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<mask> (May 21, 1878 – July 23, 1930) was an American aviation and motorcycling pioneer, and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. He began his career as a bicycle racer and builder before moving on to motorcycles. As early as 1904, he began to manufacture engines for airships. In 1908, Curtiss joined the Aerial Experiment Association, a pioneering research group, founded by Alexander Graham Bell at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, to build flying machines. Curtiss won a race at the world's first international air meet in France and made the first long-distance flight in the U.S. His contributions in designing and building aircraft led to the formation of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation. His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy, and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation. Curtiss civil and military aircraft were predominant in the interwar and World War II eras.Birth and early career
<mask> was born in Hammondsport in the Finger Lakes region of New York in 1878. His mother was Lua <mask> née Andrews and his father was Frank Richmond <mask> a harness maker who had arrived in Hammondsport with <mask>'s grandparents in 1876. <mask>'s paternal grandparents were Claudius G<mask>, a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, and Ruth Bramble. <mask> had a younger sister, Rutha Luella, also born in Hammondsport. Although his formal education extended only to eighth grade, his early interest in mechanics and inventions was evident at his first job at the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company (later Eastman Kodak Company) in Rochester, New York. He invented a stencil machine adopted at the plant and later built a rudimentary camera to study photography. Marriage and family
On March 7, 1898, <mask> married Lena Pearl Neff (1879–1951), daughter of Guy L. Neff and Jenny M.

masks:
Glenn Hammond Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Glenn
Glenn
. Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Curtiss


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 Potter, in Hammondsport, New York.They had two children:
Carlton N<mask> (1901–1902) and
<mask> <mask> (1912–1969)

Bicycles and motorcycles

<mask> began his career as a Western Union bicycle messenger, a bicycle racer, and bicycle-shop owner. In 1901, he developed an interest in motorcycles when internal-combustion engines became more available. In 1902, <mask> began manufacturing motorcycles with his own single-cylinder engines. His first motorcycle's carburetor was adapted from a tomato soup can containing a gauze screen to pull the gasoline up by capillary action. In 1903, he set a motorcycle land speed record at  for one mile (1.6 km). When E.H. Corson of the Hendee Mfg Co (manufacturers of Indian motorcycles) visited Hammondsport in July 1904, he was amazed that the entire Curtiss motorcycle enterprise was located in the back room of the modest "shop". Corson's motorcycles had just been trounced the week before by "Hell Rider" Curtiss in an endurance race from New York to Cambridge, Maryland.On January 24, 1907, <mask> set an unofficial world record of , on a   V-8-powered motorcycle of his own design and construction in Ormond Beach, Florida. The air-cooled F-head engine was intended for use in aircraft. He remained "the fastest man in the world", the title the newspapers gave him, until 1911, and his motorcycle record was not broken until 1930. This motorcycle is now in the Smithsonian Institution. <mask>'s success at racing strengthened his reputation as a leading maker of high-performance motorcycles and engines. Aviation pioneer

Curtiss, motor expert
In 1904, Curtiss became a supplier of engines for the California "aeronaut" Tom Baldwin. In that same year, Baldwin's California Arrow, powered by a Curtiss 9 HP V-twin motorcycle engine, became the first successful dirigible in America.In 1907, Alexander Graham Bell invited Curtiss to develop a suitable engine

masks:
. Curtiss
Glenn Hammond
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss
Curtiss


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 for heavier-than-air flight experimentation. Bell regarded Curtiss as "the greatest motor expert in the country" and invited <mask> to join his Aerial Experiment Association (AEA). AEA aircraft experiments

Between 1908 and 1910, the AEA produced four aircraft, each one an improvement over the last. Curtiss primarily designed the AEA's third aircraft, Aerodrome #3, the famous June Bug, and became its test pilot, undertaking most of the proving flights. On July 4, 1908, he flew  to win the Scientific American Trophy and its $2,500 prize. This was considered to be the first pre-announced public flight of a heavier-than-air flying machine in America. The flight of the June Bug propelled Curtiss and aviation firmly into public awareness.On June 8, 1911, Curtiss received U.S. Pilot's License #1 from the Aero Club of America, because the first batch of licenses were issued in alphabetical order; Wilbur Wright received license #5. At the culmination of the Aerial Experiment Association's experiments, Curtiss offered to purchase the rights to Aerodrome #3, essentially using it as the basis of his Curtiss No. 1, the first of his production series of pusher aircraft. The pre-war years

Aviation competitions
After a 1909 fall-out with the AEA, Curtiss joined with A. M. Herring (and backers from the Aero Club of America) to found the Herring-Curtiss Company in Hammondsport. During the 1909–1910 period, Curtiss employed a number of demonstration pilots, including Eugene Ely, Charles K. Hamilton, J.A.D. McCurdy, Augustus Post, and Hugh Robinson.Aerial competitions and demonstration flights across North America helped to introduce aviation to a curious public; <mask> took full advantage of these occasions to promote his products. This was a busy period for <mask>s. In August 1909, Curtiss took part in the Grande Semaine d'Aviation aviation meeting at Reims, France, organized by the

masks:
Curtiss
Curtiss
Glenn Curtis


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 Aéro-Club de France. The Wrights, who were selling their machines to customers in Germany at the time, decided not to compete in person. Two Wright aircraft (modified with a landing gear) were at the meet, but they did not win any events. On August 28, 1909, flying his No. 2 biplane, Curtiss won the overall speed event, the Gordon Bennett Cup, completing the 20-km (12.5-mile) course in just under 16 minutes at a speed of , six seconds faster than runner-up Louis Blériot.On May 29, 1910, Curtiss flew from Albany to New York City to make the first long-distance flight between two major cities in the U.S. For this  flight, which he completed in just under four hours including two stops to refuel, he won a $10,000 prize offered by publisher Joseph Pulitzer and was awarded permanent possession of the Scientific American trophy. In June 1910, Curtiss provided a simulated bombing demonstration to naval officers at Hammondsport. Two months later, Lt. Jacob E. Fickel demonstrated the feasibility of shooting at targets on the ground from an aircraft with Curtiss serving as pilot. One month later, in September, he trained Blanche Stuart Scott, who was possibly the first American woman pilot. The fictional character Tom Swift, who first appeared in 1910 in Tom Swift and His Motor Cycle and Tom Swift and His Airship, has been said to have been based on <mask> Curtiss. The Tom Swift books are set in a small town on a lake in upstate New York. Patent dispute

A patent lawsuit by the Wright brothers against Curtiss in 1909 continued until it was resolved during World War I.Since the last Wright aircraft, the Wright Model L, was a single prototype of a "scouting" aircraft, made in 1916, the U.S. government, desperately short of combat aircraft, pressured both firms to resolve the dispute. Of nine suits Wright brought against Curtiss and others and the three suits brought against them, the


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 Wright Brothers eventually won every case in courts in the United States. Naval aviation
On November 14, 1910, Curtiss demonstration pilot Eugene Ely took off from a temporary platform mounted on the forward deck of the cruiser USS Birmingham. His successful takeoff and ensuing flight to shore marked the beginning of a relationship between Curtiss and the Navy that remained significant for decades. At the end of 1910, Curtiss established a winter encampment at San Diego to teach flying to Army and Naval personnel. Here, he trained Lt. Theodore Ellyson, who became U.S. Naval Aviator #1, and three Army officers, 1st Lt. Paul W. Beck, 2nd Lt. George E. M. Kelly, and 2nd Lt. John C. Walker, Jr., in the first military aviation school.(Chikuhei Nakajima, founder of Nakajima Aircraft Company, was a 1912 graduate.) The original site of this winter encampment is now part of Naval Air Station North Island and is referred to by the Navy as "The Birthplace of Naval Aviation". Through the course of that winter, Curtiss was able to develop a float (pontoon) design that enabled him to take off and land on water. On January 26, 1911, he flew the first seaplane from the water in the United States. Demonstrations of this advanced design were of great interest to the Navy, but more significant, as far as the Navy was concerned, was Eugene Ely successfully landing his Curtiss pusher (the same aircraft used to take off from the Birmingham) on a makeshift platform mounted on the rear deck of the battleship USS Pennsylvania. This was the first arrester-cable landing on a ship and the precursor of modern-day carrier operations. On January 28, 1911, Ellyson took off in a Curtiss “grass cutter” to become the first Naval aviator.Curtiss custom built floats and adapted them onto a Model D so it could take off and land on water to prove the concept. On February 24, 1911, Curtiss made his first


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 amphibious demonstration at North Island by taking off and alighting on both land and water. Back in Hammondsport, six months later in July 1911, Curtiss sold the U.S. Navy their first aircraft, the A-1 Triad. The A-1, which was primarily a seaplane, was equipped with retractable wheels, also making it the first amphibious aircraft. Curtiss trained the Navy's first pilots and built their first aircraft. For this, he is considered in the US to be "The Father of Naval Aviation". The Triad was immediately recognized as so obviously useful, it was purchased by the U.S. Navy, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Britain.Curtiss won the Collier Trophy for designing this aircraft. Around this time, Curtiss met retired British naval officer John Cyril Porte, who was looking for a partner to produce an aircraft with him to win the Daily Mail prize for the first transatlantic crossing. In 1912, Curtiss produced the two-seat Flying Fish, a larger craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water; it featured an innovative notch (known as a "step") in the hull that Porte recommended for breaking clear of the water at takeoff. Curtiss correctly surmised that this configuration was more suited to building a larger long-distance craft that could operate from water, and was also more stable when operating from a choppy surface. With the backing of Rodman Wanamaker, Porte and Curtiss produced the America in 1914, a larger flying boat with two engines, for the transatlantic crossing. World War I and later

World War I
With the start of World War I, Porte returned to service in the Royal Navy, which subsequently purchased several models of the America, now called the H-4, from Curtiss. Porte licensed and further developed the designs, constructing a range of Felixstowe long-range patrol aircraft, and from his experience passed along improvements to the hull to


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 Curtiss.The later British designs were sold to the U.S. forces, or built by Curtiss as the F5L. The Curtiss factory also built a total of 68 "Large Americas", which evolved into the H-12, the only American designed and built aircraft to see combat in World War I. As 1916 approached, the United States was feared to be drawn into the conflict. The Army's Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps ordered the development of a simple, easy-to-fly-and-maintain, two-seat trainer. Curtiss created the JN-4 "Jenny" for the Army, and the N-9 seaplane version for the Navy. They were some of the most famous products of the Curtiss company, and thousands were sold to the militaries of the United States, Canada, and Britain. Civilian and military aircraft demand boomed, and the company grew to employ 18,000 workers in Buffalo and 3,000 workers in Hammondsport.In 1917, the U.S. Navy commissioned <mask> to design a long-range, four-engined flying boat large enough to hold a crew of five, which became known as the Curtiss NC. Three of the four NC flying boats built attempted a transatlantic crossing in 1919. Thus NC-4 became the first aircraft to be flown across the Atlantic Ocean, (a feat quickly overshadowed by the first non-stop atlantic crossing  by Alcock and Brown,) while NC-1 and NC-3 were unable to continue past the Azores. NC-4 is now on permanent display in the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida. Post-World War I
Peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a financial reorganization. <mask> cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million and retired to Florida.He continued on as a director of the company, but served only as an adviser on design. Clement M. Keys gained control of the company, which later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies. Later years

<mask> and

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Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Curtiss


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 his family moved to Florida in the 1920s, where he founded 18 corporations, served on civic commissions, and donated extensive land and water rights. He co-developed the city of Hialeah with James Bright and developed the cities of Opa-locka and Miami Springs, where he built a family home, known variously as the Miami Springs Villas House, Dar-Err-Aha, MSTR No. 2, or Glenn Curtiss House. The Glenn Curtiss House, after years of disrepair and frequent vandalism, is being refurbished to serve as a museum in his honor. His frequent hunting trips into the Florida Everglades led to a final invention, the Adams Motor "Bungalo", a forerunner of the modern recreational vehicle trailer (named after his business partner and half-brother, G. Carl Adams).Curtiss later developed this into a larger, more elaborate fifth-wheel vehicle, which he manufactured and sold under the name Aerocar. Shortly before his death, he designed a tailless aircraft with a V-shaped wing and tricycle landing gear that he hoped could be sold in the price range of a family car. The Wright Aeronautical Corporation, a successor to the original Wright Company, ultimately merged with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company on July 5, 1929, forming the Curtiss-Wright company, shortly before Curtiss's death. Controversies
Curtiss, working with the head of the Smithsonian Institution Charles Walcott, sought to discredit the Wrights and rehabilitate the reputation of Samuel Langley, a former head of the Smithsonian, who failed in his attempt at powered flight. Secretly, Curtiss extensively modified Langley's 1903 aerodrome (aircraft) then demonstrated in 1914 that it could fly. In turn, The Smithsonian endorsed the false statement that "Professor Samuel P. Langley had actually designed and built the first man-carrying flying machine capable of sustained flight." Walcott ordered the plane modified by Curtiss to be


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 returned to its original 1903 condition before going on display at the Smithsonian to cover up the deception.In 1928 the Smithsonian Board of Regents reversed its position and acknowledged that the Wright Brothers deserved the credit for the first flight. Death
Traveling to Rochester to contest a lawsuit brought by former business partner August Herring, Curtiss suffered an attack of appendicitis in court. He died on July 23, 1930, in Buffalo, New York, of complications from an appendectomy. His funeral service was held at St. James Episcopal Church in his home town, Hammondsport,  with interment in the family plot at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport. Awards and honors
By an act of Congress on March 1, 1933, <mask> was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, which now resides in the Smithsonian Institution. <mask> was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1964, the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1965, the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990, the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003. The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum has a collection of Curtiss's original documents as well as a collection of airplanes, motorcycles and motors.LaGuardia Airport was originally called Glenn H. Curtiss Airport when it began operation in 1929. Other Curtiss honors include: Naval Aviation Hall of Honor; OX-5 Aviation Pioneers Hall of Fame; Empire State Aviation Hall of Fame; Niagara Frontier Aviation and Space Hall of Fame; International Air & Space Hall of Fame; Long Island Air & Space Hall of Fame; Great Floridians 2000; Steuben County (NY) Hall of Fame; Hammondsport School Lifetime Achievements Wall of Fame; Florida Aviation Hall of Fame; Smithsonian Institution Langley Medal; Top 100 Stars of Aerospace and Aviation; Doctor of Science (honoris causa), University of Miami. The Glenn H.

masks: Curtiss Curtiss


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 Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport is dedicated to Curtiss's life and work. There is a Curtiss Avenue in Hammondsport, NY, along with the Glenn Curtiss Elementary School. Carson, CA has Glenn Hammond Curtiss Middle School and Glenn Curtiss Street. Glenn H. Curtiss Road is in San Diego, CA, and Glenn Curtiss Boulevard in East Meadow/Uniondale, NY (Long Island). Glenn Curtiss Drive is in Addison, TX, and Curtiss Parkway in Miami Springs, FL.Buffalo, NY has a Curtiss Park and a Curtis Parkway (named for <mask> despite the incorrect spelling). The Curtiss E-Library in Hialeah, FL was originally the Lua A. Curtiss Branch Library, named for <mask>'s mother. Curtiss appeared on the cover of Time in 1924, on a U. S. Air Mail stamp, and on a Micronesian stamp. Curtiss airplanes appear on 15 U. S. stamps (including the first air mail stamps), and on the stamps of at least 17 other countries. Timeline

1878 Birth in Hammondsport, New York
1898 Marriage
1900 Manufactures Hercules bicycles
1901 Motorcycle designer and racer
1903 American motorcycle champion
1903 Unofficial one-mile motorcycle land speed record  on Hercules V8 at Yonkers, New York
1904 Thomas Scott Baldwin mounts Curtiss motorcycle engine on a hydrogen-filled dirigible
1904 Set 10-mile world speed record
1904 Invented handlebar throttle control; also credited to the 1867–1869 Roper steam velocipede
1905 Created G.H. Curtiss Manufacturing Company, Inc.
1906 Curtiss writes the Wright brothers offering them an aeronautical motor
1907 Curtiss joins Alexander Graham Bell in experimenting in aircraft
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record of
1907 Set world motorcycle land speed record at  in his V8 motorcycle in Ormond Beach, Florida
1908 First Army dirigible flight with Curtiss as flight engineer
1908 One of several claimants for the first flight of a powered aircraft controlled by ailerons (manned glider flights with

masks: Glenn Glenn


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 ailerons having been accomplished in 1904, unmanned flights even earlier)
1908 Lead designer and pilot of "June Bug" on July 4
1909 Sale of Curtiss's "Golden Flyer" to the New York Aeronautic Society for US$5,000.00, marks the first sale of any aircraft in the U.S., triggers Wright Brothers lawsuits. 1909 Won first international air speed record with  in Rheims, France
1909 First U.S. licensed aircraft manufacturer.1909 Established first flying school in United States and exhibition company
1910 Long distance flying record of  from Albany, New York to New York City
1910 First simulated bombing runs from an aircraft at Keuka Lake
1910 First firearm use from aircraft, piloted by Curtiss
1910 First radio communication with aircraft in flight in a Curtiss biplane
1910 Curtiss moved to California and set up a shop and flight school at the Los Angeles Motordrome, using the facility for sea plane experiments
1910 Trained Blanche Stuart Scott, the first American female pilot
1910 First successful takeoff from a United States Navy ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane)
1911 First landing on a ship (Eugene Burton Ely, using Curtiss Plane) (2 Months later)
1911 The Curtiss School of Aviation, established at Rockwell Field in February

1911 Pilot license #1 issued for his June Bug flight
1911 Ailerons patented
1911 Developed first successful pontoon aircraft in US
1911 Hydroplane A-1 Triad purchased by US. Navy (US Navy's first aircraft)
1911 Developed first retractable landing gear on his hydroaeroplane
1911 His first aircraft sold to U.S. Army on April 27
1911 Created first military flying school
1912 Developed and flew the first flying boat on Lake Keuka
1912 First ship catapult launching on October 12 (Lt. Ellyson)
1912 Created the first flying school in Florida at Miami Beach

1914 Curtiss made a few short flights in the Langley Aerodrome, as part of an unsuccessful


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 attempt to bypass the Wright Brothers' patent on aircraft
1915 Start production run of "Jennys" and many other models including flying boats
1915 Curtiss started the Atlantic Coast Aeronautical Station on a 20-acre tract east of Newport News (VA) Boat Harbor in the Fall of 1915 with Captain Thomas Scott Baldwin as head. 1917 Opens "Experimental Airplane Factory" in Garden City, Long Island
1919 Curtiss NC-4 flying boat crosses the Atlantic
1919 Commenced private aircraft production with the Oriole
1921 Developed Hialeah, Florida, including Hialeah Park Race Track
1921 Donated his World War I training field to the Navy
1922 Opened Hialeah Park Race Track with his business partner James H. Bright
1923 Developed Miami Springs, Florida and created a flying school and airport

1923 (circa) Created first airboats
1925 Built his Miami Springs mansion
1926 Developed Opa-locka, Florida and airport facility
1928 Created the Curtiss Aerocar Company in Opa-locka, Florida. 1928 Curtiss towed an Aerocar from Miami to New York City in 39 hours
1930 Death in Buffalo, New York
1930 Buried in Pleasant Valley Cemetery in Hammondsport, New York
1964 Inducted in the National Aviation Hall of Fame
1990 Inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in the air-racing category

See also

Charles M. Olmsted
American Trans-Oceanic Company
Curtiss Model T
Curtiss Autoplane
Schneider Trophy
Curtiss & Bright
Opa-locka Company

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 "At Dayton". Time, October 13, 1924. Casey, Louis S. Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907–1915. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981. .
 Curtiss, Glenn and Augustus Post.The Curtiss Aviation Book. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912.
 de Cet, Mirco. The Illustrated Directory of Motorcycles. St. Paul: Minnesota: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2002. .
 Dizer, John T. Tom Swift & Company. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland


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 Publishing, 1982. .
 FitzGerald-Bush, Frank S. A Dream of Araby: <mask> Curtiss and the Founding of Opa-locka. Opa-locka, Florida: South Florida Archaeological Museum, 1976. Harvey, Steve.It Started with a Steamboat: An American Saga. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2005. .
 Hatch, Alden. <mask>: Pioneer of Aviation. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press, 2007. .
 House, Kirk W. Hell-Rider to King of the Air. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 2003. .
 Mitchell, Charles R. and Kirk W. House. <mask><mask>: Aviation Pioneer. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2001.  .
 Roseberry, C.R.<mask>: Pioneer of Flight. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1972. .
 Shulman, Seth. Unlocking the Sky: <mask> <mask> and the Race to Invent the Airplane. New York: Harper Collins, 2002. .
 "Speed Limit." Time, October 29, 1923. Studer, Clara. Sky Storming Yankee: The Life of <mask>.New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937. Trimble, William F. Hero of the Air: <mask> and the Birth of Naval Aviation. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2010. . External links

 The Curtiss Aviation Book by <mask> and Augustus Post
 U.S. Government Centennial of Flight – Glenn Curtiss
 Glenn Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport, NY
 National Aviation Hall of Fame: Glenn Curtiss Retrieved May 26, 2011

1878 births
1930 deaths
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Aircraft designers
Alexander Graham Bell
American aerospace engineers
American aviation record holders
American male cyclists
American motorcycle designers
Aviation history of the United States
Aviation pioneers
Aviators from New York (state)
Bicycle messengers
Collier Trophy recipients

Deaths from appendicitis
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Motorcycle land speed record people
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
People from Hammondsport,

masks:
Glenn
Glenn Curtiss
Glenn H
. Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Glenn Hammond
Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss
Glenn Curtiss


texts: <mask>  (born 17 September 1986) is an Indian international cricketer. An all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm off-break, he plays for Tamil Nadu in domestic cricket and Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League. He is the fastest Indian bowler (also in some records the joint-fastest in the world) to reach the 50-, 100-, 150-, 200-, 250-, 300-, 350- and 400-wicket mark in Test cricket in terms of number of innings. In 2016, he became the third Indian to win the ICC Cricketer of the Year award. Considered to be one of the best spin bowlers of his generation, he is currently the highest-ranked spinner in Test cricket, and the highest-ranked Test bowler for India on the ICC Player Rankings. He has won nine Man of the Series awards in Test cricket, which is the highest by an Indian cricketer. Having achieved little success as an opening batsman at junior-level cricket, <mask> dropped down the order and turned into an off-break bowler.He made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu in December 2006 and captained the team the following season. However, it was not until the 2010 Indian Premier League in which he played for the Chennai Super Kings that he came into the limelight with his economical bowling and earned his maiden international call-up in the limited-overs formats in June 2010. He was the leading wicket-taker and player of the tournament of the 2010 Champions League Twenty20 in South Africa. He was also part of the Indian squad that won the 2011 Cricket World Cup. Later that year, he made his Test debut against West Indies and became the seventh Indian bowler to take a five-wicket

masks:
Ravichandran Ashwin
Ashwin


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 haul on Test debut. He took two five-wicket hauls and scored a century in that series and won the player of the series award. <mask> continued to succeed in the subcontinent but proved to be less effective in other places like Australia and England.In a home Test series against Australia in 2013, he took 29 wickets, the most by any Indian bowler in a four-match Test series. The same year, he took his 100th Test wicket in his 18th match, becoming the fastest Indian bowler to the milestone and the fastest in the world in over 80 years. In 2017, playing his 45th Test, <mask> became the fastest bowler to pick up 250 Test wickets, bettering Dennis Lillee, who had achieved the landmark in 48 Tests. In October 2019, in his 66th Test match, <mask> became the joint-fastest bowler, along with Muttiah Muralitharan, to take his 350th Test wicket. Early years
<mask> was born on 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in a Tamil Hindu family. He lives in West Mambalam, Chennai. His father Ravichandran played cricket at club level as a fast bowler.<mask> was educated at Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan and St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School. He also attended SSN College of Engineering and graduated with a BTech in Information Technology. His time at St. Bede's was particularly important, as it had a cricket academy. <mask> has stated that coaches C. K. Vijay and Chandra at St Bede's played a big role in his career, where he had changed his bowling style from medium pace to off spin. Career

2010–present: International career
On the back of his impressive performance in the 2010 Indian Premier League, <mask> was

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: selected in a second-string squad that toured Zimbabwe in May–June 2010. He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 5 June 2010, scoring a 32–ball 38 and taking 2/50 in that match which India lost to crash out of the tri-series. His T20I debut came a week later, against Zimbabwe at Harare where he took 1/22 in four overs in an Indian win.<mask> was selected for the tri-series against New Zealand and hosts Sri Lanka, but did not get a game with Pragyan Ojha and Ravindra Jadeja being preferred over him throughout the series. In October, the selectors decided to rest first-choice players in the three-match home ODI series against Australia, enabling <mask> to get selected in the team again. <mask> was the most economical bowler in the only match played in the series in which he took 1/34 in nine overs while India registered a five-wicket victory. <mask> played in all five matches of the home series against New Zealand in November–December 2010. India completed a 5–0 whitewash and <mask> ended up as the leading wicket-taker of the series with 11 wickets at an average of 21.90. At the conclusion of the series, <mask> earned the praise of captain Gautam Gambhir, who called him "the find" of the series and hailed his bowling during the powerplay overs. Despite this success, <mask> failed to make it to the playing eleven in any of the five ODIs on the South African tour, with the inclusion of lead spinner Harbhajan Singh in the team.However, <mask> did manage to find a place in the 15-member World Cup squad that was announced during the series, with Harbhajan and Piyush Chawla being the other two specialist

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: spinners in the squad. <mask> played the fourth and fifth ODI of India's tour of West Indies in June–July 2011 but picked just one wicket. <mask> was retained in the limited-overs squad for the England tour. He emerged as India's best bowler of the series, which India lost 3–0, taking six wickets at an average of 25.16. England toured India in October 2011 and were whitewashed in the ODI series 5–0. With 10 scalps at 20.20, <mask> was as the second highest wicket-taker of the series, only behind teammate Jadeja. In November 2011, West Indies toured India for three Tests and five ODIs.<mask> and Ojha were the only two specialist spinners in the squad, with Harbhajan being omitted owing to his indifferent form during the England tour. <mask> made his Test debut in the first match at Delhi, earning his cap from Sachin Tendulkar. <mask> took 3/81 in the first innings and 6/47 in the second, helping India win the match. He was awarded the man of the match and became the third Indian player to win the award on Test debut. He picked four wickets in the second Test at Kolkata where India registered an innings victory. In the third Test at Mumbai, he took 5/156 while West Indies made a total of 590 and scored his maiden international century in India's first innings (103 runs from 118 balls) to take India's total to 482. <mask> thus became the third Indian to score a century and take a five-wicket haul in the same Test and the first since 1962.West Indies were bowled out for 134 in their second innings as Ojha and <mask> shared all ten wickets between them, with <mask> picking 4/34. The match ended in a draw with

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: the scores level, after <mask> took a single and was dismissed run out attempting a second run off the last ball of the match. He was awarded the man of the match as well as the man of the series for his all-round performance. <mask> featured in four matches of the subsequent ODI series and took four wickets at 49.00. <mask> was ineffective on India's 2011/12 tour of Australia. He played in three Tests on the tour taking nine wickets at an average of more than 62. He also featured in the subsequent triangular CB Series against Australia and Sri Lanka and took seven wickets in as many matches at 43.42.In March 2012, he took five wickets in three matches of the 2012 Asia Cup in Bangladesh. He had a quiet tour of Sri Lanka in July–August 2012 taking five wickets at 39.40 in the five-match ODI series and 1/22 in the one-off T20I. <mask> returned to form during the two-match home Test series against New Zealand. In the first Test at Hyderabad, he claimed 6/31 and 6/54 helping India seal an innings victory and was named the man of the match. His match figures of 12/85 bettered S. Venkataraghavan's 12/152 for the best figures by an Indian bowler against New Zealand in Tests. In the second match at Bangalore his efforts of 5/69 in the second innings helped India win the match and the series 2–0. He was awarded man of the series for his tally of 18 wickets at 13.11 average.<mask> played four matches in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka and took five wickets at an economy rate of 6 and an average of 19. During the first Test of England's tour of India in late 2012, <mask> became the fastest Indian to record

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: 50 wickets in Test cricket as he overhauled the milestone in his ninth game. India eventually lost the series 2–1 in which he struggled with the ball managing to take only 14 wickets in the four Tests at an average of 52.64. However, he scored 243 runs, averaging 60.75 per innings, including two fifties and finished as India's second best batsman of the series. In the three-match ODI series against Pakistan and the five-match ODI series against England, he took three wickets at 43.33 and seven wickets at 35.71 respectively. While playing for India Cements at the BCCI Corporate Trophy in February 2013, <mask> worked with former Tamil Nadu spinner and childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam to make changes to his bowling ahead of the four-match Test series against Australia. Subramaniam and <mask> spent a few hours every day for a week at the nets in Nagpur.Among the changes made was shortening <mask>'s bowling stride. <mask> was highly successful on Australia's four-Test tour of India in February–March 2013. In the first Test at Chennai, his home ground, he took 7/103 and 5/95 leading India to a comfortable eight-wicket victory. He had a haul of 5/63 in the second innings of the second Test at Hyderabad where India registered an innings win. He took a total of four wickets in the Mohali Test where India sealed the series with a six-wicket victory. In the last match at Delhi, he took 5/57 and 2/55 in another Indian win which completed a 4–0 whitewash of Australia. During the match, <mask> surpassed former India captain Anil Kumble's tally of 27 wickets for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a four-Test

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: series.<mask> finished the series as the leading wicket-taker with a tally of 29 wickets at 20.10 and won the Man of the Series award. It was the first time India won four or more Tests in a series and the first time Australia was whitewashed since 1969–70. <mask> also became the third Indian off-spinner to take 25-plus wickets in a series after E. A. S. Prasanna and Harbhajan Singh. <mask> was a member of the Indian team that won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy in England. His figures of 2/15 in four overs in the 20-overs-a-side final helped India restrict England to 124/8 and win the match by five runs. He had a total of eight wickets from five matches at an average of 22.62, conceding 4.41 runs per over, and ended as the joint-fifth highest wicket-taker of the tournament. He was named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' by Cricinfo.With nine wickets in six matches, <mask> finished as the leading wicket-taker of the home ODI series against Australia in October–November 2013 which India won 3–2. On India's tour of South Africa, <mask> had a difficult time with the ball. He picked only one wicket across three ODIs and went wicketless in his 42 overs in the first Test at Johannesburg, following which, he lost his spot in the team to Jadeja for the second Test. In early 2014, <mask>'s overseas struggles continued during the New Zealand tour where he managed to bag a solitary wicket in the five-match ODI series which India lost 4–0. However, in the third ODI, coming in to bat with India at 146/5 in pursuit of 315, he scored his maiden ODI fifty of 65 runs from 46 balls. He shared a 38-run partnership with


texts: Dhoni and an 85-run seventh wicket stands with Jadeja, as the match eventually ended in a tie. In the two-match Test series that followed, Jadeja was preferred over <mask> as the lone spinner in the playing eleven.<mask> was back among the wickets when India went to Bangladesh for the 2014 Asia Cup and the 2014 ICC World Twenty20. He took nine wickets in four matches of the Asia Cup and finished as the joint-third highest wicket-taker of the tournament. He played a vital role in India's unbeaten run to the World Twenty20 final. His tally of 11 wickets in six matches at an average of 11.27 and economy rate of 5.35 put him joint-third on the list of most wickets in the tournament. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2014 T20 World Cup by the ICC and Cricinfo. <mask> was part of the Indian team that toured England in 2014. He played his first match of the Test series only in the fourth game in which he scored 40 and 46 not out but went wicketless in an innings defeat for India.He took three wickets in the last match, which was another innings defeat. India and <mask> found more success in the ODI series followed. With India winning the series 3–1, <mask> took seven wickets from four matches at an average of 24.85 and economy rate of less than 4.5. India whitewashed Sri Lanka in a five-match ODI series in November 2014 in which <mask> had 6 wickets to his name at 33.33. Debutant leg-spinner Karn Sharma was chosen over <mask> for the first Test of India's tour of Australia in December 2014. After Sharma's indifferent debut, <mask> returned to the playing eleven as the lone spinner and took a


texts: total of 12 wickets at an average of 48.66 in the remaining three matches. <mask> was selected to represent India for the second consecutive ODI World cup to be held in Australia-New Zealand in 2015.He was also named as bench for the 'Team of the tournament' by Cricbuzz. In the 2015 three-match series against Sri Lanka, he dismissed Kumar Sangakkara, who was retiring following the second Test, four consecutive times in his final four innings. At the end of the series, he finished with 21 wickets and in the process, broke the record for most wickets by an Indian bowler in a series against Sri Lanka. He was awarded the Man of the Series. These efforts led him to achieve the number 1 ranking in ICC Test Bowling Rankings for the year 2015 (which he retained in 2016). In November 2015, <mask> was a star performer throughout the Freedom Trophy Test series against South Africa in India. During the course of the series, he became the fastest Indian to reach 150 wickets in Test cricket.In the third Test in Nagpur, he picked up 12 wickets for 98 runs to hand South Africa their first away series loss in nine years. His career-best figures of 7/66 in the second innings bowled the visitors out for 185 and gave India a 2–0 series win. For his performances in 2015, he was named as 12th man in the World Test XI by the ICC. He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo. In New Zealand's tour of India in 2016, <mask> took 27 wickets in 3 Tests, including a career-best of 7 for 59 in an innings. For his performances in 2016, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo. In December 2016, the

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts:
 International Cricket Council named <mask> the ICC Cricketer of the Year and the ICC Test Cricketer of the Year for 2016.In the process, he became the third Indian to win the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for the ICC Cricketer of the Year after Rahul Dravid and Sachin Tendulkar, and also the second cricketer ever after Dravid to win the two awards in the same year. For his performances in 2017, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC. In September 2021, <mask> was named in India's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He made a comeback in white-ball cricket in India's third match of the tournament against Afghanistan and bowled a good spell of 2-14 in 4 overs. In December 2021, <mask> was ranked second in the ICC Men’s Test Player Rankings for bowlers and all-rounders. Indian Premier League career
In March 2019, in a match against Rajasthan Royals, <mask> mankaded Jos Buttler reigniting the debate around dismissal in this manner. In 2019, <mask> was traded to Delhi Capitals ahead of the 2020 Indian Premier League.He took 13 wickets in the season and was the fourth highest wicket taker in the team. Delhi retained him for the 2021 season. India and Delhi Capitals off-spinner <mask> <mask>  said he is going to take a break from Indian Premier League (IPL) 2021. <mask> played 5 matches for Delhi Capitals in IPL 2021. It was the first time that he was playing in an IPL final for a team other than CSK. He played for the CSK in the finals of the IPL in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015. In the 2022 IPL Auction, <mask> was bought by the Rajasthan Royals for ₹5 crores.Bowling style
<mask> produces several

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ravichandran Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts:
 variations of the ball and flights the ball, thereby giving it more chance to spin and dip on the batsman. In addition to his normal off-breaks, he produces an arm ball and the carrom ball, the latter of which he uses frequently in the shorter formats. In IPL 2013, he bowled leg-breaks and googly as well. However, in an interview, he has stated that he refrains from bowling the doosra as it requires him to bend and straighten his arm which he finds difficult to do. <mask>'s childhood coach Sunil Subramaniam recalls Ashwin's early days at the TNCA Academy:

[...] what struck me was his intelligence. His use of angles, length and width of the crease. Also, guessing what a batsman was likely to do.And the kind of field placing that he is comfortable with. Those are the factors that struck me immediately – that this guy not only loves bowling, he also has a fair idea of what spin actually is. For somebody who started out at 18 or 19, I thought that was a big thing [...] Here is a guy who knew what the ball is supposed to do, where this guy is expected to play and what are the plans to keep that guy in check and put pressure on that guy. He was pretty clear at 18 itself. Personal life

On 13 November 2011, Ashwin married his childhood friend Prithi Narayanan. They have two children. The Tamil Nadu State Election Commission used Ashwin to help create electoral awareness by encouraging voters to check whether their names were on the electoral roll.Achievements
He is fastest among Indian bowlers to reach 50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 wickets milestone. <mask> is ranked number 2 among bowlers and 2 among

masks: Ashwin Ashwin


texts: all-rounders in Test cricket as of December 2021. In his 37th Test match, <mask> became the fastest Indian bowler and the second fastest in the world to reach 200 Test wickets after Australian spinner Clarrie Grimmett (36 matches).. He is fastest to reach 250,300 and 350 wickets in test cricket. <mask> became the first Indian cricketer to score a century and take five wickets in the same Test match on three separate instances. In 2016, <mask> <mask> became first Indian to take 50 T20I wickets. On 23 August 2016, <mask> grabbed his sixth Man-of-the-Series Award, surpassing the tie by Sachin Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag, and in only his 13th Test series, and 8th series where he played every Test.On 10 October 2016, <mask> took his 20th five-wicket haul, making him the third fastest to reach the landmark. On 27 November 2016, he completed a double of 500 runs and 50 wickets in 2016. He is the second all-rounder from India to achieve this in a single calendar year. <mask> was the world's highest wicket taker in 2016 with 72 scalps. On 12 February 2017, with the dismissal of Mushfiqur Rahim, <mask> became the fastest to reach 250 test wickets. In India's 2016-17 home season, <mask> took 64 wickets in 13 Tests, becoming the highest wicket-taker for India in a single domestic season, surpassing Kapil Dev's record of 63 wickets in 10 Tests during the 1979-80 season. During the home test series against Australia, he became the fastest bowler to take 25 fifers in test history in terms of matches(47) and in terms of innings(89).He along with Ravindra Jadeja became the first pair of spinners to be jointly ranked

masks: Ashwin Ashwin Ravichandran Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin Ashwin


texts: number 1 bowler in ICC Test Rankings history In the 4th and final Test match against Australia national cricket team at Dharamshala Cricket Stadium, March 2017, <mask> dismissed Steve Smith and took his wickets' tally to 79. This is the most number of wickets by a bowler in a home season surpassing Dale Steyn's record of 78 in 2007-08. In November 2015, he became fastest Indian to 150 wickets as well during his 5 wicket haul against South Africa at Mohali. In September 2016, he became the fastest Indian and second overall to get 200 wickets by dismissing Kane Williamson in India's 500th test match. On 27 November 2017, during the second Test against Sri Lanka, <mask> became the fastest bowler to reach 300 Test wickets in his 54th Test. His 300th victim was Sri Lankan tail-ender batsman Lahiru Gamage. India won the match by an innings margin along with the milestone.The previous record holder was Australian fast bowling legend Dennis Lillee who had reached the milestone in 56 Test matches way back in 1981. In November 2020, <mask> was nominated for the Sir Garfield Sobers Award for ICC Male Cricketer of the Decade. In the next month, <mask> became the bowler for dismissing most left-handers (200 left hand batsman dismissals as of February 16 2021) in Test cricket surpassing Muralitharan previous record(191). In February 2021, he became the fourth Indian to take 400 wickets in Test cricket. <mask> also became the second fastest bowler ever to achieve the landmark (77 Tests) after Muttiah Muralitharan (73 Tests). On 06 December 2021, <mask> became only the second Indian bowler to take 300 Test wickets in home


texts:
 conditions, after Anil Kumble. Ashwin took the highest wickets (71) in the inaugural World Test Championship.<mask> was named in ICC Men's Test Team of the Year for the year 2021. Awards
 ICC Cricketer of the Year: 2016
 CEAT International Cricketer of the Year: 2016–17

See also
 List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Ravichandran <mask>
 List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut

References

External links

 <mask>'s profile page on Wisden
 Ravichandran <mask> ready with his mystery ball

1986 births
Living people
India Test cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
South Zone cricketers
India Blue cricketers
India Red cricketers
India Green cricketers
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Indian cricketers
Cricketers from Chennai
Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan schools alumni
Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers
International Cricket Council Cricketer of the Year
Worcestershire cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Tamil sportspeople
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Surrey

masks:
Ashwin
Ashwin
R Ashwin
Ashwin


texts:
<mask> (23 November 1878 – 22 April 1925) was a French composer and conductor now known primarily through his orchestrations of works by Claude Debussy. Early life

<mask> was born on a boat sailing between Le Havre (Seine-Maritime) and Honfleur (Calvados), the youngest child of a modest family. Career
He exhibited an unusual talent and originality during his musical education, and won the Prix de Rome in 1901 ahead of Maurice Ravel. He became a close friend of Claude Debussy, sometimes serving as translator, and he orchestrated part of Debussy's Le Martyre de saint Sébastien. He also collaborated with Debussy in the orchestration of La boîte à joujoux. In 1911, <mask> prepared an orchestration of Debussy's Children's Corner, which, along with his orchestration of Clair de lune from the Suite bergamasque is probably the most widely performed and recorded example of his work. <mask> was a composer in his own right, whose works have been overlooked for the most part in the modern repertoire.Especially interesting is his instrumental use of voices, as in his Septuor à cordes vocales et instrumentales from 1909 and in the oratorio-like Le Miroir de Jésus from 1923, which features "choeur de femmes" in an accompanying role <mask> termed "voix d'accompagnement".

masks:
André Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet
Caplet


texts:
 He also wrote two works based on the short story The Mask of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe: Conte fantastique for harp and string quartet, and an orchestral symphonic study Le Masque de la mort rouge. <mask> served as conductor of the Boston Opera from 1910 to 1914. Death
While serving in the military during the First World War, he was gassed, which resulted in the pleurisy that eventually killed him. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine (Hauts-de-Seine), a suburb of Paris, at the age of 46. The next year the sculptor Jacques Zwobada, a native of Neuilly, was commissioned to create a monument to <mask>. This was one of Zwobada's earliest works after he graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts.Compositions

Works for voice and piano
Viens! ... Une flûte invisible, (Hugo), August 1900
Myrrha, (text by Fernand Beissier) cantata for second round competition of the Prix de Rome, July 1901 - <mask> won first prize, also set by Ravel and other second round contestants. Performed in Le Havre November 1901. Green, (Verlaine), 1902
Il était une fois, (Richepin), January 1903
Poème de mai (Tu nous souriais), (A. Silvestre), 1902
Dans la fontaine, (P. Gravollet), 1903
Papillons, (P. Gravollet), February 1903
Le Livre rose, (P.J. Pain), 1898–1901
1.) Le livre ou je veux

masks: Caplet Caplet Caplet


texts:
 lire
2.) Premier prix
3.)Les pleurs de bébé
4.) Le furet du bois, mesdames
Chanson d'automne, (A. Silvestre), 1900
Paroles à l'absente, (G. Jean-Aubry), 1908
1.) Préludes
2.) Ce sable fin et fuyant
3.) Angoise
Les Prières, 1914–1917, (also for harp and string quartet)
1.) Oraison dominicale
2.) Salutation angélique
3.)Symbole des apôtres
Le vieux coffret, (R. de Gourmont), 1914–1917
1.) Songe
2.) Berceuse
3.) In una selva oscura
4.) Forêt
En regardant ces belles fleurs, (C. d'Orleans), October 1914
Nuit d'automne, (H. de Regnier), 9 March 1915
Prière normande, (J. Hebertot), 1916
Solitude, (J. Ochse), 1915
Quand reverrai-je, hélas!..., (J. du Bellay), 27 August 1916, (published with harp accompaniment by Lyra)
La croix douloureuse, (R.P. Lacordaire), for the armed forces
Détresse!..., (H. Charasson), 9 November 1918
Trois Fables, (La Fontaine), 1919
1.) Le corbeau et le renard
2.)La cigale et la fourmi
3.) Le loup et l'agneau
Le Pain quotidien, (15 exercises), 1920
Cinq Ballades françaises, (P. Fort)
1.) Cloche d'aube
2.) La ronde
3.) Notre chaumière en Yveline
4.) Songe d'une nuit d'été
5.) Préludes2.)AngoisseLe vieux Coffret, (R. de Gourmont)La croix douloureuse, (R.P. LaCordaire)Détresse!..., (H. Carasson)Hymne à la naissance du matin, (P. Fort),


texts:
 November 1920Les prières (voice, harp, string quartet) (see under voice and piano)

A cappella chorusMesse à trois voix, 1919-1920
1.) Kyrie eleison2.) Gloria3.) Sanctus4.) Agnus Dei5.) Allegro2.)Adagio3.) Scherzo4.) Finale"Suite persane" pour 2 flûtes, 2 hautbois, 2 clarinettes, 2 bassons, et 2 cors, 1900, version originale
1.) Scharki, (allegretto)
2.) Nihavend, (andantino)
3.) Iskia Samaisi, (vivo)"Septuor", pour quatour a cordes et 3 voix feminines, 1909"Sonate" pour piano, voix, violoncelle, 1919"Conte fantastique (The Masque of Red Death)" d'après Poe pour harpe à pedales et quatour à cordes, (published 1924)"Le miroir de Jésus" pour voix principale, 3 voix accompagnantes, quatour a cordes et harpe, (original version: Été), 1923"Sonata da chiesa" pour violon et orgue, 1924
1.) Quiet2.)Interieur3.) Alleluia”Impressions d’automne – Elégie” pour alto saxophone, hautbois, 2 clarinettes, basson, harpe, orgue et 2 violoncelles, 1905

Cello and pianoÉlegie, 1903Allegresse, 1903ÉpiphanieImprovisationsFlute and pianoFeuillets d'album, 1901Rêverie et Petite valse, 1897Viens! Une flûte invisible, 1900, voice, flute, piano

Piano, two handsMenuet dans le style ancien, 1897Deux pièces, 1900

Piano, four handsPrelude, 1899Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol (petites pièces


texts:
 faciles), 1901Un tas de petites choses, 1919

Reductions for piano, 4 hands and for 2 pianos, 4 hands or 6 handsImages (Debussy)
1.) Rondes de Printemps2.) Gigues3.) IbériaLa Mer (Debussy)Le martyre de Saint Sébastien, voix et piano (Debussy)La mer, 2 pianos, 6 mains  (Debussy)

Sources
French government publication  on Caplet. References

Bernac, Pierre.The Interpretation of French Song. New York: Norton, 1978. Orledge, Robert: "Caplet, <mask> (Léon)", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 25 November 2003), http://www.grovemusic.com. Thiollet, Jean-Pierre, Sax, Mule & Co'', Paris, H & D, 2004 ("<mask>let", pp. 108–109)

External links
Le martyre de Saint-Sébastien: mystère en cinq actes, music by Debussy, transcribed by Caplet Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
The Masque of Red Death Score from Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection
ResMusicca.com: <mask>let
André-Caplet.fr
Musicologie.org: <mask>let

1878 births
1925 deaths
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
People from Le Havre
Prix de Rome for composition
19th-century French composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
19th-century French male

masks:
André
André Cap
André Cap
André Cap


texts:
<mask>-Jones, MP (18 April 1866 – 11 January 1941) was a Welsh solicitor who became Coroner for the county of Flintshire and a Liberal, later Liberal National politician. Family and education
<mask> was born at Bethesda, Caernarfonshire. He received his education at Friars School, Bangor and Bala College. He then attended University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He obtained BA degrees from the Universities of Wales and London and the law degree LLB from London. Later in life he received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Political Science from the University of Pécs in Hungary. In 1892 he married Elizabeth Roberts from Ruthin.They had three sons and two daughters. Career
Llewellyn-Jones was admitted as a solicitor in 1891. Over the years he was a member of a number of domestic and international organisations connected to the law, including the International Law Association from 1912 to 1939, the Grotius Society of London from 1915 to 1939, the American Society of International Law, other English and foreign Peace and International Law Societies, the Society of Comparative Legislation and Société de Législation Comparée of Paris and the Medico-Legal Society of London, 1915–38. He took a particular interest in National Insurance and health matters. He was Chairman of Flintshire Insurance Committee, 1912–40; the President (1937–38) of the Association  of Welsh Insurance Committees and  President of the Federation of English, Scottish, and Welsh Insurance Committees, 1924–26, 1929–31, and 1934–37. He was appointed by the National Insurance Commissioners and Ministry of Health to be a member of successive Advisory Committees and of the Welsh Consultative Health Council. He also served as a member of the Central Council for Health Education, 1923–40.For many years

masks:
Frederick Llewellyn
Frederick Llewellyn Jones


texts:
 he served as HM Coroner for Flintshire. Politics
In 1914 he was selected as the Liberal party prospective parliamentary candidate for Preston. However, by early 1918 he had relinquished that role and announced his intention to contest the University of Wales as a Labour candidate. Llewellyn-Jones was elected Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Flintshire at the 1929 general election. However, in 1931 an economic crisis led to the formation of a National Government led by Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The government was initially supported by the Conservative and Liberal parties, and a rump of National Labour MPs. However the Liberals were increasingly divided over the existence of the National Government, particularly over the issue Free Trade.The official party led by Sir Herbert Samuel, although agreeing to go into the 1931 general election supporting the government became more and more worried about the government's stance on Free Trade and concerned about the predominance of the Conservatives in the coalition. However a group of Liberal MPs led by Sir John Simon who were concerned to ensure the National Government had a wide cross-party base, formed the Liberal National Party to more openly support MacDonald's administration. Llewellyn-Jones was one of 22 Liberal MPs who met in ‘secret conclave’ on the evening of 5 October 1931. The meeting resolved to form itself into a body to give firm support to the prime minister as the head of a national government and for the purpose of fighting a general election. Sir John Simon wrote to the Prime Minister that night to give him the news  and the decision was made to call the group Liberal Nationals. After that, Llewellyn-Jones sat in the House of Commons as a Liberal National. At the 1931 general


texts:
 election, when the official and Liberal National groups were still both supporting the government, Llewellyn-Jones was not opposed in Flintshire either by a Free Trade Liberal or Conservative candidate.However, there was opposition to his decision to associate with the Liberal Nationals  within the Flintshire Liberal Association. At the meeting held to discuss the general election, Llewellyn-Jones threw down the gauntlet to the Association proclaiming that whether or not they adopted him he would stand anyway, secure in the knowledge that the Conservatives had already agreed not to put up a candidate in the seat. The atmosphere at the meeting was reported as ‘stormy’ by The Times but Llewellyn-Jones got the support of more than half those voting at the meeting. An interesting detail from the election was the public support offered to Llewellyn-Jones by Henry Neville Gladstone, the only surviving son of the great Liberal statesman William Ewart Gladstone whose family home, Hawarden Castle, was located in the constituency. On election day, Llewellyn-Jones found himself opposed only by the Labour Party candidate Miss F Edwards and he was returned to Parliament with the massive majority of 24, 247 votes. Changing back and resignation
While he gained election as a Liberal National with Conservative assent and joined the Liberal National group in the House of Commons, Llewellyn-Jones was not mere coalition lobby-fodder. In 1932 he resigned from the Liberal National group and re-took the Liberal whip.In November 1932 a vote of no confidence in him was passed by the Flintshire Conservatives, for persistently voting against the government on fiscal matters, including the Ottawa Agreements. In February 1934, Llewellyn-Jones issued a statement to the effect that he


texts:
 would not stand again at the next general election on the grounds of age and the need for new  blood in the constituency. Welsh education and culture
Llewellyn-Jones was closely associated with Welsh life and in particular the promotion of education and culture. He was Chairman of the Holywell School Board 1898–1904, a member of Flintshire Joint Education Committee; a Member of the Court of Governors of the University Colleges of Wales, Aberystwyth and Bangor as well as serving as a member of the Welsh University Court and the Court of Governors of the National Library of Wales and of the Welsh National Museum. He also served as the President of the Welsh League of Nations Union in 1933 and in support of Welsh language and culture, he was a member of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion and of the Gorsedd of the National Eisteddfod of Wales. Awards
Llewellyn-Jones was made a member of the Royal Hungarian Order of Merit. Death
Llewellyn-Jones died at  Isfryn, Mold, Flintshire  on 11 January 1941.See also
 List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs

References

External links

1866 births
1941 deaths
People educated at Friars School, Bangor
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
Alumni of the University of Wales
Alumni of the University of


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<mask> (; born July 19, 1978) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, Colorado Rockies, San Diego Padres, Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays and Milwaukee Brewers. He bats and throws right-handed. Professional career

San Francisco Giants
<mask> signed with the San Francisco Giants as a minor league free agent on September 14, 1994. He made his major league debut with the Giants on September 5, 2001 as a September call up. <mask> became the Giants back up catcher for the 2002 season after a strong spring training. During <mask>'s early career, his defensive abilities were his key strength, particularly his ability to throw out baserunners.He had 136 at-bats in 2001 and 200 in 2002. During the 2002 postseason, <mask> would still serve as the backup catcher although he made no appearances as the Giants lost the 2002 World Series to the Anaheim Angels. Yorvit showed some potential, but when Benito Santiago left via free agency in 2003, the Giants opted to trade for A. J. Pierzynski rather than test Torrealba as a full-time player. He continued to serve as the backup catcher when the Giants signed Mike Matheny prior to the 2005 season; in fact, he played less than when Pierzynski was the starter. <mask> expressed frustration over his lack of playing time to the media more than once, saying he believed he was capable of playing every day. Manager Felipe Alou publicly discussed the possibility of converting Torrealba into a utility player to get him more playing time, but that never came to pass. Seattle Mariners
<mask> was traded, along with pitcher Jesse Foppert, to the Seattle Mariners for outfielder

masks:
Yorvit Adolfo Torrealba
Torrealba
Torrealba
Torrealba
Torrealba
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 Randy Winn at the trading deadline of the 2005 season.The Mariners were in the midst of a 93-loss season and were rebuilding, and <mask> competed for the opportunity to be Seattle's starting catcher. Colorado Rockies
After the 2005 season, the Seattle Mariners traded <mask> to the Colorado Rockies for Marcos Carvajal after signing Kenji Johjima to be their starting catcher. With the Rockies, <mask> had a chance to be the starting catcher, but lost the job after he was injured prior to the 2006 season, establishing Danny Ardoin as the Rockies starting catcher. <mask>'s injury was a lingering shoulder injury that was caused by overtraining. During November 2007, rumors that <mask> would sign with the Mets intensified. <mask> and the Mets agreed on a deal for $14.4 million over three years. The deal had seemed to be done, but with the failing of Yorvit's physical he was never sent to New York.<mask> would later file a grievance against the Mets. On November 29, 2007, he re-signed with the Rockies. <mask> began the 2007 season for the Rockies platooning with rookie catcher Chris Iannetta. When Iannetta struggled, <mask> won the starting job. On May 29, 2007, against the St. Louis Cardinals, <mask> hit a grand slam, the 3rd of his career. He finished the season with a .255 average and 47 RBIs in 396 at-bats and he threw out only 17 percent of potential base-stealers, down from his success in previous seasons. <mask> had some big hits for the Rockies during late 2007, when the Rockies won 12 of their last 13 to force a one-game playoff against the San Diego Padres, which the Rockies won.<mask> homered off Jake Peavy in that game. <mask> also hit a 3-run home run off of former teammate Liván Hernández

masks: Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba


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 in Game 3 of the 2007 National League Championship Series. <mask> led the Rockies to the World Series for the first time ever but lost the series to the Boston Red Sox in a 4-game sweep. Through the 2007 season, <mask> posted a career .251 batting average with 30 home runs and 173 RBIs in 440 games. As a catcher, he compiled a .997 fielding average with only seventeen errors in 2587 chances; <mask>'s defense has been above average throughout his career. He has thrown out over 32% of all baserunners attempting to steal. His ability to throw out runners was a career low 19.7% in 2007.Due to his impressive postseason play, <mask> has recently been dubbed "Mr. Rocktober." <mask> has an unusual throwing motion, as he brings his hand to  and then snaps his arm in a quick motion, although it seems to work for him, given his success at throwing out baserunners. On November 6, 2009, the Rockies decided to go with youngster Chris Iannetta as their primary catcher and declined their 2010 contract option with <mask>, making him a free agent. San Diego Padres
On February 9, 2010, <mask> and the San Diego Padres signed a one-year contract with a mutual option for a second year. In 2010, he batted .271, and led the league's catchers in fielding percentage, at .996. Following the season, <mask> declined the option, but was later offered arbitration by the Padres.Texas Rangers

<mask> agreed to a two-year contract with the Texas Rangers for $6.25 million. <mask> homered in his second game with his new team. In 2011, he batted .273 with 7 home runs. On defense, he was third in the league in errors by a catcher, totalling 9 errors. <mask> led the Rangers into the postseason until the team lost the 2011 World

masks: Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba Torrealba


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 Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. On July 30, 2012, <mask> was designated for assignment by the Texas Rangers  He was released on August 8, 2012. Toronto Blue Jays
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays on August 14, 2012 and reported to the New Hampshire Fisher Cats.<mask> was added to the 40 man roster and called up to the Blue Jays on August 21. On August 22, <mask> played first base for the first time in his career. Milwaukee Brewers
On September 21, 2012, <mask> was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash considerations or a player to be named later. He ended up appearing in six games for the Brewers, going 0-for-5 at the plate with one walk. Second stint with the Colorado Rockies
He signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies on January 24, 2013. In 61 games, <mask> batted .240 and had 8 doubles and 16 RBIs for the Rockies. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on January 31, 2014.He got released and became a free agent on March 23. Chicago Cubs
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs on June 12, 2014. He was released a month later. Personal life
<mask>'s parents gave him his name when they could not decide between Yorman and Victor. They decided to combine the two into "Yorvit". <mask>'s parents still reside in Venezuela. <mask> has two sons named Yorvis <mask> (1997) and Julian Xavier <mask> (2000).In June 2009, <mask> <mask> was unexpectedly placed on the Rockies' restricted list. On June 4, 2009, it was announced that the reason for his absence was that his 11-year-old son and "his two uncles" had been kidnapped. The abductors set Yorvis and the other

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 family members free without picking up the $50,000 that had been agreed upon. He then moved his son out of Venezuela to Miami. Yorvis Eduardo tossed the first pitch in the third game of the 2009 National League Division Series against the Phillies, and he was drafted by the Rockies in the 20th round of the 2019 MLB draft. Controversy
On December 23, 2011, while playing for the Leones del Caracas in the Venezuelan Winter League regular season, <mask> argued heatedly following a strikeout. He then was ejected by umpire Dario Rivero, Jr. Before leaving, he delivered a shot to Rivero in the head.<mask> claimed that his attack on the umpire was because of a disputed strike call prior to striking out. As a result, the league suspended <mask> for 66 games, which did not carry over to Major League Baseball or any other baseball circuit. See also

List of players from Venezuela in Major League Baseball

Notes

External links

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League career statistics

1978 births
Bakersfield Blaze players
Bellingham Giants players
Bravos de Margarita players
Burlington Bees players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Leones del Caracas players
Living people
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Milwaukee Brewers players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
Pastora de los Llanos players
Pastora de Occidente players
People from Caracas
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Seattle Mariners players
Shreveport Captains players
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the

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<mask> (June 2, 1970 – December 18, 1996) was the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War. On August 24, 1996, Hunziker was taken into custody by North Korean police after swimming into the country across the Yalu River from the People's Republic of China. Hunziker spent three months in North Korean custody before being released and returned to the United States thanks to the negotiation efforts of then-New Mexico congressman Bill Richardson. However, less than a month after his return, Hunziker died by suicide. Early life
Hunziker's father, <mask>, was an American veteran of the Korean War who had spent 12 years stationed in South Korea with the United States Forces Korea, and while living there, met Hunziker's Korean mother, Jong Nye, a South Korean citizen. The two later moved to the United States, settling in Tacoma, Washington, where they had three children, and Hunziker's father worked in a variety of jobs including as a bus driver and cement layer. Hunziker's father developed a drinking problem, and in 1974 Hunziker's father and mother divorced.Hunziker moved with his mother to Anchorage, Alaska, where he spent most of his childhood with various relatives of his mother's. Hunziker and his mother eventually moved back to Tacoma, where she opened the Olympus Hotel. In 1988 Hunziker graduated from Stadium High School in Tacoma. He went on to attend colleges in Yakima and South Seattle on a football scholarship, but began drinking and using drugs, and did not graduate. Hunziker later returned to Anchorage, where his mother was running a motel with her boyfriend, Kevin Hux. There, Hunziker helped out with the business, often driving guests to and from the airport. Hunziker's mother later introduced him to a young South Korean woman in the hopes that the two would develop a relationship, and they married soon after.However, Hunziker's drug and alcohol problems, combined with his

masks:
Evan Carl Hunziker
Edwin Hunziker


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 increasing violence towards his wife and his relatives, led to the failure of his marriage in 1993. His mother applied for a restraining order against him in that same year, and Hux filed for another restraining order two years later after Hunziker allegedly stabbed him in the face with a pencil, and assaulted twelve motel employees and guests in the space of a month. In another incident, Hunziker attempted to forcibly remove his former wife from a hospital, and attacked a nurse when she attempted to intervene. From 1992 to 1996, Hunziker was arrested seven times on a variety of charges including assault, malicious destruction, and drunk driving. Hunziker reportedly converted to Christianity while in jail, and upon his seventh release, in 1995, fled back to Washington hoping to avoid being brought up on pending criminal assault charges that his mother had filed against him in Alaska. In mid-1996, Hunziker decided that he wanted to go to South Korea to find a job as an English teacher and evangelize. He borrowed money for an airline ticket to Seoul, and left the United States in July, staying with his cousin Yun Jae-hun.According to his parents, Hunziker could speak Korean well, and it would be his third trip to South Korea, including the first one during which he met his wife-to-be. From Seoul, he took a trip to the People's Republic of China beginning on August 16, spending one week in Beijing before proceeding to northeast China by train. Detention in North Korea
On August 24, 1996, Hunziker swam across the Yalu River from Dandong on the China–North Korea border, on a dare from a friend with whom he had been drinking alcohol. North Korean farmers found him and summoned the police, who arrested him. Swedish diplomats were able to visit Hunziker once after his detention, on September 17. North Korea ignored later requests from the United States that Hunziker be allowed to receive regular visits. The North Korean government did not announce Hunziker's


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 arrest until October 6, and analysts suspected they delayed the announcement until a more strategic time in an attempt to divert attention from two other international controversies: one regarding the unsolved murder of South Korean consul for the Russian Far East, Choe Deok-geun, in which North Korean involvement was suspected, and the other about the landing on South Korean soil of a North Korean submarine containing 26 commandos.On October 8, the North Korean government formally announced that they would charge Hunziker with espionage, a charge which could bring the death penalty. Edwin Hunziker called his congressman, Randy Tate, in an attempt to learn what, if anything, the United States government was doing for his son. <mask>r was permitted to send a letter home on October 12, in which he stated that "I came across the border as a Christian man first and foremost to promote peace, and ... I have not confessed to being a spy". Soon after, Hunziker was moved from the hotel where he had been held initially to a detention center. Edwin Hunziker would later recall his son's description of the food, that it "was edible and it was sustainable, but it was lousy food". He reportedly signed several confessions, though under psychological duress.Release by North Korea
Eventually, Bill Richardson, a New Mexico congressman who had a history of negotiating for the release of Americans held by countries with whom the United States had poor or no formal relations, arranged to go to North Korea to discuss the matter. Richardson went as a private citizen, but was accompanied by a representative of the United States Department of State, arriving in North Korea on November 24. According to Richardson, the North Korean mission to the United Nations in New York City initially demanded US$100,000 as a bail and fine for the release of Hunziker, whom they considered a spy and an illegal interloper. However, Richardson refused this demand as an unacceptable


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 quid-pro-quo which would imply Hunziker's guilt. Eventually, the two sides settled on payment of $5,000 hotel costs for the period of Hunziker's incarceration, which Hunziker's family, rather than the government, paid. Richardson stated that the money was not the major trigger for Hunziker's release; rather, he speculated that the North Korean side realized they had made a major mistake during the incident where a submarine full of their commandos landed on South Korean soil, which occurred only weeks after Hunziker's arrest, and hoped to reduce tensions and regain aid. He also stated that the North Korean military had been opposed to Hunziker's release.Hunziker was first flown to Yokota Air Base in Japan for a medical examination on November 27, where he was found to have two red marks on his neck, possibly rope burns; North Korea claimed he attempted to hang himself while in custody. He arrived back in the United States via Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Death
After his release, Hunziker moved back to Tacoma, into the Olympus Hotel owned by his mother, as he would not return to Alaska due to the three outstanding warrants for his arrest by the Anchorage police. According to friends, relatives, and fellow hotel residents, he seemed happy, though not talkative. Hunziker often spent his nights in the hotel restaurant, where he was found dead on the morning of December 18, lying on a bench with a gunshot wound to the head and his cousin's .357 Magnum revolver lying next to him. See also

2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea
 List of foreign nationals detained in North Korea

References

External links
Associated Press File Photo: <mask><mask> of Tacoma, Washington, waves upon his arrival at the Yokota Air Base on the outskirt of Tokyo

1970 births
1996 deaths
American people of Korean descent
North Korea–United States relations
Suicides by firearm in Washington (state)
Prisoners and detainees of North Korea
American people

masks:
Evan C
. Hunziker


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<mask> (December 7, 1828 – May 18, 1912) was an American attorney, politician, educator, and officer of the Confederate Army. He served as the 20th Governor of Tennessee from 1875 to 1879. He was subsequently appointed as Assistant Secretary of State during President Grover Cleveland's first administration, and Minister to Chile in Cleveland's second administration. As an elected state legislator on the eve of the Civil War, <mask> had introduced the "Porter resolutions," which bound Tennessee to the Confederacy should war be declared. He served during  much of the war as chief of staff to Confederate General Benjamin F. Cheatham, and saw action at various battles in Tennessee and Georgia. <mask> spent his later years as chancellor of his alma mater, the University of Nashville, and as president of Peabody College. This was established at the University of Nashville during his gubernatorial administration.He oversaw the liquidation and transfer of the University of Nashville's assets to the Peabody Education Fund, which allowed Peabody College to be re-established near Vanderbilt University in 1909. Early life
<mask> was born in Paris, Tennessee, the son of Dr. Thomas Kennedy <mask> and Geraldine (Horton<mask>. Their town was the county seat of Henry County, included within West Tennessee. <mask> attended college at the University of Nashville, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1846, and a Master of Arts in 1849. He studied law at Cumberland University and in Paris under local attorney John H<mask>; he was admitted to the bar in 1851. That year he also married <mask>, his mentor's daughter, starting his career and adult life. Career and Civil War
<mask> began a private practice in Paris, where he also became involved in politics.He was elected as a Whig to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1859. In 1861, he introduced the "Porter resolutions," which were eventually adopted. These resolutions stipulated that, in the event of

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James Davis Porter
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 war between seceding states and the Union, Tennessee would align with the seceding states. In early May 1861, following the Battle of Fort Sumter, these measures were enacted, and Tennessee signed a military pact with the Confederacy. <mask> was commissioned as an adjutant general under Gideon J. Pillow, and helped organize the Provisional Army of Tennessee. After this army was attached to the greater Confederate Army, <mask> was assigned to General Benjamin F. Cheatham. As Cheatham's chief of staff, <mask> took part in the battles of Belmont, Shiloh, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and the Siege of Atlanta.After the war, <mask> returned to his law practice in Paris. In 1870, he was a delegate to the state's constitutional convention, which wrote the current Tennessee State Constitution, and served on the convention's judiciary committee. Following the convention, he was elected judge of the state's 12th circuit. Originally a Whig, he joined the Democratic Party after the Civil War, which was the party of the majority of southern whites. Governor

<mask> received the Democratic nomination for governor in 1874. He easily defeated his Republican opponent, Horace Maynard, by a 105,061 to 55,847 vote later that year. In 1876, he was reelected by a similarly lopsided margin over several candidates, among them moderate Democrat <mask> B. Thomas and Republican William F. Yardley, the latter being the state's first African-American candidate for governor.Like his predecessor, John C. Brown, <mask> spent much of his gubernatorial tenure managing the state's out-of-control debt. After the state defaulted on its bonded debt in 1875, <mask> continued to argue that the state should pay off the bonds in full to protect its credit. The Panic of 1873 had greatly reduced tax revenues, however, and full repayment proved unfeasible. His successors sought only a partial repayment. <mask> was a strong supporter of public education. When the Peabody Fund

masks: Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter Dorsey Porter Porter Porter


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 announced it was going to establish a school for teachers in Nashville, <mask> used his influence to have the school attached to the University of Nashville. During his tenure, but independent of the state, the South's first medical school for African Americans, the privately supported Meharry Medical College, was founded in Nashville as part of Central Tennessee College, a historically black college founded by the northern Methodist Church.<mask> signed the so-called "Four Mile Law," an early, backdoor form of Prohibition that forbade alcoholic beverages within four miles (6.4 km) of any school. Given the small size of most of the schools of the era, they were built in nearly every community, even many of the smallest ones. The law effectively outlawed alcohol in all but the least-populated areas of the state. Later endeavors

In his book Appalachian Aspirations, Professor John Benhart describes <mask> (and ex-Governor John C. Brown) as "typical of the New South Conservatives who dominated Tennessee politics during the two decades following Reconstruction, mixing the mores of the Old South with a recognition that industrial capitalism was the wave of the future." Following his tenure as governor, <mask> remained active in the New South economy. He succeeded Edmund William Cole as the president of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway from 1880 to 1884. He also served on the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.In 1885, <mask> was appointed Assistant Secretary of State by President Grover Cleveland. He served under Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard. In 1893, during Cleveland's second term, <mask> was appointed as U.S. Minister to Chile. He served there until a change in administrations in the Spring of 1894. <mask> spent the latter part of his life promoting and raising funds for his alma mater, the University of Nashville (from which he had been granted an honorary LL.D. in 1877), and its

masks: Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter Porter


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 affiliated Peabody College. He was appointed a trustee of the Peabody Education Fund in 1883, and became president of the Board of Trustees for the University of Nashville in 1890.<mask> became chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1901, and president of Peabody College in 1902. He supported the construction of Confederate Memorial Hall. In the latter part of the decade, he oversaw the liquidation of the University of Nashville's assets and their transfer to the Peabody fund for the reestablishment of Peabody College. The fund chose to locate the reorganized college at Vanderbilt's campus, however, leaving <mask> embittered. He resigned from the fund's board in 1909. In 1899, <mask> published a book, The Military History of Tennessee, War of 1861-65, which became Volume VIII of Clement Evans's 12-volume series, Confederate Military History. He was also active in the Tennessee Historical Society, at one point serving as its president.<mask> died in 1912, and is buried in the Paris City Cemetery. Family
In 1851 <mask> married <mask> in Paris, Tennessee. She was the daughter of his law mentor, John H<mask>. They had six children together, three of whom died at a young age. References

External links

 Confederate Military History Volume VIII: Tennessee – <mask>'s book on the Civil War in Tennessee
John Henry <mask>nlap
Governor <mask> <mask> Papers, 1875 - 1879, Tennessee State Library and Archives. |-

1828 births
1912 deaths
Governors of Tennessee
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
19th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Chile
People from Paris, Tennessee
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Tennessee state court judges
Tennessee Democrats
Confederate States Army officers
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Vanderbilt University people
19th-century American judges
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century

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<mask>, (Genoa, Italy, 17 November 1666 – Madrid, Spain, 28 June 1724) was the 10th Duke of Alburquerque, a Grandee of Spain, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece since 1707, and Viceroy of New Spain from 27 November 1702 to 14 January 1711. His tenure as Viceroy of New Spain is commemorated in the namesake of Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was the nephew of <mask> – Colonna, (* Barcelona, 1618/1619 – † Madrid (Palacio Real) 27 March 1676), 8th Duque de Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, also a Viceroy of New Spain, (1653–1660), and Viceroy of Sicily, (1667–1670), and the son of the 9th Duke of Alburquerque, and many other lesser titles, the cadet brother of the 8th Duke, and inheritor of the titles, <mask>ueva (* Madrid, 2 March 1625 – † Madrid 12 October 1686). His father, Melchor, the 9th Duke, had married in 1665 his niece <mask>, the 3rd Marchioness of Cadreita, Navarre, daughter of the 8th Duke of Alburquerque <mask> and Juana Francisca Díez <mask>x y Armendáriz, herself daughter of <mask>endáriz, Viceroy of Mexico (1635–1640). This Spanish – Equatorian, <mask>ueva, 10th Duke, was thus family connected through paternal and maternal links with 2 former Viceroys of New Spain, Viceroys of México, his uncle Francisco IV, the 8th Duke of Alburquerque and Lope Díez de Armendáriz. He was captain general of the Kingdom of Granada and captain general of the coast of Andalusia. His administration
The French had received a concession of ten years for their establishment, in Veracruz, of a French trading post dealing in black slaves.Upon his arrival in Veracruz he enforced Spanish law, and allowed their stay, until their concession was over. After

masks: Francisco V Fernández de la Cueva y Fernández de la Cueva

masks: Francisco Fernández de La Cueva y Fernandez de la C


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 which point, the French trading post was to stop operating within the slave trade, as it was illegal to openly operate such facilities within Spanish territory. He arrived in Chapultepec in November, 1702 and made his formal entry into Mexico City on 8 December 1702. He was a fervent supporter of the Bourbon monarchy and of King Philip V of Spain, and he worked in New Spain to suppress any kind of discontent that could result in support for the Habsburg party. This viceroy's administration was known for its luxury and magnificence. On 6 January 1703 the palace guards in the viceregal palace appeared in uniforms of the French mode for the first time, three-cornered hats and all. This attracted much attention, and fashions at the court and beyond quickly followed along the same lines.This was a fashion of luxury, starkly contrasted with the poverty of the majority of the people. Marriage
He married in Madrid, 6 February 1684, 18-year-old Juana <mask> Cerda y <mask>gón-Moncada (* Puerto de Santa María, 27 March 1664 – † Madrid 28 June 1724), a daughter of <mask> II Tomás <mask> <mask>rda 8th Duke of Medinaceli, 8 Duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, and many other lesser titles. Their first son, inheritor of the titles, was named <mask> <mask> <mask> (* Madrid 28 September 1692 – † Hortaleza, 23. June 1757), 11th Duke of Alburquerque and many other lesser titles, who married in 1734 Agustina <mask>, deceased 10 years later, a daughter of <mask> Dios <mask> y Mendoza, (1672–1737), 10th Duque del Infantado, and María Teresa, a daughter of <mask> Gutiérrez <mask> Ríos, from Cordoba and Ambassador in France. Military

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de la
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Lorenzo de
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Fernández de
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 affairs
<mask> <mask> repaired and expanded the armada of Barlovento (coast guard) so that it could attack pirates. He devoted much of the armed forces to dislodging the English and Dutch from the coast of the Seno Mexicano (Gulf coast). He sent reinforcements and supplies to Saint Augustine, Florida, which was besieged by the English.He confiscated the property of the English and Dutch, and used the proceeds to fend off their incursions. He worked to protect the newly established Jesuit missions in California. He also worked hard to provide financial aid to the Bourbons in the Spanish War of Succession. He demanded that the clergy turn over one tenth of their rents to the government. The archbishop strongly objected. When <mask> La Cueva's term in office was extended, in gratitude he remitted two million pesos to the Crown. To raise this money, he resorted to shady methods, such as selling government positions.His remissions to Spain were so large that the government found itself unable to pay many police and other employees, and they were laid off. The streets and highways became infested with brigands. Crime and rebellion
In 1701 the Tribunal de la  (literally, Court of Agreement) was founded. It received this name as the result of a proposal agreed to by the Audiencia. It was an organization of volunteers intended to capture and quickly try bandits. From its creation to the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810, the  delivered 57,500 verdicts to 62,850 accused. Of those, 35,058 were freed, 888 were hanged, 1,729 were whipped; 19,410 were sentenced to prison for one or two years and 263 to labor on public works; 777 were banished to

masks:
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 camps in the north, and the remainder were sent on to regular judges.Three hundred forty died in hospitals and 1,280 in prison. In 1704 the viceroy suppressed a rebellion of the Pima Indians in Nueva Vizcaya, using bloody methods. The Indians were terrorized and submitted, but in the long run this was a bad result for the Spanish. The Indians became distrustful and resisted evangelization and integration into the society of the viceroyalty. Reputation
<mask> <mask> was the namesake of the Villa de Alburquerque, in Nuevo México (now New Mexico), which was founded under his administration on 23 April 1706. On 12 October 1709 San Francisco de Cuéllar (now the city of Chihuahua) was founded. Also in 1709 the Church of Santa María de Guadalupe was established.In spite of his faults, <mask> <mask> had a reputation as an affable, moderate and capable governor who maintained tranquility and security in the viceroyalty. He turned over the government around January 1711 to his successor, <mask> Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares. Afterwards, he returned to Spain during 1711, dying in Madrid in June 1724, aged 57. References

Sources

 Rosenmüller, Christoph. Patrons, Partisans, and Palace Intrigues: The Court Society of Colonial Mexico, 1702–1710.Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2008. "Acordada, La," Enciclopedia de México, v. 1. Mexico City, 1988."<mask> La Cueva Enríquez, <mask>," Enciclopedia de México, v. 5. Mexico City, 1988. 1666 births
1724 deaths
Counts of Ledesma
Counts of Huelma
110
Fernández de la Cueva
Grandees of Spain
Knights of Santiago
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Marquesses of Cuellar
Marquesses of Cadreita
Spanish generals
Viceroys of

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Fernández de
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Sir <mask> (1566-1626) was a Scottish courtier and diplomat. Early life
<mask> was the eldest son of <mask> of Beltrees, and Mary Livingston, one of the "Four Marys", companions of Mary, Queen of Scots. Sempill was brought up with <mask> under George Buchanan at Stirling Castle in the royal household supervised by Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar. He completed his education at the University of St. Andrews, and used the title "Mr." or Master on account of his degree. He was also known as "Beltrees" from his family estate. Sempill assisted <mask> in the preparation of his Basilikon Doron. He was on good terms with the Kirk minister Andrew Melville, and caused a furore by showing Melville the contents of Basilikon Doron in advance.Via <mask> the text reached the synod of Fife. <mask> later supported Andrew Melville in 1606 when he was committed to the Tower of London. Robert Boyd of Trochrig considered Sempill an enemy of the bishops. Scottish diplomat
<mask> was Ambassador to England in the years 1591-1600 and was knighted on Christmas Day 1600. Another Scot employed by the King in London, <mask>, referred to <mask>'s youth and inexperience in March 1599. Hudson wrote that Sempill was "a raw piece to employ and one unskilful, only a scholar." Roger Aston, an English courtier of <mask>, wrote in August 1599 that "Beltries  was plain and honest, and by the means of Sir George Elphinstone (of Blythswood) whose sister he married, he may do good offices."Hudson wrote again to Sir Robert Cecil, the English Secretary of State in September 1599, praising

masks:
James Sempill
James Sempill
John Sempill
James VI
James VI
James Melville
Sempill
Sempill
James Hudson
Sempill
James VI


texts: <mask>'s good nature, and mentioning that his paternal grandmother was English. Hudson added that Sempill would be "the true Lord Sempill if he had his due." <mask> sent newsletters to Cecil, and in English correspondence he was known by the cipher "99". In August 1599 <mask> was sent to London to take the place of David Foulis and collect the "gratuity" for <mask>, a sum of money which Elizabeth I of England sent to Scotland to support <mask>. He delivered £400 sterling of this money to George Heriot for the queen's jewels. A Scottish servant of Lady Kildare named Dicksoun ingratiated himself with <mask>, and said she had spoken in favour of the king's succession to the English throne at dinner with the Lord Admiral. He seems to have carried letters from Anthony Bacon and the Earl of Essex to Lord Willoughby in January 1600.On his return to Scotland, in April 1600, Anne of Denmark asked him what Elizabeth had said about her, and she disbelieved him at first, based on the reports of others. A joke was made about young Prince Henry's involvement in diplomacy. <mask> was privy to correspondence between Anne of Denmark and Albert VII, Archduke of Austria. He became involved in the discussions following the kidnap of Edmund Ashfield by English agent at Leith. In 1601 he was sent to France, and accompanied the Duke of Lennox from Dieppe to London in October. In November 1601 the Earl of Northampton wrote to the Earl of Mar that in London the king's agent <mask> stirred up Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare, the Duke of Lennox, and Sempill, who 'like an

masks:
Sempill
Sempill
James Sempill
James VI
James VI
Sempill
Sempill
James Hamilton


texts:
 organ, sowndes when the other blowes'. Back in Scotland, in April 1602 Anne of Denmark asked him to mention her in a letter to Robert Cecil.She told <mask> that Sir Thomas Erskine of Gogar had been the author of slanders against her which were current in France and England. Erskine kept the King busy writing to England, and she wished she knew what these letters were about, and would have intercepted them if she could. She had had an offer from a courtier to destroy the career of the Earl of Mar if she undermined the Duke of Lennox, which she knew how to do, and understandably wanted <mask> to keep this secret. Sempill hoped Cecil would cut off this part of the letter and burn it. <mask> wrote to Cecil again in May 1602. Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar had written to her brother the Duke of Lennox complaining he was the Earl of Mar's main opponent in Scotland. Sir Thomas Erskine was blamed for their trouble, and slanders against the Duke in France and England.On 3 February 1603 <mask> gave him a jewel which had belonged to Mary, Queen of Scots for his good service abroad and at home, and faithful conduct of diplomatic negotiations. The jewel was a carcatt (necklace chain) with a diamond in one piece and a ruby in another, with a tablet (locket) set with a carbuncle of a diamond and ruby, set around with diamonds. <mask> of Beltrees died at Paisley in 1626. Works
He wrote some theological works:

Cassander Scotiana to Cassander Anglicanus (1616);
Sacrilege sacredly handled (1619), written against Joseph Justus Scaliger and John Selden;
Sacrilege saved

masks:
Sempill
Sempill
Sempill
James
James Sempill