texts:
 launched May 12, 2010. It sailed to join a flotilla intended to break the blockade of the Gaza Strip. The flotilla was intercepted; however, the MV <mask>rrie had not reached the other ships and continued towards Gaza by itself. Israeli navy officers addressed the ship as "Linda"—the vessel's name before it was renamed for <mask>. The ship was intercepted by the Israeli navy on Saturday, June 5, 2010, 23 miles off the coast, and diverted to the port of Ashdod. There the cargo was to be inspected and sent over land to Gaza.Symbolic gravestone in Iran
On the twelfth anniversary of <mask>'s death, a symbolic gravestone with her name was installed in the Tehran cemetery to honor her by the Commemoration of Martyrs of movement of the Islamic World's Staff. Near her symbolic gravestone are twelve other symbolic gravestones. Bibliography
 Let Me Stand Alone, collected writings and memoirs of <mask> published in January 2008 by W. W. Norton & Company,
 <mask>, Rachel. "Letter from Palestine". Voices of a People's History of the United States. Ed. Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove.New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. 609–610. See also

 ISM casualties in Palestine and Israel
 Iain Hook – British UNRWA project manager shot and killed by IDF during a battle in Jenin, November 22, 2002. James Miller – British film-maker shot and killed by the IDF in Gaza, May 2, 2003. Vittorio Arrigoni – Italian ISM volunteer abducted and murdered in Gaza by a Salafist militant group. Kayla Mueller – American activist and aid worker abducted by ISIS and later killed.Pippa Bacca – Italian peace activist raped and murdered in Turkey. List of peace activists

References

Further

masks:
Rachel Co
Rachel Corrie
Corrie
Rachel Corrie
Corrie


type: original

texts:
 reading

External links

 Quotes from the verdict and analysis: English and Hebrew, Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, August 28, 2012

1979 births
2003 deaths
American anti-war activists
American diarists
American expatriates in the State of Palestine
Human rights in the Gaza Strip
Israel–United States relations
Writers from Olympia, Washington
Protest-related deaths
Second Intifada casualties
Evergreen State College alumni
Women diarists
20th-century


texts:
<mask> (8 January 1920 – October 1997) was a British painter interested mainly in animal and wildlife subjects, but who also produced portraits and paintings of military scenes. His largest work was a mural for the Manor House at Port Lympne Zoo. Early life
<mask>' father, <mask>, was an army officer serving in World War I and later Ireland, where he married and <mask> was born in Cork. He rose to bandmaster in the Kings own Yorkshire Light Infantry, but eventually left the army and became a trombone player for the Scottish Orchestra in Glasgow (1923–27). The family moved to Hastings on medical advice that a southern climate would improve <mask>'s tuberculosis. Swimming was advised to help his condition, following the example of Johnny Weissmuller, who has also suffered from tuberculosis. <mask> became a proficient swimmer to the point of being selected in 1939 for the 1940 Olympic team for 100 m freestyle, but the onset of war caused the event to be cancelled.He had a youthful interest in wildlife and bird watching and became an expert beach fisherman. He was educated at Hastings Grammar School from 1931 to 1937. He then attended Hastings College of Art, run by Philip Cole and Percy Badham. Cole objected to the use of erasers, and <mask> retained the habit of never using one throughout his career. Badham was an able watercolourist, and this also influenced <mask> in his preference for using watercolours and gouache. <mask> won a scholarship to attend the Royal College of Art, but this was also prevented by the outbreak of war. Military career
<mask> joined the  114th Field Regiment of the Territorial Army in 1938, on the advice of his father that war was inevitable, against the wishes of his mother.In 1939, the unit trained with guns taken from Hastings Museum, but shortly received modern equipment. <mask> volunteered to become an airforce pilot and was trained initially at Scarborough Initial Training Wing, then Perth Elementary Flying School, using Tiger Moth and Miles Magister aircraft. He was part of the first group to be sent

masks:
Arthur Spencer Roberts
Roberts
Arthur Meyrick Roberts
Spencer
Arthur
Arthur
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts
Roberts


texts:
 to the USA for fighter training under the Empire Air Training Plan, training with Airacobras, Lockheed Lightnings, Tomahawks and Kittyhawks at Lakeland, Florida. In 1942 <mask> crashed a tomahawk, initially surviving uninjured, but receiving a severe head injury when he was dropped out of the wreck during rescue. He was sent to Canada where he received further training as a bomb aimer and navigator before becoming a navigation instructor with rank of flight lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Air force at Trenton, Ontario, when he was pronounced permanently unfit to fly. In 1943 he was recalled to the army in England, and sent temporarily to Watford. He was chosen amongst other soldiers to take part in the film The Way Ahead directed by Carol Reed.After the war, Reed offered <mask> more acting work, which he declined. He was posted to India, underwent jungle training at Deolali before serving temporarily at various places in India and Pakistan, with rank of Gunner. He requested transfer to Burma where he served as a sergeant in 1944 at the Arakan Front, where he was employed to scout and make drawings of enemy positions. He received a bullet wound to his right hand, which became close to requiring amputation. After hostilities ceased and while the army stayed in India, he produced a number of murals in various buildings (hospitals and the palace of the Maharajah of Mysore). In 1946 he was demobilised having won six campaign medals. In later life he painted scenes of guns used in the Gulf War, the Arakan campaign and scenes from the Battle of the Somme where both his and his wife's father had served.Later life
In 1946, he was demobbed and returned to Sussex. There he met his wife Mavis and was married in 1946 at St Mary Magdalen Church in Hastings. From 1946-1948 he completed his Fine Arts degree, before attending Brighton Arts College in 1949 to obtain a teaching diploma. He began teaching at Maidstone Secondary Modern school for one year, before obtaining a post at Hastings Central School. In 1955 he illustrated a book about Canada,

masks: Roberts Roberts


texts:
 'Smoke over Sikanska by J.S. Gowland. This encouraged him to move to British Columbia in Canada.He first took a post to teach art history at Vancouver university, but then found work as a commercial artist for the Hudson's Bay Company in Vancouver where he prepared advertising illustrations of items ranging from Lingerie to artworks. In 1957 he was recalled to England by the British army because of the Suez Crisis, but this was over before he returned to military life. He spent a year preparing work for an exhibition and completed paintings from sketches made in Canada. These paintings began to sell, but he took a teaching job at the Downs school, Bexhill. The couple initially lived in St Leonards-on-Sea, but purchased a house on a cliff top at Fairlight where they remained for five years. In 1965 <mask> decided to sell the house, purchase a caravan, and move to the Isle of Arran in Scotland. Privations of life in the wilderness and a desire for company eventually led to another return to Sussex and the purchase of a house in Rye, together with a return to part-time teaching.The availability for purchase of a dilapidated coastguard cottage allowed both a return to beachside living at Fairlight and an opportunity to pay off the mortgage, allowing <mask> to work full-time as an artist. Interest in his works increased, with exhibitions in London and an increasing number of visitors to his home. Further exhibitions followed at the Armand Hammer galleries in New York City. After returning from one such visit, the couple discovered that their home had moved dramatically closer to the cliff edge following ongoing rock slides. They decided to move again, this time to a former boathouse once used to plan the construction of the Royal Military Canal. Exhibitions of his paintings in America were successful and were followed by others in Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, and Japan. References

20th-century English painters
English male painters
1920 births
1997 deaths
People educated at Hastings Grammar School
People from Fairlight, East


texts:
Sir <mask>  (14 February 1944 – 31 July 2020) was an English filmmaker. His early career, beginning in his late teens, was spent as a copywriter and director of television advertisements. After about ten years of filming adverts, many of which won awards for creativity, he began screenwriting and directing films. <mask> was known for using a wide range of filmmaking styles and working in differing genres. He directed musicals, including Bugsy Malone (1976), Fame (1980), Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982), The Commitments (1991) and Evita (1996); true-story dramas, including Midnight Express (1978), Mississippi Burning (1988), Come See the Paradise (1990) and Angela's Ashes (1999); family dramas, including Shoot the Moon (1982), and horrors and thrillers including Angel Heart (1987) and The Life of David Gale (2003). His films won nineteen BAFTA awards, ten Golden Globes and six Academy Awards. His film Birdy was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the Top Ten Films of 1984, and won the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury prize at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.<mask> was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to the British film industry and knighted in 2002. He was active in both British cinema and American cinema, along with being a founding member of the Directors Guild of Great Britain and lecturing at various film schools. In 2000 he received the Royal Photographic Society Lumière Award for major achievement in cinematography, video or animation. In 2013 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, the highest honour the British Film Academy can give a filmmaker. <mask> donated his personal archive to the British Film Institute's National Archive in 2015. Early years
<mask> was born into a working-class family in Islington, North London, the son of Elsie Ellen, a dressmaker, and William Leslie <mask>, a house painter. He grew up on a council estate of Islington, which always made it easy for him to remain "almost defiantly working-class in attitudes" said the British novelist and screenwriter Ray

masks:
Alan William Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker


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 Connolly.<mask> said that although he had his share of fun growing up, he always felt he was studying for his secondary school exams, while his friends were out having a good time. He had an "ordinary background" with no aspirations to become a film director, nor did anyone in his family have any desire to be involved in the film industry. The closest he ever came, he said, to anything related to films was learning photography, a hobby inspired by his uncles: "That early introduction to photography is something I remember." <mask> attended Dame Alice Owen's School, concentrating on science in his last year. He left school when he was eighteen to work in the advertising field, hoping that the advertising industry might be a good way to meet girls. Career

1962–1975: Early work and breakthrough
His first job was office boy in the post room of an advertising agency. But more than anything, he said, he wanted to write, and would write essays and ads when he got home after work.His colleagues also encouraged him to write, which soon led him to a position as a copywriter in the company. <mask> took jobs with different agencies over the next few years, having by then become proficient as a copywriter. One such agency was Collett Dickenson Pearce in London, where he first met the future producers David Puttnam and <mask>, both of whom would later produce many of his films. <mask> credited Puttnam with inspiring him and talking him into writing his first film script, Melody (1971). By 1968, <mask> had moved from copywriting to successfully directing numerous television advertisements. In 1970, he joined <mask> to establish a company to make advertisements. That company eventually became one of Britain's best commercial production houses, winning nearly every major national and international award open to it.Among their award-winning adverts were the UK Cinzano vermouth advertisement (starring Joan Collins and Leonard Rossiter), and a Heineken advert which used one hundred actors. <mask> credited his years writing and directing adverts for his

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Parker
Parker
Parker
Alan Marshall
Parker
Parker
Alan Marshall
Parker


texts:
 later success as a film director: After writing the screenplay for the Waris Hussein film Melody in 1971, <mask> shot his first fictional film titled No Hard Feelings in 1973, for which he wrote the script. The film is a bleak love story set against the Blitz in London during the Second World War, when the Luftwaffe bombed the city for 57 consecutive nights. <mask> was born during one of those bombing raids, and said "the baby in that [film] could well have been me". With no feature film directing experience, he could not find financial backing, and decided to risk using his own money and funds from mortgaging his house to cover the cost. The film impressed the BBC, which bought the film and showed it on television a few years later, in 1976. The BBC producer Mark Shivas had, in the interim, also contracted <mask> to direct The Evacuees (1975), a Second World War story written by Jack Rosenthal which was shown as a Play for Today.The work was based on true events which involved the evacuation of school children from central Manchester for protection. The Evacuees won a BAFTA for best TV drama and also an Emmy for best International Drama. <mask> next wrote and directed his first feature film, Bugsy Malone (1976), a parody of early American gangster films and American musicals, but with only child actors. <mask>'s desire in making the film was to entertain both children and adults with a unique concept and style of film:

The film received eight British Academy Award nominations and five Awards, including two BAFTAs for Jodie Foster. 1978–1990: Subsequent success
<mask> next directed Midnight Express (1978), based on a true account by Billy Hayes, about his incarceration and escape from a Turkish prison for trying to smuggle hashish out of the country. <mask> made the film in order to do something radically different from Bugsy Malone, which would broaden his style of filmmaking. The script was written by Oliver Stone in his first screenplay, and won Stone his first Academy Award.The music was composed by Giorgio Moroder, who was also

masks: Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker


texts:
 awarded his first Oscar for the film. Midnight Express established <mask> as a "front rank director", as both he and the film were Oscar nominated. The success of that film also gave him the freedom from then on to direct films of his own choosing. <mask> then directed Fame (1980), which follows the lives of eight students through their years at the New York City's High School of Performing Arts. It was a huge box-office success and led to a television spin-off series of the same name. <mask> stated that after doing a serious drama like Midnight Express, he wanted to do a film with music, but very different from typical musicals of the past:

The actress Irene Cara recalls that "the nice thing about the way <mask> works with everyone is that he allowed us to really feel like classmates." However, <mask> was refused permission to use the actual school portrayed in the film, the High School for the Performing Arts, because of the notoriety he achieved from his previous film, Midnight Express.The head of the school district told him, "Mr. <mask>, we can't risk you doing for New York high school the same thing you did for Turkish prisons." <mask>'s next film was Shoot the Moon (1982), the story of a marital break-up that takes place in Northern California. <mask> calls it "the first grown-up film that I'd done". He again chose to direct a subject distinctly different from his previous film, explaining, "I really try to do different work. I think that by doing different work each time, it keeps you creatively fresher." He described the theme of the film being about "two people who can't live together but who also can't let go of one another. A story of fading love, senseless rage, and the inevitable bewildering betrayal in the eyes of the children."Its stars, Albert Finney and Diane Keaton, received Golden Globe nominations for their performances. The film also had a personal significance for <mask>, who said he was forced to examine his own marriage: "It was a painful film to make for me because there were echoes of my own life in it. It

masks: Parker Parker Parker Alan Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker


texts: was about a breakup of a marriage, and the children in the story were quite close to my own children in age. Shoot the Moon was very, very close to my own life." He spent days with the writer Bo Goldman on developing a realistic story, and states that his marriage became "infinitely stronger as a result of the film". Also in 1982 <mask> directed, Roger Waters written and with graphics by the cartoonist Gerald Scarfe, film version of the Pink Floyd conceptual rock opera,  "Pink Floyd - The Wall" starring Boomtown Rats frontman Bob Geldof as the fictive rocker "Pink" was released. <mask> later described the filming as "one of the most miserable experiences of my creative life."<mask> directed Birdy (1984), starring Matthew Modine and Nicolas Cage. It recounts the story of two school friends who have returned from the Vietnam war but were both psychologically and physically injured. <mask> called it a "wonderful story" after having read the book by William Wharton. However, because of the nature of the story, he had no idea how to make it into a movie: "I didn't know if you could take the poetry of the book and make it cinematic poetry, or if an audience would actually want it." The film became a critical success. Richard Schickel says that <mask> had "transcended realism ... [and] achieved his personal best", while Derek Malcolm considers Birdy to be <mask>'s "most mature and perhaps his best movie". The message of the film, writes critic Quentin Falk, is "joyously life-affirming", which he notes is common to much of <mask>'s work.He adds that <mask>'s films manage to achieve a blend of "strong story and elegant frame", a style which he says typically eludes other directors who rely too much on the purely visual. With Mississippi Burning (1988), <mask> received his second Oscar nomination for Best Director. The film is based on a true story about the murders of three civil rights workers in 1964, and stars Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe. Hackman was nominated for Best Actor, while the film was nominated for five other Oscars, including

masks: Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker Parker


texts:
 Best Picture. It won for Best Cinematography. 1991–2003: Later works
In 1991 <mask> directed The Commitments, a comedy about working class Dubliners who form a soul band. The film was an international success and led to a successful sound track album.To find a cast <mask> visited most of the estimated 1,200 different bands then playing throughout Dublin. He met with over 3,000 different band members. Rather than pick known actors, <mask> says he chose young musicians, most of whom had no acting experience, in order to remain "truthful to the story". "I cast everybody to be very close to the character that they play in the film. They're not really playing outside of who they are as people." <mask> says he wanted to make the film because he could relate to the hardships in the lives of young Dubliners, having come from a similar working-class background in north London. The film critic David Thomson observes that with The Commitments, <mask> "showed an unusual fondness for people, place, and music.It was as close as <mask> has come to optimism." <mask> said that it was the "most enjoyable film" he ever made. Evita (1996), was another musical, starring Madonna, Antonio Banderas and Jonathan Pryce. Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's score originated from the earlier musical. <mask> remembers Madonna's strong desire to play the role of Evita, that "as far as she was concerned, no one could play Evita as well as she could, and she said that she would sing, dance and act her heart out, ... and that's exactly what she did". Evita was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning for Best Original Song, which was sung by Madonna. <mask>'s next film was Angela's Ashes (1999), a drama based on the real-life experiences of the Irish-American teacher, Frank McCourt, and his childhood.His family was forced to move from the United States back to Ireland because of financial difficulties, which led to the family's problems caused by his father's alcoholism. Colm Meaney, who acted in The Commitments, noticed the dramatic shift in theme and style of


texts:
 <mask>'s films. He said "it's the variety of his work that sort of staggers me. He can go from Evita to Angela's Ashes. He adds that "when <mask> starts a project, it's going to be something very interesting and completely out of left field". <mask> explained that doing a story like Angela's Ashes was simply his "reaction against a big film" like Evita. He said that he tried to avoid the "obvious movies", saying "You want the film to stay with people afterwards ...It just seems to me that the greatest crime is to make just another movie." <mask> said it is important to carefully choose which films to write and direct:

Therefore, when <mask> visited film schools and spoke to young filmmakers, he told them that the new film technology available for making films and telling a story is less important than conveying a message: "If you haven't got something to say, I don't think you should be a filmmaker". The British film critic Geoff Andrew described <mask> as a "natural storyteller" who got his message across using "dramatic lighting, vivid characterisation, scenes of violent conflict regularly interrupting sequences of expository dialogue, and an abiding sympathy for the underdog (he is a born liberal with a keen sense of injustice)". <mask> produced and directed The Life of David Gale (2003), a crime thriller, starring Kevin Spacey and Kate Winslet. It tells the story of an advocate for the abolition of capital punishment who finds himself on death row after having been convicted of murdering a fellow activist. The film received generally poor reviews. Roger Ebert did not like the film, calling the story "silly", although he said the acting was "splendidly done".Personal life
<mask> was married twice; first to Annie Inglis from 1966 until their divorce in 1992, and then to producer Lisa Moran, to whom he was married until his death. He had five children, including screenwriter <mask>. <mask> died in London on 31 July 2020 at age 76, following a lengthy illness. Honours and awards
<mask> was nominated for eight BAFTA awards, three Golden

masks:
Parker
Alan
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Parker
Nathan Parker
Parker
Parker


texts:
 Globes and two Oscars. He was a founding member of the Directors Guild of Great Britain and lectured at film schools around the world. In 1985, the British Academy awarded him the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema. <mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1995 Birthday Honours and Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the film industry.In 1999 he was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Directors Guild of Great Britain. He became chairman of the Board of Governors of the British Film Institute (BFI) in 1998 and in 1999 was appointed the first chairman of the newly formed UK Film Council. In 2005 <mask> received an honorary Doctorate of Arts from the University of Sunderland of which his long-time associate Lord Puttnam is chancellor. In 2004 he was the Chairman of the Jury at the 26th Moscow International Film Festival. In 2013 he was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award "in recognition of outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image", which is the highest honour the British Academy can bestow. The British Film Institute (BFI) produced a tribute to <mask> in September and October 2015 with an event titled "Focus on Sir <mask>" which included multiple screenings of his films and an on-stage interview of <mask> by producer David Puttnam. The event coincided and marked the donation his entire working archive to the BFI National Archive.Filmography

References

External links

1944 births
2020 deaths
BAFTA fellows
BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award
Best Director BAFTA Award winners
Best Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
English male screenwriters
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Copywriters
English film directors
Television commercial directors
English film producers
English screenwriters
Knights Bachelor
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
People educated at Dame Alice Owen's School
People from Islington (district)
Film

masks:
Parker
Parker
Parker
Alan Parker
Parker


texts:
<mask> (July 3, 1878November 5, 1942) was an American entertainer, playwright, composer, lyricist, actor, singer, dancer and theatrical producer. <mask> began his career as a child, performing with his parents and sister in a vaudeville act known as "The Four Cohans". Beginning with Little Johnny Jones in 1904, he wrote, composed, produced, and appeared in more than three dozen Broadway musicals. <mask> wrote more than 50 shows and published more than 300 songs during his lifetime, including the standards "Over There", "Give My Regards to Broadway", "The Yankee Doodle Boy" and "You're a Grand Old Flag". As a composer, he was one of the early members of the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP). He displayed remarkable theatrical longevity, appearing in films until the 1930s and continuing to perform as a headline artist until 1940. Known in the decade before World War I as "the man who owned Broadway", he is considered the father of American musical comedy.His life and music were depicted in the Oscar-winning film Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) and the 1968 musical George M! A statue of <mask> in Times Square, New York City commemorates his contributions to American musical theatre. Early life

<mask> was born in 1878 in Providence, Rhode Island, to Irish Catholic parents. A baptismal certificate from St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church (which gave the wrong first name for his mother) indicated that <mask> was born on July 3, but he and his family always insisted that he had been "born on the Fourth of July!" His parents were

masks:
George Michael Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan


texts: traveling vaudeville performers, and he joined them on stage while still an infant, first as a prop, learning to dance and sing soon after he could walk and talk. Cohan started as a child performer at age 8, first on the violin and then as a dancer. He was the fourth member of the family vaudeville act called The Four Cohans, which included his father Jeremiah "Jere" (Keohane<mask> (1848–1917), mother Helen "Nellie" Costigan <mask> (1854–1928) and sister Josephine "Josie" <mask> Niblo (1876–1916).In 1890, he toured as the star of a show called Peck's Bad Boy and then joined the family act. The Four Cohans mostly toured together from 1890 to 1901. <mask> and his sister made their Broadway debuts in 1893 in a sketch called The Lively Bootblack. Temperamental in his early years, he later learned to control his frustrations. During these years, he originated his famous curtain speech: "My mother thanks you, my father thanks you, my sister thanks you, and I thank you." As a child, <mask> and his family toured most of the year and spent summer vacations from the vaudeville circuit at his grandmother's home in North Brookfield, Massachusetts, where he befriended baseball player <mask>. The family generally gave a performance at the town hall there each summer, and Cohan had a chance to gain some more normal childhood experiences, like riding his bike and playing sandlot baseball.His memories of those happy summers inspired his 1907 musical 50 Miles from Boston, which is set in North Brookfield and contains one of his most famous songs, "Harrigan". As

masks:
) Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Connie Mack


texts:
 he matured through his teens, he used the quiet summers there to write. When he returned to the town in the cast of Ah, Wilderness! in 1934, he told a reporter "I've knocked around everywhere, but there's no place like North Brookfield." Career

Early career

<mask> began writing original skits (over 150 of them) and songs for the family act in both vaudeville and minstrel shows while in his teens. Soon he was writing professionally, selling his first songs to a national publisher in 1893. In 1901 he wrote, directed and produced his first Broadway musical, The Governor's Son, for The Four Cohans.His first big Broadway hit in 1904 was the show Little Johnny Jones, which introduced his tunes "Give My Regards to Broadway" and "The Yankee Doodle Boy". <mask> became one of the leading Tin Pan Alley songwriters, publishing upwards of 300 original songs noted for their catchy melodies and clever lyrics. His major hit songs included "You're a Grand Old Flag," "Forty-Five Minutes from Broadway," "Mary Is a Grand Old Name," "The Warmest Baby in the Bunch," "Life's a Funny Proposition After All," "I Want To Hear a Yankee Doodle Tune," "You Won't Do Any Business if You Haven't Got a Band," "The Small Town Gal," "I'm Mighty Glad I'm Living, That's All," "That Haunting Melody," "Always Leave Them Laughing When You Say Goodbye", and America's most popular World War I song "Over There", recorded by Nora Bayes and by Enrico Caruso, and others. The latter song reached such currency among troops and shipyard workers that a ship was named "Costigan" after <mask>'s

masks: Cohan Cohan Cohan


texts:
 grandfather, Dennis Costigan. During the christening, "Over There" was played. From 1904 to 1920, <mask> created and produced over 50 musicals, plays and revues on Broadway together with his friend Sam H. Harris, including Give My Regards to Broadway and the successful Going Up in 1917, which became a smash hit in London the following year. His shows ran simultaneously in as many as five theatres.One of <mask>'s most innovative plays was a dramatization of the mystery Seven Keys to Baldpate in 1913, which baffled some audiences and critics but became a hit. <mask> further adapted it as a film in 1917, and it was adapted for film six more times, as well as for TV and radio. He dropped out of acting for some years after his 1919 dispute with Actors' Equity Association. In 1925, he published his autobiography Twenty Years on Broadway and the Years It Took to Get There. Later career

<mask> appeared in 1930 in The Song and Dance Man, a revival of his tribute to vaudeville and his father. In 1932, he starred in a dual role as a cold, corrupt politician and his charming, idealistic campaign double in the Hollywood musical film The Phantom President. The film co-starred Claudette Colbert and Jimmy Durante, with songs by Rodgers and Hart, and was released by Paramount Pictures.He appeared in some earlier silent films but he disliked Hollywood production methods and only made one other sound film, Gambling (1934), based on his own 1929 play and shot in New York City. A critic called Gambling a "stodgy adaptation of a definitely dated play directed in

masks: Cohan Cohan Cohan Cohan


texts:
 obsolete theatrical technique". It is considered a lost film. <mask> earned acclaim as a serious actor in Eugene O'Neill's only comedy Ah, Wilderness! (1933) and in the role of a song-and-dance President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Rodgers and Hart's musical I'd Rather Be Right (1937). The same year, he reunited with Harris to produce a play titled Fulton of Oak Falls, starring <mask>. His final play, The Return of the Vagabond (1940), featured a young Celeste Holm in the cast.In 1940, Judy Garland played the title role in a film version of his 1922 musical Little Nellie Kelly. <mask>'s mystery play Seven Keys to Baldpate was first filmed in 1916 and has been remade seven times, most recently as House of the Long Shadows (1983), starring Vincent Price. In 1942, a musical biopic of <mask>, Yankee Doodle Dandy, was released, and James Cagney's performance in the title role earned the Best Actor Academy Award. The film was privately screened for <mask> as he battled the last stages of abdominal cancer, and he commented on Cagney's performance: "My God, what an act to follow!" <mask>'s 1920 play The Meanest Man in the World was filmed in 1943 with Jack Benny. Legacy
Although <mask> mainly is remembered for his songs, he became an early pioneer in the development of the "book musical", using his engaging libretti to bridge the gaps between drama and music. More than three decades before Agnes de <mask> choreographed Oklahoma!, Cohan used dance not merely as razzle-dazzle, but to advance the plot.<mask>'s main characters were "average Joes and Janes" who

masks: Cohan Cohan Cohan Cohan Cohan Cohan Cohan Mille Cohan


texts: appealed to a wide American audience. In 1914, <mask> became one of the founding members of ASCAP. Although <mask> was known as generous to his fellow actors in need, in 1919, he unsuccessfully opposed a historic strike by Actors' Equity Association, for which many in the theatrical professions never forgave him. <mask> opposed the strike because in addition to being an actor in his productions, he was also the producer of the musical that set the terms and conditions of the actors' employment. During the strike, he donated $100,000 to finance the Actors' Retirement Fund in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. After Actors' Equity was recognized, Cohan refused to join the union as an actor, which hampered his ability to appear in his own productions. Cohan sought a waiver from Equity allowing him to act in any theatrical production.In 1930, <mask> won a law case against the Internal Revenue Service that allowed the deduction, for federal income tax purposes, of his business travel and entertainment expenses, even though he was not able to document them with certainty. This became known as the "Cohan rule" and frequently is cited in tax cases. Cohan wrote numerous Broadway musicals and straight plays in addition to contributing material to shows written by others—more than 50 in all. Cohan shows included Little Johnny Jones (1904), Forty-five Minutes from Broadway (1905), <mask>, Jr. (1906), The Talk of New York and The Honeymooners (1907), Fifty Miles from Boston and The Yankee Prince (1908), Broadway Jones (1912), Seven Keys to Baldpate (1913), The

masks:
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
George Washington


texts: American Idea, Get Rich Quick Wallingford, The Man Who Owns Broadway, Little Nellie Kelly, The Cohan Revue of 1916 (and 1918; co-written with Irving Berlin), The Tavern (1920), The Rise of Rosie O'Reilly (1923, featuring a 13-year-old Ruby Keeler among the chorus girls), The Song and Dance Man (1923), <mask>, The Miracle Man, Hello Broadway, American Born (1925), The Baby Cyclone (1927, one of Spencer Tracy's early breaks), Elmer the Great (1928, co-written with Ring Lardner), and Pigeons and People (1933). At this point in his life, he walked in and out of retirement. <mask> was called "the greatest single figure the American theatre ever produced – as a player, playwright, actor, composer and producer". On May 1, 1940, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt presented him with the Congressional Gold Medal for his contributions to World War I morale, in particular with the songs "You're a Grand Old Flag" and "Over There".<mask> was the first person in any artistic field selected for this honor, which previously had gone only to military and political leaders, philanthropists, scientists, inventors, and explorers. In 1959, at the behest of lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II, a $100,000 bronze statue of <mask> was dedicated in Times Square at Broadway and 46th Street in Manhattan. The 8-foot bronze remains the only statue of an actor on Broadway. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, and into the American Folklore Hall of Fame in 2003. His star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 6734 Hollywood Boulevard. <mask> was inducted

masks:
Molly Malone
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan


texts:
 into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame on October 15, 2006. The United States Postal Service issued a 15-cent commemorative stamp honoring <mask> on the anniversary of his centenary, July 3, 1978.The stamp depicts both the older <mask> and his younger self as a dancer, with the tag line "Yankee Doodle Dandy". It was designed by Jim Sharpe. On July 3, 2009, a bronze bust of <mask>, by artist Robert Shure, was unveiled at the corner of Wickenden and Governor Streets in Fox Point, Providence, a few blocks from his birthplace. The city renamed the corner the <mask> M. Cohan Plaza and announced an annual <mask><mask> Award for Excellence in Art & Culture. The first award went to Curt Columbus, the artistic director of Trinity Repertory Company. Personal life and death

From 1899 to 1907, <mask> was married to Ethel Levey (1881–1955; born Grace Ethelia Fowler), a musical comedy actress and dancer. Levey and Cohan had a daughter, actress <mask> <mask> Souther Rowse (1900–1988).Levey joined the Four Cohans when Josie married, and she starred in Little Johnny Jones and other Cohan works. In 1907, Levey divorced <mask> on grounds of adultery. In 1908, <mask> married <mask> Nolan (1883–1972), who had been a dancer in his early shows; they remained married until his death. They had two daughters and a son. The eldest was <mask> Ronkin, a cabaret singer in the 1930s, who composed incidental music for her father's play The Tavern. In 1968, <mask> supervised musical and lyric revisions for the musical George M! Their second daughter was <mask> Carola, a film

masks:
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
George
George M
. Cohan
Cohan
Georgette
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
Agnes Mary
Mary Cohan
Mary
Helen Cohan


texts: actress, who performed on Broadway with her father in Friendship in 1931.Their youngest child was <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1914–2000), who graduated from Georgetown University and served in the entertainment corps during World War II. In the 1950s, <mask>. reinterpreted his father's songs on recordings, in a nightclub act, and in television appearances on the Ed Sullivan and <mask> shows. <mask>.'s only child, <mask> <mask> (1943–1999), was the last descendant named Cohan. She graduated with a theater degree from Marywood College in Pennsylvania in 1965. From 1966 to 1968, she served in a civilian Special Services unit in Vietnam and Korea. In 1996, she stood in for her ailing father at the ceremony marking her grandfather's induction into the Musical Theatre Hall of Fame at New York University. Cohan was a devoted baseball fan, regularly attending games of the former New York Giants.He died of cancer at the age of 64 on November 5, 1942, at his Manhattan apartment on Fifth Avenue, surrounded by family and friends. His funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, and was attended by thousands of people, including five governors of New York, two mayors of New York City and the Postmaster General. The honorary pallbearers included Irving Berlin, Eddie Cantor, Frank Crowninshield, Sol Bloom, Brooks Atkinson, Rube Goldberg, Walter Huston, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, Eugene O'Neill, Sigmund Romberg, Lee Shubert and Fred Waring. Cohan was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City, in a private family mausoleum he had erected a quarter

masks:
George Michael
Cohan
George Jr
Milton Berle
George Jr
Michaela
Marie Cohan
George Jessel
Connie Mack
Joseph McCarthy


texts:
 century earlier for his sister and parents. In popular culture

 James Cagney played Cohan in the 1942 biopic Yankee Doodle Dandy and in the 1955 film The Seven Little Foys. Cagney won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Dandy. <mask> played <mask> in Mr. Broadway, a television special broadcast on May 11, 1957.The same month, Rooney released a 78 RPM record featuring Rooney singing <mask>'s best-known songs on the A-side. Joel Grey starred on Broadway as <mask> in the musical George M! (1968), which was adapted into a television special in 1970. Allan Sherman sang a parody-medley of three Cohan tunes on an early album: "Barry (That'll Be the Baby's Name)"; "H-o-r-o-w-i-t-z"; and "Get on the Garden Freeway" to the tune of "Mary's a Grand Old Name", "Harrigan" and "Give My Regards to Broadway", respectively. Chip Deffaa created a one-man show about the life of Cohan called <mask>. <mask> Tonight!, which first ran Off-Broadway at the Irish Repertory Theatre in 2006 with Jon Peterson as Cohan. Deffaa has written and directed five other plays about Cohan. Filmography
<mask> acted in the following films:

Gallery

Notes

References

 <mask>, John: <mask>. <mask>.The Man Who Owned Broadway (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1973)

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>.: Twenty Years on Broadway (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1924)
 Gilbert, Douglas: American Vaudeville. Its Life and Times (New York: Dover Publications, 1963)
 Jones, John Bush: Our Musicals, Ourselves. A Social History of the American Musical Theatre (Lebanon, NH: Brandeis

masks:
Mickey Rooney
Cohan
Cohan
Cohan
George M
Cohan
Cohan
McCabe
George M
Cohan
Cohan
George M


texts:
 University Press, 2003)
 Morehouse, Ward: George M. Cohan. Prince of the American Theater (Philadelphia & New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1943)

External links

 <mask><mask> at Internet off-Broadway Database
 <mask><mask> In America's Theater
 <mask><mask> on musicals101.com
 F. Gwynplaine <mask>, "Dancing after retirement: Cohan plays Roosevelt, 1937", New York Daily News, March 20, 2004. Chip Deffaa's extensive <mask> M. Cohan site
 <mask>. <mask>; PeriodPaper.com c. 1910
 Finding aid for the Edward B. Marks Music Co. Collection on <mask>. <mask>, 1901–1968 at the Museum of the City of New York
 <mask><mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings

1878 births
1942 deaths
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American male actors
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American singers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American singers
Actors from Providence, Rhode Island
American male child actors
American male dancers
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male silent film actors
American male singers
American male songwriters
American male stage actors
American musical theatre composers
American musical theatre directors
American people of Irish descent
American tap dancers
American theatre directors
Broadway composers and lyricists
Broadway theatre directors
Broadway theatre producers
Burials at Woodlawn

masks:
George M
. Cohan
George M
. Cohan
George M
. Cohan
MacIntyre
George
George M
Cohan
George M
Cohan
George M
. Cohan


texts:
 Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Catholics from Massachusetts
Catholics from Rhode Island
George M.
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Eccentric dancers
Male actors from Rhode Island
Male musical theatre composers
Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island
People from North Brookfield, Massachusetts
Vaudeville performers
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Members of The Lambs


texts:
<mask> (; ;  1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1873 to 1879 and its leader during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. His name has been transliterated as Cetawayo, Cetewayo, Cetywajo and Ketchwayo. Cetshwayo consistently opposed the war and sought fruitlessly to make peace with the British, and was defeated and exiled following the Zulu defeat in the war. He was later allowed to return to Zululand, where he died in 1884. Early life
Cetshwayo was a son of Zulu king Mpande and Queen Ngqumbazi, half-nephew of Zulu king Shaka and grandson of Senzangakhona. In 1856 he defeated and killed in battle his younger brother Mbuyazi, Mpande's favourite, at the Battle of Ndondakusuka. Almost all Mbuyazi's followers were massacred in the aftermath of the battle, including five of Cetshwayo's own brothers.Following this he became the ruler of the Zulu people in everything but name. He did not ascend to the throne, however, as his father was still alive. Stories from that time regarding his huge size vary, saying he stood at least between   and  in height and weighed close to . His other brother, Umthonga, was still a potential rival. Cetshwayo also kept an eye on his father's new wives and children for potential rivals, ordering the death of his favourite wife Nomantshali and her children in 1861. Though two sons escaped, the youngest was murdered in front of the king. After these events Umtonga fled to the Boers' side of the border and Cetshwayo had to make deals with the Boers to get him back.In 1865, Umthonga did the same thing, apparently making Cetshwayo believe that Umtonga would organize help from the Boers against him, the same way his father had overthrown his


texts:
 predecessor, Dingane. Furthermore, he had a rival half-brother, named uHamu kaNzibe who betrayed the Zulu cause on numerous occasions. Reign

Mpande died in 1872. His death was concealed at first, to ensure a smooth transition; <mask> was installed as king on 1 September 1873. Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who annexed the Transvaal to the Cape Colony, crowned Cetshwayo in a shoddy, wet affair that was more of a farce than anything else, but turned on the Zulus as he felt he was undermined by Cetshwayo's skillful negotiations for land area compromised by encroaching Boers and the fact that the Boundary Commission established to examine the ownership of the land in question actually ruled in favour of the Zulus. The report was subsequently buried. As was customary, he established a new capital for the nation and called it Ulundi (the high place).He expanded his army and readopted many methods of Shaka. He also equipped his impis with muskets, though evidence of their use is limited. He banished European missionaries from his land. He might have incited other native African peoples to rebel against Boers in Transvaal. Anglo-Zulu War

In 1878, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, British High Commissioner for the Cape Colony, sought to confederate the colony the same way Canada had been, and felt that this could not be done while there was a powerful Zulu state bordering it. Frere thus began to demand reparations for Zulu border infractions and ordered his subordinates to send messages complaining about Cetshwayo's policies, seeking to provoke the Zulu king. They carried out their orders, but Cetshwayo kept calm, considering the British to be his friends and being aware of the power of the


texts: British Army.He did, however, state that he and Frere were equals and since he did not complain about how Frere administered the Cape Colony, the same courtesy should be observed by Frere in regards to Zululand. Eventually, Frere issued an ultimatum that demanded that Cetshwayo de facto disband his army. His refusal led to war in 1879, though he continually sought to make peace after the Battle of Isandlwana, the first engagement of the war. After an initial decisive but costly Zulu victory over the British at Isandlwana, and the failure of the other two columns of the three pronged British attack to make headway – indeed, one was bogged down in the Siege of Eshowe – the British retreated, other columns suffering two further defeats to Zulu armies in the field at the Battle of Intombe and the Battle of Hlobane. However, the British follow-up victories at Rorke's Drift and Kambula prevented a total collapse of the British military positions. While this retreat presented an opportunity for a Zulu counter-attack deep into Natal, Cetshwayo refused to mount such an attack, his intention being to repulse the British offensive and secure a peace treaty. However Cetshwayo's translator, a Dutch trader he had imprisoned at the start of the war named Cornelius Vijn, gave warnings to Chelmsford of gathering Zulu forces during these negotiations.The British then returned to Zululand with a far larger and better armed force, finally capturing the Zulu capital at the Battle of Ulundi, in which the British, having learned their lesson from their defeat at Isandlwana, set up a hollow square on the open plain, armed with cannons and Gatling guns. The battle lasted approximately 45 minutes


texts:
 before the British ordered their cavalry to charge the Zulus, which routed them. After Ulundi was taken and burnt on 4 July, <mask> was deposed and exiled, first to Cape Town, and then to London. He returned to Zululand in 1883. From 1881, his cause had been taken up by, among others, Lady Florence Dixie, correspondent of The Morning Post, who wrote articles and books in his support. This, along with his gentle and dignified manner, gave rise to public sympathy and the sentiment that he had been ill-used and shoddily treated by Bartle Frere and Lord Chelmsford. Later life

By 1882 differences between two Zulu factions—pro-Cetshwayo uSuthus and three rival chiefs led by Zibhebhu—had erupted into a blood feud and civil war.In 1883, the British government tried to restore <mask> to rule at least part of his previous territory but the attempt failed. With the aid of Boer mercenaries, Chief Zibhebhu started a war contesting the succession and on 22 July 1883 he attacked Cetshwayo's new kraal in Ulundi. Cetshwayo was wounded but escaped to the forest at Nkandla. After pleas from the Resident Commissioner, Sir Melmoth Osborne, Cetshwayo moved to Eshowe, where he died a few months later on 8 February 1884, aged 57–60, presumably from a heart attack, although there are some theories that he may have been poisoned. His body was buried in a field within sight of the forest, to the south near Nkunzane River. The remains of the wagon which carried his corpse to the site were placed on the grave, and may be seen at Ondini Museum, near Ulundi. Cetshwayo's most prominent role in South African historiography is being the last king of the Zulu Kingdom.His son Dinuzulu, as heir to the throne,

masks: Cetshwayo Cetshwayo


texts:
 was proclaimed king on 20 May 1884, supported by (other) Boer mercenaries. A blue plaque commemorates Cetshwayo at 18 Melbury Road, Kensington. In popular culture

Cetshwayo figures in three adventure novels by H. Rider Haggard: The Witch's Head (1885), Black Heart and White Heart (1900) and Finished (1917), and in his non-fiction book Cetywayo and His White Neighbours (1882). He is mentioned in John Buchan's novel Prester John. A character in the opera Leo, the Royal Cadet by Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron was named in his honour in 1889. In the 1964 film Zulu, he was played by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, his own maternal great-grandson and the future leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party. In the 1979 film Zulu Dawn, he was played by Simon Sabela.In the 1986 miniseries Shaka Zulu, he was played by Sokesimbone Kubheka. There is a brief allusion made to Cetshwayo in the novel Age of Iron by J.M. Coetzee in the line "The new Africans, pot-bellied, heavy-jowled men on their stools of office: Cetshwayo, Dingane in white skins." Legacy

In 2016, the King Cetshwayo District Municipality was named after him. References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

 Carolyn Hamilton, Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical invention, Harvard University Press, 1998. Ian Knight, By The Orders Of The Great White Queen: An Anthology of Campaigning in Zululand, Greenhill Books, 1992. Ken Gillings, Discovering the Battlefields of the Anglo-Zulu War, 2014.1826 births
1884 deaths
19th-century monarchs in Africa
19th-century Zulu people
History of KwaZulu-Natal
Monarchies of South Africa
Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
People of the Anglo-Zulu War
Zulu


texts:
<mask> (6 February 1894 – 21 August 1974) was a spiritual master (satguru) in the tradition of Radha Soami. <mask> was born in Sayyad Kasran Punjab which now belongs to Pakistan. He lived in Lahore during the period of his discipleship and attained a high position in the bureaucracy as a deputy comptroller of military accounts. He was the President of the World Fellowship of Religions, an organization recognized by UNESCO, which had representatives from all the main religions of the world. Beginning with the publication of Gurmat Sidhant, authored by him in the late 1930s and published under his Guru's name, during the period of his ministry he published many books and circulars that were translated into numerous languages. The teaching of the Surat Shabd Yoga is a path of personal spiritual attainment under the guidance of a living spiritual master. The basic teachings consist in opening the inner eye or third eye to develop vision of inner light and inner sound.This is considered to be the power of the unmanifested Godhead coming into expression and is called Word in the Bible, and Naam, Shabd, Om, Kalma, and other names in the other scriptures. <mask> <mask> taught that the practice of meditation on the Divine Word, or the Yoga of the Sound Current (Surat Shabd Yoga) was at the spiritual base of all religions. Life
From youth, <mask> <mask> had visionary experience and foreknowledge of events. He sought guidance from various sufis, yogis and mystics, but never

masks:
Sant Kirpal Singh
Kirpal Singh
Kirpal
Singh
Kirpal
Singh


texts: accepted any of them as a master, and continued his spiritual practice and prayers for the guidance of a living teacher. In 1917, he began to see a spiritual form that he believed was Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh religion. In 1924, he met Hazur Maharaj Sawan <mask>, the famous Saint of the  Beas, in his Ashram on the banks of the Beas River, and in him recognized the luminous form he had seen during the seven previous years. Hazur initiated him into Surat Shabd Yoga, and from then on <mask> <mask> dedicated his life to the mission of his spiritual Master and to his practices, while married, with children and in a responsible government position.Sawan <mask> asked him to meditate six hours daily, a practice which he maintained throughout his discipleship, despite his life responsibilities. From early the 1930s on, when Hazur was asked if he had a disciple who had made great progress, he cited <mask> <mask>. In the same years, on inspiration from his master, <mask> began writing the "Gurmat Siddhant" ("The Philosophy of the Masters"), a two-volume spiritual work, in the Punjabi and Urdu languages. It was published, on Kirpal request, under the name of Hazur Maharaj Sawan <mask>. In the 1960s, it was published in English in five volumes. Ruhani Satsang published a number of books under <mask> <mask>'s name that were essentially portions of Gurmat Sidhant. On the morning of 12 October 1947, Hazur Maharaj Sawan <mask> entrusted his disciple <mask> <mask> with the

masks: Singh Kirpal Singh Singh Kirpal Singh Kirpal Singh Kirpal Singh Singh Kirpal Singh


texts:
 work of continuing his spiritual mission.The next month, Hazur approved the project of the "Ruhani Satsang" (School of Spirituality or Science of the Soul) Kirpal presented to him. Hazur Maharaj Sawan <mask> died on 2 April 1948, following a brief illness. After his master's passing, <mask> went to Rishikesh at the foot of the Himalayan Mountains, where he spent the next five months in an almost continual state of samadhi, or absorption in God. At the end of this period of intense meditation, <mask> <mask> received an inner command from his master: "Return to the world and bring my children back to me." He moved to Delhi, where people from Punjab were looking for refuge because of the division from Pakistan, and there began his spiritual and humanitarian mission. Kirpal initiated over 80,000 followers

Ruhani Satsang
In Delhi, <mask> <mask> founded his new school of spiritual research and realization, called Ruhani Satsang (School of Spirituality or Science of the Soul), which would go on to have branches in many nations of the world. In 1951 he built the Sawan Ashram, in the neighborhood of Shakti Nagar  on the outskirts of the city, where his spiritual talks (satsangs) were soon followed by thousands of people.He began to have visits from western disciples. The first was Rusel Jacque, whose account of his six months at the ashram in 1959 (Gurudev: the Lord of Compassion) encouraged others to make the journey. At the beginning of the sixties, an average 40 to 50

masks: Singh Kirpal Kirpal Singh Kirpal Singh


texts:
 disciples stayed at the ashram from three weeks to six months. World Fellowship of Religions
In 1957, <mask> was elected the first president of the World Fellowship of Religions, an organization recognized by UNESCO, comprising representatives from all the major world religions. He held that position until 1971, and presided over four World Conferences. In 1962, he became the first non-Christian to receive the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights of Malta) for his spiritual and humanitarian work. On this occasion he received the congratulations of India's prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and established a spiritual tie with him that continued with prime ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi.World tour

First tour
<mask>'s mission continued to grow rapidly. In 1955, he made his first trip abroad to spread his teachings, and spent months in the United States and Europe. It was the first time an Indian spiritual master had visited the West. In those years, Eastern spiritual practices were generally unfamiliar to the West. <mask> had hundreds of Westerners initiated and placed on the path of meditation, which he claimed led to contact with the Divine Light and Harmony. In 1963, <mask> made his second world tour, this time as president of the World Fellowship of Religions. He met with political leaders and other religious leaders, including Pope Paul VI and the Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Churches Atenagora I.At the same time, he continued to

masks: Singh Singh Singh Singh


texts:
 instruct new seekers on the path of the Way of the Masters (Sant Mat). On 26 August 1972, <mask> <mask> conducted his third and final tour of the West, where he received and instructed more than 2000 new disciples of the Path of Spirituality. Final year

In Delhi in February 1974, <mask> organized the World Conference on Unity of Man. More than 2000 delegates attended, including religious and political leaders from India and around the world. Over 100,000 people attended the conference in total. At the Kumba Mela (Festival of Religions) in Haridwar on 2 April of the same year, <mask> gathered sadhus (itinerant monks) and "saintly men" in the Conference of National Unity, with the aims of promoting cooperation, eliminating religious barriers, and bettering the economic status of India's poor. In 1974 <mask> <mask> established the Unity of Man conference, which was intended as a platform to bring together both religious and political leaders towards finding common ground and improved relations.This conference, under the name, Human Unity Conference, continues to this day. Legacy and succession

<mask> <mask> died on 21 August 1974 at the age of eighty. His death caused a succession dispute amongst his followers. There is Pier Franco Marcenaro, who, after his Initiation in January 1968, was his Group Leader and Representative in Milan, Italy, and is today a recognized successor by many disciples organized in an association called "The School of Spirituality". In 1963,

masks:
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Singh
Singh
Kirpal
Singh
Kirpal
Singh


texts:
 <mask> <mask> had declared that he knew of no one competent to be his successor. Then He stated most forcefully: "Whoever may come up in the future, I tell you most definitely that he will NOT be a member of my family!" These succession disputes ultimately led to the proliferation of satsangs without connection to any descendant of the <mask> tradition.As of 2002, there were approximately 200,000 adherents of groups related to <mask> <mask>. Available teachings
<mask> <mask> wrote an extensive collection of books on spirituality, including The Crown of Life (a comparative study of various religions and yogas); Prayer, Its Nature and Technique; Spirituality: What It Is; Godman (on finding a spiritual teacher or guru), and The Wheel of Life (on karma). PDF versions of <mask> <mask>'s books are available free online., as are MP3 recordings of many of his talks in English and Hindi / Punjabi. Books by <mask> <mask>

 The Coming Spiritual Revolution (compiled, edited and introduced by Russell Perkins) – New Hampshire, Sant Bani
 The Crown of Life: A Study in Yoga – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1961; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1980 ()
 Godman – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications ()
 A Great Saint: Baba Jaimal <mask>, His Life and Teachings – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani ()
 Heart to Heart Talks (2 volumes) – Delhi:

masks:
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Singh
Kirpal
Singh
Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Singh


texts:
 Mr A.R. Manocha, 1975-6 (mentions Paul Twitchell)
 His Grace Lives On – USA: Ruhani Satsang ()
 The Jap Ji: The Message of Guru Nanak – Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1959; Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani; Bowling Green, Virginia: Sawan Kirpal Publications, 1981 ()
 Life and Death [combined edition of The Wheel of Life and The Mystery of Death) – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani
 The Light of Kirpal – Franklin, New Hampshire: Sant Bani ()
 Man! Dressel, Hilde, The Eternal Connection, Bowling Green, Virginia: SK Publications, 1994. Dr Harbhajan Singh, Sant Kirpal Singh - His Mission in the Golden Age - http://spirituality.unity-of-man.org/images/1991-01.pdf
 Harbhajan Kaur, 1998, Nourished by Divine Love, Naperville, Illinois: SK Publications.Jones, George Arnsby, 1965, The Harvest is Rich: the mission of <mask> <mask>, Delhi: Ruhani Satsang; New York: Pageant; Indore: Kirpal Sewashram, 2007. Lane, David Christopher, The Making of a Spiritual Movement

 Malhotra, Sharan, 1994, Divine Darshan, New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited. Perkins, Russell, The Impact of a Saint, Sanbornton, New Hampshire: Sant Bani, 1980, 1989. Portrait of Perfection, Sawan Kirpal Publications. Sahai, B.M. & Rādhā Krishna Khanna, The Saint and His Master, Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1968. Sena, Bhadra, ed, As They Saw the Master, Delhi: Ruhani Satsang, 1956.Sena, Bhadra, The Beloved Master. Sena, Bhadra, ed, Ocean of Grace Divine. Stephens, Arran, Moth and the Flame. The Third World Tour of <mask>

masks: Kirpal Singh Kirpal


texts:
 <mask>. Tessler, Neil, "Crisis and Renewal: Succession in Modern Sant Mat"
 Unity of Man, "<mask> <mask> Biography" - https://www.kirpalsingh-teachings.org/images/pdf/<mask>_<mask>_Biography.pdf
 Vidich, Andrew & Arthur Stein, eds, Heart of Compassion: the life and teachings of <mask> <mask>, Larson Publications. External links

Ruhani Satsang USA
<mask> <mask> Teachings
<mask> <mask> - His Life and His Mission
<mask> <mask> - audio and video files
Unity of Man: Be Good, Do Good, and Be One
Unity of Man: Spirituality - An Overview
Unity of Man: Conferences 1974, 1994 and 2007
<mask> Sagar (Ocean of Grace) - Man Making, Man Service and Land Service

1894 births
1974 deaths
Radha Soami
Sant Mat gurus
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil

masks:
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Sant Kirpal
Singh
Kirpal


texts:
<mask> (August 16, 1810 – 23 January 1894), was a Danish literary historian, translator, critic  and publisher. He is remembered especially for his editions of <mask> and Adam Oehlenschläger. Childhood and education
<mask>, son of Lutheran pastor and royal confessor, <mask> (1767–1828), was born August 16, 1810, in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was said to be a weak child who was spoiled by his mother with the result that he was a slow starter. It was not until he was eight years old that he started at Pogeskolen, his first school. In 1823, he was sent Copenhagen’s most prestigious private school, Borgerdydskolen (Civic Virtue School), whose headmaster, the legendary Michael Nielsen (1776–1846), was said to  be a cross between a tyrant and a pedant. <mask> would later recount in his memoirs that Adolph Peter Adler and Søren Kierkegaard were both in the same class from 1823 to 1827 where they established a close friendship.The school was not, however, suited to <mask>, who was not very industrious. He therefore left school and, after being tutored privately, entered university in 1828. He chose theology as his field of study, with Hebrew as a special subject. However, as these studies had little appeal for him, he soon abandoned them. Life

In 1840, breaking completely with theology, he began to pursue literary interests. Within a few years, he took on a rather fruitful field of activity as a publisher of Danish classics. As he became a devoted literary expert, Liebenberg showed a distinct preference for the lighter side of life.He was quick to socialize and develop new friendships. He was particularly attracted by the freshness and originality of youth. In particular, from 1846 to 1858, when he held the post of library

masks:
Frederik Ludvig Liebenberg
Ludvig Holberg
Liebenberg
Michael Frederik Liebenberg
Liebenberg
Liebenberg


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 assistant at the students' association, he constantly displayed a youthful approach to the association's business and festivities, even after his hair had begun to gray. In the summer, he could be seen rambling through Zealands's forests with one or other of his younger friends. Indeed, young students, including Jacob Voltelen, Georg Brandes and Otto Borchsenius, were attracted by his kind disposition, his reliability and his unfailing love for literature. 'Old Liebenberg' became the centre of attraction for a host of young people who were always ready to celebrate special occasions with him. Celebrating his completion of 20 years at the university in 1848, Peter Heise composed a cantata for which Jens Christian Hostrup wrote the words, and Kristian Mantzius made a speech.On the occasion of the Oehlenschläger anniversary in 1879, Brandes delivered a cordial speech to his friend <mask> while Sophus Schandorph sang a wonderful song he had written for him. <mask>'s warm affection for youth probably also explains the enthusiasm and interest with which he followed the latest developments in Danish politics and intellectual life, though perhaps he went further than was customary for a man of his age. On January 23, 1894, at the age of almost 84, he died in his bright cozy, bachelor home in Frederiksberg. Literary activity

<mask>'s literary activity is extensive. Already as a mature student, in 1839 he translated a collection of tales by Émile Souvestre. Fædrelandet, the Danish newspaper, commented on the excellent standard of his Danish prose. Later, from October 1855 to June 1857, he translated the short stories of Adelheid Reinbold (nom de plume Franz Berthold) and published them in installments in a paper entitled

masks: Liebenberg Liebenberg Liebenberg


texts: Avertissementstidende or "Advertising Times".Of much greater importance are his editions of Danish authors. Since abandoning his theology studies, he immediately embarked on his task of publishing the neglected works of Adolph Wilhelm Schack von Staffeldt whose Samlede Digte or Collected Poems appeared in two volumes in 1843. This was followed in 1847 and 1851 by the two-volume work: Samlinger til Schack Staffeldts Levned or "Collections for Schack Staffeldt's Life". The great lyric poet was regarded almost as rediscovered and received a eulogy in <mask> Heiberg's Intelligensblade which would have been more appropriate for Staffeldt during his lifetime. From 1847 to 1854, with the support of Israel Levin, Liebenberg published Holberg's plays in eight volumes. In 1845, he had already written a short introduction on Holberg entitled Betænkning over den Holbergske Orthografi or "Reflections on Holberg's Spelling". From 1850 to 1855, with the preliminary assistance of Christian Thaarup, he published the Samtlige Skrifter or "Collected Works" of Johannes Ewald in eight volumes, as well as an additional volume of Udvalgte Skrifter or "Selected Works" by Ewald.These works, however, led to unpleasant consequences for Lieberberg who was accused of coming close to infringing the rights of publisher E.L. Thaarup and his brother. In 1855, Liebenberg published a shortened edition of Christian Hvid Bredahl's Dramatiske Scener I-VI or "Dramatic Scenes". In 1856, came Holberg's 'Peter Paars', and in 1857 Frantz Johannes Hansen's Poetiske Skrifter I-II or 'Poetic Works'. From 1857 to 1865, he completed his 32-volume work on Oehlenschläger's Poetiske Skrifter or "Poetic Works" in 32 volumes. Oehlenschläger was an author <mask>

masks:
Johan Ludvig
Liebenberg


texts:
 had known as a young man and had learned to love. He then published a revised version of Charlotte Biehl's free translation of 'Don Quixote' I-II (1865–1869) and new versions of Ludvig Holberg's Heltehistorier or "Stories of Heroes" (1864–1865), Mindre poetiske Skrifter or "Less Poetic Writings" (1866) and Kirkehistorie or "Church History" (1867–1868). In his later years, <mask> repeatedly updated his editions covering the works of Holberg, Schack Staffeldt and Oehlenschläger, always demonstrating great interest for them and sometimes adding new commentaries.In 1877, his published his edition of Emil Aarestrup's Samlede Digte or "Collected Poems". Criticism

Until recently, <mask>'s works were considered exemplary. His Holberg editions have, however, now been strongly criticized. In particular, he is said to have taken an over-pedantic view of Holdberg's spelling, making it look more dated than Holberg would have wished. Some have maintained that it would have been more useful if <mask> had discussed the actual texts of Holberg's plays, including the great master's own carelessness in his writings which led him to introduce corrections of his own. Similarly, there has been criticism of his Oehlenschläger editions as he initially insisted on keeping strictly to the poet's own presentation but failed to maintain the approach later, for example in the 1879 edition of Udvalgte Tragedier or "Selected Tragedies". But there can be no criticism of <mask>'s diligence and care, or of the order and accuracy behind all his works, aspects which were often forgotten by earlier publishers.Notes

Sources

External links

Danish male writers
19th-century Danish publishers (people)
People from Copenhagen
1810 births
1894

masks: Liebenberg Liebenberg Liebenberg Liebenberg


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<mask> s/o Sangalimuthu (; born 8 March 1936) is a Malaysian politician who served as Minister of Works from June 1983 to June 1989 and again from May 1995 to March 2008, Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts from June 1989 to May 1995, Minister of Works and Public Amenities from September 1979 to June 1983 and Member of Parliament (MP) for Sungai Siput from September 1974 to March 2008. He was a member and served as 7th President of the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), a component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, from October 1979 to December 2010. He is the longest-serving MIC president by holding the position for 31 years and one of the longest-serving Cabinet ministers by being in the Cabinet for 29 years. In December 2010, he announced his retirement from politics, paving the way for then MIC Deputy President G. Palanivel to succeed him as the new party president. Political career
<mask>'s political career began at the age of 23, in 1959, when he and Govindaraj joined the Batu Caves MIC branch. After five years, he was elected Selangor MIC committee member and the head of the party. He made headlines news by climbing up the Indonesian embassy's flag pole, pulling down the flag and burning it.He was charged in court and fined RM2. He was called Hero Malaysia on the front pages. He was a Member of Parliament for Sungai Siput constituency for eight terms from September 1974 to March 2008. During this time, from 1978 to 1979 he was Deputy Minister of Local Government and Housing. Then from 1979 to 1989 he was Minister of Works. He then served as Minister of Energy, Telecommunications and Posts

masks:
Tun Samy Vellu
Samy Vellu


texts:
 from 1989 to 1995. From 1995 to March 2008 he was the Minister of Works until he lost his parliamentary seat to Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj of the Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) but contested on the ticket of the People's Justice Party (PKR) in the March 2008 general election.He was the second longest serving minister in the country during his times, after Rafidah Aziz. <mask> <mask> was appointed as Malaysia's Special Envoy of Infrastructure to India and Southern Asia, with ministerial rank, since 1 January 2011. The appointment was terminated by the new Pakatan Harapan (PH) government in 2018. Personal life

<mask> was born in Kluang, Johor, and is of Indian descent. <mask> is married to Indrani <mask> <mask>, who is also active in socio-political and various non-governmental organisations. He has one son, Vell Paari, who currently manages MAIKA Holdings and was advisor of Putera MIC and MIC Youth. He had also been appointed as Chairman of Unity and Community Development of MIC by its Central Working Committee.His daughter-in-law, Shaila Nair, was also active in Puteri MIC, a special wing of MIC dedicated to Indian women of Malaysia who are below 35 years of age. Professional qualification
He is a chartered architect and a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and of the Malaysian Institute of Architect. Biography book
"A Life. A Legend. A Legacy" written by award-winning author Bernice Narayanan reveals <mask> <mask>'s greatest achievements and setbacks as well as "behind-the-scenes" events in his almost 50 years of active politics. The biography was launched by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun

masks: Samy Vellu Vellu Vellu Samy Vellu Samy Vellu


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<mask> (born 19 November 1990 in Farran, County Cork, Ireland) is an Irish sportsman. <mask> played Gaelic football and hurling with his local club Éire Óg, his divisional side Muskerry, and was a member of the Cork senior football team from 2010 until 2013. In November 2013, he signed a two-year contract to play Australian rules football with the Carlton Football Club. Biography
Born in Farran, County Cork, <mask> was educated at Scoil Naomh Mhuire Fearann in the village before later attending Coachford Community College for 3 years and then Coláiste Choilm in nearby Ballincollig. Here he became a star on the school football team, winning Cork colleges and Munster honours in all grades. <mask> is currently attending Cork Institute of Technology where he is studying services engineering. Playing career

Club
<mask> plays his club hurling and football with the Éire Óg club and has enjoyed much success.After impressing in various juvenile grades he first came to promise as a dual player in the minor grades. In 2006 he won a county

masks:
Ciarán Sheehan
Sheehan
Sheehan
Sheehan
Sheehan


texts: minor 'A' championship with the club's footballers following a victory over Blackthorns of Mitchelstown. Two years later <mask> added a county minor 'A' championship hurling medal to his collection after defeating Erin's Own in the final. By that stage <mask> had become a key forward on the Éire Óg's junior football team. He won a Mid Cork title that year following a one-goal victory over Dripsey. <mask>'s side later claimed the county junior championship following a 1–8 to 1–5 defeat of Ballygarvan. In 2019 he won a Cork Premier Intermediate Football Championship after his return from Australia.Minor, Under-21 and <mask> first played for Cork with the county's minor football team in 2007. That year he won a Munster title following a 1–16 to 2–8 defeat of Kerry. By 2008 <mask> had made it onto the Cork minor hurling team. He quickly added a Munster title in that code to his collection following a one-point defeat of Tipperary. <mask> subsequently joined the Cork under-21 panels in both codes. He enjoyed little success with the

masks:
Sheehan
Sheehan
Sheehan
Junior Sheehan
Sheehan
Sheehan


texts:
 hurlers, however, in 2009 he won a Munster under-21 football title following a 1–9 to 2–5 defeat of Tipperary. Cork later played Down in an All-Ireland final in which little separated the sides.It took a late goal from Colm O'Driscoll to secure a 1–13 to 2–9 victory for Cork and an All-Ireland medal for <mask>. 2009 also saw <mask> enjoy some success with the Cork junior football team. He won a Munster title in that grade also following a 1–21 to 0–13 defeat of Clare. <mask>, however, did not play any part in Cork's subsequent All-Ireland victory. After a quiet season in 2010, <mask> secured a second Munster under-21 football title in 2011 following a 2–24 to 0–8 trouncing of Kerry. Cork were subsequently installed as the red-hot favourites to take the All-Ireland title once again, however, <mask>'s side were defeated by Galway. Senior
<mask> made his senior debut for Cork when he came on as a substitute against Dublin in a National League game in 2010.By the end of the campaign he had established himself at full-forward and went

masks: Sheehan Sheehan Sheehan Sheehan Sheehan Sheehan


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 on to win a National League title with a 1–17 to 0–12 defeat of Mayo in the final. <mask> later made his championship debut in a drawn Munster semi-final with Kerry. Cork lost the replay but qualified for the All-Ireland final by taking the scenic route through the qualifiers. Down provided the opposition and a tight game developed on a rain-soaked day. <mask> chipped in with a point as Cork triumphed by 0–16 to 0–15. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland winners' medal and Cork's first championship title in twenty years. In 2011 Cork retained their status as National League champions following a 0–21 to 2–14 defeat of Dublin in the final.It was <mask>'s second winners' medal in that competition. He later lined out in his first Munster final, however, Kerry retained their provincial title with a 1–15 to 1–12 victory. <mask>'s season came to an end in that game as he tore his cruciate ligament early in the second half. International rules
He played twice for Ireland against Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series. <mask> was


texts:
 awarded the Player of the Series title for his efforts in the Irish record victory. Move to AFL
In November 2013, <mask> signed to play Australian rules football for professional Australian Football League club Carlton, on a two-year contract from January 2014. <mask> had previously trialled with Carlton during 2009 without signing a contract, but re-opened discussions with the club following the 2013 International Rules series.<mask> joined fellow GAA stars Zach Tuohy of Laois and <mask> Byrne of Louth, both at Carlton. After playing for Carlton's , the Northern Blues, for much of his first season, <mask> made his senior debut for Carlton on 9 August 2014 against . He played the last four games of the 2014 season and won the award as Carlton's best first year player for the season. However, recurring hamstring injuries severely hampered the rest of his career, and he managed only two more senior games over the next three years before being delisted at the end of 2017. Statistics
 Statistics are correct to round 19 of the 2017

masks: Sheehan Sheehan Sheehan Ciarán Sheehan


texts:
 season

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 47 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 33 || 17 || 50 || 9 || 6 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 8.3 || 4.3 || 12.5 || 2.3 || 1.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 47 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 21 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|

| 21 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 11 || 8 || 19 || 5 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 5.5 || 4.0 || 9.5 || 2.5 || 1.0
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 6
! 0
! 1
! 44
!25
! 69
! 14
! 8
! 0.0
! 0.2
! 7.3
!4.2
! 11.5
! 2.3
! 1.3
|}

See also
 List of players who have converted from one football code to another

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Dual players
Éire Óg (Cork) Gaelic footballers
Éire Óg (Cork) hurlers
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Irish


texts:
 international rules football players
Muskerry Gaelic footballers
Muskerry hurlers
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
Carlton Football Club players
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)
Irish players of Australian rules football
Irish expatriate sportspeople in


texts:
<mask> (born ) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a New Democratic member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1994 who represented the downtown Toronto riding of St. Andrew—St. Patrick. She served as a cabinet minister in the government of Bob Rae. She was the first woman from the African Diaspora elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and the first woman from the African Diaspora to serve as a cabinet minister in Canada. A daughter of immigrants from the Caribbean, she became a teacher and school principal in the Toronto public school system. After her election in 1990, she was appointed to cabinet as Minister of Community and Social Services but resigned because her private financial arrangements appeared to violate cabinet guidelines.A subsequent review cleared her of any wrongdoing. In 1992, she was named parliamentary assistant to Premier Bob Rae. In 1994 she quit politics after a dispute over the handling of an investigation and firing of Ontario civil servant Carlton Masters. As of 2009, Akande is retired but continues to be involved in the community, serving as a volunteer on boards and committees of local organizations including the YWCA and Centennial College. Background
Akande was born in downtown Toronto in the Kensington Market district. Her parents came from St. Lucia and Barbados, where they had worked as teachers. They were prevented from continuing their careers in Canada because at the time people from the African Diaspora were not allowed to hold teaching positions.She attended Harbord Collegiate before studying at the University of Toronto. There she received Bachelor of Arts and Master of Education degrees. She also attended the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. She was a longtime member of the Federation of Women Teachers' Associations of Ontario.


texts:
 Following in her parents footsteps, she worked as a teacher and a school principal for the Toronto District School Board. During her educational career she designed programs for students with special needs. Akande was a co-founder of Tiger Lily, a newspaper for visible minority women, and once co-hosted a Toronto Arts Against Apartheid Festival.She was a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in her youth and was friends with future NDP leader Stephen Lewis and his siblings, and was a longtime member of its successor, the New Democratic Party. Akande was married to Isaac who died of cancer in 1991. She has a son, David, and two daughters, Aderonke and Ajike. Politics
Akande was elected for the New Democratic Party in the Toronto riding of St. Andrew—St. Patrick in the 1990 election. Akande won the riding in a tight three-way race between incumbent Liberal Ron Kanter and Conservative candidate Nancy Jackman. Akande was the first black woman elected as an Ontario MPP.In the election, the NDP won a majority government and <mask> was named Minister of Community and Social Services in Bob Rae's first cabinet on October 1, 1990. As minister, <mask> presided over an increase in welfare benefits to Ontarians at the lowest income level. She raised the social assistance rate from 5% to 7% and increased the shelter allowance from 5% to 10%. She also announced $1 million in funding for food banks in an apparent contradiction to NDP policy against supporting such agencies. She recognized that the realities of the time meant the food banks were a necessity. In 1991, Akande was caught in an apparent conflict of interest situation. In December 1990, Rae announced strict guidelines which prohibited cabinet ministers from owning rental properties which included Akande.However, in February 1991, Rae wrote a private memo which

masks: Akande Akande


texts:
 softened the guidelines because he felt that a sell-off of these properties during tough economic times may cause undue hardship to ministers. On October 10, 1991, Akande resigned as minister due to an accusation of rent-gouging in properties she owned in Toronto. Rae accepted her resignation saying "it would be in a sense, better for everyone, including herself, if this was the way we proceeded." The charges were eventually dismissed in 1993. On May 4, 1992, the so-called "Yonge Street riot" occurred in Toronto due to media reports surrounding a celebrated court case in the United States about the beating of Rodney King by police and the ensuing riots in Los Angeles. While the damage along Yonge Street was relatively minor, it was a major event for Toronto. In order to manage the fallout from this episode, Rae appointed <mask> as his parliamentary assistant.One of her accomplishments was the creation of the jobsOntario Youth Program which created summer employment for youth from 1991 to 1994. <mask> continued as a parliamentary assistant until August 31, 1994, when she resigned from the Legislature in protest against Rae's handling of the Carlton Masters controversy. Akande was bitter about her time in government. She said "a government must reflect everyone in the province. But this government has compromised its base. I can't identify with this party." She stated that she would never again belong to a political party.After resigning from the government she returned to her former job as school principal. A by-election for the riding was subsequently called, but was superseded by the 1995 election. Cabinet positions

After politics
In 2003, Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Bob Runciman attributed some of Toronto's increasing  crime rate in racialized neighbourhoods to poor leadership within the Savannah rose


texts:
 community. Runciman accused some members as trying to make a living off fuelling bad relations with Toronto Police. <mask>, as a member of the Urban Alliance on Race Relations called the comments insulting. In 2004, she was awarded the Constance E. Hamilton Award for her work in addressing equity issues in the community. As of 2006, <mask> was president of Harbourfront Centre and was serving on the boards of the YWCA and Centennial College.She is also a member of the Urban Alliance on Race Relations. She was also a founding member board of directors of Milestone Radio, owners of Canada's first urban music radio station, Flow 93.5 in Toronto. During the 2014 Toronto mayoral election Akande endorsed John Tory. In January 2018, Akande attended and spoke at the 2018 Women's March in Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto. In May 2018, Akande was honored with the YWCA Toronto Women of Distinction Award. In October 2020, Akande endorsed Annamie Paul in the Toronto Centre by-election. References

External links

1937 births
Black Canadian politicians
Black Canadian women
Black Canadian activists
Canadian people of Barbadian descent
Canadian people of Saint Lucian descent
Canadian schoolteachers
Women government ministers of Canada
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs
Politicians from Toronto
Women MPPs in Ontario
University of Toronto


texts:
<mask> (15 June 1861 – 1953) was an Albanian painter. He is associated with the Albanian National Awakening and its ideals. He worked for the movement during the Albanian Declaration of Independence and continued after that event. He was always proud to be Albanian and so was inspired for a long time in his extensive patriotic and artistic activity. During all his life he fought for the independence of Albania. Birthplace and his artistic inspiration
He was born in Lavdar (center of commune of Opar) on 15 June 1861. In that time Korça was well known for the rich heritage of the popular art of Byzantine culture of the period of David Selenica.The area where he grew up, was a very attractive source for this artist. His education was not based on artistic studies but all of the techniques of paint he was able to absorb by practice and observation, achieving to create very expressive and originals figures. The beautiful nature of his native land and people, brave and hardworking, let strong impressions in the memory of this young man and became later primary models in his beautiful patriotic tableaus, portraits and compositions and other masterly reproductions from nature and photos. When he was 14 years old he was joined by his father, and left with many other compatriots to Istanbul. He went three times to Istanbul but there he did not acquire any property and never forgot his native country, that beautiful and gorgeous nature where the warriors of freedom used to repose. Painter’s technique
The beautiful art of paint and the first brush speckles he made, were in the restoration of The Blue Mosque and other churches in Istanbul. There he had contacts and a very profitable experience from many professional explorers of paint art and contemporaries in the world.New viewpoints were opened to him after the visits he paid to the art galleries of Istanbul, Vienna, Belgrade and Athens. From there he brought the oil technique, oil colors, and his first creations together with his impressions. We find paintings of this artist painted on plywood, tin, silk


texts:
 and pig leather. He also knew the technique of murals. He also did wood models (ships) and tapestries. From where he took the basics of form and color? From our evidences it is clear that he took them from three methods: models and photography, iconography and nature.He did not study about iconography but he left proof of 15 icons in the Art Museum, Korça. The portrait in the painter’s work

Portraits and especially those taken in original are the first creations of his life. These take an important place in the rich creativity of the paint not only for their spitting image but also their expression. He painted coeval, relatives and personalities from well known traditional families in Korça. To mention are: Parashqevia, Aount Qyrana, his self-portrait exposed in Gallery of Arts in Tirana and of his family and the portrait of a priest of Marianit. In other countries there are also portraits of Woman in Istanbul, Patriarch of Istanbul, Valiu of Monastery and also that one of Sovran Ahmet Zog, the King (2.4 m x 1.7 m). Composition

A preferred genre of the painter is composition.By observation of some famous work of romanticism and European expressionism of 1920–1925 he made some erotic and lyric paintings such as “Dancing of the nymphs”, “Children and the angel”, “The handsome boy and nymphs” and “Love Arrow”. Friend of warriors for freedom

After his return to Albania he became friend of patriots who started to work for the liberation of the country. He was friend of Kajo Babien, and also of Mihal Grameno, member of the warriors group of  Themistokli Germenji and member of the government after the Declaration of Korca as independent Region. He was a member of the group of delegates participating in the independence of the country from Ottoman Empire and the creation of the government of Ismail Qemali. He supports the democratic revolution led by Fan. S. Noli contributing with votes of people in the area of Opar. Paintings

Tableau of band of Shahin Matraku

One of the most conspicuous works is the “Warriors of Shahin Matraku”.This painting is


texts:
 part of the treasure of the National Gallery of Arts in Tirana and it may be considered as a masterpiece of the author. It is unique and of great value characterized by a romantic theme and a patriotic inspiration. This is considered as the Pearl of Albanian art and the most prominent painting till the middle of the 20th century. Tableau of war of Mesolongj

At the center of this tableau are the brave warriors Marko Boçari, Foto Xhavella and many others Albanians fraternized with Greeks fighting against ottomans in the Greek revolution of 1821. This paint shows the energy of the movements and details of the traditional wear of that period. Figure of Skenderbeg

<mask> <mask> is the only Albanian painter of that time who painted patriotic themes. He treated the figure of our national hero Skenderbe in 15 pieces.It is very obvious the dynamism of the movements of the hero and also of his horse. There is a perfect harmony of bended streaks of sword, kilt, beard and hair flowing backwards because of the intensive action of the hero in the battle. A very symbolic particular we can notice are the clothes of the hero where we see the north Albanian wear combined with south Albanian wear, short woolen jacket  and  kilt symbolizing the unification of Albanian country. This paint is always present in the illustrations of the Albanian history school books. Also another symbolic painting is the portrait of Donika Kastrioti the wife of the hero, as a perfect Albanian woman dressed with a national costume. First drawing course in Albania

Taking part in different patriotic unions he opened the first course of drawing in Korça. His first students were those who later became a very successful generation of painters as Guri Madhi, Vangjush Tushi etc... Generally they used to work in graphics using carbon pencils and taking different models.Paint and photography

There are known connections of the painter <mask> <mask> with talented patriotic photographs Kristo Sulidhi in Korca and Kol Marubi in Shkodër. They have had a very reciprocal collaboration. From Kristo

masks: Spiro Xega Spiro Xega


texts:
 Sulidhi he took the different positions of warriors and from Marubi he took portraits and the typical dresses of the north as woolen jackets, jerkins, pistols kept in belt etc. This is seen also on the figure of Skenderbeu of the year 1936. Creativity of <mask> Xega as a national treasure

Counting about 137 paint works as portraits, compositions, tableau, quiet nature, created a real artistic ensemble which for a long time and now continue to affect the development of figurative arts and patriotic and artistic education of Albanian people. He used to expose his paints in his private shop. Before the liberation of the country in 1944 he participated at three different exhibitions where he was very appreciated.In the year 1956 he opened an exhibition of all of his works in Tirana and his works were highly appraised. His home had always been a home gallery and was visited by Albanians and foreigners (we can mention here the Russian producer Ilia Kopain and the artist Akaki Khorava, of the famous movie of Skënderbeu, who depicted the figure of Skënderbeu on the creativity of the painter <mask> <mask>. The artistic and genetic inheritance of the painter
The painter <mask> <mask>, left us a rich and unique legacy through his paintbrush. His artistic creativity has a variety of works such as graphics, oil, mural, icons. There are approximately 137 pieces of different genres which are part of our national art culture in museums and in Albanian families in and out Albania. His relatives in the USA got a number of his paints, which are of a great value. We can say that the painting skills of <mask> still runs in the blood of the <mask> family.His nephew Ilia <mask> has participated successfully in many regional exhibitions, his grand nephew Dhimitri <mask> has continued also to inherit successfully the art of painting and is enriching even more the artistic treasure of the paintings in Xega Family. References

External links
 http://spiroxega.wetpaint.com/
<mask> <mask>, the great Albanian painter

Albanian painters
People from Skrapar
1861 births
1953

masks: Spiro Spiro Xega Spiro Xega Spiro Xega Xega Xega Spiro Xega


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Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> (14 September 1664 – 31 August 1729) was a Scottish soldier who served with the Cameronian Regiment during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The fifth son of dissenting minister <mask>, he was a devout Calvinist, and joined the Cameronians – a predominantly religious regiment – as a volunteer cadet when they were raised in 1689 to fight for King William III. He soldiered with the regiment through the campaign in Flanders, where he was court-martialled and later pardoned for killing an officer in a duel, and then during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was wounded at the Battle of Blenheim, and twice wounded at the siege of Lille; after the Battle of Malplaquet he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and took command of the regiment. He resigned his commission two years later, and retired to Edinburgh. In later life he focused his work on ecclesiastical matters, becoming a member of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 he was appointed colonel of a regiment raised in Glasgow to guard the city, and after the war made deputy-governor of Stirling Castle.Early years

<mask> was born in September 1664 at Glencairn in Dumfriesshire, the fifth son of <mask> and Janet Haining. His father was a Presbyterian minister who had been removed from his parish in 1662, forbidden to preach, and imprisoned on the Bass Rock where he died. <mask>'s brothers included William, the eldest son, later a doctor and conspirator with William of Orange, and Adam, the second son, who wrote a history of the covenanting movement. Shortly after <mask>'s birth, his father began

masks:
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John
Blackadder