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 "volunteer" labour, with inscriptions such as "Come work with us to shorten the war", hid the appalling realities faced by Russian workers in Germany.Many people joined the partisans rather than risk being sent to an unknown fate in the west. Another of <mask>'s initiatives, the "Free Caucasus" campaign, was rather more successful, attracting various nationalities into the so-called Eastern Legion (Ostlegionen), though in the end this made little difference in the outcome of the war on the Eastern Front. Trial and execution

<mask> was captured by Allied troops on 19 May 1945 in Flensburg-Mürwik. He was tried at Nuremberg and found guilty of all four counts: conspiracy to commit crimes against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. The final judgment against him named him one of the principal planners of the invasions of Norway and the Soviet Union. It also held him directly responsible for the systematic plunder of the occupied countries of Europe, as well as the brutal conditions in Eastern Europe. During his trial he wrote his memoirs, which were published posthumously and with analytical commentary by Serge Lang and Ernst von Schenck.He was sentenced to death and executed with other condemned co-defendants at Nuremberg Prison on the morning of 16 October 1946. His body, like those of the other nine executed men and that of Hermann Göring, was cremated at Ostfriedhof (Munich) and the ashes were scattered in the river Isar. Throughout the trial, it was agreed that <mask> had a decisive role in shaping Nazi philosophy and ideology. Examples include: his book Myth of the

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


type: original

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 Twentieth Century, which was published in 1930, where he incited hatred against "Liberal Imperialism" and "Bolshevik Marxism"; furthering the influence of the "Lebensraum" idea in Germany during the war; facilitating the persecution of Christian churches and the Jews in particular; and opposition to the Versailles Treaty. According to Joseph Kingsbury-Smith, who covered the executions for the International News Service, <mask> was the only condemned man who, when asked at the gallows if he had any last statement to make, replied with only one word: "No". Nazi policy and <mask>'s views
Hitler was a leader oriented towards practical politics, whereas, for <mask>, religion and philosophy were key and he was the most culturally influential within the party. Several accounts of the time before the Nazi ascension to power speak of Hitler as being a mouthpiece for <mask>'s views, and he clearly exerted a great deal of intellectual influence.The question of <mask>'s influence in the Nazi Party is controversial. He was perceived as lacking the charisma and political skills of the other Nazi leaders, and was somewhat isolated. In some of his speeches Hitler appeared to be close to <mask>'s views, rejecting traditional Christianity as a religion based on Jewish culture, preferring an ethnically and culturally pure "Race" whose destiny was supposed to be assigned to the German people by "Providence". In others, he adhered to the Nazi Party line, which advocated a "positive Christianity". After Hitler's assumption of power he moved to reassure the Protestant and Catholic churches that the party was not intending to reinstitute Germanic paganism. He

masks: Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg


texts: placed himself in the position of being the man to save Positive Christianity from utter destruction at the hands of the atheistic antitheist Communists of the Soviet Union. This was especially true immediately before and after the elections of 1932; Hitler wanted to appear non-threatening to major Christian faiths and consolidate his power.Furthermore, Hitler felt that Catholic–Protestant infighting had been a major factor in weakening the German state and allowing its dominance by foreign powers. Some Nazi leaders, such as Martin Bormann, were anti-Christian and sympathetic to <mask>. Once in power, Hitler and most Nazi leaders sought to unify the Christian denominations in favor of "positive Christianity". Hitler privately condemned mystical and pseudoreligious interests as "nonsense". However, he and Joseph Goebbels agreed that after the Endsieg (Final Victory) the Reich Church should be pressed into evolving into a German social evolutionist organisation proclaiming the cult of race, blood and battle, instead of Redemption and the Ten Commandments of Moses, which they deemed outdated and Jewish. Heinrich Himmler's views were among the closest to <mask>'s, and their estrangement was perhaps created by Himmler's abilities to put into action what <mask> had only written. Also, while <mask> thought Christianity should be allowed to die out, Himmler actively set out to create countering pagan rituals.Lieutenant Colonel William Harold Dunn (1898–1955) wrote a medical and psychiatric report on him in prison to evaluate him as a suicide risk: He gave the impression of clinging to his own theories in a fanatical and unyielding fashion and to

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 have been little influenced by the unfolding during the trial of the cruelty and crimes of the party. Summarizing the unresolved conflict between the personal views of <mask> and the pragmatism of the Nazi elite:
The ruthless pursuit of Nazi aims turned out to mean not, as <mask> had hoped, the permeation of German life with the new ideology; it meant concentration of the combined resources of party and state on total war. Family life
<mask> was married twice. In 1915, he married Hilda Leesmann, an ethnic Estonian; they divorced in 1923. Two years later, in 1925 he married Hedwig Kramer, to whom he remained wed until his execution by the Allies. He and Kramer had two children: a son who died in infancy and a daughter, Irene, who was born in 1930. Writings
 Unmoral im Talmud, 1920, Ernst Boepple's Deutscher Volksverlag, Munich ("Immorality in the Talmud")
 Das Verbrechen der Freimaurerei: Judentum, Jesuitismus, Deutsches Christentum, 1921 ("The Crime of Freemasonry: Judaism, Jesuitism, German Christianity")
 Wesen, Grundsätze und Ziele der Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei, 1922, Ernst Boepple's Deutscher Volksverlag, Munich ("Being, principles, and goals of the National Socialist German Worker's Party")
 Pest in Russland.Der Bolschewismus, seine Häupter, Handlanger und Opfer, 1922, Ernst Boepple's Deutscher Volksverlag, Munich ("The Plague in Russia. Bolshevism, its heads, henchmen, and victims")
 Bolschewismus, Hunger, Tod, 1922, Ernst Boepple's Deutscher Volksverlag, Munich ("Bolshevism, hunger, death")
 Der staatsfeindliche Zionismus. ("Zionism, the Enemy of the State"), 1922. Die Protokolle der Weisen von Zion und die


texts:
 jüdische Weltpolitik, 1923 ("The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the Jewish World Politics")
 The Jewish Bolshevism, Britons Pub. Society, 1923, together with Ernst Boepple
 Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts, 1930 ("The Myth of the 20th Century")
 Dietrich Eckart. Ein Vermächtnis, 1935 ("Dietrich Eckart: A Legacy")
 An die Dunkelmänner unserer Zeit.Eine Antwort auf die Angriffe gegen den "Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts", 1937 ("The Obscurantists of Our Time: A Response to the Attacks Against 'The Myth of the 20th Century'")
 Protestantische Rompilger. Der Verrat an Luther und der "Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts", 1937 ("Protestant Rome Pilgrims: The Betrayal of Luther and the 'Myth of the 20th Century'")
 Portrait eines Menschheitsverbrechers, 1949, with analytical commentary by Serge Lang and Ernst von Schenck ("Memoirs of <mask>: With Commentaries")
 Die Macht der Form, Unknown ("The Power of Form")

Diary
During the Nuremberg trials, <mask>'s handwritten diary was translated by Harry Fiss, Chief of Documentation for the American prosecution. After its use in evidence during the Nuremberg trials, the diary went missing, along with other material which had been given to the prosecutor Robert Kempner (1899–1993). It was recovered in Lewiston, N.Y., on 13 June 2013. Written on 425 loose-leaf pages, with entries dating from 1936 through 1944, it is now the property of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) in Washington.Henry Mayer, the museum's senior archivist, and the son of a Holocaust survivor, was able to access the material and while "not given enough time to read [the] diary entry from beginning to end," he "could see that

masks:
Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg


texts: <mask> focused on certain subjects, including brutality against Jews and other ethnic groups and forcing the civilian population of occupied Russia to serve Germany." Meyer also noted <mask>'s "hostile comments about Nazi leaders," which he described as "unvarnished." While some parts of the manuscript had been previously published, the majority had been lost for decades. Former Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Robert King Wittman, who helped track down the diary, said, "there is no place in the diary where we have <mask> or Hitler saying the Jews should be exterminated, all it said was 'move them out of Europe'". The New York Times said of the search for the missing manuscript that "the tangled journey of the diary could itself be the subject of a television mini-series." Since the end of 2013, the USHMM has shown the 425-page document (photos and transcripts) on its


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<mask> (born 13 November 1949) is a British-born Australian who has campaigned on peace and justice issues. He was elected to the Australian Parliament in the 1987 elections as Senator for New South Wales, however the High Court subsequently declared his election was invalid as he was not an Australian citizen at the time. Background
<mask> was born in Gateshead in England. His father was an English steelworker; his mother was Italian. The family emigrated to Australia in 1963 as assisted passage migrants. <mask> studied social work in both Sydney and Melbourne, and had a career as a youth and social worker prior to becoming a member of parliament. However, he was unemployed at the time of his election, with one newspaper suggesting he was 'probably the only Member of Parliament to have been elected while on the dole'.<mask> has two children. <mask> and the Nuclear Disarmament Party
<mask> was a member of the Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP), and was its candidate at the NSW Vaucluse by-election in 1986. The NDP had failed narrowly to win a Senate seat in the 1984 federal election, when Midnight Oil singer Peter Garrett had stood under the party's banner. In 1987, the party had a lower profile, and <mask> was at the head of its NSW Senate ticket. Though the party received only 1.53 per cent of the vote, <mask> was elected as a result of preference flows from other parties, and the quota being nearly halved due to a double dissolution election for all Senate seats. This was the lowest primary vote ever received by a successful minor party or independent candidate in an Australian Senate election, until 2013 when Ricky Muir was elected on a primary vote of 0.51%. <mask> took his place in the Senate in August 1987.Nile v <mask>

He

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William Robert Wood
Robert Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood


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 immediately faced a court challenge from one of the unsuccessful candidates in the election, the Call to Australia party's Elaine Nile. This case was heard by the High Court sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns. There were four grounds of challenge set out in the petition:
 <mask> has been convicted of the offence of obstructing shipping, being an offence which carries a term of imprisonment;
 <mask> had been convicted in 1972 of offences in relation to National Service, and served a term of imprisonment;
 <mask> was insolvent; and
 His actions against the vessels of a friendly nation indicate allegiance, obedience or adherence to a foreign power. The High Court, Brennan, Deane and Toohey JJ, dismissed the petition in December 1987 on technical grounds. The brief judgment made a number of observations about section 44 of the Constitution
 The disqualification is not simply for the conviction of an offence, but the person must be serving a sentence of imprisonment for one year or more or "subject to be sentenced" for that offence. Thus a person is not disqualified after the sentence has been served. the person must have been adjudged to be an "undischarged insolvent"
 the allegation of allegiance to a foreign power did not identify the foreign power nor the acknowledgement of that allegiance.<mask>

When <mask> applied for a passport some months after entering parliament, it transpired that while he was a long-term resident of Australia, he was a citizen of the United Kingdom and had only obtained Australian citizenship on 3 February 1988. The High Court unanimously determined on 12 May 1988 that as he was not an Australian citizen prior to 3 February 1988, he was not entitled to be nominated for election as a senator case and

masks:
Wood
Wood
Wood
Re Wood
Wood


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 therefore had never been validly elected. The decision was based on the explicit requirement in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, that a candidate must be an Australian citizen. The High Court followed Vardon v O'Loghlin, as to the consequence of the void election. <mask>'s presence in the Senate did not invalidate the proceedings of the Senate. In this case they held that the vacancy could be filled by the further counting or recounting of the ballot papers. The High Court expressly declined to rule on the question of whether being a dual citizen of the United Kingdom would also disqualify a candidate from election.Aftermath
The recount of the ballot resulted in the election in his place of Irina Dunn, who had been second on the ticket of the NDP. Further controversy occurred when the NDP asked Dunn to resign so that <mask> could reclaim his seat, following his assumption of Australian citizenship in 1988. Dunn refused, resulting in her expulsion from the party, and she remained in parliament as an independent until her defeat in the 1990 election. <mask> contested that election as the first-ranked candidate for the Nuclear Disarmament Party in New South Wales, polling just over 1 per cent of the vote - more than his former running-mate Dunn, but nowhere near enough to be competitive for a Senate spot. <mask> and the Australian Democrats
In 1988 <mask> was unsuccessful as the Nuclear Disarmament Party candidate at the NSW 1988 North Shore by-election. <mask> then moved to Victoria and joined the Australian Democrats in 1990. Internal disagreements within the Australian Democrats resulted in the departure of Victorian Senator Janet Powell from the party leadership in August 1991, and she resigned from the party altogether in 1992,

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 contesting the 1993 Senate election under her own party banner, the Janet Powell Independents' Network.<mask> became the Democrats' lead candidate for the Victorian Senate in the 1993 federal election. He polled 3.93 per cent of the vote, but preferences were unable to get him elected. Extra-parliamentary activism
<mask> campaigned on various peace and justice issues throughout his life. <mask> was arrested and jailed in 1972 for refusing to be conscripted to fight in the Vietnam War. He was a founding member of Sydney-based disarmament protest groups, Paddlers for Peace and Sydney Peace Squadron. He was arrested as a result of disarmament protest activities both before and after his time in the Senate. <mask> was also active in numerous community-based organisations that assisted people to overcome social and economic disadvantage.During his brief Senate career he had been a member of the Joint Parliamentary Liaison Group on AIDS, and launched the Democrats' policy on AIDS during the 1993 campaign. Notes

References

1949 births
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for New South Wales
Australian Democrats politicians
Living people
Nuclear Disarmament Party members of the Parliament of Australia
English emigrants to Australia
People from Gateshead
20th-century Australian

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<mask>ati of the Maratha Empire, who ruled from 1681 to 1689. He was the eldest son of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire. <mask>'s rule was largely shaped by the ongoing wars between the Maratha kingdom and Mughal Empire as well as other neighbouring powers such as the Siddis, Mysore and the Portuguese in Goa. After <mask>'s death, his brother Rajaram I succeeded him as the next Chhatrapati. Early life
<mask> was born into a Hindu Marathi family at Purandar fort to the Maratha ruler Shivaji, and his first wife Saibai, who died when he was two years old and he was raised by his paternal grandmother Jijabai. At the age of nine, <mask> was sent to live with Raja Jai Singh I of Amber as a political hostage to ensure compliance of the Treaty of Purandar that Shivaji had signed with the Mughals on 11 June 1665. As a result of the treaty, <mask> became a Mughal mansabdar.He and his father Shivaji presented themselves to Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb's court at Agra on 12 May 1666. Aurangzeb put both of them under house arrest but they escaped on 22 July 1666. However, the two sides reconciled and had cordial relations during the period 1666–1670. During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on Shivaji. <mask> was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to serve the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection.In this period, Shivaji and Sambhaji fought alongside the

masks:
Sambhaji Bhosalehatrap
Sambhaji
Sambhaji
Sambhaji
Sambhaji
Sambhaji
Sambhaji


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 Mughals against the Sultanate of Bijapur. Marriage
<mask> was married to Jivubai in a marriage of political alliance; per Maratha custom she took the name Yesubai. Jivubai was the daughter of Pilajirao Shirke, who had entered Shivaji's service following the defeat of a powerful deshmukh Rao Rana Suryajirao Surve who was his previous patron. This marriage thus gave Shivaji access to the Konkan coastal belt. Yesubai had two children, daughter Bhavani Bai and then a son named Shahu, who later became the Chhatrapati of the Maratha empire. House arrest and defection to the Mughals
Sambhaji's behaviour, including alleged irresponsibility and addiction to sensual pleasures, led Shivaji to imprison his son at Panhala fort in 1678 to curb his behaviour. <mask> escaped from the fort with his wife and defected to the Mughals in December 1678 for a year, but then returned home when he learnt of a plan by Dilir Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, to arrest him and send him to Delhi.Upon returning home, <mask> was unrepentant and was put under surveillance at Panhala. Accession
When Shivaji died in the first week of April 1680, <mask> was still held captive at Panhala fort. At that time, Soyrabai, Shivaji's ambitious widow and <mask>'s step-mother, along with influential courtiers such as Annaji Datto and other ministers conspired against <mask>, to prevent him from succeeding the throne. In a rush, they installed Soyrabai's son, and <mask>'s half-brother, Rajaram, then aged ten, on the throne on 21 April 1680. Upon hearing this news, <mask> plotted

masks: Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji


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 his escape and took possession of the Panhala fort on 27 April after killing the fort commander. On 18 June, he acquired control of Raigad Fort. <mask> formally ascended the throne on 20 July 1680.Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai and mother Soyarabai were imprisoned. Soon after there was another conspiracy attempt against Sambhaji using prince Akbar, Aurangzeb's fourth son, Soyarabai, her kinsmen from the Shirke family and some of Shivaji's ministers such as Annaji Datto were executed on charges of conspiracy.<ref name="SharmaLāʼibrerī2004"> – By June 1680 three months after Shivaji's death Rajaram was made a prisoner in the fort of Raigad. "</ref>

 Military expeditions and conflicts
Shortly following <mask>'s accession, he began his military campaigns against neighboring states. Attack on Burhanpur

Bahadur Khan was first in charge of The fort of Burhanpur who later gave it to Kakar Khan. Kakar was at the duty of collecting jizya tax from the Hindu citizens of Burhanpur. The Jizya was collected and stored captive at the Burhanpur fort. Sambhaji plundered and ravaged Burhanpur in 1680.His forces completely routed the Mughal garrison and punitively executed captives. The Marathas then looted the city and set its ports ablaze. <mask> then withdrew into Baglana, evading the forces of Mughal commander Khan Jahan Bahadur. Mughal Empire
In 1681, Aurangzeb's fourth son Akbar left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim Mansabdar supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court south to Aurangabad and took

masks: Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji


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 over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled south to seek refuge with <mask>. <mask>'s ministers including Annaji Datto, and other ministers took this opportunity and conspired again to enthrone Rajaram again.They signed a treasonable letter against Sambhaji in which they promised to join Akbar, to whom the letter was sent. Akbar gave this letter to Sambhaji. Enraged, Sambhaji executed conspirators on charges of treason. For five years, Akbar stayed with Sambhaji, hoping that the latter would lend him men and money to strike and seize the Mughal throne for himself. Unfortunately for Sambhaji, giving asylum to Akbar did not bear fruit. Eventually, <mask> helped Akbar flee to Persia. On the other hand, Aurangzeb after coming to Deccan never returned to his capital in the north.Siege of Ramsej (1682)

In 1682, the Mughals laid siege to the Maratha fort of Ramsej, but after five months of failed attempts, including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege failed. Aurangzeb tried attacking the Maratha Empire from all directions. He intended to use the Mughal numerical superiority to his advantage. <mask> had prepared well for the invasions and the Maratha forces promptly engaged the numerically strong Mughal army in several small battles using guirella warfare tactics. However, <mask> and his generals attacked and Defeated the Mughal generals whenever they got an opportunity to lure the Mughal generals into decisive battles in the Maratha stronghold territories.

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 <mask> had devised a strategy of minimising the losses on his side. If there used to be an opportunity then the Maratha army attacked decisively, however, if the Mughals were too strong in numbers then the Marathas used to retreat.This proved to be a very effective strategy as Aurangzeb's generals were not able capture the Maratha territories for a period of three years. Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)

Aurangzeb then decided to attack the Maratha capital Raigad Fort directly from the North and the South directions. He made a pincer attempt to surround the Maratha Capital that led to Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684). The Mughals were badly defeated due to the Maratha strategy and the harsh climate of the region. These failures forced Aurangzeb to look away from the Maratha Empire and search for success against the Qutb Shahi dynasty and Adil Shahi dynasty. Under Sambhaji (1680–89) the Marathas ranged up and down western India. Siddis of Janjira

The Marathas under Shivaji came into conflict with the Siddis, Muslims of Abyssinian descent settled in India, over the control of the Konkan coast.Shivaji was able to reduce their presence to the fortified island of Janjira. <mask> continued the Maratha campaign against them, while at that time the Siddis formed an alliance with the Mughals. At the start of 1682, a Maratha army later joined by <mask> personally, attacked the island for thirty days, doing heavy damage but failing to breach its defenses. <mask> then attempted a ruse, sending a party of his people to the Siddis, claiming to be

masks: Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji


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 defectors. They were allowed into the fort and planned to detonate the gunpowder magazine during a coming Maratha attack. However, one of the female defectors became involved with a Siddi man and he uncovered the plot, and the infiltrators were executed. The Maratha then attempted to build a stone causeway from the shore to the island, but were interrupted halfway through when the Mughal army moved to menace Raigad.<mask> returned to counter them and his remaining troops were unable to overcome the Janjira garrison and the Siddi fleet protecting it. Portuguese and English

Having failed to take Janjira in 1682, <mask> sent a commander to seize the Portuguese coastal fort of Anjadiva instead. The Marathas seized the fort, seeking to turn it into a naval base, but in April 1682 were ejected from the fort by a detachment of 200 Portuguese. This incident led to a larger conflict between the two regional powers. The Portuguese colony of Goa at that time provided supplies to the Mughals, allowed them to use the Portuguese ports in India and pass through their territory. In order to deny this support to the Mughals, <mask> undertook a campaign against Portuguese Goa in late 1683, storming the colony and taking its forts. The situation for the colonists became so dire that the Portuguese viceroy, Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor went with his remaining supporters to the cathedral where the crypt of Saint Francis Xavier was kept, where they prayed for deliverance.The viceroy had the casket opened and gave the saint's body his baton, royal


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 credentials and a letter asking the saint's support. <mask>'s Goa campaign was checked by the arrival of the Mughal army and navy in January 1684, forcing him to withdraw. Meanwhile, in 1684 <mask> signed a defensive treaty with the English at Bombay, realising his need for English arms and gunpowder, particularly as their lack of artillery and explosives impeded the Maratha's ability to lay siege to fortifications. Thus reinforced, <mask> proceeded to take Pratapgad and a series of forts along the Ghats. Mysore

Much like his father Shivaji's Karnataka campaign, <mask> attempted in 1681 to invade Mysore, then a southern principality ruled by Wodeyar Chikkadevaraja. <mask>'s large army was repelled, as had happened to Shivaji in 1675. The Chikkadevraja later made treaties and rendered tribute to the Maratha kingdom during the conflicts of 1682–1686.The Chikkadevraja however began to draw close to the Mughal empire and ceased to follow his treaties with the Marathas. In response, <mask> invaded Mysore in 1686, accompanied by his Brahmin friend and poet Kavi Kalash. Capture and execution

The 1687 Battle of Wai saw the Maratha forces badly weakened by the Mughals. The key Maratha commander Hambirao Mohite was killed and troops began to desert the Maratha armies. <mask>'s positions were spied upon by his own relations, the Shirke family, who had defected to the Mughals. <mask> and 25 of his advisors were captured by the Mughal forces of Muqarrab Khan in a skirmish at Sangameshwar in February 1689.Accounts of <mask>'s confrontation with the

masks: Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji Sambhaji


texts: Mughal ruler and following torture, execution and disposal of his body, vary widely depending on the source, though generally all agree that he was tortured and executed on the emperor's orders. The captured <mask> and Kavi Kalash were taken to Bahadurgad in present-day Ahmednagar district, where Aurangzeb humiliated them by parading them wearing clown's clothes and they were subjected to insults by Mughal soldiers.Accounts vary as to the reasons for what came next: Mughal accounts state that <mask> was asked to surrender his forts, treasures and names of Mughal collaborators with the Marathas and that he sealed his fate by insulting both the emperor and the Islamic prophet Muhammad during interrogation and was executed for having killed Muslims. The ulema of the Mughal Empire sentenced <mask> to death for the atrocities his troops perpetrated against Muslims in Burhanpur, including plunder, killing, rape, and torture. Maratha accounts instead state that he was ordered to bow before Aurangzeb and convert to Islam and it was his refusal to do so, by saying that he would accept Islam on the day the emperor presented him his daughter's hand, that led to his death. By doing so he earned the title of Dharmaveer ("protector of dharma"). Aurangzeb ordered Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash to be tortured to death; the process took over a fortnight and included plucking out their eyes and tongue, pulling out their nails and removing their skin. Sambhaji was finally killed on 11 March 1689, reportedly by tearing him apart from the front and back with wagh


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 nakhe (metal "tiger claws") and beheading with an axe at Tulapur on the banks of the Bhima river near Pune. Other accounts state that Sambhaji challenged Aurangzeb in open court and refused to convert to Islam.Dennis Kincaid writes, "He (Sambhaji) was ordered by the Emperor to embrace Islam. He refused and was made to run the gauntlet of the whole Imperial army. Tattered and bleeding he was brought before the Emperor and repeated his refusal. His tongue was torn and again the question was put. He called for writing material and wrote 'Not even if the emperor bribed me with his daughter!' So then he was put to death by torture". Some accounts state that <mask>'s body was cut into pieces and thrown into the river or that the body or portions were recaptured and cremated at the confluence of rivers at Tulapur.– When they were finally thrown away, the Marathas brought <mask>'s head to Tulapur and consigned if to fire at the confluence of the Bheema and Indrayani rivers. Other accounts state that <mask>'s remains were fed to the dogs. Governance
<mask> inherited the governance system created by Shivaji. He continued with most of his father's policies. The administration of the state was managed by Sambhaji with the help of Chandogamatya and the council of eight ministers. According to P. S. Joshi <mask> was a good administrator who gave impartial justice to his subjects. Measures against drought
Maharashtra witnessed severe drought during the reign of Sambhaji (1684–88).Sambhaji had to take several administrative measures to tackle the


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 situation. <mask> continued Shivaji's policies by helping poor farmers. Shankar Narayan Joshi has stated that his approach against famine was very constructive and he provided solutions to many complicated problems. His policies of water storage, irrigation and developing crop patterns show about his progressive policies. Sambhaji provided grain seeds, exemptions in taxes, oxen for agricultural work and agricultural tools to the farmers in the drought situation. All these measures were implemented sincerely during the drought period. Encouragement to agricultural activities

<mask> encouraged the agricultural activity in the Maratha state.Agriculture was the backbone of the rural Maratha economy. He encouraged people to cultivate more and more land. The government of <mask> gave promises of safety to the Marathas who gained independence from the Mughals and asked them to carry out their previous work of cultivation in their territories. It also called back the people who had absconded because of their inability to pay taxes and asked them carry out their previous work of cultivation. <mask> in his letter of 3 June 1684 addressed to Hari Shivdev (Subhedar and Karkun of Tarf Chaul), his Peshwa Nilkantha Moreshwar directed him to bring the agricultural land of the villages confiscated by the government under cultivation which otherwise would have remained uncultivated. He also asked Hari Shivdev to distribute fifty khandis of grain which were being sent to him from Sagargad among the cultivators. Sambhaji tried to increase the income


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 (revenue) from the agricultural activities.He also made efforts to cultivate more wasted or barren lands. Religious policy
P. S. Joshi states that Sambhaji, his ministers and officers took interest in supporting the cultural and religious activity in the state. They honoured and encouraged learning by granting land, grains and money to scholars. Literary contributions
<mask> was sophisticated, educated and well-versed in a few languages besides Marathi. Keshav Pandit was employed for <mask>'s education. Keshav Pandit, alias Keshav Bhatta of Shringarpur, was an erudite scholar in the Nitishastra and Sanskrit language and literature. He seems to have deeper knowledge of the different forms of Sanskrit literature; Hindu jurisprudence and the Puranas.He also seems to have made Sambhaji familiar with the famous works of different sciences and music written by ancient scholars in the Sanskrit language. Sambhaji composed several books during his lifetime. The most notable is Budhbhushanam written in Marathi and Sanskrit, and three other books, Nayikabhed, Saatsatak, Nakhshikha are in Hindustani language. In Budhbhushanam, <mask> wrote poetry on politics. In the book <mask> writes about dos and don'ts for a king and discusses military tactics. The first few shlokas are praises for Shahaji (his grandfather) and his father Shivaji. In Budhbhushan Sambhaji considers Shivaji to be the incarnation that saved the earth and restored righteousness.Innovations
<mask> is used to have used many innovations during his campaigns, one such innovation was when


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 he made jackets from leather for his soldiers to ensure protection from lethal arrows fired by the Mysore army during his campaign against Mysore, it was highly successful as after the initial defeat of the Maratha army due to the poisonous arrows, the Maratha army was able to negate the arrows and achieved victory by using these leather jackets. He also had an idea of building a causeway in the sea from Rajapuri to the gate of Janjira for defeating the siddis of Janjira, it is said that he had even built a causeway of 800 meters but he could not proceed further due to Mughal invasion of Hasan Ali Khan on Kalyan-Bhiwandi. Succession
The Maratha Kingdom was put into disarray by <mask>'s death and his younger half-brother Rajaram I assumed the throne. Rajaram shifted the Maratha capital far south to Jinji, while Maratha guerrilla fighters under Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav continued to harass the Mughal army. A few days after <mask>'s death, the capital Raigad Fort fell to the Mughals. <mask>'s widow, Yesubai, son, Shahu and Shivaji's widow, Sakvarbai were captured; Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity. Shahu, who was seven years of age when captured, remained prisoner of the Mughals for 18 years from February 1689 until Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707.Shahu was then set free by Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah, son of Aurangzeb. After his release Shahu had to fight a brief succession war with his aunt Tarabai, Rajaram's widow who claimed the throne for her own son, Shivaji II. The Mughals kept Yesubai captive to ensure that Shahu


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 adhered to the terms of his release. She was released in 1719 when Marathas became strong enough under Shahu and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath. In popular culture
Films and television shows based on <mask>'s life have been produced in India. These include:
 Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1925) by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar
 Chhatrapati Sambhaji'' (1934) by Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar
 Swarajya Rakshak Sambhaji – TV Series (2017–2020). See also
 Bhosale family ancestry
 Maratha clan system
 Marathi people

References

External links

1657 births
1689 deaths
17th-century Indian monarchs
Executed Indian people
Hindu martyrs
Hindu monarchs
People executed by India by decapitation
People executed by the Mughal Empire
People from Maharashtra
Warriors of the Maratha Empire
People executed for refusing to convert to


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<mask> (23 September 1922 – 1987), was a renowned Veena player of Carnatic music. Life sketch
<mask> was born on 23 September 1922 in Draksharamam, India. He came from a family of celebrated classical musicians. His father <mask>, a famed vainika and sastragna was a contemporary of Sangameshwara Sastri and Veena Venkata Romainiah Das of Andhra. The prodigious training he had from a young age under his unsparing father was reflected in abundance in his tuneful, melodious and technique perfect concerts. His graceful playing on the veena in strictly traditional style evoked a reverential listening. <mask> gave concerts throughout the length and breadth of India.His participation in East-West music festivals, Tansen festival, Vishnu Digambar festival, and other prestigious music conferences won him distinction in the field of music. <mask> played duets with Ustad Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan, Pandit Ravi Shankar, and Pandit Gopal Krishan (on vichitra veena) evoking enthusiastic responses from the North Indian listeners. After completing his education from Andhra University, he joined the famous Gemini Studios at Madras, where he was the music director for more than ten years. He composed tunes based on novel techniques and directed music for hit films such as Mangla, Sansar, Bahut Din Huwe, Vindhyarani, Nishan, Mr. Sampat and English version of Chandralekha. His own compositions of keerthanas, javalis and bhajans can be frequently heard in his solo concerts. His operas in Hindi and regional languages are also very popular. <mask> joined All India Radio in 1959 as producer of music at Madras.Soon he rose to the position of director and composer of national orchestra and chief producer of music. He

masks: Vainika Bhooshana Veena Acharya Emani Achyutarama Sastri


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 presented over the broadcasting network a number of classical, thematic orchestral compositions and folk melodies bringing out the special tonal qualities of Indian instruments and synthesised musical patterns with a distinctive Emani touch. <mask> was also associated with cultural and academic organisations. He was the asthaan vidwan (court musician) of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams, member of the university grants committee – to advise on music and member of the expert committee at Madras Music Academy. He was also designated founder chairman of the committee to select candidates for scholarships of the education ministry for Carnatic music, was a member to select film awards (national), member of the central Sangeet Natak Akademi to select candidates for the national awards. <mask> introduced a number of budding young singers to the musical world. Prominent among them was playback singer P.B.Srinivos who later went on to make a name for himself as a singer in Tamil, Kannada & Telugu films. Honors and awards
To quote: Vainika Sikhamani, Vainika Siromani, Veena Gana Gandhrava, Ganarupa Kalasaraswathi, Veena Vadanatatvegna, Gandhrava Kalanidhi, Gana Kala Dhara, Veena Chakravarthi, Vallaki Vallabha. He was also conferred with the title of Maha Mahopadhyaya, which was conferred on a South Indian musician for the first time. He was given the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1973, Sahitya Kala Parishad award, Padma Shri and Doctorate of Andhra University. Many other titles were conferred upon him. The all India felicitation committee under the petronship of the Vice-President of India honoured him by conferring upon him the title chaturdandi panditaha for rendering his services for the cause of

masks: Emani Emani


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 music. The raga <mask>bharanam played by him on the veena won him the ASIAN ROSTRUM AWARD for the most outstanding number for the year 1973.The rostrum was held under the patronage of UNESCO, at Alam Atta, Soviet Union wherein eminent artists from thirty nations took part. In appreciation of his opulent music lovers of Poughkeepsie, New York bestowed upon him the title "VEENA VIRTUOSO" on 12 October 1953. He was invited to participate in the "PAN ASIATIC MUSIC AND DANCE FESTIVAL" at Rome during July 1980. His major monumental works in orchestration:

1. Adarsa sikhararohanam – An orchestral composition based on the theme of the conquest of Everest in which he used six veenas. The force proved a unique experience to lovers of creative music and to others it opened up new vistas of musical utterance. 2.Swara tarangini – An orchestral composition in which he employed numerous sounds that gradually crystallise into musical swaras suggesting the origin of sound and music. 3. Ragam Thanam Pallavi – an orchestral composition based on the classical raga Todi. It was an experiment first of its kind in classical music which won the appreciation of musicians and the listeners. 4. Indu – a composition based on the first six ragas of the first chakra of the melakarta scheme of the great Venkatamakhin. 5.Bharata jyoti – a thematic musical composition on late Pandit Nehru and his achievements. 6. Saumya pursh – a musical composition on late Mahatma Gandhiji's ideals. 7. Brmara vinyas – a thematic composition depicting a day in the life of a bee, which won him laurels at the prix Italia. Admiration
He won the admiration of the world known violinist Yehudi Menuhin and at his special invitation he participated


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 in the festival of international music council at Paris on 8 January 1974. He enthralled people by his concert of the veena which was classed as the concert of the century by discerning reviewers.He was one of the most outstanding artists constantly in demand in India and abroad. He contributed a number of recordings on A.I.R. and two long-playing records for U.N.E.S.C.O. for release all over the world. A great guru he was, <mask> has to his credit disciples well known in the field of music. Among them are:
His daughter <mask> Kalyani Lakshminarayana who is a regular performer for Doordarshan & All India Radio has been performing in India as well as abroad. <mask> Kalyani, ably trained in veena by her father, has acquired a high degree of proficiency and accomplishments through her serious interest and dedicated pursuit.Her solo concerts in the radio and public concerts accompanying her father have won worldwide acclaim justifying the hopes pinned on her for preserving the heritage. Disciple Chitti Babu carved a good reputation as a Veena player. Other disciples of Emani are: V. Saraswathi, M. Y. Kama <mask>, S. N. Satyamurthy, S.N. Ramachandran and Vishwanathan. Palagummi Viswanadham, renowned composer of light music, is his first disciple. His second daughter is a well-known ghazal singer Devi Murthy, and has won great acclaim in the field of ghazal singing; she has been giving public concerts in India as well as abroad, winning the hearts of viewers and listeners...

References

External links
<mask> Shankara <mask> – Artist page on Answers.com

Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
1922 births
1987 deaths
Saraswati veena players
20th-century

masks:
Emani
Emani
Emani
Sastry
Shri Emani
Sastry


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<mask> (November 3, 1930 – November 8, 2014) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005, representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, <mask> was the longest-serving Republican member of the House. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Cora Ellen (née Miller) and <mask>, a physician and college professor. He was educated at Hillsdale College, the University of Vienna, and Indiana University, where he received a PhD in history in 1961. <mask> served in the United States Army. He also attended DePauw University and the University of Michigan.<mask> was a faculty member at Indiana University and at Bradley University in Peoria, a staff member for the Republican National Committee and a director of research for the 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater. His brother <mask> served alongside him as the Congressman from another Illinois district for three terms. Another brother, <mask>, ran for Congress from Indiana a few times simultaneously with <mask> and Dan. The brothers were dubbed "the Kennedys of the Right". However, David never won a seat in Congress, and Dan ended up being defeated for re-election in 1984 due, in part, to his having sexual relations with a 17-year-old girl. <mask> began to battle alcoholism, which he publicly acknowledged after winning reelection in 2000. Political career

<mask> was first elected to the United States Congress in what was then the 13th District in a 1969 special election, succeeding Donald Rumsfeld, who was appointed to a position in the Nixon administration.<mask> was a dark horse candidate in a field of seven aspirants for the Republican nomination, and was by far the most conservative candidate in the field. Despite the opposition of the

masks:
Philip Miller Crane
Crane
Crane
George Washington Crane III
Crane
Crane
Dan Crane
David Crane
Phil
Phil
Crane
Crane


texts: Chicago North Shore GOP monied establishment, he prevailed, though by only 2,100 votes. He then won the special election with 58 percent of the vote. He soon established himself as one of the House's most conservative members, leading a small but growing cluster of right-wing congressmen who had cut their teeth in the fledgling conservative intellectual movement of the early 1960s and drew their inspiration from Goldwater's presidential campaign. He was handily elected to a full term in 1970, and was reelected 16 times. His district number changed as Illinois lost congressional seats—from the 13th (1969–73) to the 12th (1973–93) to the 8th (1993–2005). His district was long considered the most Republican district in the Chicago area, if not in all of Illinois.He almost always won with 70 percent or more of the vote until the 1990s, when he had to fend off more moderate Republicans in the primary and better-funded Democrats in the general election. Soon after being elected to his first full term in 1970, he was tapped by several conservative activists, including Paul Weyrich, to form a group of conservative congressmen to keep watch on the Republican leadership, which at the time was seen as too moderate. This new group was known as the Republican Study Committee, and <mask> served as its first chairman. He remained a member of the group for the remainder of his time in Congress. In 1970, <mask> visited the South Vietnamese prison at Côn Sơn Island, and stated that the "tiger cages" were "cleaner than the average Vietnamese home." In 1974 <mask> helped initiate the first, and probably last public, and filmed audit of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky. This experience was shared by 12 congressmen and 100 journalists, and hosted by Mary Brooks, then director of the United States Mint.In 1976, he was appointed Chairman of the Illinois Citizens for

masks: Crane Crane Crane


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 Reagan, in which capacity he made numerous speaking engagements throughout the midwest on behalf of the conservative California governor's unsuccessful GOP primary bid for the Presidential nomination. From 1977 to 1979, <mask> was the chairman of the American Conservative Union (ACU), a Washington, D.C. based conservative citizens' lobby and political action group. During his tenure the group waged a nationwide campaign against President Jimmy Carter's proposed cession of the Panama Canal and against the proposed SALT II arms limitation treaty with the USSR. As a result of these efforts, the organization's budget, staff and presence in Washington greatly increased. 1980 presidential campaign

In 1978, shortly before the midterm election, <mask> announced that he would be a candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 1980. This surprised many observers, as <mask> had supported Ronald Reagan for president two years earlier. At the time of his announcement, <mask> expressed doubts that Reagan would run again (after two failed attempts for the nomination in 1968 and 1976), and intimated that, should Reagan run, he would likely drop out.However, <mask> did stay in the race after Reagan's entry. Ultimately, however, <mask> was one of the early candidates to drop out of the race during the Republican primaries. Political eclipse

After the 1980 campaign, <mask>'s influence rapidly declined. Newt Gingrich, who had been elected to Congress soon after <mask> announced his candidacy for president, soon surpassed him as the leading conservative firebrand in the House. By the time the Republicans took control of the House in 1994, <mask> was widely seen as a "foot soldier" for Republican causes. <mask> did have some influence as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee, which handles tax issues. As chairman of its trade subcommittee, he was effective in his efforts to

masks: Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane


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 promote his staunch free trade views.When the full committee's chairman, Bill Archer of Texas, retired after the 2000 elections, <mask> made a bid for the highly coveted post of Ways and Means chairman. He was the committee's most senior member, having been on the panel since 1975. However, he was passed over in favor of Bill Thomas of California for the Chairman's job. Some believe that <mask> was not chosen because prior to the vote he had admitted to being an alcoholic and sought a leave from the House to get treatment. Others believe that Thomas's ability to raise money for congressional candidates helped him win the chairmanship. <mask> did earn the vice-chairmanship of the powerful committee. <mask> is also noted for the role he played in ending the chewing gum ban in Singapore, as part of negotiations during the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement.Political defeat
In 2002, <mask>'s Democratic opponent, business consultant Melissa Bean, accused <mask> of being out of touch with his constituents. Indeed, even some Republican voters claimed they had not seen him in decades. He was one of the few congressmen whose Washington office lacked a public email address. Despite being dramatically outspent (she received almost no funding from the national party), Bean surprised both parties by garnering 43 percent of the vote. It was only the second time that <mask> had been held below 60 percent of the vote. Bean sought a rematch in the 2004 election. <mask>'s lack of enthusiasm, perceptions that he was on the verge of retirement, combined with Bean's stance as a moderate Democrat by Chicago-area Democratic standards, placed what had long been a very safe Republican seat in jeopardy.Bean raised almost as much money as <mask>, mainly from small donors. In contrast, <mask> received most of his donations from political action committees. Despite Republican efforts to help <mask>, Bean

masks: Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane


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 defeated him by roughly four percentage points even as George W. Bush carried the district in the 2004 election by 12 percentage points. The Almanac of American Politics described <mask> as "an unusually bitter loser, refusing to speak to Bean or to arrange for the usually routine post-election transfer of district cases and other office files." Death
<mask> died of lung cancer at the home of his daughter, Rebekah, in Jefferson, Maryland on November 8, 2014, five days after his 84th birthday. In popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by actor James Marsden in the 2020 television miniseries Mrs. America, which aired on the Hulu Network. The series focuses on the lengthy debate over the unsuccessful Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1970s America.In the series, a young Congressman <mask> is unflatteringly portrayed as a carousing intellectual lightweight, often with a drink nearby. His character is shown flirting with Republican icon Phyllis Schlafly as she seeks <mask>'s advice about her desire to run for an Illinois congressional seat. True to the real-life congressman, <mask> is also portrayed as a leader in the conservative movement and close associate of Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. References

External links

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1930 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Protestants
Bradley University faculty
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
Conservatism in the United States
DePauw University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from lung cancer
Hillsdale College alumni
Illinois Republicans
Indiana University alumni
Indiana University faculty
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
United States Army soldiers
University of

masks: Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane Crane


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<mask> (November 20, 1922 – February 2, 2011) was an American realist painter. He was born in Florida and raised in New Jersey. <mask> also lived in Spain, New York, Louisiana, and throughout Europe before settling in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the early 1970s. The travels did much to influence his keen eye for people in the state of accomplishing daily tasks. His training as an artist began as a teenager with Sigismund Ivanowsky and George Bridgman, and concluded at the Art Students League of New York with Frank Reilly. <mask> came back to the League to give a lecture in 2007. After early careers in portraiture and illustration, he devoted himself to easel painting.A modern genre painter, he is best known for his elaborate European and Mexican market and street scenes, his still lifes of roses and his depictions of donkeys. For the past forty years Hulings’ art has been eagerly sought after by collectors, museums and corporations. Early life and early career

<mask> was born in 1922 in Florida, where his father, Courtland <mask>, was the manager of a plant which produced a gas for fumigating orange trees. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was an infant, and he and his sister, Susan, were sent to live with their maternal grandparents in Potsdam, New York, for the next three years, while his father worked in Valencia, Spain. In Valencia, <mask>’ father, while representing American Cyanamid, courted and married Elena Harker, the 21-year-old daughter of Herbert Edward Harker, the British Consul in Valencia, and his wife, Julia Howard Harker. Courtland <mask> and Elena Harker were married in London, England, in 1925. The two children joined them abroad.In 1928, the <mask> family returned to the United States, settling in Westfield, New Jersey, where <mask>'s younger sister, Elena, was

masks:
Clark Hulings
Clark
Clark
Clark Hulings
Marcus Hulings
Hulings
Hulings
Hulings
Clark


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 born. At the age of twelve, his father arranged art lessons with Sigismund Ivanowski, a portrait and landscape painter who had served as Court Painter to Tsar Nicholas II. In his 1986 book "A Gallery of Paintings," <mask> credits his father with conveying to him his "great love of paintings." By the time <mask> graduated from school in 1940, the tuberculosis which had killed his mother left him in fragile health. He was unable to enter college. However, he did continue a limited schedule with Ivanowski, as well as with George Bridgman, the celebrated drawing teacher, at the Art Students League of New York. In the fall of 1941, <mask> was well enough to enroll at Haverford College.After graduating in 1944 with a degree in Physics, he was appointed to work on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Yet his recurring ill health prevented his acceptance into the program. Instead, he remained in Santa Fe to recuperate, supporting himself by painting pastel portraits of children. In the spring of 1945 he was given a one-man show of landscapes at the New Mexico Museum of Fine Art. Portraiture and illustration
In 1946 <mask> moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana where his parents lived at the time, and he had a one-man show of his work at the galleries of the Louisiana Art Commission. He included several portraits of family members and the show launched him on his successful career as a portrait painter. <mask> continued to paint landscapes and also became interested in design and illustration work, which led him back to The Art Students League for three years beginning in 1948 - this time as a student of Frank Reilly, a noted teacher and artist himself.In 1951 he gained employment doing wash drawings for a newspaper mat agency that specializing in supermarket ads. He gradually moved up to

masks: Hulings Hulings Hulings Hulings Hulings


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 paperback book covers and magazine illustrations, by 1955, his illustration career was firmly established. But the lure of landscape painting sent him to Europe, first for four months, and later for almost three years. Over the course of his travels he studied figure painting in Florence, abstract design in Düsseldorf and roamed from the Arctic Circle to Southern Egypt. <mask> returned to New York City in the fall of 1960 and resumed his illustration career to recoup finances. But he planned his work schedule to include serious easel painting. Easel painting

By 1962 Hulings was earning enough with his easel painting to devote all of his attention to his lifelong path.He was admitted to the Grand Central Art Galleries, which represented him for the next eight years and held one-man shows of his work in 1965 and 1967. Hulings also began placing paintings in competitive shows of realistic art, winning several prizes, including The Council of American Artists’ award at the Hudson Valley Art Association for Restaurante Vicente, and the gold medal given by the Allied Artists of America for Ontinyent. He moved back to the artistic and cultural magnet of Santa Fe, New Mexico after a doctor suggested that it would be good for his health, due to dormant tuberculosis that was being aggravated by New York City pollution. In 1973 he garnered the first ever Prix de West award at the National Academy of Western Art (NAWA) in Oklahoma City for his painting "Grand Canyon - Kaibab Trail". This is an enormous oil that portrays a mule team barely navigating the Grand Canyon in deep winter snow. He went on to win three silver and two gold medals for both oil and watercolor at subsequent competitions at NAWA, part of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. In 1976 A Collection of Oil Paintings by


texts:
 <mask> was published by The Lowell Press as a catalog to accompany a one-man show at the Cowboy Hall of Fame under the auspices of NAWA.He was presented with the Hall’s Trustees Gold Medal for his "distinguished contribution to American art". Two years later he was honored with a comprehensive retrospective of his work in Midland, Texas. In 1980, <mask>’s painting The Pink Parasol won wide acclaim at the annual Western Heritage Sale in Houston, Texas. His market scene, Kaleidescope, submitted in the 1981 sale, brought another record sale price. In  1999 he mounted a new one-man show at Nedra Matteucci Galleries in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It included thirty-five paintings, ten field sketches and twelve drawings. Everything sold on opening night.In 2007 he topped this success with another one-man show, this time in two venues. Timeless Beauty: Pursuing Life’s Textures included 36 paintings, 21 of which were sold at Bartfield Galleries in New York, and 15 of which were auctioned on Hilton Head, South Carolina through Morris & Whiteside Galleries. Once again, everything sold immediately. In conjunction with the show a revised edition of his book, A Gallery of Paintings, was also released. Personal life
<mask> married Mary Belfi in 1966 and their daughter Elizabeth was born two years later. When they were not traveling, they lived in Santa Fe, New Mexico. See also

 The Clark Hulings Fund

References

External links

<mask>lings website

1922 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
American physicists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Haverford College alumni
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Realist painters
Scientists from New York (state)
American

masks:
Clark Hulings
Hulings
Hulings
Clark Hu


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<mask>, or <mask>ib (1832 – June 14, 1905), real name Ḥamad ibn Muḥammad ibn Jumʿah ibn Rajab ibn Muḥammad ibn Saʿīd al Murjabī (), was an Afro-Omani ivory and slave trader, explorer, governor and plantation owner. He worked for a succession of the sultans of Zanzibar. <mask>ip traded in slaves for Zanzibar's clove plantations. As part of the large and lucrative ivory trade, he led many trading expeditions into Central Africa, constructing profitable trading posts deep into the region. He bought the ivory from local suppliers and resold it for a profit at coastal ports. He was also the most well known slave trader in Africa, supplying much of the world with black slaves. Early life

Based on descriptions of his age at different points in his life, it is believed that <mask> was born around 1832 in Zanzibar.<mask> Tip's mother, Bint Habib bin Bushir, was a Muscat Arab of the ruling class. His father and paternal grandfather were coastal Arabs of the Swahili Coast who had taken part in the earliest trading expeditions to the interior. His paternal great-grandmother, wife of Rajab bin Mohammed bin Said el Murgebi, was the daughter of Juma bin Mohammed el Nebhani, a member of a respected Muscat (Oman) family, and a Bantu woman from the village of Mbwa Maji, a small village south of what would later become the German capital of Dar es Salaam. Throughout his lifetime Hamad bin Muhammad bin Juma bin Rajab el Murjebi was more commonly known as Tippu Tib, which translates to "the gatherer together of wealth". According to him, he was given the nickname Tippu Tip after the "tiptip" sound that his

masks:
Tippu Tip
Tippu T
Tippu T
Tippu Tip
Tippu


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 guns gave off during expeditions in Chungu territory. At a relatively young age, <mask> Tip led a group of about 100 men into Central Africa seeking slaves and ivory. After plundering several large swathes of land, he returned to Zanzibar to consolidate his resources and recruit for his forces.Following this he returned to mainland Africa. Later life

<mask> Tip built a trading empire, using the proceeds to establish clove plantations on Zanzibar. Abdul Sheriff reported that when he left for his twelve years of "empire building" on the mainland, he had no plantations of his own. By 1895, he had acquired "seven 'shambas' [plantations] and 10,000 slaves". He met and helped several famous western explorers of the African continent, including David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. Between 1884 and 1887 he claimed the Eastern Congo for himself and for the Sultan of Zanzibar, Bargash bin Said el Busaidi. In spite of his position as protector of Zanzibar's interests in Congo, he managed to maintain good relations with the Europeans.When, in August 1886, fighting broke out between the Swahili and the representatives of King Leopold II of Belgium at Stanley Falls, al-Murjabī went to the Belgian consul at Zanzibar to assure him of his "good intentions". Although he was still a force in Central African politics, he could see by 1886 that power in the region was shifting. Governor of the Stanley Falls District
In early 1887, Stanley arrived in Zanzibar and proposed that <mask> <mask> be made governor of the Stanley Falls District in the Congo Free State. Both Leopold and Sultan Barghash bin Said

masks: Tippu Tippu Tippu Tip


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 of Zanzibar agreed and on February 24, 1887, <mask> <mask> accepted. At the same time, he agreed to man the expedition which Stanley had been commissioned to organize for the purpose of rescuing Emin Pasha (E. Schnitzer), the German governor of Equatoria (a region of Ottoman Egypt, today in South Sudan) who had been stranded in the Bahr el Ghazal area as a result of the Mahdi uprising in Sudan. <mask> <mask> travelled back to the Upper Congo in the company of Stanley, but this time by way of the Atlantic coast and up the Congo River. Aside from its doubtful usefulness, the relief expedition was marred by the near annihilation of its rearguard, a disaster for which Stanley attempted to place the blame on <mask> Tip.Congo–Arab War
After his tenure as governor, the Congo–Arab War broke out. Both sides fought with armies consisting mostly of local African soldiers fighting under the command of either Arab or European leaders. When <mask> <mask> left the Congo, the authority of King Leopold's Free State was still very weak in the Eastern parts of the territory and the power lay largely with local Arabic or Swahili strongmen. Amongst these were <mask> <mask>'s son Sefu bin Hamid and a trader known as Rumaliza in the area close to Lake Tanganyika. In 1892, Sefu bin Hamed attacked Belgian ivory traders, who were seen as a threat to the Arab-Swahili trade. The Free State government sent a force under commander Francis Dhanis to the East. Dhanis had an early success when the African warlord Ngongo Lutete changed sides from Sefu's to his.The better armed and organised Belgian force defeated their

masks: Tippu Tip Tippu Tip Tippu Tippu Tip Tippu Tip


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 opponents in several fights until the death of Sefu on 20 October 1893, and finally forcing also Rumaliza to flee to German territory in 1895. Death
After returning to Zanzibar around 1890/91, <mask> <mask> retired. He set out to write an account of his life, which is the first example of the literary genre of autobiography in the Bantu Swahili language. Dr. Heinrich Brode, who knew him in Zanzibar, transcribed the manuscript into Roman script and translated it into German. It was subsequently translated into English and published in Britain in 1907. <mask> <mask> died June 13, 1905, of malaria (according to Brode) in his home in Stone Town, the main town on the island of Zanzibar. References

Sources

 Maisha ya Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi yaani Tippu Tip kwa maneno yake mwenyewe, kimefasiriwa na W.H.Whitely (toleo la Kiswahili - Kiingereza), East Africa Literature Bureau 1974

 Sheriff, Abdul. Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770-1873. London, Nairobi, Tanzania, Athens,OH: James Currey, Heinemann Kenya, Tanzania Publishing House, Ohio University Press, 1987. External links

Zanzibari people
African slave traders
Arab slave traders
19th century in Zanzibar
1832 births
1905 deaths
African warlords
Deaths from malaria
Infectious disease deaths in Tanzania
Congo Free State
History of Central Africa
History of Zanzibar
Tanzanian people of Omani descent
19th-century African businesspeople
Congo Free State people
19th-century Arabs
19th-century Omani people
Arab explorers
Slave traders of Zanzibar
Afro-Arab

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<mask> (born 6 June 1961) is a Colombian journalist, author and director of various documentaries. He resides in France. Life and work
Born in Cali, he was a student of journalism at the Central University of Ecuador in Quito, Ecuador when, on 24 September 1985 he was captured and disappeared. As he denounced later at the Court of Constitutional Guarantees of Ecuador as well as to Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations, he spent the first three days cuffed by hands and feet as well as blindfolded. During all that time he was not allowed to sleep nor was he given anything to eat and he was scarcely administered any water to drink. From his abductors, he learned that had been captured during a joint operation of the Colombian and the Ecuadorian military intelligence. It should be pointed out that days before, a commando of the Colombian guerrilla of 19 April Movement (Movimiento 19 de Abril, M-19) had abducted a wealthy Ecuadorian business man, in response to which the security services had started a "witch hunt" against all Colombian residents which were considered to be politically left-wing.And he was a renowned critic of the Colombian government and was active on several public media. Still blindfolded and cuffed he was transferred in the trunk of a car by his first captors who handed him over to the Police Criminal Investigation Service (Servicio de Investigación Criminal de la Policía, SIC). For five days he was brutally tortured through beating and electric shocks. He was hardly given anything to eat, apart from some bread and


texts: left-overs of the officers' canteen. On 4 October, as there was no proof of his affiliation to any guerrilla organisation whatsoever, he was sent to the García Moreno penitentiary, where he stayed for almost three months without being brought to trial. Because of the overwhelming international pressure, the government of president León Febres Cordero had to authorise his release from prison on 28 December 1985, be it through putting him on a direct flight to Lima, Peru. After having spent two months under the protection of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, UNHCR, in this nation, the government of president Alan García considered him to be persona non-grata and demanded that he should leave the country.Under the protection of the government of France he arrived in Paris on 15 March 1986. Before resuming his profession as a journalist, and because he had to survive, he cleaned offices during the first four years of his life in Paris. He has been a volleyball trainer and referee, as well as a passionate dancer and collector of salsa music. He is the author of several books which have all been translated into different languages (see bibliography). As a collaborator of the French monthly Le Monde Diplomatique, he participated in the production of various documentaries for television broadcasting channels, such as: the British BBC; the French-German ARTE; the German ADR. Over the past years he made various documentaries that were basically distributed by the Latin American channel Tele Sur. One of them, Venezuela, the shadow agenda, was subtitled in 17


texts: different languages.Some of his productions and interviews can be found on his YouTube channel. In 2005 he was nominated for the "Lorenzo Natali Media Prize" of the European Commission, for his article "Colombia: such as in Iraq, a privatised conflict" (Colombia: como él de Irak, un conflicto privatizado), published in Le Monde Diplomatique in November 2004. The award was launched in 1992 in recognition of outstanding reporting on development issues, inequality, human rights and the eradication of poverty. He shared conferences with personalities such as the Cuban leader, Fidel Castro Ruz, and the president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías. He interviewed the president of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, and other distinguished people such as: Danielle Mitterrand, the actor Pierre Richard and Monsignor Jacques Gaillot France); the sociologist James Petras (United States); the French-Spanish journalist Ignacio Ramonet; the commander of the Cuban revolution Victor Dreke and the intellectual of the same nationality Abel Prieto. As a journalist, he also interviewed commanders of the Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC) - which at that time was a guerrilla organisation - Raúl Reyes and Jaime Guaracas. As well as commanders of the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN), Manuel Pérez Martínez (ex-Commander in Chief Milton Hernández, Ramiro Vargas and Pablo Beltrán.For the writing of his book Don Pablo Escobar, he passed various days with members of the so-called Medellín Cartel. Working on Perú: los


texts: senderos posibles (Peru: Possible Paths), he interviewed generals of the Armed Forces of Peru, as well as commanders and supporters of the Shining Path organisation (Sendero Luminoso). In Miami and in New York he interviewed leaders of organisations alleged to be responsible for crimes and terrorist attacks, such as Orlando Bosch Ávila, Nazario Sargent, José "Pepe" Hernández and José Basulto, all of them of Cuban origin. Based on these and other interviews he published Disidentes o Mercenarios? (Dissidents or mercenaries?). In January 2005 the documentary The Secret of the Bat: Bacardi Between Rum And Revolution (El Secreto del Murciélago. Bacardi, Entre Ron y Revolución) was awarded the Bronze World Medal of the New York Film Festival.The documentary, in which <mask> <mask> also figures, was based on his book Bacardi, The Hidden War. On 5 February 2009 he lectured on "Private military societies in Colombia" during the seminar on the "Privatisation of violence" organised by the Centre de recherche des écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan (CREC), at the higher education institute for officers of the French Armed Forces. Being an investigator who denounces the state terrorism in Colombia as well as the aggressive politics of the United States, particularly towards Latin America, he discovered on 18 April 2009 that he appeared on the "No fly list" of the US authorities when the flight which he was on, was prohibited to fly over the US air space "for reasons of national security". The Air France aircraft had departed from Paris and headed for Mexico City without making a

masks: Calvo Ospina


texts: stop in the United States. On the 6th of May 2012 <mask> Ospina had to travel from Madrid to Havana with Air Europe, a Spanish company. Before receiving his boarding pass, a staff member took him to a man who presented himself as a civil servant of the US Embassy. The man was very straightforward and informed him that he could not go on that particular flight because it would be overflying the airspace of his country during 5 minutes and his name appeared on the No Fly List.On the 8th of September 2018 he was denied his boarding pass once again. This time it happened in the airport of Orly in Paris, from where he wanted to travel to Cuba with the French company CORSAIR. The manager of the company gave him the phone number of the office from where he had received the order: it was the Transportation Security Administration, TSA, in Washington that answered the phonehttp://www.elcorreo.eu.org/De-nuevo-arbitrariedades-de-los-Estados-Unidos-prohiben-el-transporte-de-personas?lang=fr. The case of Calvo Ospina induced the Spanish journal El País to explain the reason why the European authorities and their transport companies accepted that the United States take this kind of decisions, i.e. in order to avoid passengers to descend in their territory. On the 22nd of September 2011 the French government denied him the French nationality. The letter sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs says that this decision was taken because of his "relationships with the Cuban representation in Paris" and "his proximity to the castrist ideology."He was also reproached for having met


texts: members of the FARC "during his activities as a journalist" and for appearing on the "American list of persons who were prohibited to fly over the air space of the United States." He attended the World Assembly of the Encuentro Mundial de Intelectuales y Artistas en Defensa de la Humanidad (World Assembly of Intellectuals and Artists for the Defense of Humanity), which took place in Caracas, Venezuela,from the 1rst till the 5th of December 2004 and gathered more than 400 representatives from 52 countries and different cultures. During this event, the idea  launched by several intellectuals from Mexico and Cuba the year before took shape. Ever since he has been one of the active members of the REDH (Red de Intelectuales y Artistas En Defensa de la Humanidad). On the 18th of July 2016 the Municipal Council of the Poder Popular of Guantánamo, Cuba, awarded him a replica of La Fama, the symbol of the city , as well as the Commemorative Seal on the occasion of the premiere of his documentary "Todo Guantánamo es nuestro" (" All Guantanamo Is Ours"). He was also honoured by the Instituto Cubano de Amistad con los Pueblos (Cuban Institute for Friendship with the People, ICAP) and received the award from the hands of its vice-president, Fernando Gonzalez Llort, Hero of the Republic of Cuba. On both occasions he was honoured for "his activism in favour of Cuba and its truths"."For contributing to making the truth about Cuba known to the world as it is being regularly distorted by the big transnational media concerns". Since  2018 he has been a member of the French  Sociey of


texts:
 People of the Written Word (Société des gens de lettres - SGDL), a private association founded in Paris in April 1838. Political commitment
He does not hide his sympathy for the Cuban Revolution, nor for the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela; he has always supported the process of social, economic and political change that was developed by president Evo Morales in Bolivia, who was the victim of a coup d’état on 10 November 2019. He has always believed that the peace process in Colombia is not only about guerrilla organisations to surrender or to hand in their armaments, since the political-military conflict is only one aspect of the violence in that country. References

Bibliography

In English
 Salsa! Havana Heat, Bronx Beat. 1995.Latin America Bureau, London. The Cuban Exile Movement. Dissidents or Mercenaries?. (co-author Katlijn Declercq) 2000. Ocean Press, New York. Bacardi, The Hidden War. 2002.PlutoPress, London. Other titles not available in English
 Don Pablo Escobar. 1994. EPO, Brussels. Perú, los senderos posibles. (co-author Katlijn Declercq) 1994. Txalaparta, Spain.Ah, die Belgen! 1996. EPO, Brussels. ¿Disidentes o Mercenarios? (co-author Katlijn Declercq) 1998. Vosa-Sodepaz, Madrid. Sur un air de Cuba.2005. Le Temps des cerises, Paris. Colombia, democracia y terrorismo de Estado. 2008. Foca, Madrid. El equipo de Choque de la CIA. 2010.El Viejo Topo, Barcelona. Calla y respira. 2013. El Viejo Topo, Barcelona. Colombie : répression et insurrection. 2014. Bruno leprince, Paris
 Latinas de falda y pantalón.2015. El Viejo Topo, Barcelona. No fly list y


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 otros cuentos exóticos. 2019. El perro y la rana, Caracas. El Enigma de La Coubre. 2021.Ediciones Dyskolo, España. Documentaries
 The US Blockade against Cuba: The US Blockade against Cuba - "The longest genocide in history"
 ALL GUANTANAMO IS OURS:
 Venezuela, the shadow agenda: Venezuela, the shadow agenda. A documentary by Hernando <mask> OspinaThe US Blockade against Cuba
 IMAGENES: "The importance of taking the time to observe : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABWF1ELoWk8&t=31s
 The enigma of the boat "La coubre" :

External links
 Blog : Le blog de Hernando Calvo Ospina | Le Club de Mediapart
 YouTube : Hernando Calvo Ospina

1961 births
Living people
Colombian journalists
Male journalists
French male journalists
Colombian male writers
French journalists
People from Cali
French male


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<mask> (born January 16, 1928) is an American writer and journalist who won the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for his novel Ironweed. Many of his novels feature the interactions of members of the fictional Irish-American Phelan family in Albany, New York. The novels make use of incidents from the city's history as well as the supernatural. <mask>'s works include The Ink Truck (1969), Legs (1975), Billy Phelan's Greatest Game (1978), Ironweed (1983), Roscoe (2002) and Changó's Beads and Two-Tone Shoes (2011). One reviewer said of Changó's Beads and Two-Tone Shoes that it was "written with such brio and encompassing humanity that it may well deserve to be called the best of the bunch". <mask> also published a nonfiction book entitled O Albany! : Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels (1983).Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Albany, New York, the son of <mask><mask> and Mary E. McDonald. <mask> was raised a Catholic, and grew up in the North Albany neighborhood. He attended Public School 20 and Christian Brothers Academy. <mask> studied at Siena College in Loudonville, New York, from which he graduated in 1949. Career
<mask> began pursuing a career in journalism after college by joining the Post Star in Glens Falls as a sports reporter. He was drafted in 1950 and served in the US Army, where he worked for an Army newspaper in Europe. After his discharge, <mask> joined the Albany Times Union as a reporter.He then relocated to Puerto Rico in 1956 and became managing editor of the San Juan Star, a new English language newspaper. While living in San Juan, he befriended the journalist and author Hunter S. Thompson, a friendship that continued throughout their

masks:
William Joseph Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
William J
. Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy
Kennedy


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 careers. While in Puerto Rico <mask> also met his mentor, Saul Bellow, who encouraged him to write novels. <mask>, who had been eager to leave Albany, returned to his hometown and worked for the Albany newspaper the Times Union as an investigative journalist, writing stories exposing activities of Daniel P. O'Connell and his political cronies of the dominant Democratic Party. His use of Albany as the setting for eight of his novels was described in 2011 by book critic Jonathan Yardley as painting "a portrait of a single city perhaps unique in American fiction". <mask> has received numerous honorary degrees, and was presented with the inaugural SUNY Medallion of Distinction in May 2012 by the Chancellor of the State University of New York, and so joined the ranks of the SUNY Distinguished Academy as a board-appointed Distinguished Professor. <mask> lectured in creative writing and journalism from 1974 to 1982 at the University at Albany, becoming a full professor in 1983.He taught writing as a visiting professor at Cornell University during the 1982–1983 academic year. Awards
<mask> received the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel Ironweed. He also won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 2001, he received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award from the Tulsa Library Trust. <mask> received the Fitzgerald Award for Achievement in American Literature award in 2007, which is given annually in Rockville, Maryland where F. Scott Fitzgerald, his wife, and his daughter are buried. Personal life
In Puerto Rico, <mask> met and married Daisy (Dana) Sosa. They have three children.Bibliography

Fiction
The Ink Truck. New York: Viking Press, 1969. The Albany Cycle
Legs. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1975. Billy

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Kennedy
Kennedy
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Kennedy
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William Kennedy
Kennedy


texts:
 Phelan's Greatest Game. New York: Viking Press, 1978. Ironweed.New York: Viking Press, 1983. Quinn's Book. New York: Viking Press, 1988. Very Old Bones. New York: Viking Press, 1992. The Flaming Corsage. New York: Viking Press, 1996.Roscoe. New York: Viking Press, 2002. Changó's Beads and Two-Tone Shoes. New York: Viking Adult, 2012. Nonfiction
O Albany! : Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels. New York: Viking Press, 1983.The Making of Ironweed. New York: Viking Penguin, 1988. Riding the Yellow Trolley Car. New York: Viking Press, 1993. Screenplays
The Cotton Club. Co-authored with Francis Ford Coppola. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.Ironweed. Tri-Star, 1987. Plays
Grand View. Premiered at Capital Repertory Theatre, Albany, New York, 1996. In the System. HumaniTech* Short Play Project Premiere, University at Albany, March 2003. Children's books
Charlie Malarkey and the Belly Button Machine (co-authored with <mask>).New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986. Charlie Malarkey and the Singing Moose (co-authored with <mask>). New York: Viking Children's Books, 1994. Criticism
Flanagan, Thomas. O Albany!. New York Review of Books. April 25, 2002
Giamo, Benedict F. The Homeless of Ironweed: Blossoms on the Crag.Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1997. Gillespie, Michael Patrick. Reading <mask>. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. Lynch, Vivian Valvano. Portraits of Artists: Warriors in the Novels of <mask>. Bethesda: International Scholars Publications, 1999.Mallon, Thomas. <mask>'s Greatest Game. The Atlantic Monthly. February 2002. Seshachari, Neila C. Courtesans, Stars, Wives, & Vixens: The Many Faces of Female Power in <mask>'s Novels, AWP

masks:
Brendan Kennedy
Brendan Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
Kennedy


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 Conference, Albany, NY. April 17, 1999. Marowski, Daniel G. and Matur, Roger, editors."<mask>." Contemporary Literary Criticism, Vol. 53, Detroit: Gale Research, 1989, pp. 189–201. Michener, Christian. From Then into Now: <mask>'s Albany Novels. University of Scranton Press, 1998.Reilly, Edward C. Twayne's United States Authors Series: <mask>. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991. Van Dover, J. K. Understanding <mask>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1991. Seshachari, Neila C., editor. Conversations with <mask>. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1997.See also
University at Albany – Famous Faculty
<mask> Ward (professor)

References

External links

Finding Aid for the Papers of <mask>,
Audio recording of <mask> reading from unpublished works at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
Write TV Public Television Interview with <mask>
2011 radio interview at The Bat Segundo Show
M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany Libraries. New York State Writers Institute Biography of <mask>, University at Albany. 1928 births
Living people
American newspaper journalists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American people of Irish descent
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Writers from Albany, New York
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners
Siena College alumni
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
American male novelists
Journalists from New York (state)
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts

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William Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
John William
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
William Kennedy
Kennedy


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<mask> (born January 17, 1991) is an American professional boxer. He is currently signed to Don King Productions. Personal life
<mask> was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He is of Bavarian/Scottish descent on his father's side and Irish/Chechen descent on his mother's side. He grew up in South Baltimore and Northern Anne Arundel County. He began boxing at 6 years old under the tutelage of his father, a former boxer himself. He graduated from Old Mill Senior High School.Amateur career
As an amateur boxer he accomplished three National Silver Gloves Championships, two Junior National Golden Gloves Championships, Junior Olympic gold medal, Ringside World Championship, Ohio State Fair Championship, Under-19 National Championship, and a National Pal Championship, where he defeated 2012-2016 Olympian Cam Awesome (formally Lenroy Thompson) in the finals. In 2009, he captured a silver medal at the US Men's National Championships, giving him a position on the USA Men's International team. In 2008, he reached the quarter finals at both the National Golden Gloves and the AIBA Youth World Championships in Guadalajara, Mexico. At the latter, he was defeated by 2012 and 2016 Olympic bronze medalist Ivan Dychko of Kazakhstan 5–1. Professional career
Shortly after winning the silver medal at the US Men's National Championships, <mask> decided to turn professional. <mask> made his debut January 31, 2010, against world ranked kickboxer, Francois Ambang. He went 12–0–1 in his first 13 matches before losing a split decision against fellow undefeated boxer Junior Wright.In 2015, he lost a competitive, 10-round decision on CBS sports network to former World

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Nicholas Ryan Kisner
Kisner
Kisner
Kisner


texts: title challenger, and boxing superstar Lateef Kayode. Several fights later, he defeated ranked contender Brian Holstein in Columbus, Ohio to capture the WBA USA National Championship title. In 2017, <mask> traveled to Belgium to fight Ryad Merhy in a match for the WBA Intercontinental title, losing in the fourth round. In 2018, <mask> defended his title in a rematch against Brian Holstein in Columbus, Ohio. A few months later, he then fought against USBA #15 contender Scott Sigmon in a 10 round bout, for the NABP Cruiserweight Championship in July 2018. <mask> went on to win a 10 round decision in the bout, to capture the North American Boxing Partners (NABP) Cruiserweight title. In April 2019, <mask> moved up to the heavyweight division to challenge European champion Otto Wallin on Showtime.The fight was called a no contest after the first round after <mask> sufferered a cut over his right eye from a headbutt from Wallin early in the first round. He then in February 2020 dropped back down to the cruiserweight division to take on undefeated Sam Crossed for the Maryland state cruiserweight title in a highly anticipated local fight. Due to the Maryland State Boxing Commission still keeping the cruiserweight limit at the original weight of 190 lbs, <mask> weighed in at a career low of 190 lbs, for the state title fight. <mask> went on to dominate Crossed over 10 rounds to collect the state title. It was then announced later in the year of 2020, <mask> would challenge then champion Beibut Shumenov for the WBA Cruiserweight World Championship in December. The fight was later on postponed, and then the fight was cancelled shortly after

masks: Kisner Kisner Kisner Kisner Kisner Kisner Kisner Kisner


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<mask> (born 1 April 1962) is an English television presenter who works for ITV. He is currently the co-presenter of ITV's This Morning (2002–present) and Dancing on Ice (2006–2014, 2018–present) alongside Holly Willoughby. <mask> gained national attention working for the BBC, first as a continuity presenter for Children's BBC on weekdays from 1985 to 1987. His other television work includes Going Live! (1987–1993), All Star Mr & Mrs (2008–2016), The Cube (2009–2015, 2020–present), Text Santa (2011–2015), and 5 Gold Rings (2017–2020). Early life
<mask> was born on 1 April 1962 in Oldham, Lancashire. He grew up in Newquay, Cornwall, where he attended Trenance Infant School and Newquay Tretherras School.When he was 15, his first foray into media was a Sunday show on Hospital Radio Plymouth. After many years of writing letters to the BBC, at 17, <mask> took up the position of bookings clerk and tea boy for BBC Radio at Broadcasting House in London, where he was, at the time, the youngest employee. Career

Television
Aged 19, <mask> moved with his family to New Zealand, where he made his television debut as the initial presenter of the youth music programme Shazam! on 23 February 1982. He also spent two years working for the Auckland-based radio station Radio Hauraki. In 1985, he returned to Britain, where he became the first in-vision continuity presenter for Children's BBC on weekdays for two years from September 1985 in what was known as the 'Broom Cupboard'. He left to present Going Live!on Saturday mornings between September 1987 and April 1993. From 1988 to 1991, he was the host of the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party, a pop-magazine awards show. In the early 1990s, <mask> moved to adult-orientated television with various programmes for ITV, such as Schofield's Quest, Schofield's TV Gold and Ten Ball. From

masks:
Phillip Bryan Schofield
Schofield
Schofield
Schofield
Schofield
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texts: 1994 to 1997, he presented Talking Telephone Numbers for five series and in 1996 he hosted a show about remarkable coincidences called One in a Million. He co-authored the book that came out of the series. He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1998, when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at the curtain call of the musical Doctor Dolittle at the Hammersmith Apollo in London. In the following decade, Schofield presented the National Lottery Winning Lines programme for BBC One between June 2001 and October 2004.And between 2002 and 2006, he co-hosted the BBC quiz show Test the Nation with Anne Robinson. In July 2006, he signed an exclusive two-year contract with ITV, reported to have been worth £5 million. The exclusive deal also meant he could no longer present Test the Nation and was replaced by Danny Wallace. Since 2002, <mask> has been a presenter on the ITV daytime show This Morning replacing John Leslie with Fern Britton until 2009 and with Holly Willoughby who replaced Britton in September that year. In May 2008, <mask>'s father, Brian, died from a long-standing heart condition, which led to <mask> taking a break from presenting This Morning. John Barrowman stood in for him until his return. Starting in 2005, Schofield presented two series of Have I Been Here Before?, a daytime programme where a celebrity attempted to use regression to get in touch with a previous life.Since 2006, he has presented The British Soap Awards. Between 2006 and 2008, he hosted the programme with Fern Britton but since 2009, alone. During the run of the ITV reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, he co-hosted the spin-off series I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here! Exclusive with Sheree Murphy. The show lasted one series. In 2006, Schofield presented two episodes of the ITV game show It's Now or Never,

masks: Schofield Schofield Schofield


texts: before the network cancelled the show, due to poor ratings. <mask> presented Dancing on Ice on ITV with Holly Willoughby from 2006 until 2011 and Christine Bleakley from 2012 until 2014.It was announced in the summer of 2013 that Dancing on Ice was to come to an end following the 2014 series. <mask> returned to co-present the show in 2018 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after four years away. Since April 2008, he and Fern Britton hosted a revival of the ITV game show Mr. and Mrs., renamed as All Star Mr & Mrs. In 2010, the show took a break but returned in 2012 without Britton. From 2009 until 2015, he presented the primetime game show The Cube. <mask> returned to present the show in 2020 following ITV's choice to reboot the series after five years away. He also hosted A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards with Amanda Holden from 2009 until 2014.In 2010 and 2011, Schofield hosted the annual comedy show The Comedy Annual on ITV. From 2011 until 2015, He co-hosted the Christmas charity show Text Santa on ITV with Christine Lampard in 2011, 2014 and 2015 and Holly Willoughby in 2012 and 2013. In April 2011 and June 2012, Schofield co-hosted ITV's coverage of the Royal Wedding and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee with Julie Etchingham. In March 2014, Schofield narrated the one-off ITV2 show Educating Joey Essex. The show was commissioned for a full series which was aired throughout 2014. The show was commissioned for a seven-part second series, filming began in April 2016, and the series aired in summer 2016 with the first episode titled "The Queen's 90th Birthday". In December 2014, he undertook a live 24-hour TV marathon to raise money for Text Santa, where, as well as appearing on This Morning, he appeared on various other programmes throughout the day, including being a guest panellist on


texts:
 Loose Women.He presented two series of the primetime game show You're Back in the Room for ITV in 2015 and 2016. In 2016, he travelled to South Africa with his wife, as part of a series of short clips for This Morning. Following this, ITV aired three 30 minute episodes in a primetime slot, called Schofield's South African Adventure. Since March 2017, he has presented 5 Gold Rings, a new game show format for ITV. In 2017, Schofield presented three-part factual series How To Spend It Well at Christmas with <mask> in which he tested the latest must-have festive gifts. Radio
While working as presenter of Going Live!, <mask> was also broadcasting on BBC Radio 1 with a Sunday show (also called Going Live). When Radio 1 started to broadcast in FM stereo in 1988, <mask> was one of the presenters chosen to help with the launch.In February 2010, Schofield launched Radio Plymouth in Devon. Theatre
<mask> first performed on the West End stage in 1991, taking over the role of Joseph in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat from Jason Donovan. The second musical he performed in was the title role of Doctor Dolittle at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, before touring the UK. <mask> reprised his role as Joseph for an episode of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway in March 2018. Other ventures

Music
While appearing in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Schofield was approached to record a cover of "Close Every Door" to be released as a single. The single was released in December 1992 on Polydor Records and peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart. Wine
Schofield collects Bordeaux wines, an interest kindled by friend Jason Donovan.Asked in 1992 to introduce a compilation video for Donovan, Schofield refused to accept payment. Stock, Aitken and Waterman sent him two cases of Burgundy with a set of

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Phillip Schofield
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 tasting notes; he joined the Wine Society two years later. In 2013, Schofield began writing for the Waitrose Weekend newspaper, and has been the face of wine in their UK stores ever since. Schofield has a separate Twitter account about wine called @SchofeOnWine. Controversies

David Cameron This Morning interview
On 8 November 2012, Schofield interviewed then prime minister David Cameron on This Morning, and presented him with a list he had obtained from the internet of five people named as paedophiles in connection with the North Wales child abuse scandal. The names of several former senior Conservative politicians were visible on the list. Schofield was widely criticised for his action, with broadcaster Jonathan Dimbleby describing his behaviour as "cretinous".Cameron responded by warning against a witchhunt, "particularly about people who are gay". ITV's director of television, Peter Fincham, said that Schofield was "wrong" in confronting Cameron and said that the broadcaster had agreed to co-operate fully with government regulator Ofcom's investigation into the matter. The investigation was initiated after Ofcom received 415 complaints from viewers. Schofield later apologised, blaming a misjudged camera angle. Schofield and ITV later paid £125,000 compensation to settle a libel suit from one of those falsely accused, Lord McAlpine. Personal life
<mask> has dual British and New Zealand citizenship. He married his long-term partner Stephanie Lowe in March 1993; the couple have two daughters.They reside in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. Schofield is a patron of the charity Shooting Star Children's Hospices, which offers help and support to families of children who are not expected to reach their 19th birthday. In conjunction with rose specialist C&K Jones, he launched the Schofield rose in support of