texts:
 qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg. He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1. <mask> was Valencia's first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season, collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way.After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman, <mask> lost his place in the first team as Koeman's successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito. According to media coverage, <mask> refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether. <mask> had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008. On 4 December 2008, he left Valencia by mutual consent. Hoffenheim

On 10 December 2008, <mask> signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim. He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus, being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury. During the 2008–09 season, he made 14 appearances.During the 2009–10 season, he made 32 appearances. In summer 2010, <mask> left Hoffenheim. Sporting
Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup. After <mask> left Sporting, he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season, but they did not take up the option to sign him. Schalke 04
<mask> signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured. During the 2013–14 season. Eintracht Frankfurt
On 25 September 2014 <mask> signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp.He made three appearances. This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for <mask>. International career

After collecting 18 Under-21-caps, <mask> made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down,

masks: Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand


type: original

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 and eventually lost 1–5. <mask> was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany, Euro 2004, 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup, as Germany's third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn. He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina (final score 2–2). He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament, as Germany came third on home soil. After Kahn's retirement from international football in 2006, <mask> stepped up to become Germany's number two and was Jens Lehmann's natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification.Somewhat surprisingly, Joachim Löw dropped <mask> from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him. Although Löw stated that <mask> was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future, he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
VfB Stuttgart
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000, 2002
 Bundesliga: 2006–07
 DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2006–07

Valencia
 Copa del Rey: 2007–08

Germany
 FIFA World Cup third place: 2006
 FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

Individual
ESM Team of the Year:  2003–04

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
People from Worms, Germany
Association football goalkeepers
German footballers
Germany under-21 international footballers
Germany international footballers
Germany B international footballers
Germany youth international footballers
German expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
German expatriate sportspeople in Spain
German expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
VfB Stuttgart players
VfB Stuttgart II players
Valencia CF players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
Sporting CP footballers
FC Schalke 04 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
La Liga players
Primeira Liga players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from

masks: Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand Hildebrand


texts:
<mask>  <mask> (Punjabi ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਲ) (11 April 1943 – 14 August 2007) was one of the major revolutionary Punjabi poets emerging out of the Naxalite (Marxist-Leninist) Movement  in the Indian Punjab towards the late sixties of the 20th century. The Movement was a political failure and died down quickly, but it brought in revolutionary changes in the subject matter, language and idiom, tone and tenor of Punjabi poetry. Referring to the impact of the Naxalite Movement in Punjab, sociologist Paramjit S. Judge says, "The consequences of the Naxalite movement have been almost ephemeral and have hardly made an impact on the social and political spheres... Its positive contribution is that it has revolutionized Punjabi poetry which can never be traditional and romantic again." "The prominent poets belonging to this school are: Pash, <mask>, Harbhajan Halvarvi, Darshan Khatkar, Amarjit Chandan and Sant Ram Udasi," says Paramjit S Judge. Prof Ronki Ram called him "one of the most popular and serious poets of the Naxal Movement in Punjab of the late 1960s." Biography

Birth and family background
<mask> was born on 11 April in 1943 in a Ramdasia Chamar, (an 'outcaste' community of tanners) family in Ghungrali Sikhãn (Punjabi text: 'ਜਨਮ ਸਥਾਨ: ਘੂੰਗਰਾਲੀ ਸਿੱਖਾਂ') near Samrala, a small town in Punjab (Malwa region) in then British India, now Indian Punjab. His was a family without money, without land,

masks:
Lal
Singh Dil
Lal Singh Dil
Lal Singh Dil


texts:
 without education, without any financial and intellectual resources that could give <mask> a start for upward social or economic mobility.The family was fitted to perform only manual and menial agricultural labour, and <mask>'s father, almost throughout his life, worked as an agricultural labourer on someone's land. The family, like most of the Ramadasia community in the Malwa region of Punjab, formally subscribed to Sikhism. Education
<mask> <mask> passed his high school examination from the Government School, Samrala in 1960-61, being the first in his clan to pass tenth standard, while working as a wage labourer, and go to college. He joined A.S. College at another town, Khanna, close by, but dropped out after one year. He joined Junior Teachers' Training course in 1964 at SHS College in Bahilolpur, another close-by town, but gave up after two years without completing the course. He spent a year studying for Gayani, an honours course in Punjabi literature, but gave up without completing the course. During this period <mask> <mask> supported himself by working as a wage labourer and herder, and by giving tuitions.(Punjabi text:'ਵਿੱਦਿਆ: ਮੈਟਿ੍ਕ (1960–61) ਸਰਕਾਰੀ ਹਾਈ ਸਕੂਲ, ਇਕਸਾਲ ਏ. ਐਸ ਕਾਲਜ ਖੱਨਾ ਵਿਚ ਪੜਿਆ, ਦੋ ਸਾਲ ਸ.ਹ.ਸ ਬਹਿਲੋਲਪੁਰ `ਚ ਜੂਨੀਅਰ ਬੇਸਿਕ ਟ੍ਰੇਨਿੰਗ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਲਾਏ,ਇਕ ਸਾਲ ਗਿਆਨੀ ਦੀ ਤਿਆਰੀ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ।…ਪੜਦਿਆਂ ਖੇਤ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ ਕੀਤੀ, ਰਾਜ ਮਿਸਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਦਿਹਾੜੀ ਕੀਤੀ…')

Discrimination
Right from his childhood he

masks:
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil


texts:
 faced discrimination because he belonged to a 'lower caste'. This is what he writes in the opening paragraph of his autobiography, Dastaan: 'I have endured the ordeal by fire time and again in my life, and it is a miracle that I have been able to emerge unscathed.' What that fire was he illustrates with an example in the next few lines of the same opening paragraph. While as a small boy of  five or six, out of innocence, he dares to bathe at  a jat farmer's well. He is immediately dragged away, whip-lashed thrice and, driven out by the farmer's son. As   a 'chamar' he is not permitted to bathe at the well of an upper caste.He is pushed into this 'fire' again and again, at school, at college where he dares to fall in love with an upper caste girl, and even within the egalitarian Naxalite movement. '<mask> <mask> was born in a 'chamar' family. Reference to this occurs at many places in his poetry. In his autobiography he has written freely about the prevalence of the arrogance of caste superiority in his locality, at his school, and in the Naxalite organizations and among the police,' says Amarjit Chandan. (Punjabi text:'ਲਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਲ ਚਮਾਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਘਰ ਜੰਮਿਆ । ਇਹ ਗੱਲ ਇਹਦੀ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਵਿਚ ਕਈ ਥਾਈਂ ਆਈ ਹੈ । ਸਵੈਜੀਵਨੀ ਵਿਚ ਇਹਨੇ ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਹੜੇ, ਸਕੂਲ ਤੇ ਨਕਸਲੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ ਅਤੇ ਫੇਰ ਪੁਲਸ ਦੇ ਜ਼ਾਤ ਅਭੀਮਾਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਖੁੱਲ਼ ਕੇ ਲਿਖਿਆ ਹੈ')

In the Naxalite Movement
<mask> was introduced to the Marxist ideology by one Comrade Jagjit <mask>

masks:
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Singh Baghi


texts: of his own town in 1968 (Punjabi text:'ਪ੍ਰੇਰਨਾ: ਸਾਹਿਤ ਤੇ ਸਮਾਜਵਾਦੀ ਸੋਚ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਚਾਣ 1968 `ਚ ਕਾਮਰੇਡ ਜਗਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਾਗੀ, ਸਮਰਾਲਾ ਨੇ ਕਰਾਈ ।') This is how he himself describes his enthusiasm for the Naxalite movement: 'The news of Naxalbari spread like wildfire. Those days I was working as a labourer on daily wages. I carried heavy loads up and down a ladder, and all this activity gave me strange energy.I felt now I would be able to accomplish what I could have achieved had I been present during the upsurge in Vietnam. I felt I was on the threshold of realizing the imminent Revolution. He took part in a Naxlite agitation (Birla Seed Farm Agitation, Ropar)  in 1969 and later, in the same year, was part of a group of Naxalites who unsuccessfully raided the police station in the town of Chamkaur on 30 April 1969. He fled from the scene but was soon arrested and faced severe police torture during a long police remand. He was tried and sentenced to six months imprisonment with hard labour, in his own words (Punjabi text:'ਛੇ ਮਹੀਨੇ ਦੀ ਬਾਮੁਸ਼ੱਕਤ ਕੈਦ…'). He remained in jail for sometime between middle of 1969 and 1971. After release from jail in 1971, fearing police persecution, facing neglect from family, friends and comrades, and lacking support from any quarter he fled to Uttar Pradesh, another Indian province.'Pushed out of Punjab, <mask> left for Uttar Pradesh towards the end of 1971. The main reasons for


texts:
 running away from Punjab were his disillusionment with the political Movement and the fear of police persecution.' (Punjabi text:'ਲਾਲ 1971 ਦੇ ਅਖੀਰ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦਾ ਧੱਕਿਆ ਯੂ.ਪੀ ਚਲੇ ਗਿਆ। ਓਥੇ ਜਾਨ ਦਾ ਵਡਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਸਿਆਸੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਇਆ ਮੋਹਭੰਗ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਪੁਲਿਸ ਦਾ ਡਰ ਵੀ।' )

In Uttar Pradesh
In Uttar Pradesh he moved from one town or village to another, seeking one or another kind of subsistence employment about which he talks extensively in his autobiography. His friend, and story writer, Prem Parkash says: 'I received one letter from Lakhimpur Kheri. It was evident from his letters, many of which are lost, that sometimes he worked with the Imam in the mosque, and sometimes he was caretaker of the factory, sometimes he looked after the orchards, sometimes he became a cloth vendor moving from village to village. He also lived in a timber godown.' Sometime in 1972 he had converted to Islam because he believed there was no caste discrimination in Islam; and also in the hope of marrying, a hope that did not materialize.This is what he says to his friend Amarjit Chandan in an undated long letter written in 1973: '…First of all let me tell you that I have converted to Islam. This happened about a year ago.' (Punjabi text:' ... ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਮੈਂ ਦਸੱ ਦਿਆਂ  ਕਿ ਮੈਂ  ਮੁਸਲਮਾਨ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਹਾਂ। ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਲ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ... '  )

While he was a student at college he had become enamoured of a few girls but it all remained a one-sided affair,


texts:
 his caste always acting as the insurmountable barrier. In Uttar Pradesh, after his conversion to Islam, he hoped his caste would not come in the way and he would be able to find a woman who would be willing to marry him. But this never happened. This is what Prem Parkash writes: '<mask> has not written about any love affair with a woman in his memoirs, he has only given indications of his fantasies. He even talks in abstractions.Comrades accuse him of several things but I am sure he has never seen a woman unclothed.' Even while in Uttar Pradesh he did not give up writing poetry. He was in contact with Urdu poets  and wrote  many Ghazals in Urdu, but he continued to write in Punjabi. 'Between 1972 and 1983 I came into contact with Urdu poets of the town Mohammadi,' writes Dil. (Punjabi text:'ਬਹੱਤਰ ਤੋਂ ਤਿਰਿਆਸੀ ਤਕ ਮੈਂ ਕਸਬਾ ਮੁਹਮੰਦੀ ਦੇ ਉਰਦੂ ਸ਼ਾਇਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਪਰਕ `ਚ ਆਇਆ ।') 'While here, in Uttar Pradesh, he wrote his poems published as Bahut Sarrey Suraj (So many Suns) ' (Punjabi text:'ਓਥੇ ਰਹਿੰਦਿਆਂ ਇਹਨੇ 'ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਸੂਰਜ'  ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਕਵਿਤਾਵਾਂ ਲਿਖਿਆਂ ।') in 1982. Back home and a tea vendor at a bus station, death
He returned to his home town Samrala sometime in 1983. Like a devout Muslim he continued to say his daily namaaz but also remained addicted to drinking.He kept on writing poetry under his old name, but he could not find any regular employment or source of income. 'The comrades of his revolutionary


texts:
 days were now editors, executives, professors, businessmen or expatriates. The spring thunder was over and everyone had returned to the comfort zone of their class structures. <mask> had his kachcha home in the run-down Kang Mohalla or Chamarian (a chamar ghetto), as some referred to it. He was at a loose end and did not know what to do,' writes Niupama Dutt. He did receive some financial support from a few friends. Finally, he ended up as a tea vendor at a bus terminal close to his hometown, Samarala.He died in 2007 in a hospital in Ludhiana. Writings

Poetry and autobiography
<mask> <mask> had started writing poetry even while at school. Some of his poems were published  in well-known Punjabi magazines, Lakeer, Preetlari and Nagmani, even before his first collection of poetry was published. He published three collections of poetry:  Setluj Di Hawa  (Breeze from  the Sutlej) 1971; Bahut Sarey Suraj (So  Many  Suns) 1982; and Satthar (A Sheaf) 1997. A collected volume of all his poems titled Naglok  (The World of the Nāgas) was published in 1998 and 2007. He also wrote a long poem titled Aj Billa Phir Aaya (Billa Came Again Today), which was published in 2009, posthumously. He published his autobiography, Dastaan, in 1998, containing a Foreword by Amarjit Chandan and an Afterword by Prem Parkash.Although he had converted to Islam, he continued to publish his works under his pre-conversion

masks:
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil


texts:
 name. Translations of his works
I  English translations of five of his poems were published  in Modern Poetry in Translation, Third Series Number Eighteen, Transitions, in 2012. II  An English translation by Nirupama Dutt of his autobiography, Dastaan, along with his 20 poems, has been published as: Poet of the Revolution: The Memoirs and Poems of <mask> <mask> (Viking Penguin, 2012). III An English translation of his one hundred poems titled Exclusion Deprivation and Nothingness <mask> Dil Selected Poems translated by T C Ghai has been published by LG Publishers Distributors, Delhi in 2017. About his poetry
His contemporary revolutionary poets, Pash foremost among them, sang of a revolution round the corner, using blood and thunder imagery to denounce, frighten and challenge the 'class enemies', predicting the imminent fall of the 'comprador bourgeois state'. <mask> <mask> shared their optimism, but in most of his poetry he remained a poet of the understatement. His poetry is revolutionary in another very important sense.It focuses, for the first time in Punjabi poetry, on the lives of men and women and children who are absolutely at the lowest rungs of the Indian society, the social and economic out-castes - the Dalits, the landless labourers and farm workers, the daily wagers, and many nomadic and wandering 'non-Aryan' tribes (who he believes were the original inhabitants of India, and

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Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil


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 whom he calls the Naglok through the title of the collected work of his poems) conquered by the invading Aryans; the people to be exploited and humiliated, to be used and abused and kept at the margins of everything decent and worthwhile. His poetry is a narrative of the wretched of the earth told by one of them. <mask> was not a great reader of books. He just did not have the means to buy or access many books or other written materials. His understanding of life, of history, religion and society, has been mostly picked up from his environment and experience, which makes his poetry distinctive and different, for it has a quality of the raw, the unformed and the folk. His poetry gives voice to the voiceless, the ignored and in their language, through their unsophisticated mixture of truth, prejudice, anger, bitterness and humour, desire for revenge, and for transcendence as in fairy tales. Notes

References
•	Judge, Paramjit S.  Insurrection to Agitation: The Naxalite Movement in Punjab.Popular Prakashan. 1992. •	<mask>, <mask>. Naglok (Poems). Chetna Prakashan 1998. (Punjabi). see "About the Author" (ਲੇਖਕ ਬਾਰੇ) by publisher/editor pp.221–22

•	Ghai, Trilok Chand] "<mask> <mask>' Dastaan: An Autobiography of Absences". (A Review)  http://ghai-tc.blogspot.in/2011/11/lal-singh-dils-dastaan.html . 2 November 2011

•	Dutt, Nirupama (tr.). Poet of the Revolution: The Memoirs and Poems of <mask>

masks:
Dil
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dils
Lal Singh


texts:
 Dil. Penguin Viking. (2012). •	Chandan, Amarjit.1998:  “A Complete Story of an Incomplete Journey” (ਅਧੂਰੇ ਸਫ਼ਰ ਦੀ ਪੂਰੀ ਦਾਸਤਾਨ), Introduction.<mask>, <mask>. Dastaan: An autobiography (ਦਾਸਤਾਨ: ਸਵੈ-ਜੀਵਨੀ). Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana (Punjabi). •	<mask>, <mask>. Dastaan: An autobiography (ਦਾਸਤਾਨ: ਸਵੈ-ਜੀਵਨੀ). Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana.1998. p. 115
•
•	<mask>, <mask>.“My Urdu Milieu” (ਮੇਰਾ ਉਰਦੂ ਮਾਹੌਲ). Tarsem s. Dr.(ed.) (ਤਰਸੇਮ ਐਸ. ਡਾ.) <mask> <mask>: Biographical and Critical Essays (ਲਲ ਸਿਂਘ ਦਿਲ: ਸੰਕਲਪ ਤੇ ਸਮੀਖਿਆ) Lokgeet Prakashan,Chandigarh.2006. P30.(Punjabi)

•	Ghai, Trilok Chand. 2012. “<mask> <mask>, five poems, translated from Punjabi”, Modern Poetry in Translation, Third series – Number Eighteen, Transitions. pp. 50–51

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s Weblog
 <mask> Dil images
 . by Ajay Bhardwaj
 The Women of Kudeli, a poem by Dil in English translation
 Life and  poetry of  a wandering heart: A Review of Nirupama Dutt's translation of <mask>'s autobiography
 Rich Heritage of Punjabi Dalit Literature and its Exclusion from Histories: Dil in the context of Dalit Literature

Further reading
 Tarsem S  (Ed.) (2006): <mask> Dil : Sankalp te  Samikhiya (biographical and critical essays) ; Lokgeet Parkashan,   (Punjabi)
 <mask> Dil: Naglok (Poems) (with critical essays by Punjabi Scholars)  Chetna Prakashan, Ludhiana 2007 (Punjabi)

Punjabi-language poets
1943 births
2007

masks:
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Dil
Lal Singh
Lal Singh


texts:
<mask>, born <mask><mask>, also known as <mask><mask>, Sr., the "N" possibly for Neal (October 22, 1775 – July 7, 1833), was an American civic leader and business owner in western Kentucky and southern Illinois, from the late 1790s to mid-1830s. Despite his clean public image as a "Pillar of the Community", <mask> was secretly a river pirate and the leader of a gang that was later  known as the "Ford's Ferry Gang". His men were the river equivalent of highway robbers. They hijacked flatboats and Ford's "own river ferry" for tradable goods from local farms that were coming down the Ohio River. <mask> was an Illinois associate of Isaiah L. Potts and the Potts Hill Gang, highway robbers, of the infamous Potts Inn. <mask> also was an associate of John Hart Crenshaw, an illegal slave trader and a kidnapper of free African Americans, and may have taken part in the Illinois version of the Reverse Underground Railroad. At one point, the outlaws used "Cave-in-Rock" as their headquarters on the Illinois side of the lower Ohio River, approximately around 85 miles below Evansville, Indiana.Early life and family history
<mask> was born in the Ninety-Six District, Province of South Carolina of the Thirteen Colonies, now present-day Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, South Carolina a son of Philip and <mask> and a grandson of <mask>. He had two brothers, Philip Jr. and Richard. His father died while <mask> was still young, and his mother then married William Prince, who brought the family to what would become Princeton in Caldwell County, Kentucky. This marriage provided <mask> with a number of step- and half-siblings, who provided important contacts for his future political, business, and criminal careers. Marriages and children
In the late 1790s, <mask> married Susan Miles, a daughter of

masks:
James Ford
James N
. Ford
James N
. Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Elizabeth Ford
John Ford
Ford
James
James Ford


texts:
 William Miles, who was a brother of the ferry keeper at Miles Ferry, between the Kentucky and Illinois banks of the Ohio below Cave-in-Rock, near the location of present-day Rosiclare, Illinois. <mask> provided her husband with two sons, Philip (November 25, 1800 - November 23, 1831) and William M. (1804 – November 2, 1832), as well as a daughter, Cassandra (1805/1806–1863). Susan died in the 1820s, and in 1829, <mask> married Elizabeth "Betsy" W. Armstead Frazier (1790-1800 - 1834-1835), a widow whose husband had died suddenly while staying at <mask>'s plantation, in then Livingston County, Kentucky  (now Crittenden County, Kentucky).<mask> had one more son, <mask><mask>, Jr., (circa 1830 - October 1844). Criminal activities
<mask> had settled on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River by the late 1790s, during the time that Samuel Mason's river pirates operated out of Cave-in-Rock. Early writers identified him with the "<mask>" who operated a tavern and brothel in the cave in the spring of 1799, but these are now believed to be incorrect, since historical records show that a man named <mask> lived in the area at the same time as <mask>. Criminal associates
 John Harmon
 Alonzo Pennington and Pennington Gang (successors to the Ford's Ferry Gang, after <mask>'s assassination and his distant relatives)
 Isaiah L. Potts or legendary Billy Potts, Sr. of Potts Inn
 Sturdivant Gang of counterfeiters. Notable Ford's Ferry Gang members
<mask>
Philip <mask>
William M. <mask>
Francis Prince (possible gang member)
Henry C. Shouse
Nathaniel Simpson (possible gang member)

Military service
The military experience of <mask> was limited to commanding frontier Kentucky and Illinois territorial militia units. Even without any combat experience, serving as a militia officer helped <mask>

masks:
Susan Ford
Ford
Ford
Elizabeth Ford
James N
. Ford
James Ford
James Wilson
James Wilson
Ford
Ford
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
Ford


texts: acquire local prestige and created opportunities for him in the political and business affairs of the Ohio River valley of Kentucky and Illinois. <mask> was captain of the Livingston County cavalry company in the 24th Kentucky Militia Regiment between July 1, 1799, and December 15, 1802.While living in Illinois Territory, on January 2, 1810, <mask> became captain of the Grand Pierre area militia company of the 4th Regiment of Illinois Territory Militia, was one of three territorial militia companies in southeastern Illinois. (The other companies based around the frontier settlements of Elizabethtown and Cave-In-Rock were simply local volunteer frontier military units.) The Grand Pierre Company comprised men from Grand Pierre, a frontier settlement in the area located near the Grand Pierre Creek Watershed, now Rosiclare, Illinois. Grand Pierre was one of three frontier Illinois militia districts in what later became Hardin County, Illinois. The fort used by the Grand Pierre militia company may have been the blockhouse formerly located north of the present-day water tower that was used later by the Sturdivant Gang for counterfeiting in the late 1810s and early 1820s. During the occupation of the fort by the counterfeiters, <mask> held the deed to the land, giving him legal ownership of the fort and making him guilty by association for allowing counterfeiting to take place. <mask> was also the captain of a company of the Illinois Territorial Militia from July 15, 1811, to August 8, 1811.<mask> was later promoted to major, being one of two such military ranks available in the 4th Regiment of Militia in the Illinois Territory on November 28, 1811. <mask>, Sr. also spelled Steel, who had been a private in Ford's Company, succeeded him as captain of the Grand Pierre militia. In

masks:
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Steele


texts:
 the War of 1812, Steele served as a private in Captain John Cochran's company of the 1st Regiment
of Illinois (Territorial) Militia, under the command of Captain Absolem Cox, at Kaskaskia on September 3, 1812. The residency of <mask> was recorded in the first Illinois State Census in 1818 and the 1820 U.S. Census as living in Pope County, Illinois, now present-day Hardin County, Illinois. At the time the state and federal censuses were conducted, Steele was a criminal member of the Sturdivant Gang of counterfeiters which operated in the Rosiclare area of Hardin County from the 1810s to 1820s. Property holdings
<mask> was a substantial land owner, who owned a 500-acre plantation at his home in Tolu, Kentucky, as well as holding numerous other properties on the Kentucky and Illinois sides of the Ohio River. Through his first wife's family, he secured the rights to the Miles Ferry, which soon became known as Ford's Ferry, though this is not the infamous one he operated later, upriver from Cave-in-Rock, called Ferry Ohio.Through his second marriage, he secured control of the Frazier Salt Works, at the Lower Lick Great Salt Springs, in the Illinois Salines in Gallatin County, Illinois, during the late 1820s. Slave-holding
<mask> owned a considerable number of slaves in Kentucky. He leased out his slaves for saltmaking operations under a contract with the U.S. government at the U.S. Saline, near Equality, Illinois. The influence of <mask> was felt as far away as Springfield, Illinois, which can be attested to in the Sangamo Journal newspaper, where he ran a fugitive slave notice, with detailed physical descriptions of two runaway slaves he owned. The cruel and ruthless treatment <mask> showed toward his slaves was told in numerous stories many true and untrue. In one tale,

masks:
James Steele
James Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford


texts:
 <mask> was alleged to have punished one of his slaves by using a vise to secure the head of the slave and cut off his ears and pull out his teeth. The 1832 runaway slave notice <mask> had printed in the Sangamo Journal indicated that a slave named "Ben" had his ears removed for "robbing a boat on the Ohio River".In another tale, <mask> allegedly bound hand to foot an offending slave and dragged him to death behind a mule, through a field of tree stumps. Allegations of illegal slave trading

<mask> was also alleged to have had legitimate and criminal associations with John Hart Crenshaw, an Illinois businessman operating the Illinois Salines and who kidnapped free Blacks to sell into the illegal slave trade, as well as practicing illegal slave breeding. The road from the Old Slave House of Crenshaw in Illinois crossing the Ohio River to Ford's Ferry, Kentucky, was a heavily traveled route of the infamous Reverse Underground Railroad, which sent its victims to a life of enslavement in the Southern United States. Physical appearance
Dr. Charles H. Webb, future husband of <mask>'s daughter Cassandra, described the appearance of <mask> while he was at his plantation in 1822:

He was of about six feet in height, and of powerful build, a perfect Hercules in point of strength; but he has now grown to corpulent to undergo much fatigue. His head is large and well shaped; his sandy brown hair, now thin, is turning gray, for he must be fully fifty years old; his eyes, of a steel-gray color, are brilliant and his glance quick and penetrating; his nose rather short and thick; his upper lip remarkably long, his mouth large, and his lips full and sensuous. He has a broad firm double chin, and his voice is deep and sonorous. His complexion is very florid, and he converses fluently.On the

masks:
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford
Ford
James Ford


texts:
 whole, when in repose, he gives one the idea of a good natured, rather than a surly, bulldog; but, if aroused, I should say he would be a lion tamer. Death
<mask> was ambushed and shot dead at Ford's Ferry near his home on July 7, 1833, by members of his own criminal gang. He was buried in the <mask> family cemetery in Kirksville, Kentucky, on the grounds of the <mask> family plantation property, now located on Tolu-Carrsville Road (Kentucky Route 135 - KY 135), in present-day Tolu, Crittenden County, Kentucky, on a farm that was owned by the Brazwell family in the 1980s. Ford's Ferry after <mask>
Following the death of <mask> in 1833, Ford's Ferry continued on as an important Ohio River ferry crossing with a high-water road that could be used even when the river flooded. The small town built around Ford's Ferry came to be spelled Fords Ferry and continued to prosper. According to the 19th-century Collins' Historical Sketches of Kentucky, Fords Ferry had four stores and two hotels, with a population of about 75 people. Eventually, the Ohio River ferry at Cave-In-Rock became the last one in the area, bypassing the road traffic at Ford's Ferry, which caused it to cease operations and be abandoned along with the town.See also
Peter Alston
Samuel Mason
John Murrell
Isaiah L. Potts
Stack Island (Mississippi River)
Sturdivant Gang
Tower Rock

References

McFarland, Joe. "When Salt was Gold - Illinois DNR", Outdoor Illinois, October 2009. Springfield, IL:  Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Musgrave, Jon. Slaves, Salt, Sex & Mr. Crenshaw: The Real Story of the Old Slave House and America's Reverse Underground R.R..  Illinoishistory.com, 2005. Musgrave, Jon. Black Kidnappings in the Wabash and Ohio Valleys of Illinois.Research Paper presented at Dr. John Y. Simon's Seminar

masks:
James Ford
Ford
Ford
James Ford
James Ford


texts:
 in Illinois History at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, April–May 1997, Carbondale, IL. Musgrave, Jon. Potts Hill Gang, Sturdivant Gang, and Ford's Ferry Gang Rogue's Gallery, Hardin County in IllinoisGenWeb. Springfield, IL:  The Illinois Gen Web Project, 2018. Myers, Jacob W.  "[http://www.illinoishistory.com/1922-gallatinsalines.html History of the Gallatin County Salines”, October 1921-January 1922, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society], 14:3-4. Prince, Thomas E. Jr. The Story of a Family: The Origins of the Prince and Bradshaw Families of Lyon County, Kentucky.Louisville, Ky.:  Horse Head Publishing, 1990, 46-47. Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock. Carbondale, IL:  Southern Illinois University Press. 1924 rpt. 1996. Sniveley, William Daniel and Louanna Furbee.Satan's Ferryman: A True Tale of the Old Frontier. New York:  F. Ungar Publishing Company, 1968. Wellman, Paul I. Spawn of evil: the invisible empire of soulless men which for a generation held the Nation in a spell of terror. New York:  Doubleday, 1964. External links
<mask> (1775 - 1833) - Find A Grave Memorial
<mask>: 'Satan's Ferryman' and 'Outlaw of Cave-in-Rock'
Sturdivant Gang, Potts Hill Gang, and Ford's Ferry Gang Rogue's Gallery
Isaiah L. Potts (Billy Potts, Sr.) and Polly Blue of Potts Hill (Potts Inn), by William R. Carr
A Look Back at Fords Ferry, KY (Town History)

1770s births
1833 deaths
Crime families
American outlaws
19th-century American criminals
Outlaw gangs in the United States
American pirates
19th-century pirates
American justices of the peace
American slave owners
American slave traders
People murdered in Kentucky
Extrajudicial killings
People from Spartanburg, South Carolina
Ferries of Kentucky
Ferries of Illinois
Ferries of the United States
Deaths by

masks:
James Ford
James Ford


texts:
<mask> (born July 10, 1995) is an American professional track and field athlete specializing in sprinting events. He was the first junior to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 meters with a time of 9.97 seconds, the current junior world record. Bromell's personal best time in the 100m of 9.76 seconds makes him the 6th fastest man of all time, tying him with Christian Coleman. He is the 2016 world indoor 60 m champion and competed for the United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Track career

2013
In May, competing for Gibbs High School in St. Petersburg, Florida, Bromell won the 100 m at the Florida High School Athletic Association 3A State Finals in 10.45 s, and was second in the 200 meters in 21.41 s.

On June 8 he had a brush with the 100 m high school record and junior world record, clocking his first sub-10 s run with an altitude-assisted time of 9.99 s at the Great Southwest Classic in Albuquerque, New Mexico. However, the race was wind-assisted with a +4.0 m/s tailwind, +2.0 m/s above the allowable limit for record keeping. Later that month Bromell competed in the 100 m and the 200 m at the New Balance Nationals Outdoor.In the 100 m he won his preliminary in 10.31 s before winning the final in 10.45 s, run into a −2.4 m/s headwind. In the 200 m he lowered his personal best twice with times of 20.96 s in the preliminary and 20.91 s in the final despite headwinds. However, he still had to settle for second in the final. <mask> headed to the USA Junior Outdoor Track & Field Championships a few days later to compete in the 100 m on day one and the 200 m on day two. On day one he won his semi in 10.56 s into a −2.7 m/s headwind and the final again in 10.48 s with a much stronger −4.8 m/s headwind, winning his first USATF title in the 100 m. On day two Bromell was disqualified after his semi for stepping out of his lane during the race, and did not compete in the 200 m final. After the national championships he was named the Gatorade Track and Field Athlete of the

masks:
Trayvon Jaquez Bromell
Bromell


texts:
 Year for 2013. With his win in the 100 m he qualified to represent the United States in the 100 m and the 4 × 100 meters relay at international championships that year.Two months later in August <mask> competed in the Pan American Junior Championships in Medellín, Colombia where he competed in the 100 m and the 4 × 100 m relay. He placed third in the 100 m to earn his first international medal, and then anchored the United States to victory in the 4 × 100 m relay to earn his first international gold medal. 2014
On March 29, 2014, Bromell tied the world junior record in the 100 metres, running a 10.01 at the Texas Relays in Austin, Texas, while representing Baylor University. Just one day before the race, <mask> came within .01 of the record with a 10.02. Following the meet, <mask> was named "2014 Texas Relays Most Outstanding Performer." The last Baylor athlete to receive the same honor was Michael Johnson, 24 years earlier. On June 13, 2014, <mask> ran 9.92 in the semifinals at the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon, but that result did not enter the record books, because it was ruled wind-assisted due to a +2.2mps tail-wind with +2.0mps being the maximum allowable tail-wind for times to be considered legal.The following day, he ran 9.97 in the final with a legal +1.8mps wind. Pending ratification, that gave him sole possession of the men's 100m record. <mask> became the first freshman since Walter Dix in 2005 to win the 100 meters at the NCAA Outdoor Championships. At the end of May 2014, <mask> ran a time of 9.77 at the Big 12 Championships. However, the record-time was nullified by a +4.2 m/s tail-wind. The meet was at Lubbock, Texas, where the altitude is just eight meters below an elevation that would qualify marks for altitude assistance. Meet officials also reversed the direction of the race to take advantage of the wind.<mask>'s time of 9.77 ranks equal to the ninth-fastest wind-aided 100 meters race of all time.

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


texts:
 2015
In 2015, he returned to Eugene at the NCAA Championships, improving his personal best time to 9.90 in the preliminary round of the 100m. At the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, in June 2015, <mask> won his first round heat in a personal best time of 9.84 seconds, tying him as the tenth fastest 100m runner of all time with Canadian legends Donovan Bailey and Bruny Surin. He won his semi-final in a wind-aided 9.76 seconds (+3.7 m/s) to improve his all-conditions best, before going on to finish second in the final to Tyson Gay in 9.96 seconds. This qualified him for the 2015 World Championships in both the 100m and 4 × 100 metres relay. <mask> made his Diamond League debut at the 2015 Herculis meeting in Monaco, competing in the 100m and 4 × 100 m relay. Although one of the favorites for the 100m, Bromell false-started, thus disqualifying him.However, he was able to successfully lead-off his team to a victory in the 4 × 100 m in 37.87 seconds. In August, <mask> arrived in Beijing for the World Championships. <mask> won his 100 metre heat in 9.91 seconds, and qualified for the final after finishing third in his semi-final in a fastest-loser time of 9.99 seconds. <mask> went on to tie for the Bronze Medal in the final, running 9.92 seconds to equal his college rival Andre De Grasse of Canada, whose 9.92 was a personal best. This was the first tie in World Championship 100m history. In the 4 × 100 metre relay, <mask> ran the lead leg once again in both the heats and the final. He was able to lead the United States team off to a victory in their heat, and a Silver Medal in the final.However, a mishap in the final exchange resulted in a disqualification for the team, stripping <mask> and his teammates of their medal. <mask> ended his season there, and went on to graduate from Baylor later in the year. He turned professional and signed an endorsement deal with sports company New Balance. 2016
2016 was set to be a breakout year for <mask>, after his

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


texts: achievements the year before. <mask> set his sights on winning the Gold Medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 100m, and defeating the defending Olympic champion and fastest man in history, Usain Bolt of Jamaica, at the latter's final Olympic 100m race. <mask> decided to race indoors, competing in the 60 metres event. On March 12, 2016, he placed second in the 60 meters in 6.507 seconds at 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, and six days later, on March 18, 2016, <mask> improved his time by three hundredths of a second by winning the 60 meters title in 6.47s at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships.Winning in front of a home crowd in Oregon, <mask> also beat Jamaican veteran Asafa Powell, who ran 6.44 seconds in the heats and the semi-finals, both while easing down. <mask> opened his outdoor season with a 200-metre race at the Waco Baylor Invitational. Not normally a 200m runner, <mask> still won the race in a decent 20.30 seconds. He ran his first 100m of the season at the Waco Michael Johnson Classic in 10.04 seconds. After a 7th-place finish in the 200m at an IAAF Diamond League stop in Rome, Bromell pulled out of meets in Birmingham and Oslo, after suffering a grade one Achilles tendon sprain he got before the meet in Rome. He focused on recovering and making the US team in the 100m at the Olympic Trials in Oregon. In July, Bromell competed at the national trials.He won his heat in 9.94 seconds and his semi-final in 9.86 seconds, before going on to finish second in the final to 34-year-old veteran and fellow Florida resident Justin Gatlin, thus qualifying him to compete for the US at the Olympics with Gatlin and another Florida resident Marvin Bracy. <mask>'s time of 9.84 seconds equaled his personal best, which he coincidentally set on the same venue (Hayward Field). <mask> focused all his time on prepping for Rio. Not long after the trials, Bromell's injury came back, forcing him to pause on his prep for the Olympics. <mask> still decided to

masks: Trayvon Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell


texts:
 compete at Rio, in both the 100m and 4 × 100 m relay. <mask> arrived in Rio for the Olympics, and took part in the Parade of Nations on August 5, 2016. Eight days later, on August 13, 2016, he competed in his 100m heat, where he finished second with 10.13 seconds, behind Ben Youssef Meite of the Ivory Coast.The next day, as with the year before, <mask> was drawn in the same semi-final as Andre De Grasse and Usain Bolt, and finished third once again behind the two. <mask> edged out Chijindu Ujah of Great Britain by 2 milliseconds to take the last qualifying spot for the final, in 10.01 seconds. Less than two hours later, <mask> raced in the final, finishing eighth in 10.06. <mask> rested up for the 4 × 100 m final, where he would switch places with Michael Rodgers to run anchor leg instead of first. In the final, Bromell struggled to keep up with the Japanese anchor Asuka Cambridge, and dove at the line to finish third just 2 hundredths behind him, but 2 hundredths ahead of Canada's anchor Andre De Grasse. Bromell fell to the ground in agonizing pain after his dive, and Rodgers helped him to his feet as the medical team helped him off the Track. While his team celebrated their Bronze Medal, a scan revealed Bromell had torn his Achilles once again.More disappointment came as it was revealed that an improper first exchange resulted in a disqualification, therefore stripping <mask> and his very same teammates from Beijing of their medal once again. 2017
After a disappointing 2016 season, <mask> was anxious to recover with a comeback. He set his sights on beating Bolt again, but this time at the 2017 World Championships. Bolt decided to only contest in the 100m and 4 × 100 m that year, dropping the 200m as it was harder to train for. The 100m race at the championships was set to be his last individual race, and <mask>'s last shot at Bolt's crown. However, healing took longer than expected, and <mask> barely raced during the season. His only race was on June 22, 2017, at the


texts:
 US National Championships in the 100m, where he finished third in his heat with 10.22 seconds and did not advance to the semi-finals.<mask> avoided training and racing from then on to recover. 2021

<mask> returned to form in 2021, recording a personal best and world leading time of 9.77 seconds in the 100m. He won  the 2021 Olympic Trials ahead of Ronnie Baker and Fred Kerley. At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, <mask> failed to make the 100m final after coming in third in his semi-final, one millisecond behind second-place finisher Enoch Adegoke of Nigeria with both runners being assigned an official time of 10.00 seconds. On September 18, <mask> competed at the Kip Keino Classic in Nairobi, Kenya placing first and beating his personal best by running a time of 9.76 seconds. Statistics
Information from World Athletics profile unless otherwise noted. Personal bests

International championship results

National championship results

NCAA results from Track & Field Results Reporting System.Circuit wins
Diamond League (100 m; other events specified in parenthesis)
Herculis: 2015 (4×100 m relay)
World Athletics Indoor Tour (60 m)
New York: 2021

100 m seasonal bests

World rank from World Athletics' Season Top Lists. See also
 2020/21 in 60 metres
 2020 in 100 metres

Notes

References

External links

<mask> Bromell profile at Team USA

<mask> Bromell bio at Baylor Bears

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida
Track and field athletes from Florida
American male sprinters
African-American male track and field athletes
Baylor Bears men's track and field athletes
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
21st-century

masks: Bromell Bromell Bromell Bromell Trayvon Trayvon


texts:
<mask>  (born November 1957) is a British historian who has published widely on Roman Britain and other subjects; and has appeared regularly on the Channel 4 archaeological television series Time Team, starting in 1998. Family background
Despite his French surname, <mask>ère's father's ancestry is mostly English, Anglo-Irish and Scottish, with a large part belonging to the ancient Lincolnshire family of Thorold baronets as well as the dukes of Manchester and the earls of Salisbury. His great-great-grandfather was Anthony Wilson Thorold, Bishop of Winchester. One of his male-line ancestors was the cousin of <mask>ère, Napoleon's aide-de-camp at Waterloo in 1815. His grandfather, <mask>ère, was the editor of the Catholic Herald for approximately thirty years. Through his mother's side, <mask>ère is a cousin of the actress Jessica Raine, the footballer Richard Gough, and the artist Julie Gough, sharing common descent from David Storrar Gough (1885-1957). <mask>ère was born in Wimbledon on 27 November 1957, the eldest of five children.He was educated at King's College School, Wimbledon, and Wimbledon College. He took an archaeology and history degree at Collingwood College, Durham, in 1980, part of Durham University, with a subsidiary paper in Egyptology, a degree in modern history at the University of London in 1985, and an MA in archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, now part of University College London, in 1987. From 1981 to 1998 he worked for most of the time as a sound engineer for BBC Radio News at Bush House and Broadcasting House in London. In 1998 he became a full-time freelance writer and broadcaster. His special interests, apart from the Roman Empire and Roman Britain, include coinage (ancient and modern), and the writings of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn. He is a Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a Fellow of the Historical Association. In 1997 he discovered that the rebel

masks: Guy Martyn Thorold Huchet de la Bédoyère


texts:
 Romano-British emperor called Carausius (AD 286–293) had placed explicit reference to lines from poetry by the poet Virgil on his coins, considered a major discovery in the history of the period.Between 2007 and 2016 <mask> Bédoyère gave up his full-time freelance work as a writer and broadcaster, to teach at Kesteven and Sleaford High School in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. After training on the Graduate Teacher Programme, he specialised in teaching Modern History and Classical Civilisation. Television appearances
<mask> <mask>ère made regular appearances on Channel 4 archaeological television series Time Team as a historian, usually for episodes relating to Roman or military archaeology. In 1999 <mask> Bédoyère presented a three-part series called The Romans in Britain for BBC2, produced by the Open University. In 2002 he presented Rebuilding The Past which was broadcast on the Discovery Channel in 2003 and was narrated by Terry Jones. The programme detailed the building of a Roman villa for the first time in 1600 years in Britain – Butser Ancient Farm at Chalton, Hampshire. He left the show before the completion of the project because of a number of issues with the build.He has also taken part in a number of other television programmes including a live archaeology programme from Egypt in 2004 and a live programme from Pompeii in 2006 for Channel 5; a 2006 series on genealogy called My Famous Family, which he co-presented with Bill Oddie for UKTV History; and occasional appearances on Richard & Judy. Works
de la Bédoyère has published books on a diverse range of subjects. These include:
a number of publications on Roman history for English Heritage;
a book on the archaeology of aviation of the Second World War (for which he took a private pilot's licence at Biggin Hill);
an edition of the correspondence between the diarists Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn;
an edition of Samuel Pepys's other letters;
The Home Front,
The History of Computers,
The

masks:
de la
Guy de
la Bédoy
de la


texts:
 First Polio Vaccine, World Almanac Library, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2006, . The Discovery of Penicillin in a series of educational science history books

He occasionally contributes to magazines, usually those concerned with history, archaeology or heritage. More recently, he has written for the Daily Telegraph, primarily concerning himself with the COVID-19 pandemic. Selected works:
 Particular Friends: The Correspondence of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, Boydell (2nd edition 2005). . The Diary of John Evelyn, Boydell, Woodbridge, 1995.The Letters of Samuel Pepys, Boydell, Woodbridge, 2006. . The Finds of Roman Britain, Batsford, London 1988. . The Buildings of Roman Britain, Batsford, London 1991, now reprinted by Tempus, Stroud, 2001 as a revised second edition. .
 A Companion to Roman Britain, Tempus, Stroud, 1999. .
 Eagles over Britannia: The Roman Army in Britain, Tempus, Stroud, 2001. .
 Roman Towns in Britain, Tempus, 2003. . Architecture in Roman Britain, Shire Archaeology no. 66, 2002. .
 Roman Britain: A New History, Thames & Hudson, 2006. .
 Cities of Roman Italy, Bristol Classical Press, 2010. .
 Real Lives of Roman Britain, Yale University Press, 2015. .
 Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard, Yale University Press, 2017. .
 Domina: The Women who Made Imperial Rome, Yale University Press, 2018. .
 Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army, Little, Brown Book Group, 2020. .

See also
<mask> <mask>édoyère
Anthony Wilson Thorold
List of Durham University people

References

Sources
<mask> <mask>ère's Youtube Channel Classical Civilization
Time Team biography
Debrett's People of Today
Duckworth Academic and Bristol Classical Press author page
Thames & Hudson author page

British historians
Alumni of Collingwood College, Durham
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
Living people
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
1957 births
Archaeologists appearing on Time Team
Historians of Roman

masks:
Michael de
la B
Guy de
la By


texts:
<mask><mask> (born 24 April 1956) is a German professor of American studies. He has been president of the University of Regensburg since 1 April 2013. He was selected as one of the ten best university rectors in Germany by the . Life
<mask> studied American studies, English studies, German studies, and pedagogy at the University of Mainz and, as a Fulbright scholar, in the US state of Mississippi. After passing the first and second Staatsexamen as a teacher, he was awarded a scholarship from the  and was awarded his doctorate summa cum laude from the University of Mainz in 1988. From 1986 to 1995 he was an academic at the University of Mainz and gained his habilitation for the subject of American studies in 1995. He spent several years of study and research in the United States: at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, at Harvard University, at the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester and as a visiting professor at a number of institutions, including Colorado College in Colorado Springs.In 1995 <mask> was appointed professor of American literature and cultural history at the University of Potsdam; from 1996 to 1998 he was professor of North American literature at the University of Freiburg. Since 1998 <mask> <mask> has held the chair of American studies at the University of Regensburg. At the University of Regensburg, <mask> was dean and dean of research at the Faculty of Language, Literature, and Cultural Studies and from 2006 to 2008 prorector of study and research. Since 2007 he has been the head of the  programme (parallel university education for gifted secondary students) at the University of Regensburg. On 20 July 2012 he was elected the tenth president of the University of Regensburg. His term of office began on 1 April 2013 and has been extended until 31 March 2023 by the University Council in October 2016.

masks:
Udo J
. Hebel
Udo Hebel
Hebel
Udo
Hebel
Hebel


texts:
 Research

Main research interests
His main research interests have been:
 American cultures of memory
 American visual culture (especially painting/photography)
 Transnational American studies
 Literatures and cultures of the American colonial period (especially Puritan New England)
 German–American cultural relations
 American drama and theatre / American cultural performances

Publications
The list of publications by <mask> <mask> comprised 13 books, several journal issues edited by him, and more than 60 papers from the interdisciplinary field of American studies.Monographs and books
 <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Transnational American Studies". American Studies Monograph Series 222. Heidelberg: Winter, 2012. <mask> <mask>, Christoph Wagner (ed. ): "Pictorial Cultures and Political Iconographies: Approaches, Perspectives, Case Studies From Europe and America". Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2011.<mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Transnational American Memories. Media and Cultural Memory 11". Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2009. <mask> <mask>: "Einführung in die Amerikanistik / American Studies" [Introduction to American Studies]. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2008. <mask> <mask>: "Twentieth-Century American One-Act Plays: Historical Survey, Genre Conventions, Major Representatives, Suggestions for Teaching".Akademie-Vorträge  29. Dillingen: ALP, 2006. <mask> <mask>, Martina Kohl (ed. ): "Visual Culture in the American Studies Classroom: Proceedings of the U.S. Embassy Teacher Academy". Vienna: RPO, 2005. <mask> <mask>: "Forefathers' Day Orations, 1769–1865: An Introduction and Checklist". Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 2003.<mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Sites of Memory in American Literatures and Cultures". American Studies Monograph Series 101. Heidelberg: Winter, 2003. <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "The Construction and Contestation of American Cultures

masks: Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel


texts:
 and Identities in the Early National Period". American Studies Monograph Series 78.Heidelberg: Winter, 1999. <mask> <mask>: "Those Images of jealousie": Identitäten und Alteritäten im puritanischen Neuengland des 17. Jahrhunderts"  ["Those Images of jealousie": Identities and Alterities in Puritan New England of the 17th century]. Mainzer Studien zur Amerikanistik 38. Frankfurt: Lang, 1997. <mask> <mask>, Karl Ortseifen (ed. ): "Transatlantic Encounters: Studies in European-American Relations Presented to Winfried Herget".Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1995. <mask> <mask>: "Intertextuality, Allusion, and Quotation: An International Bibliography of Critical Studies. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature 18". New York: Greenwood, 1989. <mask> <mask>: "Romaninterpretation als Textarchäologie: Untersuchungen zur Intertextualität am Beispiel von F. Scott Fitzgeralds This Side of Paradise" [Interpretation of novels as textual archeology: Studies on intertextuality based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise]. Mainzer Studien zur Amerikanistik 23. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1989.Journal issues
 <mask> <mask> (ed. ): Amerikastudien/American Studies 48 (2003) – 56.1 (2011)
 <mask> <mask>, Wolfgang Hallet (ed. ): "Short Plays: Staging Women's Lives." Double Issue  Der fremdsprachliche Unterricht [Foreign language teaching] 41.85/86 (2007). <mask> <mask> (ed. ): "Amerikastudien/American Studies at 50". Double Issue  Amerikastudien/American Studies 50.1/2 (2005).German Research Foundation project
From July 2010 to August 2013 <mask> <mask> was project leader of the German Research Foundation project "Festreden zur Erinnerung an die koloniale Gründung Neuenglands als Ursprung der USA aus der Zeit 1770 bis 1865" (Speeches commemorating the colonial settlement of New England as the origin of the USA from the period of 1770

masks: Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel Udo Hebel


texts: Dyfnwal ab Owain (died 975) was a tenth-century King of Strathclyde. He was a son of <mask> ap Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde, and seems to have been a member of the royal dynasty of Strathclyde. At some point in the ninth- or tenth century, the Kingdom of Strathclyde expanded substantially southwards. As a result of this extension far beyond the valley of the River Clyde, the realm became known as the Kingdom of Cumbria. By 927, the kingdom seems to have reached as far south as the River Eamont. Dyfnwal appears to have reigned between the 930s and the 970s. He is first attested in the 940s, when he is recorded associated with the ecclesiast Cathróe on the latter's journey to Continental Europe.At the midpoint of the decade, the Cumbrian kingdom was ravaged by the forces of Edmund, King of the English. Two of Dyfnwal's sons are said to have been blinded by the English, which could indicate that Dyfnwal had broken a pledge to his southern counterpart. One possibility is that he had harboured insular Scandinavian opponents of Edmund. The latter is recorded to have handed over control of the Cumbrian realm to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, King of Alba. How much authority the Scots enjoyed over the Cumbrian realm is uncertain. In 971, the reigning Cuilén mac Illuilb, King of Alba was slain by Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal. At some point after this act, Cuilén's eventual successor, Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, King of Alba, is recorded to have penetrated deep into Cumbrian territory,


texts:
 possibly as a retaliatory act.The following year, the reigning Edgar, King of the English held a remarkable assembly at Chester which numerous northern kings seem to have attended. Both Dyfnwal and his son, Máel Coluim, appear to have attended this assembly. The latter is styled King of the Cumbrians in the context of this meeting, which might indicate that Dyfnwal had previously abdicated the throne. Dyfnwal is recorded to have died in 975 whilst undertaking a pilgrimage to Rome. Quite when he gave up the throne is unknown. One possibility is that Rhydderch had succeeded him before the killing of Cuilén. Another possibility is that the apparent retaliatory raid by Cináed marked the end of Dyfnwal's kingship.It is also possible that he held on to power until 973 or 975. In any event, Máel Coluim appears to have been succeeded by another son of Dyfnwal named <mask>, who is recorded to have died in 1015. The later <mask> Foel, King of Strathclyde, who is attested in 1018, may well be a grandson of Dyfnwal. Dyfnwal is likely the eponym of Dunmail Raise in England, and possibly Cardonald and Dundonald/Dundonald Castle in Scotland. Background: the tenth century Cumbrian realm

For hundreds of years until the late ninth century, the power centre of the Kingdom of Al Clud was the fortress of Al Clud ("Rock of the Clyde"). In 870, this British stronghold was seized by Irish-based Scandinavians, after which the centre of the realm seems to have relocated further up the

masks: Owain Owain


texts: River Clyde, and the kingdom itself began to bear the name of the valley of the River Clyde, Ystrad Clud (Strathclyde). The kingdom's new capital may have been situated in the vicinity of Partick.and Govan which straddle the River Clyde, The realm's new hinterland appears to have encompassed the valley and the region of modern Renfrewshire, which may explain this change in terminology. At some point after the loss of Al Clud, the Kingdom of Strathclyde appears to have undergone a period of expansion. Although the precise chronology is uncertain, by 927 the southern frontier appears to have reached the River Eamont, close to Penrith. The catalyst for this southern extension may have been the dramatic decline of the Kingdom of Northumbria at the hands of conquering Scandinavians, and the expansion may have been facilitated by cooperation between the Britons and the insular Scandinavians in the late ninth- or early tenth century. Over time, the Kingdom of Strathclyde increasingly came to be known as the Kingdom of Cumbria reflecting its expansion far beyond the Clyde valley. Dyfnwal was a son of <mask> Dyfnwal, King of Strathclyde. The names of the latter and of his apparent descendants suggest that they were indeed members of the royal kindred of Strathclyde.Sons of Dyfnwal seem to include Rhydderch, Máel Coluim, and Owain. The name of Dyfnwal's son Máel Coluim is Gaelic, and may be evidence of a marriage alliance between his family and the neighbouring royal


texts:
 Alpínid dynasty of the Scottish Kingdom of Alba. Dyfnwal's father is attested in 934. Although Dyfnwal's father may well be identical to the Cumbrian monarch recorded to have fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937, the sources that note this king fail to identify him by name. Dyfnwal's own reign, therefore, may have stretched from about the 930s to the 970s. Cathróe amongst the Cumbrians

Dyfnwal is attested by the tenth-century Life of St Cathróe, which appears to indicate that he was established as king by at least the 940s. According to this source, when Cathróe left the realm of Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba at about this time, he was granted safe passage through the lands of the Cumbrians by Dyfnwal because the two men were related.Dyfnwal thereupon had Cathróe escorted through his kingdom to the frontier of the Scandinavian-controlled Northumbrian territory. The Life of St Cathróe locates this southern frontier to the  of . One possibility is that this refers to Leeds. If correct, this could indicate that the Cumbrian realm stretched towards this settlement, and would further evince the general southward expansion of the kingdom. Another possibility is that  refers to Leath Ward in Cumberland, or to a settlement in the Lowther valley, not terribly far from where the River Eamont flows. The Life of St Cathróe identifies Cathróe's parents as Fochereach and Bania. Whilst the former's name is Gaelic, the latter's name could be either Gaelic or British,


texts:
 and Cathróe's own name could be either Pictish or British.The fact that Cathróe is stated to have been related to Dyfnwal could indicate that the former's ancestors included a Briton who possessed a genealogical connection with the royal Cumbrian dynasty, or that Dyfnwal possessed Scottish ancestry, or else that the families of Cathróe and Dyfnwal were merely connected by way of a marriage. Cathróe is also said by the source to have been related to the wife of a certain King of York named Erich. Although the latter may be identical to Eiríkr Haraldsson—a man who is generally thought to be identical to the Norwegian dynast Eiríkr blóðøx—this man is not otherwise attested by insular sources until 947, and Northumbria itself appears to have been ruled by the Uí Ímair dynasts Amlaíb mac Gofraid and Amlaíb Cúarán during the time of Cathróe's journey. Whilst it is possible that Erich actually refers to <mask> mac Gofraid, if he instead refers to Eiríkr Haraldsson, it could be evidence that the latter had been based in the Solway region whilst the Uí Ímair held power in Northumbria, or that the latter indeed held power in Northumbria as early as about 946. English aggression and Scottish overlordship

In 945, the "A" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, and the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Brut y Tywysogyon reveal that the Cumbrian realm was wasted by the English. The ninth- to twelfth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle offers more


texts: information, and relates that Edmund I, King of the English harried across the land of the Cumbrians, and  the region to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, King of Alba. Similarly, the twelfth-century Historia Anglorum records that the English ravaged the realm, and that Edmund commended the lands to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill who had agreed to assist him by land and sea.According to the version of events preserved by the thirteenth-century Wendover and Paris versions of Flores historiarum, Edmund was assisted in the campaign by Hywel Dda, King of Dyfed, and had two of Dyfnwal's sons blinded. If the latter claim is to be believed, it could reveal that the two princes had been English hostages before hostilities broke out, or perhaps prisoners captured in the midst of the campaign. The gruesome fate inflicted upon these sons could reveal that their father was regarded to have broken certain pledges rendered to the English. One possibility is that Dyfnwal was punished for harbouring insular Scandinavian potentates such as Amlaíb Cúarán. The latter is certainly recorded to have been driven from Northumbria by the English the year before. He could well have taken refuge amongst the Cumbrians, or may have been attempting to construct a power base in the Cumbrian periphery. The close working relationship between Edmund and Máel Coluim mac Domnaill suggests that Amlaíb Cúarán was unlikely to have been harboured by the Scots during this period.Edmund's strike upon Dyfnwal's


texts: realm, therefore, seems to have been undertaken as a means to break a Cumbrian-Scandinavian alliance, and to limit the threat of an insular Scandinavian counter offensive from the Forth-Clyde region. The southward expansion of the Cumbrian realm—an extension possibly enabled by the insular Scandinavian power—may have also factored into the invasion, with the English clawing back lost territories. Whatever lay behind the campaign, it is possible that it was utilised by the English Cerdicing dynasty as a way to overawe and intimidate neighbouring potentates. Although the Wendover version of Flores historiarum alleges that Máel Coluim mac Domnaill was given Cumbrian territory to hold as a fief from the English, the terminology employed by the more reliable Anglo-Saxon Chronicle seems to suggest that Edmund merely surrendered or granted the region to him, or that he merely recognised certain rights of the Scots in the region (such as the right to tribute). Edmund, therefore, may have allowed his Scottish counterpart to collect tribute from the Cumbrians in return for keeping them in check and for lending Edmund military assistance. It is possible that the territory in question corresponds to the region around Carlisle—roughly modern-day Cumberland—which in turn could reveal that the Scots were already in possession of the kingdom's more northerly lands. It is conceivable that the Scots were allowed authority over Cumbrian territory because it was too far to be


texts: overseen effectively by the English themselves.As such, it may have been recognised that the Cumbrian territories were situated within the Alpínid sphere of influence rather than that of the Cerdicings. In any event, it is uncertain what authority Máel Coluim mac Domnaill enjoyed over the Cumbrians. Although it is possible that there was a temporary Scottish takeover of the realm, Dyfnwal lived on for decades, and there were certainly later kings. In fact, the Wendover version of the Flores historiarum reveals that the Cumbrians were ruled by a king the year after Edmund's invasion. The concord between the English and the Scots could have been precipitated by the former as a way of further securing their northern frontier from the threat of insular Scandinavians. Similarly, the English campaign against the Cumbrians may have been undertaken in order to isolate the Scots from an alliance with the Scandinavians. In this way, Edmund's conquest and grant of Cumbrian territories to his Scottish counterpart may have been a way of winning the latter's obeisance.Edmund was assassinated in 946, and succeeded by his brother Eadred, a monarch who soon after made a show of force against opposition in Northumbria, and received a renewal of oaths from his Scottish counterpart. In about 949/950, Máel Coluim mac Domnaill is recorded to have raided into Northumbria, perhaps against the retrenched forces of Eadred's Scandinavian opponents. Whilst it is possible that this event


texts: was undertaken in the context of compensation for the English campaigning against the Cumbrians in 946, an alternate possibility is that this Scottish invasion was instead an opportunistic attempt to extract tribute from the Northumbrian ruler Osulf (fl. 946–950), rather than the York-based Scandinavians. In 952, the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters and the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster appear to report an attack upon the Scandinavians of Northumbria by an alliance of English, Scots, and Cumbrians. If these two annal-entries indeed refer to Cumbrians rather than Welshmen, it would appear to indicate that the former—presumably led by Dyfnwal himself—were supporting the cause of the English with the Scots. One possibility is that the annal-entries record the clash of this coalition against the forces of Eiríkr, a man who was finally overwhelmed and slain two years later.There is also reason to suspect that a man other than Dyfnwal ruled as king in the wake of Edmund's 945 campaign. For instance, a certain Cadmon is recorded to have witnessed two royal charters of Edmund's successor, Eadred—one in 946 and another in 949—which could be evidence that Cadmon was then the ruling Cumbrian monarch. There may be evidence indicating that, from about the time of the campaign until at least 958, the English regarded the land of the Cumbrians as part of the English realm. For instance, a charter apparently issued upon Eadred's coronation—the


texts:
 first of the two witnessed by Cadmon—accords Eadred the title "king of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, pagans, and Britons", whilst a 958 charter of Eadred's royal successor Edgar accords the latter kingship over "the Mercians, Northumbrians and Britons". The fact that the acta of Edmund, Eadred, and Edgar fail to record the presence of Dyfnwal could be evidence of English rule over the Cumbrians, who may have been in turn administered by English-aligned agents. Cumbrian and Scottish contention

Máel Coluim mac Domnaill was slain in 954, and succeeded by Illulb mac Custantín. At some point during the latter's reign, the Scots permanently acquired Edinburgh from the English, as partly evidenced by the ninth- to twelfth-century Chronicle of the Kings of Alba.Confirmation of this conquest seems to be preserved by the twelfth-century Historia regum Anglorum, a source which states that, during the reign of Edgar, King of the English, the Northumbrian frontier extended as far as the , a waterway which seems to refer to the River Tyne in Lothian. The acquisition of Edinburgh, and extension into Lothian itself, may well have taken place during the reign of the embattled and unpopular Eadwig, King of the English. Illulb's attack may be evidenced by passages preserved by the twelfth-century Prophecy of Berchán which not only note "woe" inflicted upon the Britons and English, but also the conquest of foreign territories by way of Scottish military might. The notice of


texts:
 Britons in this text could be evidence that Illulb campaigned against Cumbrian-controlled territories. Such conflict may have meant that the apparent Cumbrian extension southwards was mirrored by movement eastwards. One possibility is that the Scots seized Edinburgh not from the English but from Cumbrians who had temporarily taken possession of it. Certainly, the fortress of Edinburgh had anciently been a British stronghold.Rhydderch, son of Dyfnwal

After Illulb's death in 962, the Scottish kingship appears to have been taken up by Dub mac Maíl Choluim, a man who was in turn replaced by Illulb's son, Cuilén. The latter's death at the hands of Britons in 971 is recorded by several sources. Some of these sources place his death in locations that could refer to either Abington in South Lanarkshire, Lothian, or the Lennox. There is reason to suspect that Cuilén's killer was a son of Dyfnwal himself. The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that the killer was a certain Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal, a man who slew Cuilén for the sake of his own daughter. The thirteenth-century Verse Chronicle, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Melrose, and the fourteenth-century Chronica gentis Scotorum likewise identify Cuilén's killer as Rhydderch, the father of an abducted daughter raped by the Scottish king. Although there is no specific evidence that Rhydderch was himself a king, the fact that Cuilén was involved with his daughter, coupled with the fact that his


texts: warband was evidently strong enough to overcome that of Cuilén, suggests that Rhydderch must have been a man of eminent standing.According to the Prophecy of Berchán, Cuilén met his end whilst "seeking a foreign land", which could indicate that he was attempting to lift taxes from the Cumbrians. Another way in which Cuilén may have met his end concerns the record of his father's seizure of Edinburgh. The fact that this conquest would have likely included at least part of Lothian, coupled with the evidence placing Cuilén's demise in the same area, could indicate that Cuilén was slain in the midst of exercising overlordship of this contested territory. If so, the records that link Rhydderch with the regicide could reveal that this wronged father exploited Cuilén's vulnerable position in the region, and that Rhydderch seized the chance to avenge his daughter. Cuilén seems to have been succeeded by his kinsman Cináed mac Maíl Choluim. One of the latter's first acts as King of Alba was evidently an invasion of the kingdom of the Cumbrians. This campaign could well have been a retaliatory response to Cuilén's killing, carried out in the context of crushing a British affront to Scottish authority.In any event, Cináed's invasion ended in defeat, a fact which coupled with Cuilén's killing reveals that the Cumbrian realm was indeed a power to be reckoned with. Whilst it is conceivable that Rhydderch could have succeeded Dyfnwal by the time of Cuilén's fall, another


texts:
 possibility is that Dyfnwal was still the king, and that Cináed's strike into Cumbrian territory was the last conflict of Dyfnwal's reign. In fact, it could have been at about this point when Máel Coluim took up the kingship. According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, Cináed constructed some sort of fortification on the River Forth, perhaps the strategically located Fords of Frew near Stirling. One possibility is that this engineering project was undertaken in the context of limiting Cumbrian incursions. Amongst an assembly of kings

There is evidence to suggest that Dyfnwal was amongst the assembled kings who are recorded to have met with Edgar at Chester in 973. According to the "D", "E", and "F" versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, after having been consecrated king that year, this English monarch assembled a massive naval force and met with six kings at Chester.By the tenth century, the number of kings who met with him was alleged to have been eight, as evidenced by the tenth-century Life of St Swithun. By the twelfth century, the eight kings began to be named and were alleged to have rowed Edgar down the River Dee, as evidenced by sources such as the twelfth-century texts Chronicon ex chronicis, Gesta regum Anglorum, and De primo Saxonum adventu, as well as the thirteenth-century Chronica majora, and both the Wendover and Paris versions of Flores historiarum. One of the names in all these sources—specifically identified as a Welsh king by Gesta


texts: regum Anglorum, Chronica majora, and both versions of Flores historiarum—appears to refer to Dyfnwal. Another named figure, styled King of the Cumbrians, seems to be identical to his son, Máel Coluim. Whilst the symbolic tale of the men rowing Edgar down the river may be an unhistorical embellishment, most of the names accorded to the eight kings can be associated with contemporary rulers, suggesting that some of these men may have taken part in a concord with him. Although the latter accounts allege that the kings submitted to Edgar, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle merely states that they came to an agreement of cooperation with him, and thus became his  ("co-workers", "even-workers", "fellow-workers"). One possibility is that the assembly somehow relates to Edmund's attested incursion into Cumbria in 945.According to the same source, when Edmund  Cumbria to Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, he had done so on the condition that the latter would be his  ("co-worker", "even-worker", "fellow-worker", "together-wright"). Less reliable non-contemporary sources such as De primo Saxonum adventu, both the Wendover and Paris versions of Flores historiarum, and Chronica majora allege that Edgar granted Lothian to Cináed in 975. If this supposed grant formed a part of the episode at Chester, it along with the concord of 945 could indicate that the assembly of 975 was not a submission as such, but more of a conference concerning mutual cooperation along the English borderlands. The


texts: location of the assembly of 973 at Chester would have been a logical neutral site for all parties. One of the other named kings was Cináed. Considering the fact that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle numbers the kings at six, if Cináed was indeed present, it is unlikely that his rival, Cuilén's brother Amlaíb mac Illuilb, was also in attendance. Although the chronology concerning the reigns of Cináed and Amlaíb mac Illuilb is uncertain—with Amlaíb mac Illuilb perhaps reigning from 971/976–977 and Cináed from 971/977–995—the part played by the King of Alba at the assembly could well have concerned the frontier of his realm.One of the other named kings seems to have been Maccus mac Arailt, whilst another could have been this man's brother, Gofraid. These two Islesmen may have been regarded a threats by the Scots and Cumbrians. Maccus and Gofraid are recorded to have devastated Anglesey at the beginning of the decade, which could indicate that Edgar's assembly was undertaken as a means to counter the menace posed by these energetic insular Scandinavians. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that, as a consequence of the assembly at Chester, the brothers may have turned their attention from the British mainland westwards towards Ireland. Another aspect of the assembly may have concerned the remarkable rising power of Amlaíb Cúarán in Ireland. Edgar may have wished to not only rein in men such as Maccus and Gofraid, but prevent them—and the Scots and Cumbrians—from


texts:
 affiliating themselves with Amlaíb Cúarán, and recognising the latter's authority in the Irish Sea region. Another factor concerning Edgar, and his Scottish and Cumbrian counterparts, may have been the stability of the northern English frontier.For example, a certain Thored Gunnerson is recorded to have ravaged Westmorland in 966, an action that may have been undertaken by the English in the context of a response to Cumbrian southward expansion. Although the Scottish invasion of Cumbrian and English territory unleashed after Cináed's inauguration could have been intended to tackle Cumbrian opposition, another possibility is that the campaign may have been executed as a way to counter any occupation of Cumbrian territories by Thored. Death and descendants

Both Dyfnwal and his English counterpart died in 975. According to various Irish annals, which style Dyfnwal King of the Britons, he met his end whilst undertaking a pilgrimage. These sources are corroborated by Welsh texts such as the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Brenhinedd y Saesson, and Brut y Tywysogyon, with the latter stating that Dyfnwal died in Rome having received the tonsure. Such religious retirement late in the life of a ruler was not uncommon amongst contemporaries. For example, Custantín evidently became a monk upon his own abdication, whilst Amlaíb Cúarán retired to the holy island of Iona in pilgrimage.One possibility is that Dyfnwal decided to undertake his religious journey—or was


texts: perhaps forced to undertake it—as a result of the violent actions of Rhydderch. It is conceivable that Dyfnwal was still reigning in 973, and that it was Edgar's death two years later that precipitated the transfer of the kingship to Dyfnwal's son Máel Coluim, and contributed to Dyfnwal's pilgrimage to Rome. In fact, the upheaval caused by the absence of the English and Cumbrian kings could well have contributed to Cináed's final elimination of Amlaíb mac Illuilb in 997. Another possibility is that Máel Coluim's part in the 973 assembly may have partly concerned his father's impending pilgrimage, and that he sought surety for Dyfnwal's safe passage through Edgar's realm. The fact that Máel Coluim is identified as one of the assembled kings could indicate that Dyfnwal had relinquished control to him at some point before the convention. Evidence that he had indeed assumed the kingship may exist in the record of a certain Malcolm dux who witnessed an English royal charter in 970. Although the authenticity of this document is questionable, the attested Malcolm could well be identical to Máel Coluim himself.If Máel Coluim was indeed king in 973, Dyfnwal's role at the assembly may have been that of an 'elder statesman' of sorts—possibly serving as an adviser or mentor—especially considering his decades of experience in international affairs. The fact that he left his realm for Rome could be evidence that he did not regard his realm or dynasty to be threatened during


texts: his absence. Surviving sources fail to note the Cumbrian kingdom between the obituaries of Dyfnwal in 975 and his son, Máel Coluim, in 997. There is reason to suspect that Dyfnwal had another son, <mask>, who reigned after Máel Coluim. For instance, according to the "B" version of Annales Cambriæ, a certain <mask>—identified as the son of a man named Dyfnwal—was slain in 1015. This obituary is corroborated by Brut y Tywysogyon, and Brenhinedd y Saesson. Although it may be possible that the record of this man's death refers to <mask> Foel, King of Strathclyde, there is no reason to disregard the obituaries as erroneous.If the like-named men are indeed different people, they could well have been closely related. Whilst the former may have been a son of Dyfnwal himself, the latter could well have been a son of Dyfnwal's son, Máel Coluim. The Owain who died in 1015, therefore, would seem to have assumed the Cumbrian kingship after Máel Coluim's death in 997, and would appear to have reigned into the early eleventh century before <mask> Foel's assumption of the throne. Dyfnwal may be the man immortalised in the name of a mountain pass in the Lake District known as Dunmail Raise (meaning "Dyfnwal's Cairn"). According to popular legend, a local king named Dunmail was slain by Saxons on the pass and buried beneath a cairn. Forms of this tradition may date to about the sixteenth century, as the place name is first marked on a map dating to 1576. By the end of the

masks: Owain Owain Owain Owain


texts:
 seventeenth century, it was claimed that the place name marked the site of "a great heap of Stones call'd Dunmail-Raise-Stones, suppos'd to have been cast up by Dunmail K. of Cumberland for the Bounds of his Kingdom".Forms of the tale began to appear in print in the following century. In time, the ever-evolving legend became associated with the events of 945. The cairn itself lies between the dual carriageways of the A591 road. It seems to have marked an old boundary between Westmorland and Cumberland, and might have also marked the southern territorial extent of the Cumbrian kingdom. Nevertheless, the site's alleged importance in the early mediaeval period cannot be proven. Other place names that may be named after Dyfnwal include Cardonald (), and Dundonald/Dundonald Castle (). Notes

Citations

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Monarchs of Strathclyde
10th-century Scottish monarchs
975


texts:
Shane Lee Lindstrom (born February 11, 1994), known professionally as <mask>, is a Canadian record producer, DJ, and songwriter. He has produced hit singles like "Butterfly Effect" by American rapper Travis Scott, "Back on Road" by American rapper Gucci Mane, "Nice for What" by Canadian rapper Drake, "Motorsport" by American rap trio Migos, and "Fefe" by American rappers 6ix9ine and Nicki Minaj. In 2019, he released a single "Shopping Spree" featuring Lil Pump and Sheck Wes. Early life and career
Lindstrom was raised in Fort Erie, Ontario, near Buffalo in a musical household and played drums as a child. He began producing beats at age 17 when he was still in high school using FL Studio after leaving his drumset at friend Pluto Hann's house. He chose his stage name "Murda Beatz" to promote his music on Youtube. When he turned 18, he moved to Chicago, and later worked with Chief Keef and Lil Durk.Lindstrom stated that he met most of his early artists through social media and mutual friends. Eventually, he connected with Atlanta rap group Migos and moved in with them to start producing their music. <mask> <mask> is notable for being a lead or featured artist on some tracks he produces, similarly to DJ Khaled, Mustard, or Mike Will Made It. He made the decision to transition to a "producer-artist," as Billboard describes it, in order to have more control and release music on his own timeline, instead of being dependent on the artists in the song. He released his first mixtape, Keep God

masks:
Murda Beatz
Murda
Beatz


texts:
 First, in December 2016. He opened for G-Eazy's tour in the summer of 2018. His first single as a lead artist, "Shopping Spree," was released in 2019 with Lil Pump and Sheck Wes.He released his second single called "Banana Split," which features YNW Melly and Lil Durk, in March 2020. He plans to release his debut album by the end of 2020. In March, he confirmed the title to be Murda She Wrote with an initial release date of June 2020. In 2019, Beatz created his own record imprint called Murda Beatz Recordings and signed artist Adam Halliday. In 2021, Beatz was honored in the Forbes 30 Under 30 listing under the music category. Discography

Mixtapes

Production discography

Singles produced

Other charted songs

Production credits

2014

Migos - No Label 2
 02. "Copy Me"
 06."Antidote"
 17. "Body Parts" (featuring Machine Gun Kelly)
 19. "Emmitt Smith"

Lil Durk - Signed to the Streets 2
 02. "Ten Four"
 13. "Gas & Mud"

Migos - Rich Nigga Timeline
 03. "Can't Believe It"
 11. "Story I Tell"

2015

Migos - Yung Rich Nation
 04."Spray the Champagne"
 08. "Just for Tonight" (featuring Chris Brown)
 09. "Pipe it Up"
 11. "Playa Playa"
 12. "Cocaina" (featuring Young Thug)

Migos - Back to the Bando
 05. "Rich Nigga Trappin"

Freddie Gibbs - Shadow of a Doubt
 07. "Mexico" (featuring Tory Lanez)

Jeremih - Late Nights
 09."I Did" (featuring Feather)

2016

Migos - YRN 2
 11. "Hoe On A Mission"
 13. "Hate It Or Love It"

Drake - Views
 08. "With You" (featuring PartyNextDoor)


texts:
 (background vocals from Jeremih)

Roy Woods - Waking at Dawn
 06. "Switch"
 08. "Why"

Travis Scott - Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight
 07. "Sweet Sweet"
 08."Outside" (featuring 21 Savage)

24hrs - 12:AM
 01. "Gucci Flame / 12:AM in the 6
 02. "Twenty Revenge" (featuring Yo Gotti)
 03. "Monster Truck"
 04. "Jungle Gym"

Kid Ink - RSS2
 02. "Before the Checks" (featuring Casey Veggies)
 07. "Die in It"

PartyNextDoor and Jeremih
 01."Like Dat" (featuring Lil Wayne)

Quavo
 00. "Cuffed Up" (featuring PartyNextDoor)
 00. "My Pockets"

PartyNextDoor
 00. "Buzzin" (featuring Lil Yachty)
 00. "Can't Let The Summer Pass"

Rick Ross
 00. "No U-Turns"

Meek Mill - DC4
 09. "Offended"

O.T.Genasis - Coke N Butter
 04. "Feelings"

Murda Beatz - Keep God First
 01. "Intro"
 02. "M&Ms" (featuring Offset and Blac Youngsta)
 03. "Scorin'" (featuring Playboi Carti and Offset)
 04. "More" (featuring PartyNextDoor and Quavo)
 05. "Yacht Master" (featuring Swae Lee and 2 Chainz)
 06."Novacane"
 07. "She The Truth" (featuring Jeremih and Quavo)
 08. "Drop Out" (featuring Jimmy Prime)
 09. "Growth" (featuring Offset)
 10. "Cappin' N Shit" (featuring Skooly and 2 Chainz)
 11. "Brown Money" (featuring Jay Whiss)
 12. "9 Times Out of 10" (featuring Ty Dolla Sign)
 13."Pop Off" (featuring Offset)
 14. "Hunnids" (featuring Smoke Dawg)
 15. "I Just" (featuring Quavo)
 16. "Roller Coasters" (featuring 24hrs)

Young Thug
 00. "I Might" (featuring 21 Savage)

Gucci Mane - The Return of East


texts:
 Atlanta Santa
 08. "Yet"

2017

PnB Rock - GTTM: Goin Thru the Motions
 14. "Stand Back" (featuring A Boogie wit da Hoodie)

Migos - Culture
 05."Get Right Witcha"

Wifisfuneral - When Hell Falls
 05. "Hunnits, Fifties" (featuring Yung Bans)

Various Artists – The Fate of the Furious: The Album
 02. "Go Off" (performed by Lil Uzi Vert, Quavo and Travis Scott)

Drake – More Life
 02. "No Long Talk" (featuring Giggs)
 11. "Portland" (featuring Travis Scott and Quavo)

Kid Ink – 7 Series
 01. "Supersoaka"

Meek Mill - Meekend Music
 02. "Backboard" (featuring Young Thug)

Juicy J - Gas Face
 09."Leanin" (featuring Chris Brown and Quavo)

French Montana - Jungle Rules
 11. "Push Up"

Tyga - BitchImTheShit2
 07. "Bel Air" (featuring Quavo)

Aminé - Good for You
 02. "Yellow" (featuring Nelly)

Bebe Rexha - All Your Fault: Pt. 2
 01. "That's It" (featuring Gucci Mane and 2 Chainz)

Mozzy - "1 Up Top Ahk"
 10. "Outside" (featuring Lil Durk, Dave East and Lex Aura)

Quentin Miller
 00."Unexplained Freestyle"

A Boogie wit da Hoodie - The Bigger Artist
 02. "Undefeated" (featuring 21 Savage)

Gucci Mane - Mr. Davis
 01. "Work in Progress (Intro)"

Yo Gotti - I Still Am
 09. "One on One"  (background vocals from Desiigner)
 11. "Yellow Tape"

Roy Woods - Say Less
 04. "Take Time" (featuring 24hrs)

Juicy J - Rubba Band Business
 07. "Too Many"

G-Eazy - The Beautiful & Damned
 11."Gotdamn"

Travis Scott and Quavo – Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho
 03. "Eye 2 Eye" (featuring


texts:
 Takeoff)
 05. "Huncho Jack"
 06. "Saint" (produced with Illmind)

2018
Prime Boys – Koba World
 03. "Come Wit It"
 04. "Street Dreams"
 05. "Tinted"
 06."So What"
 09. "Hold Me Down"

Migos – Culture II
 11. "Gang Gang"
 15. "Beast"
 17. "Motorsport" (featuring Cardi B and Nicki Minaj)

Nipsey Hussle – Victory Lap
 11. "Grinding All My Life"

Cardi B - Invasion of Privacy
 13. "I Do" (featuring SZA)

Smokepurpp and <mask> Beatz – Bless Yo Trap
 01."123"
 02. "Big Dope"
 03. "Do Not Disturb" (featuring Lil Yachty and Offset)
 04. "Pockets"
 05. "Good Habits"
 06. "Mayo"
 07. "Pray" (featuring ASAP Ferg)
 08."Bumblebee"
 09. "Ways"
 10. "For the Gang"

Nicki Minaj - Queen
 17. "Miami"

6ix9ine – Dummy Boy

 02. "Fefe" featuring Nicki Minaj & Murda Beatz
 05. "Mama" featuring Nicki Minaj and Kanye West

Trippie Redd - Life's a Trip
 05. "Forever Ever" (featuring Young Thug and Reese Laflare)

Kris Wu – Antares
 02."November Rain"

Drake
 Drake - "Nice for What"

2020
Ariana Grande – Positions
 03. "Motive"
Lay Zhang - 玉
Smoke dawg - " Struggle before Glory"

03. "Three of a kind (Ft Jay Critch/ Fredo)"

06. "Snow"

07. "No Discussion Ft Aj tracey"

08. "These Games (Ft jay Whiss/ Safe)"

2021
Ariana Grande – Positions (Deluxe)
 16. "Test Drive"
BamBam – Ribbon
 01."Intro"
 05. "Air'"
Chlöe – TBA
 01. "Have Mercy"
 Recayd Mob - Bonde da Fumaça

Notes

References

1994 births
Living people
Canadian people of Swedish descent
Canadian hip hop record producers
People


texts:
<mask> (20 July 1812 – 21 October 1895), also known as <mask>, was an Anglo/Australian writer, illustrator and possibly one of Australia's earliest photographers. Biography
<mask> was born in Birmingham, England, the daughter of Thomas Twamley and <mask> née <mask>. She was educated mainly by her mother, and in 1835 published a volume, Poems, which was reviewed favourably. This was followed by The Romance of Nature (1836, third edition 1839), mostly in verse. Another volume was published in 1839, subtitled An autumn ramble on the Wye an account of a tour on the River Wye from Chepstow to near its source at Plynlimon. On 18 April 1839, she married her cousin, <mask> at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham. Charles had emigrated to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in 1821 with his father George and family.They had been pioneers of grazing, whaling and other activities around Swansea on Tasmania's East Coast. Charles had become a squatter in the Canberra district of New South Wales. Emigration to Australia
<mask> and her husband sailed for New South Wales in June 1839, and arrived at Sydney on 27 September 1839. After travelling into the interior as far as Bathurst, Mrs <mask> returned to the coast and lived at Homebush for around a year. By the time of his return to New South Wales, severe economic depression caused by excessive land speculation had destroyed the value of Charles' property, and towards the end of 1840 they relocated to Tasmania. An interesting account of her first 11 years in Australia is given in her two books, Notes and Sketches of New South Wales (1844), reprinted at least twice, and My Home in Tasmania (1852), which was soon republished in the United States under the title Nine Years in Australia." For most of her life <mask> lived on properties around Swansea.In 1860 she published Some of My Bush Friends in Tasmania which contained elaborate full-colour plates printed by the new chromolithography process. The illustrations were drawn by herself, and simple descriptions of

masks:
Louisa Anne Meredith
Louisa Anne Twamley
Louisa Anne Twamley
Louisa Ann
Meredith
Charles Meredith
Meredith
Meredith
Louisa Meredith


texts:
 characteristic native flowers were given. In 1861 an account of a visit to Victoria in 1856, Over the Straits, was published, and in 1880 Tasmanian Friends and Foes, Feathered, Furred and Finned. This went into a second edition in 1881. In 1891, <mask> went to London to supervise the publication of Last Series, Bush Friends in Tasmania. Published at the beginning of a severe financial depression in the Australian colonies, this project and the collapse of the bank where most of her savings were held ruined her financially. In her final years <mask> suffered from chronic sciatica and became blind in one eye.She died in Collingwood, Victoria (a suburb of Melbourne) on 21 October 1895, was buried at Melbourne General Cemetery in Carlton North, Victoria and was survived by sons Owen and George. <mask> was the author of two novels, Phoebe's Mother (1869), which had appeared in the Melbourne weekly The Australasian in 1866 under the title of Ebba, and Nellie, or Seeking Goodly Pearls (1882). Many of her books were illustrated by herself. Her volumes on New South Wales, Tasmania, and Victoria in the 1840s and 1850s, will always retain their historical significance. Commentator and activist
<mask> took great interest in politics, her husband Charles being a Member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council for several terms between the mid-1850s until just before his death in 1881. She was an early member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and influenced her husband to legislate for preservation of native wildlife and scenery. <mask> often wrote unsigned articles for the Tasmanian press.This was no new thing for her as in her youth she had written articles in support of the Chartists. When she visited Sydney in 1882, Sir Henry Parkes told her that he had read and appreciated her articles when a youth. After her husband's death she was granted a pension of £100 a year by the Tasmanian government. Photographer
Hall and Mather suggest that <mask>, nine years her senior, may have preceded

masks: Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith Meredith


texts:
 <mask> How as the first woman photographer in Australia. Vivienne Ray-Ellis cites a note in <mask>'s 1861 Over the Straits, that photographs she made documenting her travels in Victoria in the 1850s were copied for the drawings, alongside her freehand sketches, reproduced for engravings that illustrate the book, as was usual in days before photomechanical reproduction. <mask> noted in her 1939 diary a daguerreotype demonstration in Hobart and was certainly interested in the medium. She was a friend of Tasmanian John Watt Beattie in the 1880s and he records her giving him assistance as a photographer, and of her showing him the "many specimens of both her own and the Bishop Nixon's photographic work in those early days of the very black art," and that she had been "instrumental in having the last remnant of the Tasmanian Aboriginals photographed for the purposes of science."However, though these are records of her making them, not one of <mask>'s photographs survives. External links

Photos of <mask> <mask> at The McCullagh Collection. Photos and images of <mask> <mask> at the State Library of Tasmania. Illustrations by <mask> <mask> at the 'Transplanted' exhibition at the State Library of Tasmania. Vivienne Rae-Ellis, "<mask> <mask>: Tigress in Exile," Blubberhead Press, Hobart, 1979
Works by <mask> <mask> at Project Gutenberg Australia

References

English women poets
English memoirists
English travel writers
British women travel writers
English women novelists
19th-century Australian novelists
Australian women poets
Australian memoirists
Australian travel writers
Australian women novelists
Botanical illustrators
Writers who illustrated their own writing
1812 births
1895 deaths
Writers from Tasmania
Australian women memoirists
19th-century English poets
19th-century British painters
19th-century English women writers
19th-century British writers
19th-century Australian painters
19th-century Australian women writers
English women non-fiction writers
Australian women photographers
19th-century

masks:
Louisa Elizabeth
Meredith
Meredith
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith
Louisa Anne
Meredith