texts:
 Mitsubishi of Japan to produce an all-metal plane for the United States market.In March 1933 he was placed under house arrest by the Gestapo by direct order of Hermann Göring. After his release, he fled Germany back to his native Austria. He then joined his old comrade in arms Julius Arigi in founding an airport operations company. He was an executive of this company through 1936. During World War II, he served in the Luftwaffe as a Captain, or Hauptmann. Later, he ran the airport in Horsching, Austria. He died in Vienna on 29 October 1964 and was buried in the Fiala-Fernbrugg family vault in Vienna's Central Cemetery.The Austrian air force base at Aigen im Ennstal is named for him. Awards and decorations
 Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold with war decoration and swords (Austria)
 Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class with war decoration and swords (Austria)
 Gold Medal for Bravery (Austria-Hungary)
 Silver and Bronze Military Merit Medals (Austria-Hungary)
 Military Merit Cross, 3rd class (Austria-Hungary)
 Iron Cross of 1914, 2nd class

Sources of information

References

External links
 http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/austrhun/fiala.php
 http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/fernbrugg.htm
 http://www.greatwarflyingmuseum.com/aces/austria_hungary/benno_von_fernbrugg.html
 http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_gorlice_tarnow.html
 http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/austria_hungary-ww1-airship.killers.html

1890 births
1964 deaths
Military personnel from Vienna
Austrian monarchists
Austro-Hungarian World War I flying aces
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
Austro-Hungarian Army


type: original

texts:
<mask> (24 June 1795 – 26 January 1878) was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology. He was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, along with his emphasis on good experimental techniques led to new directions and areas of study for future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists. <mask> was born into an academic background, with his father serving as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. <mask> became a doctor, specializing in anatomy and physiology. Two of his younger brothers, Wilhelm and Eduard, were also influential in academia, both as scientists with one specializing in physics and the other in anatomy. <mask> became a lecturer and a professor at the University of Leipzig and stayed there until his retirement.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 24 June 1795 in Wittenberg, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire. He was son to <mask>, a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg. At a young age, <mask> became interested in physics and the sciences after being heavily influenced by <mask>, a physicist often referred to as the “father of acoustics”. <mask> completed secondary school at Meissen and began studying medicine at the University of Wittenberg in 1811. He went on to receive his MD in 1815 from the University of Leipzig. The fighting and the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars forced <mask> to relocate from Wittenberg. He became an assistant in J.C. Clarus’ medical clinic in Leipzig in 1817 and then a professor in comparative anatomy in 1818 at the University of Leipzig.He became chair of human anatomy at the university in 1821. <mask>’s first direct contribution to psychology came in 1834 when trying to describe the sensation of touch (De Pulsu, Resorptione, Auditu et Tactu. Leipzig 1834). Contributions

Just-Noticeable Difference

<mask> described the just-noticeable difference or jnd as follows: “in observing the disparity between things that are

masks:
Ernst Heinrich Weber
Ernst Weber
Weber
Ernst
Ernst Heinrich
Weber
Michael Weber
Weber
Ernst Chladni
Weber
Weber
Ernst Weber
Weber


texts:
 compared, we perceive not the difference between the things, but the ratio of this difference to the magnitude of things compared.” In other words, we are able to distinguish the relative difference, not the absolute difference between items. Or, we can distinguish between stimuli having a constant ratio, not a constant difference. This ratio is known as the <mask> fraction. <mask>’s first work with the jnd had to do with differences in weight.He stated that the jnd is the "minimum amount of difference between two weights necessary to tell them apart". He found that the finest discrimination between weights was when they differed by 8–10%. For example, if you were holding a 100 g block, the second block would need to weigh at least 108 g in order to be distinguishable. <mask> also suspected that a constant fraction applied for all senses, but is different for each sense. When comparing the differences in line length, there must be at least 0.01 difference in order to distinguish the two. When comparing music pitch, there must be at least 0.006 vibrations per second difference. So for every sense, some increase in intensity is needed in order to tell a difference.<mask>'s Law

<mask>’s Law, as labeled by Gustav Theodor Fechner, established that sensory events can be related mathematically to measurable relative changes in physical stimulus values. ΔR/R = k
ΔR: amount of stimulation that needs to be added to produce a jnd
R: amount of existing stimulation
K: constant (different for each sense)

<mask>’s law is invalid when the stimulus approaches the upper or lower limits of a sensory modality. Fechner took inspiration from <mask>’s Law and developed what we know today as Fechner’s Law, claiming that there was a logarithmic relation between stimulus intensity and perceived intensity. Fechner’s Law was more advanced than <mask>'s Law, partly because Fechner had developed new methods for measuring just-noticeable differences in different sense modalities, making the measured results more accurate. Experimental

masks: Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber


texts:
 Psychology

For most of his career, <mask> worked with his brothers, Wilhelm and Eduard, and partner Gustav Theodor Fechner. Throughout these working relationships, <mask> completed research on the central nervous system, auditory system, anatomy and function of brain, circulation, etc., and a large portion of research on sensory physiology and psychology. The following items are part of <mask>’s contributions the experimental psychology:

Experimental Wave Theory

Studied flow and movement of waves in liquids and elastic tubes.Hydrodynamics

<mask> discovered laws and applied them to circulation. In 1821, <mask> launched a series of experiments on the physics of fluids with his younger brother Wilhelm. This research was the first detailed account of hydrodynamic principles in the circulation of blood. <mask> continued his research on blood and in 1827, he made another significant finding. <mask> explained the elasticity of blood vessels in the movement of blood in the aorta in a continuous flow to the capillaries and arterioles. Two-point Threshold Technique

This technique helped map sensitivity and touch acuity on the body using compass technique. Points of a compass would be set at varying distances in order to see at what distance are the points of the compass perceived as two separate points instead of one single point.<mask> also wrote about and tested other ideas on sensation including a terminal threshold, which is the highest intensity an individual could sense before the sensation could not be detected any longer. <mask>’s Illusion

<mask>’s Illusion is an "experience of divergence of two points when stimulation is moved over insensitive areas and convergence of two points when moved over sensitive areas". <mask>’s use of multivariate experiment, precise measurements, and research on sensory psychology and sensory physiology laid the groundwork for accepting experimental psychology as a field and providing new ideas for fellow 19th century psychologists to expand. Later career
In 1817, <mask> was

masks: Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber


texts:
 appointed as the Dozent of Psychology at Leipzig. He moved on to become Professor of Anatomy the following year (1818). He held the position for many years, finally moving to Professor of Psychology towards the end of his life. In his later life, <mask> became less involved in testing and experimenting, although he was still interested in sensory physiology.<mask> <mask> retired from the University of Leipzig in 1871. He continued to work with his brother, Eduard and their work with nerve stimulation and muscle suppression lead to inhibitory responses as a popular therapy of the time. <mask> died in 1878 in Leipzig, Germany. Publications

<mask>'s work on the tactile senses was published in Latin as De Subtilitate Tactus (1834), and in German as Der Tastsinn und das Gemeingefühl in 1846. Both works were translated into English by Ross and Murray as E.H.<mask>: The Sense of Touch (Academic Press, 1978) and reprinted as E.H.<mask> on the Tactile Senses (Erlbaum, Taylor & Francis, 1996). <mask> proposed there was a threshold of sensation in each individual. The two-point threshold, the smallest distance between two points where a person determines that it is two points and not one, was <mask>’s first discovery.<mask>’s work made a significant impact on the field of experimental psychology, as he was one of the first scientist to test his ideas on humans. His meticulous notes and new ideas of testing subjects described in his book Der tastsinn und das gemeingefühl (English: "The sense of touch and the common sensibility") led E. B. Titchener to call the work "the foundation stone of experimental psychology". The book that described blood circulation research, Wellenlehre, auf Experimenten gegrϋndet (English: "Wave Theory, Founded on Experiments") became instantly recognized as very important to physics and physiology. This research lead the way for future investigating, although it was not formally published until 1850 with the culmination of the rest of his research on blood in a book entitled, Ueber die Anwendung der

masks:
Weber
Ernst Heinrich
Weber
Ernst Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber


texts:
 Wellenlehre auf die Lehre vom Kreislauf des Blutes und insbesondere auf die Pulslehre (English: "Concerning the application of the wave theory to the theory of the circulation of the blood and, in particular, on the pulse teaching"). Anatomia comparata nervi sympathici (1817)
 De aure et auditu hominis et animalium (1820)
 Tractatus de motu iridis (1821)
 Wellenlehre auf Experimente gegründet (1825)

Joint works with his brothers Wilhelm Eduard <mask> and Eduard Friedrich <mask>:
 Zusätze zur Lehre vom Bau und von der Verrichtung der Geschlechtsorgane (1846)
 Die Lehre vom Tastsinn und Gemeingefühl (1851)
 Annotationes anatomicae et physiologicae (1851)

Legacy and influence
<mask> is often cited as the pioneer or father of experimental psychology. He was the first to conduct true psychological experiments that held validity. While most psychologists of the time conducted work from behind a desk, <mask> was actively conducting experiments, manipulating only one variable at a time in order to gain more accurate results.This paved the way for the field of psychology as an experimental science and opened the way for the development of even more accurate and intense research methods. One of <mask>’s greatest influences was on Gustav Fechner. <mask> was appointed the Dozent of Psychology at the University of Leipzig the same year that Fechner enrolled. <mask>’s work with sensation inspired Fechner to further the work and go on to develop <mask>’s law. At the time of his sensation work, <mask> did not fully realize the implications that his experiments would have on understanding of sensory stimulus and response. See also
Weberian apparatus
<mask> test

References

External links

1795 births
1878 deaths
German physiologists
German psychologists
Experimental psychologists
People from Wittenberg
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Leipzig University alumni
Leipzig University faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German anatomists
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite

masks: Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber Weber


texts:
<mask>Bob<mask> (born July 24, 1958) is an American writer and editor known for his work on Comics Scene, Starlog, Weekly World News, and Hellboy II, and for the executive positions he held at both Marvel Comics and DC Comics. He also served as an elected office holder in his home of Fairfield, Connecticut. Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Edwin L. and <mask>. He attended Binghamton University, where he wrote and edited for the college newspaper, Pipe Dream, and also interned at the Binghamton Sun-Bulletin. Career
Following his graduation, he worked as an editor for Comics Scene and Starlog Press until 1984, when he joined DC Comics as an assistant editor. Greenberger was hired to assist Len Wein and Marv Wolfman by the then DC Vice President/Executive Editor Dick Giordano. The company was then organizing its output with the major comic book crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths and the guidebook Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe.Based on his work during this period, <mask> was promoted to editor the following year, being assigned the titles  Star Trek, Suicide Squad, and Doom Patrol. Under his editorship, the DC Comics adaptations of several Star Trek films were released, and his editorial work on the Star Trek comics led to numerous contributions to the franchise's novel series. In 2001, he and novel editor John J. Ordover developed the seven-book crossover miniseries Gateways. Greenberger wrote the third novel of the series, as well as the concluding novella. He worked at DC until 2000, having risen to the position of Manager-Editorial Operations. During this time, he worked on such titles as The Warlord, Lois Lane, Action Comics Weekly, Time Masters, Secret Origins, The Hacker Files and others. <mask> became involved in local politics in his

masks:
Robert "
" Greenberger
Greenberger
Joan Greenberger
Greenberger
Greenberger


texts:
 home of Fairfield, Connecticut beginning  in 1999, initially as member of the Parking Authority from 1999 to June 2006, when he resigned to join the Cable Advisory Council for Area 2 in Connecticut.In November 2005, he was elected a Representative to Fairfield's Representative Town Meeting, and following his reelection in November 2007 was made its Moderator. After losing the 2009 election, he was appointed to represent Fairfield on the Greater Bridgeport Regional Planning Agency through June 2011. He also served as Vice-Chair of Fairfield's Democratic Town Committee and retired from the post in 2013 when he relocated from Fairfield, Connecticut to Maryland. <mask> left DC in 2000 and joined the online company Gist Communications. This break with the comics industry lasted until 2001, when he joined Marvel Comics as Director-Publishing Operations. <mask> was hired to work under Joe Quesada, but was let go during a tumultuous reorganization overseen by Bill Jemas. He soon rejoined DC Comics as a Senior Editor for Collected Editions, but was terminated from his position in 2006 after a reorganization at DC and a publishing error which saw copies of the Golden Age Hawkman Archives printed with pages in an incorrect order.His firing was criticized by comic book writers Peter David and Christopher Priest. Greenberger found work as a freelance writer and editor, working for such companies as Weekly World News, Platinum Studios, Syfy, Famous Monsters of Filmland, and ComicMix.com, as well as both DC and Marvel. From June 2006 to August 2007, he also served as Managing Editor at Weekly World News. Personal life
Greenberger married Deborah Upton in 1980. They are the parents to Kathleen Michelle (born 1986) and <mask> Jr. (born 1988, died 2008). 2 #80 (1988)
 Scooby-Doo, Where Are You? #6 (2011)
 Secret Origins

masks:
Greenberger
Greenberger
Robert Edward


texts:
<mask> (born August 31, 1987) is a  retired American mixed martial artist, and a former two-time Bellator Featherweight World Champion. He is the cousin of World Extreme Cagefighting veteran <mask> and fought primarily with Xtreme Fighting Organization (XFO) before signing with Bellator, where he is the winner of Bellator Season Two Lightweight Tournament and the Bellator 2011 Summer Series. From July 2011 till April 2014 and January 2018 till July 2018, <mask> was ranked in the top #10 Featherweights in the world by Fight Matrix, rising to as high as #2 from July 2012 till April 2013. <mask> went to Olympic Heights Community High School where he was a standout wrestler. Mixed martial arts career
<mask> spent much of his youth crafting his skills on the playground with boxing gloves. <mask> was a Florida High School wrestling stand-out who went on to study Brazilian jiu-jitsu with his cousin <mask> at the young age of 17. It was during this summer of training that <mask> decided to pursue mixed martial arts as a career.<mask> made his debut in 2008, against Tony Hervey, a future King of the Cage Lightweight Champion. <mask> won the bout. <mask> had his second professional bout against Lazar Stojadinovic, who previously had a dominating performance over <mask>'s teammate Ben Miller. The bout was featured on the Tapout reality series on the Versus Channel, giving <mask> his first mainstream performance. TapouT
<mask> was featured on the Tapout reality series on the TV channel Versus. <mask> trains under his cousin, former WEC Featherweight title challenger <mask> at his gym in Crystal Lake, Illinois. On the show, between training sessions, <mask> got his first tattoo and he, Jeff and the crew did an autograph session at a Chicago clothing store.At the official weigh-in, <mask> gets his first look at his opponent, Lazar Stojadinovic. Lazar has fought another of Jeff's students, so <mask> reviews footage of that fight. The fighters were scheduled to meet at

masks:
Pat Curran
Jeff Curran
Curran
Background Curran
Curran
Curran
Jeff Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Curran
Jeff Curran
Pat
Pat
Pat


texts:
 XFO 23 in Crystal Lake. <mask> went on to dominate much of the first round with his grappling and ground and pound. He similarly dominated rounds two and three and won a unanimous decision from the judges. Post-TapouT
<mask> returned to the XFO for his third professional fight, where he defeated Amir Khillah by Decision (Split). His next two fights took place outside of the XFO banner, where he went 1-1 (the loss coming at the hands of UFC competitor Darren Elkins), before returning to XFO to defeat Daniel Mason-Straus by KO (Punches) in the second.After winning another with XFO, he lost again competing outside of the promotion, this time to Charles Diaz by Decision (Split). Once again, returning to XFO, <mask> next faced Luke Gwaltney, winning by TKO in the first. On October 10, 2009 he faced Jay Ellis in an XFO event, where he defeated his opponent in under a minute, submitting him with a Guillotine Choke. He was defeated in his next fight with XFO, at the hands of Travis Perzynski, losing by rear naked choke in the second round. <mask> took part in a Trojan MMA event, where he defeated former Cage Rage British Lightweight Championship contender Robbie Olivier on February 27, 2010 via unanimous decision. Bellator MMA
It was announced that <mask> would be a participant in the Bellator Season Two Lightweight Tournament. His first round match-up was announced to be UFC Welterweight Champion Georges St-Pierre's protégé, Mike Ricci and the fight took place at Bellator 14.A crowd favorite, the Chicago-area fighter remained patient through a few strategic minutes in which the fighters traded low kicks and jabs while finding their range. However, a little more than midway through the round, <mask> connected on a powerful right hook that sent opponent Mike Ricci crashing to the mat where he stayed unconscious for a few uncomfortable minutes after a few follow up punches. The bout was called, and <mask> won by knockout by 3:01 in the first round. His second bout

masks: Pat Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran


texts:
 took place at Bellator 17 against former UFC veteran Roger Huerta. Huerta was heavily favored going in to the fight, but <mask> impressed over three rounds and went home with a unanimous decision, winning 29-28 on all three judges scorecards. With that victory, <mask> moved on to face Toby Imada, who was also victorious that night, in the Season 2 Lightweight Tournament Final. At Bellator 21 <mask> defeated Imada via split decision in a close fight, becoming the Bellator Season Two Lightweight Tournament Champion.A match-up against Bellator Season One Champion Eddie Alvarez was anticipated for Season Three, but <mask> was forced out of the contest due to a shoulder injury. Fighting in his place, Roger Huerta took on Alvarez in a non-title bout at Bellator 33 and lost via TKO due to a doctor stoppage. <mask>'s bout with Alvarez took place on April 2, 2011 at Bellator 39. He lost the fight via unanimous decision, with the judges scoring it 49-46, 50-45 and 50-45 in favor of Alvarez. <mask> dropped to his original fight weight of 145 lbs to enter the Bellator 2011 Summer Series Featherweight Tournament. In his quarterfinal bout <mask> submitted Luis Palomino via Peruvian necktie in the first round. <mask> faced Ronnie Mann in the Featherweight Tournament Semifinal at Bellator 47.He won the fight via unanimous decision, advancing him to the Bellator Featherweight Tournament Finals. <mask> faced former Sengoku Featherweight Champion and Pancrase Featherweight Champion Marlon Sandro at Bellator 48 for the Bellator Featherweight Tournament Final. <mask> defeated Sandro four minutes into the second round via a highlight reel head-kick KO, in the process becoming the first person to win Bellator tournaments in two different weight classes. <mask> faced Joe Warren at Bellator 60. <mask> defeated Warren by a brutal KO in round three to win the Bellator Featherweight Championship. In his first title defense, <mask> faced <mask> Freire at Bellator 85
on January 17,

masks: Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Patricio


texts: 2013. He successfully defended his title for the first time, winning the fight via split decision.<mask> was expected to defend his title against Bellator Season Six Featherweight Tournament winner, Daniel Mason-Straus, at Bellator 95. However, Straus broke his hand and was forced out of the bout. Straus was replaced by Bellator Season Seven Featherweight Tournament winner, Shahbulat Shamhalaev. <mask> was successful in his second title defense, defeating Shamalaev via first-round submission. <mask> put his Bellator Featherweight Championship on the line on November 2, 2013 at Bellator 106 in a rematch against Daniel Mason-Straus. He was unsuccessful with his third title defense, losing the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> fought current champ Daniel Mason-Straus for the third time at Bellator 112 in March.An instant rematch drew criticism for Bellator from MMA pundits and fans, as many felt that <mask>, who had previously lost his last match to Straus and not won a tournament for a rematch, had not done enough to earn a title shot over waiting tournament winners <mask> Freire and Magomedrasul Khasbulaev. He won the bout via rear-naked choke submission in the fifth round thus, ending their trilogy and winning the Bellator Featherweight Championship for the second time. <mask> was scheduled to make the first defense of his new title in a rematch with <mask> Freire on June 6, 2014 at Bellator 121. However, on May 21, it was announced that <mask> had pulled out of the bout due to a calf injury. The rematch eventually took place at Bellator 123 on September 5, 2014. <mask> lost the bout to Freire by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Daniel Weichel on February 13, 2015 at Bellator 133.He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> was expected to face Goiti Yamauchi at Bellator 139 on June 26, 2015. However, Yamauchi pulled out of the fight due to injury. <mask> instead faced Emmanuel Sanchez at the event. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was

masks: Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Patricio Curran Patricio Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran


texts:
 expected to face Justin Lawrence at Bellator 145 on November 6, 2015. <mask> pulled out of the bout due to a knee injury.<mask> faced Georgi Karakhanyan at Bellator 155 on May 20, 2016. In the first round, <mask> knocked down his opponent with a left hand. Karakhanyan managed to recover and fight on, but in the end <mask> won via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face John Teixeira at Bellator 167 on December 3, 2016, however, <mask> pulled out of the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Justin Lawrence. The bout with Teixeira was rescheduled for Bellator 184 on October 6, 2017. <mask> won the fight by unanimous decision. After a year and a half long layoff, <mask> returned to face rising Featherweight prospect A.J.McKee at Bellator 221 on May 11, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. In the heels of the defeat, <mask> signed a contract extension with Bellator. In the first round of the tournament, <mask> got Ádám Borics as his opponent. The fight was held on 7 September 2019 on Bellator 226. At the end of round 2, a flying knee made an impact again and sent <mask> to the floor. At the end of a huge amount of punches on the ground, the referee stopped the fight in the last second of the 2nd round.<mask> announced on October 27, 2020 that he was retiring from MMA. Championships and awards
Bellator MMA
Bellator Featherweight World Championship (Two times)
Two successful title defenses
Bellator Season Two Lightweight Tournament Winner
Bellator 2011 Summer Series Featherweight Tournament Winner
First Fighter to win tournaments in multiple weight classes
Two successful title defenses
Inside Fights
Knockout of the Year (2012)
Sherdog
2011 All-Violence Second Team
MMAJunkie.com
2014 March Submission of the Month vs. Daniel Mason-Straus

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
|align=center| 23–9
|Ádám Borics
|TKO (punches)
|Bellator 226
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:59
|San Jose, California, United States

masks: Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran Curran


texts:
Sir <mask> (also Courci; 1150–1219) was an Anglo-Norman knight who arrived in Ireland in 1176. From then until his expulsion in 1204, he conquered a considerable territory, endowed religious establishments, built abbeys for both the Benedictines and the Cistercians and built strongholds at Dundrum Castle in County Down and Carrickfergus Castle in County Antrim. Early career in Ireland
Belonging to a family which took its name from <mask>, Calvados, <mask>, of Stoke Courcy, in Somerset, came to Ireland around the year 1171 as part of the Norman invading forces, brought in as mercenaries working for Diarmaid Mac Murchadha, the ousted King of Leinster, to help him regain his position as king. <mask>'s great-grandfather, <mask> is named in the Domesday Book. His grandfather, <mask> I, married Emma of Falaise. His father, <mask> II, married <mask>ines and died about 1155, leaving the family estates in Somerset and elsewhere in England to his son, <mask> III, <mask>’s brother

<mask> was very ambitious and wanted lands for himself. He decided to invade the north of Ireland which was controlled by Irish dynasties.In early January 1177 he assembled a small army of 22 knights and 300 foot-soldiers and marched north, at the rate of thirty miles a day. They skirted the back of the Mourne Mountains and took the town of Dún Dá Leathghlas (now Downpatrick) by surprise. After two fierce battles, in February and June 1177, <mask> defeated the last King of Ulaid, Ruaidhrí Mac Duinnshléibhe. He did all this without King Henry II's permission. After conquering eastern Ulster he established his caput at Carrickfergus, where he built an impressive stone castle. Other monasteries and castles that he built are Inch Abbey and Dundrum. He married Affreca, daughter of Godred II Olafsson, King of Mann.It is likely that the marriage, as in the case

masks:
John de Courcy
Courcy
John de Courcy
De Courcy
Richard de Curci
William de Courcy
William de Courcy
Avice de Mesch
William de Courcy
John
John
de Courcy


texts:
 of many kings and those aspiring to be kings in those days, was political, to seal an alliance with her father who paid homage to the King of Norway. <mask> and Affreca are not recorded to have had any children. Affreca built a monastery at Greyabbey dedicated to Saint Mary of The Yoke of God. She is buried there and her effigy, in stone, can still be seen. In 1183, <mask> provided for the establishment of a priory at the cathedral of Down with generous endowments to the Benedictines from Chester in England (free from all subjugation to Chester Cathedral). This building was destroyed by an earthquake in 1245. He also created a cell for Benedictines at St. Andrews in the Ards (Black Abbey) for the houses of Stoke Courcy in Somerset and Lonlay in France, which was near Inishargy, Kircubbin, in present-day County Down.The early Irish monastery of Nendrum was given to the Benedictine house of St Bees in Cumberland in order that they might also establish a cell. His wife, Affreca, founded the Cistercian monastery of Grey Abbey, Co. Down, as a daughter house of Holm Cultram (Cumberland) in 1193. He also made incursions into the west to increase his territory and lordship. In 1188 he invaded Connacht, but was repulsed and the next year he plundered Armagh. Later career in Ireland
After the accession of Richard I in 1189, <mask> in conjunction with <mask> Lacy appears in some way to have offended the king by his proceedings in Ireland. De Lacy quickly made his peace with Richard, while <mask> defied him, and the subsequent history of the latter consisted mainly in the vicissitudes of a lasting feud with the <mask>ys. <mask> Lacy, younger son of <mask> Lacy Lord of Meath, began to wage war on <mask> <mask>, capturing him in 1204.An account of his capture appears in the Book of Howth. This passage helps explain why <mask> had a

masks:
John
de Courcy
de Courcy
William de
de Courci
de Lac
Hugh de
Hugh de
John de
Courcy
John


texts:
 reputation as a strong, God-fearing warrior:

In May 1205, King <mask> made Hugh Earl of Ulster, granting him all the land of the province "as <mask> <mask> held it on the day when Hugh defeated him". <mask> <mask> returned, sailing across the Irish sea from the Isle of Man in July 1205 with Norse soldiers and a hundred boats supplied by his brother-in-law, Ragnold, King of Mann. <mask> and his army landed at Strangford and laid siege to Dundrum Castle in vain, because the defences he himself had made were too strong. King <mask> then had <mask> <mask> imprisoned and he spent the rest of his life in poverty. He was subsequently released when he "crossed himself" to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. <mask> died in obscurity just outside what is now Craigavon.Literary references
The story of <mask> <mask>'s defeat of the French champion, and his winning the privilege to remain covered in the presence of the King, appears in Chapter 12 of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper. In his book Saint Patrick's Town, Anthony M. Wilson said about <mask> <mask>:

Genealogy

Family tree I

     |                                     |
     |                                     |
     Baudri the German Vigor
    =niece of Godfrey (?) of Brionn
     |
     |
     |               |         |            |            |            |           |               |  |
     |               |         |            |            |            |           |               |  |
     Nicholas Fulk Robert Richard Baudri Vigor Elizabeth daughters
 <mask>ville de Alnou de Courcy of Neville of Bocquence of Apulia  =Fulk of Bonneval
    issue        issue     =Hebrea      issue        issue
                               |
                               |
                            Richard
                           =Wandelmode

masks:
John
John de
Courcy
John de
Courcy
John
John
John de
Courcy
De Courcy
John de
Courcy
John de
Courcy
de Bacque


texts:
       |
     __|
     |              |          |
     |              |          |
     Robert Richard William, died c. 1130. =Rohesia de <mask>smil   =Emma de Falise
     |                         |
     |                         |
   William Robert, died c. 1151. |                         |
 <mask>                   <mask>
 of France           of England and Ireland

Family tree II

           Serlo de Burci Corbutonis de Falise
            =? =Ameline
             |                      |
             |                      |_
             |                      |               |          |           |
             |                      |               |          |           |
    Martin = Geva de Burci = <mask> Falise Roger Gaufridus Galterus
           |               |
           |               |_
           |               |                            |
           |               |                            |
  Robert fitz Martin Emma = <mask> Courcy Sibil = <mask> Bullers
                                |
     ___|__
     |                          |            |
     |                          |            |
     William, died c. 1151. Robert Jordan
   =Avice de Rumelly                        =?|                                       |
     |                   |___
     |           |      |                    |          |
     |           |      |                    |          |
     William Robert Richard              <mask>     Jordan
                                             |
                                             |
                                       Baron Kingsale

Derived from Flanders 2009, pp. 177, 178, 180, 181. Notes

Sources

1150 births
1219 deaths
Norman participants of the invasion of Ireland
Norman warriors
Prisoners in the Tower of London
Medieval earls of Ulster
Lords Lieutenant of

masks:
Grande
de Courcy
de Courcy
William de
William de
Baldwin de
John


texts:
<mask> (August 28, 1924 – September 12, 2018) was an American physician, microbiologist, chemist, humanitarian, and medical missionary. He pioneered new medical techniques, discovered new infectious agents, and trained countless researchers and scientists. <mask>s was particularly well known for his work with Hansen's disease (Leprosy), Buruli ulcer, and filarial diseases. Biography
<mask> was born on a small farm in west central Pennsylvania, in Huntingdon County. Most of his ancestors were farmers. His father was a farmer and a carpenter, and worked as a carpenter on steamboats going up and down the Mississippi from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. His mother was born on the farm that she lived on all her life.<mask>s attended the local elementary one-room school and later went to a consolidated high school in Saxton, Pennsylvania. In 1941 he started his studies at Juniata College, in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, where he majored in chemistry and mathematics. His studies were interrupted by World War II. He was drafted in 1944, when he was more than three years through college, and served in a signal company in an infantry division, in the South Pacific. He spent most of his service time in the Philippines serving mainly as a cryptographer in the 43rd Infantry Division. At the end of World War II, he was in Luzon, and went to Japan in the Army of Occupation. After the war, he was able to return to Juniata College and obtain his chemistry degree.Then he went to work with U.S. Steel as a research chemist in Pittsburgh. He wanted, however, to do humanitarian work, and having a strong religious background he decided that perhaps missionary work would be the best way to fulfill this. So, he went to Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. During that time, he realized that medicine was the field in which he could best serve. To accomplish this he returned for a year to Juniata College and completed his biology studies for medical school and thereafter

masks:
Wayne Marvin Meyers
Meyer
Meyers
Meyer


texts:
 obtained a scholarship at the University of Wisconsin, where he completed his degree in medical microbiology. He obtained his MS in 1953, and his PhD in 1955. Following that, he went to medical school at Baylor College of Medicine, in Houston.To support his family, he was an instructor in microbiology and did research in the microbiology department while attending medical school. <mask>s graduated medical school in 1959, and did his internship in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Then, with missionary medicine in mind, he worked in a hospital in Michigan, doing primarily surgery. He finished his surgical experience in the US around October 1961, and went to Africa, under the auspices of the American Leprosy Missions. <mask> married Esther Kleinschmidt (a relative of Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt) in August 1953. Esther's parents went to Africa in 1923, and she grew up in the Belgian Congo. Esther's father died in the Congo in 1964 and is buried in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.They had four children, Amy, George, Daniel, and Sara. Medical missionary
He served in a one-doctor hospital in a remote area of Burundi near the Tanzania border. Burundi at that time was a country in turmoil because the Tutsi and the Hutu were at war with each other. There was rebellion. In fact, the prime minister had been assassinated no more than two days before <mask>s' arrival in the capital city of Usumbura. Burundi was a protectorate under the Belgian government following the First World War and was still under Belgian rule when <mask>s and his family arrived for work. There had also been three successive crop failures, and Burundi was dealing with a famine.<mask>s did as much famine relief work as he did medicine. There were 600 patients in the leprosarium, and his hospital was the only one within about 50 kilometers. Thus, persons with all kinds of medical problems went to the little hospital. Leprosy was a major problem in Burundi. Estimates were

masks: Meyer Meyers Meyer Meyer Meyer


texts: then 5-10,000 leprosy patients among 3–4 million inhabitants. Medications were limited, but sulfones were available, and he was able to provide treatment for a great many people, and care for the physical disabilities of most of the leprosy patients. The following year, 1962, he and his family moved to what was then Zaire (the Democratic Republic of the Congo), to work in Kivu in extreme eastern part of the country, near the base of the Ruwenzori Mountains.There was a tremendous opportunity for work among leprosy patients there. In Kivu, <mask> was in charge of a leprosarium with between 2,000 and 3,000 patients. At that time, leprosy patients were nearly all treated as in-patients. This was a dangerous time to be in the DRC; the land was in the early stages of the Congo Crisis. <mask> had seized power in a military coup and soon arrested, tortured, and eventually had the elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba killed. Soon after <mask> and his family arrived a rebellion swept through their area. It began south, around Albertville, and swept north, eventually to involve nearly half the country, on a line diagonally drawn between the Ubangi and the Shaba area.The Leprosarium was right along the Uganda border. Because of health reasons for one of their daughters, <mask>s and his wife, Esther left the little jungle hospital just a couple of months before the rebels arrived and were not captured, however, all of their belongings and personal effects were lost. They had hoped to return, but with the rebellion, it was impossible to enter at that time. So the American Leprosy Missions moved the family to the Bas-Congo (Lower Congo), about halfway between Matadi and Kinshasa. The hospital in the Bas-Congo, was much larger, about a 450-bed hospital, and they had many services and more physicians. So there was an opportunity to concentrate on leprosy. The medical missionaries developed a leprosy program that involved some 20 outlying centers.All

masks:
Meyers
Joseph Mobutu
Meyers
Meyer


texts: leprosy patients were eventually discharged from the leprosarium, and seen and treated in these outlying centers, which <mask>s visited regularly by Land Rover or by airplane. <mask>s was also responsible for the dermatology at the hospital, and also for the laboratory and pathology. In addition to leprosy, <mask>s encountered many other diseases including some which would later become part of his great life work, buruli ulcer and streptocerciasis. <mask>s and his family lived in the Bas-Congo from 1965 until 1973. Though the HIV/AIDS epidemic was unknown to the world at that time, with current knowledge it appears that HIV/AIDS was already present in the area. <mask>s traveled extensively through the African region going to different mission stations, universities and other teaching centers in order to develop the leprosy service in the country. During these visits, especially those in the Stanleyville (Kisangani) area where AIDS may have arisen, <mask>s and his colleagues saw patients whose symptoms fit the definition of AIDS and may well have been victims of that disease.It was established that some sera were taken by the Belgians as early as 1959 were positive for HIV. Specifically, David Ho and colleagues from the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York told a conference that using that sera from 1959 they identified a case of HIV infection to a man living in what was then the Belgian Congo. This and other data demonstrate that HIV/AIDS existed in the Bas-Congo during the years that <mask>s served in the region. In 1973 <mask> and his family moved to Hawaii. He worked at the University of Hawaii as a professor of pathology for two years and became involved with the leprosy research on Molokai and also worked with leprosy patients, both on Oahu, at the Hale Mohalu Center in Pearl City, and on Molokai. While he was in Hawaii he was also able to spend some time organizing and analyzing the reports, documents, and tissue samples

masks: Meyer Meyer Meyer Meyer Meyer Meyer Meyer Meyers


texts:
 he had collected on leprosy patients from Africa and he used that knowledge to help his patients in Hawaii. Working with and for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

<mask> first visited the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in 1961, before going to Africa.At that time, he met Daniel H. Connor, who was then planning to go to Uganda on a project which Chapman H. Binford (Chair of the Infectious Disease Department) and Robert E. Stowell (Scientific Director of the AFIP) had arranged. They had made a trip to Africa a year or so previously and had arranged collaborative projects with two academic institutions in Africa: one at Onderstepoort, in Gauteng, South Africa, near Pretoria; and the other one in Kampala, Uganda at Makerere University. <mask> visited Connor when he was in Burundi in 1962, and from that time on collaborated with the AFIP. <mask>s worked through Binford, sending specimens and studying special patients. When Connor returned to the AFIP, their collaboration increased. <mask> and his colleagues obtained a significant grant from the Research and Development Command of the U.S. Army, and conducted research in sleeping sickness, trypanosomiasis, and Buruli ulcer during about five of his eight years at this post in the Lower Congo. He worked in the Bas-Congo from 1965 until 1973.At the time of independence, in 1960, the Belgians had trypanosomiasis pretty well under control in what had been the Belgian Congo. When <mask> began working in the Bas-Congo in 1965, it was uncommon to see a patient with active trypanosomiasis. By the time he left there in 1973, he and other physicians were seeing hundreds of cases annually of African-type sleeping sickness caused by trypanosomes in the hospital. They would come in spontaneously; there was no survey work being done. <mask> joined the staff at the AFIP in 1975 after returning from Africa and Hawaii. At the institute he followed the AFIP mission of providing Education,

masks: Meyers Meyers Meyer Meyers Meyers Meyers


texts:
 Consultation, and Research. <mask> helped Binford with the AFIP's Registry of Leprosy, which has material from between 30,000 and 40,000 cases of leprosy.This is probably largest collection of pathologic materials from leprosy patients anywhere in the world. There was a lot of material on other mycobacterial diseases, such as Buruli ulcer, (Mycobacterium ulcerans infections) which is relatively unknown by the medical profession in the US, but it is a major problem in many foci in Africa and other places such as Australia. In addition his work at the AFIP included work on the World Health Organization WHO Center for the Study of Filariasis developed in the Infectious Disease department primarily by Binford, and filarial diseases was one of the major collaborative efforts between <mask>, Ronald C. Neafie, and Aileen M<mask>. <mask> retired from the AFIP in 2005 but continued as Visiting Scientist until the AFIP was closed 2011. He died in Maryland in September 2018 at the age of 94. Discoveries with Filarial Nematodes
Among the many patients that <mask>s helped at the Leprosarium were some with diseases that mimicked leprosy. A series of patients had hypopigmented areas of the skin that resembled tuberculoid leprosy, but did not have the loss of sensation associated with leprosy lesions.<mask> biopsied these and through his collaborations with the AFIP discovered the adult form of <mask>ella streptocerca. President of the International Leprosy Association
<mask> served as a chairman of the board of directors of American Leprosy Missions (ALM), Program Consultant to the ALM, and as a member of the ALM Board of Reference. He also served as Consultant to the Leonard Wood Memorial (American Leprosy Foundation). He was a member of the Corporate Board of the Damien-Dutton Society for Leprosy Aid. He served as a president of the International Leprosy Association, and also as president of the Binford-Dammin Society of Infectious Disease

masks:
Meyers
Meyers
. Marty
Meyers
Meyer
Meyers
Manson
Meyers


texts:
 Pathologists. Work with Buruli Ulcer
In the early 1990s <mask> began to focus more of his work on Mycobacterium ulcerans, the third most common mycobacterial infection of immunocompetent people, following tuberculosis and leprosy. This tiny bacterium produces a toxin that causes deep, rapidly developing ulcers of the skin and destroys the subcutaneous fat.It is primarily seen in children and is often devastating. This illness is most commonly called Buruli ulcer. Surgery is usually required and often causes extensive sequels. The best technique to treat patients with this disease is excision way beyond the ulcerated areas followed by a graft procedure. In 1992 <mask> traveled with <mask> to West Africa to establish relations with local physicians and government health officials to learn more about the extent of the disease in that part of the world while also there to gather data on leprosy in non-human primates. He then worked closely with a Belgian scientist, Professor Françoise Portaels to further understand the pathogenesis of this terrible infectious disease. Together they published 56 major medical investigations on Buruli ulcer which led to major advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of this devastating neglected disease.<mask> remained active as a scientist and physician even in his final year of life, the last article he worked on with Portaels involving Buruli ulcer was published in January 2018. References

1924 births
2018 deaths
American microbiologists
American expatriates in Burundi
American expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
American Protestant missionaries
Baylor College of Medicine alumni
Christian medical missionaries
Juniata College alumni
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
People from Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Physicians from Pennsylvania
Protestant missionaries in Burundi
Protestant missionaries in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
United States

masks: Meyers Meyers Marty Meyers


texts:
<mask> (, Transliterated: ,  ; , Transliterated: , ; born 5 June 1958) is a Soviet-born Israeli politician serving as Minister of Finance since 2021, having previously served twice as Deputy Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2008 and 2009 to 2012. <mask> entered the Knesset in 1999, and has served in numerous roles in the government, including as Minister of National Infrastructure, Minister of Transportation, and Minister of Strategic Affairs. He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Prime Ministers Ehud Olmert and Benjamin Netanyahu. He served under Netanyahu as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2009 to 2012 and 2013 to 2015 and as Minister of Defense from 2016 to 2018. On 14 November 2018, he resigned as Defense Minister because of a ceasefire in Gaza which he characterized as "surrendering to terror." He is the founder and leader of the secular nationalist Yisrael Beiteinu (Israel Our Home) party, whose electoral base initially consisted overwhelmingly of Russian-speaking immigrants from the former Soviet Union, but later attracted broader support. <mask> has stated his opposition to forming a coalition with religious parties and refused to join Benjamin Netanyahu's coalition in April 2019.As a result of the arrival in Israel during the 1990s of about one million Russian-speaking immigrants, Yisrael Beiteinu has regularly played the "king-maker" role in Israel's coalition governments. He was replaced in the Knesset by Elina Bardach-Yalov when he became the Finance minister. Biography
Evet Lvovich <mask> (later <mask> <mask>) was born to a Russian-speaking Jewish family in Kishinev, Soviet Union (now Chișinău, Moldova). His father Lev (18 May 1921 – 2 July 2007) was a writer who had served in the Red Army and spent seven years in a Siberian exile

masks:
Avigdor Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Avigdor
Lieberman


texts: under Joseph Stalin's rule, where he met his wife Esther (2 July 1923 – 4 December 2014). His parents imbued him with a strong secular Jewish identity and consciously taught him only Yiddish up until the age of three. Inheriting a love of Russian literature from his father, <mask> had dreamed of becoming a poet. <mask> attributes his forthright personality to his youth in the large Jewish community of 1970s Kishinev, saying: "Jews were 25 percent of the population of Kishinev [during the 1970s]... We were more affluent, better educated, and we showed it...The Jews of Moldova have this no-nonsense streak." After high school, <mask> enrolled at the Chișinău Agriculture Institute majoring in  hydrological land improvement. As a student in Moldova, his passion for Russian literary classics continued, as he won first prize for a play he wrote, and dreamed of a literary career. <mask> and his family immigrated to Israel on 18 June 1978. <mask> studied Hebrew at an ulpan and changed his first name to <mask>. He was conscripted into the Israel Defense Forces, and was only obligated to do one year of active service instead of three, during which he served in the IDF military government in Hebron. Following his discharge from active duty, he continued to be called up for the reserves.After undergoing an artillery course, he served in the Artillery Corps. He attained the rank of Corporal. Upon his release from the army, he earned a BA in International Relations and Political Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. On campus he was active in the student group "Kastel," associated with the Likud. Relations between Kastel and Arab student groups were tense and often deteriorated into violence. According to Maariv, based on the testimony of a witness who was

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Avigdor


texts:
 a student at the time, <mask> participated in a few of the violent clashes. <mask> said that he was involved in two.Jamal Zahalka, an Arab Knesset member from Balad who was also a student at the time and active in Arab groups, claimed that he remembers <mask> as yelling a lot but avoiding any of the rough action. Haaretz reported that <mask> was briefly involved with the Kach party founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane based on the testimony of two Kach activists, <mask> Eskin and Yosef Dayan. <mask> denied this and called the publication an "orchestrated provocation". While studying at the Hebrew University, <mask> worked as a bouncer at the student club "Shablul" (Hebrew: "snail"), which is where he met his future wife. A year later, <mask> was promoted to general manager, responsible for all the activities at the club. <mask> and his wife Ella née Tzipkin, also a Moldovan immigrant to Israel, have a daughter Michal (born 22 June 1983) and two sons, Yaakov (born 15 March 1988) and Amos (born 14 September 1990). They live in the Israeli settlement of Nokdim, located in the Judean Desert of the West Bank, where they have resided since 1988.<mask> stated that despite having lived there for so long he is willing to leave his home as part of a peace agreement. He speaks Russian, Romanian, Hebrew, Yiddish and (less fluently) English. <mask>'s mother, <mask>, died on 4 December 2014 while <mask> was in Switzerland. He was scheduled to continue his travels to the United States, but cancelled that portion of the trip in order to attend the funeral and sit shiva. Political career

In  1983–1988, <mask> helped found the Zionist Forum for Soviet Jewry and was a member of the Board of the Jerusalem Economic Corporation and the Secretary of the Jerusalem branch of the

masks:
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Avigdor
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman
Esther Lieberman
Lieberman
Lieberman


texts: Histadrut Ovdim Le'umit ("National Workers' Union"). In 1988, he started working with Benjamin Netanyahu. From 1993 to 1996, following Netanyahu's election as party leader, <mask> served as Director-General of the Likud party.After Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister, <mask> served as Director-General of the Prime Minister's Office from 1996 to 1997. In 1997, <mask> resigned from Likud after Prime Minister Netanyahu granted concessions to the Palestinians in the Wye River Memorandum, and expressed disappointment when Yisrael BaAliyah, a new immigrant party headed by Natan Sharansky  did not quit the coalition government in protest. In 1999, <mask> formed the Yisrael Beiteinu party to create a platform for Soviet immigrants who supported a hard line in negotiations with the Palestinians. The party ran for the Knesset during the 1999 legislative election, and ran on a joint list with Aliyah, a party formed by Michael Nudelman and Yuri Stern, who had broken away from Yisrael BaAliyah. The new party won four seats, one of which was taken by <mask>. <mask> served on the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee and State Control Committee, and as Chairman of the Israel-Moldova Parliamentary Friendship League. In March 2001, <mask> was appointed Minister of National Infrastructure, but resigned in March 2002.In the 2003 legislative election, Yisrael Beiteinu ran on a joint list with the National Union. The joint list won seven seats, with Yisrael Beiteinu allotted four of them. In February 2003, <mask> was appointed Minister of Transport, and resigned from the Knesset to take a seat in the Cabinet. He maintained leadership of the party and returned to the Knesset in 2006. Later he would simultaneously serve in the Knesset and Cabinet. In May 2004, <mask> was

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts: dismissed from the cabinet by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon due to his opposition to the Gaza disengagement, and Yisrael Beiteinu left the government in June in protest of the disengagement. In the 2006 legislative election, <mask>'s party split from the National Union to run alone.The party won eleven seats, a gain from its previous six seats. It was initially in the opposition, but in October 2006, <mask> and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert signed a coalition agreement under which <mask> became the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Strategic Affairs, a newly created position with a focus towards the strategic threat from Iran. In December 2006, he called Iranian nuclear proliferation "the biggest threat facing the Jewish people since the Second World War". He advocated that Israel join the European Union and NATO. <mask> resigned his cabinet position and Yisrael Beiteinu left the coalition in January 2008. He cited opposition to the resuming peace talks, saying that "Negotiations on the basis of land for peace are a critical mistake ... and will destroy us." Yisrael Beiteinu, which was described at times as <mask>'s "one man's party" for its media-closed meetings and party members' reluctance to give interviews, emerged as the third largest party in Israel after 2009 legislative election and on 16 March, it entered the coalition government led by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.<mask> was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister. On 25 October 2012, <mask> and Benjamin Netanyahu announced that their respective political parties, Likud and Yisrael Beiteinu, had merged and would run together on a single ballot in Israel's 22 January 2013 general elections. "In view of the challenges we're facing, we need responsibility on a

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts:
 national level.... We're providing a true alternative, and an opportunity for the citizens to stabilize leadership and government," <mask> said. <mask> was appointed Minister of Defense in May 2016. He resigned from the Knesset under the Norwegian Law, allowing Yulia Malinovsky to replace him. <mask> has attracted interest of voters from Israel's business community. Former ambassador to the United States Danny Gillerman explains: "His agenda is interesting, especially the combination between his vigorous opposition to a state of halakha and his uncompromising condition of the formation of a national-unity government.There is a yearning for leadership, and this milieu is fed up with the parties and with religious coercion." Dalia Itzik has said “He represents the historic Mapai today.”

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Upon taking office as the Minister of Foreign Affairs, <mask> posed a clear message against application of provisions discussed at the Annapolis Conference. He noted that Israel must abide by the road map for peace  as a first phase for furtherance of the negotiations process as well as by the two accompanying Tenet and Zinni documents. <mask> quit Olmert government due to his opposition to the Annapolis Conference. <mask> followed his 1 April message with concerns that "[others] stand over us with a stopwatch" and that responsible and serious formulations of policy will take between one and two months. <mask>'s office stated in early April that peace talks would continue when Palestinian government officials cracked down on attacks against Israelis. <mask> and Netanyahu planned to broaden the Foreign Ministry PR campaign with regard to Iran, focusing on  abuse of human rights and sponsorship of terrorism.<mask> was questioned three times on


texts:
 charges of  corruption. In early May 2009, <mask> visited Rome, Paris, Prague, and other cities. He met with his Foreign Minister counterparts, such as Frank-Walter Steinmeier of Germany, and he also paid his respects at Berlin's Holocaust memorial, laying a wreath at the 19,000-square-meter monument. At a press conference in Italy, <mask> <mask> stated that the government's goal was not to produce slogans or make pompous declarations, but to reach concrete results. In his remarks at the 2013 Sderot Conference for Society, <mask> stated his support of multi-directional foreign policy. The weight of his statement came at a time when a preliminary deal between Israel and the US with Iran, which would partially freeze its rogue nuclear program, was in opposition. On 7 May, <mask> was appointed minister in charge of strategic dialogue with the U.S. On 17 June, he appeared in a joint press conference with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in his first official visit to the U.S. <mask> clashed with Clinton over  Israeli settlements.Financial Times described the meeting as "one of the most tense encounters between the sides for several years". Clinton also rejected <mask>'s assertion that the Bush administration had agreed to further building in the West Bank. In September 2009, <mask> toured Africa along with businessmen and officials from the Foreign Ministry, Finance Ministry, Defense Ministry, and National Security Council in an attempt to strengthen economic and trade ties and discuss the Iranian nuclear program. <mask> also sought to strengthen ties with countries in Eastern and Central Europe. In a 2011 interview, Netanyahu said that <mask> had opened important doors that had been closed to Israel before. Minister of Defense

In June 2016, <mask> was

masks: Lieberman Avigdor Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts:
 appointed Israel's Minister of Defense, as a result of his party joining the government coalition. <mask>'s first action as Defense Minister was to approve equal rights for the bereaving families of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender soldiers.<mask> <mask> issued an official document on behalf of the Defense Ministry in June 2016 declaring that the ministry "views same-sex and heterosexual families of fallen soldiers equally, and operates in accordance with this equality so that there is no difference in recognition and rights." In October 2018, he appointed Maj.-Gen. Aviv Kochavi, as the Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces. <mask> resigned on 14 November 2018 in protest of the ceasefire with Hamas. Views and opinions
<mask> believes the peace process is based on three false basic assumptions: that “Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the main cause of instability in the Middle East; that the conflict is territorial and not ideological; and that the establishment of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders will end the conflict." In late May 2004, <mask> unveiled the Lieberman Plan, proposing that the populations and territories of Israeli Jews and Arabs, including some Arab citizens of Israel, would be "separated". According to the plan, also known as the "Populated-Area Exchange Plan", Arab towns in Israel adjacent to Palestinian Authority areas would be transferred to Palestinian Authority, and only those Arab Israelis who migrated from the area to within Israel's new borders and pledged loyalty to Israel would be allowed to remain Israeli citizens. On 30 May 2004, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon condemned <mask>'s statements, stating "We regard Israeli Arabs as part of the State of Israel."On 4 June 2004, as the disputes over the up-coming

masks: Lieberman Avigdor Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts: disengagement plan grew more intense, Sharon dismissed <mask> from the cabinet. After the 2009 Israeli elections, <mask> said he changed his mind in recent years and decided to support the creation of a Palestinian state. He wrote in a letter to The Jewish Week that he "advocates the creation of a viable Palestinian state", and told The Washington Post that he would agree to the evacuation of Nokdim "if there really will be a two-state solution". He stated in the Knesset that "reality changes" and that his shift had occurred over the last few years. In his The Jewish Week article, <mask> tried to explain his party's "no loyalty – no citizenship" campaign by writing: "During Operation Cast Lead in Gaza, I was appalled by the calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and for renewed suicide bombings that some Israeli Arab leaders called for at pro-Hamas rallies. Although 'responsible citizenship' had always been part of our platform, I realized that this was a burning issue that had to take top priority." He stated his "responsible citizenship" platform and compared his position to the express policy of nations around the world, saying: "In the U.S., those requesting a Green Card must take an oath that they will fulfill the rights and duties of citizenship."On 5 January 2014, <mask> again brought up his plan, saying that he would not support any peace plan that did not include such "an exchange". He said that when he talks about it, he refers to the Triangle and Wadi Ara. <mask> supports Israeli membership in the European Union and NATO. He considers Iran a serious threat to Israel, but initially came out in favor of further political/economic sanctions and opposed a military strike, saying that he cannot imagine the implications of armed action.

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts: However, Haaretz later reported that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Defense Minister Ehud Barak persuaded <mask> to switch sides and support an attack. While his party is sometimes described by the news media as doctrinally secular and aiming to reduce the role of the rabbinical system in government, it actually supports the continuation of the role of Orthodox rabbinical courts, but wants more nationally minded religious people, rather than the ultra-orthodox, in charge. It does not advocate introducing civil marriage within Israeli law, but rather to find a solution to some of those who cannot marry under such laws.It does not advocate a separation of religion and state in Israeli society. In response to possible charges by the International Criminal Court, <mask> has called for the court to be defunded. <mask> <mask> advocates expansion of foreign relations with Azerbaijan due to the historical friendliness of Azerbaijanis towards Jewish minorities. <mask> said: "Even in the time of the Soviet Union, (Azerbaijan) was known to treat its Jewish community well, and there is no anti-Semitism there. We must continue strengthening our relations with Azerbaijan" Azerbaijan–Israel relations play strategically important role against a common adversary of both countries, Iran. Recently, <mask> Beiteinu and <mask> as right wing to far right or ultra-nationalist.However, in general, Israelis are divided on how to characterize <mask>'s politics. In a 2014 poll conducted in Israel, 62% saw <mask> as a national leader. Yisrael Beiteinu has shown support for a two-state solution and were also noted for a secularist approach upon leading new legislation for civil marriage in Israel as well as pushing for some relaxation in the conversion process. Several

masks: Lieberman Lieberman Avigdor Lieberman Lieberman Liebermanrael Lieberman Lieberman Lieberman


texts:
 commentators, however, noted that these positions do not coincide with the party's platform. These positions which are contradictory to the tradition of right wing politics in Israel had been explained by Gershom Gorenberg as that following the Six-Day War, opinions were split regarding the occupied territory, where being right-wing meant a position of holding onto the territory while being left-wing addressed a high level of willingness to give that territory away. He notes <mask> to not be a right-winger by those terms as he's talking about giving occupied lands as well as land from sovereign Israel. Controversies

Statements towards Arab members of Knesset
A polarizing figure within Israeli politics, <mask> is quoted as saying, "I've always been controversial because I offer new ideas.For me to be controversial, I think this is positive." <mask> has called to establish a border between Israel and the West Bank so that Israel would include large Jewish settlement blocs and the Palestinian state would include large Arab-Israeli population centers. He proposed that Israel's citizens should sign a loyalty oath or lose their right to vote. In November 2006, <mask>, who described Arab members of the Knesset that meet with Hamas as "terror collaborators", called for their execution: "World War II ended with the Nuremberg Trials. The heads of the Nazi regime, along with their collaborators, were executed. I hope this will be the fate of the collaborators in [the Knesset]." The comment was attacked as racist by Eitan Cabel, a Labor party representative, and Ahmad Tibi, leader of the Arab party Ta'al and one-time advisor to Yasser Arafat, who demanded that "a criminal investigation be initiated against <mask> for violating the law against incitement and


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 racism".Tibi strongly objected to <mask>'s ministerial appointment, describing him as "a racist and a fascist". Labour minister Ophir Pines-Paz, who resigned over <mask>'s appointment, echoed Tibi's remarks, saying that <mask> was tainted "by racist declarations and declarations that harm the democratic character of Israel". In remarks in the Knesset in March 2008, shortly after 6 March attack at Jerusalem's Mercaz HaRav yeshiva, <mask> commented that "yesterday's attack can not be disconnected from the Arab MKs incitement, which we hear daily in the Knesset." Directing his comments at Arab MKs whose comments <mask> describes as anti-Israel incitement, he added that "a new administration will be established and then we will take care of you." Statements about Egypt
In 1998, news reports stated that <mask> suggested the bombing of the Aswan Dam in retaliation for Egyptian support for Yasser Arafat. In 2001, reports stated that he told a group of ambassadors from the Former Soviet Union that if Egypt and Israel were ever to face off militarily again, that Israel could bomb the Aswan Dam. Since the signing of the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, which followed Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's historic visit to Israel, multiple Israeli heads of state have visited Egypt on numerous occasions.However, Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, visited Israel only once—for Yitzhak Rabin's funeral in 1995—and never participated in talks on Israeli soil. In 2008, while on the Knesset speaker's podium during its memorial for Rehavam Ze'evi, <mask> raised the issue and said, "Mubarak never agreed to come here as president. He wants to talk to us? Let him come here. He doesn't want to talk to us? He can go to hell." Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and President Shimon Peres


texts: immediately apologized to the Egyptians.<mask> accused the two of them of acting like "a battered wife". He explained his belief that the President and Prime Minister were wrong to ask forgiveness from Mubarak in that Egypt had provoked Israel just days earlier by identifying Israel as the enemy in a massive military exercise and that caricatures in the Egyptian media are akin to Nazi propaganda. After Netanyahu began his term as Prime Minister in March 2009, government aides met with Egyptian officials and told them that <mask>'s role should not be a reason for tension between the two countries. News reports had previously been issued claiming that Egypt would not work with the Netanyahu administration unless <mask> personally apologized. The administration labeled them "inaccurate and out of all proportion". On 9 April, Mubarak invited Netanyahu to meet with him personally in Sharm e-Sheikh. Unofficial channels for discussion were also reportedly being considered.During a meeting with Egyptian intelligence chief Omar Suleiman in April 2009, <mask> made an attempt at an apology, expressing "his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman". On 21 August, <mask> said that it is important for Israel to make sure that the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty is upheld, and not to remain silent as Egyptian military forces enter the Sinai. Concern was raised by Israeli officials over Egyptian failure to notify Israel about the deployment of tanks in the Sinai, which violates the peace treaty. <mask> said, "We must make sure that every detail is upheld, otherwise we'll find ourselves in a slippery slope as far as the peace treaty is concerned." As instability in

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 the Sinai continued into the next month, <mask> responded to calls to deploy more troops with "The problem in Sinai is not the size of the forces, it is their readiness to fight, to put pressure and to carry out the job as is needed." On 28 August, <mask> invited Egyptian President Morsi to visit Israel, after being encouraged by Morsi'is statements in late August that the Israel-Egypt peace treaty was secure. <mask> said, "We certainly hope to see Morsi hosting official Israeli representatives soon; we want to see him giving interviews to Israeli media; we want to see him in Jerusalem as President (Shimon) Peres' guest."Statements about Palestinians
Following a series of terror attacks on Israeli civilians perpetrated by Palestinian militants during a three-day period in March 2002, <mask> proposed issuing an ultimatum to the Palestinian National Authority to halt all militant activity or face wide-ranging attacks. He said, "if it were up to me I would notify the Palestinian Authority that tomorrow at ten in the morning we would bomb all their places of business in Ramallah, for example." This led then Foreign Minister Shimon Peres to respond that excessive military measures could lead to accusations of war crimes and that the Israeli administration must not "escalate the situation". In July 2003, reacting to a commitment made by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to the US, where amnesty could be given to approximately 350 Palestinian prisoners including members of Hamas and Islamic Jihad, <mask> rejected a chance to participate in the related committee and said "It would be better to drown these prisoners in the Dead Sea if possible, since that's the lowest point in the world," <mask> continued, according to Galei Tzahal ('Israel Army Radio'), by


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 stating his willingness, as Minister of Transport, to supply buses to take the prisoners there. <mask>'s suggestion also led to confrontation between <mask> and Arab-Israeli MKs Ahmed Tibi (Hadash-Ta'al), Jamal Zahalka (Balad), Taleb el-Sana, Abdelmalek Dahamsha (United Arab List) as well as then opposition leader Shimon Peres. In January 2009, during the Gaza War, <mask> argued that Israel "must continue to fight Hamas just like the United States did with the Japanese in World War II. Then, too, the occupation of the country was unnecessary."This threat has been interpreted by some media commentators, including Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, as an allusion to Hiroshima and Nagasaki and as advocacy for a nuclear strike on Gaza. In January 2014, according to Haaretz, <mask> would not support any peace agreement that did not include the exchange of Israeli Arab land and population. <mask> stated: "I will not support any peace deal that will allow the return of even one Palestinian refugee to Israel." On 8 March 2015 he stated at a conference in Herzliya:
'Whoever is with us should get everything. Whoever is against us, there’s nothing else to do. We have to lift up an axe and remove his head, otherwise we won’t survive here. There is no reason that Umm al-Fahm will be part of Israel.'This was interpreted by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) as meaning that Israeli Arab citizens who betray or oppose the Jewish state should be beheaded. However, <mask> supports a territorial partition of Israel, whereby Israel would cut off Arab-Israeli areas and transfer them to a future Palestinian state. In April 2018, <mask> said: "You have to understand, there are no innocent people in the Gaza Strip. Everyone has a connection to Hamas. Everyone


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 receives a salary from Hamas. Those who are trying to challenge us at the border and breach it belong to Hamas's military wing." Conflict with Mossad
In 2011, <mask> became the first Foreign Minister to sever ties with the Mossad.<mask> ordered the foreign ministry to sever ties with the Mossad, and suggested to stop sharing information and to stop inviting Mossad officials to discussions and meetings. This was after <mask> said the Mossad has not followed the normal procedures. Relations with Russia

After the 2011 Duma election, in which Russian President Vladimir Putin's party United Russia won, <mask> was the first international politician to describe them as "absolutely fair, free and democratic". Putin has described <mask>'s own political career as "brilliant". <mask>'s pro-Russian stance and perceived friendly relations with Putin have also drawn criticism from other Israelis. <mask> and his party have approved the Russian absorption of Crimea. While defense minister, he told Russian media during an interview in May 2018, that he did not agree with the West's disapproval of Russia's actions in Syria or with Western sanctions against Russia.Controversy also emerged when it was revealed that a chairman of <mask>'s party, Leon Litinetski, was also employed by the Russian government, as a chairman of the Coordinating Council of Russian Compatriots, a position appointed by the Kremlin. Investigations and allegations

Conviction for assault
On 24 September 2001, <mask> acknowledged in the Jerusalem District Court that he hit a twelve-year-old youth from Tekoa, who had hit his son. The incident occurred in December 1999 in the Nokdim settlement. After his son was beaten by a group of children, <mask> located one of the boys in a trailer and hit him in

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 the face. After the boy fell and was injured, <mask> grabbed him by the shirt-collar and arm, took him back to his home in Tekoa and threatened that he would attack him again if he returned to Nokdim. He was charged with assaulting and threatening him. <mask> confessed to the crime and plead guilty as part of a plea bargain.The judge ultimately ruled that <mask> must pay the child a compensation of 10,000 shekels, and an additional fine of 7,500 shekels. Corruption investigation and trial
Some of <mask>'s connections with local and foreign businessmen were under police investigation. <mask> allegedly received millions of shekels from various entrepreneurs while serving as member of Knesset; under Israeli law, MKs are not allowed to receive any payment beyond their salary. One claim was that Michael Cherney paid a company called Path to the East large amounts of money between the years 1999 and 2006, and that these sums were then allegedly passed on to <mask> as a bribe. Other allegations concern a company called M.L.1, founded by <mask>'s daughter Michal when she was 21. These allegations concern money transferred to M.L.1 from unknown sources outside Israel; the money was later allegedly used for paying salaries to Avigdor and Michal <mask>. <mask> was also under investigation for receiving a bribe from Austrian-Jewish businessman Martin Schlaff.<mask> denied all allegations of wrongdoing in these cases, and claims that the police are conspiring against him. In particular, he has pointed to the proximity of his investigation to the 2009 Israeli elections and said that such investigations are "part of my routine before every parliamentary election." Allegations of bias on the part of the police have also been reported in Arutz Sheva, which reported that


texts: the investigation, which had been "ongoing for years, suddenly became active again once [<mask>] left the government" in January 2008. On 2 April 2009, <mask> was questioned by police on suspicion of corruption for at least seven hours at the national squad headquarters in central Israel. It was part of an ongoing investigation examining his business dealings. <mask> denied all allegations. He claimed the investigation has been dragged out, and had filed a petition to the court requesting a speedy process.On 24 May 2010 the Israel Police recommended <mask>'s indictment for breach of trust, regarding the suspected receipt of classified information concerning ongoing criminal investigations into his activities. Former ambassador to Belarus, Ze'ev Ben Aryeh was also recommended for indictment. On 13 April 2011, the State Prosecutor's Office announced that it had decided to charge <mask> with fraud, money laundering, breach of trust and witness tampering. The pre-indictment hearing was set for 17–18 January 2012. On 13 December 2012, a CNN breaking news blog post stated that the Israeli Justice Ministry had decided to only charge him with breach of trust and fraud, and not the more serious witness tampering and money laundering corruption charges. on 14 December 2012, <mask> announced that he was removing his immunity and resigned as Foreign Minister. <mask>'s trial before the Jerusalem Magistrate's Court began on 17 February 2013 and ended on 6 November 2013 with an acquittal.The three judges voted unanimously to acquit him. In the verdict, they wrote that while <mask> had acted improperly in failing to inform the Foreign Ministry of his past dealings with Ben Aryeh, he was not guilty of criminal activity, as he had not been aware of the seriousness of the

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 circumstances, and his appointment of Ben Aryeh had not been a promotion. <mask> returned to his position as Foreign Minister on 11 November 2013, after the Israeli cabinet had approved his re-appointment to the office the previous day. References

External links

Articles
 'I'm a Realist' Joshua Hammer essay on <mask> from The New York Review of Books
 Official website of Yisrael Beiteinu

1958 births
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Israeli government officials convicted of crimes
Israeli people of Moldovan-Jewish descent
Israeli settlers
Jewish Israeli politicians
Leaders of political parties in Israel
Likud politicians
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)
Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)
Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–present)
Ministers of Defense of Israel
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Israel
Ministers of Finance of Israel
Moldovan emigrants to Israel
Moldovan Jews
People convicted of assault
Politicians from Chișinău
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Soviet Jews
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
20th-century Israeli military personnel
Ministers of Transport of

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<mask> (born 9 August 1981) is an association footballer from Zimbabwe. Sweswe is a defender, primarily operating as a centre back, and has played for nine different clubs as well as the Zimbabwe national football team. He is currently playing for Bidvest Wits in South Africa. Sweswe is right-footed. Club career

Early career

Born in Gweru in central Zimbabwe, Sweswe began his career in 2001 with CAPS United, a club based in the country's capital. He made twenty-two appearances for the team, scoring once. In 2002, he moved on to another Harare-based club, Sporting Lions FC.Despite only staying at the club for two years, Sweswe racked up sixty-one appearances for Lions. In 2004 the defender moved on again, this time to Real United in Division 1, making seven appearances and scoring only his second goal in senior football while at the club. Same year in 2004, he joined Highlanders FC, based in Bulawayo, his fourth club in as many years. Played for only three months at the club and was signed by Manning Rangers fc in South Africa after a very good performance, his arrival at the club coincided with a lack of success for Highlanders. They had previously qualified for every CAF Champions League tournament since 2000, and won the Zimbabwe Charity Shield in 2005, but failed to win any silverware during <mask>' stay in Bulawayo. He played twelve games for Highlanders FC. 2005–2009

Sweswe joined South African club Manning Rangers in 2004–2005, moving to a foreign club for the first time in his career and registering for Manning on 11 August 2004.He played eleven games for the club before moving back to Zimbabwe to play for Dynamos FC.

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Thomas Langu Sweswe
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 Sweswe stayed at Dynamos for just one season before moving on to another Zimbabwean club, Mwana Africa FC, with which he reached Confederations cup quarter-finals and lost to TP Mazembe and played all the games in that tournament captaining the side. He played for Mwana in 2006 and 2007, as the club finished in third  and sixteenth positions. After Mwana were relegated in 2007, Sweswe returned to Dynamos FC, where he had played in 2005. Dynamos finished as Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League runners-up in 2008, two points off champions Monomotapa United. They also competed in the 2008 CAF Champions League, reaching the semi-finals before being knocked out by Cotonsport Garoua of Cameroon. Sweswe played in all of their thirteen Champions League games, including both semi-final legs.In 2009 Sweswe moved to Kaizer Chiefs In South Africa after he signed a three-year contract. Kaizer Chiefs

<mask> returned to South Africa in the 2009–10 season, signing for arguably the biggest club in his career, Kaizer Chiefs. He made his debut for the club in the 3–1 MTN 8 2009 victory on 4 August 2009. Chiefs finished in third place in <mask>'s first season with them with <mask> playing in twenty-eight of their thirty Premier Soccer League games. Chiefs slipped to fourth in 2010–11, but Sweswe only featured in nineteen of their games, missing the end of the season through injury. He wore the no. 3 shirt for the club.he was also part of the chiefs team which beat orlando pirates in league game n telkom cup final 3-1 and 3-0 starting all the games in front of 94,000 fans at fnb stadium. and also won many man of the matches awards and player of the

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 month awards at his club chiefs. Sweswe scored his first goal for Kaizer Chiefs and the first Premier Soccer League goal of his career with a header in a 1–0 win over Mamelodi Sundowns on 4 December 2011. After the 2011–12 season, he was deemed surplus to requirements at Chiefs after the signing of fellow defenders Siboniso Gaxa and Morgan Gould. Sweswe's final league appearance for Kaizer Chiefs came in a 0–0 draw with AmaZulu on 20 December 2011. At chiefs in 2011-12 season he played about 17 till halfway then he got injured till his contract expired in June had a successful operation on his knee as was witnessed in the next season when he joined Bidvest Wits and went on to feature in 22 league games. Bidvest Wits

On 27 June 2012, it was announced that Sweswe had signed a two-year contract with Bidvest Wits.Prior to joining Bidvest, the defender held talks with fellow Premier Soccer League club Black Leopards but the deal eventually fell through. Upon joining Bidvest Wits, Sweswe was reunited with former Kaizer Chiefs teammate Tinashe Nengomasha, and he cited this, combined with the fact that he would be joining another Johannesburg-based club, as two of the main reasons for joining the Clever Boys: he told The Herald " I am happy that I have signed with a Johannesburg club. I am at home here in Johannesburg and I aim to continue working hard, as I have always done, to help my new club win trophies. It also feels good that I will be playing with Tinashe...I believe we make a good team." He played full season at Bidvest Wits and played for about 28 games in his 1st season. In 2013–14 season he was granted with SA permanent


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 resident and was registered as a local player but never played any official games because of injuries. In September 2012 Sweswe was ruled out for two weeks after a collision with teammate Aaron Mokoena sustained in training left the defender with deep cuts to his mouth.International career

Sweswe played for Zimbabwe at the 2007 Merdeka Tournament held in Malaysia. He scored a spectacular goal in the 4–2 loss to Singapore in Zimbabwe's opening match on 21 August 2007 from just past the half-way line. The Warriors were eventually knocked out by Myanmar in the semi-finals. They played in the Cosafa tournament in Mozambique, losing in the finals to Mozambique on penalties. 2010

Sweswe played in two of Zimbabwe's 2012 African Cup of Nations qualifiers, a 1–1 draw with Liberia on 5 September and a 0–0 stalemate with Cape Verde Islands on 10 October. He also made appearances in two friendly matches, playing the final five minutes of the 3–0 loss to Brazil on 2 June in his first game back after injury, before helping his country to a 3–1 win over Mozambique in November. 2011

The defender played in Zimbabwe's 1–0 defeat to Mali on 26 March in an 2012 African Cup of Nations qualifier.He made his second appearance of 2011 in the return fixture against Mali, on 5 June, which Zimbabwe won 2–1. References

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gweru
Zimbabwean footballers
Zimbabwe international footballers
Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa
Expatriate soccer players in South Africa
CAPS United players
Association football defenders
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
Bidvest Wits F.C. players
Manning Rangers F.C. players
Highlanders F.C.


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<mask>  (June 30, 1930 – June 27, 1998) was a Canadian experimental filmmaker and mixed media artist. Wieland found success as a painter when she began her career in Toronto in the 1950s. In 1962, Wieland moved to New York City and expanded her career as an artist by including new materials and mixed media work. During that time, she also rose to prominence as an experimental filmmaker and soon, institutions such as the Museum of Modern Art in New York were showing her films. In 1971, Wieland's True Patriot Love exhibition was the first solo exhibition by a living Canadian female artist at the National Gallery of Canada. In 1982, Wieland received the honour of the Order of Canada and in 1987, she was awarded the Toronto Arts Foundation's Visual Arts Award. She was also a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.Biography

Early life and education
Wieland was born on June 30, 1930 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to British immigrant parents. She was the daughter of Sydney Arthur Wieland and Rosetta Amelia Watson. Wieland's father died from heart disease in 1937, and her mother followed soon after, leaving three children in financially difficult circumstances. <mask>'s aptitude for art was first expressed during her youth, when she made many drawings and comic books. As a teenager, she attended Central Technical School, where she studied commercial art and graphic design. Wieland first  enrolled in dress design and hoped it would help her land a job since she thought art would not be financially rewarding. However, at Central Tech, she met Doris McCarthy who taught at the school.McCarthy's artistic identity inspired Wieland to pursue her own. She saw potential in Wieland and convinced her to transfer into the art department. Career
After graduating in 1948, Wieland held various jobs as a graphic designer. Wieland's first job was with E.S. & A.

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texts: Robinson in design packaging, followed by work as a designer at Planned Sales. While working for these agencies, Wieland interacted with many artists and fellow alumni from Central Tech and the Ontario College of Art. During this time, she also kept focusing on her art but wasn't confident in showing off her work yet.In the early 1950s, <mask>'s interest in art films grew and she started attending the Toronto Film Society screenings where she was introduced to the works of filmmakers such as Maya Deren, who later influenced her own films. In 1953, Wieland joined Graphic Associates, an animation studio where she learned techniques she would later apply in her own films. She had her first solo exhibition in 1960 at the Isaacs Gallery in Toronto, making her the only woman that the prestigious gallery represented and earning her greater recognition for her work. She moved to New York in 1962 and throughout the decade produced most of her experimental films. One of these films is Rat Life and Diet in North America (1968), which presents animals as its main characters. The film is a metaphor for revolution and escape, where cats are the oppressors and the gerbils are the oppressed. The gerbils represent political prisoners in the United States who make their way to freedom in Canada.Rat Life and Diet in North America is an example of how <mask>'s concern with political issues, nationalism, symbols, and myths was represented aesthetically through her works. <mask>'s self-identification as a feminist in an era of second wave of feminism also manifested itself through aesthetic means and played an important part in her career as an artist. However, her visual-art practice's popularity remained confined within Canada. <mask> returned to Toronto in 1971. She said she could not make art anymore in America due to its ideological orientation. Her 1976 film, The

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 Far Shore, had had "devastating appraisals and dismal box office receipts". Following this, her next project—a dramatization of Margaret Laurence's iconic 1974 novel The Diviners — did not get off the ground.In 1987 a retrospective of her work at the Art Gallery of Ontario presented a critical overview of both her visual art practice and her experimental films. Work
<mask> was a central figure in Canadian art during the 1960s and 1970s. Though, she began her career as a painter, her work came to explore a wide range of materials and media, including film. The 1960s were a productive time for Wieland, as she responded to the contemporary artistic trends of Pop art and Conceptual art. Joanne Sloane maintains in <mask>ieland: Life & Work that her encounters with these influences "were always original and idiosyncratic." Sloane identifies the several consistent bodies of Wieland's work that emerged throughout the 1960s as: "quasi-abstract paintings that reveal messages, signs, or erotic drawings; collages and sculptural assemblages; filmic paintings; disaster paintings; plastic film-assemblages; quilts and other fabric-based objects; and language-based works." Her art was often infused with humour, even as it engaged with issues of war, gender, ecology, and nationalism.Internationally, <mask> is best known as an experimental feminist filmmaker. Her works introduced physical manipulation of the filmstrip that inscribed an explicitly female craft tradition into her films while also playing with the facticity of photographed images. Wieland's output was small but received considerable attention in comparison to other female avant-garde filmmakers of her time. In the 1980s, Wieland focused again on painting, though her representation of the natural environment became less identifiably Canadian and her themes simply ones of nature, love and life. Personal

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 life
In 1956, Wieland married filmmaker Michael Snow, whom she had met through her job at the animation studio. They remained married for over twenty years until their divorce in 1976. In 1962, Wieland and Snow moved to New York where they lived until 1971.After she moved back to Toronto in 1971, Wieland maintained a studio practice there until her death on June 27, 1998 from Alzheimer's disease, aged 67. Filmography

Films about <mask>and
 Artist on Fire (Canada, 1987), directed by Kay Armatage

Visual art
 Untitled (Young Couple) (c.1959) (National Gallery of Canada)
 The Lovers No.23 (1961) (National Gallery of Canada)
 Red Fall (1962) (National Gallery of Canada)
 Boat (Homage to D.W. Griffith) (1963) (Private Collection)
 Boat Tragedy (1964) (Art Gallery of Ontario)
 This piece includes a multi-framed painting of a sinking sailboat. Variations on this work include sinking boats, ocean liners, and plane crashes. The Camera's Eyes (1966) (Art Gallery of Hamilton)
 Man Has Reached Out and Touched the Tranquil Moon (1970) (National Gallery of Canada)
 Barren Ground Caribou (1978) (Spadina Subway Station TTC)
 The Birth of Perception (1981) (National Gallery of Canada)

Influences on other work
In 2014, the focus of artist Mark Clintberg's Fogo Island residency was a quilted response to Wieland's work Reason Over Passion. The original work, made in both English and French, was inspired by the motto of the then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau. The quilt was infamously torn apart by his wife, Margaret Trudeau, in a fit of rage at his cold logic during an argument. In her autobiography Beyond Reason (1979), Trudeau narrates that encounter:

Clintberg's response, sewn in collaboration with the Wind and Waves Artisans' Guild, turns Wieland's work on its head, formally and literally as each piece of the quilt is stitched "wrong"-side up exposing


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 its soft-coloured underbelly.Moreover in the figurative sense, his re-imagining renewed the need for passion instead of reason that Margaret pleaded in her rage. Unlike <mask>'s quilts, which hung on the wall, Clintberg's quilts are placed on a random bed each night at the Fogo Island Inn. References

Further reading
Elder, Kathryn. The Films of <mask>and, Toronto: Cinematheque Ontario, 1999. Holmes-Moss, Kristy A. "Negotiating the Nation: 'Expanding' the Work of <mask>" Canadian Journal of Film Studies, vol. 15, no.2, pp 20–43

Nowell, Iris. A Life in Art, Toronto: ECW Press, 2001. Rabinovitz, Lauren. Points of Resistance. Women, Power & Politics in the New York Avant-garde Cinema, 1943-1971. Second edition. Urbana and Chicago: Univ.of Illinois Press, 2003. Sloan, Johanne. <mask>: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2014. Sloan, Johanne. <mask>'s the Far Shore (Canadian Cinema), Univ of Toronto Press, 2010. External links
  Installation views of <mask>’s “True Patriot Love” exhibition at the National Gallery of Canada, July 2 to August 8, 1971, Canadian Art online
 <mask> at the Canadian Women Film Directors Database
 <mask> fonds at the Clara Thomas Archives & Special Collections, York University Libraries, Toronto, Ontario
<mask>and fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

1930 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
20th-century Canadian women artists
Artists from Toronto
Canadian cinematographers
Canadian experimental filmmakers
Canadian mixed media artists
Canadian women cinematographers
Canadian conceptual artists
Women conceptual artists
Canadian women film directors
Canadian women painters
Neurological disease deaths in Ontario
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Film directors from Toronto
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Officers of the Order of Canada
Women experimental filmmakers
Canadian

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