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 Magazine, in New York City.She has worked with numerous Caribbean superstars such as Wyclef Jean, Sean Paul and Shaggy, producing cover shoots and conducting interviews with them, along with rising Caribbean sensations, to raise their global profile. Music career
In 2007, <mask> founded the music and media-marketing firm Fox Fuse and has represented artists like Pitbull, Lil Jon and Shaggy, over the years. Under <mask>se, she worked with Shaggy to launch his own record label Ranch Entertainment, on June 4, 2012. Meshing her TV experience with music, <mask> ventured into directing music videos. She directed dancehall artist Gyptian's music video for his hit single, "I Can Feel Your Pain." <mask> was the publicist for the 'Best of the Best Concert' in Miami in 2009 and 2010,  working with some of the biggest names in music including Diddy, Flo Rida, Rick Ross and Nicki Minaj. She served as the official spokesperson for the concert for those two years.From 2008-2010, <mask> served as the personal publicist for soca star Machel Montano and worked extensively with him to bring soca music to mainstream radio and media, and the global audience. She traveled extensively with him across the United States and Caribbean, especially in his home country of Trinidad and Tobago, to brand him in core and international territories. From 2010 to 2011, <mask> served as the Director of Publicity at VP Records and oversaw publicity for all the label's artists and projects, including Gyptian's breakout hit "Hold You," along with signature releases 'Reggae Gold' and 'Soca Gold' albums. In 2011, <mask> took on a partner at Fox Fuse, Zack Cohen, thereby expanding Fox Fuse, which has since evolved into a leading worldwide label for Caribbean music, with the first album released on February 21, 2012 by Trinidadian soca star, Farmer Nappy. Farmer Nappy credits

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 <mask> and <mask>se for expanding the reach of soca music globally. <mask> has continuously worked to bridge the gap between Caribbean music and the mainstream masses, through her work at Fox Fuse. In October 2012, <mask> was interviewed by The Jamaica Observer in an exposé on the future of reggae music and collaborated with hit producers Thomas Wesley Pentz AKA Diplo (DJ) and Shama Joseph AKA Sak Pase for the piece.In July 2015, <mask> was interviewed by Billboard in an article on the international success of pop star Rihanna and the ensuing growth of Caribbean music, especially in her homeland of Barbados. <mask> Fuse is cited in the piece as being the "world’s largest distributor of Cropover music." In August 2015, the Daily News (New York) stated that Fox Fuse "is currently the world’s largest music label for contemporary soca music." Acting career

<mask>’s first acting gig placed her on the set of the Rocawear 10th Anniversary commercial in August 2009, where she was directed by Spike Lee. She was cast as the principal in a regional TV promotion for cross-branding between iPod and Seinfeld for its syndication on FOX, appearing as the wacky, dancing Elaine character from Seinfeld. She also received print placement atop the national Yahoo.com homepage, appearing as a dentist in Yahoo’s top story. Additionally, <mask> gained priceless experience by working as a stand-in for the top Indian actresses in Hollywood, including Priyanka Chopra in Quantico (ABC),  Mindy Kaling in The Mindy Project (FOX), Archie Panjabi in The Good Wife (CBS), Sarita Choudhury in Blindspot (NBC) and Reshma Shetty in Royal Pains (USA).<mask> scored her first speaking role in the pilot of the ‘Untitled Wall Street Project,’ acting in a scene opposite Maggie Grace in the John Cusack-fronted drama series for CBS. She was handpicked by Martin Scorsese to be

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 featured in the final shot of his blockbuster flick The Wolf of Wall Street, where she was directed by the iconic director himself. She also had minor roles in Law & Order (NBC) and Made in Jersey (CBS), where the director liked her name and had it added to the script for her character’s name. <mask> is currently developing independent projects along with other upcoming talents and has several feature and short film projects currently in production. Filmography

Television

Philanthropy
On September 12, 2015, <mask> hosted the third annual Indo-Caribbean Alliance charity gala in Flushing, New York, a fundraiser to support community outreach and educational programs for the local Caribbean community in Queens, New York. Recognition
<mask> received The Rising Sun Award at the Caribbean Heritage Organization's 'Tribute to Hollywood & The Arts Gala' in Universal City, California on June 21, 2013. She was recognized as the emerging actor of Caribbean heritage for that year.In October 2013, she the cover story for GEM (Guyana Entertainment Magazine) for its  “Guyana’s 40 Under 40” edition, and has received coverage in all the national publications in her native country. She was featured in Guyana's top newspaper, Stabroek News, on the cover of its entertainment supplement The Scene, in September 2013. She was also featured on the cover of SYM Magazine in New York City, in 2012. In June 2012, she was won the Golden Arrowhead Award from Guyana during a ceremony hosted by the Guyana Consulate in New York City. She was also presented with a Proclamation from the City of New York for her contribution to the arts. In 2005, <mask> won the Telly Award in editing for a WXXA-TV sweeps promo on a news exposé on online pedophile stings. See also
 Indians in the New York City metropolitan region

References

1979 births
Living people
American people of

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<mask> (April 1, 1866 – July 30, 1948) was an American activist, Progressive Era social reformer, social scientist and innovator in higher education. She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in political science and economics then the J.D. at the University of Chicago, and she was the first woman to pass the Kentucky bar. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent her as a delegate to the 7th Pan-American Conference in Uruguay, making her the first woman to represent the U.S. government at an international conference. She led the process of creating the academic professional discipline and degree for social work. Background
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, <mask> "Nisba" <mask> was a member of the politically active and socially prominent Kentuckian elite, Desha family and Breckinridge family. She was the second child of seven of Issa <mask>, the second wife of Col. William C.P.<mask>, a member of Congress from Kentucky, editor and a lawyer. Her paternal grandfather was the abolitionist minister Robert Jefferson <mask>; her maternal grandfather was General Joseph Desha, a U.S. Representative and the ninth governor of Kentucky. Her great-grandfather was <mask>, the United States Attorney General. Her cousin, John C<mask>, was Vice President of the United States during James Buchanan's presidency, and ran against Abraham Lincoln in 1860 presidential election. At fourteen, she attended the Kentucky Agricultural & Mechanical College (later called the University of Kentucky) when it opened to women in 1880. She was not allowed to be degree-seeking, but she studied there for four years. Early life and education
<mask> graduated from Wellesley College in 1888 and worked for two years as a high school teacher in Washington, D.C., teaching mathematics.She traveled in Europe for the next two years returning to Lexington in 1892 when her mother suddenly died. She studied the legal system in her father's law office and in 1895 became the first woman to be admitted to the Kentucky bar. Since Breckinridge had few clients who would hire a woman lawyer, she left Kentucky to become a secretary to Marion

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 Talbot, the Dean of Women at the University of Chicago. She enrolled as a graduate student eventually receiving a Ph.M. degree in 1897, and a Ph.D. in political science and economics in 1901 from the University of Chicago. Her thesis for the Ph.M. degree was on "The Administration of Justice in Kentucky," and her Ph.D. in Political Science came in 1903 with her dissertation, "Legal Tender: A Study in English and American Monetary History."Meanwhile, she was appointed in 1902 as assistant dean of women of the university, and the next year she was hired as an instructor. In 1904, she became the first woman to graduate from the University of Chicago Law School. "My record there was not distinguished," she later wrote in her autobiography, "but the faculty and students were kind, and the fact that the law school, like the rest of the University...accepted men and women students on equal terms publicly". She also became the first woman to be admitted to the Order of the Coif, an honorary legal scholastic society. A news writer in Paris, Kentucky announced her achievement and gushed that Breckinridge, "is considered one of the most brilliant women in the South." Social scientist
As a social scientist, teaching and conducting research at the University of Chicago, Breckinridge focused on the intersection of the social problems, public policy and social reforms with an emphasis on immigrants, African Americans, child laborers, and working women in American urban centers, among other issues. From the beginning, she took an activist approach and became involved with the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), serving as a factory inspector.In 1907 she joined the Hull House project and began in earnest to work with the leaders of the Chicago settlement house movement, Jane Addams, Mary McDowell, and Margaret Dreier Robins on such issues as vocational training, housing, juvenile delinquency and truancy. <mask> also collaborated with Vassar College graduate and social reformer Julia Lathrop, and social gospel minister Graham Taylor (theologian), a founder of the settlement house Chicago Commons, to create


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 the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, becoming its first dean. By 1920, <mask> and Lathrop had convinced the Board of the School to merge it into the University of Chicago, forming the Graduate School of Social Service Administration. By 1927 the faculty of this new academic unit created the scholarly journal Social Service Review which remains the premier journal in the field of social work. <mask> and Edith Abbott were the founding editors, and <mask> worked on its publication every year until her death in 1948. By 1909, <mask> had become an assistant professor of social economy, and over ten years later, in 1920, she finally convinced her male colleagues of her research abilities and earned tenure as associate professor at the University of Chicago. From 1923 to 1929, she was also dean in the College of Arts, Literature and Science.She earned full professorship in 1925, and in 1929 she served as the dean of pre-professional social service students and Samuel Deutsch professor of public welfare administration until her retirement from the faculty in 1933. Personal life
When she came to the University of Chicago in 1895, Breckinridge formed a close relationship with the Dean of Women, Marion Talbot. Although she remained close to Talbot throughout her life, by the 1910s her primary relationship was with Edith Abbott. Breckinridge and Abbott worked together closely at the School of Social Service Administration. The pair also promoted social welfare policy. Great Depression and New Deal
Breckinridge and Abbott played an important role in designing, promoting, and implementing several New Deal programs, including the Social Security Act of 1935, which laid the groundwork for the modern welfare state. A lifelong advocate of maximum hour and minimum wage legislation, Breckinridge also helped promote the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.Important works

The Delinquent Child and the Home (1912)

The Delinquent Child and the Home was one of Breckinridge's first books. It was published in 1912 and looked specifically at crime, consequences, and criminal records of children in Chicago.

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 There are eleven chapters that explained the study and expected outcomes of children that lived in different settings in the city. The first chapter, "Discretion of the Inquiry" talked about children who were charged with crimes during this period, how the family unit had an impact, and how the courts of the time needed to make adjustments in its system when working with juveniles. "The Child of the Immigrant: The Problem of Adjustment" looked at the impact of children growing up in ethnic enclaves in Chicago in the early 1900s. Breckinridge alluded to examples of young people adjusting to life in the United States and their understanding of what it meant to live in America while living a different kind of life in the home that tied back to their own roots or their parents' cultures. "The Poor Child: The Problem of Poverty" discussed how poverty often is the reason for juvenile delinquency.Breckinridge said it was usually because they were engaging in activities in order to survive, help their families, or did not have a school to go to that may have helped in lessening delinquent activity. "The Child Without Play: The Problem of Neighborhood" specifically referred to Chicago's West Side in the early 1900s and explained how dense neighborhoods were often where the most crime occurs among children because of the lack of parks and space for children to roam freely. In "The Child from the Comfortable Home: The Problem of the Unmanageable", Breckinridge discussed in the final parts of her book about how there could be underlying problems from growing up. Though most of these children were from good homes and lived under authority, sometimes they were sent to boarding schools where they might be better disciplined. Breckinridge talked about how children from different classes were treated by explaining how children from families of higher social status were put in a boarding school while children from families of lower social classes usually faced court or were put in a state-mandated institution. The Modern Household (1912)

Written in 1912, The Modern Household analyzes the stereotypically


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 feminine role in the domestic and social spheres. For those women who worked, Breckinridge and Talbot point out, they would end up with double obligations because they would also have to maintain a house.The wife would also need to maintain certain household style that indicated a wealthier lifestyle. There are assumptions such as that every house would have, at least, a housekeeper and multiple children. Talbot and Breckinridge incorporate the legal angles, economic perspectives, and social roles. This book serves focus on guiding the smallest details, such as preparation food, as well as covering the larger issues like house income. The authors remark how the world is already changing with the influx of technology. At the end of each chapter, she has a list of questions for the reader to reflect upon. The language used in The Modern Household is more formal but very clear.New Homes for Old (1921)

In her book New Homes For Old, published in 1921, Breckinridge discusses various aspects of the immigrant experience when moving to the United States. She begins with the adjustment which these immigrants must undergo upon arrival and the process of finding a new home in an unfamiliar place. Breckinridge then transitions to an analysis of the relationships within the immigrant family, detailing work situations, family structures, and certain living conditions. In the next section, she addresses taking care of the household, focusing on the responsibilities of the woman in a family. She follows with an explanation of the financial needs and difficulties faced by immigrants, including currency changes, special events, property ownership, the irregularity of income, and buying items such as furniture and clothing. Next is a discussion of the care of children, addressing issues such as school, parental authority, and dealings with the juvenile court. The next two sections address organizations and institutions which offer and provides aid to immigrants.While some of these organizations are focused on specific immigrant groups, others are more general and provide both support and education for varied


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 groups of immigrants. The final section of the book addresses the need for involvement of a social work agency for those immigrant families who have been unable to successfully adjust and are facing difficulties. Marriage and the Civic Rights of Women: separate domicil and independent citizenship (1931)

Published in 1931, the focus of Marriage and the Civic Rights of Women: separate domicil and independent citizenship is studying the effect of the Cable Acts on women born in other countries who, after moving to the United States, needed to prepare themselves for independent citizenship. The first section addresses a legal approach to the problem, concerning questions such as separate domicil (place of residence) for married women, their independent citizenship, and flaws in the citizenship legislation which the Cable Act had failed to correct. Also discussed is the situation of women born in other countries who, by marrying American citizens, forfeited their nationality of origin without acquiring American citizenship in addition to a summary of the movement to implement an International Convention dealing with this subject. In the second section a social interpretation of these issues is established, presenting a case study based on interviews with a considerable number of women and some men living in Chicago. This case study illustrates the attitude, the motivating forces and the problems of women born outside the United States who have succeeded in obtaining their papers and have become citizens, those who have tried to do so and have failed, and those who have not yet tried.Women in the Twentieth Century; A Study of Their Political, Social and Economic Activities (1933)

Women in the Twentieth Century; A Study of Their Political, Social and Economic Activities was published in 1933. Breckinridge's work shows her careful documentation of the social situations and cultural climates that produced various political, social, and economic interest groups. She provided the material in a clear, chronological manner with estimates of attendance to conferences and members, along with mission


texts: statements. From the beginning of the text, she demonstrates her observations by reflecting on the environment she lived in through her data collection. Breckinridge references other sociologists like Edith Abbott in her literature. In "Chapter II: The Nineties – An Introduction to the New Century," <mask> presents a detailed account of the beginning of women joining clubs. An example listed is the General Federation of Women's Clubs which was founded in 1890.This group had certain requirements that, in turn, restricted membership: "Article IV of the adopted constitution provided that clubs applying for membership in the General Federation must show that no sectarian or political test is required and that while distinctly humanitarian movements may be recognized, their chief purpose is not philanthropic or technical, but social, literary, artistic or scientific culture." The various groups formations begin with groups like The National American Woman Suffrage Association and the Women's Christian Associations but within the decade, there was also the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, National Association of Colored Women, and the National Congress of Mothers All of these eventually evolved to include occupational focuses National Woman's Trade Union League, Quota International, the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. She also focuses on the macro level as seen by "The Industrial Problem as it affects Women and Children." These business changes created legislation similar to current labor laws. For example, "no child under 14 years of age be employed in mill, factory, workshop, store, office, or laundry, and no boy under 16 years in mines" and required schools to provide education to the community. The trend of new groups emerging continued exponentially lead to a societal shift in understanding the social roles. Consequently, Breckinridge points out that the labor market has to change because up until this point, the majority of workers were men and their relationship had different connotations than with married women who wanted to


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 work.Overall, Women in the Twentieth Century demonstrates her progressive and scrutinizing lens through which she views the world. Additional works

Breckinridge extensively published on family, public welfare, and children:

 The Wage-earning Woman and the State: a reply to Miss Minnie Bronson (1910)
 Papers presented at the conferences held during the Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, The Child in the City (New York, Amo Press, 1970 - reprint of the 1912 edition)
 Truancy and Non-Attendance in the Chicago Schools: a study of the social aspects of the compulsory education and child labor legislation of Illinois (1917)
 Madeline McDowell <mask>: a Leader in the New South. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1921. Family Welfare Work in the Metropolitan Community: selected case records, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press (The University of Chicago Social Service Series) 1924. She lived in Hull House during her yearly vacations, as well as while teaching and conducting research at the University of Chicago. In collaboration with her colleague Edith Abbott, Breckinridge helped establish the Wendell Phillips Settlement House on the West Side (at 2009 Walnut Street) where African-American social workers were trained. It held a day nursery, a Boy Scout division, a division especially for women and girls, a large public meeting space, and served as a center for 25 different community groups.The settlement house was put under the supervision of the Chicago Urban League in 1918. She served as vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1911. When the women of Chicago gained limited voting rights in 1913, Breckinridge ran for alderman in Chicago on the Progressive ticket, however unsuccessfully. In 1915 she participated in the American delegation that attended the Women's Peace Congress at The Hague. There she served as a close associate and assistant for Jane Addams, who had served as chair of the Congress. Breckinridge spoke before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs in January 1916, along with other members of the Woman's Peace Party to lobby for a


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 joint resolution to establish a "commission for enduring peace." Organization involvement
 American Association of Schools of Social Work (president in 1934)
 American Association of Social Workers, AASW (charter member then president of the Chicago branch)
 American Political Science Association
 American Social Science Association
 American Sociological Society
 Hull House Association
 Illinois Child Labor Committee
 Illinois Citizens Political Action Committee
 Illinois Welfare Association
 Immigrant's Protective League (charter director then secretary of the board until 1942)
 Joint Committee for Vocational Training (co-founder in 1911)
 League of Women Voters
 National American Woman's Suffrage Association (served as vice president in 1911)
 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (founding member of Chicago branch)
 National Conference of Social Workers
 National Child Labor Committee
 National Consumers League
 National Probation Association
 National Urban League
 Phi Beta Kappa
 Urban League
 Vocational Supervision League
 Woman's City Club of Chicago (served as charter president)
 Woman's Peace Party (treasurer)
 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
 Women's Trade Union League

Death
Following her retirement from the faculty of the University of Chicago, Breckinridge continued to teach courses in public welfare until 1942.In Chicago, on July 30, 1948, <mask> <mask> died from a perforated ulcer and arteriosclerosis, aged 82. She is interred in Lexington (Kentucky) Cemetery in the Breckinridge family plot. Recognition
<mask> was the first woman U.S. representative to a high-level international conference,
the 1933 Montevideo Conference. In 1934, she was elected president of the American Association of Schools of Social Work, which later evolved into the Council on Social Work Education. <mask> was awarded honorary degrees by:
 Oberlin College in 1919,
 University of Kentucky in 1925,
 Tulane University in 1939, and
 University of Louisville in 1940. The University of Chicago housed undergraduate students in Breckinridge Hall, named after <mask>

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 Breckinridge, from 1968 to 2001, then again from 2003 to 2016, when it was finally closed. The one House to occupy Breckinridge Hall, known as Breckinridge House, now resides in the nearby dorm known as International House.Students celebrate Sophie Day in the early spring. <mask> is also a character in Sarah Schulman's 2009 novel The Mere Future. See also
 List of peace activists
 List of first women lawyers and judges in Kentucky

References

Further reading
 Barr, Nancy Ellen. A Profession for Women: Education, Social Service Administration, and Feminism in the Life of <mask> <mask>, 1866–1948. Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University, 1993. Bettis, Nicolle. Sophonisba Breckinridge, a Paper written for an undergraduate seminar, Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society, Webster University, St. Louis, Missouri.Coghlan, Cathy. <mask> <mask>: Social Work Pioneer and Progressive Era Reformer, an Essay written January 21, 1999, while a doctoral student at Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas. Day, Hollie. A Woman of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Sketch of Sophonisba P<mask>, an Essay written May 6, 2002, for a graduate seminar on Women in the Legal Profession at Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Jabour, Anya. <mask> <mask>: Championing Women's Activism in Modern America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2019.External links

Guide to the Sophonisba P. Breckinridge Papers 1905-1949 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1866 births
1948 deaths
American suffragists
Breckinridge family
Illinois Progressives (1912)
People from Chicago
People from Lexington, Kentucky
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Wellesley College alumni
American social reformers
20th-century American writers
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
20th-century American women writers
Progressive Era in the United States
Kentucky women in education
Kentucky women writers
Kentucky women activists
Educators from Illinois
19th-century American women lawyers
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century women

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<mask> (; 11 March 1922 – 26 December 1997) was a Greek-French philosopher, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst, author of The Imaginary Institution of Society, and co-founder of the Socialisme ou Barbarie group. His writings on autonomy and social institutions have been influential in both academic and activist circles. Biography

Early life in Athens
<mask> (named after Saint <mask>nturion) was born on 11 March 1922 in Constantinople, the son of Kaisar ("Caesar") and Sophia Kastoriadis. His family had to move in July 1922 to Athens due to the Greek–Turkish population exchange. He developed an interest in politics after he came into contact with Marxist thought and philosophy at the age of 13. At the same time he began studying traditional philosophy after purchasing a copy of the book History of Philosophy (Ιστορία της Φιλοσοφίας, 1933, 2 vols.) by the historian of ideas .Sometime between 1932 and 1935, Maximiani Portas (later known as "Savitri Devi") was the French tutor of <mask>. During the same period, he attended the 8th Gymnasium of Athens in Kato Patisia, from which he graduated in 1937. His first active involvement in politics occurred during the Metaxas Regime (1937), when he joined the Athenian Communist Youth (Κομμουνιστική Νεολαία Αθήνας, Kommounistiki Neolaia Athinas), a section of the Young Communist League of Greece. In 1941 he joined the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), only to leave one year later in order to become an active Trotskyist. The latter action resulted in his persecution by both the Germans and the Communist

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 Party. In 1944 he wrote his first essays on social science and Max Weber, which he published in a magazine named Archive of Sociology and Ethics (Αρχείον Κοινωνιολογίας και Ηθικής, Archeion Koinoniologias kai Ithikis). <mask> heavily criticized the actions of the KKE during the December 1944 clashes between the communist-led ELAS on one side, and the Papandreou government aided by British troops on the other.In December 1945, three years after earning a bachelor's degree in law, economics and political science from the School of Law, Economics and Political Sciences of the University of Athens (where he met and collaborated with the Neo-Kantian intellectuals Konstantinos Despotopoulos, Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Konstantinos Tsatsos), he got aboard the RMS Mataroa, a New Zealand ocean liner, to go to Paris (where he remained permanently) to continue his studies under a scholarship offered by the French Institute of Athens. The same voyage—organized by Octave Merlier—also brought from Greece to France a number of other Greek writers, artists and intellectuals, including Constantine Andreou, Kostas Axelos, Georges Candilis, Costa Coulentianos, Emmanuel Kriaras, Adonis A. Kyrou, Kostas Papaïoannou, and Virgile Solomonidis. Paris and the Chaulieu–Montal Tendency
Once in Paris, <mask> joined the Trotskyist Parti Communiste Internationaliste (PCI). He and Claude Lefort constituted a Chaulieu–Montal Tendency in the French PCI in 1946. In 1948, they experienced their "final disenchantment with Trotskyism", leading them to break away to found the

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 libertarian socialist and councilist group and journal Socialisme ou Barbarie (S. ou B., 1949–1966), which included Jean-François Lyotard and Guy Debord as members for a while, and profoundly influenced the French intellectual left. <mask> had links with the group known as the Johnson–Forest Tendency until 1958. Also strongly influenced by <mask> and Socialisme ou Barbarie were the British group and journal Solidarity and Maurice Brinton.Early philosophical research
In the late 1940s, he started attending philosophical and sociological courses at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Paris (faculté des lettres de Paris), where among his teachers were Gaston Bachelard, the epistemologist René Poirier, the historian of philosophy Henri Bréhier (not to be confused with Émile Bréhier), Henri Gouhier, Jean Wahl, Gustave Guillaume, Albert Bayet, and Georges Davy. He submitted a proposal for a doctoral dissertation on mathematical logic to Poirier, but he eventually abandoned the project. The working title of his thesis was Introduction à la logique axiomatique (Introduction to Axiomatic Logic). Career as economist and distancing from Marxism
At the same time (starting in November 1948), he worked as an economist at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) until 1970, which was also the year when he obtained French citizenship. Consequently, his writings prior to that date were published pseudonymously, as "Pierre Chaulieu," "Paul Cardan," "Jean-Marc Coudray" etc. In his 1949 essay "The Relations of Production in Russia",


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 <mask> developed a critique of the supposed socialist character of the government of the Soviet Union. According to Castoriadis, the central claim of the Stalinist regime at the time was that the mode of production in Russia was socialist, but the mode of distribution was not yet a socialist one since the socialist edification in the country had not yet been completed.However, according to <mask>' analysis, since the mode of distribution of the social product is inseparable from the mode of production, the claim that one can have control over distribution while not having control over production is meaningless. <mask> was particularly influential in the turn of the intellectual left during the 1950s against the Soviet Union, because he argued that the Soviet Union was not a communist but rather a bureaucratic capitalist state, which contrasted with Western powers mostly by virtue of its centralized power apparatus. His work in the OECD substantially helped his analyses. In the latter years of Socialisme ou Barbarie, <mask> came to reject the Marxist theories of economics and of history, especially in an essay on "Modern Capitalism and Revolution", first published in Socialisme ou Barbarie in 1960–61 (first English translation in 1963 by Solidarity). <mask>' final Socialisme ou Barbarie essay was "Marxism and Revolutionary Theory", published in April 1964 – June 1965. There he concluded that a revolutionary Marxist must choose either to remain Marxist or to remain revolutionary. Psychoanalyst
When Jacques Lacan's disputes with the International

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 Psychoanalytical Association led to a split and the formation of the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP) in 1964, <mask> became a member (as a non-practitioner).In 1968 <mask> married Piera Aulagnier, a French psychoanalyst who had undergone psychoanalytic treatment under Jacques Lacan from 1955 until 1961. In 1969 <mask> and Aulagnier split from the EFP to join the Organisation psychanalytique de langue française (OPLF), the so-called "Quatrième Groupe", a psychoanalytic group that claims to follow principles and methods that have opened up a third way between Lacanianism and the standards of the International Psychoanalytical Association. <mask> began to practice analysis in 1973 (he had undergone analysis in the 1960s first with Irène Roubleff and then later with Michel Renard). Philosopher of history and ontologist
In 1967, <mask> submitted a proposal for a doctoral dissertation on the philosophy of history to Paul Ricœur (then at the University of Nanterre). An epistolary dialogue began between them but Ricœur's obligations to the University of Chicago in the 1970s were such that their collaboration was not feasible at the time. The subject of his thesis would be Le fondement imaginaire du social-historique (The Imaginary Foundations of the Social-Historical) (see below). In his 1975 work, L'Institution imaginaire de la société (Imaginary Institution of Society), and in Les carrefours du labyrinthe (Crossroads in the Labyrinth), published in 1978, <mask> began to develop his distinctive understanding of historical change as the emergence of

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 irrecoverable otherness that must always be socially instituted and named in order to be recognized.Otherness emerges in part from the activity of the psyche itself. Creating external social institutions that give stable form to what <mask> terms the (ontological) "magma of social significations" allows the psyche to create stable figures for the self, and to ignore the constant emergence of mental indeterminacy and alterity. For Castoriadis, self-examination, as in the ancient Greek tradition, could draw upon the resources of modern psychoanalysis. Autonomous individuals—the essence of an autonomous society—must continuously examine themselves and engage in critical reflection. He writes:
... psychoanalysis can and should make a basic contribution to a politics of autonomy. For, each person's self-understanding is a necessary condition for autonomy. One cannot have an autonomous society that would fail to turn back upon itself, that would not interrogate itself about its motives, its reasons for acting, its deep-seated [profondes] tendencies.Considered in concrete terms, however, society doesn't exist outside the individuals making it up. The self-reflective activity of an autonomous society depends essentially upon the self-reflective activity of the humans who form that society. <mask> was not calling for every individual to undergo psychoanalysis, per se. Rather, by reforming education and political systems, individuals would be increasingly capable of critical self- and social reflexion. He offers: "if psychoanalytic practice has a political


texts:
 meaning, it is solely to the extent that it tries, as far as it possibly can, to render the individual autonomous, that is to say, lucid concerning her desire and concerning reality, and responsible for her acts: holding herself accountable for what she does." Sovietologist
In his 1980 Facing the War text, he took the view that Russia had become the primary world military power. To sustain this, in the context of the visible economic inferiority of the Soviet Union in the civilian sector, he proposed that the society may no longer be dominated by the one-party state bureaucracy but by a "stratocracy"—a separate and dominant military sector with expansionist designs on the world.He further argued that this meant there was no internal class dynamic which could lead to social revolution within Russian society and that change could only occur through foreign intervention. Later life
In 1980, he joined the faculty of the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) as Directeur d'études (Director of Studies). He had been elected Directeur de recherche (Director of Research) in EHESS at the end of 1979 after submitting his previously published material in conjunction with a defense of his intellectual project of connecting the disciplines of history, sociology and economy through the concept of the social imaginary (see below). His teaching career at the EHESS lasted sixteen years. In 1980, he was also awarded his State doctorate from the University of Nanterre; the final title of his thesis under Ricœur (see above) was L'Élément imaginaire de


texts:
 l'histoire (The Imaginary Element in History). In 1984, <mask> and Aulagnier divorced. In 1989, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Social Sciences by Panteion University and in 1993 another one in Education Sciences by the Democritus University of Thrace.In 1992, he joined the libertarian socialist journal Society and Nature (established by Takis Fotopoulos) as a writer; the magazine also featured such writers as Murray Bookchin and Noam Chomsky. He died on 26 December 1997 from complications following heart surgery. He was survived by Zoe Christofidi (his wife at the time of his death), his daughter Sparta (by an earlier relationship with Jeanine "Rilka" Walter, "Comrade Victorine" in the Fourth International), and Kyveli, a younger daughter from his marriage with Zoe. Philosophy
Edgar Morin proposed that <mask>' work will be remembered for its remarkable continuity and coherence as well as for its extraordinary breadth which was "encyclopaedic" in the original Greek sense, for it offered us a paideia, or education, that brought full circle our cycle of otherwise compartmentalized knowledge in the arts and sciences. <mask> wrote essays on mathematics, physics, biology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, linguistics, society, economics, politics, philosophy, and art. One of <mask>' many important contributions to social theory was the idea that social change involves radical discontinuities that cannot be understood in terms of any determinate causes or presented as a sequence of events. Change emerges through the social imaginary without strict

masks: Castoriadis Castoriadis Castoriadis Castoriadis


texts:
 determinations, but in order to be socially recognized it must be instituted as revolution.Any knowledge of society and social change can exist only by referring to (or by positing) social imaginary significations. Thus, <mask> developed a conceptual framework where the sociological and philosophical category of the social imaginary has a central place and he offered an interpretation of modernity centered on the principal categories of social institutions and social imaginary significations; in his analysis, these categories are the product of the human faculties of the radical imagination and the social imaginary, the latter faculty being the collective dimension of the former. (According to <mask>, the sociological and philosophical category of the radical imaginary can be manifested only through the individual radical imagination and the social imaginary.) However, the social imaginary cannot be reduced or attributed to subjective imagination, since the individual is informed through an internalisation of social significations. He used traditional terms as much as possible, though consistently redefining them. Further, some of his terminology changed throughout the later part of his career, with the terms gaining greater consistency but breaking from their traditional meaning (thus creating neologisms). When reading Castoriadis, it is helpful to understand what he means by the terms he uses, since he does not redefine the terms in every piece where he employs them.Autonomy and heteronomy

The concept of autonomy was central to his early


texts: writings, and he continued to elaborate on its meaning, applications, and limits until his death, gaining him the title of "Philosopher of Autonomy." The word itself is Greek, where auto means "for/by itself" and nomos means "law." It refers to the condition of "self-institution" by which one creates their own laws, whether as an individual or as a whole society. And while every society creates their own institutions, only the members of autonomous societies are fully aware of the fact, and consider themselves to be the ultimate source of justice. In contrast, members of heteronomous societies (hetero- 'other') delegate this process to an authority outside of society, often attributing the source of their traditions to divine origins or, in modern times, to "historical necessity." Castoriadis then identified the need of societies not only to create but to legitimize their laws, to explain, in other words, why their laws are just. Most traditional societies did that through religion, claiming their laws were given by God or a mythical ancestor and therefore must be true.An exception to this rule is to be found in Ancient Greece, where the constellation of cities (poleis) that spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean, although not all democratic, showed strong signs of autonomy, and during its peak, Athens became fully aware of the fact as seen in Pericles' Funeral Oration. <mask> considered Greece, a topic that increasingly drew his attention, not as a blueprint to be copied but an experiment that could inspire a truly autonomous community, one


texts:
 that could legitimize its laws without assigning their source to a higher authority. The Greeks differed from other societies because they not only started as autonomous but maintained this ideal by challenging their laws on a constant basis while obeying them to the same degree (even to the extent of enforcing capital punishment), proving that autonomous societies can indeed exist. Regarding modern societies, <mask> notes that while religions have lost part of their normative function, their nature is still heteronomous, only that this time it has rational pretenses. Capitalism legitimizes itself through "reason," claiming that it makes "rational sense", but <mask> observed that all such efforts are ultimately tautological, in that they can only legitimize a system through the rules defined by the system itself. So just like the Old Testament claimed that "There is only one God, God," capitalism defines logic as the maximization of utility and minimization of costs, and then legitimizes itself based on its effectiveness to meet these criteria. Surprisingly, this definition of logic is also shared by Communism, which despite the fact it stands in seeming opposition, it is the product of the same imaginary, and uses the same concepts and categories to describe the world, principally in material terms and through the process of human labor.The imaginary
The term "imaginary" originates in the writings of the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan (see the Imaginary) and is strongly associated with <mask>' work. <mask> believed that for a given society,


texts: as we penetrate the layers of its culture deeper and deeper, we arrive at meanings that do not mean something other than themselves. They are, so to speak, "final meanings" that the society in question has imposed on the world, on itself. Because these meanings (manifestations of the "radical imaginary" in Castoriadian terminology) do not point to anything concrete, and because the logical categories needed to analyze them are derived from them, these meanings cannot be analysed rationally. They are arational (rather than irrational), and must therefore be acknowledged rather than comprehended in the common use of the term. <mask>' views on concept formation is in sharp contrast to that of postmodernists like Jacques Derrida, who explicitly denies the existence of concepts "in and off themselves". Radical imaginary is at the basis of cultures and accounts for their differences.In his seminal work The Imaginary Institution of Society, <mask> argues that societies are founded not as products of historical necessity, but as the result of a new and radical idea of the world, an idea that appears to spring fully formed and is practically irreducible. All cultural forms (laws and institutions, aesthetics and ritual) follow from this radical imaginary, and are not to be explained merely as products of material conditions. <mask> then is offering an "ontogenetic", or "emergentist" model of history, one that is apparently unpopular amongst modern historians, but can serve as a valuable critique of historical materialism. For example, <mask> believed that


texts: Ancient Greeks had an imaginary by which the world stems from Chaos, while in contrast, the Hebrews had an imaginary by which the world stems from the will of a rational entity, God or Yahweh in the Hebrew Bible. The former developed therefore a system of direct democracy where the laws were ever changing according to the people's will while the second a theocratic system according to which man is in an eternal quest to understand and enforce the will of God. Traditional societies had elaborate imaginaries, expressed through various creation myths, by which they explained how the world came to be and how it is sustained. Capitalism did away with this mythic imaginary by replacing it with what it claims to be pure reason (as examined above).That same imaginary is the foundation of its opposing ideology, Communism. By that measure he observes (first in his main criticism of Marxism, titled the Imaginary Institution of Society, and subsequently in a speech he gave at the Université catholique de Louvain on February 27, 1980) that these two systems are more closely related than was previously thought, since they share the same industrial revolution type imaginary: that of a rational society where man's welfare is materially measurable and infinitely improvable through the expansion of industries and advancements in science. In this respect Marx failed to understand that technology is not, as he claimed, the main drive of social change, since we have historical examples where societies possessing near identical technologies formed very different


texts:
 relations to them. An example given in the book is France and England during the industrial revolution with the second being much more liberal than the first. Similarly, in the issue of ecology he observes that the problems facing our environment are only present within the capitalist imaginary that values the continuous expansion of industries. Trying to solve it by changing or managing these industries better might fail, since it essentially acknowledges this imaginary as real, thus perpetuating the problem. <mask> also believed that the complex historical processes through which new imaginaries are born are not directly quantifiable by science.This is because it is through the imaginaries themselves that the categories upon which science is applied are created. In the second part of his Imaginary Institution of Society (titled "The Social Imaginary and the Institution"), he gives the example of set theory, which is at the basis of formal logic, which cannot function without having first defined the "elements" which are to be assigned to sets. This initial schema of separation (schéma de séparation, σχήμα του χωρισμού) of the world into distinct elements and categories therefore, precedes the application of (formal) logic and, consequently, science. Social constructionism
<mask> was a social constructionist and a moral relativist insofar as he held that the radical imaginary of each society was opaque to rational analysis. Since he believed that social norms and morals ultimately derive from a society's unique idea of the world, which emerges


texts:
 fully formed at a given moment in history and cannot be reduced further. From this he concluded that any criteria by which one could evaluate these morals objectively are also derived from the said imaginary, rendering this evaluation subjective. This does not mean that Castoriadis stopped believing in the value of social struggles for a better world, he simply thought that rationally proving their value is impossible.This however does not mean that <mask> believed there is no truth, but that truth is linked to the imaginary which is ultimately arational. In his book World in Fragments, which includes essays on science, he explicitly writes that "We have to understand that there is truth - and that it is to be made/to be done, that to attain [atteindre] it we have to create it, which means, first and foremost, to imagine it". He then quotes Blake who said "What is now proved was once only imagin'd". Chaos
The concept of Chaos, as found in Ancient Greek cosmogony, plays a significant role in <mask>' work, and is connected to the idea of the "imaginary". <mask> translates the Greek word "chaos" as nothingness. According to him, the core of the Greek imaginary was a world that came from Chaos rather than the will of God as described in Genesis. <mask> concludes that the Greeks' imaginary of a "world out of chaos" was what allowed them to create institutions such as democracy, because— if the world is created out of nothing— man can model it as he sees fit, without trying to conform to some divine law.He contrasted the Greek imaginary to the Biblical


texts:
 imaginary in which God is a "willing" (i.e. intentional) agent and man's position is to understand God's will and act according to it. The Ancient Greeks and the modern West

Castoriadis views the political organization of the ancient Greek cities (poleis) not as a model to imitate, rather as a source of inspiration towards an autonomous society. He rejects also the term city state used to describe Ancient Greek cities; for him the administration of Greek poleis was not that of a State in the modern sense of the term, since Greek poleis were self–administrated. The same goes for colonisation since the neighbouring Phoenicians, who had a similar expansion in the Mediterranean, were monarchical till their end. During this time of colonization, however, around the time of Homer's epic poems, we observe for the first time that the Greeks, instead of transferring their mother city's social system to the newly established colony, instead, for the first time in known history, legislate anew from the ground up. What also made the Greeks special was the fact that, following the above, they kept this system as a perpetual autonomy which led to direct democracy.This phenomenon of autonomy is again present in the emergence of the states of northern Italy during the Renaissance, again as a product of small independent merchants. He sees a tension in the modern West between, on the one hand, the potentials for autonomy and creativity and the proliferation of "open societies" and, on the other hand, the spirit-crushing force of capitalism. These are respectively


texts:
 characterized as the creative imaginary and the capitalist imaginary:
I think that we are at a crossing in the roads of history, history in the grand sense. One road already appears clearly laid out, at least in its general orientation. That's the road of the loss of meaning, of the repetition of empty forms, of conformism, apathy, irresponsibility, and cynicism at the same time as it is that of the tightening grip of the capitalist imaginary of unlimited expansion of "rational mastery," pseudorational pseudomastery, of an unlimited expansion of consumption for the sake of consumption, that is to say, for nothing, and of a technoscience that has become autonomized along its path and that is evidently involved in the domination of this capitalist imaginary. The other road should be opened: it is not at all laid out. It can be opened only through a social and political awakening, a resurgence of the project of individual and collective autonomy, that is to say, of the will to freedom.This would require an awakening of the imagination and of the creative imaginary. He argues that, in the last two centuries, ideas about autonomy again come to the fore: "This extraordinary profusion reaches a sort of pinnacle during the two centuries stretching between 1750 and 1950. This is a very specific period because of the very great density of cultural creation but also because of its very strong
subversiveness." Lasting influence
Castoriadis has influenced European (especially continental) thought in important ways. His interventions in sociological and


texts:
 political theory have resulted in some of the most well-known writing to emerge from the continent (especially in the figure of Jürgen Habermas, who often can be seen to be writing against Castoriadis). Hans Joas published a number of articles in American journals in order to highlight the importance of Castoriadis' work to a North American sociological audience, and Johann Pál Arnason has been of enduring importance both for his critical engagement with Castoriadis' thought and for his sustained efforts to introduce it to the English speaking public (especially during his editorship of the journal Thesis Eleven). In the last few years, there has been growing interest in <mask>'s thought, including the publication of two monographs authored by Arnason's former students: Jeff Klooger's Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy (Brill), and Suzi Adams's Castoriadis's Ontology: Being and Creation (Fordham University Press).Major publications
Original French
 Mai 68 : la brèche [The Breach], Fayard, 1968 (under the pseudonym Jean-Marc Coudray; co-authored with Edgar Morin and Claude Lefort)
 La Société bureaucratique [Bureaucratic Society] in two volumes: Les Rapports de production en Russie and La Révolution contre la bureaucratie, 1973
 L'Expérience du mouvement ouvrier [The Experience of the Labor Movement] in two volumes: Comment lutter and Prolétariat et organisation, 1974
 L'Institution imaginaire de la société [The Imaginary Institution of Society], Seuil, 1975
 Les Carrefours du labyrinthe [Crossroads in the Labyrinth], Volume I, 1978
 Le


texts:
 Contenu du socialisme [On the Content of Socialism], 1979—originally published in three parts in S. ou B. (July 1955; translated in PSW 1, pp. 290–307), S. ou B. (July 1957; translated in PSW 2, pp. 90–154), and S. ou B. (January 1958; translated in PSW 2, pp. La création humaine 1 [Subject and Truth in the Social-Historical World.Human Creation 1], 2002
 Ce qui fait la Grèce, 1. D'Homère à Héraclite. La création humaine 2 [What Makes Greece, 1. From Homer to Heraclitus. Human Creation 2], 2004
 Φιλοσοφία και επιστήμη. Ένας διάλογος με τον Γεώργιο Λ. Ευαγγελόπουλο [Philosophy and Science. A Discussion with Yorgos L. Evangelopoulos], Athens: Eurasia books, 2004,
 Une Société à la dérive, entretiens et débats 1974–1997 [A Society Adrift], 2005
 Post-scriptum sur l'insignifiance : entretiens avec Daniel Mermet ; suivi de dialogue [Postscript on Insignificance], 2007
 Fenêtre sur le chaos [Window on the Chaos] (compiled by Enrique Escobar, Myrto Gondicas, and Pascal Vernay), Seuil, 2007,  (<mask>' writings on modern art and aesthetics)
 Ce qui fait la Grèce, 2.La cité et les lois. La création humaine 3 [What Makes Greece, 2. The City and Laws. Human Creation 3], 2008
 L'Imaginaire comme tel [The Imaginary As Such], 2008
 Histoire et création : Textes philosophiques inédits, 1945–1967 [History and Creation: Unedited Philosophical Texts 1945–1967], 2009
 Ce qui fait la Grèce, 3. Thucydide, la force et le droit. La création humaine 4 [What Makes Greece, 3. Thucydides, Force and Right.Human Creation 4], 2011
 La Culture de l'égoïsme [The Culture of


texts:
 Egoism] (transcription of an interview that <mask> and Christopher Lasch gave to Michael Ignatieff in 1986; translated into French by Myrto Gondicas), Climats, 2012,  (interview about the topic of the retreat of individuals from public space into private matters)
 Écrits politiques 1945–1997 [Political Writings 1945–1997] (compiled by Myrto Gondicas, Enrique Escobar and Pascal Vernay), Éditions du Sandre:
 La Question du mouvement ouvrier [The Question of Workers' Movement] (vols. 1 and 2), 2012
 Quelle démocratie ? [What Democracy?] (vols. 3 and 4), 2013
 La Société bureaucratique [The Bureaucratic Society] (vol. 5), 2015
 Devant la guerre et autres écrits [Facing the War and Other Writings] (vol. 6), TBA
 Sur la dynamique du capitalisme et autres textes, suivi de l'impérialisme et la guerre [On the Dynamics of Capitalism and Other Texts Followed by Imperialism and War] (vol.7), TBA
 Dialogue sur l'histoire et l'imaginaire social [Dialogue on History and the Social Imaginary], 2016 (transcription of an interview that Castoriadis gave to Paul Ricœur)

Selected translations of works by Castoriadis
The Imaginary Institution of Society [IIS] (trans. Kathleen Blamey). MIT Press, Cambridge 1997 [1987]. 432 pp. . (pb.) The Castoriadis Reader [CR] (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis).Blackwell Publisher, Oxford 1997. 470 pp. . (pb.) World in Fragments: Writings on Politics, Society, Psychoanalysis, and the Imagination [WIF] (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 1997. 507 pp. .Political and Social Writings [PSW 1]. Volume 1:


texts:
 1946–1955. From the Critique of Bureaucracy to the Positive Content of Socialism (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1988. 348 pp. . Political and Social Writings [PSW 2].Volume 2: 1955–1960. From the Workers' Struggle Against Bureaucracy to Revolution in the Age of Modern Capitalism (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1988. 363 pp. . Political and Social Writings [PSW 3]. Volume 3: 1961–1979.Recommencing the Revolution: From Socialism to the Autonomous Society (ed./trans. David Ames Curtis). University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1992. 405 pp. .
Modern Capitalism and Revolution [MCR] (trans. Maurice Brinton), London: Solidarity, 1965 (including an introduction and additional English material by Brinton; the second English edition was published by Solidarity in 1974, with a new introduction by <mask>)
Philosophy, Politics, Autonomy. Essays in Political Philosophy [PPA] (ed. David Ames Curtis).Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford 1991. 306 pp. .
Crossroads in the Labyrinth [CL] (trans. M. H. Ryle/K. Soper). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1984. 345 pp. On Plato's Statesman [OPS] (trans.David Ames Curtis). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 2002. 227 pp. "The Crisis of Western Societies." TELOS 53 (Fall 1982). New York: Telos Press. Figures of the Thinkable [FT B] (trans.Helen Arnold). Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA 2007. 304 pp. (Also trans. anon. February 2005: <http://www.notbored.org/FTPK.pdf> [FT A].) A Society Adrift.Interviews and Debates, 1974–1997


texts:
 [SA] (trans. Helen Arnold). Fordham University Press, New York 2010. 259 pp. (Also trans. anon. October 2010: A Society Adrift: More Interviews and Discussions on The Rising Tide of Insignificancy, Including Revolutionary Perspectives Today.Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. <http://www.notbored.org/ASA.pdf>.) "The Dilapidation of the West: An Interview with <mask>" (trans. David Ames Curtis), Thesis Eleven, May 1995, 41(1): 94–114. "Psychoanalysis and Politics", in: Sonu Shamdasani and Michael Münchow (eds. ), Speculations After Freud: Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, and Culture, Routledge, 1994, pp. 1–12 (also in: World in Fragments, 1997, pp.125–136)
Postscript on Insignificance: Dialogues with <mask> [PI B] (ed./trans. Gabriel Rockhill and John V. Garner). Continuum, London  2011. 160 pp. . (hb.) (Also trans. anon.March 2011: Postscript on Insignificancy, including More Interviews and Discussions on the Rising Tide of Insignificancy, followed by Five Dialogues, Four Portraits and Two Book Reviews [PI A]. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. <http://www.notbored.org/PSRTI.pdf>.) The Rising Tide of Insignificancy (The Big Sleep) [RTI]. Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: December 2003. <http://www.notbored.org/RTI.pdf>.Democracy and Relativism: A Debate [DR]. Translated from the French by John V. Garner. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. . Window on the Chaos, Including "How I Didn't Become a Musician" – Beta Version [WC].

masks:
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis


texts:
 Translated from the French and edited anonymously as a public service. Electronic publication date: July 2015. <http://www.notbored.org/WoC.pdf>.See also

 Autopoiesis, a term inspired by <mask>' philosophy
 The French autonome movement
 Verstehen, <mask>' adopted methodology of studying social meaning
 Workers' council

Notes

References

Sources
François Dosse. Castoriadis. Une vie. Paris: La Découverte, 2014. .
Anthony Elliott. Critical Visions: New Directions in Social Theory. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. .
Christos Memos. Castoriadis and Critical Theory: Crisis, Critique and Radical Alternatives.Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. .
Alan D. Schrift. Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. .
Theofanis Tasis. Καστοριάδης. Μια φιλοσοφία της αυτονομίας [Castoriadis. A philosophy of autonomy]. Athens: Eurasia books.December 2007. .
Theofanis Tassis. <mask>. Disposition einer Philosophie. 2007. FU Dissertationen Online. Alexandros Schismenos. Η Ανθρώπινη Τρικυμία.Ψυχή και Αυτονομία στη Φιλοσοφία του Κορνήλιου Καστοριάδη [The Human Tempest. Psyche and Αutonomy in the Philosophy of <mask>]. Athens: Exarcheia, 2013. .

Further reading

Nelly Andrikopoulou. Το ταξίδι του Ματαρόα, 1945 [Mataroa's Voyage, 1945]. Athens: "Hestia" Printing House, 2007. .
Giorgio Baruchello and Ingerid S. Straume (eds.). Creation, Rationality and Autonomy: Essays on <mask>. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.2013. .
Maurice Brinton. For Workers' Power. Selected Writings (ed. David Goodway). Edinburgh/Oakland: AK Press, 2004. .
David Ames

masks:
Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis


texts:
 Curtis, "Socialism or Barbarism: The Alternative Presented in the Work of <mask>." Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales, 86 (December 1989): 293–322. <https://www.academia.edu/13495706/Socialism_or_Barbarism_The_Alternative_Presented_in_the_Work_of_<mask>>.Dimitris Eleas. Ιδιωτικός Κορνήλιος: Προσωπική Μαρτυρία για τον Καστοριάδη [Private <mask>: Personal Testimony about Castoriadis]. Athens: Angelakis, July 2014. .
Andrea Gabler. Antizipierte Autonomie. Zur Theorie und Praxis der Gruppe "Socialisme ou Barbarie" (1949–1967). Hanover: Offizin Verlag, 2009. .
Jürgen Habermas. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: "Excursus on Castoriadis: The Imaginary Institution."Polity Press, 1990, pp. 327–35. .
Axel Honneth. "Rescuing the Revolution with an Ontology: On <mask>' Theory of Society". In: The Fragmanted World of the Social. Essays in Social and Political Philosophy (ed. Charles Wright), SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 168–183. .
Hans Joas.Pragmatism and Social Theory. University of Chicago Press, 1993, pp. 154–171. Vrasidas Karalis (ed.). <mask> and Radical Democracy. Brill, 2009. .
Alexandros Kioupkiolis. Freedom After the Critique of Foundations: Marx, Liberalism, Castoriadis and Agonistic Autonomy.Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. .
Jeff Klooger. Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy. Brill, 2009. .
Yannis Ktenas and Alexandros Schismenos.(eds.) Η Σκέψη του Κορνήλιου Καστοριάδη και η Σημασία της για μας Σήμερα [The Thought of <mask> and its Significance for Us Today]. Athens: Eurasia books. 2018. .
Serge Latouche. <mask> ou l'autonomie radicale.Le Passager

masks:
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis


texts:
 Clandestin, 2014. .
Johann Michel. Ricoeur and the Post-Structuralists: Bourdieu, Derrida, Deleuze, Foucault, <mask>. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2014. .
Mathieu Noury. <mask>, sociologue ? Critique sociologique de l'ontologie de la création imaginaire sociale. Revue Aspects Sociologiques, 18(1), March 2011. Yorgos Oikonomou (ed.), Η Γένεση της Δημοκρατίας και η Σημερινή Κρίση [The Birth of Democracy and Contemporary Crisis]. Athens: Eurasia books. 2011. .
Mathieu Potte-Bonneville, "Risked democracy: Foucault, <mask> and the Greeks". Radical Philosophy 166 (March/April 2011). Jean-Louis Prat. Introduction à Castoriadis. Paris: La Découverte.2007. .
Richard Rorty. "Unger, <mask>, and the Romance of a National Future." Northwestern University Law Review, 82(2):335–51 (1988). Alexandros Schismenos and Nikos Ioannou. Μετά τον Καστοριάδη. Δρόμοι της Αυτονομίας στον 21ο Αιώνα. [After <mask>.Roads to Autonomy in the 21st Century]. Athens: Exarcheia, 2014. .

Schismenos, Alexandros. "Time in the ontology of <mask>." SOCRATES. 5(3 and 4):64–81 (April 2018). Alexandros Schismenos, Nikos Ioannou and Chris Spannos. <mask> and Autonomy in the Twenty First Century.London: Bloomsbury, 2021. .
Society of Friends of <mask>dis. Ψυχή, Λόγος, Πόλις [Psyche, Logos, Polis]. Athens: Ypsilon, 2007. .
Yannis Stavrakakis. The Lacanian Left: Psychoanalysis, Theory, Politics. Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 37–65. .
Yavor Tarinski. Short Introduction to the Political Legacy of <mask>.Athens: Aftoleksi, 2020. Thesis Eleven, Special Issue '<mask>', 49(1), May

masks:
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoria
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis


texts:
 1997. London: Sage Publications. ISSN 0725-5136. John B. Thompson. Studies in the Theory of Ideology. University of California Press, 1984, Chapter 1: "Ideology and the Social Imaginary.An Appraisal of <mask> and Lefort". .
Marcela Tovar-Restrepo, <mask>, Foucault, and Autonomy: New Approaches to Subjectivity, Society, and Social Change. Continuum International Publishing, 2012. .
Joel Whitebook. "Intersubjectivity and the Monadic Core of the Psyche: Habermas and Castoriadis on the Unconscious". In: Maurizio Passerin d'Entrèves and Seyla Benhabib (eds. ), Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity: Critical Essays on The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. MIT Press, 1997, pp. 172–193. .External links

Overviews

Interviews
Videotaped interview with Chris Marker
 (with English subtitles)
 (The files and documents kept at the Inathèque de France can be consulted at the consultation centre at the Bibliothèque nationale de France.) Obituaries; biographies
<mask> 1922–1997 at the libertarian communist website libcom.org, 27 September 2003
David Ames Curtis. "<mask>: An Obituary." Salmagundi, Spring–Summer 1998: 52–61. Reprinted as "<mask>: Philosopher of the Social Imagination." Free Associations, 7:3 (1999): 321–30. Available online: <http://www.agorainternational.org/about.html>.Symposium: <mask>, 1922–1997, obituaries and profiles by Axel Honneth, Edgar Morin, and Joel Whitebook, Radical Philosophy magazine, July/August 1998 (access restricted to subscribers)
"Obituary: Castoriadis and the democratic tradition" by Takis Fotopoulos,

masks:
Castoriadis
Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis
Cornelius Castoriadis


texts:
 Democracy & Nature, Vol. 4, No. Thesis Eleven, February 2004, 76(1), pp. 49–69
Suzi Adams, "<mask>' long journey through Nomos: Institution, creation, interpretation". Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 70 (June), 269–295 (2008)
Linda M.G. Zerilli (2002), "Castoriadis, Arendt, and the Problem of the New",
"The autonomy project and Inclusive Democracy: a critical review of Castoriadis' thought", by Takis Fotopoulos, The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, Vol. 4,


texts:
<mask>,  (24 July 1862 – 24 January 1931), known as <mask>, was a South African author, politician, mining financier and pioneer of the fruit industry. He authored the classic children's book, Jock of the Bushveld (1907). As a politician, he defended British Imperial interests before and during the Anglo-Boer War. FitzPatrick is responsible for the creation of the two minute silence observed on Armistice Day. Early life
<mask> was born in King William's Town, the eldest son of <mask>, who was a judge of the Supreme Court of the Cape Colony, and Jenny FitzGerald. Both were originally from Ireland. Two of <mask>'s other sons were killed in action – Thomas in the Matabele Rebellion and George in the Second Anglo-Boer War (serving on the British side with the Imperial Light Horse Regiment).Education
<mask> <mask> was first educated at Downside School near Bath, Somerset, and later at St. Aidan's College in Grahamstown. Career

After his father's death in 1880, <mask> <mask> (later self-selected <mask>) left college to support his mother and her family. After working for some time as a clerk in Cape Town's Standard Bank, he travelled to the Eastern Transvaal goldfields in 1884, where he worked as a storeman, prospector's assistant and journalist as well as an ox-wagon transport-rider from the former Lourenço Marques to Lydenburg and Barberton. He later became editor of the Gold Fields News in Barberton. An account of FitzPatrick's adventures during this time, Jock of the Bushveld, was published in 1907. He also authored The Transvaal from Within, which greatly influenced public opinion in Great Britain in the years

masks:
Sir James Percy FitzPatrick
Percy FitzPatrick
Percy FitzPatrick
James Coleman FitzPatrick
James Coleman FitzPatrick
James Percy
FitzPatrick
James Peter
FitzPatrick
Percy


texts: leading up to the Anglo-Boer War. It emphasised the grievances of mainly English-speaking Uitlander against the Boer government and advocated British intervention in the South African Republic (ZAR).In 1892 <mask> became the head of intelligence in the Johannesburg offices of Hermann Eckstein and Company (part of Wernher-Beit and Company). <mask> became the secretary of the Reform Committee in Johannesburg in 1895. The Committee conspired to overthrow Paul Kruger's South African Republic government from 1895 to 1896. <mask> also acted as go-between the Committee and Cecil Rhodes and Leander <mask> in Cape Town. On 29 December 1895, <mask> led a failed raid from the Bechuanaland Protectorate (modern-day Botswana) to aid the conspirators in Johannesburg, but was stopped at Doornkop on 2 January 1896. <mask> was charged with the others for high treason. Although sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a £2,000 fine, he was released in May 1896.At the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) <mask> helped to establish the Imperial Light Horse Regiment. Prevented by ill health from active service, he remained during the war in Britain as Official Adviser on South African Affairs to the British Government. <mask> was knighted in November 1902, and later appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. He served as one of eight Transvaal representatives in the National Convention of 1908–9, where four British colonies were consolidated into the Union of South Africa. He went on to serve as a member of the parliament of the Union of South Africa, and successfully defended his Pretoria

masks:
FitzPatrick
FitzPatrick
FitzPatrick
Starr Jameson
Jameson
FitzPatrick
FitzPatrick
Percy FitzPatrick


texts:
 seat in 1906 and 1910. <mask> and General J.B.M. Hertzog worked out the agreement that recognised English and Dutch as the official languages of the Union.FitzPatrick kept wild animals that he brought back to Johannesburg after hunting trips at what now is Zoo Lake. Some of these animals formed the first stock of the Johannesburg Zoo. He also helped establish citrus farming in South Africa. Two-minute silence on Armistice Day

On 27 October 1919, a suggestion from Fitzpatrick for a moment of silence to be observed annually on 11 November, in honour of the dead of World War I, was forwarded to George V, then King of the United Kingdom, who on 7 November 1919, proclaimed "that at the hour when the Armistice came into force, the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, there may be for the brief space of two minutes a complete suspension of all our normal activities … so that in perfect stillness, the thoughts of everyone may be concentrated on reverent remembrance of the glorious dead." 11 November was the date in 1918 that the formal end of combat occurred to end World War I. Fitzpatrick was thanked for his suggestion of the two-minute silence by Lord Stamfordham, the King's Private Secretary:
 Dear Sir <mask>,
 The King, who learns that you are shortly to leave for South Africa, desires me to assure you that he ever gratefully remembers that the idea of the Two Minute Pause on Armistice Day was due to your initiation, a suggestion readily adopted and carried out with heartfelt sympathy throughout the Empire. Signed Stamfordham

Family
Fitzpatrick married Elizabeth Lilian Cubitt (1870-1923) in 1886. They

masks: FitzPatrick Percy


texts:
 had four children: <mask> (1889-1917), Alan (1894-1928), Oliver (1897-1927) and Cecily (1899-1992).Their eldest son, Major <mask> Fitzpatrick, was killed on 14 December 1917 in Beaumetz during World War I. Death and legacy
Sir <mask> FitzPatrick died in Amanzi, Uitenhage, Union of South Africa in 1931, aged 68, from undisclosed causes. He was buried at "The Look Out" , north of Uitenhage. The site has views of the Sundays River Valley below. The Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology was founded at the University of Cape Town in 1959 by Mrs. Cecily K. Niven, daughter and only surviving child of <mask>, for the study of the living birds of Africa. The <mask>tzPatrick Award is an award for the best South African children's book in English and was initiated in 1970. Publications
 Through Mashonaland with Pick and Pen (based on Randolph Churchill's 1891 Rhodesian expedition, led by FitzPatrick)
 , 1899
 Jock of the Bushveld (based on FitzPatrick's transport riding days, was first published in 1907 upon persuasion by his friend Rudyard Kipling.The book has so far run through 91 editions and impressions)
 South African Memories (published posthumously)

Notes

External links

 Jock of the Bushveld
 The Outspan
 Personalities of the Barberton gold run
 Sir <mask> FitzPatrick, KCMG

1862 births
1931 deaths
People from King William's Town
South African people of Irish descent
South African Roman Catholics
South African Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at Downside School
South African children's writers
South African businesspeople
20th-century South African

masks:
Percy
Percy Nugent
James Percy
Percy FitzPatrick
Percy Fi
James Percy


texts:
<mask> (née Kuijken; born 8 July 1986) is a Dutch middle- and long-distance runner. She was the 5000 metres bronze medalist at the 2014 European Athletics Championships and also won a 3000 metres bronze at the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup. Kuijken has twice represented the Netherlands at the World Championships in Athletics, with her best finish being eighth in the 5000 m in 2013. Across all age categories, she has competed seven times at the European Cross Country Championships. She competed for Florida State University and was the NCAA champion in the indoor 3000 m (2008) and the outdoor 1500 m (2009). She won European junior medals in 2005 in track and cross country and later took the under-23 title at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships. Among her personal bests are 4:05.38 minutes for the 1500 metres, 8:36.08 minutes for the 3000 m, and 15:00.69 minutes for the 5000 metres.Career

Early life and career
Born in Nijmegen, she made her international debut in cross country running, competing in the junior section of the 2002 European Cross Country Championships and finishing in 34th. She returned at the 2003 edition but managed only 69th on that attempt. Her first international medals came at the 2003 European Youth Olympic Festival, where she was the gold medallist over 3000 metres and bronze medallist at 1500 metres. Her first global events came the year after: she ranked 71st in the junior race at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but did not finish in the 3000 m at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics. She performed better at continental level, coming 39th at the


texts:
 2004 European Cross Country Championships. Kuijken set a series of personal bests on the track in 2005: 2:06.25 minutes for the 800 metres, 4:19.72 minutes for the 1500 m (for seventh at the 2005 European Cup event), 9:28.45 minutes for the 3000 m (part of a silver medal win at the 2005 European Athletics Junior Championships) and 10:42.93 minutes for the 3000 metres steeplechase. On grass, she was a junior bronze medallist at the 2005 European Cross Country Championships and placed 58th at the junior race at the 2005 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.Collegiate athletics
At the end of 2005 she started attending Florida State University, doing a major in psychology, and began competing with the Florida State Seminoles athletic team. She was the 3000 m runner-up at the Atlantic Coast Conference championship and placed 27th at the NCAA Women's Division I Cross Country Championship. In her sole international outing that year, she came 16th in the under-23 race at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships. In 2007 a focus on the 1500 m distance brought results as she greatly improved her best to 4:11.34 minutes – a time which brought her second place at the NCAA Outdoor Championships. She ranked third at that year's NCAA Cross Country meet. In European competition she was fourth in the 1500 m at the 2007 European Athletics U23 Championships, but failed to finish in the age category race at the 2007 European Cross Country Championships. She reached to top of the American collegiate scene in the indoor 2008 season.After winning the mile run at the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) indoor meet, she


texts:
 claimed the 3000 m title at the NCAA Indoor Championships in a conference record time of 8:58.14 minutes. She failed to match this outdoors after suffering a mid-season injury, ending up eighth in the 1500 m at the NCAA Outdoors, but was in good form at the NCAA Cross Country Championships and was the runner-up. A gold medal came in the under-23 section at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships. Her most successful collegiate season was in 2009. She started with a win at the ACC indoor championships and a runner-up finish at the NCAA Indoor Championships, then a win over 5000 metres came at the ACC outdoor championships. She secured the collegiate title in the 1500 m at the 2009 NCAA Outdoor Championships and placed third at the NCAA Cross Country Championships. Her performances led to Florida State University winning the team titles in ACC competition indoors, outdoors and in cross country.Professional running
A personal best of 4:05.86 minutes for the 1500 m brought her selection for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, although she did not make it out of the heats stage. Kuijken began competing professionally in 2010 and made her European senior debut at the 2010 European Athletics Championships (running in the heats only). She missed most of the 2011 season and on her return in 2012 her form was past her peak, with her season's best being 4:10.84 minutes. The 2013 season saw Kuijken hit new levels of performance. At the Golden Spike Ostrava she was the 1500 m runner-up in a best of 4:05.38 minutes. She set a Dutch record of 5:38.37 minutes for the 2000 metres distance. She won the 3000 m


texts:
 gold medal in the First League of the 2013 European Team Championships and ran a best of 8:39.65 minutes for the distance when placing fourth at the Rieti Meeting (which ranked her first among Europeans for the distance that year).A run of 15:04.36 minutes at the Bislett Games made her the top European that season and she went on to finish eighth in the final of that event at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics – Europe's best performer. At the start of 2014 she set an early world leading time of 4:07.21 minutes for the 1500 m while winning at the Perth Track Classic. She won her first national title later that year at that distance. She was selected to run the 5000 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships and came third behind compatriot Sifan Hassan and Meraf Bahta (both African-born). Her first global medal came at the end of the track season at the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup, where she represented Europe and was 3000 m bronze medallist behind Genzebe Dibaba and Meraf. In 2015, Kuijken ran 31:54.32 to place 10th at 2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres and 15:08.00 to place 8th at 2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 5000 metres. In 2016, Kuijken ran 31:32.43 to place 14th at Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres.Feb 11th 2017 - Schoorl 10k road 31:43 (1st)
Mar 27th- Venloop HM (debut) 70:51 (4th)
May 21- Vienna 5k road 15:40 (2nd)
Jun 2nd- Nijmegen 5k 15:21 (4th)
Jun 24th- Euro Cup 3k 9:03 (4th)
Jul 22nd- Heusden 5k 14:53 (1st)
Aug 8th- London WC Final 10k 31:20 (5th)
Aug 10th- London WC Heat 5k 14:57 (4th)
Aug 13th- London WC


texts:
 Final 5k 14:58 (8th)
Aug 20th- Birmingham DL 3k 8:34 (7th)
Aug 27th- Berlin CL 1500m 4:02 (3rd)
Sep 1st- Brussels 2017 Diamond League Final 5k 14:51 (9th)

In 2017, Krumins rac 31:20.24 to place 5th at 2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres and 14:58.33 to place 8th at 2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 5000 metres. Personal bests

800 metres – 2:02.24 min (2009)
1000 metres – 2:38.01 min (2014)
1500 metres – 4:02.25 min (2017)
Mile run (indoor) – 4:34.11 min (2009)
Mile run (road) – 4:18 min (2013)
2000 metres – 5:38.37 min (2013)
3000 metres – 8:34.31 min (2017)
3000 metres indoor – 8:56.27 min (2009)
Two miles – 9:23.52 min (2014)
5000 metres – 14:51.25 min (2017)
10,000 metres – 31:05.40 min (2019)
3000 metres steeplechase – 10:42.93 min (2005)

National titles
Dutch Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014

International competitions

See also
List of European Athletics Championships medalists (women)
Netherlands at the European Athletics Championships

References

External links

 Official website
 Susan Krumins profile on Instagram
 Susan Krumins profile on Twitter

1986 births
Living people
Dutch female long-distance runners
Dutch female middle-distance runners
Dutch female steeplechase runners
Sportspeople from Nijmegen
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Netherlands
Florida State Seminoles women's track and field athletes
European Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Netherlands
Florida State Seminoles women's cross country runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020


texts:
<mask> (, née <mask>, 17 March 1665 – 27 June 1729) was a French musician, harpsichordist and composer. Life and works
<mask> (née <mask>) was born on March 17, 1665, into a family of musicians and master instrument-makers in the parish of Saint-Louis-en-l'Île, Paris. She came from a rich family of masons, musicians, composers, and instrument makers. Her grandfather, Jehan <mask>, and her father, <mask>, were harpsichord makers. Rather than just teaching his sons, <mask> taught both his sons and daughters how to survive and thrive in the world. This upbringing, support from her father, and her family's rich history of musicianship was a major stepping stone for her musical career. She received her initial musical education from her father.At the age of five, Louis XIV took notice of her when she performed, evidently as a child prodigy, at his palace of Versailles. This eventually led to her becoming a musician in the court of Louis XIV, the Sun King. She wrote most of her works for her king, which was common. As a teenager she was accepted into the French court where her education was supervised by the king's mistress, Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan. She stayed with the royal court until it moved to Versailles. In 1684 she married the organist <mask> <mask>, son of the late organist at the Sainte-Chapelle, <mask> <mask>. After her marriage she taught, composed, and gave concerts at home and throughout Paris, to great acclaim.<mask> <mask> <mask> was one of the few well-known female composers of

masks:
Élisabeth Claude Jacquet de La Guerre
Jacquet
Élisabeth Claude Jacquet de La Guerre
Jacquet
Jacquet
Claude Jacquet
Claude Jacquet
Marin de
La Guerre
Michel de
La Guerre
Jacquet
de La
Guerre


texts:
 her time, and unlike many of her contemporaries, she composed in a wide variety of forms. Her talent and achievements were acknowledged by Titon du Tillet, who accorded her a place on his Mount Parnassus when she was only 26 years old, next to Lalande and Marais and directly below Lully. A quote from Titon du Tillet describes her
marvellous facility for playing preludes and fantasies off the cuff. Sometimes she improvises one or another for a whole half hour with tunes and harmonies of great variety and in quite the best possible taste, quite charming her listeners. (Le Parnasse françois, 1732)

Her first published work was her Premier livre de pièces de clavessin, printed in 1687, which includes unmeasured preludes. It was one of the few collections of harpsichord pieces printed in France in the 17th century, along with those of Chambonnières, Lebègue and d'Anglebert. During the 1690s she composed a ballet, Les Jeux à l'honneur de la victoire (c. 1691), which has subsequently been lost.On 15 March 1694, the production of her opera Céphale et Procris at the Académie Royale de Musique was the first of an opera written by a woman in France. The five-act tragédie lyrique was set to a libretto by Duché <mask>. Like her contemporaries, she also experimented with Italian genres: principally the sonata and the cantata. In 1695 she composed a set of trio sonatas which, with those of Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Jean-Féry Rebel and Sébastien <mask>, are among the earliest French examples of the

masks:
de Vancy
de Brossard


texts:
 sonata. Her only published opera only had 5 or 6 performances. An explanation of this failure was that the opera depended on the text rather than the music. Cephale et Procris would soon be known as tragedie en musique, a tragedy put into music, and French literary theatre recited musically.Her compositions were not received well by the French musical culture, which was cautious about contemporary opera. It might have been accepted more readily in Italy with all its musical innovations, but in France, tradition was considered necessary in its music. The reception of Cephale et Procris tells us more about the world of opera in France in the 1690s and French music rather than her ability as a composer. This put a stop to her career as an operatic composer. During the next few years many of her near relations died, including her only son who was ten years old, her mother, father, husband, and brother Nicolas. She continued to perform, however, and in 1707 her collection Pièces de Clavecin qui peuvent se jouer sur le Violon, a new set of harpsichord pieces, was published, followed by six Sonates pour le violon et pour le clavecin. These works are an early example of the new genre of accompanied harpsichord works, where the instrument is used in an obbligato role with the violin; Rameau's Pièces de clavecin en concerts are somewhat of the same type.The dedication of the 1707 work speaks of the continuing admiration and patronage of Louis XIV:
Such happiness for me, Sire, if my latest work may receive as


texts:
 glorious a reception from Your Majesty as I have enjoyed almost from the cradle, for, Sire, if I may remind you, you never spurned my youthful offerings. You took pleasure in seeing the birth of the talent that I have devoted to you; and you honoured me even then with your commendations, of the value of which I had no understanding at the time. My slender talents have since grown. I have striven even harder, Sire, to deserve your approbation, which has always meant everything to me ...

She returned to vocal composition with the publication of two books of Cantates françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture in 1708 and 1711. Her last published work was a collection of secular Cantates françoises (c. 1715). In the inventory of her possessions after her death, there were three harpsichords: a small instrument with white and black keys, one with black keys, and a large double manual Flemish harpsichord. <mask> <mask> <mask> died in Paris in 1729, aged 64.Reception
Despite the poor reception of her opera, she continued to publish her work and take opportunities. Her sonatas, from later in her life, are considered triumphs of the genre. This is due to her development of the role for violin and the way she blended French traditions with Italian innovations. After her death, her genius in compositions, her creativity in vocal and instrumental music, and her variety of genres have been acknowledged. Her life and career success show that she was given a rare opportunity to succeed as a female composer, and show

masks:
Jacquet
de La
Guerre


texts:
 that she took full advantage of it. During the 1990s there was a renewed interest in her compositions and a number have been recorded. List of works
<mask> <mask> <mask>'s early trio sonatas and violin/viola da gamba sonatas survive only in manuscript sources in Paris.The rest of her output is thought to have been published in her lifetime, although Titon du Tillet mentioned a lost Te Deum setting in his tribute to <mask> <mask> <mask>. 1] in D minor: Grave / Presto / Adagio / Presto-Adagio / Presto / Aria / Presto
 Sonata [no. 2] in D major: Grave / Allegro / Aria (Affettusos) / Sarabande / Gavotte (Allegro) / Presto
 Sonata [no. 3] in F major: Grave / Presto-Adagio / Presto / Aria / Adagio
 Sonata [no. 4] in G major: [Grave]-Presto-Adagio / Presto-Adagio / Presto-Adagio / Aria
 Sonata [no. 5] in A minor: Grave / Presto / Adagio-Courante-Reprise / Aria
 Sonata [no. 6] in A major: Allemande / Presto / Adagio / Aria / Adagio / Presto-Adagio / Aria

See also
List of French harpsichordists

References

Further reading
 Cessac, Catherine.<mask> <mask> <mask> <mask>: Une femme compositeur sous le règne de Louis XIV. Paris: Actes Sud, 1995. External links

Cantates francoises et Duet Comique
La musette, ou Les bergers de Suresne

1665 births
1729 deaths
17th-century women composers
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century women composers
18th-century keyboardists
French Baroque composers
French women classical composers
French harpsichordists
Musicians from Paris
Child

masks:
Jacquet
de La
Guerre
Jacquet
de La
Guerre
Élisabeth
Jacquet
de La
Guerre


texts:
<mask> is a sociologist, activist, writer, documentary film maker, Professor and South Africa Research Chair in Sexualities, Genders and Queer Studies at the University of Fort Hare. She has held positions at the University of the Western Cape and has been senior researcher at the Institute for Humanities in Africa (HUMA) at UCT. She has been a visiting Professor Yale University and has received a number of research fellowships including those from African Humanities Program, Ford Foundation, the Fogarty International Centre and the National Research Foundation. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 1, 1978 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. She studied Sociology at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University) and completed her Master of Arts in Sociology at the University of Pretoria  and an interdisciplinary Phd completed at the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER). Her published doctoral project is entitled Black Lesbian Sexualities and Identity in South Africa. Activist work
Zethu has been involved in LGBTQ activism since the early 1990s.Having been part of Uthingo Womyn's group (one of the few lesbian feminist collectives in South Africa) and later part of Free Gender, a black lesbian organisation in Khayelitsha Cape Town. Within the academic space she has been involved with the #RhodesMustFall movement at the University of Cape as well as one of the founding members of the Black Academic Caucus at the same institution. Her films and curated works including Jo'burg TRACKS: Sexuality in the City, and a book project Reclaiming Afrikan: queer perspectives on sexual and gender identities similarly engage with LGBT activism. Her first co-production Breaking Out of the Box: Stories of black lesbians

masks:
Zethu Matebeni
Matebeni


texts:
 (2011) has been shown both within South Africa and abroad. Her work with documentary films also includes writing the short film Rise. Academic work and publications
She has published on queer issues, sexuality, gender, race, HIV and AIDS, African film, cinema and photography. She is an active member of the Black Academic Caucus through which she published a few thought pieces, some of which are listed below.Books
 Co-edited   with Surya Monro and Vasu Reddy, Queer in Africa: LGBTQI Identities, Citizenship, and Activism (Routledge, 2018)
 Curated Reclaiming Afrikan: queer perspectives on sexual and gender identities. Cape Town: Modjaji books. (2014)
 Black lesbian sexualities and identity in South Africa: an ethnography of black lesbian urban life. Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing () (2012)

Book chapters
 Zethu Matebeni. 2015. Sexual Minorities in South Africa. In: James D. Wright (editor-in chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Vol 21.Oxford: Elsevier, pp 744–749. <mask> <mask>. 2015. Well-Suited. In Raél Jero Salley (ed). PROMISE. Cape Town: ACTSA Publishing, 14-19.<mask> <mask>. 2014. My best participants' informed consent. In Deborah Posel and Fiona Ross (eds. ), Ethical quandaries in social research. Pretoria: HSRC Press, 111-124. <mask> <mask>.2014. Death and the modern black lesbian. In Devan Pillay, Gilbert M Khadiagala, Prishani Naidoo, Roger Southall (eds) New South African Review 4: A Fragile Democracy – Twenty Years On . Wits University Press .pp 183–193. <mask> Matebeni. 2014. How not to write about queer South Africa.In <mask> <mask> (curator), Reclaiming Afrikan: queer perspectives on sexual and gender identities. Cape Town: Modjaji books, 61-63. <mask> <mask>. 2013.

masks: Zethu Matebeni Zethu Matebeni Zethu Matebeni Zethu Zethu Matebeni Zethu Matebeni


texts:
 Deconstructing violence towards black lesbians in South Africa. In Sokari Ekine and Hakima Abbas (eds), Queer African Reader. Fahamu Books, 343-354.<mask> <mask>. 2012. Feminizing Lesbians, Degendering Transgender Men: A Model for Building Lesbian Feminist Thinkers and Leaders in Africa? In Shaka McGlotten and Dana-Ain Davis (eds). Black Genders and Sexualities. Palgrave Macmillan, pp 187–193. <mask>, <mask>.2011. TRACKS: Researching Sexualities Walking AbOUT the city of Johannesburg. In Tamale, Sylvia (ed). African Sexuality Reader. Oxford: Fahamu Books, 50-56. <mask> Matebeni. 2009."Sexing women: young black lesbians' reflections on sex and responses to safe(r) sex. In Vasu Reddy, Theo Sandfort and Laetitia Rispel (eds). From Social Silence to Social Science: Same-sex sexuality, HIV&AIDS and gender in South Africa. Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp 100-116. <mask> Matebeni. 2008. "Blissful Complexities: black lesbians reflect on same-sex marriage and the Civil Union Act" In TO HAVE AND TO HOLD, the making of same-sex marriage in South Africa edited by Judge (M.), Manion (A.)& de Waal (S.) Fanele: Johannesburg, pp. 249–257. Journal articles
 Henriette Gunkel, <mask> <mask>, and Catherine Raissiguier (guest editors). 2015. In Movement: Women in Africa and the African Diaspora. JENdA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies, 26: 1-18. <mask> <mask> and Thabo Msibi.2015. Vocabularies of the 'non-normative'. Introduction to "'''Non-normative sexual and gender diversities in Africa]". Agenda, 29(1): 3-9. Henriette Gunkel and <mask> <mask>. 2015. Resilience through new media: a conversation with Iranti-org's Executive Director, Jabu C. Pereira.JENdA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies, 26: 128-134. Theo Sandfort, M Somien Frazer,

masks: Zethu Matebeni Matebeni Zethu Zethu Zethu Zethu Matebeni Zethu Matebeni Zethu Matebeni