texts:
 Perdition, 1952). <mask> was one of several directors of the 2013 anthology horror film The Profane Exhibit, directing the segment "Viral". In 2014 he again collaborated with other directors on the anthology film The Black Fables.Television work
Marins hosted a monthly interview program The Strange World of Coffin Joe on the Brazilian television station Canal Brasil, in which he discussed Brazilian media and culture with other contemporary figures, such as actors and musicians. His guests included Zé Ramalho, Rogério Skylab, and Supla. From 1967 to 1988, Marins hosted the program Além, Muito Além do Além (Beyond, Far Beyond the Beyond) on TV Bandeirantes, in character as Coffin Joe, presenting short horror tales written by author and screenwriter Rubens Luchetti. Some scripts were later adapted as Coffin Joe comic books. The show's tapes were reused and currently there are no known intact recordings of this program. Marins directed and hosted The Show from the Other World (Um Show do Outro Mundo) on Rede Record de Televisão, again appearing as Coffin Joe. The half-hour program featured short horror films, with many of the stories sent in by the viewers themselves and adapted by members of Marins' production team.As with his earlier show, the original tapes were reused and there is no known record of this material. In 1996 Marins hosted the daily television program Cine Trash on TV Bandeirantes, which featured full-length horror films. Documentaries
Marins appears in The Universe of Mojica Marins (O Universo de Jose Mojica Marins, 1978), a 26-minute documentary film directed by Ivan Cardoso. Marins portrays himself in the film, which also features interviews with Marins' mother


type: original

texts:
 Carmem <mask>, film editor Nilcemar Leyart, and Satã (Marins' assistant and bodyguard). In 1987 Marins released the semi-autobiographical documentary film Demons and Wonders (Demônios e Maravilhas), in which he appears as himself re-enacting moments from his life, with his family and associates playing themselves as well. A 2001 documentary film, Damned – The Strange World of <mask> <mask> (Maldito - O Estranho Mundo de José Mojica Marins), directed by biographers André Barcinski and Ivan Finotti, examines Marins's life and works. It won the Special Jury Prize at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival.Death
Marins died of complications caused by bronchopneumonia on 19 February 2020, aged 83, in São Paulo. Prior to his death, Marins had been hospitalized for about 20 days. Selected filmography

 Adventurer's Fate (1958)
 My Destiny In Your Hands (1963)
 At Midnight I'll Take Your Soul (1964)
 This Night I'll Possess Your Corpse (1967)
 The Strange World of Coffin Joe (1968)
 Awakening of the Beast (1970)
 The End of Man (1970)
 The Bloody Exorcism of Coffin Joe (1974)
 The Strange Hostel of Naked Pleasures (1976)
 Hellish Flesh (1977)
 Hallucinations of a Deranged Mind (1978)
 Perversion (1979)
 Embodiment of Evil (2008)
 The Profane Exhibit (segment: "Viral", 2013)

References

Bibliography

External links

 "Brazilian Horror: Zé do Caixão in the multimedia work of <mask> Marins"
 <mask> Marins: 50 Year Retrospective on Portal Heco de Cinema

1936 births
2020 deaths
Brazilian people of Spanish descent
Brazilian male actors
Brazilian film directors
Brazilian screenwriters
Brazilian film producers
Brazilian pornographic film directors
Horror film directors
Horror hosts
Male actors from

masks:
Marins
José Mojica
Marins
José Moca
José Mojica


texts:
<mask> (born <mask>; July 5, 1863 – October 12, 1952) was an Austrian general and later Czechoslovakian government advisor. Early years and military career
<mask> was born in Laibach now Ljubljana in Slovenia, into a Roman Catholic middle-class family, to Moriz, a retired senior civil servant, and Eulalia Zwierzina. His mother descended from a long line of military officers. The young <mask> received his fundamentals in Ljubljana, and moved to Praha in Bohemia to complete his education, where thanks to his German-Austrian sounding last name, was able to join the local and prestigious Gymnasium. Life in Prague was very good at the time and being a German Austrian he could have lived well enough, even without speaking the local Czech language, but notwithstanding, he became very fluent in Czech, a fluency described next to be a bilingual, showing a great attitude, in learning languages, an ability he was to exploit with success, during the assignment, in the Balkans and in Russia, to the intelligence and counterintelligence unit. After having successfully completed three of the eight classes, on July 11, 1880, he volunteered into the Common Army and was assigned to the 21st Infantry Regiment “<mask>del” then based in Prague. On September 18, 1880, he was promoted Sergeant, and on August 18, 1881, he entered into the Cadet Company of the 24th Feldjager (Rifles) Battalion.His personal files described him as an excellent marksman, with a calm and relaxed personality, with a high sense of duty and a strong morality. A disciplinarian with his juniors, he was, however, very attentive to their problems. The early months of 1882 <mask> <mask> saw action during the suppression of the second Krivošije uprising in southern Dalmatia. His commission was highly

masks:
Alfred Edler von Schenk
Alfred Schenk
Von Schenk
Alfred
Frr von Mon
Alfred von
Schenk


texts:
 recommended by Colonel Paul Hostinek. He was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in the 91st Infantry Regiment “<mask> Fröhlich” on May 1, 1884, and promoted to 1st Lieutenant on November 1, 1888. A year later he was assigned to the 9th Infantry Brigade staff in Olomutz and on November 24, 1891, he was a staff Officer of the 2nd Mountain Brigade in Trebinjie (now Bosnia and Herzegovina). During this assignment he was to become familiar with the Istria, Kraina, Carinthia and Styria regions, and also improved his knowledge on south-west Hungary and Turkey, while attached to military missions.In the meantime, he also learned French. On May 5, 1892, he was promoted Captain and assigned to staff of the 12th Army Corps in Hermannstadt, today Sibiu in Rumania. He started the study of Russian language, and from May 1, 1895, until May 14, 1896, he was in Kazan, presently the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, officially to study the language, but in reality serving as an undercover Agent. Promoted to the rank of Major on November 1, 1898, he was assigned as Chief of Staff of the 16th Infantry Division. On May 1, 1902, he was made Lieutenant Colonel and assigned to the 1st Bosnian Herzegovinian Infantry Regiment, becoming its commander on April 13, 1907. On November 27, 1905, he was promoted to Colonel. Ennoblement and World War I

In February 1911, <mask> was ennobled and thus he added the predicate “von” to his last name; the following May 11, he was promoted to Generalmjor.In February 1914 at the approach of World War I, he was commanding the 97th Infantry Brigade in Vienna and with the coming of war against Russia he was an army rear area commander. In late August 1914 he was appointed commander of the 15th Infantry Division. And the promotion to

masks:
Ritter von
Schenk


texts:
 Feldmarschall-leutnant or Field Marshal Lieutenant arrived on November 1, 1914. The Isonzo Front

Appointed commanding officer of the 9th Infantry Division he saw further service in Italy on the Isonzo Front as Sector Commander of "Abschnitt" or Sector III B. The units deployed on Sector III B were; the 9th Infantry Division, the 24th Landsturm Mountain Brigade, the 59th Infantry Brigade and the 43rd Artillery Brigade. The area of responsibility stretched from the southern end of the Carso Mountains, to the east of the port city of Monfalcone and was subsequently renamed as “Group Schenk”. The strength of the group grew up when the 10th Infantry Division, stationed in Josefstadt or Josefov in Bohemia, in peacetime, was added to the group which become the XXIII Army Corps, on November 10, 1916.With the creation of the XXIII Army Corps, General Shenck was no longer depending from the army corps commanded by Archduke Joseph August of Austria, but was directly at the orders of the Isonzo Army commander, Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević. At the beginning of the 7th Isonzo Battle Sector III B had a strength of 18 infantry battalions, 13,650 rifles, 77 piece of field artillery and 45 pieces of heavy siege artillery. The 24th Mountain Brigade, assigned to the sector between Nova Vas, and Hill 208, was composed by three territorial battalions, the 2nd, 3rd and the 4th part of the 11th Regiment of Infantry. Most of its personnel was recruited in the Jičín District of Bohemia, and were of Czech and Sudeten German descent, meanwhile, the 27th Territorial Infantry Regiment of Ljubljana, was composed mainly by Slovenians from the Carniola and Gorizia Counties. The entire 9th Infantry Division was deployed to cover the left part of the sector, from Hill 208 to Lisert,


texts:
 east of the seaport city of Monfalcone. It was composed by two infantry brigades: The 60th Lvov Brigade with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd battalions of the 30th Lvov Infantry Regiment, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Battalions of the 80th Zloczow Infantry Regiment, the ethnic make up of those units was mainly of Ruthenians and Polish; the other Infantry Brigade of the 9th Division, was the 17th Infantry Brigade of Praha, which included the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Battalions of the 91st Budweis Infantry Regiment of Ceske Budejovice, and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Battalion of the 102nd Infantry Regiment of Beneschau, now Benešov, in Czech republic. The ethnic composition of the 91st Regiment was a mixture of the Czech and Sudeten German, while the 102nd Regiment was entirely made by Czechs.The 9th Division Infantry headquarters and the divisional hospital were located in the village of Gorjansko a village now in the southwestern part of the Municipality of Komen in the Littoral region of Slovenia on the border with Italy. During the eight and inconclusive, battle of the Isonzo, the “Gruppe Schenk now XXIII Army Corps” had a strength of 30 infantry battalions, with 20.180 rifles, 118 pieces of field artillery, and 37 pieces of heavy siege artillery. The corps was reinforced with another division, the 16th Infantry Division Nazysbzen (Sibiu) from Siebenbürgen (now Transylvania in Rumania), which was composed of the 31st and 32nd brigades. The 31st Brigade was formed by four battalions of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of Brasov, composed by Hungarians in majority with some Rumanians and Germans, and by the 1st Battalion of 62nd Infantry regiment from Mars-Vasarhely, now Târgu Mureș in Rumania, formed by Hungarians and Rumanians. Kerensky Offensive, retirement and death

On June 23, 1917,


texts:
 he was given the command of the XIII Army Corps part of the Colonel General Karl Tersztyánszky <mask> (October 28, 1854 – March 7, 1921) 3rd Army, deployed in Stanislau, modern day Ivano-Frankivsk, in western Ukraine, a sector of the Russian theater. It was there that his career had a major setback. During the June offensive or Kerensky Offensive, first led by General Aleksei Brusilov soon replaced by General Lavr Kornilov, the Russian Army attacked the Austrian positions.The Austrian forces first suffered a heavy bombardment, and then were unable to contain the shock Russian battalions, that had penetrated the broad gap created. The 3rd Army broke out, leaving behind almost all the artillery and suffering heavy casualties. The offensive was later contained, thanks to the stubborn resistance of the German troops assigned to the German South Army. Following the defeat, <mask> <mask> was removed from command and replaced by General Citek. On February 1, 1918, he was promoted General der Infanterie (General of the Infantry) and assumed command of the IX Army Corps on February 21., 1918. The speedy and dramatic collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy found General <mask> as the Military Governor of Zagreb. He officially retired on the January 1st, 1919 after 44 years of active duty.His annual pension was 16.800 Krones with a house rent compensation of 1.152 Krones. On December 23, 1923, he was hired by the new Czechoslovak government, and moved into the new state, where he remained until the end of 1930. When the country was partitioned, he returned in Austria. He died in Vienna on October 12, 1952. Personal life

While studying in Russia, he met Viktoria <mask>, the daughter of the Imperial Russian State advisor, Gustav Ferdinand <mask> Grahe, and Viktoria

masks:
von Ndas
Alfred Edler
von Schenk
von Schenk
von Grahe
Ritter von


texts:
 Blonfeld from Kazan. She had a deposit of 1.200,00 Florins, a high sum for those years, and therefore the marriage was authorized, according with the marriage officer laws in the Austro-Hungarian Army. The couple married on December 14, 1896.Decorations and awards

Among his many decorations the general, was a Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown (with war decoration and swords), holder of the Military Merit Cross Second Class (with war decoration and swords) and a Knight of the Order of Leopold (with war decoration and swords). Assessment

<mask> was considered to be a high level professional soldier, with a deep knowledge in conventional war, intelligence and counterintelligence. He had the qualities that a good commanding officer should have. A focused and dedicated inferior, and a disciplinarian but compassionate, senior. His great capability to learn languages made him a valuable element in the Multiethnic and Multilanguage Austrian-Hungarian Army. This attitude might have been helped by having been born in Ljubljana, where German was widely spoken, but the main language was Slovenian, a language whose knowledge may be useful in learning other Slavic languages. His language ability, added to a keen mind made him eligible to be selected for the k.u.k.Evidenzbureau, the Austrian-Hungarian directorate of intelligence and counterintelligence. While assigned to the directorate, to the Russian section, he had a role in the exposure and arrest of Colonel <mask> – Russia's leading spy. References

 http://www.austro-hungarian-army.co.uk/biog/schenk.htm
 Schenk, by Centro Ricerche archeologiche e Storiche del Goriziano, 2003;

1863 births
1952 deaths
Austro-Hungarian generals
Military personnel from Ljubljana
Austro-Hungarian military personnel

masks:
Von Schenk
Alfred Redl


texts:
<mask> (April 23, 1907 – July 17, 1998) was a scholar, author, and professor of English. He wrote extensively on the works of J. R. R. Tolkien as well as on Elizabethan English drama, philosophy, religion, and medicine. His numerous publications include studies of Christopher Marlowe and Francis Bacon. He also authored books on the Franciscan missions of 18th- and 19th-century California. Born <mask> in Trinidad, to German parents, he moved to New York City in 1919, later becoming a United States citizen. He attended Columbia University when very young, then pursued graduate study of law and literature at Stanford. After earning his doctorate, he taught in the United States and in England, retiring from the faculty of Stanford University in 1970.He was a recipient of fellowships from the Huntington Library, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and twice, in 1946 and 1955, from the Guggenheim Foundation. In 1973 <mask> won the Mythopoeic Society's Scholarship in Inkling Studies Award for his book on Tolkien, Master of Middle-Earth. The book was published before The Silmarillion appeared (1977) to resolve several of the questions to which Kocher guesses the answer, usually correctly. Books

 Alabado: A Story of Old California. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1978. California's Old Missions: The Story of the 21 Franciscan Missions in Alta California, 1769-1823. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1976.Christopher Marlowe: A Study of His Thought, Learning and Character." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946. Reprinted, New York: Russell & Russell, 1962. Master of Middle-Earth: The

masks:
Paul Harold Kocher
Paul Harold Kocher
Kocher


texts:
 Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. —— Published in Britain as Master of Middle-Earth: The Achievement of J. R. R. Tolkien. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973.—— Reprinted several times, such as in New York: Ballantine Books, 1977; New York: Del Rey, 1982 and 2003; and London: Pimlico, 2002. —— Translated into French by Jean Markale as Le royaume de la terre du milieu: Les clés de l'oeuvre de J.R.R. Tolkien. Paris: Retz, 1981. —— Translated into Italian, Il maestro della Terra di Mezzo, Rome: Bompiani, 2011. —— Translated into Swedish by Åke Ohlmarks, Tolkiens sagovärld: En vägledning. Stockholm: AWE/Geber, 1989; and Stockholm: Geber, 1973.—— Translated into Dutch by Max Schuchart, Tolkien: Meester van midden-aarde: Zijn romans en verhalen. The Hague: Bert Bakker, 1973. —— Translated into Polish by Radosław Kot as Mistrz Śródziemia. Warsaw: Amber, 1998. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, 1772-1972: A Historical Sketch. San Luis Obispo, California: Blake, 1972. A Reader's Guide to The Silmarillion.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980. Science and Religion in Elizabethan England. San Marino, California: Huntington Library, 1953. (edited) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1950. Articles

 "Adult Themes in a Tale To Be Read to Children." Readings on J.R.R.Tolkien, ed. Katie De Koster. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 2000. "Backgrounds for Marlowe's Atheist Lecture." Philological Quarterly 20.3 (July 1941): 304-324. "Christopher Marlowe, Individualist." University of Toronto Quarterly 17 (Jan. 1948): 110-120."The


texts: Druedain." Mythlore: A Journal of J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and the Genres of Myth and Fantasy Studies 10.3 (Winter 1984): 23-25. "The Early Date for Marlowe's Faustus." Modern Language Notes 58.7 (Nov. 1943): 539-542. "The English Faust Book and the Date of Marlowe's Faustus." Modern Language Notes 55.2 (Feb. 1940): 95-101. "English Legal History in Marlowe's Jew of Malta."Huntington Library Quarterly: A Journal for the History and Interpretation of English and American Civilization 26 (1963): 155-163. "Francis Bacon and His Father." The Huntington Library Quarterly 21.2 (Feb. 1958): 133-158. "Francis Bacon on the Drama" in Essays on Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Drama in Honor of <mask> Craig, ed. <mask>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1962. 297-307."Francis Bacon on the Science of Jurisprudence." Journal of the History of Ideas 18.1 (Jan. 1957): 3-26. "<mask> and Marlowe's The Massacre at Paris." PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 56.2 (June 1941): 349-368. "J. R. R. Tolkien and George MacDonald." Mythlore: A Journal of J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and the Genres of Myth and Fantasy Studies 8.3 (Autumn 1981): 3-4. "Humor in Tamburlaine."in Shakespeare's Contemporaries: Modern Studies in English Renaissance Drama, ed. Max Bluestone and Norman Rabkin. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1970. "The Idea of God in Elizabethan Medicine." Journal of the History of Ideas 11.1 (Jan. 1950): 3-29. "Lady Macbeth and the Doctor." Shakespeare Quarterly 5.4 (Fall 1954): 341-349."Marlowe's Art of War." Studies in

masks:
Hardin
Richard Hosley
François Hotman


texts:
 Philology 39.2 (April 1942): 207-225. "Marlowe's Atheist Lecture." The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 39 (Jan. 1940): 98-106. Reprinted in Marlowe: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Clifford Leech. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964."Middle-Earth: An Imaginary World?" in Understanding The Lord of the Rings: The Best of Tolkien Criticism, ed. Rose A Zimbardo and Neil David Isaacs. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. "A Mythology for England." in J.R.R. Tolkien, ed.<mask>. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2000. "The Old Cosmos: A Study in Elizabethan Science and Religion." The Huntington Library Quarterly 15.2 (Feb. 1952): 101-121. "Paracelsan Medicine in England: The First Thirty Years (ca. 1570-1600)." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 7.4 (1947): 451-480."The Physician as Atheist in Elizabethan England." The Huntington Library Quarterly 10.3 (May 1947): 229-249. "Sauron et la nature du mal." QUESTION DE 42 (May 1981). "Some Nashe Marginalia Concerning Marlowe." Modern Language Notes 57.2 (Jan. 1942): 45-49. "Use of the Bible in English Astronomical Treatises During the Renaissance."The Huntington Library Quarterly 9.2 (Feb. 1946): 109-120. "The Witchcraft Basis in Marlowe's Faustus." Modern Philology: A Journal Devoted to Research in Medieval and Modern Literature'' 38.1 (1940): 9-36. References

External links
 Memorial Resolution from Stanford University

Tolkien studies
1907 births
1998 deaths
American academics of English literature
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United States
Columbia University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford


texts:
<mask> (Budapest, 25 April 1957) is known as a Hungarian fine artist, gallery director, curator and critic. Career
From the 1980s he has been a representative of the so-called alternative artistic endeavors. He also plays an active role in the experimental application of photography as fine art. In addition to this he draws, occasionally paints and creates collages or objects for different installations. <mask> is a founding member of the Substitute Thirsters artist group and participated in their exhibitions between 1984 and 1990. From 1991 to 1994 he worked with Ágnes Eperjesi, and later organized occasional exhibitions with Gyula Várnai, Zoltán Ádám, Dezső Tandori, Andrea Hajagos. His activity has been characterized by experimentation and, since the 1990s, social sensitivity.He edited the (quasi) periodical Manapság between 2001 and 2004. An alternative version of this, Manamana was published on the occasion of the Service exhibition at Műcsarnok (Kunsthalle) Budapest. The critical, activist publication and project was edited and organised in association with Miklós Erhardt. Several artists took part in it (Dominik Hislop, Andreas Fogarasi, Róza El Hassan, Toma Sík etc. as well as numerous artworks were given to the publication by Gábor Bakos, <mask> Horváth, etc.). <mask> has had a photoblog since 2006 and a video blog since 2009. As a critic and art

masks:
Tibor Várnagy
Várnagy
Tibor
Várnagy


texts:
 writer, he deals with contemporary art and regularly publishes in the periodical Balkon and other art magazines.<mask> has been the director of the Liget Gallery in Budapest since its foundation in 1983. As a gallery director, curator and cultural organizer, he implements an exhibition program focusing on progressive experimental genres (performance, experimental photography, intermedia, new wave). It features innovative, interdisciplinary exhibitions and events other than the mainstream, including politically and socially radical activist works and projects. It is decisive both for his own curatorial activities and for the Liget Gallery as well that he has established direct collaborations and exhibition exchanges with foreign partners since the mid-1980s. This process was initiated by the II. Portfolio of Eastern European Artists project (curated by John P. Jacob, 1986) which has established long-term cooperation with the American curator in the form of exhibitions not only in Hungary and the US but also in Germany and China. There has been a continuous working relationship with the Mała Gallery in Warsaw, the Fotogalerie Wien and the Projektförderunk Bildende Kunst led by Monika Wucher and Christoph Rauch in Hamburg, as well as occasional collaborations with many artists, curators and institutions.Awards
1991-1994: Derkovits Art Scholarship; 1987:


texts:
 Studio Award (Substitute Thirsters); 1988: KISZ Award (Substitute Thirsters); Locus Signi – award of Laza Lapok (Loose Pages) for Liget Gallery, as a consistent representative of progressive and free thinking; 1993: Award of the Ministry of Culture and Education (with Ágnes Eperjesi); 1996: Award of Szép Magyar Könyv (Dezső Tandori: A semmi kéz, volume cover); 2000: For the cultural education of the district: Zugló / XIV. District Municipality (as director of the Liget Gallery); 2008: Award of the Municipality of Budapest at the Rig-Rigatar / Közelkép (Close-up) exhibition (Manamana project); 2010: Katalizátor-díj (Catalyst Award), Engine Category; 2017: Parallel Culture Award - Mediawave Festival

Selected solo exhibitions
1985

H.Sz.2. Bercsényi Klub, Budapest

1986

A Helyettes Szomlyazók tudatfelszabadító hadműveletei/The Consciousness Liberation Operations of Substitute Thirsters - Komáromi Kisgaléria, Komárom

1987

A Hejettes Szomlyazók faliújságkiállítása David Thomas koncertjén (Exhibition of Substitute Thirsters at David Thomas’ concert), Pest Megyei Művelődési Központ (Pest County Cultural Centre), Szentendre

Fluxus, Hejettes Szomlyazók (Fluxus, Substitute Thirsters), GAMF, Kecskemét

1988

A váza (The Vase), Lágymányos Közösségi Ház (Lágymányos Community Centre), Budapest

1989

Strand (Hejettes Szomlyazók/Beach. - Tanulmányok a krétakörhöz


texts:
 /Studies for the Chulk Circle, Budapesti Tanítóképző Főiskola /Teacher Training College, Vizuális Tanszék/Visual Department (in the frames of SCCA Polifónia public art project), Budapest

1994

Padlópéldázatok III./Floor Parables III. - Békekoncert/Peace Concert (with Ágnes Eperjesi), Gallery by Night, Stúdió Galéria, Budapest

Sült képek és Mandala (with Ágnes Eperjesi) / Baked Pictures and Mandala, Szegedi Ifjúsági Ház, Szeged

1995

Előjelek és Kommentár/Omens and Commentary (with Ágnes Eperjesi), Goethe Institute, Budapest

1996

Örök Talaj - Padlópéldázatok IV./Eternal Soil - Floor Parables IV. (with Dezső Tandori), Gallery by Night, Stúdió Galéria, Budapest

1997

Lassan Változik/It is Slowly Changing (with Gyula Várnai), Bartók 32 Galéria, Budapest

A szegénység nem törvénytelen: EXISTENTIA /Poor is Not Illegal: EXISTENTIA, Bolt Galéria, Budapest

Slides, video-dokumente/Ausstellungen, Konzepte und Künstler  aus Budapeste, Westwerk, Hamburg

1998

TAK, TAK, Mała Galeria, Warsaw

IGEN, IGEN: AMNÉZIA! The Early Period of Substitute Thirsters (1984-1987), Új Budapest Galéria /New Budapest Gallery

Hejettes Szomlyazók: A kopár szík sarja (1987-1992)/Substitute Thirsters: Sparse Alkali Flats (1987-1992), Ludwig Múzeum /Ludwig Museum, Budapest

2018

1989, Neon Galéria, Budapest

2019

Tévé, Tűz, Malevics/TV, Fire, Malevich, acb Attachment,


texts:
 Budapest

Selected group exhibitions
1984

Helyettes hullám /Substitute Wave, Kisörspuszta

East European Exhibition, No Se No Gallery, New York

1986

Röviden - a Cseresorozat eseménysorozata /In Short- Events of Exchange Series, Galéria 11, Budapest

Láthatatlan művészet/Invisible Art, Kavics utca, Budapest

II.Esztergomi Fotóbiennálé /7 Photobiennial Esztergom, Vármúzeum, Esztergom

Farbe Übertrag, East Side Gallery GDR, Berlin

Schnelle Bilder-Aktuelle Fotokunst  im Gesprach, Künstlerhaus, Vienna

Fotoanarchiv - Nowa fotografia z Austrii i Węgier, Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej, Warsaw

Stúdió '90, Ernst Múzeum, Budapest

1991

Fotoanarchív II., Szombathelyi Képtár, Szombathely

New Spaces in Photography, Muzeum Architektury,  Wrocław

Stúdió '91, Magyar Nemzeti Galéria (Hungarian National Gallery), Budapest

Eastern Academy of Photography - Workshop and exhibition, WUK, Vienna

1992

Aritmia/Arrythmia, Uitz Terem, Dunaújváros

Színezett fotográfiák/Coloured Photographs, VIII. Esztergomi Fotóbiennálé /8th Photobiennial Esztergom, Rondella Galéria, Esztergom

Derkovits ösztöndíjasok beszámoló kiállítása/ Reporting exhibition of the fine arts scholarship awardees, Műcsarnok (Kunsthalle), Budapest

Stúdió '92, Ernst Múzeum, Budapest

Analóg/Analogue, Budapest Galéria Lajos utcai kiállítóterme/Budapest Gallery Exhibition Space at Lajos Street,


texts:
 Budapest

1993

Derkovits ösztöndíjasok beszámoló kiállítása/Reporting exhibition of the fine arts scholarship awardees, Műcsarnok (Kunsthalle), Budapest

Variációk a Pop Art-ra - Fejezetek a magyar művészetből 1950-1990/variations on Pop art. (Marcell Duchamp magyarországi hatásai)/Goodbye! (Marcel Duchamp's impact in Hungary), Budapest Galéria Lajos utcai kiállítóház/Budapest Gallery Exhibition Space at Lajos Street, Budapest

VIII. Országos Rajzbiennálé /8th Biennial of Graphic Arts, Salgótarján

Moving Modern, Barcsay Terem, Budapest

1997

Public Utility, Kombirama, Zürich

Páros, páratlan/even, Odd, Óbudai Pincegaléria, Budapest

Valigia in Hungary, Nyugati pályaudvar/Western Railway Station, Budapest

Feketemosogató/Potwasher, Kék Acél Étterem/Blue Steel Restaurant, Ózd

1998

Kép és Szöveg/Image and Text, Bolt Galéria, Budapest

Gallery by slides, Bartók 32 Galéria, Budapest

Zsebtévé/Pocket TV, C3, Budapest-Linz

1999

Pénzkiállítás és árverés/Money exhibition and Auction, Komédium Színház/Komédium Theatre, Budapest

Szubjektív / Fotó a Látványtárban 1./Subjective. Photo at Látványtár I., Első Magyar Látványtár, Diszel

KAMERA NÉLKÜL/NO KAMERA, Vintage Galéria, Budapest

2000

Millenium rizikó / Millenium Risk, Trafó Galéria, Budapest

Média Modell/intermédia-új képfajták-interaktív technikák/Media Modell. Intermedia-New Images, Interactive


texts:
 Techniques, Műcsarnok (Kunsthalle), Budapest

Időhíd 2000/Mesterek és tanítványok/Time bridge.Visual Codes of Social Constructions, Robert Capa Kortárs Fotográfiai Központ, Budapest

Forradalom. Anarchia. Utópia (a Hejettes Szomjazókkal) /Anarchy. Utopia. Revolution (with Substitute Thirsters), Ludwig Múzeum, Budapest

2017

Gazdálkodj okosan! A művészet és a gazdaság kapcsolatáról /Economize! On the Relationship of Art and Economy, Ludwig Múzeum, Budapest

Látkép – Az elmúlt félévszázad magyar fotográfiája 1967-2017/ Viewfinders-Hungarian Photography from the past half century 1967-2017, Robert Capa Kortárs Fotográfiai Központ/Robert Capa Contemporary Photography Center, Budapest

2018

Promote, Tolerate, Ban: Art and Culture in Cold War Hungary, Wende Museum, Culver City, California

A Zóna / A művész művésze/The Zone.July 1987. <mask> Várnagy: Brief - Eigentor - European Photography No 35, Göttingen, 1988. <mask> Várnagy: Vorvort - Bilder 38, WUK 1988, Vienna
 Tibor Várnagy: A Beethoven-gang és valami kék - Michaela Moscouw kiállításáról (On the exhibition of Michaela Moscouw), Foto 35/5.1988. Tibor Várnagy: Robert Frank: Moving Out, Balkon, 1994/12. <mask> Várnagy: Faltörténetek/Wandgeschichten - C.Rauch és/ und Menesi A. megosztanak egy teret/teilen sich einen Raum; PBK, Hamburg 1996. Tibor Várnagy: NEWYORKCAFE - N.Y.C. 1996 November - Balkon,

masks: Tibor Tibor Tibor


texts:
 1997/3.Tibor Várnagy: Punkt, Loch, Platz, Space (Point, hole, Place, Space/Pont, Lyuk, Tér, Hely) - Chimaera, Staatliche Galerie, Moritzburg Halle, 1997. <mask> Várnagy: Kávéfoltok az A-broschról - a Fotogalerie Wien bemutatkozása a Mai Manó Házban (The introduction of Fotogalerie Wien at the Hungarian House of Photography)  - Balkon, 2000/9. <mask> Várnagy: Women art a felkelő nap országából /Women Art from the Country of the Rising Sun -  Magyar Narancs, 14/12/2000. (articles:Tandori Dezső, Ujj Zsuzsanna, Contemporary Hungarian Art Encyclopedia, Enciklopedia)
 Tibor Várnagy: Bevezetés – Lucrezia De Domizio Durini: A fillckalap / Joseph Beuys /Egy elmesélt élet- Kijárat Kiadó, Budapest, 2001
 Várnagy Tibor: Joseph Beuys magyarul/Joseph Beuys in Hungarian – Élet és Irodalom, 5/10/2001. Tibbi Várnagy: Am Hof: Bécs, August 2001 – Balkon, November 2001. Tibbi Várnagy:  Hallo, szervusztok: Prince January/Terra Forming – Balkon, January/February 2002. Tibbi Várnagy: Magánhő: feLugossy László a Miskolci Galériában (Private Heat: László feLugossy at Miskolci Gallery) – Új Holnap, spring 2002; whole version in  László feLugossy: Távolság (Válogatás 1978 –2002) /Distance (Selection 1978–2002), private publishing 2002.Tibbi Várnagy: A könyvheti: Paul Auster /Timbuktu - Balkon, June 2002. Várnagy TBB: Láthatatlan történet (Invisible Story) - megjelent a Szamizdat:

masks: Tibor Tibor


texts:
 Alternatív kultúrák Kelet-és Közép-Európában 1956-1989 című kiállítás katalógusában (published in the  catalogue of the Samizdat:Alternative Cultures in Eastern and Central Europe 1956–1989), Stencil Kiadó - Európai Kulturális Aalapítvány, Budapest 2004. Tibor Várnagy: Konceptuális.doc (Conceptual.doc) – Praesens, 2004/1. Tibor Várnagy-Kata Balázs: Magunk vagyunk a fontosak, különben az egésznek nincs értelme. Rhea Thönges-Stringaris-szal Balázs Kata és Várnagy Tibor beszélget /We are the important ones, otherwise it has no sense at all. Conversation with Rhea Thönges-Stringaris by Kata Balázs and <mask> Várnagy, Balkon, 2018/1. Catalogues, books
Helyettes Szomjazók (Substitute Thirsters)- Stúdió Galéria, Budapest, 1988.Tibor Várnagy: A váza (The Vase) - Lágymányosi Közösségi Ház (Lágymányos Community Centre), Budapest, 1987. A Hejettes Szomjazók Szenvedélyes Élete (The Passionate Life of the Substitute Thirsters)- Az István Király Múzeum Közleményei, D. series 197., May 1990. Székesfehérvár

Hidden Story (with John P. Jacob) Franklin Furnace, New York, 1990. Blinde Passagiere / Potyautasok - Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, 1990. Ágnes Eperjesi - Tibor Várnagy: Przeplatane Zdjecia Tavate, Mała Galeria, ZPAF, Warsaw, 1992. Eperjesi - Várnagy: Egy Könyv / Ein Buch - PBK, Stúdió Galéria, Künstlerhaus Hamburg, 1993. Eperjesi - Várnagy: Előjelek / Omens - MNKA,


texts:
 Goethe Institute, Pelikán Kiadó Budapest, 1995.EXISTENTIA, Bolt Galéria, 1997. Várnai-Várnagy: Lassan Változik /It is slowly changing, Bartók 32 Galéria, 1998. Manapság – on the occasion of the exhibition of Zoltán Ádám and <mask> Várnagy, Budapest Galéria, 2000. Manamana (Manapság 2, 3) – in the frames of Szerviz /Service, Műcsarnok/Kunsthalle, August/September 2001. Manamana (Manapság 4) – in the frames of  the Budapest Box exhibition, Ludwig Museum, aug. 2002. Manamana (Manapság 5) – in the frames of M-Mobil, Műcsarnok, September 2002. Sustainable Development 2018/3 - Hejettes Szomjazók / Substitute Thiersters: Burgyingo, acb ResearchLab, Budapest, 2018.Tibor Várnagy - Fényképek kamera nélkül 1985-1993 (Cameraless Photography 1985–1993). ed. Fenyvesi Áron, Várnagy Tibor. 2019, acb RESEARCHLAB (texts by John P. Jacob and Kata Balázs)

Essays, studies on Tibor <mask>, the Substitute Thirsters, the Eperjesi-Várnagy collaboration (Selection)
István Antal: A rontás virágai - V.T. képeiről, Foto 34/11., November 1987. Kata Balázs: Rekonstrukció és önirónia / Rügyfakadás A Hejettes Szomlyazók korai korszaka (1984–1987) (Reconstruction and Self-Irony. Budburst.The Early Period of Substitute Thirsters (1984-1987)- Balkon, 2017/5. Kata Balázs: Csodavárás / Várnagy Tibor: 1989 (Waiting for a Miracle. Tibor Várnagy: 1989)  - Balkon, 2018/5. Kata Balázs: Beszélgetés

masks: Tibor Várnagy


texts:
 Várnagy Tibor képzőművésszel I. (Conversation with Tibor Várnagy I. ), Balkon, 2019/3. Kata Balázs: Beszélgetés Várnagy Tibor képzőművésszel II.(Conversation with <mask> Várnagy II. ), Balkon, 2019/5. László Bihari: Protokolláris vagy kortárs művészet? - Beszélgetés Várnagy Tiborral (Protocol or Contemporary Art? Conversation with Tibor Várnagy), Magyar Hírlap, 2/10/1999. Andrea Bordács: A nemek harca az igennel - Új Művészet, 1996/11. Géza Boros: Hejettem Szomlyazók  - Új Művészet, 1990/1.László Darvasi: Sült képek és mandalák, Délmagyarország, 13/05/1994. Csillag Deák –Lajos Kölüs: Egy triangulum hangjai - Új Művészet, 2014/11. EWA: Niech zyje! - Gazeta Wyborcza, 8 kwietnia 1998. Viola Farkas: Várnagy Tibor munkáihoz (For the Works of Tibor Várnagy) - Élet és Irodalom, 4 March 2016

G.A: Helyszínelés - A H.Sz. Szenvedélyes élete, Film, Színház, Muzsika, 34/38. September 1990.Júliusz Húth: Helyettes nyolcvanas évek - Artportal, 2017. Éva Ibos: Vértelen forradalom/Bloodless Revolution (Anarchia. Utópia. Forradalom. / Ludwig Múzeum /Anarchy, Utopia. Revolution, Ludwig Museum) - Revizor, 04/12/2014. Katalin Izinger - Ferenc Czinki: Átrendezett Segesvár - szikmblog, 2014.John P. Jacob: The Enigma of Meaning: Transforming Reality in Hungarian Photography – The Metamorphic Medium: New Photography from Hungary – The Allen Memorial Art Museum of Oberlin College,


texts:
 Oberlin (Ohio), 1989. John P. Jacob: Recalling Hajas / Nightmare Works: Tibor Hajas – Anderson Gallery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 90-83304, 1990. Judit Jankó: Egyszerűen éltünk a szabadságban (Ágnes Eperjesi, <mask> Várnagy) - Artportal, 2016. Judit Jankó: Ki szomjazik, és mit helyettesít? (Beszélgetés Várnagy Tiborral) (Who is Thirsty and what does he substitute? Conversation with Tibor Várnagy)- Új Művészet, 2017/8. Kangiszer Dóra: Az intézményesülés formáitól tartózkodni igyekeznek (HSZ tudatfelszabadító hadműveletek) - Tranzitblog, 2017.Elfi Kreis: Trauergelant und Nonsensgebimmel, Der Tagesspiegel, 23/05/1989, Berlin

Emese Kürti: Kicsit elveszett (Nehéz Ipar) /A Little Lost (Heavy Industry) - Magyar Narancs, 2011. József Ladányi: Anya(g / + mater(ia, A Helyettes Szomjazók szenvedélyes élete, Az István Király Múzeum Közleményei, D. series, 197., May 1990. Fanni Magyar: Hülye, aki elolvassa (Beszélgetés a Hejettes Szomlyazókkal) - Műértő, July–August 2017. József Mélyi: Zseniális dilletánsok (Hejettes Szomlyazók) - Magyar Narancs, 2017/31. Zsolt Mészáros: Kopár szík - Artkartell, 2017. (m-i): Helyettem Szomjazók, Hitel, 3/10, May 1990. (nagy): Egy út van előttem, melyiken induljak - Motolla, 1989/2, München

Lu Nanxi: Substitute Thirsters- Art World #329 issue 2017 July

Gergely Nagy: Klímaszervíz /


texts:
 esemény és hatás között: beszélgetés VT-ral – Műértő, October 2001.Ernő P. Szabó: Tudat-felszabadító hadműveletek (A Hejettes Szomlyazók kiállításai) - Új Művészet, 2017/8. Gábor Rieder: Rügyfakadás - Artkartell, 2017. Mihály Simon: Összehasonlító magyar fotótörténet, Magyar Fotográfiai Múzeum (Hungarian Museum of Photography), Kecskemét

Hajo Schiff: Gulasch mit Himbeeren - Eine Ausstellung des Ungarischen Duos Agnes Eperjesi und Tibor Várnagy,  TAZ HAMBURG, 7.10.92

Szilvia Seres: „Őrülten ment előre a technika, amit nagyon lehetett élvezni.” - Digitkult, 2017. Tibbi a Ligetben (Várnagy Tiborral beszélget Seres Szilvia) - Balkon, 2006/7-8. János Sturcz: A heroikus ego lebontása - Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetem

Renáta Szikra – Tünde Topor: A duchamp-i hagyomány újra és újra inspirálóvá válik - Artmagazin 2014/7. Ádám Tábor: A rendszerváltás kori budapesti dadaisták („A kopár szik sarja” – A Hejettes Szomlyazók kiállítása a Ludwigban) - Litera, 2017. Erzsébet Tatai: Bódhi fa nincsen, lélek nem tükör.Ha semmi sincsen, honnan lenne por? – Manapság, Budapest Galéria, 2000. Erzsébet Tatai: Tárlatvezető / Ember Állatkert – Manapság – Róma 2000 – Műértő, September 2000. Erzsébet Tatai: Neokonceptuális művészet Magyarországon a kilencvenes években - Praesens, Budapest, 2005. Bela Ugrin: Independent Visions - Three Hungarian Photographer, SPOT, 1990/10. Csilla


texts:
 Urbán: A művész egy lusta értelmiségi vagy állandó vendégmunkás? - Népszava, 16 October 2017.Tamás Vajna: Ha a művészek beszüntetnék az alkotást, azt a világgazdaság is megérezné - Qubit, 2017. Monika Wucher: Der Kern einer Ausstellung - Nappali Ház, 1993/1. Monika Wucher: Magvas kiállítás - Eperjesi Ágnes és Várnagy Tibor munkái, Új Művészet, 1993/1. Thomas Wulffen: Stellvertretende Durstende, Kunstforum International, 1989/5. Focus: Public Art in Hungary (edited and compiled by Hedvig Turai), interviews by Erzsébet Tatai, artmargins. com 2003. A Szerk.: A Hejettes Szomlyazók helyetted is szomjaznak - Librarius, 07/08/2017

Online sources, external links
Varnagy(last accessed: 28 October 2019)

curatorcv(last accessed: 28 October 2019)

Várnagy Tibor (last accessed: 28 October 2019)

(last accessed: 28 October 2019)

46A(last accessed: 28 October 2019)

Tibor Várnagy (last accessed: 28 October 2019)

Substitute Thirsters (Hejettes Szomlyazók) (last accessed: 28 October 2019)

References

1957 births
Living people
Curators
Hungarian contemporary artists
Hungarian


texts:
Carl, Prince of Leiningen, KG (Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Emich; 12 September 1804 – 13 November 1856) was the third Prince of Leiningen and maternal half-brother of Queen Victoria. Leiningen served as a Bavarian lieutenant general, before he briefly played an important role in German politics as the first Prime Minister of the Provisorische Zentralgewalt government formed by the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848. Biography

Descent
A member of the Hardenburg branch of the Leiningen family, Carl was born in Amorbach, the son of Prince Emich Carl of Leiningen (1763–1814) by his second marriage with Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1786–1861). He was the only son, as Emich Carl's son by his first wife, Friedrich, had died in 1800. Prince Emich Carl had received the Principality of Leiningen during the German mediatisation (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) in 1803, as a compensation for the lost Hardenburg estates in the Palatinate occupied by French revolutionary troops, and took his residence at the secularised Amorbach Abbey. The princely territory, however, soon after passed to the newly established Grand Duchy of Baden, the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Prince Emich Carl died on 4 July 1814 and Carl succeeded him as third Prince of Leiningen.On 11 July 1818, his widowed mother married <mask>, the fourth son of King George III of the United Kingdom, at Kew Palace, Surrey. In 1819, Carl and his younger sister, Princess Feodora, were taken from Amorbach to London, where their half-sister, Princess Victoria of Kent, was born on 24 May at Kensington Palace. Marriage and issue
On 13 February 1829, Carl married the Bohemian Countess Marie von Klebelsberg (27 March 1806 – 28 October 1880), younger daughter of Count Maximilian von Klebelsberg-Thumburg (1752-1811) and his wife, Maria Anna von Turba (1763-1833). They had two sons:

Ernst Leopold, 4th Prince of Leiningen (9 November 1830 – 5 April 1904); married Princess Marie of Baden on 11 September 1858.


texts:
 They had two children. <mask> Friedrich Maximilian Johann of Leiningen (5 January 1833 – 9 April 1914). Never married.Minor prince
Carl had attended a private school in Bern and from 1821 onwards studied law at the University of Göttingen with the jurist Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, then one of the principal authorities on German constitutional law and leading proponent of the German Historical School of jurisprudence. At the British court, his multifaceted interests in art were aroused. From 1828, he had Waldleiningen Castle near Mörschenhardt (named after Waldleiningen in the Palatinate) erected as his private residence, a Romantic complex resembling Neo-Gothic castles in Britain, such as Abbotsford House. As a mediatized house, the Princes of the Leiningen were members of the Landtag diet in Baden, as well as in Bavaria and Hesse. Prince Carl became president of the Bavarian upper house (Reichsrat) in 1842 and also pursued a career in the Bavarian Army as Lieutenant general à la suite of the Cavalry. On 20 April 1842, he and 20 other noblemen gathered at Biebrich Palace, where they established the Adelsverein to organize the settlement of German emigrants in Texas; Carl was elected president of the society. 1848: Brief moment of glory
By the German revolutions of 1848–49, Leiningen had achieved much reputation as a liberal reformer and freethinker.He advocated the implementation of parliamentarism and openly criticized aristocracy's privileges; therefore, he was appointed Prime Minister of Revolutionary Germany by Regent (Reichsverweser) Archduke John of Austria on 6 August 1848. With a Catholic head of state and a Lutheran head of government, an equilibrium was reached in German dualism; moreover, <mask>'s close relations to the British Royal House were generally appreciated. His cabinet initially could rely on a liberal and left-wing majority in the newly established Frankfurt Parliament, however, as early as on 5 September, he resigned over the Schleswig-Holstein

masks:
Prince Eduard
Leiningen


texts:
 Question when in the First Schleswig War King Frederick William IV of Prussia unilaterally signed an armistice with Denmark at Malmö. The delegates of the Frankfurt assembly reacted with outrage and <mask>, unable to assert the powers of the central authority, was forced to step down. He was succeeded by the Austrian politician Anton von Schmerling, who acted as Prime Minister until December. Later life and death
In 1851, he also resigned as president of the Adelsverein and was succeeded by <mask> of Wied. Shortly after his half sister's daughter Victoria became engaged to <mask> of Prussia, in 1855, he suffered a severe apoplectic attack.A second attack in November the following year was fatal, and he died at Waldleiningen Castle at the age of fifty-two, with his sister Feodora at his bedside. Upon hearing of her half-brother's death, Queen Victoria wrote in her journal:

Honours
 :
 Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1823
 Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1825
 : Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1824
 : Knight of St. Hubert, 1825
 : Knight of the Rue Crown, 1825
    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, April 1834
 : Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, 3 June 1836
 : Knight of the Garter, 14 July 1837
 : Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 4 August 1840

Ancestry

References

 Hermann Nehlsen (1997) (in German) Fürst Karl zu Leiningen (1804–1856). In: Gerhard Köbler, Hermann Nehlsen (Ed. ): Wirkungen europäischer Rechtskultur. Festschrift für Karl Kroeschell zum 70. Geburtstag. Verlag C.H.Beck, München, , S. 763f. Sarah Tytler, The Life of Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen, vol. II

External links
 Fürstenhaus zu Leiningen
 Texas State Historical Association

1804 births
1856 deaths
German princes
Princes of Leiningen
Leiningen family
Members of the First Chamber of the Estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Members of the First Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden
Members of the Bavarian Reichsrat
Knights of the

masks:
Leiningen
Prince Hermann
Prince Frederick


texts:
Sir <mask> was an illegitimate son of <mask>, 7th Earl of Surrey by his mistress <mask> of Norfolk. He was lord of the manor of Skeyton and also held other lands in Norfolk. His son Sir <mask> ( - 25 November 1386) was the first of this surname to succeed to the manors of Stockport and Poynton in Cheshire, and Woodplumpton in Lancashire. Family and early life
In 1306, <mask>'s father <mask> was married to Joan of Bar, a granddaughter of King <mask> of England. But the marriage was not a success. In 1309 King <mask> of England granted leave for John to make anyone he wanted heir to the lands that he held. But he wanted surety that any heir that he may have by his wife Joan would not to be disinherited.The earl was living openly with Maud by 1311. <mask>'s mother <mask> Nerford was a daughter of Sir <mask> Nerford of Narford, via his wife Petronilla, a daughter of Sir <mask> Vaux. On 8 March 1315 in a notice read out to Joan of Bar for a petition of the divorce of Joan and the earl, she was described as "Maud of Neyrford, daughter of the former William of Neyrford Knight, deceased, of the diocese of Norwich." Her father William had died in 1302, and Petronilla his wife was William's heir. Among Maud's siblings were John and <mask> Nerford who were later Knighted and also Edmund. In 1315 <mask> Warenne granted his manor of Saddlescombe in Sussex to <mask> Nerford for life. In 1316 the earl granted to <mask> Nerford the reversion of a messuage, two carucates of land, twenty four acres of meadow and ten marks of rent in Harrowby, Donisthorpe, Grantham, and Barkston.Sir John and <mask> Nerford witnessed a charter with <mask> Warenne in 1317. <mask> was not named in a land settlement dated 4 August 1316,

masks:
Edward de Warren
John de Warenne
Maud de Nford
John de Warren
Edward
John de Warenne
Edward I
Edward II
Edward
Maud de
William de
John de
Thomas de
John de
Thomas de
Edmund de
Thomas de
John de
Edward


texts: and the earl's two sons, John and Thomas by <mask> Nerford were. Because of this it is probable that <mask> was born after this date but before 1320, at which point the earl had "expelled <mask> Nerforde from his heart and his company." <mask> Nerford had died by 22 November 1345. By this date her sons John and Thomas had joined the order of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem at Clerkenwell Priory. They were not named in their father's will on 24 June 1347. In 1323 Sir Ralf <mask> settled "Boton" (Booton, Norfolk) and Skeyton on himself for life, and then on <mask> Nerford and her two sons, Ralph and <mask>.In 1334, <mask>'s brother Ralph was named "Ravlyn son of the Earl of Warenne" in a parliamentary petition by Ralph le Botiller (Butler).On 20 November 1338, <mask> <mask>, Earl of Surrey had a licence to "grant a sixth part of the barony of Wich-Malbank to <mask> Gaydon and <mask> Blorton, in trust to grant the same to John Mautravers and Joan his wife, for life, with remainder to <mask> <mask>ne, and Joan his wife, and the heirs of their bodies, and, them failing, to the right heirs of the said Joan, wife of the aforesaid John Mautravers. "Ralph and his wife Joan obtained the sixth part of the barony. <mask> <mask> died without issue,sometime prior to 1342, when his widow Joan, a daughter of Nicholas Percy, had become the wife of <mask> Brewes. He was not named in the will of his father written on 24 June 1347.On 20 October 1349, <mask> Brewes was recorded as lord of the manor of Skeyton, and Ralph's then recently deceased brother <mask> had been lord of that manor prior to his death. Joan, Ralph's widow was divorced from Peter between 27 January 1352 and 24 October 1352, and

masks:
Maud de
Edward
Maud de
Maud de
de Skeyton
Maud de
Edward
Edward
John de
Warren
John de
William de
Ralph de
Warren
Ralph de
Warren
Peter de
Peter de
Edward


texts:
 then married to Alan Cheney before 1353. She died on 15 August 1370. Alan Cheney died 28 June 1384.After Alan Cheney's death, the sixth part of the barony of Wich-Malbank in Cheshire descended to Alice, wife of John Browning as "daughter and heir of Joan, wife of John Mautravers, and sister and heir of Joan wife of Alan." Alice, wife of John Browning and her sister Joan (who firstly married <mask> <mask>) were actually half-sisters: Their mother was born Joan Foliot, who first married Nicholas Percy and by him had Joan who was born in 1321. Nicholas Percy died on 6 August 1324. Joan the widow of Nicholas Percy, then married John Mautravers, and their daughter Alice was born 29 September 1325.Alice later married John Browning. John Mautravers died, and his widow Joan (born Foliot), then married <mask>.Joan Venables died in 1347. In that year two Cheshire inquisition post mortems were taken: One indicated that Joan, aged 26 years, a daughter of Nicholas Percy and then currently wife of <mask> Brewes was the next heir of Joan Venables. The other inquisition stated the same but also detailed that Alice, daughter of John Mautravers was also heir to Joan Venables, and Alice and Joan were sisters.Marriage

He married Cicely, a daughter of <mask> Eton  via his wife Joan, a daughter of <mask> Stokeport, lord of Stockport. His lands in Norfolk

In 1346, Felicia the widow of <mask> Skeyton was recorded as holding Booton. Felicia held this of the heirs of <mask> Nerford. <mask> <mask> was recorded as holding lands in "Skegton" (Skeyton) in that year. Both places were within the hundred of South Erpingham in Norfolk. He also held lands in Norfolk or was joint mesne lord of lands and tenements in "Crostweyt"

masks:
Ralph de
Warren
Alexander Venables
Peter de
Nicholas de
Richard de
Ralph de
Thomas de
Edward de
Warren


texts:
 (Crostwick), Berton and Tibenham, and Rougham and Fransham outside of the hundred of South Erpingham.<mask> held two parts of a fee of lands in Skeyton in the hundred of South Erpingham, and Crostwick, Berton and Tibenham outside of this hundred of the heirs of Fulk Baniard which had formerly been held by <mask> "Skegton" (Skeyton).With William Whitwell, <mask> was a joint mesne lord of lands and tenements in Crostwick and Berton in the hundred of Tunstede. Discharged from finding a man-at-arms
On 22 April 1346, <mask> named as the son of John Earl Warenne of Surrey and Stratherne, was ready to serve the King abroad.<mask>ne's son William was also ready to serve the king. But the earl asked the Chancellor to discharge <mask> from finding a man-at-arms for his lands in Norfolk. <mask> is recorded in the rolls of Crécy and Calais in the retinue of <mask> <mask>ne, his brother or half-brother. Left a legacy in his father's will

His father's will was written on 24 June 1347 at Conisbrough Castle. <mask> was left twenty pounds in this will. He had not yet been Knighted at this date. The adowson of Itteringham (1348-1349)

In 1348 he was named as "Sir <mask> <mask>, Knight" and held a portion named "Bintre's Portion" of the adowson of Itteringham.In 1349 <mask> was involved in a trial which concerned who held the adowson of Itteringham, and therefore had the right to present a rector there. The trial was between Sir <mask>, and Maud, the widow of <mask> Dallying. It was found that agreements were made by deeds, that they should present alternatively. Death
<mask> was dead by 20 October 1349. On this date a commission of oyer and terminer was instituted on complaint by <mask> Brewes. In relation to

masks:
Edward
John de
Edward
Edward
Warren
Edward
Edward
William de
Warren
Edward
Edward de
Warren
Edward
Edward
John de
Edward
Peter de


texts:
 Skeyton at this time, he was referred to as "<mask> Garrenne, late lord of that manor" and Cicely his widow was still alive. <mask> Brewes was lord of the manor of Skeyton at this time, and a rent of 10 Marks was due to him which had been accumulated by <mask>.Two of Peter's servants took cattle from "Cicely, late the wife of the said <mask>" for half of the rent in arrears. But the cattle were rescued, and the servants who took this cattle were assaulted. His son Sir <mask> <mask> ( - 25 November 1386)

<mask>'s son <mask> <mask> by his wife Cicely, was around the age of 26 years in 1369. On 8 March 1370 at Erpingham in Norfolk, Sir <mask> Erpingham and his son Sir John  signed their names to a charter, along with Sir <mask> Salle and Sir <mask> Colby, all testifying that <mask> <mask> was the next heir of Isabel, daughter of Sir <mask> Stokeport (or <mask>: Sir Richard's grandmother was <mask> Stokeport. She was the eldest daughter and sole heiress of the Lord of Stockport. Sir Richard's grandfather was <mask> Eton.Sir Richard's father, <mask> Eton brother of Cicely, and uncle of <mask> <mask>, succeeded to the manor of Stockport and was commonly known as <mask> Stokeport.) and Isabel had died in 1369.Sir <mask> Erpingham, and his son Sir John were grandfather and father respectively of Sir Thomas Erpingham. They testified that John was the son of Sir <mask> <mask> and his mother was Cicely, a daughter of <mask> Eton, and <mask> <mask> was heir to Isabel because they both shared a common ancestor in Nicholas. Isabel's inquisition post mortem was taken in March 1370 at Chester. She was John's cousin once removed. His paternity, maternity, estimated age, and relationship to Isabel are detailed in

masks:
Edward de
Peter de
Edward
Edward
John de
Warren
Edward
John de
Warren
Robert de
Robert de
John de
John de
Warren
Richard de
de Eton
Joan de
Nicholas de
Robert de
John de
Warren
Robert de
Robert de
Edward de
Warren
Nicholas de
John de
Warren


texts:
 that inquisition:

"...she died in the feast of St.Luke the Evangelist (October 18th), 43 <mask> III (1369), and John, the son of Sir <mask>, Knt., is next of kin and next heir, namely son of a certain Cicely, sister of <mask> Stokeport, father of the said Sir <mask> Stokeport, Knt., father of the said Isabella, and the said John is of the age of 26 years and more." From this, <mask> <mask> succeeded to the manor of Bredbury, and also lands in Romiley, Werneth, and Etchells. In the same year as Isabel's inquisition, <mask> <mask> held "Bintre's Portion" of the adowson of Itteringham in Norfolk.His father <mask> held this same portion of that adowson in 1348. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir <mask> Stafford in 1371.John had been Knighted by 1379, and held the adowson of Skeyton that year presenting <mask> Schevesby as rector. Sir John later succeeded to the manors of Stockport, Poynton, and Woodplumpton as did his heirs. On 19 March 1386, he witnessed a charter with Sir Thomas Erpingham, at Brandiston, just under two miles from Booton, Norfolk. He died on 25 November 1386 and was buried at Booton. His widow Margaret married John Mainwaring of Over Peover, who was recorded as holding Booton  and Skeyton in 1401. John Mainwaring was dead by 1410.Sir <mask> <mask> and Margaret had a son named <mask> <mask> who married Agnes, a daughter of Sir Richard Winnington. Nicholas predeceased his mother Margaret who died in 1418, and had a son <mask> <mask>, named as heir to his grandmother Margaret in her inquisition, and listed as 24 years and above. One of the witnesses to this inquisition post mortem in 1418 was <mask> Whitwell of Felmingham, which is very close to Skeyton in Norfolk.

masks:
Edward
Edward Warren
Robert de
Richard de
John de
Warren
John de
Warren
Edward
John de
Roger de
John de
Warren
Nicholas de
Warren
Lawrence de
Warren
John de


texts:
<mask> FRS, d'Honneur, (Sinhala:මලික් පීරිස්; born 10 November 1949) is a Sri Lankan pathologist and virologist. He has been long based in Hong Kong. His research interests include ecology, evolution, pathogenesis, epidemiology of animal-human influenza and other human respiratory viral infections, authoring over 320 research publications. <mask> is most notable for being the first person to isolate SARS virus. He holds the Tam Wah-Ching Professorship, Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, University of Hong Kong, where he continues to lead ground breaking research with a particular interest in newly emerging viruses such as Coronaviruses at the animal-human interface. He serves as a member on the Advisory panel on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Health Protection Agency of Hong Kong, was on the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and was previously a member of the World Health Organization's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). Together with his co-workers, he has published more than 600 scientific papers in a research career spanning more than 35 years and is credited with 32 scientific patents relating to diagnosis of viral infections.Early life and education
<mask> was born on 10 November 1949 in Kandy, Sri Lanka. He completed school education at St. Anthony's College, Kandy, and commenced attending the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya to study medicine in October 1967. He graduated with MBBS honours in September 1972. Academic and Clinical Training
After completing the clinical internships, he joined the Department of Bacteriology in the Medical School of the University of Ceylon's Peradeniya Campus as a junior lecturer. His mentor and head of department was Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arsecularatne, who greatly influenced his career. In 1977, <mask> was awarded a Commonwealth scholarship for post

masks:
Malik Peiris
Peiris
Peiris
Peiris


texts: graduate research training at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford, with Dr. J.S. Porterfield as his research adviser and mentor.He was awarded the D.Phil degree in 1981. A major aspect of his dissertation was the paradoxical role that antibodies may play in facilitating rather than blocking the entry of viruses such as the West Nile virus and the dengue virus into macrophages, the first line defense cells of the body. Research training in Oxford was followed by two years of training in clinical pathology as a Registrar in Virology with Professor R. Madeley at the department of Clinical Virology, Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne, culminating in the award of the Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. In 1982, he returned to his native University in Sri Lanka where, over a period of six years, he established a pioneering Clinical Virology Laboratory. In reflection, he described his achievements during these years in a resource poor setting as some that he is most proud of. After his period in Sri Lanka from 1982 to 1988, <mask> rejoined the Victoria Royal Infirmary in Newcastle in the UK, as a Consultant Virologist. The final and most significant career change was in 1995, when <mask> shifted his Clinical and Scientific efforts to Hong Kong, based around the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at the University of Hong Kong, after having founded the Clinical Diagnostic and Public Health Laboratory at Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong.His team of scientists and doctors was strategically placed to face the challenges of the Avian influenza virus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus outbreak, the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus outbreak and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic. Original research carried out by the Hong Kong laboratories have made major

masks: Peiris Peiris


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 contributions to the knowledge of the causative viruses of these diseases and the understanding, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the diseases that these viruses cause. During the period of 2003 to 2004, <mask> was credited with authoring the highest number of high impact publications in the scientific world. Notable findings

Avian Influenza

In 1997, after the first human outbreak of the Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Hong Kong, Professor <mask>'s attention was turned to the virus, which claimed the lives a third of its victims. Research in his laboratory showed that the virus induces high levels of chemicals called cytokines when it infects a type of white blood cell. This was later shown to correlate with high levels of cytokines in infected humans. This so-called "cytokine storm" is now recognized as a major mechanism of avian influenza virus pathogenesis.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
In 2003, Hong Kong suffered another virus outbreak, this time from an unknown respiratory disease, termed SARS. <mask> became known worldwide when his laboratory was the first to isolate the virus, a Novel coronavirus (CoV), now known as SARS-CoV. <mask> led the team which isolated the causal agent for the respiratory infection SARS in early 2003. By June 2003, the <mask> laboratory and their collaborators had developed a rapid diagnostic test for SARS-CoV using Real-time polymerase chain reaction. The team has published the standard laboratory manual book on the SARS coronavirus. COVID-19
In February 2020, <mask> and his colleague, Leo L. M. Poon, published a definitive article in the Journal Nature Medicine presaging the pandemic of a new coronavirus. In March 2020, <mask> reported that a Pomeranian dog was infected with COVID-19.At first, these findings were dismissed, but other COVID-19 animal infections across the world,

masks: Peiris Peiris Peiris Peiris Peiris Peiris Peiris


texts:
 substantiated <mask>'s findings that animals could be infected by the virus such as the case of a tiger in Bronx Zoo and a pug dog in North Carolina both testing positive. Honours

He is the first Sri Lankan to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (conferred in 2006). This is considered the highest scientific honour in the Commonwealth. The biographical notes recorded by the Royal Society reads “ <mask> was the first to isolate the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus that caused international alarm when it emerged in South China in 2002–2003. His expertise in human disease caused by animal viruses encompasses viral evolution, transmission, mechanisms of infection and the immune response of human hosts.Working in Hong Kong on pandemic diseases with a high mortality rate such as bird flu (H5N1), swine flu (H1N1) and SARS, <mask> has been at the centre of surveillance and rapid-response programmes. His original insights into bird flu include the potentially fatal ‘cytokine storm’ that follows human infection, and the recombinant origin of the virus”. He was decorated as Knight of the Légion d'Honneur of France on 15 October 2007.He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) in 2008 from the government of Hong Kong SAR for "outstanding achievements in the field of virology and pathology, in particular his contribution to the prevention and control of infectious diseases." <mask> continues to work at the University of Hong Kong and was appointed scientific director of the Hong Kong University-Pasteur Institute. In May 2017, <mask> was elected as a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences. <mask>, along with his Hong Kong-based colleague Kwok-Yung Yuen, won the prize in the Life Sciences section of the 2021 Future Science Prize, dubbed "China's Nobel Prize". The awarding committee cited their major

masks:
Peiris
Malik Peiris
Malik
Malik
Malik
Malik Peiris


texts:
 discoveries of SARS-CoV-1 as the causative agent of the global SARS outbreak in 2003, with impact on the Covid 19 pandemic. The Future Science Prize was established by a group of renowned scientists and entrepreneurs in 2016, aiming at recognizing scientific breakthroughs and innovations in China with long-term significance to the world. The prize is given in three categories with $1 million for each award, namely the Life Science Prize, Physical Science Prize and Mathematics and Computer Science Prize.Until his retirement from full-time posts in 2020, <mask> held several academic positions as the Chair Professor of Microbiology and Tam Wah-ching Professor of Medical Sciences at The University of Hong Kong, Honorary Consultant Microbiologist at Queen Mary Hospital and the Scientific Director of the HKU-Pasteur Research Centre at Hong Kong. Family Background
He is married to Sharmala Arseculeratne and they have a daughter, Shalini and a son, Shehan. Professor Sarathnanda “Chubby” Arseculeratne was the foundation Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, and was <mask>’ early mentor. He later became <mask>’ father-in-law. References

External links

 "Features", Daily News (online), June 2006, webpage: DailyNews-fea01: contains "Following the discovery of the cause of SARS, Professor <mask> was invited...". "HKU ResearcherPage: Peiris, JSM", The HKU Scholars Hub (online database), webpage: HKU Scholars Hub: Researcher Page

1949 births
Living people
Sri Lankan virologists
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Alumni of the University of Peradeniya
Fellows of the Royal Society
Sinhalese biologists
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy
British people of Sri Lankan descent
Hong Kong people of Sri Lankan descent
Foreign associates of the National

masks: Malik Peiris Peiris Peiris


texts:
<mask> (19 September 1932 – 10 July 2012) known professionally as <mask>, was an English free improvising saxophonist. He played soprano and sopranino saxophone. Biography
<mask> was born to <mask> and <mask> (née Motton) at Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK. He grew up in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, and bought his first saxophone in 1947. After national service he became a busy semi-professional musician, touring US airbases with Denzil Bailey's Afro-Cubists and the Graham Fleming Combo. In the 1960s he played with visiting American blues, soul and jazz musicians including Rufus Thomas, Mose Allison, Otis Spann, and Champion Jack Dupree. He also developed his practice of playing unaccompanied solo saxophone, often busking in informal performance situations.Other than his solo playing, he performed mostly as a sideman or as an equal collaborator, rather than a conventional leader – there was no regular Lol Coxhill Trio or Quartet as would normally be expected of a saxophonist. Instead he had many intermittent but long-lasting collaborations with like-minded musicians. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he was a member of Canterbury scene bands Carol Grimes and Delivery and then Kevin Ayers and the Whole World. He became known for his solo playing and for work in duets with pianist Steve Miller and guitarist G. F. Fitzgerald. He was thought to have largely inspired Joni Mitchell's song "For Free", while busking solo on the old footbridge which formed part of the Hungerford Bridge between Waterloo and Charing Cross. <mask> collaborated with other musicians including Mike Oldfield, Morgan Fisher (of Mott the Hoople), Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath and its

masks:
George Lowen Coxhill
Lol Coxhill
Coxhill
George Compton Coxhill
Mabel Margaret Coxhill
Coxhill


texts: musical descendant The Dedication Orchestra, Django Bates, the Damned, Hugh Metcalfe, Derek Bailey, Fred Frith and performance art group Welfare State. He often worked in small collaborative groups with semi-humorous names such as the Johnny Rondo Duo or Trio (with pianist Dave Holland – not the bassist of the same name), the Melody Four (characteristically a trio, with Tony Coe and Steve Beresford), and The Recedents (with guitarist Mike Cooper and percussionist Roger Turner), known as such because the members were (in Coxhill's words) "all bald", though the name may additionally be a play on the American band the Residents.Typically these bands performed a mix of free improvisation interspersed with ballroom dance tunes and popular songs. There was humour throughout his music but he sometimes felt it necessary to tell audiences that the free playing was not intended as a joke. <mask> was compere and occasional performer at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, and a raconteur as well as a musician; he often would introduce his music by saying the words, "what I am about to play you may not understand". It was following a performance at Bracknell that he recorded the melodramatic monologue Murder in the Air. His son <mask> is a renowned punk drummer who played with Acme Sewage Co. amongst others; his daughter <mask> is a vocalist and his daughter <mask> sings and plays in a ukulele band. All three children appear with their father on "I am the Walrus", one of the tracks on "The Exotic Beatles Part 2" CD. The Beatles, The Exotic Beatles part 2.On 26 July 2007, <mask> married Ulrike Gertrud Scholz. They had been together since 1991. Nottingham, Tak Tak Tak,

masks:
Coxhill
Simon Coxhill
Claire Coxhill
Maddie Coxhill
Coxhill


texts:
 1989. The Sound of Squirrel Meals: The Work of <mask> <mask> edited by Barbara Schwarz, Black Press, 2006. References

External links

 Lol <mask>'s website
 Biography and discography from European Free Improvisation Pages
 Video sample from Frogdance
 The Wire's100 Records That Set The World On Fire (When No One Was Listening)
 Fund raising concert in aid of diabetes uk 7 June 2003 at Besbrode Pianos Leeds

1932 births
2012 deaths
Avant-garde jazz musicians
English jazz soprano saxophonists
British male saxophonists
Emanem Records artists
English buskers
Free improvisation
People from Portsmouth
People from Aylesbury
Delivery (band) members
British male jazz musicians
The Albion Band members
Brotherhood of Breath members
The Dedication Orchestra members
Incus Records artists
Mushroom Records artists
FMP/Free Music Production

masks: Lol Coxhill Coxhill


texts:
<mask>, full name <mask>kapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui Pratt (September 11, 1834 – December 20, 1928), was a Hawaiian high chiefess (aliʻi) and great-grandniece of Kamehameha I, being a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, the older brother of Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was the daughter of Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was chosen to attend the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School) taught by American missionaries and declared eligible to succeed to the Hawaiian throne by King Kamehameha III. She married American businessman Franklin Seaver Pratt and became known as Mrs. Pratt. Five of her classmates became reigning monarchs of Hawaii until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1920, she wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, a book about her ancestor Keōua and his descendants including her own branch of the family and the House of Kamehameha. Outliving all her royal classmates, she was the last surviving member of the Royal School.Early life and education
High Chiefess <mask> Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui was born September 11, 1834, in her family home at Waialua. Her parents were Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. She was given the name <mask> after Kaʻahumanu who had adopted her mother and was baptized with the name. Kaʻahumanu was a favorite wife of Kamehameha I and the co-ruler of the kingdom under the title of Kuhina Nui. She was also the namesake of Kekaikuihala II, her father's older sister. Her younger brother Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui was born in 1840, and despite medical treatment by missionary physician Gerrit P. Judd, their mother died two months afterward


texts: from complications from childbirth. Laʻanui later married on July 9, 1842, to Amelia Puohu, who became the children's stepmother.Her family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the early 18th-century aliʻi Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa. From her father's side, Kekaʻaniau was a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, an elder half-brother of Kamehameha I. Both were sons of the aforementioned Keōua. Due to this familial tie, her father Laʻanui escaped the slaughter of Kawaihae in 1791 where Kamehameha I defeated and sacrificed his opponent Keōua Kūʻahuʻula in the process of unifying the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother Owana was the daughter of Kamehameha II's French secretary Jean Baptiste Rives and a relation of Kaʻahumanu through her mother Holau II, who was hānai (adopted) by the queen. Also through her father's first marriage to Namahana Piʻia, Kekaʻaniau was the stepniece of Kaʻahumanu. She was of one-fourth French and three-fourths Native Hawaiian descent.At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was placed in the Chiefs' Children's School, also known as the Royal School, a select school for the royal children of the highest rank who were eligible to be rulers. Along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Out of the sixteen children of the school, five of her cousins would rule as monarchs of the kingdom. Called Lizzy or Lizzie by her classmates, she was taught by the missionary couple Juliette Montague Cooke and Amos Starr Cooke. In the classroom students were divided by their age and length of time at the school. She was a member of the senior level class. During their Sunday procession to church,


texts:
 when it was customary for boys and girls to walk side by side, she would walk beside James Kaliokalani, the eldest brother of future monarchs Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani.During their school years, Kekaʻaniau developed a close relationship with her cousins Emma (who married Kamehameha IV and became queen consort) and Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who later founded Kamehameha Schools. She was one of the few invited guests at the 1850 wedding of Bernice Pauahi to American businessman Charles Reed Bishop, which was conducted against the wishes of Pauahi's parents, and she also later served as bridesmaid to Queen Emma during her royal wedding in 1856. She was also one of the bridesmaids at the 1862 wedding of Liliʻuokalani and John Owen Dominis. Kekaʻaniau was among the young social elite active in the royal courts of Kamehameha IV and his successor Kamehameha V. On formal occasions, she would also serve as lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma. Marriage
Kekaʻaniau married Franklin Seaver Pratt (1829–1894) on April 27, 1864. The wedding was held at the residence of the bride, and Reverend Eli S. Corwin, the pastor of the Fort Street (Congregational) Church, officiated the ceremony. According to contemporary opinion, she was "well-known as one of the brightest and most cultivated women of Honolulu" and "became his faithful companion and helper" after their marriage.A native of Boston, Massachusetts, and naturalized citizen of the kingdom, Pratt was a respected businessman and sugar plantation owner who held a few court and governmental positions during the monarchy, including Staff Colonel to Kamehameha V, member of the Privy Council for Queen Liliʻuokalani, Registrar of Public Accounts and Hawaiian Consul General in San Francisco. However, according to historian James L. Haley, he was kept on the


texts: "periphery of power." The Pratts did not have any children of their own, although they adopted Kekaʻaniau's niece, Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui, daughter of her younger brother High Chief Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II, after he died in 1871. Theresa married four times and had descendants by her first and second husbands: Alexander Cartwright III, son of Honolulu fire chief Alexander Cartwright, and Robert William Wilcox, a Hawaiian revolutionary leader and the first Congressional Delegate from the Territory of Hawaii. The Pratts also later adopted Alexander and Theresa's younger daughter Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright, who married Dwight Jarvis Styne and had three children. The Pratts owned a beachside residence, which they called the Franklin Villa or Bath Villa, in the Waikīkī area of Honolulu. The property was sold in 1897 and is now part of Fort DeRussy.Kekaʻaniau was present at the deathbed of King Kamehameha V with Queen Emma Pauahi and other members of the royal court. She later claimed that the dying monarch had offered her the throne before asking Pauahi to succeed him. Haley noted that if this was true she would have a been a strong candidate, being a descendant of an elder brother of the kingdom's founder. Neither woman accepted, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. Thus, the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii called for the legislature to elect the next monarch. By both popular vote and the unanimous vote of the legislature, her cousin Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii. Kekaʻaniau was given a place of honor at the prorogation of the Legislative Assembly of 1873 alongside Queen Emma, High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani, and wives of the king's cabinet ministers.After the death of Lunalilo, the Pratts became supporters of Queen Emma


texts:
 during her unsuccessful candidacy during the royal election of 1874 against Kalākaua. Emma had promised to reward their loyalty with a government appointment by removing John Owen Dominis as Governor of Oahu and appointing Pratt in his place if she had won. Despite popular support for the queen dowager, the assembly voted thirty-nine to six in favor of Kalākaua over Emma. The subsequent announcement triggered the Honolulu Courthouse riot as Emmaite supporters hunted down and attacked native legislators who supported Kalākaua. In order to quell the civil disruption, American and British troops were landed with the permission of the Hawaiian government, and the rioters were arrested. During the final years of the monarchy, the Pratts lived in San Francisco where her husband served as Hawaiian Consul General for the Pacific states of Oregon, Washington, California and Nevada, from 1892 until the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In March 1893, she was elected as an honorary president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League) or Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women.This patriotic group was founded shortly after its male counterpart the Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Men to oppose the overthrow and plans to annex the islands to the United States and to support the deposed queen Liliʻuokalani. She resigned this position on April 17, 1893 after a dispute arose between two factions of the group over the wordings to the memorial seeking the restoration of the monarchy to be presented to the United States Commissioner James Henderson Blount sent by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the overthrow. Later life and civic involvement

After the overthrow in 1893, her husband defended Kekaʻaniau's traditional claims to the Hawaiian crown lands as an heir of Kamehameha


texts: III and was removed from his government post as Hawaiian Consul. These lands transferred to the United States Federal Government after the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898. During Queen Liliʻuokalani's attempts to seek restitution and compensation for the lost crown lands, Kekaʻaniau and her niece Theresa Laʻanui petitioned in 1903 the Senate Subcommittee on the Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico in order to support the petition of the queen. In 1895, she helped founded the Hawaiian Relief Society to assist the victims of a cholera epidemic in the islands. She co-founded the organization with other leading Hawaiian women including Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell and Emilie Widemann Macfarlane.She served as the organization's first vice-president. Because of her rank and connection to the past, Kekaʻaniau participated in many civic ceremonies during her later life. On June 28, 1909, Kekaʻaniau officiated and unveiled the tablet of the 1795 Battle of Nuʻuanu, which was installed at the Pali lookout by the organization Daughters of Hawaii. On March 17, 1912, she officiated with Queen Liliʻuokalani when they both unveiled the Cooke Memorial Tablet, dedicated to Amos Starr and Juiette Montague Cooke and the sixteen students of the Royal School, in the vestibule of Kawaiahaʻo Church. The ceremony marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Cooke. On March 17, 1914, Kekaʻaniau officiated with Liliʻuokalani at the unveiling of the tablet for the 100th commemoration birthday of King Kamehameha III. During the ceremony, Queen Liliʻuokalani represented the Kalakaua Dynasty, and Kekaʻaniau represented the Kamehameha Dynasty, seated on opposite sides of the memorial stone in the nave of the church.The palace chairs in which they sat were draped


texts:
 with ancient Hawaiian feather capes. The Queen drew the cord releasing her Royal Standard or personal flag, while Kekaʻaniau released the Hawaiian flag covering the tablet. In 1897, Kekaʻaniau donated to the Bishop Museum the bust figure of Kamehameha II that was given by the British monarch, King George IV, when Kamehameha II died while on his state visit in London with his queen Kamāmalu in 1825. The British crown bought the lavish coffins and made the bust according to the English royal traditions during funeral services. She also donated to the Bishop Museum the following items: 2 pictures, 6 feather leis, 15 kāhili's, 5 kāhili handles, 13 ʻumeke, 5 coconut bowls and 1 Niʻihau mat. In 1996, two of her kahili's were featured in the museum exhibit in "The Legacy of Excellence, Highlights of Hawaiian Culture" and was described as being "the only ones of their kind". Following the death of Liliʻuokalani in 1917, Kekaʻaniau became the only survivor of the Royal School.In 1920, Kekaʻaniau wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii, as a tribute to her great-grandfather Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa and his descendants. The book consisted of a genealogical history of the branches of the House of Keōua Nui including her family and the House of Kamehameha. Death and funeral

In her later years, Kekaʻaniau lived at the home of her grandniece Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright Styne at 1036 Kinau Street, Makiki, Honolulu. On her 94th birthday on September 11, 1928, a large contingent of Honolulu residents made a pilgrimage to her home to bedeck the residence with floral tributes and offer expressions of affection and respect. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted the home of the


texts: nonagenarian "was a veritable bower of flowers, redolent with beauteous blossoms." One of her last functions, in October of the same year, was helping arrange partners for a quadrille in a historic reenactment of the court of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Kekaʻaniau had been a participant in the original 1856 quadrille where she had danced with Kalākaua.After a brief illness, Kekaʻaniau died at the age of 94 at the home of her grandniece at 9am on December 20, 1928. Although not given a state funeral, the tradition of lying in state was observed on the night before the funeral. The watches were led by members of two Hawaiian royal societies of which she had been a ranking member: the Māmakakaua (Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors) and the ʻAhahui Kaʻahumanu (Kaʻahumanu Society), of which Kekaʻaniau was the first honorary president. Princess <mask> Kalanianaʻole (Moʻi of Māmakakaua) and Emma Ahuena Taylor (Kuhina Nui of Māmakakaua) led the watches. The funeral services were conducted at Kawaiahaʻo Church by Reverend Akaiko Akana at 3:30 pm on December 23. The silver-gray coffin was draped with two ʻahuʻula, or feather cloaks, symbolizing the rank she held in the two royal societies. Territorial Governor and Mrs. Wallace Rider Farrington, former Governor and Mrs. Walter F. Frear, and former Honolulu Mayor John C. Lane joined prominent families of chiefly lineage and members of the two royal societies at the services.Lane and Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea served as two of the six pallbearers. After the simple ceremony, which only lasted half an hour, the mourners accompanied the casket to its final burial place where Akana read the burial service in Hawaiian. Per her request, Kekaʻaniau was buried with solemn ceremony next to her husband at Oʻahu Cemetery. Descendants and legacy


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The descendants from her niece Theresa Laʻanui to Cartwright and Wilcox continue to claim to be the rightful successors of the Kamehameha line and claimant to the Hawaiian crown lands. They base their claims through Kekaʻaniau's status as the last surviving member of the Royal School chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One notable contemporary member of this family is Hawaiian musician and activist Princess Owana Salazar, who with her son were involved with the Hawaiian activist group Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi from 1988 to 1998. Kekaʻaniau's 1920 book was republished in 1999 under the title Keoua: Father of Kings by her great-great-grandnephew, David Castro.It was republished again in 2009. Castro also wrote a biography of her titled Princess <mask>u Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to Hawaiian the Throne in 2008. On September 15, 1985, a portrait painted of Kekaʻaniau was unveiled at the Kawaiahaʻo Church by Helena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox (mother of Owana Salazar). The artwork was created by commissioned artist Mary Koski, who was known for her Flemish-Dutch and realistic style of painting. This painting now stands on an easel within the royal pew of Kawaiahaʻo Church, where Kekaʻaniau once sat with King Kamehameha III and other students of the Royal School. In 1989, a second painting was installed in the library of the modern day Royal Elementary School in Honolulu. Family tree

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1834 births
1928 deaths
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Native Hawaiian writers
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Writers from Hawaii
House of Kalokuokamaile
Burials at Oahu Cemetery
Hawaiian Kingdom people of French descent
Hawaiian ladies-in-waiting
Royal School (Hawaii) alumni
People from


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<mask> or <mask> (; born December 21, 1939) is a Taiwanese-American scientist who worked for the University of California at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He created simulations of nuclear explosions for the purposes of scientific inquiry, as well as for improving the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. A federal grand jury indicted him on charges of stealing secrets about the U.S. nuclear arsenal for the People's Republic of China (PRC) in December 1999. After federal investigators were unable to prove these initial accusations, the government conducted a separate investigation and was ultimately only able to charge <mask> with improper handling of restricted data, one of the original 59 indictment counts, to which he pleaded guilty as part of a plea settlement. In June 2006, <mask> received $1.6 million from the federal government and five media organizations as part of a settlement of a civil suit he had filed against them for leaking his name to the press before any formal charges had been filed against him. Federal judge James A. Parker eventually apologized to <mask> for denying him bail and putting him in solitary confinement and excoriated the government for misconduct and misrepresentations to the court. Early life
<mask> was born on December 21, 1939, to a Hoklo family in Taiwan during Japanese rule.He graduated from Keelung High School in the northern part of the island in 1959, after which he attended National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering in 1963. In My Country Versus Me, <mask> describes life as being harsh. His father died when <mask> was very young. His mother suffered from asthma and eventually committed suicide so that she would not

masks:
Wen Ho Lee
Li Wenho
Lee
Lee
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Wen Ho Lee
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 'burden' the family. He was a young boy in Taiwan when Republic of China (ROC) forces violently suppressed the February 28 Incident of 1947. Taiwan was placed under martial law; his brother died when he was a conscript and his commanding officers allegedly wouldn't allow him to take medicine. <mask>, however, overcame these odds.He had what he describes as a wonderful teacher in the 6th grade who encouraged his intellectual abilities. Eventually, he made his way to university, where he became interested in fluid dynamics and studied mechanical engineering at the university. Graduate education and career

<mask> came to the United States in 1965 to continue his studies in mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University. He received his doctorate in mechanical engineering with the specialization in fluid mechanics  in 1969 and became a U.S. citizen in 1974. He was employed at industrial and government research firms before he moved to New Mexico in 1978. He worked as a scientist in weapons design at  Los Alamos National Laboratory in applied mathematics and fluid dynamics from that year until 1999. He created simulation software for nuclear explosions, which were used to gain scientific understanding and help maintain the safety and reliability of the US nuclear weapons arsenal.Government investigation

<mask> was publicly named by United States Department of Energy officials, including Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson, as a suspect in the theft of classified nuclear-related documents from Los Alamos. Richardson was criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry by not testifying in front of Congress sooner. Richardson was less than truthful in his response by saying that he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress.

masks: Lee Lee Lee


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 On December 10, 1999, <mask> was arrested, indicted on 59 counts, and jailed in solitary confinement without bail for 278 days until September 13, 2000, when he accepted a plea bargain from the federal government. <mask> was released on time served after the government's case against him could not be proven. He was ultimately charged with only one count of mishandling sensitive documents that did not require pre-trial solitary confinement, while the other 58 counts were dropped. President Bill Clinton issued a public apology to <mask> over his treatment by the federal government during the investigation.<mask> filed a lawsuit to gain the names of public officials who had leaked his name to journalists before charges had been filed against him. It raised issues similar to those in the Valerie Plame affair, of whether journalists should have to reveal their anonymous sources in a court of law. <mask>'s lawsuit was settled by the federal government in 2006 just before the Supreme Court was set to decide whether to hear the case. The federal judge who heard the case during an earlier appeal said that "top decision makers in the executive branch...have embarrassed our entire nation and each of us who is a citizen." Operation Kindred Spirit
After an intelligence agent from the People's Republic of China (PRC) gave U.S. agents papers which indicated that they knew the design of a particularly modern U.S. nuclear warhead (the W-88), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) started an investigation codenamed "Operation Kindred Spirit" to look into how China could have obtained that design. In 1982, <mask> was recorded on a wiretap speaking with another Taiwanese-American scientist who had been accused of espionage. <mask> offered to the scientist to find out who had turned

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee


texts: him in.When confronted by the FBI about this incident, <mask> said he did not know the scientist, until the FBI demonstrated proof of the conversation. Despite some evidence that could have kept the case open, the FBI closed this file on <mask> in 1984. <mask> did not get the attention of the FBI again for 12 years until 1998. The FBI had lost the file on <mask> from the 1983 and 1984 meetings with him, and had to reconstruct the information. In 1994, a delegation of Chinese scientists visited Los Alamos National Laboratory in an unannounced capacity for a meeting. One of the scientists visiting was Dr. Hu Side, the head of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics. He also was credited with the design of the small, W88-like weapon.However, despite the visit being unannounced, <mask> showed up to the meeting uninvited. This alarmed LANL officials who contacted the FBI, which opened up another investigation of <mask>. On December 23, 1998 <mask> was given a polygraph test by Wackenhut, a DOE contractor. He was not told of the reason why, other than that it involved his latest trip to China to escort his nephew. During the questioning, he admitted that he had, in fact, met with Dr. Hu Side in a hotel room in 1988 and that Hu had asked him for classified information, which he refused to discuss. <mask> admitted that he failed to report this contact and approach by individuals requesting classified information as required by security regulations. He was told that he passed the test, but was stripped of his Q clearance to the LANL's classified X Division section.Although he questioned the action against him, <mask> went along, deleting the classified information he held on his computers, and moved to the T (unclassified) clearance zone. He was later subjected to three

masks: Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee Lee


texts: more polygraph tests before being told by the FBI agents that re-evaluation of the test results showed that <mask> had failed all of them. In January, The Wall Street Journal ran an article on the investigation, headlined "China Got Secret Data on U.S. Warhead -- Chief Suspect Is a Scientist at Weapons Laboratory of Energy Department,"  without naming a suspect. On March 6, The New York Times published an article on the W-88 case, "China Stole Nuclear Secrets for Bombs, U.S. Aides Say," again without naming the suspect. Government officials had requested the newspaper delay publication, and The New York Times held back publication for one day, saying it would consider a further delay if asked personally by the FBI director, who did not act on the request. The FBI interviewed Dr. <mask> on March 5, and he consented to a search of his office. On March 8, 1999, <mask> was fired from his job at Los Alamos National Laboratory for failure to maintain classified information securely.However, FBI investigators soon determined that the design data the PRC had obtained could not have come from the Los Alamos Lab, because it related to information that would only have been available to someone like a so-called "downstream" contractor, meaning one involved in the final warhead production process, and this information was only created after the weapon design left the LANL. Even though this left <mask> <mask> apparently in the clear, the FBI continued its attempt to find evidence to implicate <mask> in committing espionage for the PRC. There were 60 agents and more assigned to <mask>'s case, working to prove that he was a spy. The FBI conducted a search of <mask>'s house on April 10, seizing any item related to computers or computing, as well as anything that had notations

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Wen Ho
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 written in Chinese. The FBI and the Department of Energy then decided to conduct a full forensic examination of <mask>'s office computer. The examination of <mask>'s computer determined that he had backed up his work files, which were restricted though not classified, onto tapes, and had also transferred these files from a system used for processing classified data onto another, also secure, system designated for unclassified data. After the FBI discovered <mask>'s transfer, they revoked his badge access and clearance, including his ability to access the data from the unclassified but secure network.<mask> then requested from a colleague in another part of Los Alamos to be allowed to use his computer, at which time he transferred the data to a third unclassified computer network. The government then retroactively redesignated the data <mask> had copied, changing it from its former designation of "PARD" (Protect As Restricted Data), which was just above the "Unclassified" designation and contained 99 percent unclassified data, to a new designation of "Secret" (which was treated on a higher security level than PARD), giving them the crime that the government needed for a formal charge. Indictment, imprisonment and release
The Department of Justice constructed its case around the only real evidence of malfeasance, the downloading of the restricted information. It ultimately employed an unusual strategy of trying to prove that in addition to illegally handling information, Dr. <mask> had an "intent to injure" the United States by denying it the exclusivity of the nuclear information. <mask> was indicted on 59 counts, 39 of which were for mishandling information under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, and 20 of which were for lesser violations of the Espionage Act. (The