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 up by Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians had to be run by Muslim principals. Conversion to Islam was encouraged by entitling converts to inherit the entire share of their parents (or even uncle's) estate if their siblings (or cousins) remain non-Muslim. Iran's non-Muslim population has decreased. For example, the Jewish population in Iran dropped from 80,000 to 30,000. The Zoroastrian population has also decreased, due to suffering from renewed persecution and the revived legal contrasts between a Muslim and Zoroastrian, which mirrors the laws that Zoroastrians experienced under earlier Islamic regimes. The view that Zoroastrians are najis ("unclean") has also been renewed. Four of the 270 seats in parliament were reserved for each three non-Muslim minority religions, under the Islamic constitution that <mask> oversaw.Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Sunni Muslims make up 9% of the entire Muslim population in Iran. One non-Muslim group treated differently were the 300,000 members of the Baháʼí Faith. Starting in late 1979 the new government systematically targeted the leadership of the Baháʼí community by focusing on the Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly (NSA) and Local Spiritual Assemblies (LSAs); prominent members of NSAs and LSAs were often detained and even executed. "Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities." Like most conservative Muslims, Khomeini believed Baháʼí to be apostates. He claimed they were a political rather than a religious movement,
declaring:

Ethnic minorities

After the Shah left Iran in


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 1979, a Kurdish delegation traveled to Qom to present the Kurds' demands to Khomeini.Their demands included language rights and the provision for a degree of political autonomy. <mask> responded that such demands were unacceptable since it involved the division of the Iranian nation. The following months saw numerous clashes between Kurdish militia groups and the Revolutionary Guards. The referendum on the Islamic Republic was massively boycotted in Kurdistan, where it was thought 85 to 90% of voters abstained. Khomeini ordered additional attacks later on in the year, and by September most of Iranian Kurdistan was under direct martial law. Death and funeral

<mask>'s health declined several years prior to his death. After spending eleven days in Jamaran hospital, <mask> Khomeini died on 3 June 1989 after suffering five heart attacks in just ten days, at the age of 89 just before midnight.He was succeeded as Supreme Leader by Ali Khamenei. Large numbers of Iranians took to the streets to publicly mourn his death and in the scorching summer heat, fire trucks sprayed water on the crowds to cool them. At least 10 mourners were trampled to death, more than 400 were badly hurt and several thousand more were treated for injuries sustained in the ensuing pandemonium.In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade by Robin Wright, (1989), p. 204

According to Iran's official estimates, 10.2 million people lined the  route to Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery on 11 June 1989, for the funeral of Ayatollah <mask> <mask>. Western agencies estimated that 2 million paid their respects as the body lay in state. Figures about <mask>'s initial

masks: Khomeini Khomeini Ruhollah Ruhollah Khomeini Khomeini


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 funeral attendance which took place on 4 June range around 2.5–3.5 million people. Early the following day, <mask>'s corpse was flown in by helicopter for burial at the Behesht-e Zahra. Iranian officials postponed <mask>'s first funeral after a huge mob stormed the funeral procession, destroying Khomeini's wooden coffin in order to get a last glimpse of his body or touch of his coffin.In some cases, armed soldiers were compelled to fire warning shots in the air to restrain the crowds. At one point, <mask>'s body fell to the ground, as the crowd ripped off pieces of the death shroud, trying to keep them as if they were holy relics. According to journalist James Buchan:

The second funeral was held under much tighter security five hours later. This time, <mask>'s casket was made of steel, and in accordance with Islamic tradition, the casket was only to carry the body to the burial site. In 1995, his son Ahmad was buried next to him. <mask>'s grave is now housed within a larger mausoleum complex. Succession

Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri, a former student of Khomeini and a major figure of the Revolution, was chosen by <mask> to be his successor as Supreme Leader and approved as such by the Assembly of Experts in November 1985.The principle of velayat-e faqih and the Islamic constitution called for the Supreme Leader to be a marja (a grand ayatollah), and of the dozen or so grand ayatollahs living in 1981 only Montazeri qualified as a potential Leader (this was either because only he accepted totally Khomeini's concept of rule by Islamic jurists,Mackay, Iranians, (1998), p.353 or, as at least one other source

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 stated, because only Montazeri had the "political credentials" Khomeini found suitable for his successor). The execution of Mehdi Hashemi in September 1987 on charges of counterrevolutionary activities was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri, who knew Hashemi since their childhood. In 1989 Montazeri began to call for liberalization, freedom for political parties. Following the execution of thousands of political prisoners by the Islamic government, Montazeri told Khomeini: "Your prisons are far worse than those of the Shah and his SAVAK." After a letter of his complaints was leaked to Europe and broadcast on the BBC, a furious Khomeini ousted him in March 1989 from his position as official successor. His portraits were removed from offices and mosques. To deal with the disqualification of the only suitable marja, Khomeini called for an 'Assembly for Revising the Constitution' to be convened.An amendment was made to Iran's constitution removing the requirement that the Supreme Leader be a Marja and this allowed Ali Khamenei, the new favoured jurist who had suitable revolutionary credentials but lacked scholarly ones and who was not a Grand Ayatollah, to be designated as successor.Mackey, SandraThe Iranians (1996), p. 353 Ayatollah Khamenei was elected Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts on 4 June 1989. Grand Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri continued his criticism of the regime and in 1997 was put under house arrest for questioning what he regarded to be an unaccountable rule exercised by the supreme leader.Leader Khamenei PBS

Anniversary
The anniversary of Khomeini's death is a public holiday. To commemorate Khomeini,


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 people visit his mausoleum placed on Behesht-e Zahra to hear sermons and practice prayers on his death day. Political thought and legacy

According to at least one scholar, politics in the Islamic Republic of Iran "are largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy" and that "staying faithful to his ideology has been the litmus test for all political activity" there. Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini's views on governance evolved. Originally declaring rule by monarchs or others permissible so long as sharia law was followed Khomeini later adamantly opposed monarchy, arguing that only rule by a leading Islamic jurist (a marja')  would ensure Sharia was properly followed (wilayat al-faqih), before finally insisting the ruling jurist need not be a leading one and Sharia rule could be overruled by that jurist if necessary to serve the interests of Islam and the "divine government" of the Islamic state. Khomeini's concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (ولایت فقیه, velayat-e faqih) as Islamic government did not win the support of the leading Iranian Shi'i clergy of the time.Towards the 1979 Revolution, many clerics gradually became disillusioned with the rule of the Shah, although none came around to supporting <mask>'s vision of a theocratic Islamic Republic. The Egyptian Jihadist ideologue Sayyid Qutb was an important source of influence to Khomeini and the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In 1984, the Islamic Republic of Iran under <mask> honoured Qutb's "martyrdom" by issuing an iconic postage stamp showing him behind bars. Qutb's works were translated by Iranian Islamists into Persian and

masks: Khomeini Khomeini


texts: enjoyed remarkable popularity both before and after the revolution. Prominent figures such as current Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and his brother Muhammad Ali Khamenei, Aḥmad Aram, Hadi Khosroshahi, etc. translated Qutb's works into Persian. There is much debate to as whether Khomeini's ideas are or are not compatible with democracy and whether he intended the Islamic Republic to be a democratic republic.According to the state-run Aftab News, both ultraconservative (Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi) and reformist opponents of the regime (Akbar Ganji and Abdolkarim Soroush) believe he did not, while regime officials and supporters like Ali Khamenei, Mohammad Khatami and Mortaza Motahhari believe Khomeini intended the Islamic republic to be democratic and that it is so. <mask> himself also made statements at different times indicating both support and opposition to democracy. One scholar, Shaul Bakhash, explains this disagreement as coming from <mask>'s belief that the huge turnout of Iranians in anti-Shah demonstrations during the revolution constituted a 'referendum' in favor of an Islamic republic. Khomeini also wrote that since Muslims must support a government based on Islamic law, Sharia-based government will always have more popular support in Muslim countries than any government based on elected representatives. <mask> offered himself as a "champion of Islamic revival" and unity, emphasizing issues Muslims agreed upon – the fight against Zionism and imperialism – and downplaying Shia issues that would divide Shia from Sunni. Khomeini strongly opposed close relations with either Eastern or Western Bloc

masks: Khomeini Khomeini Khomeini


texts: nations, believing the Islamic world should be its own bloc, or rather converge into a single unified power. He viewed Western culture as being inherently decadent and a corrupting influence upon the youth.The Islamic Republic banned or discouraged popular Western fashions, music, cinema, and literature. In the Western world it is said "his glowering visage became the virtual face of Islam in Western popular culture" and "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam," making the word 'Ayatollah' "a synonym for a dangerous madman ... in popular parlance." This has particularly been the case in the United States where some Iranians complained that even at universities they felt the need to hide their Iranian identity for fear of physical attack. There <mask> and the Islamic Republic are remembered for the American embassy hostage taking and accused of sponsoring hostage-taking and terrorist attacks,for example the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing see:Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis Magnus Ranstorp, Department of International Relations University of St. Andrews St. Martins Press, New York, 1997, p.54, 117 and which continues to apply economic sanctions against Iran. Before taking power Khomeini expressed support for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. "We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. We would like to be free.We would like independence." However once in power <mask> took a firm line against dissent, warning opponents of theocracy for example: "I repeat for the last time: abstain from holding meetings, from blathering, from publishing


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 protests. Otherwise I will break your teeth." Many of <mask>'s political and religious ideas were considered to be progressive and reformist by leftist intellectuals and activists prior to the Revolution. However, once in power his ideas often clashed with those of modernist or secular Iranian intellectuals. This conflict came to a head during the writing of the Islamic constitution when many newspapers were closed by the government. <mask> angrily told the intellectuals:

Yes, we are reactionaries, and you are enlightened intellectuals: You intellectuals do not want us to go back 1400 years.You, who want freedom, freedom for everything, the freedom of parties, you who want all the freedoms, you intellectuals: freedom that will corrupt our youth, freedom that will pave the way for the oppressor, freedom that will drag our nation to the bottom. In contrast to his alienation from Iranian intellectuals, and "in an utter departure from all other Islamist movements," Khomeini embraced international revolution and Third World solidarity, giving it "precedence over Muslim fraternity." From the time <mask>'s supporters gained control of the media until his death, the Iranian media "devoted extensive coverage to non-Muslim revolutionary movements (from the Sandinistas to the African National Congress and the Irish Republican Army) and downplayed the role of the Islamic movements considered conservative, such as the Afghan mujahidin." <mask>'s legacy to the economy of the Islamic Republic has been expressions of concern for the mustazafin (a Quranic term for the oppressed or deprived), but not always results that aided them.

masks: Khomeini Khomeini Khomeini Khomeini


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 During the 1990s the mustazafin and disabled war veterans rioted on several occasions, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising food prices, etc. Khomeini's disdain for the science of economics ("economics is for donkeys") is said to have been "mirrored" by the populist redistribution policies of former president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who allegedly wears "his contempt for economic orthodoxy as a badge of honour", and has overseen sluggish growth and rising inflation and unemployment. In 1963, Ayatollah <mask> <mask> wrote a book in which he stated that there is no religious restriction on corrective surgery for transgender individuals.At the time <mask> was an anti-Shah revolutionary and his fatwas did not carry any weight with the Imperial government, which did not have any specific policies regarding transsexual individuals. However, after 1979, his fatwa "formed the basis for a national policy" and perhaps in part because of a penal code that "allows for the execution of homosexuals", as of 2005 Iran "permits and partly finances seven times as many gender reassignment operations as the entire European Union". Appearance and habits
Khomeini was described as "slim", but athletic and "heavily boned". He was known for his punctuality:

Khomeini was also known for his aloofness and austere demeanor. He is said to have had "variously inspired admiration, awe, and fear from those around him." His practice of moving "through the halls of the madresehs never smiling at anybody or anything; his practice of ignoring his audience while he taught, contributed to his charisma." Khomeini adhered to traditional

masks: Ruhollah Khomeini Khomeini


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 beliefs of Islamic hygienical jurisprudence holding that things like urine, excrement, blood, wine etc.and also non-Muslims were some of eleven ritualistically "impure" things that physical contact with which while wet required ritual washing or Ghusl before prayer or salat.Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.383 He is reported to have refused to eat or drink in a restaurant unless he knew for sure the waiter was a Muslim. Mystique

According to Baqer Moin, as part of <mask>'s personality cult, he "had been transformed into a semi-divine figure. He was no longer a grand ayatollah and deputy of the Imam, one who represents the Hidden Imam, but simply 'The Imam'." <mask>'s personality cult fills a central position in foreign- and domestically targeted Iranian publications. The methods used to create his personality cult have been compared to those used by such figures as Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong and Fidel Castro. An eight-century Hadith attributed to the Imam Musa al-Kazim that said "A man will come out from Qom and he will summon people to the right path. There will rally to him people resembling pieces of iron, not to be shaken by violent winds, unsparing and relying on God" was repeated in Iran as a tribute to Khomeini.However, in Lebanon, this saying was also attributed to Musa al-Sadr. <mask> was the first and only Iranian cleric to be addressed as "Imam", a title hitherto reserved in Iran for the twelve infallible leaders of the early Shi'a. He was also associated with the Mahdi or 12th Imam of Shia belief in a number of ways. One of his


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 titles was Na'eb-e Imam (Deputy to the Twelfth Imam). His enemies were often attacked as taghut and Mofsed-e-filarz, religious terms used for enemies of the Twelfth Imam. Many of the officials of the overthrown Shah's government executed by Revolutionary Courts were convicted of "fighting against the Twelfth Imam". When a deputy in the majlis asked Khomeini directly if he was the 'promised Mahdi', Khomeini did not answer, "astutely" neither confirming nor denying the title.As the revolution gained momentum, even some non-supporters exhibited awe, called him "magnificently clear-minded, single-minded and unswerving." His image was as "absolute, wise, and indispensable leader of the nation"

The Imam, it was generally believed, had shown by his uncanny sweep to power, that he knew how to act in ways which others could not begin to understand. His timing was extraordinary, and his insight into the motivation of others, those around him as well as his enemies, could not be explained as ordinary knowledge. This emergent belief in Khomeini as a divinely guided figure was carefully fostered by the clerics who supported him and spoke up for him in front of the people. Even many secularists who firmly disapproved of his policies were said to feel the power of his "messianic" appeal. Comparing him to a father figure who retains the enduring loyalty even of children he disapproves of, journalist Afshin Molavi writes that defenses of Khomeini are "heard in the most unlikely settings":

Another journalist tells the story of listening to bitter criticism of the regime by an Iranian who tells her of his wish for his son to leave the


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 country and who "repeatedly" makes the point "that life had been better" under the Shah. When his complaint is interrupted by news that "the Imam" — over 85 years old at the time — might be dying, the critic becomes "ashen faced" and speechless, pronouncing "this is terrible for my country."An example of <mask>'s charisma is the effect a half-hour-long, 1982 speech on the Quran by him had on a Muslim scholar from South Africa, Sheikh Ahmad Deedat:

Family and descendants

In 1929, <mask> married Khadijeh Saqafi, the daughter of a cleric in Tehran. Some sources claim that Khomeini married Saqafi when she was ten years old, while others claim she was fifteen years old. By all accounts their marriage was harmonious and happy. She died in 2009. They had seven children, though only five survived infancy. His daughters all married into either merchant or clerical families, and both his sons entered into religious life. Mostafa, the elder son, died in 1977 while in exile in Najaf, Iraq with his father and was rumored by supporters of his father to have been murdered by SAVAK.<mask>, who died in 1995 at the age of 50, was also rumoured to be a victim of foul play, but at the hands of the regime. Perhaps his "most prominent daughter", Zahra Mostafavi, is a professor at the University of Tehran, and still alive. <mask>'s fifteen grandchildren include:
 Zahra Eshraghi, granddaughter, married to Mohammad Reza Khatami, head of the Islamic Iran Participation Front, the main reformist party in the country, and is considered a pro-reform character herself. <mask>, <mask>'s elder grandson Sayid <mask>, son of the Seyyed <mask>, is a

masks:
Khomeini
Khomeini
Ahmad Khomeini
Khomeini
Hassan Khomeini
Khomeini
Hasan Khomeini
Ahmad Khomeini


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 cleric and the trustee of the Mausoleum of Khomeini and also has shown support for the reform movement in Iran, and Mir-Hossein Mousavi's call to cancel the 2009 election results. Husain <mask> (Sayid Husain Khomeini), <mask>'s other grandson, son of Sayid <mask>, is a mid-level cleric who is strongly against the system of the Islamic Republic. In 2003, he was quoted as saying: "Iranians need freedom now, and if they can only achieve it with American interference I think they would welcome it. As an Iranian, I would welcome it."In that same year Husain <mask> visited the United States, where he met figures such as Reza Pahlavi, the son of the last Shah and the pretender to the Sun Throne. Later that year, Husain returned to Iran after receiving an urgent message from his grandmother. According to Michael Ledeen, quoting "family sources", he was blackmailed into returning. In 2006, he called for an American invasion and overthrow of the Islamic Republic, telling Al-Arabiyah television station viewers, "If you were a prisoner, what would you do? I want someone to break the prison [doors open]. Another of <mask>'s grandchildren, Ali Eshraghi, was disqualified from the 2008 parliamentary elections on grounds of being insufficiently loyal to the principles of the Islamic revolution, but later reinstated. Bibliography
<mask> was a prolific writer and speaker (200 of his books are online) who authored commentaries on the Qur'an, on Islamic jurisprudence, the roots of Islamic law, and Islamic traditions.He also released books about philosophy, gnosticism, poetry, literature, government and politics. His books include:

masks:
Khomeini
Khomeini
Mustafa Khomeini
Khomeini
Khomeini
Khomeini


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 Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist)
 The Little Green Book: A sort of manifesto of Khomeini's political thought
 Forty Hadith (Forty Traditions)
 Adab as Salat (The Disciplines of Prayers)
 Jihade Akbar (The Greater Struggle)
 Tahrir al-Wasilah Kashf al-AsrarSee also

 Khomeinism
 Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini
 Islamic Government (book by Khomeini)
 Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim
 Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
 Execution of <mask>'s Order
 Exiles of Imam Khomeini
 Ideocracy
 List of cults of personality
 <mask> Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev
 Ruhollah Khomeini's residency (Jamaran)
 1979 Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory

 Notes

 References
 Citations

 Sources

External links

 <mask>'s Official Website
 Documentary: Imam Khomeini P1 (Free Press TV documentary)
 <mask> – Reformer of the Century (English Subtitles – Press TV Documentary)
 The New York Times article on Khomeini's poetry

 Rouhollah <mask>'s Website
 Who Is Imam Khomeini? Selected bibliography
 <mask> Moosavi Khomeini – Islamic Government (Hukumat-i Islami)
 <mask> Moosavi Khomeini – The Last Will...
 Books by and or about Rouhollah Khomeini
 Letter by Ayatollah Khomeini to Mikhail Gorbachev, dated 1 January 1989. Kayhan''
 Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic, 1993 by the Regents of the University of California

1900 births
1902 births
1989 deaths
Iranian Shia Muslims
20th-century imams
20th-century poets
Al-Moussawi family
Anti-Americanism
Anti-monarchists
Biographical evaluation scholars
Burials at Behesht-e

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Imam Khomeini
Ruhollah
Imam Khomeini
Imam Khomeini
Khomeini
Syed Ruhollah
Syed Ruhollah


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 Zahra
Commanders-in-Chief of Iran
Iran hostage crisis
Iranian anti-communists
Iranian emigrants to France
Iranian emigrants to Iraq
Iranian emigrants to Turkey
Iranian exiles
Iranian grand ayatollahs
Iranian Islamists
Iranian people of the Iran–Iraq War
Iranian poets
Iranian religious leaders
Iranian revolutionaries
Islamic philosophers
Pan-Islamism
People from Markazi Province
People of the Iranian Revolution
Religious policy in Iran
Shia scholars of Islam
Simple living advocates
Supreme Leaders of Iran
Time Person of the


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Avril Phaedra Douglas "<mask>" <mask>  (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th prime minister of Canada from June 25 to November 4, 1993. <mask> is the first and only female prime minister of Canada. Prior to becoming the final Progressive Conservative prime minister, she was also the first woman to serve as Minister of Justice in Canadian history and the first woman to become Minister of Defence in a NATO member state. <mask> was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a member of the British Columbia Social Credit Party in 1986 before being elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a PC in 1988. Under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, she occupied numerous cabinet positions including Minister of Justice and Attorney General, Minister of Veterans Affairs and Minister of National Defence from 1990–1993. <mask> became the new Prime Minister in June 1993 after Mulroney resigned in the wake of declining popularity. In the 1993 Canadian federal election in October of that year, the Progressive Conservatives were decimated, losing all but two seats from a previous majority, with <mask> losing her own.Her 132-day premiership is the third-shortest in Canadian history. <mask> was also the first baby boomer to hold the office, as well as the only Prime Minister born in British Columbia. She is currently the chairperson for Canada's Supreme Court Advisory Board. Early life
<mask> was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia, the daughter of Phyllis "Lissa" Margaret (née Cook; 1923–2013) and George Thomas <mask> (1920–2002), a barrister who had served with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada in Italy. Her father was born in Montreal, to Scottish parents from Glasgow. While she was in her pre-teens, <mask> and her family moved to Vancouver. <mask> was one of five co-hosts and reporters on the CBC children's program Junior Television Club, which aired in May and June 1957.Her mother left when <mask> was 12, leaving <mask> and her sister Alix to be raised by their father. As a teenager,

masks: Kim Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Kim


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 <mask> nicknamed herself <mask>. In Vancouver, <mask> attended Prince of Wales Secondary School and was a top student. She became the school's first female student president, and graduated in 1964. University and early career
<mask> earned an honours bachelor's degree in political science from the University of British Columbia, graduating in 1969. She was active in the student government and served as the school's first female president of the freshman class. She then completed a year of graduate study at that school, to qualify for doctoral-level studies.<mask> entered the London School of Economics in 1970 to study towards her doctorate in Soviet government, and spent three months touring the Soviet Union, from April to June 1972. She had spent several years studying the Russian language, and claimed she was nearly fluent, although when asked to say a few words of welcome by a reporter to Boris Yeltsin during his visit to Canada in 1993, she could not and could only say "Hello Mr. Yeltsin". <mask> ultimately left her doctoral studies, returning to live in Vancouver after marrying Nathan Divinsky, her longtime partner, in 1972. She earned, in 1983, an LL.B. from the University of British Columbia. She was called to the British Columbia Bar in 1984, and practised law in Vancouver until 1986. Family and early political career
During her marriage to Divinsky, <mask> lectured part-time in political science at the University of British Columbia and at Vancouver Community College.While still attending law school, she entered politics as a trustee on the Vancouver School Board, becoming, in 1983, the chair of that board and serving in 1984 as its vice-chair. She once claimed to have told the board to "back off" although others alleged that she said "fuck off". In total, she was a trustee there from 1980 to 1984. <mask> and Divinsky were divorced in 1983, and <mask> married Howard Eddy in 1986, a marriage that lasted until shortly before she became prime minister. <mask> is the second prime minister of Canada to have been divorced, after Pierre Trudeau. She

masks: Campbell Kim Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


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 briefly dated Gregory Lekhtman, the inventor of Exerlopers, during her term as prime minister, but the relationship was relatively private and she did not involve him in the 1993 election campaign. She is currently married to Hershey Felder, an actor, playwright, composer and concert pianist.Provincial politics
<mask> was the unsuccessful British Columbia Social Credit Party (Socred) candidate in Vancouver Centre for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in 1983, receiving 12,740 votes (19.3% in a double member riding). She then briefly worked in the office of Premier Bill Bennett. <mask> ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of the BC Social Credit Party in the summer of 1986 (placing last with 14 votes from delegates), but was elected in October 1986 to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly as a Socred member for Vancouver-Point Grey, getting 19,716 votes (23.2%, also in a double member riding). Consigned to the backbenches, she became disenchanted with Premier Bill Vander Zalm's leadership and broke with him and Social Credit over the issue of abortion, which Vander Zalm opposed. <mask> decided to leave provincial politics and enter federal politics. Federal politics
<mask> was elected in the 1988 federal election as the member of Parliament (MP) from Vancouver Centre. She won the party nomination after the incumbent, Pat Carney, declined to stand for re-nomination.In 1989 <mask> was appointed to the cabinet as minister of state (Indian affairs and northern development), a junior role to the minister of Indian and northern affairs. From 1990 to 1993 she held the post of minister of justice and attorney general, overseeing notable amendments to the Criminal Code in the areas of firearms control and sexual assault. In 1990, following the Supreme Court's decision to invalidate the country's abortion law, <mask> was responsible for introducing Bill C-43 to govern abortions in Canada. Although it passed the House of Commons, it failed to pass the Senate, leaving Canada with no national law governing abortions. In 1993, <mask> was

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


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 transferred to the posts of minister of national defence and minister of veterans affairs. Notable events during her tenure included dealing with the controversial issue of replacing shipborne helicopters for the navy and for search and rescue units. The actions by Canadian Airborne Regiment in the scandal known as the Somalia Affair also first emerged while <mask> was minister.When the Liberal Party of Canada took power, the incident became the subject of a lengthy public inquiry, continuing to focus attention on <mask> and the PCs. David Milgaard
Upon assumption of the Justice portfolio, <mask> was handed the petition for a new trial in the case of David Milgaard, a man who had been wrongfully convicted for murder in 1970 and spent decades trying to clear his name before being exonerated in 1993. In her autobiography Time and Chance, <mask> wrote that she came under "considerable pressure" from the public and was "bombarded with questions from the media and [from Opposition MPs] in Question Period" about the case before she was even officially assigned to Milgaard's petition to direct a new trial in the case. She said that her decision was delayed by Milgaard's legal team's repeated addition of new submissions to the appeal, which she was not allowed to review until all such submissions were complete. In mid-January 1991, she informed Milgaard's legal team that there was insufficient evidence to grant the petition. When later Mulroney was confronted by Milgaard's mother, he had "saluted her courage and determination and ... show[n] his concern for her son's health", which "blindsided" and "floored" <mask> and was interpreted by media and some MPs as evidence that the Prime Minister had taken sides in the case. <mask> says she "told the press [that] Mulroney was much too good a lawyer to intervene improperly" and "never breathed a word" to her about it; nor did anyone in his office attempt to influence her decision.Despite this, she wrote, Milgaard's mother "is convinced he did, and the media accepted this view," which made it difficult for her to

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


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 convince others that she and her officials were motivated solely by "a desire to make the right decision." Prime Minister (June–November 1993)

Mulroney entered 1993 facing a statutory federal election. By then, his popularity had markedly declined, and polls suggested that the Tories would be heavily defeated if he led them into that year's election. In February 1993, Mulroney announced his retirement from politics, to take effect after his successor had been chosen. <mask> entered the party leadership race to succeed Mulroney. <mask> had served in four cabinet portfolios prior to running for the party leadership, including three years as Minister of Justice, and garnered support of more than half the PC caucus when she declared for the leadership. She defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention that June, and Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn appointed her Prime Minister on June 25.As a concession to Charest, <mask> appointed him to the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, Science and Technology—the first largely symbolic, and the second a significant cabinet portfolio position. After becoming party leader and Prime Minister, <mask> set about reorganizing the cabinet. She cut it from 35 ministers to 23 ministers; she consolidated ministries by creating three new ministries: Health, Canadian Heritage, and Public Security. <mask> extensively campaigned during the summer, touring the nation and attending barbecues and other events. In August 1993, a Gallup Canada poll showed <mask> as having a 51 percent approval rating, which placed her as Canada's most popular prime minister in 30 years. By the end of the summer, her personal popularity had increased greatly, far surpassing that of Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien. Support for the Progressive Conservative Party had also increased to within a few points of the Liberals, while the Reform Party had been reduced to single digits.<mask> was the first Canadian prime minister not to have resided at 24 Sussex Drive since that address became the official home


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 of the Prime Minister of Canada in 1951. Mulroney remained at 24 Sussex while renovations on his new home in Montreal were being completed. <mask> instead took up residence at Harrington Lake, the PM's summer and weekend retreat, located in rural Quebec, north of Ottawa, and she did not move into 24 Sussex after Mulroney left. Like Charles Tupper and John Turner, <mask> never faced a Parliament during her brief tenure, as her term was filled by the summer break and the election campaign. <mask>'s premiership was the first time in Canadian history that both the head of state as well as the head of government were female. 1993 election

<mask> waited as long as she could before asking Hnatyshyn to dissolve Parliament on September 8, only weeks before Parliament was due to expire. The election was scheduled for October 25, the latest date it could be legally held under Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.The Progressive Conservatives (PCs) were optimistic that they would be able to remain in power and, if not, would at least be a strong opposition to a Liberal minority government. Campaign
<mask>'s initial popularity declined after the writ was dropped. When she was running for the party leadership, <mask>'s frank honesty was seen as an important asset and a sharp contrast from Mulroney's highly polished style. However, this backfired when she told reporters at a Rideau Hall event that it was unlikely that the deficit or unemployment would be much reduced before the "end of the century". During the election campaign, she further stated that discussing a complete overhaul of Canada's social policies in all their complexities could not be done in just 47 days; this statement was reduced to her having stated that an election is no time to discuss important issues. The PCs' support tailed off as the campaign progressed. By October, polls showed the Liberals were well on their way to at least a minority government, and would probably win a majority without dramatic measures.Even at this point, <mask> was still considerably more popular than


texts:
 Liberal leader Jean Chrétien. In hopes of stemming the tide, the PC campaign team put together a series of ads attacking the Liberal leader. The second ad appeared to mock Chrétien's Bell's Palsy facial paralysis, and generated a severe backlash from the media, with some PC candidates calling for the ad to be pulled from broadcasts. <mask> disavowed direct responsibility for the ad, and claimed to have ordered it off the air over her staff's objections. It was to no avail; PC support plummeted into the teens in the aftermath of the ad, all but assuring that the Liberals would win a majority government. Election defeat
On election night, October 25, the Progressive Conservatives were swept from power in a Liberal landslide. <mask> herself was defeated in Vancouver Centre by rookie Liberal Hedy Fry.She conceded defeat with the remark, "Gee, I'm glad I didn't sell my car." It was only the third time in Canadian history that a prime minister lost his or her local riding at the same time that his or her party lost an election. All Progressive Conservatives running for re-election lost their seats, with the lone exception of Jean Charest, who was also the only surviving member of <mask>'s cabinet. The PCs' previous support largely bled to the Liberals in Atlantic Canada and Ontario, while Reform inherited virtually all of the former Tory support in the west. The Bloc Québécois inherited most soft-nationalist Tory support in Quebec, and in some cases pushed Cabinet ministers from Quebec into third place. The Progressive Conservatives still finished with over two million votes, taking third place in the popular vote, and falling only two percentage points short of Reform for second place. However, as a consequence of the first past the post system, PC support was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into victories in individual ridings.As a result, the Tories won only two seats, compared to Reform's 52 and the Bloc's 54. It was the worst defeat in party history, and the worst defeat ever suffered by a Canadian governing party at the federal level. Some

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell


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 have pointed to gender inequality as a major contributing factor to her historic loss. University of New Brunswick professor Joanna Everitt writes that while media simply reported the facts about rival male leaders such as Jean Chrétien, <mask>'s actions were usually interpreted as having some motive (drawing up support, appealing to a group, etc.) Additionally, Mulroney left office as one of the most (and according to <mask>, the most) unpopular prime ministers since opinion polling began in the 1940s. He considerably hampered his own party's campaign effort by staging a very lavish international farewell tour at taxpayer expense, and by delaying his retirement until there were only two-and-a-half months left in the Tories' five-year mandate. Canadian humourist Will Ferguson suggested that <mask> should receive "some of the blame" for her party's losses, but that "taking over the party leadership from Brian (Mulroney) was a lot like taking over the controls of a 747 just before it plunges into the Rockies".On December 13, 1993, <mask> resigned as party leader; Jean Charest succeeded her. Due to the brevity of her tenure as both Prime Minister (less than 4 years) and federal Member of Parliament (less than 6 years), <mask> did not qualify for a prime ministerial or even a federal parliamentary pension. Post-political career
Despite her dramatic loss in the election, the Canadian women's magazine Chatelaine named <mask> as its Woman of the Year for 1993. She published an autobiography, Time and Chance, () in 1996. The book became a Canadian bestseller, and is in its third edition from the University of Alberta Bookstore Press (). It was briefly rumoured that she was to be sent to Moscow as the ambassador to Russia. However, in 1996, <mask> was appointed consul general to Los Angeles by the Chrétien government, a post in which she remained until 2000.While she was there, she collaborated with her husband, composer, playwright and actor Hershey Felder, on the production of a musical, Noah's Ark. From 1999 to 2003, she chaired the Council of Women World


texts: Leaders, a network of women who hold or have held the office of president or prime minister. She was succeeded by former Irish President Mary Robinson. From 2003 until 2005, she served as President of the International Women's Forum, a global organization of women of prominent achievement, with headquarters in Washington, D.C.  From 2001 to 2004, she was with the Center for Public Leadership, and lectured at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. She has served as a director of several publicly traded companies in high technology and biotechnology, and currently sits on the board of Athenex, a biopharmaceutical company that had its initial public offering on June 14, 2017 and trades under the ticker symbol "ATNX". <mask> chaired the steering committee of the World Movement for Democracy from 2008 to 2015. She served on the board of the International Crisis Group, an NGO that aims to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts.She served on the board of the Forum of Federations, the EastWest Institute, and is a founding trustee of The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence at King's College London. She was a founding member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization whose main purpose is to strengthen democracy in the world. Its membership is by invitation only, and consists of former Heads of State and Government. At different times <mask> has served as its Interim President, Vice President and from 2004  2006 its Secretary General. <mask> was the founding Chair of the International Advisory Board of the Ukrainian Foundation for Effective Governance, an NGO formed in September 2007 with the aid of businessman Rinat Akhmetov. During the 2006 election campaign, <mask> endorsed the candidacy of Tony Fogarassy, the Conservative candidate in <mask>'s former riding of Vancouver Centre; Fogarassy would go on to lose the election, placing a distant third. At this time, <mask> also clarified to reporters that she was a supporter of the new Conservative Party (formed in 2003 as a result of a merger of


texts:
 the Canadian Alliance with the party which <mask> had formerly led, the Progressive Conservatives); however, she later clarified in 2019 that she had, in fact, never joined the Conservative Party as an official member.While testifying in April 2009 at the Mulroney–Schreiber Airbus inquiry, <mask> said she still follows Canadian politics "intermittently". In April 2014, <mask> was appointed the founding principal of the new Peter Lougheed Leadership College at the University of Alberta. She has appeared on the CBC Television program Canada's Next Great Prime Minister, a show which profiles and selects young prospective leaders, and has also been an occasional panelist on Real Time with Bill Maher. On August 2, 2016, it was announced by Liberal Prime Minister Justin Trudeau that <mask> had agreed to chair a seven-person committee to prepare a shortlist of candidates to succeed Thomas Cromwell on the Supreme Court of Canada. In mid-October 2016, the committee announced that it would recommend the appointment of Malcolm Rowe to the court, and he was sworn in on October 31 as the first Supreme Court justice to hail from Newfoundland and Labrador. In August 2019, <mask> faced controversy when she said that she hoped that Hurricane Dorian would directly hit U.S. President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida. The President's son Eric responded to <mask>, saying that his family was "rooting for the safety" of those impacted by the hurricane.<mask> soon deleted the tweet and apologized for the remarks. <mask> courted controversy on Twitter by claiming that female newscasters who expose their "arms" on TV are taken less seriously. despite having once posed with bare shoulders herself in a famously suggestive photograph. <mask> revealed in Maclean's in 2019 that she could not survive in the Conservative party. She said: “It’s too intolerant; it’s too right-wing.” She later argued after the 2019 federal election that Conservative leader Andrew Scheer was untrustworthy, stating “He’s hard to trust, and that’s really it". Legacy

As Justice Minister, <mask>

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


texts: brought about a new rape law that clarified sexual assault and whose passage firmly entrenched that in cases involving sexual assault, "no means no". She also introduced the rape shield law, legislation that protects a person's sexual past from being explored during trial.Her legacy of supporting sexual victims has been confirmed through her work with the Peter Lougheed Leadership College at the University of Alberta, where the inaugural cohort of scholars proposed that the college immediately implement mandatory education regarding sexual assault for students, which <mask> readily accepted. Since Parliament never sat during <mask>'s four months as a Prime Minister, she was unable to bring forth new legislation, which must be formally introduced there. However, she did implement radical changes to the structure of the Canadian government. Under her tenure, the federal cabinet's size was cut from over 35 cabinet ministers and ministers of state to 23. This included the redesign of 8 ministries and the abolition or merging of 15 others. The Chrétien government retained these new ministries when it took office. The number of cabinet committees was reduced from 11 to 5.Her successors have continued to keep the size of the federal Cabinet to approximately 30 members. She was also the first prime minister to convene a First Ministers' conference for consultation prior to representing Canada at the G7 Summit. Due to her brief time in office, <mask> holds a unique spot among Canadian prime ministers in that she made no Senate appointments. <mask> harshly criticized Mulroney for not allowing her to succeed him before June 1993. In her view, when she became prime minister, she had very little time or chance to make up ground on the Liberals once her initial popularity faded. In her memoirs, Time and Chance, and in her response to The Secret Mulroney Tapes, <mask> suggested that Mulroney knew the Tories would be defeated in the upcoming election, and wanted a "scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity" rather than a viable successor. The cause of the

masks: Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell Campbell


texts: 1993 debacle remains disputed, with some arguing that the election results were a vote against Mulroney rather than a rejection of <mask>, and others suggesting that the poorly run <mask> campaign was the key factor in the result.Although the Progressive Conservatives survived as a distinct political party for another decade after the 1993 debacle, they never recovered their previous standing. During that period they were led by Jean Charest (1993–1998), Elsie Wayne (1998) and then, for the second time, by Joe Clark (1998–2003) (who had been Opposition Leader and briefly Prime Minister 20 years earlier). By 2003, the party under new leader Peter MacKay had voted to merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the Conservative Party of Canada, thus ceasing to exist, despite MacKay having promised not to pursue a merger. Joe Clark continued to sit as a "Progressive Conservative" into 2004. The new generation of right-leaning Conservatives gained power in the election of 2006, ensuring the "Tory" nickname's survival in the federal politics of Canada. A PC "rump" caucus continued to exist in the Senate of Canada (consisting of certain Clark, Mulroney and Paul Martin appointees), but as of 2012 only one senator, Elaine McCoy of Alberta, sits as a Progressive Conservative. <mask> remains one of the youngest women to have ever assumed the office of Prime Minister in any country, and thus also one of the youngest to have left the office.<mask> was ranked No. 20 out of the first 20 Prime Ministers of Canada (through Jean Chrétien) by a survey of 26 Canadian historians used by J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer in their 1999 book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders. A follow-up article co-authored by Hillmer in 2011 for Maclean's magazine broadened the number of historians surveyed; in this new survey of over 100 Canadian historians, <mask> again finished last, this time coming at  out of Canada's first 22 Prime Ministers (through Stephen Harper). A 2016 follow-up poll by the same team, now expanded to cover the first 23 Prime Ministers (through Justin


texts:
 Trudeau), again ranked <mask> last, 23rd out of 23. In 2004, she was included in the list of 50 most important political leaders in history in the Almanac of World History compiled by the National Geographic Society. She was cited for her status as the only woman head of government of a North American country (defined variously), but controversy ensued among academics in Canada over the merit of this honour, since her brief term in office was marked by very few, if any, major political accomplishments. On November 30, 2004, <mask>'s official portrait for the parliamentary Prime Minister's gallery was unveiled.The painting was created by Victoria, British Columbia artist David Goatley. <mask> said she was "deeply honoured" to be the only woman to have her picture in the Prime Ministers' corridor, stating: "I really look forward to the day when there are many other female faces." The painting shows a pensive <mask> sitting on a chair with richly coloured Haida capes and robes in the background, symbolizing her time as a cabinet minister and as an academic. Honours

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According to Canadian protocol, as a former Prime Minister, she is styled "The Right Honourable" for life. Appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on Canada Day 2008
 Member of the Board, Forum of Federations. Scholastic

 Chancellor, visitor, governor, and fellowships

Honorary Degrees

Appointments

Memberships and fellowships

Arms

See also

 List of prime ministers of Canada
 Time and Chance (<mask>)
 David Milgaard

Archives
There is a <mask> fond at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R10052, former archival reference number MG26-S.The fond covers the date ranges 1916 to 2004. It contains a variety of media including 58.13 meters of textual records, approximately 33542 photographs and 139 videocassettes among other media. References

Further reading
 Grace Stewart, Heather. <mask>: the keener who broke down barriers (2007). Jackfruit Press. .
 Granatstein, J.L. and Hillmer, Norman. Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders.Toronto:

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<mask> (November 28, 1805October 13, 1852) was an American explorer, writer, and diplomat. <mask> was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of Maya civilization throughout Middle America and in the planning of the Panama railroad. Early life
<mask> was born November 28, 1805, in the township of Shrewsbury, New Jersey. He was the second son of <mask>, a successful New Jersey merchant, and <mask>, daughter of an eminent local judge. The following year the family moved to New York City. There <mask> received an education in the Classics at two privately tutored schools. At the age of 13 he enrolled at Columbia College, graduating at the top of his class four years later in 1822.After studying law with an attorney for a year, he attended the  Litchfield Law School. He passed the bar exam after completing his course of study, and practiced in New York City. <mask> embarked on a journey through Europe in 1834, and went on to Egypt and the Levant, returning home in 1836. He later wrote several popular books about his travels and explorations. In 1841, <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Politics
He was recommended for the post of Minister to the Netherlands in 1837, but Martin Van Buren nominated Harmanus Bleecker, who served until 1842. In 1846 <mask> was a delegate to the state constitutional convention, where he was responsible for the introduction and adoption of a conciliation court (small claims court).Mesoamerican studies
<mask> read with interest early accounts of ruined cities of Mesoamerica by such writers and explorers as Alexander von Humboldt and Juan Galindo. In 1839, President Martin Van Buren commissioned <mask> as Special

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texts: Ambassador to Central America. While there, the government of the Federal Republic of Central America fell apart, in a civil war. He later published an account of the events he witnessed in Central America, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán. <mask> and his travelling companion, architect and draftsman Frederick Catherwood first came across Maya ruins at Copán, having landed in British Honduras (now Belize). They were astonished at their findings and spent two weeks mapping the site. <mask> surmised that it must have been built by some long-forgotten people, as he could not imagine it was the native Mayans; however, Catherwood noted the facial resemblance to modern Mayans.<mask> was actually able to buy the city of Copan for a sum of $50 and had dreams of floating it down the river and into museums in the United States. They went on to Palenque, Quiriguá and Uxmal. They reached Palenque on May 11, 1840, and left in early June. While there, they documented the Temple of the Inscriptions, the Temple of the Cross, the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Foliated Cross. They continued investigating Maya ruins with a return trip to Yucatán in October 1841. According to <mask>'s book about the trip, they visited a total of 44 Mayan sites such as Mayapan, Uxmal, Kabah, the gateway at Labná, Sayil, Xtampak, Chichen Itza, Tulum, and Izamal. In Uxmal, they documented the Governor's House, the Nunnery Quadrangle and the Pyramid of the Magician.Catherwood also drew a famous view of the well at Bolonchén. Catherwood's drawings and lithographs showed, without question, the Maya to have been the authors of some of the most artistic and

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


texts:
 intellectual works of pre-Columbian America. Besides large constructions, they produced works of artistic refinement such as stone and plaster sculptures, frescoes, painted pottery and bas-reliefs in wood. As a result of their explorations, <mask> and Catherwood argued convincingly that the Mayans built the ancient Central American cities in contrast to the theory that ethnic groups from European or Asian civilizations had built them. <mask>'s books served to inspire Edgar Allan Poe, who reviewed three of <mask>'s books for the New York Review and Graham's Magazine. Panama Railroad Company

At the time England enjoyed a monopoly over the ocean navigation to and from the United States. <mask> obtained a charter from the state of New York, and incorporated the Ocean Steam Navigation Company.The company acquired two steam ships, the Washington and the Hermann which made journeys to Europe. When the Panama Railroad Company was founded in 1849, <mask> was chosen to be Vice President. He visited Panama and New Granada to make arrangements for the laying of the railroad. On his way to Bogotá, the capital of New Granada, he fell off his mule and sustained severe injuries from which he never fully recovered. He returned to the United States, and was appointed President of the railroad. While in Panama, he was struck down by malaria in the spring of 1852. He recovered sufficiently to return to New York, only to have a recurrence of the disease.He died October 13, 1852. He was buried at New York City Marble Cemetery. <mask> is the subject of the following works: Maya Explorer by Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, first published in 1947, and Jungle of Stone by William Carlsen

masks: Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens Stephens


texts:
 (2016). Bibliography
 Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land (1837)
 Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia and Poland (1838)
 Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán, Vols. 1 & 2 (1841) (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ) Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, Vols. 1 & 2 (1843)

Notes

References

 Cabañas, Miguel A.(2008). "Chapter One: Putting the World in Order: <mask> <mask>’s Narration of America." The Cultural “Other” in Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives: How the United States and Latin America Described Each Other. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. Hay, <mask> (2017). "The American Holy Land: <mask> <mask>'s Mayan Excursions." Postapocalyptic Fantasies in Antebellum American Literature.New York: Cambridge University Press. 154-165. Carlsen, William (2016) Jungle of Stone: the true story of two men, their extraordinary journey, and the discovery of the lost civilization of the Maya

External links

<mask> <mask>, a biography. Guide to the <mask> <mask> at The Bancroft Library
Reed College website including all the illustrations of Uxmal, Kabah, Sayil, and Labná in <mask>'s 1841 Incidents of Travel in Central America and in <mask> and Catherwood's 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatán. Works by <mask> <mask> at Google Books

1805 births
1852 deaths
19th-century explorers
American explorers
Explorers of Central America
Mayanists
American Mesoamericanists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
19th-century Mesoamericanists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Litchfield Law School alumni
Burials at New York City Marble Cemetery
People from Shrewsbury, New Jersey
Infectious disease deaths in New York

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Khalid "<mask><mask> (; born 11 June 1989) is a British professional boxer who held the WBA super-flyweight title from 2016 to 2020. As an amateur, he represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal at the 2010 European Championships as a flyweight. As of January 2021, he is ranked as the world's fourth best active super-flyweight by The Ring magazine and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, and sixth by BoxRec. Amateur career
<mask> is the son of Yemeni parents. He currently lives in the Moseley area of Birmingham. <mask> has two brothers who are also boxers. <mask> is a professional boxer and <mask> is an Olympic flyweight boxing champion.In June 2005, he won a silver medal in the European Cadet Championships in Hungary, recording 4 wins before losing in the final to Russian Farid Aleshkin. He received the BBC Midlands 2005 "Junior Sportsman of the Year" award, after he became England's first ever U17 World Boxing Champion, when he won the World Cadet title winning the junior flyweight title against Luis Yáñez of the United States. Fighting for Birmingham City ABC, he became one of the youngest British (ABA) champions in December 2006 while still 17, at the World Junior Championships 2006 in Agadir, Morocco. He lost in the quarter final to the eventual Cuban winner Alexei Collado. At the 2007 European Junior Championships, he lost in the 51K final to Russian Misha Aloyan. As Britain's youngest team member at the 2007 Seniors World Championship, the 18-year-old beat his Armenian

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" Yafai
Yafai
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Galal Yafai


texts: opponent Derenik Gizhlaryan, but later lost to Violito Payla of the Philippines. He then qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing in the 1st Olympic qualifying event in Pescara, Italy, where he stopped teammate Mo Nasir of Wales and then went on to beat the 2004 Olympian Igor Samolencko of Moldova to qualify.He then pulled out of the final due to injury. After qualifying for the 2008 Olympic Games he participated in the 2008 European union championships in Poland where he won a silver medal beating former olympic boxer Redouane Asloum of France (RSCO2) in the semi-finals but then losing a controversial 13–10 decision to home favourite and Beijing Olympian Rafal Kaczor. At the Olympic Games, Khalid was beaten in the round of 16 by Cuban veteran Andry Laffita who went on to claim the silver medal. Khalid was absent at the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Liverpool, England but made a return in the GeeBee Championship in April 2009 in the 54 kg class (bantamweight) and claimed gold beating European silver medalist Salomo N'tuve of Sweden. Yafai lost to Andrew Selby 26:12 on 11 November 2011 to deny him qualification for the 2012 Olympic Games after the pair both reached the last eight of the 2011 GB Amateur Boxing Championships in Baku. <mask> and Selby were scheduled to face each other three times to decide the winner, but Yafai pulled out of the second fight, thus handing a shot of the Olympics to the Welshman. In 2012, Yafai was named "Young Boxer of the Year" by the British website


texts:
 BoxRec.Professional career

Early career
On 7 July 2012 <mask> made his professional debut, aged 23, at bantamweight, at the Sheffield Arena in Sheffield on the undercard of Kell Brook vs. Carson Jones. His opponent was veteran 43 year old Delroy Spencer (14-139-3, 1 KO). The fight was stopped after Spencer refused to come out for round 3. In his second fight, <mask> defeated Hungarian boxer Richard Voros via first-round TKO. Two weeks later, <mask> was against Mexican Victor Koh at the Odyssey Arena, Belfast. This was on the undercard off Frampton-Molitor. The fight went the full 6 rounds, as referee Paul McCullagh scored it 60–54 in favour of Yafai.On 20 October, Yafai knocked down Scott Gladwin (5-1) three times in round 1 and once in round 2 as the referee waved the fight off, giving Yafai the victory via TKO. A month later on the undercard of Froch vs. Mack at the Nottingham Arena in Nottingham, Yafai knocked out Italian boxer Pio Antonio Nettuno in round 1 in a super bantamweight bout, after a body shot. Nettuno could not make the count. In December 2012, Yafai fought Spanish boxer Jorge Perez (11-5, 6 KOs) at the Olympia in Kensington, London. Yafai won the fight via 3rd-round TKO. In January 2013, Yafai defeated Mexican boxer Gonzalo Garcia, after Garcia did not come out of his corner for round 5. In March, Yafai fought in an 8-round super bantamweight bout against Michael Ramabeletsa (8-9, 4 KOs) at the Echo Arena in Liverpool.It went the full 8 rounds as referee Alvin Finch scored it 79–73 in favour

masks: Yafai Yafai Yafai


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 of Yafai. After a 7-month lay off, on the undercard of Brook vs. Senchenko at the Sheffield Arena in October 2013, Yafai defeateds Spanish boxer Santiago Bustos via points (59-55) after 6 rounds. Two months later in December, although being docked a point for a low blow, Yafai defeated British boxer Ashley Lane (4-3-2, 1 KO) via fourth-round TKO. Super Flyweight
On 21 May 2014 Yafai fought at the First Direct Arena in Leeds for the vacant Commonwealth super flyweight title against Nigerian contender and former titleholder Yaqub Kareem (13-3-1, 8 KOs). With 30 seconds remaining in round 3, Yafai knocked down Kareem with a body shot to claim the vacant title. For the first time in his career, in September 2014, Yafai fought at the Wembley Arena in London live on Sky Sports. His opponent was 34 year old Nicaragua Herald Molina (17-8-3, 7 KOs) for the vacant IBF Inter-Continental super flyweight title.Yafai knocked Molina down once in round 1, before finishing the fight off in round 2 via KO. <mask> defended the title two months later at 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland against 38 year old Everth Briceno (35-9-2, 26 KOs). Briceno was knocked down in round five and twice in round eight. Briceno also lost one point in round six for low blows. The fight went the full 12 rounds as <mask> retained the title via unanimous decision (119-106, 118–105,120-104). This was <mask>'s 13th straight win since turning professional in 2012. In March 2015, Yafai went the 8 round distance with 20 year old Cristofer Rosales in a non-title


texts: bout at the Sheffield Arena.Two months later, he knocked out 35 year old veteran Isaac Quaye (27-10-1, 18 KOs) in just one round following a left hook. In September 2015, Yafai fought 20 year old Nicaraguan boxer Aron Juarez (6-2-1) at the First Direct Arena. Yafai knocked Juarez down twice in round one following two left hooks to the body. It was announced that <mask> would have a chance to claim the vacant BBBofC British super flyweight title on 17 October 2015 against Jason Cunningham (17-2, 6 KOs) at the Barclaycard Arena in Birmingham, live on Sky Sports 1. Despite a height disadvantage, Yafai outclassed Cunningham from the opening bell winning a clear unanimous decision (119-108, 120–107, 120-107). The highlights of the fight came in round 5 when Yafai connected with a double left hook, staggering Cunningham and then knocked him down in round 6. After the fight Yafai targeted the WBA super-flyweight champion Kohei Kono as a potential next opponent.Yafai's next opponent was former world title challenger from Nicaragua Dixon Flores (12-3-2, 4 KOs) on 5 March 2016 at the Genting Arena for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental super flyweight title, with the winner due a shot at WBA champion Kohei Kono in the summer. This was <mask>'s fifth opponent from Nicaragua in less than two years. The fight lasted less than two minutes as Yafai floored Flores twice in the first round to secure a world title shot and the vacant title. On 25 June, Yafai fought 19 year old Hungarian Jozsef Ajtai (15-3, 10 KOs) in a scheduled 8

masks: Yafai Yafai


texts:
 round bantamweight bout at the O2 Arena in London on the undercard of heavyweight title fight between Anthony Joshua and Dominic Breazeale. Yafai floored Ajtai twice in round 1, with the fight stopping just under 2 minutes. Yafai winning via TKO. <mask> was added to the Eggington vs. Gavin card on 22 October 2016 at the Barclaycard Arena in a scheduled 8 round fight after his brother Gamal was forced to pull out of his title defence.<mask> secured his world title fight after a left body shot floored Johnson Tellez in round 3. <mask> vs. Concepción
<mask> secured a fight with WBA super flyweight champion Luis Concepción (35-4, 24 KOs) after knocking out previous opponent Tellez. Eddie Hearn confirmed it would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Éric Molina on 10 December at the Manchester Arena. With a win, <mask> looked to become the first boxer from Birmingham to win a world title in over 100 years. At the official weigh in, <mask> weighed in at 8st 2lbs and Concepción weighed 8st 5lbs, which was above the limit. He was given an hour to drop the extra weight or risk not having the title at stake. Two hours after the initial weigh in, Concepción only managed to lose 0.3lbs, thus losing his WBA title on the scales.The title was only at stake for Yafai. <mask> put in a dominant performance and outscored Concepción in nearly every round to win the WBA super-flyweight title. The judges scored the bout 120–108, 117-110 and 119-108 all in favour of Yafai after 12 rounds. <mask> also became the first

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 boxer from Birmingham to win a world title in over 100 years. <mask> vs. Muranaka
On 25 January 2017, it was announced that <mask>, as wished, would make his first world title defence in his home city of Birmingham on 13 May, live on Sky Sports. On 15 March 2017, promoter Eddie Hearn announced that <mask> would be fighting 31 year old former Japanese flyweight champion Suguru Muranaka (25-2-1, 8 KOs) at the Barclaycard Arena in Birmingham. After the fight was confirmed, Yafai said that he wanted the tough fights as it would help him when it comes to unification fights.In his 13-years as a professional, it was the first time Muranaka fought outside of Tokyo, where all his previous 28 bouts took place at the Korakuen Hall. <mask> retained his world title, in what was seen as a 'touger than expected' fight. The fight went the 12 round distance, with scores reading 118–108, 119-107 and 119–107, all in favour of <mask>. Muranaka was dropped in round 2, the same round that <mask> claimed to have hurt his hand in the post fight. Referee Steve Gray warned Yafai early in the fight for low blows, before docking a point in round 8. The bout was fast-paced throughout, which caused <mask> to look tired in the later rounds, due to him landed constant power shots in the earlier rounds and Muranaka connecting with his own body shots to wear down. After the fight, promoter Eddie Hearn said that he would have one more defence before taking part in a unification fight.<mask> vs. Ishida
On 8 June 2017 the WBA's championship


texts: committee ordered Yafai to start negotiations with mandatory challenger Sho Ishida (24-0, 13 KOs), who was ranked at number 1 by the organisation. Both parties had 30 days to come to an agreement. On 12 July, Hearn confirmed that terms had been agreed for the fight. On 6 September it was confirmed that the fight would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua defending his world titles against Kubrat Pulev on 28 October 2017 at the Millennium Stadium on Sky Sports Box Office. Much like <mask>'s previous opponent Muranaka, it would also mark the first time Ishida would be fighting outside of Japan. Towards the end of September, WBA ranked former WBC champion Roman González as their number 2. Teiken Promotions, who promote González was said to be looking to arrange a fight against Yafai.Upon hearing this, Yafai was excited at the possibility of fighting González as had made it know public that he was interested. Yafai said, "Happy days, I’ve wanted González for a long time", although he said wouldn't look past his mandatory fight first. Speaking on Ishida, Yafai said, "I’m a huge favorite to win and a lot of people think Ishida has no chance, but I’m always on the ball. I look at every opponent like they’re Mike Tyson. If everything goes well, I can talk to (promoter) Eddie (Hearn) and we can look to make the González fight." González stated he would next look to fight in February 2018. On fight night, Yafai went the 12 round distance for the third consecutive time, winning a unanimous decision, successfully


texts:
 retaining his WBA title and increasing his chances of fighting in the United States in 2018.All three judges' scored the fight comfortably 118–110, 116-112 and 116–112 in favour of <mask>. Yafai showed off his speed and landed good combinations. Due to Ishida's size advantage, he also landed some clean shots on Yafai. Ishida did not letting his hands go until the final two rounds. By this point, it was looking like a clear win for Yafai and Ishida was lacking the punching power to get himself back in the fight and score a knockdown. Ishida worked hard in round 11, however Yafai connected with the harder punches. In the post-fight, Yafai said, "I wasn't too impressed [with my performance].A bit sluggish, but I got the win against an awkward opponent." He also stated that he would like to fight again in the Spring of 2018. Yafai vs. Carmona
On 20 May 2018 it was announced by Top Rank's Carl Moretti that <mask> would make his US debut on 26 May against 26 year old Mexican boxer David Carmona (21-5-5, 9 KOs) on the same card as IBF belt-holder Jerwin Ancajas, who would be making a mandatory defence against Jonas Sultan. With both bouts streaming live on ESPN's new subscription app, the plan going forward was for both <mask> and Ancajas to come out of their respective bouts victorious and meet later in the year for a unification fight. Carmona was best known for going the distance but failing to capture the WBO title against Naoya Inoue in May 2016, becoming one of only two boxers to date to take Inoue the distance.


texts: Save Mart Center in Fresno, California was announced as the venue. Carmona was unable to challenge for the WBA title after coming in 118½ pounds at the weigh in.Yafai weighed 114½ pounds. <mask> had an official purse of $40,000 which did not include the extra amount he would receive for TV rights in the UK. Carmona had to pay a 20% fine from his $10,000 purse and from that fine, $1,000 was added to Yafai's purse and the remaining $1,000 was paid to the California Commission. Yafai dropped Carmona four times in the fight en route to winning the fight after round 7 when Carmona decided to stay on his stool The first round was fast-paced with <mask> scoring an early knockdown with a left hook to the head. Carmona beat the count and later in the round managed to hurt <mask>. <mask> also hit the canvas in round 1, however it was ruled a slip. Yafai regained his composure and returned to his quick jabs in round 2.Carmona started connecting to the body. <mask> landed quick jabs in round 3 snapping Carmona's head back each time. In round 4, <mask> landed a borderline shot which floored Carmona once again. Carmona was knocked down twice in round 5. One knockdown, which again appeared to be borderline, was counted. Referee Raul Caiz Sr. ruled it a knockdown but also took a point away from Yafai for hitting Carmona when he was already down. The point was deducted after many warnings.By rounds 6 and 7, Carmona looked fatigued and Yafai dominated both rounds. Promoter Hearn stated a fight with former world champion Roman

masks: Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai


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 González could be next. He told Sky Sports, "He is ready for the challenge of unification but we also really like the Chocolatito fight and have already opened talks with his team." Hearn, who has promoted <mask> since he debuted highly praised him on his performance. <mask> vs. Gonzalez
Matchroom Boxing announced a third annual Monte-Carlo Boxing Bonanza show to take place at the Casino de Monte Carlo Salle Medecin on 24 November 2018. <mask> along with former cruiserweight world champion Denis Lebedev were chosen to co-headline the event. <mask>'s fourth title defense was set to take place on the event against Mexican boxer, former world title challenger Israel González (23-2, 10 KOs).Gonzalez failed in an attempt to capture the IBF title against Jerwin Ancajas. After appearing on the same card in May 2018, there was discussion that <mask> and Ancajas would unify, however that did not materialise. On his first attempt, Yafai weighed slightly over the 8st 3lb limit. He was given two hours to lose the small amount, however weighed again immediately without his pants, making weight the second time. <mask> retained his WBA title via a controversial 12 round unanimous decision. The three judges scored the fight  117–111, 116-112 and 116–112 in favour of <mask>. Many media outlets believed Gonzalez has done just enough to snatch the world title.Yafai started the fight slow, targeting Gonzalez's body while Gonzalez was off the mark quicker with his high tempo, throwing at a higher output. Yafai struggled to find the

masks: Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai Yafai


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 right distance and began missing his target. Gonzalez was cut due to a clash of heads in round 5, however was still throwing. From round 9, although Gonzalez was still throwing, it was Yafai who was timing his shots, landing accurately on the body and what looked like the harder shots. After each shot landed from Yafai, Gonzalez replied with a flurry of combinations. Gonzalez eventually slowed down his output in the final two rounds as <mask>'s body shots started taking its toll. Yafai stated it was not his best performance and believed the scorecards were wide, but believed he did enough to retain his belt.Gonzalez walked out of the ring after the scorecards were read. <mask> vs Jimenez
On 29 June, 2019, <mask> faced Norbelto Jimenez, then ranked #1 by the WBA at super flyweight, in his fifth consecutive title defence. <mask> managed to outbox Jimenez for most of the fight. The fight also involved both fighters landing low blows on their opponent, as well as a highly questionable knockdown in favor of Yafai in the closing round. It didn't matter much in the end, as <mask> was convincingly leading on all three scorecards, 119-107, 118-108 and 117-109, winning the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> vs Gonzalez
In his next fight, on 29 February, 2020, Yafai faced former pound-for-pound great Roman 'Chocolatito' Gonzalez, who was ranked #2 by the WBA. Both fighters stood in the pocket and were trading punches from the opening bell.Gonzalez was punishing Yafai to the body, as <mask> tried to retaliate, but with


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 limited success. In the second half of the fight, <mask>'s activity started to decrease. Gonzalez, sensing that Yafai's power is waning, became more aggressive, which resulted in a knockdown for Gonzalez in the eighth round. In the ninth round, Gonzalez caught Yafai with a big right hand and dropped him on the canvas again. The referee started the count, but quickly decided to wave the fight off, and award Gonzalez the TKO victory. Professional boxing record

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1989 births
Living people
English male boxers
English Muslims
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers of Great Britain
English people of Yemeni descent
Boxers from Birmingham, West Midlands
Super-flyweight

masks: Yafai Kal Yafai


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<mask>a  (,; born 29 June 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician who served as the fifth President of Sri Lanka, from 12 November 1994 to 19 November 2005. The country's only female president to date, she is the daughter of two former prime ministers and was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) until the end of 2005. Early life and family

<mask> was born on 29 June 1945, at Wentworth in Guidford Crescent, Colombo to Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike and Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike. The family moved the year later to a mansion at Rosmead Place, Colombo purchased by her paternal grandfather. Her father S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was an Oxford educated barrister who was the Minister of Local Administration at the time of her birth. A nationalist and left wing politician, who had by the time build up a strong following known as the Sinhala Maha Sabha. He was the only son of Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike, the Maha Mudaliyar, the chief Ceylonese representative and advisor to the Governor of Ceylon.Her mother Sirima Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, was the daughter of Barnes Ratwatte Dissawa, Rate Mahatmaya of Balangoda during British colonial rule, who was a descended from Ratwatte Dissawa, Dissawa of Matale, a signatory on behalf of the Sinhalese to the Kandyan Convention of 1815. Young <mask> grew up in comfort of the wealthy Bandaranaike family at their mansion at Rosmead Place in Colombo and at their family seat of Horagolla Walauwa, which was her father's constituency. Her early years saw her father's rising political career as he became the first Cabinet Minister of Health and Local Government when Ceylon gained its independence in 1948 and his dramatic departure from the governing party to form his own party, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) with his follows of the Sinhala Maha Sabha in 1951. Contesting the elections that followed and strengthening the SLFP in the periods between elections; Bandaranaike became the Leader of the Opposition in 1952 and Prime Minister in 1956. As prime minister he

masks:
Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratung
Chandrika Bandaranaike
Chandrika


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 initiated several controversial legislation that struct racial discords in the island and he was assassinated in 1959, when <mask> was fourteen. Following the assassination Bandaranaike's grieving widow took over the leadership of the SLFP and led it to an election victory making her the first female prime minister in the world, in 1960. Therefore, Chandrika was involved in politics from a young age along with her siblings as she was the second of three children in the family.Her elder sister Sunethra Bandaranaike became a socialite and her younger brother Anura Bandaranaike joined active politics, going on to become a cabinet minister and Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. Education
<mask> was educated at the St Bridget's Convent, Colombo, and enrolled at the Roman Catholic Aquinas University College, Colombo to study for a law degree. However, in 1967, she left Aquinas without completing her law studies to France on a scholarship from the Institute of French Studies. There she spent one year at the Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence following a course in the French language and culture. In 1968, she went on to study at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) graduating with a diploma in political science in 1970, thereafter enrolling in a PhD program in development economics, at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, where she studied from 1970 to 1973 She is fluent in Sinhala, English and French. Early political career
She returned to Ceylon in 1972, where her mother had become prime minister for a second time in 1970 and launched a wide-ranging programme of socialist reform and faced a violent communist insurrection in 1971. After returning she enrolled in and became active in the SLFP which had been founded by her father and now led by her mother.In 1974, she became an executive committee member of its Women's League. She was appointed as an Additional Principal Director in the Land Reforms Commission (LRC) which acquired nearly 228,000 hectares of private land to

masks: Chandrika Chandrika


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 the state under the Land Reform Law, which imposed a ceiling of twenty hectares on privately owned land. Leaving the LRC in 1976, she became the chairman of the Janawasa Commission, which established collective farms from land acquired by the LRC. Following the defeat of her mother's SLFP government in the 1977 general election, she left government service and acted as a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations till 1979. Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya
In 1978, she married Vijaya Kumaratunga a leading actor and LSSP turned SLFP political activist. She supported his election campaign in the by-election in Mahara in 1983, where he lost in the recount. She left the SLFP in 1984, when Vijaya Kumaratunga formed his own party the Sri Lanka Mahajana Pakshaya (SLMP) supporting his political activities against the policies of the mainstream parties.She served as the Vice President of the SLMP. This resulted in her falling out with her mother and brother who were leading the SLFP at the time. On 16 February 1988, Vijaya Kumaratunga was assassinated in front of his home in Narahenpita by gunmen in the presence of his wife. <mask> Kumaratunga briefly took over the leadership of her husband's party, and formed the United Socialist Alliance with the Communist Party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, and the Nava Sama Samaja Party. Although it was well organized, it lacked votes. Fearing for her life, she soon fled the country in 1988, seeking refuge in the United Kingdom. There she worked for World Institute for Development Economics Research at the United Nations University.During her absence the SLMP had split into two factions during this time and had ousted her from its leadership. Return to politics
Following the end of the second JVP insurrection, <mask> began visiting Sri Lanka in 1990 and re-engaging politics. In September 1991, the governing United National Party which had been dominating the political landscape was greatly weakened when Lalith Athulathmudali and Gamini


texts:
 Dissanayake left the UNP and formed the Democratic United National Front following a failed impeachment against President Ranasinghe Premadasa. DUNF soon mobilized the opposition against the Premadasa government. Having returned permanently in 1991, <mask> rejoined SLFP and got actively involved in politics. In 1993, Athulathmudali and Premadasa were assassinated. Following Athulathmudali's assassination <mask> became the principle opposition candidate in the Western provincial council election, in which she was elected as the Chief Minister of the Western Province on 21 May 1993.Premiership (1994)
With general elections called for in 1994, she became the de facto leader of the SLFP forming a coalition called the People's Alliance, which contested the general elections. In the election <mask> was elected to parliament from the Gampaha District in August 1994. Achieving a slim majority in parliament by gaining the support of the Ceylon Workers' Congress, the PA formed a government with <mask> as prime minister with her mother as a minister in the cabinet on 19 August 1994. She also succeeded her mother as the leader of the SLFP. Soon thereafter presidential elections were called for in November. Presidency (1994–2005)

First term (1994–1999)
Prime Minister Kumaratunga backed by the PA contested against Gamini Dissanayake, who was the leader of the opposition backed by the UNP. However Dissanayake was soon assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber and his widow Srima Dissanayake took over his nomination.<mask> won the presidential election in 1994 gaining 62.28% of the vote. Becoming the first female President of Sri Lanka in November 1994, she appointed her mother to succeed her as prime minister. Economic policy
Her government continued the open economic policies of the UNP, with increase in the major revenue earners; the apparel industry, foreign remittances from migrant unskilled labor, tea exports. Much of her major economic projects failed and the country was in recession by 2001. She privatized several

masks: Chandrika Chandrika Chandrika Chandrika Chandrika


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 profitable state corporations such as Sri Lanka Insurance Corporation, State Distilleries Corporation, Air Lanka among others which were found to be controversial with Kumaratunga accused of taking large bribes for the sales and years later the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka annulled several such sales. She was fined by court a sum of three million rupees by court over an unlawful land acquisition and subsequent sale of such land for the Water's Edge development project. She further followed a policy of strong prosecution of UNP, by appointing Presidential Committees to investigate actions of the UNP tenure and leading members of the opposition personally such as the leader of the opposition, Ranil Wickremasinghe.Her administration was criticized for its attacks and intimidation of journalists; rigged elections and in 2000 with the run up to the elections tried to arrest and imprison her main political opponent Wickremasinghe. Civil War
Early in her term she made conciliatory moves towards the separatist Tamil Tigers (LTTE) in an attempt to end the ongoing civil war. These overtures failed, when the LTTE broke the cease-fire and blew up two Sri Lanka Navy gunboats known as SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru on 19 April 1995. She thereafter pursued a more military-based strategy against them launching several major offensives such as Operation Riviresa which captured the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE. However she suffered major set back due to the Battle of Mullaitivu in 1996 and Battle of Kilinochchi in 1998. Her government thereafter launched Operation Jayasikurui which soon bogged down with heavy casualties. Foreign policy

Her government, led by Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar succeeded in increasing the recognition and acceptance of Sri Lanka on the international stage, which had been greatly affected by the riots and suppression of insurgency in the 1980s.She succeeded in having the LTTE banned internationally; with the United States and the United Kingdom proscribed the LTTE on 8 October 1997 and 28


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 February 2001 respectively, thereby depriving that organisation of a primary source of funding. Her government reestablished formal diplomatic ties with Israel in 2000, which had become a major supplier of weapons to the island. Second term (1999–2005)
In October 1999, Kumaratunga called an early presidential election. She lost vision in her right eye (permanent optic nerve damage) in an assassination attempt, by the Tamil Tigers, at her final election rally at Colombo Town Hall premises on 18 December 1999. She managed to defeat Ranil Wickremasinghe in the election held on 21 December and was sworn in for another term the next day. Her second term saw the civil war aggravating with her government suffering major defeats against the LTTE such as the Second Battle of Elephant Pass and Bandaranaike Airport attack. 2001 saw the country's economy going into recession for the first time in history.UNP Government 2001–2004
In December 2001, her party the People's Alliance lost the parliamentary election to the UNP, and her political opponent, Ranil Wickremasinghe, became Sri Lanka's new prime minister. She continued as president of Sri Lanka although her relationship with the Wickremasinghe government was a strained one. In February 2002 Wickremasinghe's government and the LTTE signed a permanent ceasefire agreement, paving the way for talks to end the long-running conflict. In December, the government and the rebels agreed to share power during peace talks in Norway. President <mask> believed Wickremasinghe was being too lenient towards the LTTE, and in May 2003 she indicated her willingness to sack the prime minister and government if she felt they were making too many concessions to the rebels. On 4 November 2003, while Prime Minister Wickremasinghe was on an official visit to the US, Kumaratunga prorogued Parliament and took over Defense, Interior and Media ministries herself. Her opponents criticised her, calling her behaviour dictatorial.UPFA Government 2004–2005
<mask>'s PA and the leftist Janatha Vimukthi

masks: Kumaratunga Kumaratunga


texts:
 Peramuna or JVP (People's Liberation Front) formed the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) in January 2004 and dissolved Parliament. Having won the election held on 2 April 2004 the UPFA formed a government with Mahinda Rajapaksa as prime minister. This marked the first time in history that the JVP became a partner in a Sri Lankan government. However, in June 2005, the JVP left <mask>'s government over a disagreement regarding a joint mechanism with LTTE rebels sharing foreign aid to rebuild the tsunami-devastated Northern and Eastern areas of Sri Lanka. Kumaratunga's six-year term ended that year in 2005. She argued that since the 1999 election had been held one year early, she should be allowed to serve that leftover year stating that she had a secret swearing in for her second term a year after her formal swearing in to the second term. The Supreme Court rejected this stating that her term ended in 2005.In the presidential elections that followed, Mahinda Rajapaksa gained 50.29% and succeeded her as president, leading all 25 parties in the UPFA. She was listed 25th by Forbes magazine in its "100 most powerful women" in 2005. Post-presidency

In 2006, having remained the leader of the SLFP after leaving office, she "temporally" stepped down from the party leadership citing "continuous harassment she has faced after Mahinda Rajapaksa took office as president" and soon after left the country to self-imposed exile in the United Kingdom. Kumaratunga is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders and the Global Leadership Foundation. In November 2009, Kumaratunga was appointed to the 12-member board of directors of the Club de Madrid. She is a frequent panelist and member of the Clinton Global Initiative and advisor to its annual meeting held every September. Kumaratunga noted in 2007: ″I sincerely tried to reach a political consensus to solve the ethnic question, and tried to introduce a pluralistic constitution that would cater to the political aspirations of the Tamil people without dividing the


texts:
 country.″ In September 2009, Kumaratunga, on a personal visit to Kerala, India told reporters
"I too care for my life.Even though the current government is a government of my party (Sri Lanka Freedom Party) I don't feel safe." She continued, "There is an overall lack of freedom and an atmosphere of fear prevails in the country. The basic rights of the people and media freedom are restricted in Sri Lanka." In February 2017, Kumaratunga accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh. 2015 Sri Lankan presidential election
On 21 November 2014 Kumaratunga formally announced her return to active politics at a press conference held by the country's opposition coalition, following weeks of speculation regarding her involvement in the coalition's decision-making. She successfully endorsed Maithripala Sirisena as common candidate of the opposition in the 2015 Presidential election, who defeated Mahinda Rajapaksa. In the same year, Kumaratunga supported the United National Party in the General elections to avoid Rajapaksa becoming Prime Minister.In 2015 she was appointed as the chairperson of office for national unity and reconciliation to overlook national unity in Sri Lanka. 2018 Maldivian presidential election
In the aftermath of the 2018 Maldivian presidential election it was revealed that Kumaratunga was instrumental in forming the opposition alliance against the incumbent President Abdulla Yameen. Kumaratunga coordinated with opposition leaders both in the Maldives and in Sri Lanka bridging trust between the disputing opposition parties to form a coalition. 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis
During the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis, Kumaratunga remained silent and she later claimed that she was not invited to the special convention of the SLFP 4 December 2018. 2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election
Kumaratunga supported Sajith Premadasa for the Presidential Election 2019. Personal life
Chandrika married movie


texts:
 star and politician Vijaya Kumaratunga in 1978, who was assassinated on 16 February 1988, outside his residence in the presence of <mask> and their two children, then aged five and seven. Their daughter, Yasodhara Kumaratunga born in 1980 and educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and at St George's, University of London became a medical doctor and married Roger Walker a consultant medical practitioner from Dorset.Their son, Vimukthi Kumaratunga born in 1982 and educated at the University of Bristol became a veterinary surgeon. Honours and decorations

See also
 List of political families in Sri Lanka
 President of Sri Lanka

References

External links

Talking Heads with <mask> Kumaratunga (Aired: May 2000). NDTV. Talking Heads with <mask> Kumaratunga (Aired November 2003). NDTV. The Bandaranaike Ancestry
 The Ratwatte Ancestry
 Economic and political agenda of a people's President
 Profile by BBC
 Profile of Mrs. <mask> Kumaratunga on Sri Lankan government website
 Personal reminiscence of meeting with the Sri Lankan President by S. Abbas Raza of 3 Quarks Daily. |-

|-

1945 births
20th-century women politicians
21st-century women politicians
Alumni of St. Bridget's Convent, Colombo
Alumni of Aquinas College of Higher Studies
Bandaranaike family
Bandaranaike–Ratwatte family
Children of national leaders
Chief Ministers of Western Province, Sri Lanka
Female defence ministers
Female interior ministers
Female heads of government
Female heads of state
Finance ministers of Sri Lanka
Food and Agriculture Organization officials
Living people
Members of the 10th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the Western Provincial Council
People of British Ceylon
Presidents of Sri Lanka
Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka
Ratwatte family
Sciences Po alumni
Sinhalese politicians
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Candidates in the 1994 Sri Lankan presidential election
Women legislators in Sri Lanka
Women presidents
Women prime ministers
Sri Lankan officials of the United Nations
Female finance ministers
Failed assassination attempts in Sri

masks: Chandrika Chandrika Chandrika Chandrika


texts: <mask> (born in Spokane, Washington, August 4, 1934) is a clinical psychologist known for his research on psychotherapy outcomes and on integrating psychotherapy and religion. His 1980 article on theistic values was groundbreaking in the field and elicited over 1,000 responses and requests for reprints, and including those from Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura. <mask> is also noted for his interchanges with probabilistic atheist Albert Ellis. <mask> was raised in a family that did not actively attend any religious services. He went to high school in Spokane, Washington, and began college at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He then transferred to Reed College. The school had four Latter-day Saints in its student body that year, one of whom was <mask>'s roommate and another of whom, Marian Shafer, he began dating.The following year Shafer decided to transfer to Brigham Young University (BYU), and Bergin decided to do the same. Through interactions with BYU professor and Reed alumnus Robert K. Thomas, Bergin learned more about Mormonism and in March 1955 was baptized a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) by Thomas. After this, Bergin married Marian Shafer. He attributes much of his life success and satisfaction to Marian's transcendent influence. Bergin eventually earned a master's degree from BYU and then a Ph.D. from Stanford University under Albert Bandura, followed by post-doctoral research at the University of Wisconsin under Carl Rogers. He then became a professor in the clinical psychology program at Teachers College, Columbia University. While on the Columbia faculty,

masks:
Allen Eric Bergin
Bergin
Bergin
Bergin