texts:
 Donatus. There he learned Latin and at least some Greek, though he probably did not yet acquire the familiarity with Greek literature that he later claimed to have acquired as a schoolboy. As a student, <mask> engaged in the superficial escapades and sexual experimentation of students in Rome; he indulged himself quite casually but he suffered terrible bouts of guilt afterwards. To appease his conscience, on Sundays he visited the sepulchers of the martyrs and the Apostles in the catacombs. This experience reminded him of the terrors of hell:

His quote from Virgil reads: "On all sides round horror spread wide; the very silence breathed a terror on my soul". Conversion to Christianity

Although initially sceptical of Christianity, he eventually converted. Seized with a desire for a life of ascetic penance, <mask> went for a time to the desert of Chalcis, to the southeast of Antioch, known as the "Syrian Thebaid" from the number of eremites inhabiting it.During this period, he seems to have found time for studying and writing. He made his first attempt to learn Hebrew under the guidance of a converted Jew; and he seems to have been in correspondence with Jewish Christians in Antioch. Around this time he had copied for him a Hebrew Gospel, of which fragments are preserved in his notes. It is known today as the Gospel of the Hebrews which the Nazarenes considered to be the true Gospel of Matthew. <mask> translated parts of this Hebrew Gospel into Greek. As protege of Pope Damasus, <mask> was given duties in Rome, and he undertook a revision of the Vetus Latina Gospels based on Greek manuscripts. He also updated the Psalter containing the Book of Psalms then in use in Rome, based on the Septuagint.In Rome, <mask> was surrounded by a circle of well-born and well-educated women, including some from the noblest patrician families, such as the widows Lea, Marcella and Paula, with Paula's daughters Blaesilla and

masks: Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome


type: original

texts:
 Eustochium. The resulting inclination of these women towards the monastic life, away from the indulgent lasciviousness in Rome, and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy of Rome, brought a growing hostility against him among the Roman clergy and their supporters. Soon after the death of his patron Pope Damasus I on 10 December 384, <mask> was forced to leave his position at Rome after an inquiry was brought up by the Roman clergy into allegations that he had an improper relationship with the widow Paula. Still, his writings were highly regarded by women who were attempting to maintain a vow of becoming a consecrated virgin. His letters were widely read and distributed throughout the Christian empire and it is clear through his writing that he knew these virgin women were not his only audience. Additionally, <mask>'s condemnation of Blaesilla's hedonistic lifestyle in Rome had led her to adopt ascetic practices, but it affected her health and worsened her physical weakness to the point that she died just four months after starting to follow his instructions; much of the Roman populace were outraged at <mask> for causing the premature death of such a lively young woman, and his insistence to Paula that Blaesilla should not be mourned, and complaints that her grief was excessive, were seen as heartless, polarising Roman opinion against him. Works

Translation of the Bible (382–405)

<mask> was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek.He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, funded his stay in a monastery in Bethlehem and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin-language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Vetus Latina. By 390 he turned to translating the Hebrew Bible from the

masks: Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome


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 original Hebrew, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint which came from Alexandria. He believed that the mainstream Rabbinical Judaism had rejected the Septuagint as invalid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements. He completed this work by 405. Prior to <mask>'s Vulgate, all Latin translations of the Old Testament were based on the Septuagint, not the Hebrew.<mask>'s decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous-translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has sometimes cast doubts on the actual quality of <mask>'s Hebrew knowledge. Many modern scholars believe that the Greek Hexapla is the main source for <mask>'s "iuxta Hebraeos" (i.e. "close to the Hebrews", "immediately following the Hebrews") translation of the Old Testament. However, detailed studies have shown that to a considerable degree <mask> was a competent Hebraist. Commentaries (405–420)

For the next 15 years, until he died, <mask> produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices in using the original Hebrew rather than suspect translations. His patristic commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school.Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "Apocrypha" and the Hebraica veritas of the protocanonical books. In his Vulgate's prologues, he describes some portions of books in the Septuagint that were not found in the Hebrew as being non-canonical (he called them apocrypha); for Baruch, he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews, but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or

masks: Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome


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 "not in the canon". His Preface to the Books of Samuel and Kings (commonly called the Helmeted Preface) includes the following statement, :
This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a "helmeted" introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. Wisdom, therefore, which generally bears the name of Solomon, and the book of Jesus, the Son of Sirach, and Judith, and Tobias, and the Shepherd are not in the canon. The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style. Although <mask> was once suspicious of the Apocrypha, he later viewed them as Scripture. For example, in <mask>'s letter to Eustochium he quotes Sirach 13:2; elsewhere <mask> also refers to Baruch, the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture.<mask>'s commentaries fall into three groups:

Historical and hagiographic writings

Description of vitamin A deficiency
The following passage, taken from Saint <mask>'s "Life of St. Hilarion" which was written about 392, appears to be the earliest account of the etiology, symptoms and cure of severe vitamin A deficiency:

Letters

<mask>'s letters or epistles, both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style, form an important portion of his literary remains. Whether he is discussing problems of scholarship, or reasoning on cases of conscience, comforting the afflicted, or saying pleasant things to his friends, scourging the vices and corruptions of the time and against sexual immorality among the clergy, exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world, or breaking a lance with his theological opponents, he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind, but of the age and its peculiar characteristics. Because there was no distinct line between personal documents and those meant for


texts:
 publication, we frequently find in his letters both confidential messages and treatises meant for others besides the one to whom he was writing. Due to the time he spent in Rome among wealthy families belonging to the Roman upper-class, <mask> was frequently commissioned by women who had taken a vow of virginity to write to them in guidance of how to live their life. As a result, he spent a great deal of his life corresponding with these women about certain abstentions and lifestyle practices. Theological writings

Eschatology

<mask> warned that those substituting false interpretations for the actual meaning of Scripture belonged to the "synagogue of the Antichrist". "He that is not of Christ is of Antichrist," he wrote to Pope Damasus I.He believed that "the mystery of iniquity" written about by Paul in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 was already in action when "every one chatters about his views." To <mask>, the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the Roman Empire, but as it fell this restraining force was removed. He warned a noble woman of Gaul:

He that letteth is taken out of the way, and yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near. Yes, Antichrist is near whom the Lord Jesus Christ "shall consume with the spirit of his mouth." "Woe unto them," he cries, "that are with child, and to them that give suck in those days."... Savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun run all parts of Gaul. The whole country between the Alps and the Pyrenees, between the Rhine and the Ocean, has been laid waste by hordes of Quadi, Vandals, Sarmatians, Alans, Gepids, Herules, Saxons, Burgundians, Allemanni, and—alas!for the commonweal!—even Pannonians. His Commentary on Daniel was expressly written to offset the criticisms of Porphyry, who taught that Daniel related entirely to the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BC. Against Porphyry, <mask>


texts:
 identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven, but his view of chapters eight and 11 was more complex. <mask> held that chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes, who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus. Instead, he advocated that the "little horn" was the Antichrist:

We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves. Then an insignificant eleventh king will arise, who will overcome three of the ten kings. ...After they have been slain, the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor.In his Commentary on Daniel, he noted, "Let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the Devil or some demon, but rather, one of the human race, in whom Satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form." Instead of rebuilding the Jewish Temple to reign from, <mask> thought the Antichrist sat in God's Temple inasmuch as he made "himself out to be like God." <mask> identified the four prophetic kingdoms symbolized in Daniel 2 as the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Medes and Persians, Macedon, and Rome. <mask> identified the stone cut out without hands as "namely, the Lord and Savior". <mask> refuted Porphyry's application of the little horn of chapter seven to Antiochus. He expected that at the end of the world, Rome would be destroyed, and partitioned among ten kingdoms before the little horn appeared. <mask> believed that Cyrus of Persia is the higher of the two horns of the Medo-Persian ram of Daniel 8:3.The he-goat is Greece smiting Persia. Reception by later Christianity

<mask> is the second most voluminous writer (after

masks: Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome


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 Augustine of Hippo) in ancient Latin Christianity. In the Catholic Church, he is recognized as the patron saint of translators, librarians and encyclopedists. <mask> made a translation from the Hebrew into Latin. His translation became part of the Vulgate; the Vulgate eventually superseded the preceding Latin translations (the Vetus Latina) and became known as. In the Council of Trent, the Vulgate was declared authoritative "in public lectures, disputations, sermons and expositions". <mask> showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation.He lived as an ascetic for four or five years in the Syrian desert and later, for 34 years, near Bethlehem. Nevertheless, his writings show outstanding scholarship and his correspondence is historically of great importance. <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 30 September. In art

<mask> is also often depicted with a lion, in reference to the popular hagiographical belief that <mask> had tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw. The source for the story may actually have been the second century Roman tale of Androcles, or confusion with the exploits of Saint Gerasimus (<mask> in later Latin is "Geronimus"); it is "a figment" found in the thirteenth-century Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine. Hagiographies of <mask> talk of his having spent many years in the Syrian desert, and artists often depict him in a "wilderness", which for West European painters can take the form of a wood. From the late Middle Ages, depictions of <mask> in a wider setting became popular.He is either shown in his study, surrounded by books and the equipment of a scholar, or in a rocky desert, or in a setting that combines both aspects, with him studying a book under the shelter of a rock-face or cave mouth. His study is often shown as large and well-provided for, he is often clean-shaven and well-dressed, and a cardinal's

masks: Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome Jerome


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 hat may appear. These images derive from the tradition of the evangelist portrait, though <mask> is often given the library and desk of a serious scholar. His attribute of the lion, often shown at a smaller scale, may be beside him in either setting. The subject of "<mask> Penitent" first appears in the later 15th century in Italy; he is usually in the desert, wearing ragged clothes, and often naked above the waist. His gaze is usually fixed on a crucifix and he may beat himself with his fist or a rock. <mask> is often depicted in connection with the vanitas motif, the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits.In the 16th century Saint <mask> in his study by Pieter Coecke van Aelst and workshop, the saint is depicted with a skull. Behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition, Cogita Mori ("Think upon death"). Further reminders of the vanitas motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the Last Judgment visible in the saint's Bible, the candle and the hourglass. <mask> is also sometimes depicted with an owl, the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. Writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography. See also

 Bible translations
 Church Fathers
 Eusebius of Cremona
 Ferdinand Cavallera
 Genesius of Arles
 International Translation Day
 Letter of <mask> to Pope Damasus
 Order of St. Jerome
 Prologus Galeatus

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Andrew Cain and Josef Lössl, <mask> of Stridon: His Life, Writings and Legacy (London and New York, 2009)

 Biblia Sacra Vulgata [e.g. edition published Stuttgart, 1994, ]
 This article uses material from the Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.Further reading

 <mask>, Three biographies: Malchus, St. Hilarion and Paulus the First Hermit Authored by <mask>, London, 2012. limovia.net. External links

 St.

masks:
Jerome
Jerome
Jerome
Jerome
Jerome
Jerome
Jerome
Saint Jerome
Saint Jerome


texts: <mask> [full name: <mask>] (born 26 January 1949) is a classical guitarist, composer, researcher, medical doctor (National University of Cordoba, Argentina) and teacher (Madrid Royal Conservatory). He has performed in Europe, America, Asia and Africa, and has  frequently participated in international festivals, conferences, seminars, radio and television. <mask> was born in Posadas, Misiones, Argentina, and studied the guitar with Lucas Braulio Areco and Luis J. Cassinelli. Having gained a scholarship from the National Fund for the Arts in Argentina, he was able to study with Maria Hermini A. de Gomez Crespo. From the age of 14, <mask> has won first prizes in several Argentine competitions, including at the Festival of Music of the Littoral at Posadas (1963), the National Folklore Composition Competition (1967), and the International Concourse of the Classical Guitar at Morón (1973). He now lives in Madrid, Spain, where he was the founder of the Madrid Guitar Chamber Orchestra and is President of the International Organization for Latin American Music Diffusion (GUIA). He was the Art Director of the Posadas International Guitar Festival (Argentina), the Alsace International Guitar Festival and the Morocco International Guitar Festival organized by the Instituto Cervantes in 1999.He is currently managing the International Festival Lucas B. Areco in Posadas, the Lambesc International Guitar Festival and the World's Guitar in the French Haut Verdon region. He frequently gives concerts across Europe, South America and Japan.

masks:
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge Ruben Cardoso Kger
Life Cardoso
Cardoso


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 Works
<mask> has composed over 400 works: solo guitar, duets (two guitars, guitar and violin, claves, viola, cello and flute), three and four guitars, string quartet, guitar and stringed, guitar and wind, concerts for guitar and orchestra, for guitar orchestra and symphony orchestra, string orchestra, and voice. These have been recorded by over 200 artists. By far his most popular piece is Milonga, from 24 Piezas Sudamericanas. He also transcribed and made folkloric arrangements of music from several South American countries, from the Spanish Renaissance and Baroque periods, and from other nations and periods. Writings
<mask> is the author of several books and music editions including:

Ciencia y método de la técnica guitarrística (1974), with editions in Japanese (1981), French (1983), Polish (1995), a Spanish version published in Costa Rica (1988), and a bilingual Spanish/English version (2006)
Rhythms and Musical Forms of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (Posadas, Argentina: Editorial Universitaria de la UNAM, 2006)
Compass and Torches to Play Early Music (Interpretation Notes to the Renaissance and Baroque) (in Spanish) (Madrid: Acordes Concert, 2008)
Lucas Braulio Areco.Complete Works for Guitar (Posadas, Argentina: Ed. Universitaria de la UNAM, 2010)
Happy Musician Withered. How to be Unfortunate and Sick in a Happy and Healthy World (about diseases of musicians) (Madrid: Acordes Concert, 2013). Recordings
On David Russell's 2004 Grammy Award-winning album, Aire Latino, two of <mask>'s pieces feature: Milonga, and

masks: Cardoso Cardoso Cardoso


texts:
 Vals Peruano which is from Suite Sudamericana. Misa Criolla and Songs of Latin America, with Toldería Group (Movieplay C 3413, 1975)
Don't Call me Foreigner, with Rafael Amor (Movieplay 17.0894/5, 1976)
Song to Chile, with Iquique Group (Nevada NDE 0004, 1977)
The American Peoples, with Toldería Group (Movieplay 17.0895/7, 1976)
Canto General, Neruda & Teodorakis, with Toldería Group (Movieplay 17.1242/3, 1977)
South American Classic Folk Music (D.P.M. P.M. 2040, 1977). Released in Germany as El Condor Pasa.Personages, with Rafael Amor (Movieplay 17.1286/3, 1978)
South American Suite (Dial Records N.D. 5019, 1978)
<mask> (Dial Records, Diapasón 5038, 1979)
<mask> - Lamento Caingua (Dial Records, Diapasón 5054, 1980)
Jorge Cardoso & Niibori Guitar Orchestra (Apassionato Records APAC 8009, 1980)
Littoral Suite (Records Discos 5067, 1981)
Moments and Waves, with Indio Juan (Dial Discos 549164, 1983)
The Great Guitarists of our Time (RCA RL 43454, 1983)
Guitar Chamber Orchestra of Madrid, cond. by <mask> (SAGA SED 5008, 1984)
<mask> (Zweitausendeins Blue Angel BA 29005, 1985)
Confidences (JC 585, 1985)
Twangs (Tecnosaga MSD 4004, 1988)
<mask> Plays Cardoso (Stereo 9311 2123 Opus, 1988)
On the Distaff Time, with Indio Juan (DEPS SPD 10018, 1989)
Talking Hands (Aliso Records 1021, 1990)
Twangs vol. II (Tecnosaga MSD 4009, 1990)
Twangs (Spanish Baroque Music) (Several Records SCD 801/2, 1992)
<mask> (Festiwal Muzyki Gitarowej) (Zaiks BIEM S 496, 1992)
International Guitar Festival of Alsace (Loco et. Lev 9110 and 9111,

masks:
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge Cardoso
Cardoso
Jorge Cardoso


texts:
 1993)
Francisco Ortiz & <mask> (PL-MC 003, 1994)
Misionerita, <mask> (PL-CD 0041, 1994)
Guitars of the World Festival '95 (EPSA 17058, 1996)
Raphaëlla Smits - <mask> Cardoso (Accent 2 96121 D, 1996)
Guitars of the World Festival '96 (EPSA, 1997)
Horizons, with Liliana Rodríguez, voice (PL-CD 014, 1997)
Dominika Bialostocka. Suite of the Mita'i (Professional Music Press PMPCD 405-505, 1998)
Friends, with Francisco Ortiz (PL-CD 023, 1998)
Origins (PL-CD 007)
South Wind, with Liliana Rodríguez, voice (PL-CD 013, 1998)
Homage, with Liliana Rodríguez, voice (PL-CD 035, 2000)
Concert of Wine. Indiana Suite, with Juan Falú (Altaïs Music AM 0402, 2005)
Jorge Cardoso, Duos, with Eric Sobczyk (Altaïs Music AM 0502, 2005)
Liliana Rodriguez. Waltzes, Tangos and Milongas (Dial Discos, 2005)
Queen of the Night, with Liliana Rodríguez, voice, and Raphaëlla Smits (Accent ACC 24178, 2007)
Guarani Concert.Horizons and Dreams, with Liliana Rodríguez, voice (2003)
Hands on Freedom, with Juan Falú (Altaïs Music AM 0701)
The Guitar of <mask> (didactic DVD, Spain, 1998)
Music of Lointains Country, with Sylvie Dagnac (2014). References

External links
 http://www.jorgecardoso.net
 http://www.duocardosodagnac.com

1949 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Argentine classical composers
Argentine classical guitarists
Argentine male guitarists
Argentine emigrants to Spain
Composers for the classical guitar
Living people
20th-century guitarists
21st-century guitarists
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male

masks:
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge Cardoso
Jorge
Jorge Cardoso


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<mask>  (; 15 May 1926 – 6 June 2016) was an English playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. He wrote numerous award-winning plays, of which several were adapted into films. Early life
Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and estate agent <mask>. He was the identical twin brother of fellow playwright <mask>. He was educated at the Hall School, Hampstead, and St Paul's School, London, and subsequently he gained a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, to study history. Shaffer was a Bevin Boy coal miner during World War II, and took a number of jobs including bookstore clerk, and assistant at the New York Public Library, before discovering his dramatic talents. Theatrical career
Shaffer's first play, The Salt Land (1955), was presented on ITV on 8 November 1955.Encouraged by this success, <mask> continued to write and established his reputation as a playwright in 1958, with the production of Five Finger Exercise, which opened in London under the direction of John Gielgud and won the Evening Standard Drama Award. When Five Finger Exercise moved to New York City in 1959, it was equally well received and landed <mask> the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play. <mask>'s next piece was a double bill, The Private Ear/The Public Eye, two plays each containing three characters and concerning aspects of love. They were presented in May 1962 at the Globe Theatre, and both starred Maggie Smith and Kenneth Williams. Smith won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Leading Actress at the age of 27. The National Theatre was established in 1963, and virtually all of Shaffer's subsequent work was done in its service. His canon contains a unique mix of philosophical dramas and satirical comedies.The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964) presents the conquest and killing of the Inca ruler Atahuallpa by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro in Peru, while Black Comedy (1965) takes a humorous look at the antics of a group of characters feeling their way around a

masks:
Sir Peter Levin Shaffer
Jack Shaffer
Anthony Shaffer
Shaffer
Shaffer
Shaffer


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 pitch black room – although the stage is actually flooded with light. Equus (1973) won <mask> the 1975 Tony Award for Best Play as well as the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. A journey into the mind of a seventeen-year-old stable-boy who had plunged a spike into the eyes of six horses, Equus ran for over 1,000 performances on Broadway. It was revived by Massachusetts' Berkshire Theatre Festival in the summers of 2005 and 2007, by director Thea Sharrock at London's Gielgud Theatre in February 2007, and on Broadway (in the Sharrock staging) in September 2008. The latter production, which ran in New York until February 2009, required the stableboy to appear naked; its star, Daniel Radcliffe, was still associated with the Harry Potter films intended for general audiences, and this led to mild controversy. Shaffer followed this success with Amadeus (1979) which won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for the London production. This tells the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and court composer Antonio Salieri who, overcome with jealousy at hearing the "voice of God" coming from an "obscene child", sets out to destroy his rival.When the show moved to Broadway it won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play and, like Equus, ran for more than a thousand performances. After the success of Amadeus, <mask> wrote the play Lettice and Lovage specifically for Dame Maggie Smith in 1986, for which he was nominated for another Tony Award and Dame Maggie Smith eventually won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations in 1990. Lettice and Lovage also enabled Margaret Tyzack to win the award for best featured actress, and the production was nominated for best direction of a play, at the 1990 Tony Awards. Screen adaptations
Several of Shaffer's plays have been adapted to film, including Five Finger Exercise (1962), The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), The Public Eye (1962), from which he adapted the 1972 film Follow Me! (1972), Equus (1977), and Amadeus (1984), which won eight Academy

masks: Shaffer Shaffer


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 Awards including Best Picture. <mask> received two Academy Award nominations for adapting his plays Equus and Amadeus for the big screen. For writing the screenplay for Equus, he was nominated for the 1977 Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar but the award went to Alvin Sargent, who wrote the screenplay for Julia.For writing the screenplay for Amadeus, <mask> received both the 1984 Best Screenplay Golden Globe and the 1984 Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar. Personal life
Shaffer was gay but did not write explicitly about it. His partner, New York-based voice teacher Robert Leonard, died in 1990 at the age of 49. Shaffer died on 6 June 2016 while on a trip to the south-west of Ireland, three weeks after his 90th birthday. Leonard and Shaffer are buried together in the east side of Highgate Cemetery. Awards
Shaffer received the William Inge Award for Distinguished Achievement in the American Theatre in 1992. Two years later he was appointed Cameron Mackintosh Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theatre at Oxford University.In 1993 he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Letters) by the University of Bath. <mask>'s play, Five Finger Exercise won the Evening Standard Drama Award when it premiered in London and then won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play when it moved to New York City. <mask>'s play, Equus won the Tony Award for Best Play and the New York Drama Critics' Circle that year as well. His screenplay adaptation of the play was nominated for a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar in 1978. <mask>'s play Amadeus won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for its initial London production. Upon moving to Broadway, Amadeus won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play. His screenplay adaptation of the play won the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar as well as the Golden Globe Best Screenplay in 1984.<mask>'s play Lettice and Lovage was nominated for another Tony Award, and for her performance in it, Dame Maggie Smith won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations

masks: Shaffer Shaffer Shaffer Shaffer Shaffer Shaffer


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 in 1990. Lettice and Lovage also won best supporting actress for Margaret Tyzack and was nominated for best direction of a play in 1990 Tony Awards. <mask> was appointed a CBE in 1987 and named Knight Bachelor in the 2001 New Year's Honours. In 2007 he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Selected works

The Salt Land (Television, 1955)
Balance of Terror (Television, 1957)
The Prodigal Father (Radio, 1957)
Five Finger Exercise (1958)
The Private Ear (1962)
The Public Eye (1962)
The Establishment (1963)
The Merry Roosters' Panto  (1963)
The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964 but completed by 1958), a theatre piece on Atahualpa, the last emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu. Black Comedy (1965)
The White Liars (1967)
The Battle of Shrivings (1970)
Equus (1973)
Amadeus (1979)
Black Mischief (1983)
Yonadab (1985)
Lettice and Lovage (1987)
Whom Do I Have the Honour of Addressing? (1990)
The Gift of the Gorgon

Detective novels co-written as <mask>
<mask> co-wrote three detective novels with his brother Anthony Shaffer under the pseudonym <mask>.The Woman in the Wardrobe (1951)
How Doth the Little Crocodile? (1952)
Withered Murder  (1955)

References

External links

Obituary in The Guardian (6 June 2016)

Transcript and clips of an interview by Mike Wood for the William Inge Center for the Arts. List of Publications. 1926 births
2016 deaths
Knights Bachelor
English Jews
English dramatists and playwrights
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
British gay writers
LGBT Jews
Fellows of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Identical twins
Jewish dramatists and playwrights
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Best Screenplay Golden Globe winners
New York Drama Critics' Circle Award winners
Tony Award winners
Bevin Boys
Twin people from England
Writers from Liverpool
English male dramatists and playwrights
Burials at Highgate

masks:
Honours Shaffer
Peter Antony
Shaffer
Peter Antony


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<mask> (born March 10, 1962) is an American house music artist, DJ, record producer, film producer and entrepreneur. His 1984 single, "On & On", co-written with Vince Lawrence, was the first record with a house DJ as the artist that was pressed and sold to the public. Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared July 17, 1997, as <mask> and the Pioneers of House Music Day in Chicago. Since his emergence as a DJ, <mask> has run several of his own independent labels, and worked extensively in music and film production, as well as artist promotion and management. In recent years, through house music reunions, a pending book release and a live 'disc-jocumentary' – where, while DJing, he visually takes the audience through the history of house and electro – <mask> has worked towards erasing the misconceptions associated with the genre's origins. He is also a long-time member of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Early years
<mask> was born and grew up on the south side of Chicago, Illinois in the 1960s and 70s.He attended St. Columbanus for Kindergarten and Reavis Elementary School (until 5th grade) where his mother, Lois M<mask>, was a teacher. <mask>' mother, a Roosevelt University graduate in Early Childhood Education, was his primary caregiver and a supporter of his sporting and music pursuits. <mask> then enrolled in Shoesmith Elementary School (about 1 mile from Reavis). At Shoesmith, <mask> was chosen as a straight "A" student and creatively gifted, and was selected to participate in the "Gifted" Program at Ray Elementary School. In the "Gifted" Program, <mask> learned to program and operate computers at the age of 10 years. He was also selected to perform and tour in the Chicago Children's Choir. <mask> eventually graduated from Charles S. Deneen Public School, then went on to study and graduate at Hyde Park's Kenwood Academy.There, <mask> played intramural tennis, leading his team to 3 City of Chicago Championships and 1 Runner-Up, earning him the 3 White Letters that he wore around school

masks:
Jesse Saunders
Jesse Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
. Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders


texts:
 on his Letterman's Jacket. During this time, he was selected by the City of Chicago's "Youth Action" program for training exceptional student athletes into professional athletes. During his high school years at Kenwood Academy (formerly Kenwood High School), where <mask> was an honor student, <mask> was mentored by his older step brother, DJ Wayne Williams, in the art of DJing. Bringing <mask> into the fold of his Chosen Few Disco Corp. in 1977, the two went on to produce the Chosen Few House Music Reunion Picnic yearly (since 1991) in Chicago to a crowd of over 30,000. <mask> went on to study Communications and Film at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. <mask>' interest in music began with studying piano at age five, eventually making his way through every instrument available to him. Amongst his early musical influences were Aretha Franklin, Fleetwood Mac, Smokey Robinson and Earth Wind & Fire.Career

Chicago house
House music first got its start within the walls of Chicago's Warehouse nightclub, thus attaining its name. As the music moved to the wider community, the sound significantly changed and what developed is house music as it eventually came to be known. While one of his biggest influences, and another instrumental figure in the development of house, Frankie Knuckles, confined himself to the gay nightclub scene (primarily that of the Warehouse), <mask> took the unique sounds of the Windy City to the masses. Instead of relying solely on disco and R&B like Knuckles, <mask> expanded his musical repertoire and fused it with the turntable trickery that remains a staple to this day. As a DJ he would accentuate desired moments in songs through loops and repetition, focusing on sections that were stripped down to just the drum or bass – a tradition he would carry on as a producer. Touring
At the age of sixteen, <mask> was exposed to Chicago's night club scene, enthralled by the sounds of Frankie Knuckles and others in the scene. In 1982, he opened up his own nightclub, the

masks: Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders


texts: Playground.Attendance figures soon outnumbered those of the Warehouse and <mask> used the opportunity to incorporate his original material into his sets. By 1983 he was producing his own music and in early 1984 he released the first official house music record along with Vince Lawrence, "On & On", on the label they made together, Jes Say Records. <mask> composed the track with Lawrence in order to replace a record which had been stolen from <mask>' collection, the "On & On" bootleg disco megamix by Mach (1980). That megamix, a pastiche of loops from several disco records, particularly the bassline from Player One's "Space Invaders" (1979) and Lipps Inc's "Funkytown" (1980), had been <mask>' "signature" tune as a DJ; it was one that other DJs in the city didn't have or didn't play. Saunders & Lawrence added hypnotic lyrics and electronic instruments, utilizing a Roland TR-808 drum machine as electronic percussion as well as a Korg Poly-61 synthesizer and Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer. "Funk U Up" (the first house track to ever make it onto the Billboard charts), "Real Love", "Love Can't Turn Around" (the song that started the house music revolution in the UK) and "Dum Dum" soon followed. His group, Jesse's Gang was eventually signed to Geffen Records, releasing the album Center of Attraction shortly after, with the single off the album, "I'm Back Again" becoming a top ten club hit.By the late 1980s, <mask> decided to focus all his efforts on writing, producing and remixing instead of DJing. Throughout the 1990s, he made his way back to DJing, touring the world, as well as trying his hand at producing music for television. His independent label, Broken Records, embraced the digital revolution by distributing music solely via the Internet. Since 1991 he has been involved in House Music Reunion Picnic, celebrated every Fourth of July weekend. The event brings together over 100 DJs and attracts upwards of 30,000 people. In 1997 he reunited with the other forefathers of house music to release Chicago Reunion

masks: Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders Saunders


texts: Album. <mask> went on to be featured in hundreds of books including What Kind Of House Party Is This?by Jonathan Fleming (MixMag) and his own semi-autobiography House Music...The Real Story, co-written by James Cummins. He has co-starred in over 10 documentaries including the Sun Dance award-winning "Modulations," the Channel 4 (London) mini-series "Pump Up The Volume," the BBC audio documentary "The 2nd Summer of Love," the TV1 Unsung: "Frankie Knuckles and The Roots of House," the Channel 4 (London) "I Was There (When House Took Over The World)," the BBC "Can You Feel It" and the award-winning "Put The Needle on the Record." He has had hundreds of features in every major industry magazine including Rolling Stone, MixMag, Urb and Keyboard. <mask> has lectured at top conferences, schools, colleges and universities throughout the world including The Red Bull Academy, Oxford University, Boston University, The Winter Music Conference (Miami), Popkom (Germany), The New Music Seminar (New York) and the Amsterdam Dance Event (Holland). In 2004 after touring the world, <mask> revived his Broken Records label. The label releases digital content to the all major download sites and features artists such as Inaya Day, Scott Langley, Sound Syndicate, Igor Garnier, Didier Vanelli, Mia Calderon, Joe Smooth, Marshall Jefferson and <mask> himself. In 2009, <mask> released the album 25th Anniversary of House Music, which resulted in a worldwide tour featuring Art depicting the culture and pioneers of the genre.The tour hit all over the US and as far as Johannesburg, South Africa. After the 25th Anniversary of House Music Tour, <mask> founded the Electronic Music Cafe in Vegas 2010 to display the Art from the Tour. It has turned into a major broadcast network featuring DJs and fine artists interpreting their music. He also founded the Music & Arts Society, a non-profit entity for the advancement and preservation of the DJ culture, with the launch of the word's first DJ Culture exhibit entitled "SPIN – Evolution of the DJ",

masks:
Saunders
Saunders
Saunders
Jesse Saunders
Saunders
Saunders


texts:
 that same year. Mayor Goodman issued a proclamation during the red carpet ceremony for the highly publicized affair for his outstanding contributions to education and the culture of Las Vegas. In that same year <mask> produced and released the first installment of the Above The Sound Cloud compilation series. He also produced and released the first Chilled & UnBroken compilation series, as well the internationally acclaimed DJ Divas album.Personal life
His maternal grandfather, Robert H. Miller, a funeral business owner and founder of the National Funeral Directors and Mortician's Association, was voted "Mayor" of Bronzeville (then the Black section of Chicago) from 1937 to 1939. He also became heavily involved in the American civil rights movement, walking with Martin Luther King Jr. in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, later erecting a statue in honor of King in Selma, Alabama. Miller also promoted the career of gospel singer Mahalia Jackson and owned and operated the Grand Ballroom, which showcased artists such as Cab Calloway and Count Basie. <mask> would end up back in Chicago and contribute to establishing the genre of house music in 1984. During an ABC TV News interview in 1984 he told Janet Davies that he wanted to be the next Motown music empire. At this time, his label Jes Say Records was distributing records locally and regionally to major record stores with a wholesale price twice as high as Madonna and Prince's releases. Eventually he would sign with Geffen Records and once again moved back to Southern California which would be his home for more than 27 years.<mask> married award-winning actress/musician Jazsmin Lewis in 1992. The couple divorced in 1998. He now lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. Selected discography

Releases

 On & On (1984)
 Funk U Up (1984)
 Undercover (1984)
 Fantasy (1984)
 Dum Dum (1984)
 Real Love (1985)
 I Am The DJ (1985)
 Dum Dum 2 (1985)
 Love Can't Turn Around (1986)
 Back Up (1987)
 I'm Back Again (1988) #2 Billboard Dance Charts
 Sing Sing in the 90's (1990)

masks: Saunders Saunders Saunders


texts:
<mask> (born June 25, 1972) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball player. He holds the all-time Major League Baseball home run record among Puerto Rican players, with 473. He is one of only six players in Major League history to hit 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons, becoming the fourth player to do so. During his twelve years with the Toronto Blue Jays, <mask> set many team records, including home runs (336), RBI (1,058), walks (827), slugging percentage (.556), OPS (.949), runs (889), total bases (2,786), doubles (343), runs created (1,077), extra base hits (690), times on base (2,362), hit by pitch (122), intentional walks (128) and at bats per home run (14.9). <mask> also played for the Florida Marlins and New York Mets. On February 4, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Early life
<mask> was born in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico to <mask> "Cao" <mask> and Carmen Digna Hérnandez.He grew up in the El Prado section of Aguadilla. There, he attended elementary school alongside his three siblings. Both his father, "Don Cao", and his grandfather, Asdrúbal "Pingolo" <mask>, were well-known figures in the town. <mask> has said that this made him feel "protected", but that it also demanded that he had to behave properly. <mask> attended Agustín Stahl Middle School and José de Diego High School, from which he graduated in 1989. <mask> has expressed his strong feelings of pride in being an Aguadillano, noting everything he holds dear is found in the municipality, and his off-season house is located there. He is friends with many people who live there, many of whom he played little league baseball with.Professional career

Toronto Blue Jays

At the age of 16, several major league organizations including the Cincinnati Reds, Montreal Expos, New York Mets, Texas Rangers and Toronto Blue Jays saw his potential and attempted to sign him.

masks:
Carlos Juan Delgado Hernández
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado


texts: He signed with the Blue Jays in 1988, after being discovered by team scout Epy Guerrero. In 1992, <mask> played for the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League and produced 30 home runs and 100 RBI, leading the league in both categories, along with a .324 batting average. That season, he was named USA Todays Minor League Player of the Year. Before the 1993 season, he was named the number 4 prospect in the minor leagues by Baseball America and was promoted to the Double-A Knoxville Smokies. That year, he hit .303 with 25 home runs, 102 RBI, and 102 walks, winning the Southern League MVP Award. As a September call-up, he made his major league debut on October 1, 1993.Though he didn't play in the 1993 World Series, he was awarded a World Series ring. Originally a catcher, <mask> played in left field for the Blue Jays in 1994 and 1995, before switching to first base, where he became one of the most productive sluggers in the major leagues. Starting in 1997, he hit at least 30 home runs in ten consecutive seasons. A two-time All-Star, in 2000 and 2003, <mask> holds several Blue Jays single-season and career records. He won the Hank Aaron and The Sporting News Player of the Year Awards in 2000, and the Silver Slugger Award in 1999, 2000, and 2003. In 1999, <mask> hit a career-high 44 home runs, along with 134 RBI, and a .272 batting average. The next year, he batted a career-high .344, along with 41 home runs, 57 doubles, and 137 RBI.He finished fourth in the 2000 American League MVP voting. On September 25, 2003, in a game against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, <mask> became the 15th major league player to hit four home runs in one game. He hit a three-run home run in the first inning off Jorge Sosa, then again off Sosa while leading off the fourth off, then off Joe Kennedy while leading off in the sixth and then off Lance Carter leading off the eighth inning.

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


texts:
 <mask> is the only player to hit four home runs with only 4 at-bats in a game. In the 2003 season, <mask> hit 42 home runs and led the Majors with 145 RBI, while batting .302; he finished second to Alex Rodriguez for the AL MVP Award. He was named AL Player of the Week on September 30, 2003 and again on September 7, 2004. Following the 2004 season, <mask> became a free agent, and was pursued by the Baltimore Orioles, Florida Marlins, New York Mets, Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.The Blue Jays were not interested in re-signing him, due to payroll constraints. Florida Marlins
On January 25, 2005 <mask> chose to sign with the Marlins, signing a four-year contract worth a reported $52 million. He made a successful transition to the National League, with a .301 batting average, .399 on-base percentage, 33 home runs, and 115 RBI in 2005. At the same time, he shared the major league lead in errors for a first baseman, with 14. Following the 2005 season, the Marlins performed one of their periodic salary-cutting maneuvers. In the "market correction", they unloaded some of their higher-paid players. On November 23, 2005, the Marlins sent <mask> and $7 million to the New York Mets for Mike Jacobs, Yusmeiro Petit and Grant Psomas.New York Mets

2006 season

<mask> responded well as the feared cleanup hitter for the Mets, hitting 38 home runs and driving in 114 runs throughout 2006. With <mask> hitting between fellow Puerto Rican <mask> and star third baseman David Wright, the Mets had the best record in the National League in 2006 but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series, 4–3. At season's end, with 407, <mask> was tied with Duke Snider for 41st place for career home runs. Through 2006, <mask> was the all-time leader for interleague play RBIs with 131, and second all-time in home runs with 43. 2007 season
<mask> had early struggles

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Beltrán
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Delgado


texts:
 in the 2007 season, with his batting average falling below .200 in April, but his numbers improved as the season progressed. On May 9, 2007, he hit a home run into McCovey Cove during a game against the San Francisco Giants, becoming the first visiting player to have hit three splash home runs at AT&T Park. <mask> ended the season tied with Cal Ripken, Jr. for 37th place on the all-time career home run list with 431.2008 season
During spring training 2008, <mask> was diagnosed with a hip impingement, however, the Mets decided to keep him on the active roster. As in the previous year, <mask> began the season in an offensive slump with a .204 batting average in April, and hitting just three home runs, but once again his stats improved as the season continued. In May, his batting average increased to .235 with five home runs. On June 15, 2008, <mask> broke Juan González's record for most runs batted in by a Puerto Rican player. On June 27, <mask> set a new Mets record with 9 RBIs (hitting a two-run double, grand slam, and three-run home run) in an interleague game versus the New York Yankees, breaking Dave Kingman's club record of 8. In the final game before the All-Star break, <mask> hit his 17th home run of the season. Between June and July his batting average improved, rising to .260 with 19 home runs.Between July 23–31, <mask> hit four home runs. On August 21, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves, <mask> went 5 for 5 with 3 singles, 3 RBIs, a double, and a walk-off single scoring David Wright in the ninth off the glove of left fielder Omar Infante. It was the first time he had gone 5 for 5 in 10 years. The Mets swept the three-game set. On August 25, 2008 against the Houston Astros, <mask> fired two 3-run homers to lead the Mets to a 9–1 victory in the finale of the series. On September 7 he became the third Mets player in history to have at least 65 RBIs in a

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


texts:
 65-game stretch in a season. On September 9, he tied Dave Kingman's record of most multi-home run games during a season as a Met with 7.<mask> notched his 2,000th career hit on September 21, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves. On October 31 the Mets exercised <mask>'s $12 million option. <mask> was ninth in the voting for the 2008 National League MVP Award, behind Albert Pujols, Ryan Howard, Ryan Braun, Manny Ramirez, Lance Berkman, CC Sabathia, David Wright and Brad Lidge. 2009 season
<mask> was the first Major League player to hit a home run into the Pepsi Porch at Citi Field on April 8, 2009. He played his last major league game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on May 10, 2009. Eight days later on May 18, the Mets announced that <mask> had a bone spur and a torn labrum in his hip, and he would have to undergo surgery. The Mets reported the next day that the surgery was successful and <mask> would be out for approximately ten weeks, which would delay his quest for 500 home runs.However, he did not play again in 2009. <mask> filed for free agency on November 5. <mask> made his return to the Puerto Rico Baseball League (PRBL) for the 2009 season, registering a batting average of .364 and one home run in his first three games. 2010 free agency
In February 2010, <mask> underwent another hip operation, this time to reconstruct the labrum on his right hip; he also underwent a micro-fracture procedure on his hip socket. Although <mask> had reportedly received interest from Major League clubs (including the Mets and Florida Marlins), he felt pain in his hip and decided to undergo the second surgery to be better prepared for the coming season. According to his agent, David Sloane, <mask> "felt, despite the time it would take, it was a better option for him to be the <mask> of old instead of an old <mask>." Pawtucket Red Sox
On August 7, 2010, the Boston Red Sox signed

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Delgado
Carlos Delgado


texts:
 <mask> to a minor league contract.He played 5 games with the triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox between August 9 and 15, collecting 3 singles in 13 at-bats (.231, 0 HR, 2 RBI). This was the entire extent of <mask>'s 2010 season after <mask> suffered a setback with his surgically repaired hip. Retirement
On April 13, 2011, <mask> officially announced, while in San Juan, Puerto Rico,  his retirement from professional baseball after 17 years in Major League Baseball. On December 7, 2012, the Toronto Blue Jays announced that <mask> would become the 10th person inducted to the club's Level of Excellence. The induction occurred on July 21, 2013 at Rogers Centre in Toronto. <mask> also threw the ceremonial first pitch for that day's game, with the Toronto Blue Jays playing against the Tampa Bay Rays. Career statistics
In 2035 games over 17 seasons, <mask> posted a .280 batting average (2038-for-7283) with 1241 runs, 483 doubles, 18 triples, 473 home runs, 1512 RBI, 1109 bases on balls, .383 on-base percentage and .546 slugging percentage.He finished his career with a .992 fielding percentage primarily as a first baseman. In 10 postseason games, he hit .351 (13-for-37) with 8 runs, 3 doubles, 4 home runs, 11 RBI and 6 walks. International career

World Baseball Classic (Puerto Rico)
<mask> appeared in the first edition of the World Baseball Classic in 2006. After his retirement, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. Post-retirement career

After retiring, <mask> has continued to work in matters closely related to baseball. In February 2013, he was announced as the new member of the Board for the Development of the Puerto Rican Full-Time Athlete.This agency is directed by the Department of


texts:
 Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico. Also, in March 2013, he served as hitting coach for the Puerto Rico national baseball team that represented the island at the 2013 World Baseball Classic. The team finished second in the rankings. He reprised his role as hitting coach for Team Puerto Rico in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. In his only appearance on the Baseball Hall of Fame ballot in 2015, <mask> received just 3.8% of the vote, below the 5% minimum required to remain on future ballots. That same year, he was elected to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. Personal life
<mask> lives in his hometown of Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.He is married to Betzaida García, who is also from Aguadilla. They have a son, <mask>, and in 2010 adopted a baby daughter, Mariana Isabel. Social activism
Like his hero (Roberto Clemente), <mask> is a well-known peace activist, and has been open about his political beliefs. As part of the Navy-Vieques protests, <mask> was actively opposed to the use of the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico as a bombing target practice facility by the United States Department of Defense, until bombing was halted in 2003. He is also against the occupation of Iraq. In the 2004 season, <mask> protested the war by silently staying in the dugout during the playing of "God Bless America" during the seventh inning stretch. <mask> does not make a public show of his beliefs, and even his teammates were not aware of his views until a story was published in July 2004 in the Toronto Star.<mask> was quoted as saying "It's a very terrible thing that happened on September 11. It's (also) a terrible thing that happened in Afghanistan and Iraq, ... I just feel so sad for the families that lost relatives and loved ones in the war. But I think it's the stupidest war ever." The story was the subject of a media frenzy, mostly in New York, where on July 21, 2004, as was

masks:
Delgado
Delgado
Carlos Antonio
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado
Delgado


texts: anticipated, <mask> was booed by Yankee fans for his passive protest during a game at Yankee Stadium. <mask> had explained that the playing of "God Bless America" had come to be equated with a war in which he didn't believe. In a New York Times interview, <mask> said this is what he believed in, and "It takes a man to stand up for what he believes."After being traded to the Mets, in a conciliatory measure, <mask> opted to stand during the singing of "God Bless America." Among other charity work, <mask> is well known for his generous visits to hospitals in his hometown where, on Three Kings Day, he brings toys to hospitalized children. In 2006, he joined Puerto Rico's Senate President in co-sponsoring a massive Three Kings gift-giving effort in the town of Loíza. <mask> started his own non-profit organization, "Extra Bases" to assist island youth. In 2007, <mask> donated video conference equipment to allow his hometown's Buen Samaritano Hospital to establish a regular link with a hospital in Boston in order to allow for remote diagnoses through telemedicine. <mask> has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. In 2007, he participated in "Sapientis Week", an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico.<mask> taught a class on Athletic Mental Training and Health at the Ramon Power y Giralt School in the Luis Llorens Torres public housing complex. For his efforts, <mask> was awarded the Roberto Clemente Award in 2006. The award goes to the player in baseball who best exemplifies humanitarianism and sportsmanship, and was named after Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente in 1973. Prior to the 2008 season of the Puerto Rico Baseball League, <mask> was involved in an initiative to provide economic help to

masks: Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado Delgado


texts:
<mask><mask>. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death experiences (NDE), a term that he coined in 1975 in his best-selling book Life After Life. His research purports to explore what happens when a person dies. He has widely published his views on what he terms near-death-experience psychology. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Porterdale, Georgia, the son of an agnostic surgeon. He earned a BA (1966), M.A. (1967) and a PhD (1969) in philosophy from the University of Virginia. He also obtained a PhD in psychology from the University of West Georgia, then known as West Georgia College, where he later became a professor in the topic.In 1976, he was awarded an M.D. from the Medical College of Georgia. Career

Early career
After obtaining his M.D., <mask> worked as a forensic psychiatrist in a maximum-security Georgia state hospital. In 1998, <mask> was appointed Chair in Consciousness Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Near-death research
While an undergraduate at the University of Virginia in 1965, <mask> encountered psychiatrist, Dr. George Ritchie, who told <mask> about an incident in which he believed he had journeyed into the afterlife while dead for nearly nine minutes at the age of 20 (which Ritchie would later recount in his book, Return From Tomorrow, published in 1978). <mask> began documenting similar accounts by other people who had experienced clinical death and discovered that many of these experienced shared common features, such

masks:
Raymond A
. Moody Jr
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody
Moody


texts:
 as the feeling of being out of one’s body, the sensation of traveling through a tunnel, encountering dead relatives, and encountering a bright light. In 1975, <mask> published many of these experiences in his book, Life After Life, in which he coined the term "near-death experience."In an interview with Jeffrey Mishlove, <mask> shared his personal conclusions about his research into near-death experiences:

Later research
Inspired by the Greek psychomanteums where the ancient Greeks would go to consult the apparitions of the dead (which <mask> had read about in classic Greek texts that he encountered while a student at the University of Virginia), <mask> built a psychomanteum in Alabama, which he calls the Dr. John Dee Theater of the Mind. By staring into a mirror in a dimly lit room, <mask> claims that people are able to summon visions of spiritual apparitions (see mirror gazing). <mask> has also researched past life regression and believes that he personally has had nine past lives. Criticism of <mask>'s near-death research

Barry Beyerstein, a professor of psychology, has written that <mask>'s alleged evidence for an afterlife is flawed, both logically and empirically. The psychologist James Alcock has noted that <mask> "...appears to ignore a great deal of the scientific literature dealing with hallucinatory experiences in general, just as he quickly glosses over the very real limitations of his research method." <mask> has been described as a "strong personal believer" in the paranormal. His methods have drawn criticism from the scientific community as many of the

masks: Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody


texts:
 personal reports he collected on NDEs were given by the patients themselves, months and even years after the event.Terence Hines commented "such reports are hardly sufficient to argue for the reality of an afterlife." The philosopher Paul Kurtz has written that <mask>'s evidence for the NDE is based on personal interviews and anecdotal accounts and there has been no statistical analysis of his data. There also is the question of interpreting such data as has been published assuming that the factual matter is objectively correct; according to Kurtz, "there is no reliable evidence that people who report such experiences have died and returned, or that consciousness exists separate from the brain or body." The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll has written that a characteristic of <mask>'s work is the omission of cases that do not fit his hypothesis, confirming the aspect of cherry picking. Carroll writes that what <mask> describes as a typical NDE may be due to brain states triggered by cardiac arrest and anesthesia. <mask> believes NDEs are evidence for an afterlife but Carroll states they can be explained by neurochemistry and are the result of a "dying, demented or drugged brain." In an interview in 1993, <mask> stated he was placed in a mental hospital by his family for his work with mirror gazing.References

External links

1944 births
Living people
American psychologists
American spiritual writers
New Age writers
Parapsychologists
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
University of Virginia alumni
Near-death experience researchers
People from Newton County,

masks: Moody Moody Moody Moody Moody


texts:
<mask> is an audio artist who creates noise music under the name of Novi_sad. Life and work

<mask> was born in Greece in 1980. He graduated from the Economic University of Piraues and lives and works in Athens, Greece. <mask> (as "Novi_sad") has worked and collaborated with: Helge Sten (Deathprod, Supersilent), Francisco López, Mika Vainio (Pan Sonic), B. J. Nilsen, Daniel Menche, Zbigniew Karkowski, Richard Chartier, Carl Michael von Hausswolff, Jacob Kirkegaard, Beckie Foon and Scott Konzelmann. Influenced by the pioneers of audio assault, he began generating sounds in 2005. In his works, amplified environmental recordings, drone manipulations, structured ambient soundscapes, microtones vs overtones, all come together in a hyperstructure of iconoclastic form. Novi_sad’s artistic output displays a high level of technical ability, as well as a sensitivity to the nuances of location.Every sound that occurs is treated with a sculptural integrity and his sonic power operates on a level in which the audience participates as transcendental listeners. His approach is similar to the 'cinema pour l'oreille' (cinema for the ear) and in turn would like to ‘donner à voir’ (lead to seeing) by means of

masks:
Thanasis Kaproulias
Thanasis Kaproulias
Thanasis Kaproulias


texts: sound. Novi_sad explores sound as sensation pulling apart its physical properties to reveal its relationship with human perception. Some of his projects are primarily focused in architectural acoustics and the relationship between architecture and sound, when other projects are based on various methods of audio analysis in extremely unusual recordings and the use of quantitative and numerical data from different sources. Thanasis Kaproulias is published by Touch Music. Novi_sad’s albums are available from Sedimental [U.S], Touch [U.K] and Staalplaat [NL]. He has performed his work live in cinemas, industrial spaces, theatres, churches, museums, galleries, squats, in festivals like Mutek [Montreal, Canada], Ultrahung [Budapest, Hungary], Observatori [Valencia, Spain], Gaudeamus Musis Week [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Field recordings festival [Berlin, Germany], Suoni per il popolo [Montreal, Canada], Full-Pull, [Malmö, Sweden], and in such spaces as VPRO National Radio [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Diapason Gallery [New York, U.S.A], Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts [Copenhagen, Denmark], Muziekgebouw aan ‘t IJ [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Fylkingen [Stockholm, Sweden], The Chapel [Seattle,


texts:
<mask>, 1st Earl of Stirling (c. 1567 in Menstrie, Clackmannanshire12 February 1640) was a Scottish courtier and poet who was involved in the Scottish colonisation of Charles Fort, later Port-Royal, Nova Scotia in 1629 and Long Island, New York. His literary works include Aurora (1604), The Monarchick Tragedies (1604) and Doomes-Day (1614, 1637). Biography

Early life
<mask> was the son of Alexander of Menstrie and Marion, daughter of an Allan Couttie. He was born at Menstrie Castle, near Stirling. The family was old and claimed to be descended from Somerled, Lord of the Isles, through John of Islay. Because his father died in 1580, and <mask> was entrusted to the care of his great-uncle James in Stirling, he was probably educated at Stirling grammar school. There is a tradition that he was at the University of Glasgow; and, according to his friend the poet <mask> of Hawthornden, he was a student at Leiden University.As a young man, <mask> became tutor to the <mask> of Argyll and accompanied him on his travels in France, Spain and Italy. <mask> married, before 1604, Janet, daughter of Sir <mask> "The Parson of Campsie", one of the Balgonie family. Introduced by Argyll at court, he received the place of Gentleman Usher to Prince Charles, son of James I of England (James VI of Scotland), in 1603, and continued in favour at court after Prince Charles became Charles I of England in 1625. In 1607 his father-in-law received a pension of £200 a year to be shared with <mask>, and half the pension

masks:
William Alexander
William Alexander
William
William Drummond
William
Earl
William
William Erskine
William


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 continued after Erskine's death. <mask> built a reputation as a poet and writer of rhymed tragedies, and assisted King James I and VI in preparing the metrical version known as "The Psalms of King David, translated by King James" and published by authority of Charles I. James knighted him in 1609 and appointed him the Master of Requests for Scotland in 1614, effectively his private secretary. In 1613 he began a correspondence with the poet <mask> of Hawthornden, which ripened into a lifelong intimacy after their 1614 meeting at Menstrie Castle, where Alexander was on one of his short annual visits. In 1615 he was made a member of the Scottish Privy Council.Alexander was an active freemason, belonging to Mary's Chapel Lodge, Edinburgh, from July 1634. Nova Scotia

In 1621, King James I granted <mask> a royal charter appointing him mayor of a vast territory which was enlarged into a lordship and barony of Nova Scotia (meaning New Scotland); the area is now known as Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of the northern United States. The creation of Baronets of Nova Scotia was used to settle the plantation of the new province, which was later increased (at least on paper) to include much of Canada. <mask> was appointed as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1626 and held that office for the rest of his life. Lord <mask>'s efforts at colonisation were less successful, at least in monetary terms, as his recruitment efforts made unrealistic promises about the new territory and were offered on

masks:
William
William Drummond
Stirling
Stirling
Stirling


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 meager terms. He briefly established a Scottish settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, led by his son <mask> (the younger). However the effort cost him most of his fortune, and when the region—now Canada's three Maritime Provinces and the state of Maine—was returned to France in 1632, it was lost.He was unable to obtain from the
treasury, in spite of royal support, £6,000 as compensation for his losses. He spent his later years with limited means. However Alexander's settlement provided the basis for Scottish claims to Nova Scotia, and his baronets provided the Coat of arms of Nova Scotia and Flag of Nova Scotia which are still in use today. Long Island
In 1630, King Charles rewarded his service by creating him Lord Alexander of Tullibody and Viscount of Stirling. Three years later, when Charles was crowned in Holyrood, in 1633 he became Earl of Stirling and Viscount Canada, and in 1639 Earl of Dovan. On 22 April 1636, Charles told the Plymouth Colony, which had laid claim to Long Island but had not settled it, to give the island to Alexander. Through his agent James Farret (who personally received Shelter Island and Robins Island), Alexander in turn sold most of the eastern island to the New Haven Colony and Connecticut Colony.Farret arrived in New Amsterdam in 1637 to present his claim of English sovereignty but was arrested and sent to prison in Holland where he escaped. English colonists attempted to settle at Cow Bay at what today is Port Washington, New York in 1640, but after an


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 alert by Native leader Penhawitz were arrested by the Dutch and released after saying they were mistaken about the title. After 1640, eastern Long Island was quickly settled by the English while the western portion remained under Dutch rule until 1674. Death and succession

Alexander died in London on 12 February 1640 and was succeeded by his grandson <mask>, 2nd Earl of Stirling (c. 1632- May 1640), a child who himself died the same year. The 3rd Earl, Henry Alexander (died 1650), was the second son of <mask>, the 1st Earl. Literary works
Alexander was one of the most highly regarded Scottish poets in early seventeenth-century Scotland and England: he was praised by <mask> of Hawthornden, Arthur Johnstone, Andrew Ramsey, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel and John Davies of Hereford. Alexander's earliest work was probably Aurora (London, 1604), which was described on its title-page as 'the first fancies of the author's youth' and is a late addition to the corpus of Elizabethan Petrarchan sonnets.His closet dramas - Croesus, Darius, The Alexandrean, and Julius Caesar - were published together as The Monarchick Tragedies (London, 1604; further editions in 1607, 1616, 1637). According to Daniel Cadman, in these plays Alexander 'interrogates the value of republican forms of government and provides a voice for the frustrations of politically marginalised subjects of absolutist regimes'. Alexander's grandest work is an epic poem describing the end of the world, Doomes-day. It was first published in

masks:
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Drummond


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 four books (Edinburgh, 1614), and later in twelve (in the collected edition of Alexander's work printed in London, 1637). The poem, which contains almost 1,400 eight-line stanzas in total, begins with a synopsis of world history in the First 'Hour', then provides long catalogues of the creatures, battle dead, pagans, monarchs, sinners, biblical characters and, finally, members of the heavenly host who will appear at the Final Judgement. Alexander's method was indebted to the French Protestant poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas; Drummond acknowledged the kinship in the title of a manuscript poem Sur les oeuvres poetiques de Guillaume Alexandre, Sieur De Menstre. Alexander collaborated with James VI and I on a new paraphrase of the Psalms, composed a continuation to Philip Sidney's Arcadia that links the end of Book 3 in Sidney's incomplete revised version to the ending in the 1593 text, and also wrote down his thoughts on poetry in Anacrisis: Or a Censure of some Poets Ancient and Modern (c. 1635).Anacrisis begins with a reflection on the pleasure of literature:

After a great Travel both of Body and of Mind, which (since not voluntary but imposed upon me) was the more painful, by retiring for a Time where I was born [...] being curious, as the most dainty Kind of Pleasure for such as are capable of their Delicacies to recreate myself with the Muses,—I may justly say recreate, since they create new Spirits [...] I conversed with some of the Modern as well as with the Ancients, kindling my


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 Fire at those Fires which do still burn out of the Ashes of ancient Authors

This passage speaks of the value that Alexander placed on his literary pursuits (which mostly took place at his Menstrie estate) as an activity that was separate from but complementary to his public life as a politician and colonizer. Indeed, the phrase 'recreate myself with the Muses' re-appeared in the title of the collected edition of his works, Recreations with the Muses (1637). Legacy
The Canadian Coast Guard has named the CCGS Sir <mask> in his honour. References

Further reading
 The Poetical Works of Sir <mask>, Earl of Stirling, ed. by L.E. Kastner and H.B. Charlton, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Printed for the Scottish Text Society, 1921‒29)
 David W. Atkinson, 'More than One Voice; The Poetic Accomplishment of <mask>', in Older Scots Literature, ed.by Sally Mapstone (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), pp. 584‒94

 Thomas McGrail, Sir <mask>, First Earl of Stirling: A Biographical Study (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1940)
 Nigel Tranter, Poetic Justice, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1996. A well-researched & lively retelling of the life of <mask>, 1st Earl of Stirling. External links
Photographs of Halifax monument

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1560s births
1640 deaths
Earls in the Peerage of Scotland
Peers of Scotland created by Charles I
People from Clackmannanshire
Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people
Scottish businesspeople
Scottish Freemasons
Scottish explorers
Scottish knights
Scottish scholars and academics
Alumni of the

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William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander
William Alexander


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 University of Glasgow
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<mask>-<mask> (; 1426/7 – 1502), also known as <mask> (), was a Persian theologian, philosopher, jurist, and poet, who is considered to have been one of the leading scholars in late 15th-century Iran. A native of the town of Davan in the southern Iranian region of Fars, <mask> completed his education at the provincial capital of Shiraz, where he started to distinguish himself. In the 1460s, he briefly served as the sadr (chief of religious affairs) of the Qara Qoyunlu governor of Fars, Mirza Yusuf, and accompanied the latters father Jahan Shah () in his battle against the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan (), where the latter emerged victorious. Initially taking refuge and distancing himself from the Aq Qoyunlu, <mask> soon entered their service, being appointed as qadi (chief judge) of Fars by Uzun Hasan's son and successor, Ya'qub Beg (). Davani was also in contact with figures outside Iran, such as the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II () and the rulers in India, whom he dedicated several of his works to, especially during Ya'qub Beg's reign. With the constant flow of gifts that <mask> was receiving from his patrons, he eventually became rich. However, all of his belongings were soon confiscated in 1498 or 1499 by the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Fars, Qasim-Bay Purnak.<mask> afterwards spent much of his time in various small cities south of Shiraz, such as Jirun (Hormuz) and Lar. He died in October/November 1502, and was buried in his hometown. Background and education
<mask> was born in the town of Davan near Shiraz, the capital city of the southern Iranian region of Fars, which was then under Timurid rule. He was the eldest son of

masks:
Jalal al
Din Davani
Allama Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani


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 Sa'd al-Din As'ad, a qadi (chief judge) of the district of Kazarun, which Davan was attached to. His family claimed descent from the first Rashidun caliph Abu Bakr (), and thus <mask> was sometimes known by the epithet of al-Siddiqi. <mask> initially studied under his father, until he left for Shiraz to continue his education, where he studied under Mawlana Muhyi al-Din Gusha Kinari, Mawlana Humam al-Din Gulbari and Safi al-Din Ijil. There he stood out amongst his peers, which started to draw the attention of students far away.<mask> wrote his first work on 25 May 1449, which was a commentary on the Tafsir al-Baydawi of the Persian scholar Qadi Baydawi (died 1319). In 1451, the Turkmen Qara Qoyunlu took advantage of the death of the Timurid ruler of Persian Iraq and Fars, Sultan Muhammad, conquering the regions in 1452 and 1453, respectively. Rise and service under the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu
By the time <mask> had reached his thirties, his reputation as a religious scholar had already been established. He briefly served as the sadr (chief of religious affairs) of the Qara Qoyunlu governor of Fars, Mirza Yusuf, but soon resigned. It is unknown why he resigned from his post; regardless, <mask> still retained a close relationship with Mirza Yusuf's father, sultan Jahan Shah (). He accompanied the latter in his battle against the Aq Qoyunlu ruler Uzun Hasan (), which took place on the field of Mush in Diyar Bakr in on 10 or 11 November 1467. Jahan Shah's forces were defeated, and he was himself killed.<mask> fled to the city of Tabriz in the northwestern Iranian region of Azerbaijan, losing some of his books in

masks: Davani Davani Davani Davani Davani Davani


texts: the process. There he stayed for a while, composing the Shawakil al-hur fi sharh Hayakil al-nur a commentary on the Hayakil al-Nur, a work by the 12th-century Persian philosopher Suhrawardi (died 1191). The commentary is dedicated to Mahmud Gawan (died 1481), the Persian vizier of the Bahmanid sultan of the Deccan, Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (). Some years later, <mask> returned to Shiraz and became the mudarris (teacher) of the Begum Madrasa (later known as Dar al-Aytam). It was that there he established a relation with the Aq Qoyunlu, especially with Uzun Hasan's son Sultan Khalil, who governed Fars. In 1474, Davani dedicated ethical work Lawami' al-ishraq fi makarim al-akhlaq (also known as Akhlaq-i Jalili) to Uzun Hasan and Khalil. In this work, he described Uzun Hasan as "the shadow of God, the caliph of God, and the deputy of the Prophet".In September/October 1476, <mask> wrote an eyewitness report of a military parade by Khalil at the ruins of ancient Achaemenid city of Persepolis. He credited the mythological Iranian king Jamshid as the founder of the city, and associated him with Solomon, a common association in Iranian literary traditions. During Khalil's brief rule in 1478, <mask> dedicated another of his works to him; an explanation of Ali Qushji's (died 1474) commentary on the Tajrid al-i'itiqad by the 13th-century Persian scholar Nasir al-Din Tusi. Following Khalil's premature death in August 1478, his brother Ya'qub Beg () succeeded him, and appointed <mask> as the qadi of Fars. <mask> also accepted Ya'qub's invitation to the court in Tabriz. However, <mask> opposed the later centralization reforms


texts: of Ya'qub, and thus their relations worsened. Together with Abu-Yazid <mask> and Maulana Muhammad al-Muhyavi, <mask> sent letters to Ya'qub's vizier Qazi Isa Savaji to protest these reforms.During Ya'qub's reign, most of <mask>'s work was dedicated to figures outside Iran. A close friend of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II (), Mu'ayyadzade Abd al-Rahman Efendi (died 1516), arrived to Shiraz in 1479, where he studied under <mask> until 1483. It was through Mu'ayyadzade that <mask> established a network with Bayezid II. <mask> dedicated three of his works to the latter; the Sharh al-Ruba'iyyat, Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima, and al-Hashiya al-jadida. As a gratitude for his Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima, Bayezid II gifted <mask> 500 florins. The Ottoman ulama (clergy) also praised his work. <mask> dedicated his Unmudhaj al-ulum and Tahqiq-i adalat to the sultan of the Gujarat Sultanate, Mahmud Begada (), and was in return rewarded 1000 dirhams.With the constant flow of gifts that <mask> was receiving from his patrons, he eventually became rich. However, all of his belongings were soon confiscated in 1498 or 1499 by the Aq Qoyunlu ruler of Fars, Qasim-Bay Purnak. Davani afterwards spent much of his time in various small cities south of Shiraz. Some sources report that <mask> planned to accept the invitation of the Samma sultan Nizam al-Din Shah Sindhi () and leave for India. Two of <mask>'s students, Mir Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Jurjani (a great-grandson of the prominent al-Sharif al-Jurjani), and Mir Mu'in al-Din, were already present at Nizam al-Din's court. This may explain why <mask> went to Jirun (Hormuz), an

masks:
al Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani
Davani


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 island in the Persian Gulf. <mask> also went to the city of Lar, where he completed his Risalat Ithbat al-wajib al-qadima and Diwan-i Mazalim.Davani reportedly disapproved the messianic claims of the Safavid shah (king) Ismail I (), who had captured the Aq Qoyunlu capital of Tabriz in 1501. Regardless, it is presumed that <mask>'s undated work Nur al-hidaya was written during this period, in which Davani espoused pro-Shi'ism, probably in hope of appeasing the Shia Safavids. <mask> died soon after, in the month of October or November in 1502. He was buried in a mausoleum named Bogh'a-ye Shaykh-e Ali in his hometown of Davan. Approximately two years later (in 1504), Shiraz was captured by Ismail I, who had the Sunni clerics who were unwilling to convert to Shi'ism executed. Legacy
Davani is considered to have been one of the leading scholars in late 15th-century Iran. The modern historian John E. Woods calls him the "ideological mainstay of the Aq Qoyunlu Empire in Uzun Hasan's time."Several prominent figures studied under Davani, such as Qadi Husayn Maybudi (died 1504); qadi of Yazd; Jamal al-Din Hosayn Mohammad Astarabadi (died 1525), sadr under Ismail I's son and successor shah Tahmasp I (); and Qadi Jahan Qazvini, vizier under Tahmasp I. Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Asharis
Shafi'is
15th-century Muslim theologians
Islamic philosophers
Quranic exegesis scholars
Sunni imams
Critics of Ibn Taymiyya
People from Kazerun
People from Fars Province
15th-century Iranian people
1462 births
1502 deaths
Medieval Persian philosophers
Scholars of the Aq Qoyunlu
Scholars of the Timurid Empire
Mystics from

masks: Davani Davani Davani


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<mask> (4 August 1880 – 22 September 1939) was a member of the German High Command. He was Commander-in-Chief of the German Army from February 1934 until February 1938, when he was forced to resign after he was falsely accused of being homosexual. His ousting was a major step in Adolf Hitler's establishment of tighter control over the armed forces. Just over a year later, before the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was recalled as Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Artillery Regiment. He died in battle in Poland early in the war. Early life
<mask> was born in Benrath in the Rhine Province of the German Empire. He entered the Prussian Army at the age of 18; in 1901, he transferred to the Prussian Military Academy.In 1911, he was appointed to the German General Staff, where he served during World War I.

Interwar period

Weimar rule

During the interwar period, <mask> served in the Weimar Republic's Armed Forces (Reichswehr). In 1924, <mask> wrote a letter to  where he expressed his hatred of democracy and his hope that General <mask> Seeckt would carry out a putsch to establish a military dictatorship. Fritsch declared he was totally opposed to seeing another "black, red and gold cur" as Chancellor (a reference to the colours of the Weimar Republic's flag) and wrote that he believed that Germany was being ruined by "the propaganda of the Jewish papers". <mask> ended his letter with a list of all whom he hated: For in the last resort Ebert, pacifists, Jews, democrats, black, red, and gold, and the French, and these women, and the whores, and the like, all cunts with the only exception of mother, these females, I tell you, are all the same thing, namely the people who want to destroy Germany. There may be small differences, but in the end it all amounts to the same. We can trust only ourselves. Trustworthyness, Truth & love only there is among us, German Men.Prösterchen, prostata ! The German historian

masks: Thomas Ludwig Werner Freiherr von Fritsch


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 Wolfram Wette wrote that <mask> had come close to high treason with his letter, as he had taken the Reichswehreid oath to defend democracy, and in calling for a putsch to destroy the democracy that <mask> had pledged to defend was an act of "extreme disloyalty to the republic to which he had sworn an oath". <mask> was heavily involved in the secret German rearmament of the 1920s in which Germany sought to evade the terms of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had essentially disarmed it by limiting its army to 100,000 soldiers and forbidding it to have aircraft or tanks. As such, <mask>, who worked closely with the Soviet Union with the secret rearmament, favored a pro-Soviet foreign policy and had an extreme hatred for Poland. In 1928, <mask> began work on the plan that became [[Fall Weiss (1939)|Fall Weiss]], the invasion of Poland in 1939. He was promoted to major-general (Generalmajor) in 1932 by <mask> Schleicher, who regarded him as a promising young officer. Schleicher then assigned <mask> and Gerd <mask>t the duty of carrying out the Prussian coup that saw the Reichswehr oust the German Social Democratic Party government of Prussia.Nazi rule
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, <mask> was a strong supporter of the new regime, which he saw as a radical force that, if influenced by people like himself, would be a force for the good. Wette wrote that as <mask> was a member of "group of hardened anti-Semitics" in the officer corps, the anti-Semitism of Adolf Hitler was one of <mask>'s most important reasons for supporting the Nazi regime. <mask> was promoted to Chief of the Army Command (Chef der Heeresleitung) on 1 February 1934, replacing General <mask> Hammerstein-Equord. This was partly because Hitler saw him as a supporter of his regime and partly because Defence Minister <mask> Blomberg valued Fritsch for his professionalism. In February 1934, when Blomberg ordered that all

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Fritsch
von Rundsted
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Werner von


texts: soldiers who might be considered Jewish (by having at least a Jewish parent or grandparent who converted; long before the Nazis, the Reichswehr did not accept Jews) be given dishonorable discharges, <mask> made no objection and carried out the order. According to William Shirer in The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, <mask> played a pivotal role when he balked at Hitler's initial proposal to the army that he succeed ailing President <mask> upon his death. <mask> ultimately betrayed the officer corps to the Führer by agreeing to that demand after consulting with his generals.On 31 December 1934, <mask> announced that it "goes without saying that an officer [should seek] a wife only within Aryan circles" and that any officer who married a Jewish woman would be dishonourably discharged at once. In late 1934 or early 1935, <mask> and Blomberg successfully pressured Hitler into rehabilitating the name of General <mask> Schleicher (who had been assassinated by the Nazis during the Night of the Long Knives) by claiming that as officers they could not stand the press attacks portraying him as a traitor working for France. In May 1935 a major reorganization of the armed forces resulted in <mask> taking the new title of  Commander-in-Chief of the Army (Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres) effective 1 June. Fritsch supported the Nazi regime but was antagonistic towards attempts to create rivals to the army, especially the SS. Shirer recalled hearing Fritsch make sarcastic remarks about the SS as well as several Nazi leaders from Hitler downward at a parade in Saarbrücken. He was also worried that Hitler would cause a war with the Soviet Union; like most of his fellow officers, he had supported the Weimar Republic's liaison with Moscow. Wette wrote, "It is indisputable that the conservative and nationalistically minded General <mask> affirmed the National Socialist state, and he accepted Hitler as a dictator fully

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Fritsch
Fritsch
von Hiburg
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Kurt von
Fritsch
von Fritsch


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 and completely.Given this compatibility of outlook, one may doubt whether <mask>'s pronounced anti-Semitism reflected 'political naïveté' as the historian  has asserted". On 20 April 1936, when Blomberg was promoted to field marshal (Generalfeldmarschall), <mask> received promotion to Blomberg's vacated rank of colonel general (Generaloberst). At this time he was also granted the rank and authority of a Reichsminister but without the formal title. On 30 January 1937, to mark the fourth anniversary of the Nazi regime, Hitler personally presented the Golden Party Badge to the remaining non-Nazi members of the cabinet and the military service heads, including <mask>, and enrolled him in the Party (membership number 3,805,227). <mask> was among the officers present at the Hossbach Conference of 5 November 1937, when Hitler announced that he wanted to go to war as early as 1938. He was very critical of that demand, as he knew the army was not ready. He even went so far as to threaten to resign his command.Blomberg–Fritsch Affair

Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring, inspired by the resignation of Blomberg, accused the unmarried <mask> of engaging in homosexual activity. <mask> had never been a womaniser and had preferred to concentrate on his army career. He was forced to resign on 4 February 1938. His replacement, Walther <mask>, had been recommended for the post by <mask>. Hitler took advantage of the situation through the replacement of several generals and ministers with Nazi loyalists, which strengthened his control of the German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). It soon became known that the charges were false and an honour court of officers examined the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, although it was presided over by Göring himself. The successful annexation of Austria into Greater Germany (Anschluss) of 12 March silenced all critics of Hitler, Göring and Himmler.<mask> was acquitted on 18 March, but the damage

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Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Brauchitsch
Fritsch
Fritsch


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 to his name had been done. Following his acquittal, <mask> attempted to challenge SS leader Himmler to a duel. <mask> composed a formal challenge and reportedly practiced his pistol skills in his free time, of which he had plenty as an officer without a command. The letter was given to General Gerd <mask>t for delivery, but Rundstedt, seeking to bridge the distrust between the Wehrmacht and SS, ultimately convinced <mask> to abandon the idea. (Regardless, it is unlikely the encounter could have come about, as Hitler had forbidden highly placed party members, such as Himmler, from dueling.) Despite the false charges, <mask> remained loyal to the Nazi regime and maintained his firmly held belief Germany was faced with an international Jewish conspiracy that wanted to ruin the Reich. After the Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938, <mask> wrote in a letter to a friend on 22 November, "Of course the battle with international Jewry has now officially begun, and as a natural consequence that will lead to war with England and the United States, the political bastions of the Jews".In another letter to his friend, Baroness Margot <mask>-Milchling, on 11 December 1938, <mask> wrote: <blockquote>"It is very strange that so many people should regard the future with growing apprehension, in spite of the Führer's indisputable successes in the past.... Soon after the War, I came to the conclusion that we have to be victorious in three battles, if Germany were again to be powerful:. (1) The battle against the working class. Hitler has won this;(2) Against the Catholic Church, perhaps better expressed as Ultramontanism and(3) Against the Jews.We are in the midst of these battles, and the one against the Jews is the most difficult. I hope everyone realizes the intricacies of this campaign".</blockquote>

<mask> told <mask> Hassell, when the latter tried to involve him in an anti-Nazi plot, that Hitler was Germany's

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Fritsch
Fritsch
von Rundsted
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Schutzbar
Fritsch
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Ulrich von


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 destiny and nothing could be done to change that fact. World War II and death

Just before the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was recalled, and chose to personally inspect the front lines as the "Colonel-in-chief of the 12th Artillery Regiment" during the invasion of Poland, a very unusual activity for someone of his rank. On 22 September 1939, in Praga during the Siege of Warsaw, a Polish bullet hit the General (either a machine gun or a sharpshooter) and tore an artery in his leg.Lieutenant Rosenhagen, adjutant to <mask> and an eyewitness to his death, wrote in his original, official report:

"[...] In this moment the Herr Generaloberst received a gunshot in his left thigh, a bullet tore an artery. Immediately he fell down. Before I took off his braces, the Herr Generaloberst said: "please leave it", lost consciousness and died, with a foolish grin on his fading face. Only one minute passed between receiving gunshot and death." <mask> was the second German general to be killed in combat in World War II—the first being SS commander Wilhelm Fritz <mask>g on 10 September 1939 near Opoczno, Poland. As <mask> was the second general to be killed in action, the event was closely examined. The official verdict was that he deliberately sought death.However, according to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel (Chief of German High Command) in his memoirs:  "The widespread rumour that <mask> was so embittered that he had deliberately sought death in action is quite false, according to what the officer who reported <mask>'s fatal injury to the Führer (in my presence) saw with his own eyes:  a stray bullet had struck the Colonel-General while he was conversing with his Staff Officers, and within only a few minutes he had bled to death." <mask> received a ceremonial state funeral four days later in Berlin. William Shirer covers the event in his diary entry dated 26 September 1939. "They buried General <mask> here this

masks:
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Roetti
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
Fritsch
von Fritsch


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 morning. It rained, it was cold and dark – one of the dreariest days I can remember in Berlin. Hitler did not show up, nor Ribbentrop, nor Himmler, though they all returned to Berlin from the front this afternoon." Commemoration
Despite the controversy that had been associated with him, the "Freiherr von Fritsch Kaserne" (barracks) in Darmstadt was named after <mask> after his death.The facilities were combined with the adjoining Cambrai Kaserne when the United States Army occupied Darmstadt in 1945. The Cambrai-Fritsch Kaserne was returned to German control in 2008. References

Further reading
 Deutsch, Harold C. Hitler and his generals: the hidden crisis, January–June 1938 (1974), pp 78–215; the standard scholarly monograph on 1938 crisis  excerpt and text search
 Faber, David, Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II (2008) pp 46–75
 Barnett, Correlli, ed., Hitler's Generals Grove Weidenfeld, New York, NY, 1989. Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle Pimlico, London, 2003, 2004. William Shirer, Berlin Diary – page 179
 Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945'' Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1953, 1964, 2005. Secret German manual "D 81/3+ Besichtigungsbemerkungen 1937" from 7. November 1937 - Der Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres 4.Abt. Gen St d H - Frhr. v. <mask>,

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masks: Fritsch Fritsch


texts:
<mask> (December 21, 1952 – March 6, 1994) was an American serial killer who is believed to have murdered a minimum of twenty-one teenage boys and young men in a series of killings committed between 1982 and 1984 in the Midwestern States. Convicted and sentenced to death by lethal injection for the 1984 kidnapping and murder of 16-year-old Daniel Bridges, <mask> later voluntarily confessed to the 1982 murder of 23-year-old Steven Agan, offering to also confess to his culpability in twenty further unsolved homicides if the state of Illinois would commute his sentence to one of life imprisonment without parole. <mask> died of AIDS-related complications in 1994 while incarcerated on death row. Shortly before his death, he confessed to the murders of twenty further young men and boys to his defense attorney Kathleen Zellner, although he denied being physically responsible for the actual murder of Daniel Bridges, which he insisted had been committed by an alleged accomplice in five of his homicides, Robert David Little. With her client's consent, Zellner posthumously released <mask>'s confession following the formal announcement of his death. <mask> was known as the "Interstate Killer" and the "Highway Killer" due to the fact many of his confirmed and alleged victims were discovered across several Midwestern States in locations close to or accessible via the Interstate Highway System. Early life
<mask> was born on December 21, 1952, in Crawfordsville, Indiana, the youngest of four children born to <mask> (September 19, 1924 – September 25, 1971) and Shirley Phyllis Kennedy (April 22, 1928 – June 8, 2016).His father was an alcoholic who is known to have physically and emotionally abused his wife and children. <mask>'s parents

masks:
Larry William Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
Eyler
George Howard Eyler
Eyler