel Castle at Kraków, seizing the

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texts:
 high ducal title and the control over the Seniorate Province. Immediately, he declared Kraków an hereditary fief to his own descendants, implementing his son Mieszko the Younger as a governor. The conflict ended peacefully, as <mask> – upon his return from Russia – regained the capital without a fight, and Mieszko the Younger escaped to the side of his father.The last goal of <mask>'s reign was at the beginning of 1194, when he organized an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians. The expedition ended with a full success, and <mask> had a triumphant return to Kraków. After a banquet was held to celebrate his return, <mask> died unexpectedly, on 5 May 1194. Some historians believed that he was poisoned. He was succeeded as High Duke by his eldest surviving son Leszek I the White, who like his father had to face the strong opposition from Mieszko III the Old. <mask> was probably buried at Wawel Cathedral. <mask> had planned to found a University in Kraków and already started to construct the building, but his sudden death balked his plans.The present-day Jagiellonian University was not established until 1364 by King <mask> the Great as the second oldest in Central and Eastern Europe (after the Charles University in Prague). Relations with the Church
During his reign, <mask> was very generous to the Church, especially with the Cistercians monasteries of Wąchock, Jędrzejów, Koprzywnica and Sulejów; with the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre of Miechów and Regular Canonry of Czerwińsk nad Wisłą and Trzemeszno and the Order of the Knights Hospitaller in Zagość. He also tried to expand the

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 cult of Saint Florian, whose remains were brought to Kraków by Bishop Gedko. Marriage and issue
Between 1160-1165 (but no later than 1166), <mask> married with Helena (ca. 1140/42 – ca. 1202/06), daughter of Duke Conrad II of Znojmo, scion of a Moravian cadet branch of the Přemyslid dynasty. They had:
 A daughter (name unknown) (b. before 1167), married between 11 October and 24 December 1178 to Prince Vsevolod IV of Kiev.<mask> (ca. 1162 – 2 February or 1 March 1167), named after his father. Bolesław (ca. 1168/71 – 16 April 1182/83), probably named after his paternal grandfather Bolesław III Wrymouth, although it is possible that he was named in honour of his uncle Bolesław IV the Curly. He died accidentally, after falling from a tree. He was probably buried at Wawel Cathedral. Odon (1169/84 – died in infancy).He was probably named after either Odon of Poznań or Saint Odo of Cluny. Adelaide (ca. 1177/84 – 8 December 1211), foundress of the convent of St. Jakob in Sandomierz. Leszek I the White (ca. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227)
 Konrad (ca. 1187/88– 31 August 1247)

Notes

References

Bibliography
 page=267}}

1138 births
1194 deaths
12th-century Polish monarchs
Dukes of Masovia
Polish Roman

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<mask> (28 July 19221 November 2008) was a Swiss oceanographer and engineer, known for having developed underwater submarines for studying ocean currents. In the Challenger Deep, he and Lt. Don Walsh of the United States Navy were the first people to explore the deepest known part of the world's ocean, and the deepest known location on the surface of Earth's crust, the Mariana Trench, located in the western North Pacific Ocean. Family life
<mask> was born in Brussels, Belgium, to <mask>, who was himself an adventurer and engineer. <mask>' father Auguste twice beat the record for reaching the highest altitude in a balloon, during 1931–1932. The <mask> family thus had the unique distinction of breaking world records for both the highest flight and the deepest dive. <mask> (professor of chemistry)
 <mask> (physicist, aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut)
 <mask> (hydronaut)
 <mask> (aeronaut, balloonist)
 <mask> (organic chemist, aeronaut, and balloonist)
 <mask> (wife of Jean Felix) (aeronaut and balloonist)
 <mask> (balloonist)

<mask>'s father, who had already set altitude records in his balloon, started using the buoyancy technique used in balloons for developing a submersible vehicle, the bathyscaphe. <mask> initially started out his career by teaching economics at University of Geneva while continuing to help his father improve the bathyscaphe to demonstrate its potential for operating in deep waters.During that period Piccard also completed a diploma at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. Together, <mask> and his father built three bathyscaphes between 1948 and 1955, which reached record depths of 4,600 feet and 10,000 feet (the last one was bought by the government). With this success, the younger Piccard abandoned economics to collaborate with his father on further improving the bathyscaphe and demonstrating its practicality for exploration and

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Auguste Piccard
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 research and then they collaborated. <mask>'s son <mask> is continuing his family traditions. He commanded the first non-stop balloon flight around the world in March 1999 and the first solar-powered plane flight around the world in December 2009. Challenger Deep mission

<mask> sought financial help from the U.S. Navy, which at that time was exploring various ways of designing submarines for underwater research. <mask> was welcomed to the U.S. to demonstrate his bathyscaphe, now named the Trieste.Impressed by his designs, the U.S. Navy bought the vessel and hired <mask> as a consultant. Recognizing the strategic value of a workable submersible for submarine salvage and rescue, the Navy began testing the Trieste for greater depths. With his Trieste able to reach depths of 24,000 feet, <mask> and his colleagues planned on an even greater challenge—a voyage to the bottom of the sea. On 23 January 1960, <mask> and Lt. Don Walsh reached the floor of the Mariana Trench located in the western North Pacific Ocean. The depth of the descent was measured at 10,916 meters (35,813 feet); later, more accurate, measurements during 1995 found the Mariana Trench to be slightly less deep at 10,911 m (35,797 ft). The descent took almost five hours. The bathyscaphe carried no scientific equipment and no experiments were conducted; the mission's purpose was to prove that the depth could be reached.The descent progressed without incident until 30,000 feet, when the crew heard a loud crack. They continued the dive, however, finally touching down in "snuff-colored ooze" at 35,800 feet. When they reached the featureless seabed, they saw a flat fish as well as a new type of shrimp. Marine biologists later disputed their observations, claiming that no fish could survive the 17,000 psi pressure at such depths. Upon discovering cracks in the viewing windows, Piccard cut the voyage short. After only a

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