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<mask> (born 6 June 1970) is a former Australian politician who was a senator for Victoria. He was also the leader of the Australian Greens from 2015 to 2020. <mask> was elected to the Senate in the 2010 federal election. A former general practitioner, <mask> became federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of Christine Milne. He was the leader of the Greens during the 2016 and 2019 federal elections. Early life
<mask> was born in Melbourne to Italian immigrants. His mother was born in San Marco in Lamis, Apulia, while his father was born in Syracuse, Sicily.<mask> attended Parade College, graduating in 1987, and Monash University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in 1993. He later obtained Master of Public Health and Master of Health Science degrees from La Trobe University. Prior to entering parliament, <mask> was a general practitioner and public health specialist. He worked in Aboriginal health in the Northern Territory, on HIV prevention in India and in the drug and alcohol sector. Political career
<mask> was a Greens' Senate candidate from 2004. <mask> also ran for the position of Lord Mayor of Melbourne in 2004, coming second to the elected John So. In both 2002 and 2006, <mask> was narrowly defeated in the seat of Melbourne in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, almost unseating ALP health minister Bronwyn Pike.He received 48% of the two-party preferred vote in both elections. <mask> acted as health spokesperson for the Greens in Victoria and in 2002 spoke about the Greens' support for harm reduction policies to manage illicit drug use. In April 2007, <mask>e spoke out about the health implications of climate change, and later that year voiced concerns about terror laws in relation to the then suspect Dr. Muhamed Haneef. <mask> was nominated as the Australian Greens' lead senate candidate for Victoria for the 2010 federal

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Richard Luigi Di Natale
Di Natale
Di Natale
Di Natale
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Di Natale
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 election. Greens leader Senator Bob Brown labelled <mask> as the Greens' "next strongest hope" at this election. At the 2010 election, <mask> won a Senate seat representing Victoria. His term began on 1 July 2011.Upon taking up his seat in the Senate, <mask> became the Greens' federal spokesperson for health. His other portfolios include sport and multiculturalism. <mask> was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Greens party room on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of Christine Milne from the position. The Greens achieved mixed results at the 2016 federal election. The Party targeted several House of Representatives seats, but did not win any additional seats despite achieving large swings. The party also lost a senator. <mask> argued that the Greens' election strategy had been successful, with voters now seeing them as a major party.Parliamentary career

At the 2010 federal election, the Australian Greens achieved a shared balance of power in the House of Representatives and the sole balance of power in the Senate. In the Senate, they were in a shared balance of power position after the 2007 federal election and the 2013 federal election. <mask>e secured almost $5 billion towards Medicare-funded dentistry, which he described as "laying the foundations for Denticare" – the Greens' policy of universally available Medicare-funded dentistry. <mask>e campaigned against the Future Fund's holdings in tobacco funds, a campaign that was ultimately successful with the Fund divesting the entirety of its tobacco holdings (approximately AUD $250 million) in 2012. <mask>e also helped establish Senate inquiries into a number of issues of public significance including budget cuts, medicinal cannabis, the emergence of "superbugs", hospital funding, air pollution, pharmaceutical transparency, sports science and gambling reform. <mask>e conducts ongoing campaigns for improved human rights in West Papua, timely access to

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Di Natale
Di Natale
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Di Natal
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 cost-effective drugs through Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, and science-based public health policies in areas such as wind farms and vaccination policy. <mask>e was the Chair of the Senate Select Committee into the Abbott Government 2014 federal budget budget cuts and Deputy Chair of the Senate Select Committee into health.He is the co-convener of the Parliamentary Friends for Drug Policy and Law Reform, the Parliamentary Friends of West Papua and the Parliamentary Friends of Medicine. On 3 February 2020, <mask> resigned as leader of the Greens and announced his intention to resign from the Senate, citing family responsibilities. Adam Bandt was elected unopposed to replace <mask> for the leadership role. Lidia Thorpe was selected by Greens members to fill the Senate vacancy caused by <mask>'s resignation. <mask> resigned from the Senate on 26 August 2020. Personal life
<mask>, his wife and two sons live on a hobby farm in the foothills of Victoria's Otway Ranges. Growing up in Melbourne, <mask> played Australian rules football for the Coburg and Oakleigh Football Clubs in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and is a long time Richmond Tigers fan.See also

 Australian Greens
 2019 Australian federal election
 2016 Australian federal election

References

External links

 Home Page
 Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator <mask> Natale on TheyVoteForYou.org.au

1970 births
Living people
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian politicians of Italian descent
Australian general practitioners
La Trobe University alumni
LGBT rights activists from Australia
Medical doctors from Melbourne
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria
Monash University alumni
Coburg Football Club players
Oakleigh Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Leaders of the Australian Greens
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian

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<mask> is an American neuroscientist and assistant professor at the Weill Institute for Neurosciences at the University of California San Francisco. Gunaydin helped discover optogenetics in the lab of Karl Deisseroth and now uses this technique in combination with neural and behavioral recordings to probe the neural circuits underlying emotional behaviors. Early life and education
Gunaydin completed her undergraduate education at Swarthmore College with a degree in biological sciences. Gunaydin then continued on an academic path by pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University. Under the mentorship of Dr. Karl Deisseroth, Gunaydin helped to discover optogenetic technology and apply it to Systems Neuroscience by dissecting neural circuits that drive a variety of complex behaviors in rodents. Optogenetics is a tool used in Systems Neuroscience to activate or inhibit specific neural circuits using transgenically expressed light-activated opsins, originally derived from bacterial opsins. Shining lasers of specific wavelengths causes the channels to open.In the case of Channelrhodopsins, cations ions flow into the neuron to depolarize it,  while in the case of Halorhodopsins, anions flow into the neuron to hyperpolarize it. This can effectively allow a scientist to activate or inhibit specific neurons or neural circuits in an organism expressing the transgenic protein. In 2008, <mask> was named the Bio-X Bowes Fellow at Stanford for her work developing new optogenetic technologies and applying them to probe

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Lisa Gunaydin
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texts: dopaminergic circuitry implicated in social behaviors. In 2009, <mask> co-first authored a paper in Nature Neuroscience where she helped to test and optimize step-function opsins which allow longer lasting membrane depolarization than regular opsins providing extended effects on neural circuits. In 2010, <mask> published a first author paper in Nature Neuroscience highlighting her optimization of a new opsin based tool for ultrafast neural circuit control. In this work Gunaydin showed that this novel opsin does not produce unwanted spikes nor persistent depolarizations like what might occur when a cell over-expresses Channelrhodopsin. In 2015, <mask> and her colleagues in the Deisseroth Lab published a paper in the journal Cell, where they used fiber photometry to observe calcium dynamics in dopaminergic neural circuits involved in social behavior.She and her colleagues also found that the neural projection from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) encodes and predicts social behaviors. Using optogenetics, Gunaydin probed the causal effects of stimulating the dopaminergic projection from the VTA to the NAc and found that modulation of this projection bi-directionally affected social behaviors. Gunaydin went on to present this work at the Cold Spring Harbour Symposia on Quantitative Biology. This was one of the first studies ever to manipulate social neural circuits in real time, using optogenetics, and observe changes in social behavior. After her PhD, Gunaydin pursued her

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 postdoctoral work with Dr. Anatol Kreitzer at the University of California San Francisco’s Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease. Under Kreitzer's mentorship, Gunaydin brought her experience and expertise with optogenetics to explore fronto-striatal circuitry and its implications in anxiety-like behavior. Career and research
Gunaydin started her lab at the University of California, San Francisco in 2016 and has since held an assistant professorship in Psychiatry as well as an appointment at the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases.In addition, <mask> is a member of the UCSF Neuroscience Graduate Program, the Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, and in 2017 was named a Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Investigator. Gunaydin's lab aims to investigate the neural circuits underlying motivated behaviors and further understand how they aberrantly function in disease states. Gunaydin's lab is currently focusing on three main projects to address this aim. The first project involves probing the role of cortico-striatal circuitry in modulating anxiety-like behavior as well as elucidating the potential of this circuit as a target of chronic therapeutic stimulation. In line with this project, the Gunaydin Lab published their first paper in 2020 highlighting their discovery of a subpopulation of striatal projecting prefrontal neurons that regulate approach-avoidance conflict in rodents. The other two projects her lab is working on explore the roles of cortical neural subpopulations in obsessive-compulsive


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 disorder behaviors as well as the mechanisms of circuit defects in genetic mouse models for obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Awards and honors

 2017 Chan Zuckerberg Biohub Investigator Program Investigator
 2016 UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences Innovation Award
 2008 Bio-X Bowes Fellow Stanford

Select publications

 Loewke AC, Minerva AR, Nelson AB, Kreitzer AC, Gunaydin LA (2020).Fronto-striatal projections regulate approach-avoidance conflict. bioRxiv. <mask> LA, Kreitzer AC (2016). Cortico-basal ganglia circuit function in psychiatric disease. Annual Review of Physiology 78: 327–350. Adhikari A, Lerner TN, Finkelstein J, Pak S, Jennings JH, Davidson TJ, Ferenczi E, <mask> LA, Mirzabekov JJ, Ye L, Kim SY, Lei A, Deisseroth K (2015). Basomedial amygdala mediates top-down control of anxiety and fear.Nature 527: 179–185. <mask> LA, Deisseroth K (2015). Dopaminergic Dynamics Contributing to Social Behavior. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 221–227. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Fenno LE, <mask> LA, Deisseroth K (2015). Mapping Anatomy to Behavior in Thy1:18 ChR2-YFP Transgenic Mice Using Optogenetics.In Molecular Neuroscience: A Laboratory Manual 594–606. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <mask> LA, Grosenick L, Finkelstein JC, Kauvar I, Fenno LE, Adhikari A, Lammel S, Mirzabekov J, Airan RD, Zalocusky KA, Tye KM, Anikeeva P, Malenka R, Deisseroth K (2014). Natural neural projection dynamics underlying

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 social behavior. Cell 157(7): 1535–51. Tye KM, Mirzabekov JJ, Warden MR, Ferenczi EA, Tsai HC, Finkelstein J, Kim SY, Adhikari A, Thompson KR, Andalman AS, <mask> LA, Witten IB, Deisseroth K (2012). Dopamine neurons modulate neural encoding and expression of depression-related behavior.Nature 493(7433):537-41. Mattis J, Tye KM, Ferenczi EA, Ramakrishnan C, O’Shea DJ, Prakash R, <mask> LA, Hyun M, Fenno LE, Gradinaru V, Yizhar O, Deisseroth K (2011). Principles for applying optogenetic tools derived from direct comparative analysis of microbial opsins. Nature Methods 9(2):159-72. Anikeeva P, Andalman AS, Witten IB, Warden MR, Goshen I, Grosenick L, <mask> LA, Frank L, Deisseroth K. (2011). Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice. Nature Neuroscience 15(1):163-70.<mask> LA*, Yizhar O*, Berndt A*, Sohal VS, Deisseroth K, Hegemann P (2010). Ultrafast optogenetic control. Nature Neuroscience 13(3):387-92. Berndt A*, Yizhar O*, <mask> LA*, Hegemann P, and Deisseroth K. Bi-stable neural state switches (2009). Nature Neuroscience 12(2):229-34. *co-first authors
 Westberg L, Sawa E, Wang AY, <mask> LA, Ribeiro AC, Pfaff DW (2009). Colocalization of connexin 36 and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the mouse brain.BMC Neuroscience 10:41. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American neuroscientists
American women neuroscientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Swarthmore College alumni
Stanford University

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<mask> (born 1 June 1961) is an Irish writer and activist. He has written, co-written or contributed to seven books and the comedy musical play I, Keano. He has campaigned on many political issues, often with his late wife Anne Holliday, and he is chairperson of the advocacy group Atheist Ireland. Early life
Nugent was completing a project on the Gospels in primary school when he started to question the "comic book" nature of the Bible. He attended St. Aidan's C.B.S. secondary school in Whitehall in Dublin. He graduated in visual communications in 1983 at the College of Marketing and Design, now part of the Dublin Institute of Technology.In 1983, he was elected president of the college students' union and students' representative on the Dublin City Council Vocational Education Committee. In 1984, he was defeated when he ran for the post of education officer in the Union of Students in Ireland, in opposition to Joe Duffy, then USI president, who is now a broadcaster with RTÉ. He then took a course in product development, and set up as a freelance designer. Marriage
In 2009 Nugent married his longtime partner Anne Holliday, after she was diagnosed with cancer. She died on 9 April 2011, aged 57. Holliday and Nugent were founder members in 1988 of New Consensus, the group which called for the revision of the Republic's territorial claim on the North and devolved government for the people of Northern Ireland based on "mutual respect, civil liberty and freely given allegiance", and they helped to organise the Peace Train campaign to end disruption of the north–south rail link by the IRA. Holliday was also a Simon Community volunteer, a founder member of the Limerick


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 chapter of the Irish Georgian Society, campaigned to save Wood Quay, and was active in residents rights issues.She worked as a secretary at the law firm Matheson Ormsby Prentice, a Dáil secretary for TDs <mask> and Roger Garland, personal assistant to National Museum Director Pat Wallace, in media relations and special projects at the Department of Arts, Sports and Tourism, and in the Tánaiste's office at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment. Holliday donated her body to medical research and, in 2014, her body was buried in the Dublin medical Schools plot in Glasnevin cemetery in Dublin. After a request from Nugent, the Dublin Medical Schools agreed to change the religious wording on the headstone over the plot to a secular wording, so that it would be inclusive of people of all religious beliefs and none. In 2015 Nugent wrote a tribute to his wife in the Irish Times in which he also wrote about coping with bereavement as an atheist. Writing
Nugent has written, co-written or contributed to seven books and the comedy musical play I, Keano. Works
 I, Keano, updated revival of comedy musical play with Arthur Mathews and Paul Woodfull, 2015
 Contributor to Who Owns Marriage?, 2015 Irish Evangelical Alliance, edited by Nick Park
 Contributor to Towards Mutual Ground - Pluralism, Religious Education and Diversity in Irish Schools, 2013
 MichaelNugent.com, a blog about atheism, reason, skepticism and happiness, started in 2008
 I, Keano, comedy musical play with Arthur Mathews and Paul Woodfull, 2005
 Absurdly Yours – The <mask> Letters, 2004
 That's Ireland – A Miscellany, with Damien Corless, 2003
 Ireland on the Internet – The Definitive Guide, 1995

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 Dear Me – The Diary of John Mackay, 1994
 Dear John – The John Mackay Letters, with Sam Smyth, 1993  (hardback )

Theatre
Nugent, with Arthur Mathews and Paul Woodfull, co-wrote I, Keano, a comedy musical play about footballer Roy Keane leaving the Republic of Ireland national football team before the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It was presented as a mock-epic melodrama about an ancient Roman legion preparing for war.In its first two years, over half a million people watched it, generating €10m ($13m) in ticket sales. It was updated and revived in 2015 after Roy Keane became assistant coach of the Ireland football team. Books
Dear John was a number one best-seller in Ireland, co-written by Nugent and Sam Smyth. By writing prank letters, Nugent and Smyth convinced then Taoiseach Albert Reynolds to help the fictitious 'John' seek a grant from the Industrial Development Authority to produce dog bowls modelled on dinner plates; prompted Charles Haughey to meet 'John' to help fund a 'Bring Back Charlie' campaign, and provoked Pope John Paul II to pray for 'John's' children because his kids put condoms on the family chess-set bishops. The Irish Times included Ireland on the Internet among its top ten computer books of 1995. That's Ireland – A Miscellany, co-written with Damien Corless, was a hardback best-seller that included such trivia as that three in every ten TDs since 1922 have been called some variation of Paddy, Mick, Sean or Seamus, and that when the Pope held his youth Mass in Galway in 1979, each diocese was asked to send a baker in white overalls and a lame person with a stick or crutches. In Absurdly Yours, Nugent pitched a new series of prank letters, ranging


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 from planes without seats (for Ryanair CEO <mask>'Leary) to scaffolding on Mount Everest (the Nepalese Government responded it would be "inappropriate").The FAI offered to help with his invention of a left-footed football, but the GAA replied that they could detect a wind-up from 1,000 yards. In Towards Mutual Ground - Pluralism, Religious Education and Diversity in Irish Schools, Nugent and Jane Donnelly contributed a chapter titled 'Only secular schools respect every person's human rights equally.' In Who Owns Marriage? - A Conversation about Religion, Government, Marriage and a Civil Society, edited by Nick Park of the Irish Evangelical Alliance, Nugent critiqued evangelical arguments about same sex marriage from a secular perspective. Early activism
In 1986, Nugent joined the newly founded Progressive Democrats, working with <mask> TD, a friend since his VEC days. He soon left the PDs, saying that he was disillusioned with the clientilist system and that he believed in the need to tackle the Northern Ireland problem on a cross-party basis. In the late 1980s, Nugent was spokesperson for a campaign against the conviction of two Tallaght youths for robbery and assault.In 1990, Taoiseach Charles Haughey assured the youths' families and Nugent that new evidence would be considered. In 1993, the government announced a new law to enable this to happen and, in 2001, the case was declared a miscarriage of justice. New Consensus
In 1988, Nugent co-founded the New Consensus peace group with his partner Anne Holliday and <mask>. He also chaired the group. Its launch meeting in April 1989 announced its aims as challenging ambivalence about murder in Northern Ireland, and

masks:
Michael O
Michael Keating
Michael Fitzpatrick


texts: promoting a democratic, pluralist and non-sectarian society with integrated education, a bill of rights and revision of Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution. In 1992, after an IRA bomb killed eight Protestant workmen in Teebane Cross, Nugent and six other men protested by chaining themselves across the entrance of the Sinn Féin office in Dublin. New Consensus also organised peace rallies and pickets of Sinn Féin and UDA offices, and collections of flowers after paramilitary killings.Sinn Féin regularly said that New Consensus did not protest against violence by the security forces in Northern Ireland. Nugent responded falsely that they protested when agents of the British or Irish States acted outside the law. When New Consensus picketed the Belfast offices of the loyalist UDA, some said that it was only in response to criticism of imbalance. Also some single-issue peace groups, such as Peace 93 and the Peace Train Organisation, distanced themselves from the political aims of New Consensus. In 1970 Sinn Féin had split into Provisional and Official Sinn Féin, with Official Sinn Féin later becoming the Workers' Party and then Democratic Left before merging with the Labour Party, which mirrored a split within the IRA, which split into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA. The Official IRA officially decommissioned in 2010. Although the group declined in support from 1972, it remained linked to Official Sinn Féin and was frequently accused of committing robberies and fraud to fund the party.Some political commentators such as Vincent Browne and Paddy Prendeville said that the Workers' Party and Democratic Left had an attitude to Northern Ireland that was


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 close to Ulster unionism. New Consensus was regularly derided by Sinn Féin and a number of commentators who stated that the group was a front for the Workers' Party. During pickets members of Sinn Féin would challenge picketers about the Official IRA and killings and acts associated with the group. Both New Consensus and the parties denied this. Libel case
In 1996, <mask>, Anne Holliday and <mask> won a libel action against the Irish author and historian Tim Pat Coogan and Harper Collins Publishers over a claim that "New Consensus" was an offshoot of Official Sinn Féin. The author and publishers apologised in court, stating they had made a mistake. Veritas
In 1992, Nugent highlighted that Veritas, a bookshop owned by the Catholic Bishops, was breaking the law by selling an anti-abortion book, Closed by Joseph Scheidler, which contained abortion clinic contact details for potential protestors.Under Irish law at the time no contact details of any abortion service could be published. Joycean home
In 1996, he and his partner Anne Holliday organised an email campaign to protest against the proposed demolition of James Joyce's childhood home in Drumcondra. The campaign received messages of support from Joyce scholars in Britain, Australia, Canada and the US, which were passed on to Dublin Corporation. Council election candidate
In 1999, he was a local election candidate for Dublin City Council, running for Fine Gael in the Ballymun-Whitehall local electoral area, but he failed to be elected. European Investment Bank
In 2000, Nugent helped to stop the Irish government appointing a disgraced former judge, Hugh O'Flaherty, to the European Investment Bank. The Bank

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 accepted Nugent's argument that they had a statutory duty to consider other candidates, and he forwarded the CV of Irish Senator and business editor Shane Ross. After public pressure, O'Flaherty withdrew his candidacy.Football related activism
Nugent supports Bohemians and Leeds United football clubs. In 2002, he helped to prevent the Football Association of Ireland from selling broadcast rights for international matches to Sky television, but failed in an attempt to create a representative body for Irish football fans. In 2008, he was removed as a director of Bohemian Football Club after he questioned the viability of the club's growing expenditure. Atheist Ireland
Nugent is the inaugural chairperson of Atheist Ireland, an advocacy group for an ethical and secular society free from superstition and supernaturalism. Its first AGM in 2009 outlined specific aims, including the removal of references to God from the Irish constitution, the introduction of a secular education system, and a campaign to encourage people to read the Bible. He represented Atheist Ireland at the first formal meeting between an Irish Prime Minister and members of an atheist advocacy group in the history of the State, where they argued how the Constitution, education system and laws and practices systemically discriminate against atheists. Atheism and religion
Nugent was the opening speaker at the 2011 World Atheist Convention in Dublin, Ireland, which adopted the Dublin Declaration on Secularism and launched Atheist Alliance International, a newly restructured umbrella group for atheists worldwide.He told the convention that atheists were considered arrogant "because we do not believe that


texts: the entire universe was created for our benefit," and because they did not believe "that the most powerful being ever created a universe of over 100 billion galaxies, each with over 100 billion stars like our sun, which existed for 14 billion years, and then picked one of the 100 billion galaxies and picked one of the 100 billion stars in that galaxy, and picked one planet revolving around that star and of the million species on that planet he picked one animal member of all those species and said: 'I've really got to tell that guy to stop gathering sticks on the Sabbath'." He described a radio debate with irate Catholics protesting against an art exhibition as being "like discussing the rules of quidditch with people who believe Harry Potter was a documentary." He predicted that moderate religious belief will become a minority position in many countries. He said that religion is being squeezed by science, which undermines its claims about reality, and secularism, which erodes its positions on morality. He also wrote a series of five articles for the Irish Times about atheism and its relationship to reality, morality, faith and Jesus. Nugent published a manifesto on "ethical atheism" that sought to promote reason, critical thinking and science, natural compassion and ethics, inclusive, caring atheist groups and fair and just societies, and challenged the myths that atheism is a religion or belief system based on faith and certainty, and that we need religion for meaning and morality. In a BBC radio debate, he defended Richard Dawkins against charges by New Humanist editor Daniel Trilling that some criticism of Islam was a cover for racist views.He told an RTÉ


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 debate about miracles that you have a better chance of dying than being cured at Lourdes. He described Pope Francis as a pope of the global south with good PR in the global north, saying that as two in every three Catholics live in the global south, Pope Francis has to appeal to Catholics with very different values. He debated on RTÉ Radio with a Catholic Priest who said that he would not report child rape to the police if he heard about it in Confession. He told TV3's People's Debate on homophobia that the Catholic Church is overtly homophobic, and is becoming more so as its population shifts to the global South. He debated the Christian theologian William Lane Craig in University College Cork about the existence of God. Secular constitution
Nugent opposed the law against blasphemous libel introduced by Justice Minister Dermot Ahern. He described it as "silly and dangerous", and argued that ideas should always be open to criticism and ridicule.As part of the campaign, he was involved in the formation of the parody Church of Dermotology, which satirises organised religion and the concept of blasphemy, and in the launch of a website opposing the bill, called Blasphemy.ie. When the Irish blasphemy law came into force in 2010, Atheist Ireland published a list of 25 blasphemous quotes on its website to challenge it. The Justice Minister proposed that a referendum should be held to remove the offence of blasphemy from the Irish Constitution. Nugent told RTÉ that the Irish blasphemy law had caused Irish media to self-censor their output, saying that he had been told before several live interviews not to say anything blasphemous. When Irish police investigated comedian


texts: Stephen Fry for alleged blasphemy in 2017, Nugent welcomed the move because it highlighted a law that he said was "silly, silencing, and dangerous". When the police dropped the investigation because they could not find a large number of people who were outraged by Fry's comments, Nugent said that this created a dangerous incentive for people to demonstrate outrage when they see or hear something that they believe is blasphemous. In 2018 Nugent welcomed a new Government decision to hold a referendum to remove the offence of blasphemy from the constitution.He said that even in the absence of prosecutions the law was causing real damage to freedom of expression in Ireland, and to the country's reputation abroad. He said that it's never a good look when Pakistan, where people are killed for blasphemy, is speaking approvingly of your laws. Nugent told the Oireachtas health committee on abortion law to stop the unethical pattern of lawmaking by reacting to personal tragedies, and to base abortion law on human rights and compassion and not on religious doctrines. He supported a referendum in 2018 to remove the constitutional ban on abortion, saying it would enable pregnant women to make their own ethical decisions, based on their own conscience, but he added that he makes no claim that all atheists share this view. He asked  the Standards in Public Office Commission to examine the funding of the Catholic bishops' referendum campaign in support of retaining the Amendment. He asked the Irish Tánaiste (deputy prime minister) Eamon Gilmore, who is agnostic, to refuse to swear the religious oath that he had to swear as a member of the Council of State, but Gilmore said that


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 he had taken legal advice and that he had a constitutional obligation to swear the oath. Secular education
Nugent campaigns for secular education in Ireland, including in an alliance between Atheist Ireland, the Evangelical Alliance of Ireland, and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Ireland.He argues for secular schools that would not ignore religion, but would teach children about religions and beliefs in an objective, critical and pluralist manner, while respecting everybody's human rights. He launched the Schools Equality PACT in 2015, which outlined Atheist Ireland's plans for a fair education system. PACT is an acronym for four areas of legal change – Patronage, Access, Curriculum and Teaching. He argued that the Louise O'Keeffe judgment at the European Court of Human Rights could begin the end of State-supported religious discrimination in Irish schools. The European Court had told the Irish State it was responsible for protecting the human rights of children while in school, regardless of whether it runs the schools directly. Nugent said that Government plans in 2016 to encourage the Catholic Church to transfer patronage of primary schools would make the situation worse for most families, as the Catholic Church wanted a stronger Catholic ethos in the schools they would retain. He said that reducing teaching time for religion classes was not the most important issue because schools implement the religious ethos throughout the entire school day.Hibernia College, an online teacher-training institution in Dublin, removed slides from its religion module for primary teachers in 2012 at the request of Atheist Ireland. The course notes had said that atheist


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 humanism produced the worst horrors history has ever witnessed. The following year Nugent announced a new project in which Atheist Ireland and Educate Together were preparing lessons about atheism that would be taught in Ireland's primary schools for the first time. He said this was necessary because the Irish education system has for too long been totally biased in favour of religious indoctrination. Nugent noted that Atheist Ireland was not pushing for atheist schools, but rather pluralistic, objective alternatives to religious ones. A Dublin school canceled an invitation to Nugent to address its final-year students on the basis that it would clash with its Catholic ethos. Church-state separation
Nugent also campaigns on other issues of church-state separation in Ireland.He said the Good Friday drink ban is silly, and that people should be able to drink in the same way on any Friday as they can on any Thursday or Saturday. When the law was repealed in 2018, he invited people to 'an evening of legalised normality' at Atheist Ireland's first ever Good Friday Atheists in the Pub session. Nugent criticised the question "What is your religion?" in the 2011 Irish census. He said the census should instead ask "Do you have a religion?" and "If so, what is it?" He asked nonreligious Irish people to tick the No Religion box.He warned that joke responses to the religion question in the census, being categorised as "not stated", potentially contribute to an underreporting of the number of non-religious people. He called for the removal of the daily Angelus from RTÉ, saying that it amounted to a free advert for the Catholic Church, and he debated the issue on RTÉ radio with


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 Roger Childs, RTÉ's editor of religious programmes. When RTÉ unveiled a new-look 6pm TV Angelus, he argued that it is not the role of a public service broadcaster to take a Catholic call to prayer and turn it into something else. He told Radio Kerry that the placement of a cross in Kerry Council chamber represents the promotion of the supremacy of one religion over other religions and none. When Atheist Ireland declined an invitation to take part in the Government's commemorations of the 1916 Rising, Donald Clarke of the Irish Times said that Nugent and his team could hardly have seemed more out of touch if they'd sought to ban Christmas. International secularism
Nugent was given the award of International Atheist of the Year 2017 by the Kazimierz Lyszczynski Foundation in Warsaw, Poland, along with Fauzia Ilyas, founder of the Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan. He said that he accepted the award on behalf of all of the work done by everybody in Atheist Ireland.He argued for secularism and ethical atheism and against blasphemy laws at the Freedom From Religion Convention in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. He spoke at the 2010 Gods and Politics international atheist conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. Nugent spoke at the 2012 European Atheist Convention in Cologne, Germany, against blasphemy and apostasy laws. He said they were silly in western states and dangerous in Islamic states. He said on RTÉ that the Irish blasphemy law was influencing blasphemy debates at the United Nations and in Islamic countries. Speaking again in Germany in 2015, on the day of the Irish marriage equality referendum victory, he described the result as the start of the fall of Ireland's


texts: religious Berlin Wall. He and Jane Donnelly of Atheist Ireland briefed the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Geneva, Switzerland, before the UN questioned Ireland's human rights record under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.The following year, they briefed the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Geneva, Switzerland, before the UN questioned Ireland's human rights record, and told the Committee that Ireland repeatedly ignores the rights of atheists and non-Christian children in the education system. In 2016 they twice briefed the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, as the UN prepared to question Ireland's human rights record under the Covenant the Rights of the Child, and the Universal Periodic Review process. Nugent has spoken at several OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meetings in Warsaw, Poland, opposing discrimination against atheists and agnostics. He said that it was absurd to insist that we respect all religions and all prophets, and said that "we can respect your right to believe, while not respecting the content of your beliefs." He addressed a meeting in Brussels at which the Presidents of the European Commission, European Parliament and European Council discussed the fight against poverty and social exclusion with representatives of philosophical non-confessional organisations. In 2017 Nugent was part of a joint delegation from Atheist Ireland, the Evangelical Alliance of Ireland, and the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Ireland, to the United Nations Humans Rights Committee when the UN was questioning Pakistan about its human rights record. The three groups raised issues related to


texts:
 freedom of religion and belief, the Pakistan blasphemy law, and related violence including mob lynchings of Ahmadis, forced conversions of Christians, and disappearances of secular bloggers.Right to die
In 2011 Nugent's wife Anne Holliday died of cancer, after making plans to take her own life if she felt that she needed to. In 2012, Nugent, Tom Curran and Máirín de Burca founded Right To Die Ireland, a campaign group to legalise assisted suicide in Ireland. Tom Curran is the co-ordinator of Exit International Ireland, and Máirín De Burca is a former secretary of Official Sinn Féin. In 2013, when the Supreme Court ruled that Tom Curran's partner Marie Fleming did not have a constitutional right to assisted suicide, Nugent said on RTÉ that the law would have to catch up with the reality that terminally ill people will take their own ethical decisions based on their own personal conscience. In 2014, he told Today FM that the right to die is not merely about the act of dying, but also about the increased quality of life that comes from knowing that you have the option to end your suffering if you need to, and he told Newstalk radio that Right to Die Ireland was working with legal people and politicians to prepare a Bill on assisted dying for Dáil Éireann. In 2015, he welcomed California's vote to legalise assisted suicide, and he told BBC Radio Ulster that changes in the law in the UK and Ireland were inevitable as society became more compassionate. In 2016, he told RTÉ that people who wanted palliative care should have the right to palliative care, that people who want to die in a way of their choosing should have that right, and that terminally ill people and


texts:
 their loved ones should absolutely break the law to avoid unnecessary suffering.Media and talks
Nugent has been profiled or interviewed in the Irish Times, the Sunday Business Post, the Sunday Independent and the BBC Mundo Spanish language website. He has been interviewed on various broadcast media including the BBC World Service, NPR's All Things Considered, and RTÉ's Prime Time, Ryan Tubridy, Today with Pat Kenny, Spirit Moves, and Seoige and O'Shea. Nugent speaks and debates in Ireland and internationally. He has spoken in Ireland at Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin, Dublin Institute of Technology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Galway and Maynooth, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Oireachtas Health Committee. He has addressed several United Nations human rights reviews in Geneva, Switzerland, and OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meetings in Warsaw, Poland. He has also spoken at the South Place Ethical Society in London, England in 2010; the Gods and Politics Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2010; the World Atheist Convention in Dublin, Ireland in 2011; the Muslim Debate Initiative in London, England in 2012; the European Atheist Conferences in Cologne, Germany in 2012 and 2015; the Oxford Union in England in 2013; the Freedom From Religion Foundation Convention in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA in 2014; the Rationalist International Conferences in Tallinn, Estonia in 2016, and Helsinki, Finland in 2017; the International Conference on Freedom of Conscience in London in 2017; the International Association of Freethought Congress in Paris in 2017, and the Days of Atheism in Warsaw, Poland in 2017 and 2018.


texts:
 References

External links
 <mask> Website
 <mask> on Twitter
 <mask> at IrishPlayography.Com

1961 births
Critics of religions
Irish humorists
Irish comedy writers
Irish dramatists and playwrights
Irish male dramatists and playwrights
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish bloggers
Irish atheists
Living people
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Writers from Dublin (city)
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists
Sentientists
Male

masks:
Michael Nugent
Michael Nugent
Michael Nugent


texts:
<mask> (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768), an Anglo-Irish novelist and Anglican cleric, wrote the novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, published sermons and memoirs, and indulged in local politics. He grew up in a military family travelling mainly in Ireland but briefly in England. An uncle paid for Sterne to attend Hipperholme Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire, as Sterne's father was ordered to Jamaica, where he died of malaria some years later. He attended Jesus College, Cambridge on a sizarship, gaining bachelor's and master's degrees. While Vicar of Sutton-on-the-Forest, Yorkshire, he married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741. His ecclesiastical satire A Political Romance infuriated the church and was burnt. With his new talent for writing, he published early volumes of his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman.Sterne travelled to France to find relief from persistent tuberculosis, documenting his travels in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, published weeks before his death. His posthumous Journal to Eliza addresses Eliza Draper, for whom he had romantic feelings. Sterne died in 1768 and was buried in the yard of St George's, Hanover Square. His body was said to have been stolen after burial and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University, but recognised and reinterred. His ostensible skull was found in the churchyard and transferred to Coxwold in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust. Biography

Early life


texts:
 and education

<mask> was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary on 24 November 1713. His father, <mask>, was an ensign in a British regiment recently returned from Dunkirk.His great-grandfather <mask> had been the Master of Jesus College, Cambridge as well as the Archbishop of York. <mask> was the youngest son of <mask>'s youngest son and consequently, Roger Sterne inherited little of <mask>'s wealth. Roger Sterne left his family and enlisted in the army at the age of 25; he enlisted uncommissioned, which was unusual for someone from a family of high social position. Despite being promoted to an officer, he was of the lowest commission and lacked financial resources. Roger Sterne married Agnes Hobert, the widow of a military captain. Agnes was "born in Flanders but... was in fact Anglo-Irish and lived for much of her life in Ireland." The first decade of <mask>e's life was spent from place to place, as his father was regularly reassigned to a new (usually Irish) garrison."Other than a three-year stint in a Dublin townhouse, the Sternes never lived anywhere for more than a year between <mask>'s birth and his departure for boarding school in England a few months shy of his eleventh birthday. Besides Clonmel and Dublin, the Sternes also lived in Wicklow Town; Annamoe, Co. Wicklow; Drogheda, Co. Louth; Castlepollard, Co. Westmeath; Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim; and Derry City." In 1724, "shortly before the family's arrival in Derry," Roger took Sterne to his wealthy brother, Richard, so that <mask> could attend Hipperholme Grammar School

masks:
Sterne
Roger Sterne
Richard Sterne
Roger Sterne
Richard Sterne
Richard Sterne
Laurence Stern
Laurence
Laurence


texts:
 near Halifax. <mask> never saw his father again as Roger was ordered to Jamaica where he died of malaria in 1731. <mask> was admitted to a sizarship at Jesus College, in July 1733 at the age of 20. He graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in January 1737 and returned in the summer of 1740 to be awarded his Master of Arts degree. Early career
Sterne was ordained as a deacon on 6 March 1737 and as a priest on 20 August 1738.His religion is said to have been the "centrist Anglicanism of his time", known as "latitudinarianism". A few days after his ordination as a priest, Sterne was awarded the vicarage living of Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire. Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley on 30 March 1741, despite both being ill with consumption. In 1743, he was presented to the neighbouring living of Stillington by Rev. Richard Levett, Prebendary of Stillington, who was patron of the living. Subsequently, Sterne did duty both there and at Sutton. He was also a prebendary of York Minster.Sterne's life at this time was closely tied with his uncle, Jaques <mask>, the Archdeacon of Cleveland and Precentor of York Minster. Sterne's uncle was an ardent Whig, and urged Sterne to begin a career of political journalism which resulted in some scandal for Sterne and, eventually, a terminal falling-out between the two men. This falling out occurred after Sterne ended his political career in 1742. He had previously written anonymous propaganda for the York Gazetteer from 1741 to 1742. <mask> lived in Sutton for twenty years, during which time he

masks: Laurence Laurence Sterne Laurence


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 kept up an intimacy which had begun at Cambridge with John Hall-Stevenson, a witty and accomplished bon vivant, owner of Skelton Hall in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire. Writing

Sterne wrote a religious satire work called A Political Romance in 1759. Many copies of his work were destroyed.According to a 1760 anonymous letter, Sterne "hardly knew that he could write at all, much less with humour so as to make his reader laugh". At the age of 46, Sterne dedicated himself to writing for the rest of his life. It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759. Sterne was at work on his celebrated comic novel during the year that his mother died, his wife was seriously ill, and his daughter was also taken ill with a fever. He wrote as fast as he possibly could, composing the first 18 chapters between January and March 1759. Due to his poor financial position, Sterne was forced to borrow money for the printing of his novel, suggesting that Sterne was confident in the prospective commercial success of his work and that the local critical reception of the novel was favourable enough to justify the loan. The publication of Tristram Shandy made <mask> Shandy, his love of attention (especially as related to financial success) remained undiminished. In one letter, he wrote "One half of the town abuse


texts:
 my book as bitterly, as the other half cry it up to the skies — the best is, they abuse it and buy it, and at such a rate, that we are going on with a second edition, as fast as possible." Indeed, Baron Fauconberg rewarded Sterne by appointing him as the perpetual curate of Coxwold, North Yorkshire in March 1760. In 1766, at the height of the debate about slavery, the composer and former slave Ignatius Sancho wrote to Sterne encouraging him to use his pen to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade. In July 1766 Sterne received Sancho's letter shortly after he had finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in Tristram Shandy, wherein Tom described the oppression of a black servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon which he had visited.<mask>'s widely publicised response to Sancho's letter became an integral part of 18th-century abolitionist literature. Foreign travel

Sterne continued to struggle with his illness, and departed England for France in 1762 in an effort to find a climate that would alleviate his suffering. Sterne was lucky to attach himself to a diplomatic party bound for Turin, as England and France were still adversaries in the Seven Years' War. Sterne was gratified by his reception in France, where reports of the genius of Tristram Shandy had made him a celebrity. Aspects of this trip to France were incorporated into <mask>'s second novel, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. Eliza
Early in 1767, Sterne met Eliza Draper, the wife of an official of the

masks: Sterne Sterne


texts:
 East India Company, then staying on her own in London. He was quickly captivated by Eliza's charm, vivacity, and intelligence, and she did little to discourage the attentions of such a celebrated man.They met frequently, exchanged miniature portraits, and <mask>'s admiration seems to have turned into an obsession which he took no trouble to conceal. To his great distress, Eliza had to return to India three months after their first meeting, and he died from consumption a year later without seeing her again. Early in 1768, Sterne brought out his Sentimental Journey, which contains some extravagant references to her, and the relationship, though platonic, aroused considerable interest. He also wrote his Journal to Eliza part of which he sent to her, and the rest of which came to light when it was presented to the British Museum in 1894. After <mask>'s death, Eliza allowed ten of his letters to be published under the title Letters from Yorick to Eliza and succeeded in suppressing her letters to him, though some blatant forgeries were produced, probably by William Combe, in a volume of Eliza's Letters to Yorick. Death
Less than a month after Sentimental Journey was published, early in 1768, <mask> died in his lodgings at 41 Old Bond Street on 18 March, at the age of 54. He was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square on 22 March.It was widely rumoured that Sterne's body was stolen shortly after it was interred and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. Circumstantially, it was said that his body was recognised by

masks: Sterne Sterne Sterne


texts:
 Charles Collignon, who knew him and discreetly reinterred back in St George's, in an unknown plot. A year later a group of Freemasons erected a memorial stone with a rhyming epitaph near to his original burial place. A second stone was erected in 1893, correcting some factual errors on the memorial stone. When the churchyard of St. George's was redeveloped in 1969, amongst 11,500 skulls disinterred, several were identified with drastic cuts from anatomising or a post-mortem examination. One was identified to be of a size that matched a bust of Sterne made by Nollekens. The skull was held up to be his, albeit with "a certain area of doubt".Along with nearby skeletal bones, these remains were transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust. The story of the reinterment of Sterne's skull in Coxwold is alluded to in Malcolm Bradbury's novel To the Hermitage. Works

The works of <mask> are few in comparison to other eighteenth-century authors of comparable stature. Sterne's early works were letters; he had two sermons published (in 1747 and 1750), and tried his hand at satire. He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742. His major publication prior to Tristram Shandy was the satire A Political Romance (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster. A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais, appears to have been written in 1759.Rabelais was by far <mask>'s favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered

masks:
Laurence Sterne
Sterne


texts: himself as Rabelais' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift. <mask>'s novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman sold widely in England and throughout Europe. Translations of the work began to appear in all the major European languages almost upon its publication, and Sterne influenced European writers as diverse as Denis Diderot and the German Romanticists. His work had also noticeable influence over Brazilian author Machado de Assis, who made use of the digressive technique in the novel The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas. English writer and literary critic Samuel Johnson's verdict in 1776 was that "Nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last." This is strikingly different from the views of European critics of the day, who praised <mask> and Tristram Shandy as innovative and superior.Voltaire called it "clearly superior to Rabelais", and later Goethe praised Sterne as "the most beautiful spirit that ever lived". Swedish translator Johan Rundahl described Sterne as an arch-sentimentalist. The title page to volume one includes a short Greek epigraph, which in English reads: "Not things, but opinions about things, trouble men." Before the novel properly begins, Sterne also offers a dedication to Lord William Pitt. He urges Pitt to retreat with the book from the cares of statecraft. The novel itself starts with the narration, by Tristram, of his own conception. It proceeds mostly by what Sterne calls "progressive digressions" so that we do not reach Tristram's birth before the


texts: third volume.The novel is rich in characters and humour, and the influences of Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes are present throughout. The novel ends after 9 volumes, published over a decade, but without anything that might be considered a traditional conclusion. Sterne inserts sermons, essays and legal documents into the pages of his novel; and he explores the limits of typography and print design by including marbled pages and an entirely black page within the narrative. Many of the innovations that Sterne introduced, adaptations in form that were an exploration of what constitutes the novel, were highly influential to Modernist writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and more contemporary writers such as Thomas Pynchon and David Foster Wallace. Italo Calvino referred to Tristram Shandy as the "undoubted progenitor of all avant-garde novels of our century". The Russian Formalist writer Viktor Shklovsky regarded Tristram Shandy as the archetypal, quintessential novel, "the most typical novel of world literature." However, the leading critical opinions of Tristram Shandy tend to be markedly polarised in their evaluations of its significance.Since the 1950s, following the lead of D. W. Jefferson, there are those who argue that, whatever its legacy of influence may be, Tristram Shandy in its original context actually represents a resurgence of a much older, Renaissance tradition of "Learned Wit" – owing a debt to such influences as the Scriblerian approach. A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy has many stylistic


texts:
 parallels with Tristram Shandy, and indeed, the narrator is one of the minor characters from the earlier novel. Although the story is more straightforward, A Sentimental Journey is interpreted by critics as part of the same artistic project to which Tristram Shandy belongs. Two volumes of <mask>'s Sermons were published during his lifetime; more copies of his Sermons were sold in his lifetime than copies of Tristram Shandy. The sermons, however, are conventional in substance. Several volumes of letters were published after his death, as was Journal to Eliza. These collections of letters, more sentimental than humorous, tell of Sterne's relationship with Eliza Draper.Publications
1743 – "The Unknown World: Verses Occasioned by Hearing a Pass-Bell" (disputed, possibly written by Hubert Stogdon)
1747 – "The Case of Elijah and the Widow of Zerephath"
1750 – "The Abuses of Conscience"
1759 – A Political Romance
1759 – Tristram Shandy vol. 1 and 2
1760 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 1 and 2
1761 – Tristram Shandy vol. 3–6
1765 – Tristram Shandy vol. 7 and 8
1766 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 3 and 4
1767 – Tristram Shandy vol. 9
1768 – A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy

(The Sermons of Mr. Yorick volumes 5-7, were published in 1769.)Source

See also
List of abolitionist forerunners
List of Irish writers

Citations

References

Further reading
René Bosch, Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by <mask>'s Early Imitators (Amsterdam, 2007)
W. M. Thackeray, in English Humourists of the


texts:
 Eighteenth Century (London, 1853; new edition, New York, 1911)
Percy Fitzgerald, Life of <mask> (London, 1864; second edition, London, 1896)
Paul Stapfer, <mask>, sa personne et ses ouvrages (second edition, Paris, 1882)
H. D. Traill, <mask>, "English Men of Letters", (London, 1882)

Texte, Rousseau et le cosmopolitisme littôraire au XVIIIème siècle (Paris, 1895)
H. W. Thayer, <mask> in Germany (New York, 1905)
P. E. More, Shelburne Essays (third series, New York, 1905)
L. S. Benjamin, Life and Letters (two volumes, 1912)
 Rousseau, George S. (2004). Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. External links

Tristram Shandy (beta) In Our Time – BBC Radio 4
<mask> at the Google Books Search

"Tristram Shandy". Annotated, with bibliography, criticism. Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: The Scrapbook Mind of <mask>e
The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy & A Sentimental Journey. Munich: Edited by Günter Jürgensmeier, 2005
The Shandean: A Journal Devoted to the Works of <mask> Sterne (tables of contents available online)
<mask> Sterne at the National Portrait Gallery, London
The <mask> Sterne Trust

Anonymous parodies of the kinds of letters written by Elizabeth Draper to <mask> Sterne (as Yorick), MSS SC 4, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1713 births
1768 deaths
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English novelists
18th-century Irish novelists
18th-century Irish writers
Alumni of

masks:
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Stern
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence
Laurence


texts:
 Jesus College, Cambridge
Anglican writers
Burials at St George's, Hanover Square
English male novelists
English memoirists
English satirists
English sermon writers
Tuberculosis deaths in England
18th-century Irish Anglican priests
Irish male writers
People from Clonmel
People from County Tipperary
English male non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
Harold B. Lee Library-related rare books


texts:
<mask> (born January 8, 1970) is an American screenwriter best known as the author of the screenplays for the films The Haunting, Road to Perdition, and The Wolfman. Early life
<mask> was born in Texas City, Texas on January 8, 1970. He was raised in Danvers, Massachusetts, where he graduated from St. John's Preparatory School. He received his bachelor's degree and master's degree in English literature from Stanford University. He moved to Los Angeles, California, after graduation; he had no contacts and got an entry-level job at Walt Disney Pictures in 1994. Career

Early efforts
His first script was a spec script titled Dawn's Early Light, a thriller about a terrorist attack on the White House. It was not produced, but it circulated widely in Hollywood.His first commissioned script was Firestorm, a dramatic film script based on the documentary film Fires of Kuwait. The script was purchased by Avatar Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company, but the script went into development hell and was never produced. His second script, a 1996 or 1997 adaptation of Joseph R. Garber's 1995 novel of corporate espionage and assassination, Vertical Run, was commissioned by Warner Brothers, but it, too, went into development hell and was never produced. His third script was Thirteen Days, based on the memoirs of John F. Kennedy advisor Kenneth O'Donnell. The semi-fictional script (which showed O'Donnell counseling Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis) was commissioned by producer Armyan Bernstein, who had read Dawn's Early Light. Bernstein initially approached <mask> with the idea of a love story set against the background of the Cuban Missile Crisis, but <mask> convinced him to jettison the love story and

masks:
David Christopher Self
David Self
Self
Self


texts:
 write a straightforward history picture with O'Donnell as the "everyman" stand-in. <mask> began writing the script in the spring of 1997.<mask> worked closely with director Lawrence Kasdan on the script (Kasdan hoped to direct it). It was the first script of <mask>'s to go into production, although it would be the second of his films released. <mask>'s fourth effort was Gates of Fire, a retelling of the Battle of Thermopylae from the point of a view of a young Spartan warrior who survives the battle. The script was based on Steven Pressfield's novel of the same name. Pressfield was the first writer chosen to adapt the novel, but <mask> was brought in to make major changes and finish it. It sold in 1998. Another script, Coup D'Etat (about a military overthrow of the government of the United States), also sold in 1998, but both films went into development hell and never emerged.Feature film success
Prior to 1998 all the films <mask> worked on were for independent production companies. His first screenplay for a major studio was The Haunting, which he wrote for Steven Spielberg. After finishing Thirteen Days, <mask> showed the script to Spielberg. According to <mask>, Spielberg considered directing the picture for a time. Spielberg then asked <mask> to script his remake of the 1963 film, The Haunting. Spielberg worked directly with <mask> to work out the film. Made into a feature film in 1999, the script was heavily revised by screenwriter and novelist Michael Tolkin (including a new ending), although <mask> received sole writing credit.When The Haunting went into production, Spielberg offered <mask> a one-year contract. It included office space at the DreamWorks studio and a blind script commitment. The success

masks: Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self


texts: of The Haunting led to another major project, Road to Perdition. <mask> was hired in July 2009 to adapt the DC Comics graphic novel by writer Max Allan Collins and illustrator Richard Piers Rayner. The film, directed by Sam Mendes, won plaudits for its acting, direction, and cinematography and was a box office hit. <mask>'s script received positive attention, and Universal Studios hired him to do a rewrite of Tony Gilroy's screenplay for The Bourne Identity. He was uncredited for the script polish.<mask> then pitched The Wing, a World War I fighter-pilot picture, to Universal. While the spec script was purchased by the studio, it was never produced. In 2005, <mask> pitched an untitled science fiction series to the Fox Network. Fox picked up the option to produce, and Breck Eisner directed a television movie (Beyond) in 2006. The backdoor pilot never was picked up as a series, however. In 2006, <mask> was attached to two separate screenplays for films based on the superheroes Deathlok and Captain America. He also wrote an early draft based on another superhero, Namor.In 2007, <mask> did a major rewrite of Andrew Kevin Walker's script for the werewolf movie, The Wolfman. <mask> added extensive characterization, built up the relationship between father and son, and added more than 17 pages of dialogue and action at the behest of director Joe Johnston. Johnston ordered <mask> to make a second rewrite just four weeks before shooting was to begin. <mask> also helped contribute additional rewrites during five weeks of reshooting in the spring of 2009. <mask>'s second script had a long sequence in which the werewolf terrorizes London, and his climax for the film was originally much longer. In 2008, Johnston cut the

masks: Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self


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 London sequence from the film and asked <mask> to dramatically shorten the ending. But in the editing room, it was clear that these sequences needed to be retained.<mask> also helped with new material for the ending. <mask>'s second rewrite ended with werewolf Lawrence Talbot surviving. But during reshoots, <mask> scripted an ending in which both werewolves (Sir John Talbot and Lawrence Talbot) die. Reshoots beefed up the ending in which both characters died, and this version made it into the film. While <mask> was working on The Wolfman, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) hired him to script a RoboCop remake in July 2008. However, after much delay (primarily due to MGM's financial difficulties and November 2010 bankruptcy), RoboCop went into turnaround. But <mask> was replaced as screenwriter by Nick Schenk, Joshua Zetumer, and James Vanderbilt.In 2011, Paramount Pictures hired <mask> to script a feature film based on author John Scalzi's Old Man's War series of novels. The novels follow the adventures of an elderly man who receives a genetically enhanced body that allows him to avenge the death of his wife by joining the military. <mask> also worked in 2012 on a film adaptation of the video game series God of War. <mask> wrote a first draft of a script, but the screenwriting duties were then given to Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan. <mask> will executive produce the picture, his first production credit. Credits
The Haunting (1999)
Thirteen Days (2000)
Road to Perdition (2002)
The Bourne Identity (2002) (uncredited)
 Beyond (2006 TV Movie)
The Wolfman (2010)

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American screenwriters
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Screenwriters from


texts:
Henry Roeland "Roy" Byrd (December 19, 1918 – January 30, 1980), better known as <mask>r or "Fess" for short, was an American singer and pianist who performed New Orleans blues. He was active in two distinct periods, first in the heyday of early rhythm and blues and later in the resurgence of interest in traditional jazz after the founding of the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1970. His piano style has been described as "instantly recognizable, combining rumba, mambo, and calypso". Music journalist Tony Russell (in his book The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray) wrote that "The vivacious rhumba-rhythmed piano blues and choked singing typical of Fess were too weird to sell millions of records; he had to be content with siring musical offspring who were simple enough to manage that, like Fats Domino or Huey "Piano" Smith. But he is also acknowledged as a father figure by subtler players like Allen Toussaint and Dr. John." Biography

Byrd was born on December 19, 1918, in Bogalusa, Louisiana.His distinctive style of piano playing was influenced by learning to play on an instrument that was missing some keys. He began his career in New Orleans in 1948. Mike Tessitore, owner of the Caldonia Club, gave Longhair his stage name. Longhair first recorded in a band called the Shuffling Hungarians in 1949, creating four songs (including the first version of his signature song, "Mardi Gras in New Orleans") for the Star Talent record label. Union problems curtailed their release, but Longhair's next effort for Mercury Records the same year was a winner. Throughout the 1950s, he recorded for Atlantic Records, Federal Records and local labels. Professor Longhair had only one national commercial hit,


texts: "Bald Head", in 1950, under the name Roy Byrd and His Blues Jumpers.He also recorded his favorites, "Tipitina" and "Go to the Mardi Gras". He lacked crossover appeal among white and wide audiences. Yet, he is regarded (and was acknowledged) as being a musician who was highly influential for other prominent musicians, such as Fats Domino, Allen Toussaint and Dr. John. After suffering a stroke, Professor Longhair recorded "No Buts – No Maybes" in 1957. He re-recorded "Go to the Mardi Gras" in 1959. He first recorded "Big Chief" with its composer, Earl King, in 1964. In the 1960s, Professor Longhair's career faltered.He became a janitor to support himself and fell into a gambling habit. After a few years during which he disappeared from the music scene, <mask>r's musical career finally received "a well deserved renaissance" and wide recognition. He was invited to perform at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1971 and at the Newport Jazz Festival and the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1973. His album The London Concert showcases work he did on a visit to the United Kingdom. That significant career resurrection saw the recording of the album <mask>r – Live on the Queen Mary, which was recorded on March 24, 1975, during a private party hosted by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney on board the retired . By the 1980s his albums, such as Crawfish Fiesta on Alligator Records and New Orleans Piano on Atlantic Records, had become readily available across America. In 1974 he appeared on the PBS series Soundstage (with Dr. John, Earl King, and The Meters).In 1980 he co-starred (with Tuts Washington and Allen Toussaint) in the film documentary Piano Players Rarely Ever Play Together which was produced and

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Professor Longhai
Professor Longhai


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 directed by filmmaker Stevenson Palfi. That documentary (which aired on public television in 1982 and was rarely seen since), plus a long interview with Fess (which was recorded two days before his sudden death), were included in the 2018 released project "Fess Up". Professor Longhair died in his sleep of a heart attack while the filming of the documentary was under way (and before the live concert, which was planned to be its climax). Footage from his funeral was included in the documentary. He was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's manager through those renaissance years of his career was Allison Miner, of which jazz producer George Wein was quoted saying: "Her devotion to Professor Longhair gave him the best years of his life." Accolades

Professor Longhair was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1981.In 1987, he was awarded a posthumous Grammy Award for a collection of recordings produced by Quint Davis in 1971 and 1972 released as House Party New Orleans Style. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992. Professor Longhair was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall Of Fame in 2016 at his former home in New Orleans. In popular culture
The B-side of the 1985 Paul McCartney single "Spies Like Us", entitled "My Carnival", credited to McCartney and Wings, was recorded in New Orleans and dedicated to Professor Longhair. His song "Tipitina" was covered by Hugh Laurie on the 2011 CD album Let Them Talk. Laurie is a long-time fan, having used Longhair's "Go to the Mardi Gras" as the theme for the pilot episode of A Bit of Fry & Laurie. Laurie used to perform these two songs regularly during his world concert tours of 2011–2014 with The Copper Bottom


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 Band, and in March 2013 paid tribute to <mask>r in a special concert on board the RMS Queen Mary.The New Orleans music venue Tipitina's is named after one of Longhair's signature songs, and was created specifically as a venue for Longhair to perform in his aged years. A bust of Professor Longhair, sculpted by bluesman Coco Robicheaux, greets visitors upon entering the venue. Afro-Cuban elements
In the 1940s, Professor Longhair was playing with Caribbean musicians, listening a lot to Perez Prado's mambo records, and absorbing and experimenting with it all. He was especially enamored with Cuban music. Longhair's style was known locally as "rumba-boogie". Alexander Stewart stated that Longhair was a key figure bridging the worlds of boogie-woogie and the new style of rhythm and blues. In his composition "Misery," Professor Longhair played a habanera-like figure in his left hand.The deft use of triplets in the right hand is a characteristic of Longhair's style. Tresillo, the habanera, and related African-based single-celled figures have long been heard in the left hand-part of piano compositions by New Orleans musicians, such as Louis Moreau Gottschalk ("Souvenirs from Havana", 1859) and Jelly Roll Morton ("The Crave", 1910). One of Longhair's great contributions was the adaptation of Afro-Cuban two-celled, clave-based patterns in New Orleans blues. Michael Campbell stated, "Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's influence was ... far reaching. In several of his early recordings, Professor Longhair blended Afro-Cuban rhythms with rhythm and blues. The most explicit is 'Longhair's Blues Rhumba', where he overlays a straightforward blues with a


texts:
 clave rhythm."The guajeo-like piano part for the rumba-boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949) employs the 2-3 clave onbeat/offbeat motif. The 2-3 clave time line is written above the piano excerpt for reference. According to Dr. John, the Professor "put funk into music ... Longhair's thing had a direct bearing I'd say on a large portion of the funk music that evolved in New Orleans." This is the syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to swung subdivisions). Alexander Stewart stated that the popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s," adding, "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes. Concerning funk motifs, Stewart stated, "This model, it should be noted, is different from a time line (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."Discography

Albums

Rock 'n' Roll Gumbo (1974)
Live on the Queen Mary (1978)
Crawfish Fiesta (1980)
The London Concert, with Alfred "Uganda" Roberts (1981) (also known as The Complete London Concert)
The Last Mardi Gras (1982)
Mardi Gras in New Orleans: Live 1975 Recording (1982)
House Party New Orleans Style: The Lost Sessions, 1971–1972 (1987)
Ball the Wall! Live at Tipitina's 1978 (2004)
Live in Germany (1978)Live in Chicago (1976)

Compilations

New Orleans Piano (1972) (also known as New Orleans Piano: Blues


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<mask> (November 8, 1897 – October 18, 1942) was an American reporter and war correspondent  for The New York Times in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was killed in 1942 by a bomb dropped from an American B-25 Mitchell bomber, the tenth American war correspondent killed in action in the war. <mask>'s work in reporting on the war in the Pacific was respected by military officials, including General Douglas MacArthur, who personally reported <mask>'s death to the Times and <mask>'s widow. Journalism career
<mask> was born November 8, 1897, in Adrian, Michigan. His interest in journalism began in adolescence, when he and his family visited his uncle <mask>, a drama critic for Joseph Pulitzer's Evening World in New York, New York. After leaving high school in 1917, <mask> joined the American Expeditionary Force and served in World War I, before returning to the United States and entering the University of Michigan, where he joined the fraternity of Sigma Phi. The Sandusky Herald in Sandusky, Ohio, provided <mask>'s entry to the newspaper industry; he followed this with a stint at The Baltimore Sun.<mask> also provided several short stories to The Smart Set magazine, then edited by H.L. Mencken, who attempted to convince <mask> to shift his attention to writing fiction. Instead, <mask> went on to write for the Philadelphia Bulletin and Philadelphia Evening Ledger, then in 1925 moved to the New York Post, where his work on the rewrite desk earned him the sobriquet, "the all-American rewrite man". Then, after a period as the Associated Press city editor in New York, he joined the staff of The New York Times in 1934. With The New York Times
At

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Byron Darnton
Darnton
Darnton
Darnton
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Charles Darnton
Darnton
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texts: The New York Times, <mask> was selected to establish the newspaper's “Review of the Week” section for a time, but in 1939 returned to reporting, and in 1940 began roving assignments that took him around the United States and eventually into the Pacific theater. During that period, he was married to Eleanor Choate and had two sons. His first overseas assignment was in February 1941, when he was among the first correspondents to leave the United States for Australia.Once there, he took the first opportunity to move to forward bases in New Guinea, where the United States 32nd Infantry Division had been designated to be one of the first U.S. units to attack the Japanese. <mask> had served with the 32nd Infantry Division during World War I and was looking forward to reporting its operations in World War II. He was based near Port Moresby and his reporting included his characteristic wit through amusing anecdotes related by servicemen, and discussed the mood of the troops on the ground and their thoughts regarding the war and its future. On October 18, 1942, <mask> was aboard the King John, a seventy-foot wooden trawler of the Small Ships Section of U.S. Army Services of Supply SWPA that was also carrying 102 troops of the 128th Infantry, off the coast of Pongani in New Guinea when a B-25 mistook the ships for Japanese vessels and bombed and strafed them. <mask>, suffering a shrapnel head wound, died in a boat on the way to shore and Lt. Adam Bruce Fahnestock, prewar South Seas explorer and then head of the Small Ships Section, hit in the spine, died in the arms of the King John's severely wounded Australian Chief Engineer moments after reaching shore. His

masks: Darnton Darnton Darnton Darnton


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 notebook, which was taken from his body by a fellow correspondent and returned to his son, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist  <mask> in 1976, ended with a question about the bomber that would end his life: “Jap or ours?”

<mask>'s passing was marked by many other journalists and officials, including General Douglas MacArthur, who wired to The Times that “He served with gallantry and devotion at the front and fulfilled the important duties of war correspondent with distinction to himself and The New York Times and with value to his country.”  Major General Edwin F. Harding of the 32nd Infantry Division wrote that, "Everyone hereabouts is distressed over the death of Darnton and [Lt. A. B.]Fahnestock. I knew <mask> quite well... and considered him one damn good correspondent and swell guy. He was hot to be on the spot for the first contact of American Army ground troops with the Japs. I told him that this would probably be it and gave him permission to go." <mask> was buried with full military honors at an Australian-American cemetery outside Port Moresby. <mask> and Fahnestock were buried side by side with British, Australian and American war correspondents acting as pall bearers. The <mask>nton
In 1943, a 10,500-ton Liberty ship was christened with <mask>'s name in Baltimore, Maryland.The ship was launched by his widow Eleanor and her sons, John and Bob. Bob wrote his name on the hull in crayon. Both sons followed in their father's footsteps and became journalists. <mask>  joined The New York Times as a copy boy in 1966 and went on to work for The New York Times for four decades. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1982 for his coverage of Poland

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John Darnton
Darnton
Darnton
Darnton
Darnton
Byron Dar
Darnton
John Darnton


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 under martial law when he smuggled stories out of the country. Robert later became a renowned cultural historian. The ship sailed a regular run to Murmansk through the remainder of the war.On March 16, 1946, the <mask> Darnton ran aground in an easterly gale off the coast of Sanda Island in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland. In 2003, a pub was opened on Sanda Island named the <mask> Darnton. The owner says it is one of the two most remote pubs in the country. Remains of the shipwreck can still be seen at low tide. Famous quote
While author Leo Rosten is usually credited with the popular phrase “No man who hates dogs and children can be all bad,” used by him to describe comedian W. C. Fields, <mask> was in fact the first to use this phrase regarding an unknown man named Gastonbury. <mask> used it in 1930 after a New York cocktail party, which was later reported in Harper's Monthly in 1937, two years before Leo Rosten used it at a banquet. References

External links
Darnton report "Things Look Brighter In N Guinea" published The Argus, Melbourne, Friday 2 October 1942
In the Name of the Father by <mask>
<mask>'s Funeral (photo)

1897 births
1942 deaths
1942 in Papua New Guinea
American war correspondents of World War II
People from Adrian, Michigan
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Journalists killed while covering World War II
American civilians killed in World War II
University of Michigan alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Military personnel killed by friendly fire
Friendly fire incidents of World War II
Military personnel from

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Byron
Byron
Darnton
Darnton
John Darnton
Byron Darnton


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<mask> (; born 1 November 1974) is a former Indian international cricketer and a Former cricket commentator and pundit. A right-hand batsman known for his elegant stroke play, Laxman played as a middle-order batsman in Test cricket. <mask> is currently the Head of Cricket at the National Cricket Academy (NCA), and the head coach of the India Under-19 and India A teams. <mask> is one of the few players to have played 100 Test matches, without ever appearing in a One-Day Cricket World Cup. Despite being a relatively slow runner between the wickets, <mask> compensated with his stroke play and fast scoring. In 2002, he was named one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year. In domestic cricket, Laxman represented Hyderabad.He also played for Lancashire in county cricket. He was also the captain of the Deccan Chargers team in the Indian Premier League during its inaugural season. Later, he played for the Kochi Tuskers IPL team. He was the mentor of the Sunrisers Hyderabad until 2021 . He is popularly called as the 'God of 4th Innings' for his exploits. In 2011, <mask> was awarded the Padma Shri award, India's fourth highest civilian award. In 2012, <mask> retired from international cricket.Personal life
<mask> was born in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh (present-day Telangana). Laxman's parents are noted physicians Dr. Shantaram and Dr. Satyabhama of Vijayawada. <mask> is the great grand nephew of India's second President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Laxman studied at the Little Flower High School, Hyderabad. Though he joined a medical school for his undergraduate studies, Laxman chose cricket as a career. He married

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Vangipurapu Venkata Sai Laxman
Laxman
Laxman
Laxman
Laxman
Laxman
Laxman
Laxman


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 G. R. Shailaja from Guntur, Computer Applications graduate, on 16 February 2004, 10 days before Alison Hinds of Barbados who got married on February 26 the same year {2004). They have two children – a son, Sarvajit and a daughter, Achinthya.Playing style and position
<mask> is known for his fluid style, technically sound and aggressiveness. Sambil Bal of ESPN Crincinfo writes: "At his sublime best, <mask> Laxman is a sight for the gods. Wristy, willowy and sinuous, he can match – sometimes even better – Tendulkar for strokeplay... [He] has the rare gift of being able to hit the same ball to either side." He was equally skilled against both pace and spin, with great timing and outstanding ability to place the ball splitting the tightest field positions. Laxman was particularly skillful in using his wrists (reminiscent of his role model and fellow Hyderabadi, Mohammed Azharuddin) that allowed him to place the same ball to different areas of the field. Standing tall and still at the crease, Laxman had a keen awareness of the off-stump and a polished ability to dispatch the bad ball. He plays with a high elbow and a steady stance and a textbook technique with natural elegance and flair.At the start of his career, <mask> was rated by Geoffrey Boycott as one of India's best players of the hard (new) ball. However, Indian selectors played around with his batting positions, whenever India felt a lacuna regarding any batting number. He was forced to play in almost every position, including opening. <mask> found his home in the middle order, where he played most of his best innings, batting at numbers 3, 5 and 6. In

masks: Laxman VVS Laxman Laxman


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 a 2001 test against Australia and promoted to no. 3 in the second innings from his first innings position of 6, he scored 281 to take India to a huge lead after following on. Though <mask> was ideally suited for No.3, Rahul Dravid was always preferred over him to bat at one-down, while Sachin Tendulkar was established at No. 4. As a result, <mask> played around 63 percent of his Test innings at No. 5 or 6. This meant that <mask> often found himself batting with tail-end batsmen, and is reflected in his final statistics, which show that he has a relatively high proportion of not out innings (34 of 225, or 15 per cent — for comparison, Tendulkar finished not out in around 10 per cent of his Test innings, and Dravid in 11 per cent). Nevertheless, <mask> batted particularly well with non-specialist lower-order batsmen, and was able, with their support, to save and win numerous matches for India (for example, the Mohali 2010 Test against Australia). Youth career
<mask> made his Under-19 debut for India against Australia in February 1994.Batting at six, he made 88 in his debut innings against a bowling attack that consisted of Brett Lee and Jason Gillespie, both of whom were making their debuts too. In the second game of the series, <mask> scored an unbeaten 151 in the first innings and 77 in the second innings to help his team register a 226-run victory. He continued his good form as he scored 36 and 84 in the third game to end up as the leading run-scorer of the series. The Test series was followed by a 3-match ODI series, where he managed scores of 24, 22 and 77. Later in August that year, the India Under-19

masks: Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman


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 team toured England for 2 ODIs and 3 Test matches. <mask> disappointed in the ODIs with scores of 20 and 5. However, in the first Test he struck 119 in the first innings, but did not get to bat in the second innings as India cruised to a 9-wicket win.He made only 28 in the second match and 4 in the third. Domestic career
<mask> made his first-class debut for Hyderabad against Punjab in the quarter-final match of 1992–93 Ranji Trophy season. He scored a duck in the first innings and 17 in the second. He played only one match for Hyderabad in the next season, before getting dropped. However, he was named in the South Zone squad for the 1994-95 Duleep Trophy in the back of his impressive outings for India Under-19s, but he failed to score big in the tournament. In the following Ranji Trophy season, <mask> notched up 532 runs from five matches at an average of 76 scoring two centuries. In the semi-final of the Duleep Trophy of 1995–96 season against West Zone, <mask> scored 47 in the first innings and a spectacular 121 in the second innings, sharing a 199-run partnership with skipper Rahul Dravid.He had another brilliant Ranji season the next year, as he piled 775 runs in just 11 innings at an average of 86 with 3 centuries and a best of 203* that came against Karnataka in the semi-final, which Hyderabad eventually lost. He was picked to play for Rest of India against Karnataka in the Irani Cup and also in the Board President's XI squad against the touring Australian team. He played only three matches in 1996-97 Ranji season, where he scored three half-centuries, before getting picked for the Indian Test team

masks: Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman


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 against South Africa. After the tests he joined Lancashire as their overseas player in place of Brad Hodge. He played in five games of the county championship and showed glimpses of his sublime batting. In their final County Championship game of 2007, against Surrey at the Oval, <mask> scored a century in the second innings in which Lancashire were chasing 489 to win. They just missed out by 25 runs and subsequently lost the Championship to Sussex.His performance for Lancashire was good with 380 runs scored in 5 matches at an average of 54.28 with 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries

<mask> was supposed to replace Adam Voges for Nottinghamshire, but this move was vetoed by the BCCI due to the fact that there were players from the rival Indian Cricket League playing for Nottinghamshire. Indian Premier League
<mask> was originally named as the Icon Player for his home franchise Deccan Chargers before the first season of the IPL. But he gave up the Icon Player status in a bid to allow his team spend a bigger purse at the auction. The Deccan Chargers bought him at the auction for $375,000 and named him the captain for the first season. However, <mask> dropped himself from the team halfway through the season, after the team had a horrendous run in the tournament. Adam Gilchrist took over as captain and led the side in the next two seasons as well; Laxman did score 155 runs from the 6 games that he played at an average of 31 and strike rate of 118. He batted at 3 in the first few games before opening the innings with Gilchrist in some matches where he found more success.His only half-century of the tournament (52


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 off 44) came against Royal Challengers Bangalore. He did score a couple more fluent innings that season including an unbeaten 37 from 26 balls against Mumbai Indians and 48 from 34 balls against Kings XI Punjab. However, he struggled with the bat in the next two seasons and sat out the tournament after playing only 5–6 matches. At the mega-auction in 2011, <mask> was bought by the newly formed franchise of Kochi Tuskers Kerala for $400,000. This time, though, he was injured after the first three games and missed the rest of the season. In the first match against Royal Challengers, he opened the innings with Brendon McCullum and scored an attractive 36 from 29 deliveries. But, the Kochi franchise was terminated later that year and all the players of the team were put in the auction in 2012.However, <mask>, who had a base price of $400,000, found no buyers and he couldn't participate in the 2012 edition of the tournament. Then in IPL 2013, he was appointed as a mentor for Sunrisers Hyderabad Team. International career

Early years (1996–2000)
<mask> made his Test debut in 1996 against South Africa at Ahmedabad, scoring a fifty in the second innings of the match. In the second game at Kolkata, he scored 14 and 1. He played just one Test in the South African tour the following month and was unable to cement his place in a star-studded Indian middle order. Instead, he was asked to open the innings, starting in West Indies in 1997. At Kingston, he scored 64 in his first innings as opener.However, he averaged only 28 in that series playing as an opener. But intermittently continued in this role for nearly three

masks: Laxman Laxman Laxman


texts: years, but without any consistent success. In 1998 at Calcutta, he scored 95 against Australia opening the innings with Navjot Sidhu who scored 97. India went on to win the match by an innings and 219 runs. Though he was selected in the Test squad that toured New Zealand in 1998, he did not get to play a single game as Ajay Jadeja was preferred over Laxman to open the innings with Sidhu. <mask> scored a duck on his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in the Pepsi Tri-Series in 1998. He had a horrible run in the ODIs in 1998 which resulted in him getting dropped from the ODI team for more than a year.Against Pakistan in 1999, he scored just 66 runs from two Tests, averaging a modest 16. In the first match of the Asian Test Championship later that year, <mask> scored 67 against Pakistan, but failed to score consistently, before getting dropped from the Test team as well. <mask> returned to playing first-class cricket in 1999 to regain his place in the national team. In the 1999–2000 season of Ranji Trophy, he broke the record for most runs in a Ranji season when he made 1415 runs, at an average of 108, in just 9 matches notching up eight hundreds – a record that still remains intact. His performance was rewarded when, in January 2000, he was recalled in the Indian squad for the Australian tour. He scored 167 in the third and final Test match at Sydney when the rest of the batsmen struggled to cope with Glenn McGrath's destructive bowling, a rare high point for India in an otherwise disastrous tour. Despite this success against an attack containing both McGrath and Shane Warne, <mask> apparently decided that he would


texts:
 return to domestic cricket, rather than continue playing as opener, a role which he believed did not suit him.As a result, <mask> was out of the Test team for nearly a year. He was recalled in late 2000, and also found a spot in the side for the home series against Australia in 2001. Late career
<mask>'s good form continued in the 2007-08 Test series against Australia with him scoring 109 against Australia on the second day of the controversial Sydney Test to put India back into the contest. It was his 12th hundred in Test matches, and his 5th against Australia. It was also his third consecutive century at SCG, giving him an average well above 90 at the venue. He followed this up with a gritty knock of 79 in Perth, assisted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and RP Singh, which set India up to record a historic and unexpected victory at a ground on which previously no Asian team had won. He hit 51 in the first innings of the final Test at Adelaide.He finished as the second highest run-getter for India in that series, only behind Sachin Tendulkar. He, like all other Indian batsmen, struggled in Sri Lanka against the spin duo of Muttiah Muralitharan and Ajantha Mendis later in July–August that year. India lost the first Test by an innings and 239 runs at Colombo, where <mask>'s first innings score of 50 was the only half-century scored by an Indian batsman in either innings. <mask> scored another fifty in that series, in the third Test, an unbeaten 61 as India went on to lose the game by 8 wickets and the series 2–1. <mask> was dismissed by Mendis on all five occasions in that series. He also crossed the 6000-run

masks: Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman Laxman


texts: milestone during the series. Against Australia, in the Border-Gavaskar Trophy later that year, <mask> was in top form as he scored 381 runs from 4 Tests with a double-hundred and two fifties.During the third Test at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi, Laxman scored an unbeaten 200 in the first innings with characteristic use of his wrists and flicks through the leg side. In the same innings, Gautam Gambhir scored 206, <mask> and Gambhir becoming the first pair of batsmen to score double-centuries in the same innings for India, and the first to do so against Australia. This was his second double-century in Test cricket with the previous one coming against the same opponents. He made an unbeaten 59 in the second innings and was named Man of the Match. The match was also the last game of India's spin wizard Anil Kumble who was also the captain of the team. In the final Test at Nagpur, <mask> scored another half-century in the first innings of the match. In 2009, <mask> continued to be in brilliant form.He had scored 76 and 124* in the 2nd Test at Napier in New Zealand. The century helped India salvage a draw and avoid an innings defeat. In the next match at Wellington he hit a well-composed 61 in the second innings. Against Sri Lanka later that year in a home series, <mask> hit three fifties in four innings as India went on to win the series comfortably. His unbeaten 51 in the second innings combining with a hundred from Tendulkar helped India draw the first Test at Ahmedabad. <mask> scored two fifties in the next two games as India went on to win both matches by an innings. He injured himself during the first


texts: match of the two-match Test series in Bangladesh in January 2010 after scoring another unbeaten half-century.The injury forced him to sit out for three weeks and he returned to action only during the final Test against South Africa held in Kolkata. He scored 143* in a record stand for the seventh wicket with MS Dhoni. The test was eventually won by India by an innings and 57 runs in the last 10 minutes of the fifth day's play, despite centuries in both innings from South African batsman Hashim Amla. This victory also helped India draw the Test series and remain the world Number 1 team. He also passed 7000 Test runs during the innings. <mask> helped India to level the series with Sri Lanka in August 2010 when he hit 103 not out in the run-chase, resulting in a five-wicket win in the Third Test, after scoring 69 in the first innings. He was awarded the Man of the Match for this brilliant effort.He scored a total of 279 runs in that series at an average of 70. In October, he once again turned around another match that appeared headed for a comfortable Australian victory, in the first Test in Mohali. Laxman was suffering with a back problem and needed Suresh Raina as his runner, and the Indians had collapsed to 124/8 in pursuit of 216. He and paceman Ishant Sharma put on 81 to take the score to 205 before Sharma fell. Last man Pragyan Ojha then managed to survive till the end as the hosts completed a thrilling one-wicket win. <mask> ended on 73 not out. He was ruled out of the remaining matches of the series due to his injury.In November, he helped India recover from 15/5 in the second innings of the first

masks: Laxman Laxman