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 second half. A 2–10 to 2–4 victory gave <mask> his first All-Ireland medal.<mask> won a second championship medal in 1976 as Rower-Inistioge were accounted for by 2–14 to 0–13. After a period of decline, James Stephens bounced back in 1981. A double scores 2–10 to 0–8 defeat of Fenians gave <mask> a third championship medal. He later collected a second Leinster medal as championship debutantes Faythe Harriers were narrowly defeated by 0–13 to 1–9. First time finalists Mount Sion of Waterford provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider. A hat-trick of goals by John McCormack, together with a ten-point haul from Billy Walton, saw James Stephens fight back from seven points down to record a 3–13 to 3–8 victory. It was a second All-Ireland medal for <mask>.Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team in 1971. He won his first Leinster medal that year following a huge 7–18 to 3-5 trouncing of reigning provincial champions Wexford. On 5 September 1971 Kilkenny faced three-in-a-row hopefuls Cork in the All-Ireland decider. A narrow 2–11 to 1–11 victory for Cork resulted in defeat for <mask>'s side. After being appointed captain of the minor team in 1972, <mask> won a second Leinster medal following another 7–10 to 0-4 trouncing of Wexford. On 3 September 1972 Kilkenny faced Galway in the subsequent All-Ireland decider. The game was a one-sided affair, and at the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 8–7 to 3–9.The victory gave <mask> an All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship

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type: original

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 medal while he also had the honour of lifting the cup. By 1974 <mask> had joined the Kilkenny under-21 team. He won his first Leinster medal that year as Kilkenny accounted for Wexford by 3–8 to 1–5. The subsequent All-Ireland decider against first-time finalists Waterford was a close affair, however, at the final whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 3–8 to 3–7. It was a first All-Ireland medal in that grade for <mask>. <mask> added a second Leinster medal to his collection in 1975 as Kilkenny once again defeated Wexford by 3–14 to 0–8. The subsequent All-Ireland final against Cork was rated the best hurling game of the year.Kilkenny ‘keeper Kevin Fennelly brought off two brilliant saves from Con Brassil and Finbarr Delaney in the closing stages to secure a 5–13 to 2–19 victory and a second consecutive All-Ireland medal for <mask>. Senior

<mask> was just out of the minor grade when he was added to the senior panel in 1973. The team lost four key players to injury and emigration prior to the All-Ireland final meeting with Limerick on 2 September 1975. As a result of this <mask> was added to the starting fifteen at left wing-back. In spite of Kilkenny fielding a depleted team, the game hung in the balance for the first half, however, eight minutes after the restart Mossie Dowling got a vital goal for Limerick. Shortly after this Richie Bennis spearheaded a rampant Limerick attack which resulted in a 1–21 to 1–14 victory for Limerick. The All-Ireland final defeat led to a reshuffle of the Kilkenny team and <mask> found it hard to

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texts: retain his place on the starting fifteen the following year.He was still a member of the panel as Kilkenny went on to claim Leinster and All-Ireland titles that year. <mask> was back on the starting fifteen at left corner-back as Kilkenny made it five successive provincial titles in-a-row in 1975. The 2–20 to 2–14 defeat of Wexford gave <mask> his first Leinster medal on the field of play. On 7 September 1975 <mask> lined out in his second All-Ireland final, with surprise semi-final winners Galway providing the opposition. Playing with the wind in the first half, Galway found themselves ahead by 0–9 to 1–3 at the interval. Eddie Keher's huge tally of 2–7 kept Galway at bay giving Kilkenny a 2–22 to 2–10 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal on the field of play, while he later won an All-Star.In 1976 <mask> won a National Hurling League medal following a 6–14 to 1–14 trouncing of Clare in a replay. Kilkenny's championship ambitions unravelled in spectacular fashion in the subsequent provincial campaign, when a 2–20 to 1–6 trouncing by Wexford dumped the team out of the championship. After another unsuccessful season in 1977, <mask> was surprisingly moved to the full-forward position the following year. He won a second Leinster medal that year following Kilkenny's 2–16 to 1–16 defeat of reigning provincial champions Wexford. On 3 September 1978 Kilkenny faced reigning champions Cork in the All-Ireland decider. Cork secured a first three-in-a-row of All-Ireland titles for the first time in over twenty years, as a Jimmy

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texts: Barry-Murphy goal helped the team to a 1–15 to 2–8 victory. At the homecoming for the runners-up the following evening, reports circulated that <mask> was booed as he was introduced.A new Kilkenny team emerged in 1979, however, <mask> lost his place on the starting fifteen. <mask> was appointed captain of the team in 1982 as Kilkenny bounced back after a fallow period. He won a second league medal that year following a 2–14 to 1–11 defeat of Wexford. He later won a third Leinster medal following a 1–11 to 0–12 defeat of three-in-a-row hopefuls and reigning All-Ireland champions Offaly. On 5 September 1982 Kilkenny and Cork renewed their rivalry in the All-Ireland decider. The Cats were rank outsiders on the day, however, a brilliant save by Noel Skehan was followed by two quick goals by Christy Heffernan just before the interval. Éamonn O'Donoghue pegged a goal back for Cork, however, Ger Fennelly added a third for Kilkenny who secured a 3–18 to 1–13 victory.It was a second All-Ireland medal for <mask> while he also had the honour of lifting the Liam MacCarthy Cup. He was later presented with a second All-Star award. After missing Kilkenny's league triumph in 1983, <mask> was back for the championship. A 1–17 to 0–13 defeat of Offaly gave him a fourth Leinster medal. The All-Ireland final on 4 September 1983 was a replay of the previous year with Cork hoping to avenge that defeat. Billy Fitzpatrick was the star with ten points, giving Kilkenny a 2–14 to 1–9 lead with seventeen minutes left, however, they failed to score for the

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 remainder of the game. A stunning comeback by Cork just fell short and <mask> won a third All-Ireland medal following a 2–14 to 2–12 victory.Kilkenny's fortunes took a downturn following this victory as Offaly dominated the championship. <mask> played his last game for Kilkenny in 1985 in a 1–30 to 1-10 Leinster quarter-final defeat by Westmeath. Inter-provincial

<mask> also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling competition. He was a non-playing substitute when Leinster defeated arch-rivals Munster to win the Railway Cup in 1977. Managerial career

Unsuccessful beginning

<mask> was appointed manager of the Kilkenny senior hurling team on 16 November 1998. He was the only candidate nominated for the position and was initially appointed for a two-year term. In the lead-up to the start of the championship <mask> was very contemplative about his team's chances.He believed that 1999 was going to be one of the most open championships in years with any team capable of winning either the Munster or Leinster provincial deciders. In his first full season in charge <mask> brought some new players onto the team. James McGarry, at the age of 27, made his senior debut as goalkeeper while a young Henry Shefflin was unearthed and was a new addition in the forward line. With a blend of youth and experience <mask> guided his team to the Leinster title following a 5–14 to 1–16 defeat of Offaly. The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Kilkenny face Cork on 12 September 1999. In a dour contest played on a wet day, Cork trailed by 0–5


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 to 0-4 after a low-scoring first half. Kilkenny increased the pace after the interval, pulling into a four-point lead.Cork moved up a gear and through Joe Deane, Ben O'Connor and Seánie McGrath, they scored five unanswered points. Kilkenny could only manage one more score – a point from a Henry Shefflin free – and Cork held out to win by 0–13 to 0-12. Early successes

In 2000 <mask>'s side won a second successive Leinster title following another comfortable 2–21 to 1–13 victory over Offaly. As a result of the so-called "back-door" system both sides later faced off against each other again in the All-Ireland final on 10 September 2000. D.J. Carey capitalised on an Offaly mistake after just six minutes to start a goal-fest for 'the Cats'. Carey scored 2–4 in all, sharing his second goal with Henry Shefflin who also scored a goal in the second-half.At the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 5–15 to 1–14. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland title as manager. Kilkenny's provincial dominance continued in 2001 and a powerful 2–19 to 0–12 defeat of Wexford gave <mask> a third successive Leinster title as manager. A shock 2–15 to 1-13 All-Ireland semi-final defeat by Galway ended Kilkenny's interest in the championship. Following this defeat there was some speculation that <mask> would step down as manager, however, he decided to remain. Kilkenny bounced back in 2002 with <mask> guiding the team to a first league success since 1995. He later steered the team to a fourth Leinster title as Kilkenny recorded a narrow 0–19 to 0–17


texts: defeat of fourteen-man Wexford.On 8 September 2002 Kilkenny faced first-round losers Clare in the All-Ireland decider. Kilkenny forwards Henry Shefflin and D. J. Carey combined to score 2-13 between them, as Kilkenny secured a 2–20 to 0–19 victory. It was a second All-Ireland title for <mask> as manager. Kilkenny's early season efforts in 2003 were hampered by an apparent rift between team captain Charlie Carter and <mask>. Carter was said to have withdrawn from the panel during the latter stages of the league due to his unhappiness at being omitted from the team. Carter remained on the panel as <mask> guided Kilkenny to a second successive league title following a stunning 5–14 to 5-13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary. The ill-feeling between Carter and <mask> resurfaced when the former was once again overlooked in a provincial championship defeat of Dublin, resulting in him leaving the panel for good along with <mask>.In spite of these setbacks <mask> later guided Kilkenny to a fifth successive Leinster title as manager following a 2–23 to 2–12 defeat of Wexford. The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 September 2003 saw Kilkenny face Cork for the first time in four years, however, on the day of the game the marital breakdown of <mask>'s replacement captain D. J. Carey was revealed in a national newspaper. In the game itself both teams remained level for much of the game, exchanging tit-for-tat scores. A Setanta Ó hAilpín goal gave Cork the advantage, however, a Martin Comerford goal five minutes from the end settled the game as

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Brian McEvoy
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 Kilkenny went on to win by 1–14 to 1-11. It was <mask>'s third All-Ireland triumph as manager. Transition period

In 2004 <mask> suffered his first provincial championship defeat when a last-minute goal secured a 2–15 to 1-16 Leinster semi-final victory for Wexford. Kilkenny worked their way through the qualifiers and lined out against Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 12 September 2004.The game was expected to be a classic, however, a rain-soaked day made conditions difficult as Kilkenny aimed to secure a third successive championship. The first half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans, however, the second half saw Cork completely take over. For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0–17 to 0–9. It was <mask>'s second All-Ireland defeat as manager, having lost to Cork in 1999 also. Kilkenny were back in form in 2005, with <mask> steering the team to a third league triumph in four years following a 3–20 to 0–15 victory over Clare. "The Cats" later struggled against a wasteful Wexford side, however, a 0–22 to 1–16 victory gave <mask> a sixth Leinster title as manager. While a third successive All-Ireland showdown with Cork seemed likely, Galway defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final in one of the games of the decade.Once again there was speculation that <mask> would step down, however, he decided to remain for an eighth season. Four-in-a-row

The retirements of D. J. Carey, Peter Barry and John Hoyne led to <mask> refer to his 2006 panel


texts: as being "in transition". In spite if this his charges secured a fourth league title in five years following a 3–11 to 0–14 victory over Limerick. <mask>'s side later won a seventh Leinster title following another facile 1–23 to 1–12 victory over Wexford. On 3 September 2006 Kilkenny faced a Cork team who were presented with the opportunity to become the first side in nearly thirty years to secure three successive All-Ireland championships. Like previous encounters neither side took a considerable lead, however, Kilkenny had a vital goal from Aidan Fogarty. Cork were in arrears coming into the final few minutes, however, Ben O'Connor scored a late goal for Cork.It was too little too late as the Cats denied Cork on a score line of 1–16 to 1–13. It was a fourth All-Ireland title for <mask> as manager, a victory he described as his greatest. <mask> guided Kilkenny to an eighth Leinster title under his stewardship in 2007, as the Cats asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2–24 to 1-12. On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider. Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone. Limerick launched a second-half comeback, however, "the Cats" were too powerful and cruised to a 2–19 to 1–15 victory. It was <mask>'s fifth All-Ireland victory as manager.For the second time under <mask>'s management, Kilkenny were presented with the chance


texts: of claiming a much sought-after three-in-a-row of All-Ireland titles. After retaining the Leinster crown following a 5–21 to 0–17 drubbing of Wexford, Kilkenny subsequently faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider on 8 September 2008. In a disappointingly one-sided final, Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon. A 23-point winning margin, 3–24 from play, only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin leading the way in a 3–30 to 1–13 victory. <mask>'s sixth All-Ireland title as manager secured a rare three-in-a-row for Kilkenny, while it also allowed Kilkenny to top the all-time roll of honour. After the game <mask> was surprisingly chosen as the RTÉ Man of the Match. In 2009 <mask> set his sights on equaling Cork's seemingly unbeatable record of four successive All-Ireland titles.He began the year by guiding Kilkenny to a fifth league title during his tenure, as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2–26 to 4–17 with a thrilling extra-time victory. <mask>'s Kilkenny later claimed a tenth Leinster title as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2–18 to 0–18. On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to claim a fourth successive All-Ireland championship when they faced Tipperary in the decider. For long periods Tipperary looked the likely winners, however, late goals from Henry Shefflin, after a penalty was awarded, and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a

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 2–22 to 0–23 victory. It was a seventh All-Ireland title for <mask> as manager. In the aftermath of the game <mask> was involved in a controversial interview with Marty Morrissey that was broadcast live on the Sunday Game. <mask> was apparent in taking umbrage at Morrissey's line of questioning regarding the awarding of a controversial penalty which eventually turned the game in Kilkenny's favour.Continued dominance

<mask>'s reappointment for a 12th successive season took just 30 seconds after Kilkenny chairman Paul Kinsella put his name forward for ratification. The so-called "drive for five" of All-Ireland titles gathered momentum as <mask> tried to play down expectations. Kilkenny surrendered their league title, however, the campaign was not without incident for <mask>. During a group stage game with Tipperary he became involved in a sideline altercation with rival manager Liam Sheedy. Sheedy shoved <mask>, who was standing in the Tipperary technical area, before a war of words ensued between the pair. The Cats later extended their unbeaten run by claiming an eleventh Leinster title after a 1–19 to 1–12 defeat of Galway. For the second year in succession Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider on 5 September 2010.The Cats lost talisman Henry Shefflin due to injury, while Tipperary's Lar Corbett ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as <mask>'s side fell to a 4–17 to 1–18 defeat. <mask>'s reappointment as manager was never in doubt and he was ratified for a 13th season in spite of the All-Ireland defeat. Kilkenny's

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texts: stranglehold in Leinster continued in 2011. A 4–17 to 1–15 defeat of Dublin gave <mask>'s side a record-equaling seventh successive championship. Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider on 4 September 2011. Goals by Michael Fennelly and Richie Hogan in either half gave Kilkenny, who many viewed as the underdogs going into the game, a 2–17 to 1–16 victory. It was <mask>'s eighth All-Ireland title as manager.There was speculation once again that <mask> would step down as manager following the reclaiming of the All-Ireland, however, he returned for the 2012 season. His side asserted their dominance once again as Kilkenny secured a sixth league title under <mask>'s stewardship following a 3–21 to 0–16 demolition of old rivals Cork. Kilkenny were later shocked by <mask>'s old nemesis Galway in the Leinster decider, losing by 2–21 to 2–11, however, both sides subsequently met in the All-Ireland decider on 9 September 2012. Kilkenny had led going into the final stretch, however, Joe Canning struck a stoppage time equaliser to level the game at 2–13 to 0–19 and send the final to a replay for the first time since 1959. The replay took place three weeks later on 30 September 2012. Galway stunned the reigning champions with two first-half goals, however, Kilkenny's championship debutant Walter Walsh gave a man of the match performance, claiming a 1–3 haul. The 3–22 to 3–11 score line gave <mask> a ninth All-Ireland victory as manager.In capturing a ninth championship title <mask> bested Mick O'Dwyer's long-standing


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 record after guiding the Kerry Gaelic football team to eight All-Ireland titles between 1975 and 1986. Kilkenny's dominance showed no sign of abating in 2013, with <mask> guiding the team to a seventh league title following a 2–17 to 0–20 defeat of Tipperary in the decider. An early exit from the championship led to some speculation that <mask> would step down as manager, however, on 11 September 2013 it was confirmed that <mask> would continue as Kilkenny manager for a 16th season but without selector Martin Fogarty who stood down. Back-to-back All-Ireland successes

In 2014 <mask> guided Kilkenny to their first ever three-in-a-row of league titles following a narrow one-point 2–25 to 1–27 extra-time victory over old rivals Tipperary. <mask>'s side subsequently secured a thirteenth Leinster title, as a dominant Kilkenny display gave the Cats a 0–24 to 1–9 defeat of Dublin. On 7 September 2014 Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider. In what some consider to be the greatest game of all-time, the sides were level when Tipperary were awarded a controversial free.John O'Dwyer had the chance to win the game, however, his late free drifted wide resulting in a draw. The replay on 27 September 2014 was also a close affair. Goals from brothers Richie and John Power inspired Kilkenny to a 2–17 to 2–14 victory. It was <mask>'s tenth All-Ireland title as manager. In the aftermath of the All-Ireland victory <mask> blasted referee Barry Kelly's decision to award a late free in the drawn game describing it as "criminal" and "wrong". He


texts: subsequently avoided a suspension for these comments as the GAA's Central Hearings Committee decided to quash the charge brought against <mask>. It was confirmed in November 2014 that <mask> would remain as Kilkenny manager for 2015.After narrowly avoiding relegation in the league, <mask> guided Kilkenny to a fourteenth Leinster title during his managerial reign following a 1–25 to 2–15 defeat of Galway in the decider. On 6 September 2015 Kilkenny renewed their rivalry with Galway in the All-Ireland decider. The team struggled in the first half, however, a T. J. Reid goal and a dominant second half display, which limited Galway to just 1–4, saw Kilkenny power to a 1–22 to 1–18 victory. In November 2015, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2016. Kilkenny won another Leinster title following victory over Galway in the final. They later drew with Waterford in the All Ireland Semi Final with the replay six days later being played in Semple Stadium. A classic game unfolded with the Deise pushing the Cats to the limit but <mask>'s side still emerged as two point winners.In the All Ireland Final against Tipperary however <mask> and his team's luck ran out as the Premier powered to a nine-point win to beat Kilkenny in the championship for the first time since they stopped the drive for five in 2010. It was <mask>'s fourth defeat as manager in the final. In November 2016, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2017, his 19th year as manager. On 19 February 2017, Kilkenny lost to Clare by 2–19 to 0–12 in


texts: Cusack Park in the 2017 National Hurling League, it was Kilkenny's biggest competitive defeat since he became manager of the side. Kilkenny were knocked out of the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship by Waterford in the second round of the qualifiers on 8 July losing by 4–23 to 2-22 after extra-time. It was Kilkenny's earliest exit from the Championship during <mask>'s rein as manager. In September 2017, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2018, his 20th year as manager.In 2018, After a Leinster final replay defeat to Galway, Kilkenny reached the All-Ireland quarter-finals where they were defeated by eventual All-Ireland champions Limerick by 0–27 to 1-22. In October 2018, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2019, his 21st year as manager. They faced Wexford in the Leinster Final and after an exciting game lost by three points, giving Wexford their first championship victory over the Cats since 2004. In August 2019, Kilkenny reached the All-Ireland final where they lost by fourteen points to Tipperary. In October 2019, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2020, his 22nd year as manager. He also added D.J Carey to his backroom team. The 2020 season was disrupted by the ongoing Covid 19 pandemic and the season was put on hold during the latter stages of the league.The season eventually resumed in September with no spectators allowed to attend any matches. <mask> guided his team to the Leinster Title after a victory over Galway. Their All Ireland Semi Final clash with


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 Waterford turned into a thrilling encounter, with Kilkenny in full control in the first half and they led by seven points at half time. However Waterford took the game to the Cats in the second half and powered to a four point victory to knock <mask>'s charges out of the Championship. It was their first Semi Final defeat since 2005. In January 2021, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2021, his 23rd year as manager. D.J Carey left his role as selector.<mask> guided his team to back to back Lenister titles for the first time in five years with victory over Dublin but their All Ireland hopes ended after an All Ireland Semi Final extra time defeat to Cork. In September 2021, it was confirmed that <mask> would remain in charge for 2022, his 24th year as manager. Personal life

<mask> is married to former Wexford camogie player Elsie Walsh, with whom he has two sons, Donnacha (born 1985) and Diarmuid (born 1994). Both Donncha and Diarmuid <mask> have represented Kilkenny in various grades. <mask>'s auto-biography <mask>, co-written with GAA journalist Martin Breheny, was published on 28 September 2009. <mask> retired from his job as a  primary school principal in


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<mask> (born February 14, 1995) is an American beach volleyball player. With teammate Summer Ross, she achieved a career-high world ranking of No. 9 in August 2018. <mask> has won three tournaments on the AVP Pro Tour, as well as one gold and two bronze medals on the FIVB World Tour. <mask> began her beach volleyball training in Huntington Beach, California, at the age of eight. As a junior, she partnered with Kelly Claes to win bronze medals at the 2013 U19 and 2014 U21 World Championships. Her partnership with Claes continued through college, where the pair won 103 consecutive collegiate matches and led the USC Trojans to back-to-back NCAA Championships in 2016 and 2017.Soon after turning professional in mid-2017, <mask> and Claes became the youngest team to win an AVP event when they won the season-ending Championship. <mask> split from Claes in early 2018 and teamed up with S. Ross. In their first year playing together, <mask> and S. Ross won their first World Tour title and entered the top ten of the world rankings. <mask> is a right-side defender and has been noted for her speed and willingness to chase down balls. She is the 2017 FIVB Top Rookie. Early life and junior career
<mask> was born in Long Beach, California, to Rory and Laura. She has an older brother, Connor, and an older sister, Lauren.Her mother is a former volleyball player and both her siblings played the sport in college, with Connor winning two NCAA Men's Volleyball Championships with the UC Irvine Anteaters. Growing up in Costa Mesa, California, in a volleyball-playing family, <mask> regularly attended her siblings' practices and tournaments. During one such instance, a player's parent was impressed by eight-year-old <mask>' peppering and recommended her to local beach volleyball youth coach Bill Lovelace. According to <mask>, she first came to love the

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 sport when Lovelace praised her ball control as the best he had ever seen for an eight-year-old. After a successful tryout, she began training under Lovelace every summer in Huntington Beach until she was 15. A standout junior beach volleyball player, <mask> won numerous tournaments on the Amateur Athletic Union and California Beach Volleyball Association circuits. From 2004 to 2012, she was mostly partnered with Justine Wong-Orantes, playing as a blocker.With Wong-Orantes, <mask> placed ninth at the 2011 and 2012 U19 World Championships. She also finished fourth at the 2012 U21 World Championships with Summer Ross. The following year, <mask> began playing with Kelly Claes and transitioned into a full-time defender. The duo won bronze medals at the 2013 U19 and 2014 U21 World Championships. <mask> also played club indoor volleyball as the setter for Mizuno Long Beach, and was named most valuable player after her club won the 16-U Junior Olympics national championship in 2011. She played indoor volleyball for Mater Dei High School as well and was the Orange County Player of the Year as a senior. College

Regarded as one of the top high school recruits for both beach and indoor, <mask> committed to playing beach volleyball for the USC Trojans in her junior year of high school.Beach volleyball had just become an NCAA Emerging Sport for Women at the time and <mask> decided to forgo collegiate indoor volleyball as "sand was [her] real passion." <mask> joined the Trojans in the 2013–14 season, partnering with Kirby Burnham as the top-flight pair throughout her freshman year. The duo won the AVCA Pairs Championship and recorded 42 wins and 4 losses by the end the season. She was teamed with Claes as the Trojan's top-flight pair for the next three seasons. As sophomores, <mask> and Claes won the AVCA Pairs title and led the Trojans to

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 their first AVCA National Championship, completing the season with a 44–3 win–loss record. In their junior year, they won the inaugural Pac-12 Pairs Championship and were named the Pac-12 Pair of the Year. Women's beach volleyball was also promoted to an NCAA Championship sport that year, and <mask> and Claes helped the Trojans win the first-ever NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship, defeating the Florida State Seminoles' top pair in straight sets in the finals.They ended the season with an undefeated 48–0 record and were selected to the NCAA All-Tournament Team. <mask> and Claes capped off a dominant year by winning the 2016 World University Championships without dropping a set the entire tournament. As seniors, the duo repeated as Pac-12 Pairs Champions and were once again named Pair of Year. They led the Trojans to their second consecutive NCAA title, coming back from a first set loss in the finals to beat the top-flight duo from Pepperdine. <mask> and Claes completed their senior year with a 55–1 win–loss record, amassing an overall record of 147 wins and 4 losses in their three seasons together. Between their sophomore and senior years, <mask> and Claes had a win streak of 103 collegiate matches, losing just seven sets during this run. Their streak began in April 2015 and was broken two years later in a three-set loss to a team from the Saint Mary's Gaels.<mask> was named an AVCA Division I Collegiate Beach All-American in all her four years of college. She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in business administration in 2017, and earned a Master's degree in Entrepreneurship and Innovation the following year. Amateur career

While still in high school and college, <mask> competed as an amateur on the domestic and international professional tours. Her first professional tournament result was a 17th place at the 2011 Manhattan

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 Beach Open. In October 2012, she debuted in her first FIVB World Tour event at the $190K Bangsaen Thailand Open, where she and teammate Kaitlin Nielsen lost in the first round of the country quota qualifier. <mask> partnered with Lane Carico to win her first international event the following year at the $8K NORCECA tournament in Boquerón, Cabo Rojo. She made her Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) debut playing with Geena Urango at the $75K Milwaukee Open in 2014, but did not progress past the qualifying rounds.After partnering with Kelly Claes, her results improved over the next two years, highlighted by three more NORCECA titles and two AVP semifinal appearances. Their breakthrough came in June 2016, when <mask> and Claes narrowly lost to Olympians April Ross and Kerri Walsh Jennings with a score of 21–17, 18–21, 15–17 in the third round of the $75K AVP San Francisco Open. Despite the loss, they eventually made it to the finals of the double-elimination tournament where they were defeated once again by A. Ross and Walsh Jennings. <mask> and Claes were given a wild card entry into the main draw of the $400K Klagenfurt Major a month later, where they upset the top-seeded German team of Kira Walkenhorst and Laura Ludwig in the group stage, eventually finishing 17th; Walkenhorst and Ludwig would go on to win gold at the 2016 Summer Olympics a few weeks later. Professional career

2017: Partnering with Claes
<mask> turned professional upon graduating from college in the summer of 2017, and turned down a partnership with three-time Olympic gold medalist Walsh Jennings, choosing instead to continue playing with her collegiate partner Claes. In their first professional season, <mask> and Claes got their highest finish in international competition at the $115K Long Beach Presidents Cup exhibition event in July, beating

masks: Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes Hughes


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 Germany's Walkenhorst and Ludwig in the bronze-medal match. Two weeks later, they were knocked out of the World Championships by eventual champions Walkenhorst and Ludwig for a ninth-place finish.On the AVP, the 12th-seeded pair won their first title at the $112.5K Chicago Championships in September, beating Brooke Sweat and S. Ross in straight sets in the finals. With this win, <mask> and Claes, aged 22 and 21 at the time, became the youngest team in history to win an AVP tournament. On the World Tour, their best results were fifth-place finishes at the $150K Rio de Janeiro Open and the $300K Poreč Major. <mask> and Claes ended the year ranked No. 16 in the world. 2018–present: Partnering with S. Ross
After ninth-place finishes in their first two World Tour tournaments of 2018, <mask> ended her partnership with Claes to team up with S. Ross. According to <mask>, she made the switch because she "needed to grow a little more as a volleyball player."<mask> and S. Ross entered the AVP season as the top seeds, winning two of the four events they competed in. They won their first tournament together at the $100K AVP New York Open in June by defeating Nicole Branagh and Brandie Wilkerson in the final match in two sets. The following month, they beat A. Ross and Alix Klineman in three sets to win another AVP title at the $79K Hermosa Beach Open. The duo were runners-up to A. Ross and Klineman at the $125K Chicago Championships and the $75K Hawaii Invitational in September. <mask> and S. Ross also reached their first podium on the World Tour by taking the bronze medal at the $150K Espinho Open in July. The pair then won their first World Tour title the next month at the $150K Moscow Open. Seeded ninth in Moscow, they upset three of the top five seeds, beating the second-seeded Brazilian team of Ágatha Bednarczuk and Eduarda Santos


texts:
 Lisboa in the gold-medal match.After Moscow, <mask> and S. Ross were ranked No. 9 in the world, a career-best for <mask>. They were awarded a wild card entry to the World Tour Finals in Hamburg at the end of the season, in which the eight top-ranked teams and two wild cards compete for the $400K prize pool. As the tenth seeds in the Finals, they notched victories over the top-seeded German team of Chantal Laboureur and Julia Sude and the eight-seeded Dutch team of Sanne Keizer and Madelein Meppelink. However, losses to the fifth-seeded Heather Bansley and Brandie Wilkerson of Canada and the fourth-seeded Maria Antonelli and Carolina Solberg Salgado of Brazil meant they did not progress to the quarterfinals, finishing tied for seventh place. <mask> and S. Ross concluded 2018 with a third-place finish at the $150K Yangzhou Open, defeating Canada's <mask> and Melissa Humana-Paredes in the bronze-medal match. Accolades
<mask> is the 2017 FIVB Top Rookie and the 2018 AVP Best Defender.She and Claes were named Sportswomen of the Year at the 2017 LA Sports Awards, organized by the Los Angeles Sports Council. Style of play
<mask> is a defender and right-handed right-side player. Originally a blocker in her youth, she moved to the backcourt when she started playing with the taller Claes. Known as a fierce competitor, <mask> has been noted for her "speed and relentless pursuit of every ball." Her USC head coach Anna Collier described her as "one of the fastest and smartest defenders," with the ability to anticipate her opponents' attacks. According to three-time Olympian Holly McPeak, <mask> possesses the competitive drive, work ethic and athleticism necessary to compete at the professional level. Of the 87 players who competed in a Major Series main draw on the 2018 World Tour, <mask> ranked 33rd for total points scored, averaging 5.61

masks:
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Sarah Pavan
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes


texts:
 points per set; 25th for total kills, averaging 5.21 kills per set; and 40th for number of aces, with around four percent of her serves being aces.Personal life
<mask>' childhood idol was Misty May-Treanor, and she grew up with a poster of the three-time Olympic gold medalist in her bedroom. May-Treanor, who often trained in Huntington Beach when <mask> was young, would occasionally let the latter help with her practice sessions. May-Treanor was later the volunteer assistant coach for the USC Trojans during <mask>' freshman year, and the two have formed a close relationship according to <mask>. A ball girl at AVP tournaments in her youth, <mask> also came to know two-time Olympic medalist April Ross. A. Ross, a fellow Costa Mesa resident, would invite <mask> to her practices when <mask> was in high school. When <mask> and Claes were just starting to compete on the professional circuits, their biggest challenge was not being able to afford a coach. As their tournament results improved, the pair received more financial assistance from USA Volleyball and began working with Volleyball Hall of Fame inductee José Loiola.Since splitting with Claes in early 2018, <mask> and new partner S. Ross continue to be coached by Loiola. She is sponsored by Mikasa Sports, Oakley, KT Tape, and Nike. Career statistics

FIVB finals: 1 (1–0)

AVP finals: 6 (3–3)

Performance timeline

Current through the 2018 FIVB World Tour Finals. Note: Only main draw results are considered. References

External links

 <mask> at the Association of Volleyball Professionals
 <mask> at the Beach Volleyball Major Series

1995 births
Living people
American women's beach volleyball players
Beach volleyball defenders
FIVB World Tour award winners
Volleyball players from Long Beach, California
Sportspeople from Orange County, California
USC Trojans women's beach

masks:
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Sara Hughes
Sara Hughes


texts:
M<mask> (born September 27, 1950) is the President and CEO of the Boston Foundation, the community foundation serving the Greater Boston area since 1915. A native of Wichita, Kansas, <mask> studied English literature at Wichita State University and Harvard University. He then held various deanship positions at Colgate University and Dartmouth College before becoming president of Willamette University (1998-2011) and Emerson College (2011-2021). On June 1, 2021, <mask> took the helm at the Boston Foundation. Early life
M<mask> was born on September 27, 1950, to Clarence and <mask>. He has three sisters. He grew up in Wichita, Kansas, where he graduated from Wichita North High School.His father worked as a laborer and later as a manager for the police department for the city of Wichita while his mother acted as a homemaker. In 1974, <mask> graduated from Wichita State University. There he earned a degree in English and psychology, while graduating magna cum laude with a focus in 19th century British literature. He earned a doctorate in English and American literature from Harvard University in 1984. Career
From 1974 to 1983, while working on his doctorate at Harvard, <mask> served as an instructor and teaching fellow in the English Department. After receiving his PhD in 1983, he became Senior Tutor of Winthrop House, one of Harvard's undergraduate colleges. He left Harvard in 1986, to become Dean of Students at Colgate University in Hamilton, N.Y.He served in that capacity until being named Dean of the College in 1988. <mask> left Colgate in 1991, when he was named dean of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. While at Dartmouth he was responsible for the largest administrative body of the school, and held an academic appointment in the Department of English. In July 1998, <mask> was appointed as the 22nd president of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, the first university in the western United States. He expanded the faculty with 26 new tenured-track professorships and increased minority enrollment to 24 percent, up from 11 percent when he started. The school built two new buildings, Ford Hall and Kaneko Commons, and purchased several others adjacent to the

masks:
. Lee Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
. Lee Pelton
Rosa Lee Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton


texts: campus in downtown Salem, and raised $131 million in a fund-raising campaign. At the end of the 2010 academic year <mask> left to take the same position at Emerson College in Massachusetts, replaced at Willamette by Stephen E. Thorsett.Under <mask>’s leadership since 2011, Emerson College adopted a strategic plan that outlines five guiding strategies for the institution: Academic Excellence, Civic Engagement, Internationalization and Global Engagement, Innovation, and Financial Strength. During <mask>’s tenure at Emerson, the College enhanced its Emerson Los Angeles program when it established a new physical presence in Hollywood in 2014 by opening a building for learning and living on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood. Emerson College played a leading role in the revival of Boston’s theatre district when it purchased and renovated two leading theatres; the Cutler Majestic Theatre and Paramount Center theatres. The purchase and recent renovation of the historic Emerson Colonial Theatre, which hosted the first performances of Porgy and Bess (1935) and Oklahoma! (1943), among other major productions, cemented Emerson’s role in the revival of that section of the city. The theatre is now managed in partnership with Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG). In 2018, the College established its Global Portals program on several continents, opening doors for students from around the world to gain an Emerson College degree.An alliance with Marlboro College in Marlboro, VT, a private liberal arts college founded in 1946, was announced in November 2019, with the intention of keeping the legacy of the small liberal arts alive on Emerson’s Boston campus. Finalized in July 2020, the alliance moved Marlboro’s academic program, known for its self-directed nature, to Emerson and renamed Emerson’s liberal arts and interdisciplinary studies program to the Marlboro Institute for Liberal Arts and Interdisciplinary Studies. Existing Marlboro students were invited to matriculate and tenured and tenure-track faculty had the option to teach at Emerson. Emerson College has acquired or redeveloped several buildings to expand the institution’s footprint as outlined in Pelton's vision. In 2019, it

masks: Pelton Pelton Pelton


texts:
 reopened the 1,035-bed, 14-story Little Building building, which features 11 floors of student residences; black box cabaret theaters, dance practice rooms in the basement-level; a modern student mail center and street accessible retail spaces on the first floor; and classrooms and conference center-style spaces on the second floor. During the building’s renovation, the College also initiated a digitally projected public art display – the Uncommon Project – on the face of the building. Opened a new 18,000 square foot, 550-seat dining hall
 Opened a new residence hall at 2 Boylston Place, featuring 18 stories and 375 beds
 Purchased 172 Tremont Street to house student life and services
 Began the expansion of the sidewalk along Boylston Street in front of the recently renovated Little Building and created new retail food eatery spaces on Little Building street level.Created a new student dining facility, the Lion’s Den
 Opened a new Visitor Center at 104 Boylston Street
 Created the Urban Arts: Media Art Gallery

On December 1, 2020, Dr. <mask> announced his resignation as president of Emerson College to students and staff via email. On June 1, 2021, Pelton joined the Boston Foundation as President and CEO. Other
Pelton holds or has held positions on several educational and cultural boards and committees including the American Council on Education, the Harvard University Board of Overseers, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, the Oregon Symphony, Oregon Health & Science University Foundation, American Association for Higher Education, National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and National Collegiate Athletic Association. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, and on the Board of Trustees of public media pioneer GBH and the Barr Foundation, a philanthropic organization with more than $3 billion in assets. Pelton served on the board of directors of Portland General Electric, the local publicly traded electric utility. He was married to <mask> <mask> from 1974 to 1981, Kristen Wilson from 1981 to 2005, and to Carol (Leslie<mask>, manager of the Oregon Cultural Trust from 2006 to 2008. He has three

masks:
Pelton
Marlys
Miller
) Pelton


texts:
<mask> (born March 3, 1955 in Frankfurt) is a German historian. He holds the Chair of Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Jena, Germany, and leads the Jena Center of 20th Century History. <mask>'s research work investigates how German society came to terms with Nazism and the Third Reich in the aftermath of World War II. Career

From 1973 to 1978 Frei studied modern history, political and communication sciences in Munich, where he also completed editorial training at the German School of Journalism. In 1979, he received his doctorate with a thesis on the "National Socialist conquest of the provincial press". Between 1979 and 1997 he worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich. While there, from 1987 he worked as an editorial member of quarterly periodicals for contemporary history and was editor of the series of quarterly issues.He was at Harvard University in 1985 and 1986, on a John F. Kennedy Fellowship. After his time at the University of Bielefeld in 1996, he wrote a highly regarded study on the policies of the Adenauer era, in book form titled  ("Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration"). Frei joined the Ruhr University Bochum in 1997. For the summer semester 2005 he moved to the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. For the years 1995 and 1996 he was a freelance Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. For the years 2008 and 2009 he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. In the academic.In year 2010/2011, he taught as Theodor Heuss Professor at the New School for Social Research in New York. In the summer semester of 2013, he held a

masks:
Norbert Frei
Frei


texts: visiting professorship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In the summer semester of 2019 he was Gerda Henkel Visiting Professor in The Department of German Studies of Stanford University. Frei is a member of numerous scientific advisory boards and commissions. From 1996 to 2003 and again since 2018 he worked on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Fritz Bauer Institute in Frankfurt. Since 1999 he is Chairman of the Scientific Board of Trustees of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation. From 2000 to 2016 Frei was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institute for German History at the University of Tel Aviv.From 2005 to 2017, he was chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Koebner Minerva Center for German History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. From 1999 to 2002 he was a member of the Independent Historical Commission for the Study of the History of Bertelsmann in the "Third Reich". In 2011 <mask> was elected as a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig. <mask>'s longer-term research projects concerned the practice of reparation in Germany and Israel since 1952 and the history of the Flick Group in the Third Reich, both completed in 2009. In 2005, German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer appointed <mask> to the Independent Commission of Historians - Foreign Office, which thoroughly examined the history of the Foreign Service in National Socialism and its handling of this past after 1945. In October 2010, the Commission published its findings as a book entitled The Office and the Past, followed by a controversial discussion. Larger ongoing research projects concern the history of political

masks: Frei Frei Frei


texts:
 education in the Federal Republic and the experience of the long transformation in East Germany (1970-2010).Since 2012 <mask> has led the interdisciplinary working group "Human Rights in the 20th Century" of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, which also runs the website "Sources on the History of Human Rights". <mask> participated in numerous contemporary historical debates and endeavors to convey scientific findings to a broader public. Since 2016, he has written a column in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, a national daily newspaper. Controversy

In his 2000 book Standort-und Kommandanturbefehle des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz 1940–1945 ("Auschwitz 1940-1945 Concentration Camp Commands and Command Orders"), Frei published a collection of documents from eastern European archives. In 2015, right-wing extremists and Holocaust deniers such as Ursula Haverbeck and Hans Püschel cherry-picked information from the book in order to argue that The Holocaust did not take place. In a 2015 television interview on the mainstream German ARD channel, Frei explained that the book contains a wealth of information about Auschwitz concentration camp and also Birkenau. Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
In 1997 Frei investigated how the myth of the clean Wehrmacht was created through the official policies of the West German government led by Konrad Adenauer.His book was called Vergangenheitspolitik: Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit ("Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration"). <mask> wrote that the widespread demand for the freedom of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II was an indirect admission of the entire German society's


texts:
 enmeshment in Nazism. He added the war crimes trials were a painful reminder of the nature of the Third Reich that many ordinary people had identified with. In this context, there was an overwhelming demand for the rehabilitation of the Wehrmacht. Works
Monographs
 with Franka Maubach, Christina Morina and Maik Tändler: Zur rechten Zeit. Wider die Rückkehr des Nationalismus. Ullstein, Berlin 2019, .(co-author) Michael Brenner (Hrsg. ): Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart. Politik, Kultur und Gesellschaft. Beck, Munich 2012, .
 with Eckart Conze, Peter Hayes and Moshe Zimmermann: Das Amt und die Vergangenheit. Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik. Blessing, Munich 2010, ; paperback edition: Pantheon, Munich 2012, .
 with Ralf Ahrens, Jörg Osterloh and Tim Schanetzky: Flick. Der Konzern, die Familie, die Macht.Blessing, Munich 2009, ; Pantheon paperback, Munich 2011, . 1968. Jugendrevolte und globaler Protest. dtv, Munich 2008, . 1945 und wir. Das Dritte Reich im Bewußtsein der Deutschen. Beck, Munich 2005, ; dtv paperback, Munich 2009, .
 with Saul Friedländer, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann: Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich.2 vols. Bertelsmann, Munich 2002,  and . (as editor and co-author) Hitlers Eliten nach 1945. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ; soft cover edition: dtv, Munich 2003; 9th edition Munich 2018, . Vergangenheitspolitik. Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit. Beck, Munich 1996, .Many further editions. New edition: Beck, Munich 2012, .
 with Johannes Schmitz: Journalismus im Dritten Reich. Becksche Reihe, Munich 1989, . Many further editions. Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische


texts:
 Herrschaft 1933–1945. dtv, Munich 1987, .Many further editions. Translated into English as: National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945. Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers 1993,
 Amerikanische Lizenzpolitik und deutsche Pressetradition. Die Geschichte der Nachkriegszeitung Südost-Kurier (= Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Nr. 52).Oldenbourg, Munich 1986, . Nationalsozialistische Eroberung der Provinzpresse. Gleichschaltung, Selbstanpassung und Resistenz in Bayern (= Studien zur Zeitgeschichte. vol. 17). DVA, Stuttgart 1980,  (also Dissertation at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1979). Publications
 Wie bürgerlich war der Nationalsozialismus?Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2018, . Die Geschichte ist offen. In memoriam Fritz Stern. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017, .
 with Dominik Rigoll: Der Antikommunismus in seiner Epoche. Weltanschauung und Politik in Deutschland, Europa und den USA, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017, . Die Deutschen und der Nationalsozialismus. Munich 2015 ff.,  and  (5 of 7 volumes released so far).with Annette Weinke: Toward a New Moral World Order? Menschenrechtspolitik und Völkerrecht seit 1945. Göttingen 2013, .
 with José Brunner, Constantin Goschler: Die Globalisierung der Wiedergutmachung. Politik, Moral Moralpolitik. Göttingen 2013, .
 with Wulf Kansteiner: Den Holocaust erzählen. Historiographie zwischen wissenschaftlicher Empirie und narrativer Kreativität. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2013, .
 with Dietmar Süß: Privatisierung.Idee und Praxis seit den 1970er Jahren. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012, .
 with Martin Sabrow: Die Geburt des Zeitzeugen nach 1945. Wallstein


texts:
 Verlag, Göttingen 2012, .
 with Tim Schanetzky: Unternehmen im Nationalsozialismus. Zur Historisierung einer Forschungskonjunktur. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2010, .
 with José Brunner, Constantin Goschler: Die Praxis der Wiedergutmachung. Geschichte, Erfahrung und Wirkung in Deutschland und Israel. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2009, .Martin Broszat, der „Staat Hitlers“ und die Historisierung des Nationalsozialismus. Göttingen 2007, . Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts? Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2006, . Transnationale Vergangenheitspolitik. Der Umgang mit deutschen Kriegsverbrechern in Europa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.Göttingen 2006, .
 with Frank Bösch: Medialisierung und Demokratie im 20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen 2006, .
 with Volkhard Knigge: Verbrechen erinnern. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Holocaust und Völkermord. Munich 2002, .
 with Sybille Steinbacher: Beschweigen und Bekennen. Die deutsche Nachkriegsgesellschaft und der Holocaust. Göttingen 2001, .
 with Dirk van Laak, Michael Stolleis: Geschichte vor Gericht.Historiker, Richter und die Suche nach Gerechtigkeit. Munich 2000, .
 with Sybille Steinbacher, Bernd C. Wagner: Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik. Munich 2000, . (co-editor) Standort- und Kommandanturbefehle des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz 1940–1945. Munich 2000, . Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit.Munich 1991, .
 with Hermann Kling: Der nationalsozialistische Krieg. Frankfurt am Main 1990, .
 with Martin Broszat: Das Dritte Reich im Überblick. Chronik. Ereignisse. Zusammenhänge. Munich 1983, ; revised new edition 2007, .
 with Franziska


texts:
 Friedlaender: Ernst Friedlaender. Klärung für Deutschland.Leitartikel in der ZEIT 1946–1950. Munich 1982

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 by  <mask> <mask>, German National Library
 Page:  Uni Jena, CV und list of publications by  <mask> <mask>

1955 births
Nazi war crimes
Nazism
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
Historians of World War II
German journalists
Living people
Historians of

masks: Norbert Frei Norbert Frei


texts:
Sir <mask>,  (26 January 1867 – 26 September 1932) was a Canadian railway builder, High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria and the East Africa Protectorate. Education
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Désiré <mask> and Essie Cranwill, he attended Collège de Montréal (1877–1878) and College St. Joseph in Trois-Rivières (1879–1882) and graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, in 1886. Girouard's father was a wealthy French-Canadian lawyer who went on to become a Conservative MP and Supreme Court justice while his mother was an Irish immigrant. Unlike most of the other members of the French-Canadian elite of Montreal, Girourad was not educated at Laval University, the traditional training ground of the Francophone elite, instead electing for an education in English at the Royal Military College. Girouard graduated first in his class as an engineer, and was the first Roman Catholic ever to be awarded a degree in engineering at the Royal Military College. Career
Girouard worked for two years on the Canadian Pacific Railway's "International Railway of Maine" in Greenville, Maine, before he was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1888. Quickly earning a reputation as a very able and tough railroad man due to his work in Maine led to Girouard being offered a position in Britain in 1890.Girouad's family wanted him to stay in Canada, but <mask> wanted to see the world by building railroads all over the British Empire. Railway-building in Sudan and Egypt
From 1890–1895 he was in charge of the Woolwich Arsenal Railway before he joined the Dongola Expedition in 1896 and was asked by Kitchener to

masks:
Édouard Percy Cranwill Girouard
Girouard
Girouard


texts: supervise the extension of the old Wadi-Halfa to Akasha railroad, which marked the beginning of the Sudan Military Railroad. Kitchener had asked for <mask> as he was reputably the best railroad builder in the entire British Empire. On 20 March 1896, the town of Akasheh was taken by Sir Archibald Hunter, and Girouard went to work building a railroad across the desert. By 4 August 1896 Girouard reported to Kitchener the railroad now extended from Wali Halfa to Kosheh, covering some 116 miles of arid desert. Building a railroad in the desert in the 19th century presented major challenges such as attacks from the Ansar, a workforce of about 800 Sudanese who knew nothing about building railroads and had to be taught everything, the occasional heavy rain that washed away the track, the need to import everything, and a cholera epidemic which killed off most of the workers in August 1896. Girouard had to establish two technical schools to train his Sudanese workers about how to work as station masters, yard shunters and signalers as none of those skills were known in the Sudan which had never known railroads.In his 1899 book The River War, Winston Churchill praised <mask> as an extraordinarily capable man who made the advance into the Sudan possible. After the British defeated the Ansar at the Battle of Hafir on 19 September 1896, Dongola was taken on 24 September 1896. These victories were largely made possible by the railroad Girouard built, which allowed Kitchener to bring in enough supplies and men to apply crushing firepower against the Ansar. In 1897 he was ordered by Kitchener to build a railway from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamed,

masks: Girouard Girouard


texts: 235 miles directly across the Nubian Desert, which eliminated 500 miles of navigation up the Nile River. This was highly risky as Girouard had always built his railroad close to the Nile, where there were gunboats to protect his workers from Ansar attacks, but he accepted the risk and went to work. Girouard frequently traveled up and down the railroad, supervising the work as he had little faith in the ability of his Sudanese workers to build a railroad on their own. When Kitchener purchased several locomotives that Girouard deemed too light to operate in the desert, the latter went to Britain to personally buy heavier locomotives from the United States and while borrowing several more from Cecil Rhodes in South Africa.The millionaire Rhodes, who made a fortune in the diamond and gold mines of South Africa had a great dream of building the Cape to Cairo Railway that would run from Cape Town across Africa to Cairo. In turn, the "Cape to Cairo railroad" would be the device for the British colonization of much of Africa as Rhodes had grandiose plans for settling millions of British settlers in Africa. As such, Rhodes was keen to do everything to help Kitchener conquer the Sudan so he could build his "Cape to Cairo railroad". The strong-willed <mask> was well known for his willingness to argue with Kitchener, a man whom many found to be very intimidating, and despite their frequent disagreements Kitchener never sacked him. This line that <mask> built allowed Kitchener to move the Egyptian and British armies under his command into the heart of the Sudan and defeat the forces of the Khalifa at Atbara and Omdurman in 1898. He


texts:
 received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) following the defeat of the Sudanese. By then <mask> had been appointed President of Egyptian State Railways and was responsible for clearing the congestion at the Port of Alexandria.In 1902, he was awarded the Second Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Medjidie "in recognition of his services as President of the Council of Administration of the Egyptian Railways, Telegraphs, and the Port of Alexandria". South Africa, 1899–1904
In October 1899 <mask> was sent by the War Office to South Africa to advise on the railway situation of the Cape Colony. When the Boer War (1899–1902) broke out he became Director of Imperial Military Railways which included the lines in the Cape, as well as the lines taken over from the Boers in the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. His rapid reconstruction of the damaged lines and the innovative low level deviations around destroyed bridges, enabled the rapid movement of men and material to support the rapid advance of Lord Robert's forces in 1900 to capture Pretoria. He was mentioned in dispatches (31 March 1900 and 23 June 1902), received the South Africa Medal, and in November 1900 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for his service in the war. Lord Kitchener wrote in a despatch how <mask> had been his "principal adviser in all the numerous and intricate questions pertaining to railway administration in South Africa", and concluded that "he is an officer of brilliant ability." After the end of the war, the Imperial Military Railways was renamed as the Central South African Railways in July

masks: Girouard Girouard Girouard


texts:
 1902.<mask> remained in South Africa as Commissioner of the Railways (with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel) until pressure from the Johannesburg mine owners to reduce railway expenses forced his resignation in 1904. High Commissioner, Nigeria and East Africa, 1906–1912
In 1906, Winston Churchill, then Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office, promoted Girouard as the successor to Sir Frederick Lugard as High Commissioner in Northern Nigeria. <mask> was also responsible for building a railway from Baro, on the Niger River, 366 miles north to the ancient city of Kano. As High Commissioner he also supported the work of the Northern Nigerian Lands Committee and the legislation which resulted from this work had the effect of preventing the establishment of private property in land. He then served as Commissioner of the British East Africa Protectorate (Kenya) from 1909 to 1912. His involvement in the controversial move of the Maasai led to a smoldering dispute with the Colonial Secretary, Lord Milner, who accepted his resignation in 1912. By then Girouard had been offered a position as the managing director of the Eslwick Works of the armaments and shipbuilding concern of Armstrong Whitworth and Co. Ltd.

Later career and life, 1912–1932
From 1912 until 1923 Girouard remained at Armstrong's except for a brief period in 1915 when the "Shell Crisis" forced the British Government to abandon its "business as usual" policy.Kitchener had asked <mask> for advice on the production of munitions and supported his appointment as Director General of Munitions in the newly formed Ministry of Munitions under Lloyd George. But


texts:
 <mask> could not work under a politician and six weeks later he returned to work at Armstrongs. <mask> died in London, England, in 1932. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey. Family
In 1903 he married Mary Gwendolen Solomon, the only child of Sir Richard Solomon, at Pretoria, Transvaal. Their only child was Richard Desire <mask> (1905–1989), who is the father of <mask>, the writer and architectural historian. Legacy

Mount Girouard, which is located in the Bow River Valley south of Lake Minnewanka, Fairholme Range, in Banff National Park, Alberta.was named in his honour in 1904. Latitude 51; 14; 15, longitude 115; 24; 05. The Girouard Academic Building at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, was named in his honour in 1977. A plaque honouring Sir Edouard <mask> Girouard 1867–1932 was erected in 1985 by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in a breezeway between the Girouard and Sawyer Buildings at the Royal Military College of Canada "Born in Montréal, Girouard was educated at Royal Military College, Kingston, commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1888, and appointed to the Royal Arsenal Railways at Woolwich. Charged in 1896 with construction of the Wadi Halfa – Khartoum Railway, he was later director of railways in South Africa and as high commissioner in Northern Nigeria superintended the building of a line to Kano. Governor of Northern Nigeria (1908–9), of East Africa (1909–12), and director general of munitions supply in the British government (1915–16), he also wrote several books on the strategic importance of railways." The Irish historian Donal Lowry used Girouard's career as

masks:
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Mark Girouard
Percy Cranwill


texts:
 an example of "French-Canadian loyalism" to the British Empire in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, using him together with men such as Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who served as Prime Minister between 1896-1911; Louis-Honoré Fréchette, considered to be the most talented French-Canadian poet of his generation; Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier who wrote the national anthem O Canada in 1880; and Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, the politician and soldier who might had become Prime Minister had he not been killed at the battle of Passchendaele in 1917; who all identified with the British Empire.References

 Sir Édouard <mask> <mask> at The Canadian Encyclopedia

Books and articles
4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976. H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969. H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC – A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968 Kingston, Ontario. H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were!Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984. RMC. Kingston, Ontario. The R.M.C.Club of Canada. 1984
Kirk-Greene, A.H.M "Canada in Africa: Sir <mask>, Neglected Colonial Governor" pages 207-239 from African Affairs, Volume 83, No 331, April 1984. Lowry, Donal "The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against

masks:
Percy Cranwill
Girouard
Percy Girouard


texts:
 'Ethnic Determinism'" pages 98–120 from The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Volume 31, Issue 2, June 2003
Pigott, Peter Canada In Sudan War Without Borders, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2009

External links
 Sir <mask>, Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907–1909

 The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'

1867 births
1932 deaths
Colonial governors and administrators of Kenya
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian Militia officers
French Quebecers
People from Montreal
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
British Governors and Governors-General of Nigeria
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
British Kenya


texts: <mask>'Kinley (1766–1852) was a Royal Navy officer who served during the American Revolutionary, French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He joined the navy in 1773 but did not go to sea until 1777. In December 1778, the vessel he was serving on, , was captured and M'Kinley was a prisoner of war until his exchange the following January. In 1781, M'Kinley was aboard , fighting at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29 April and the Battle of the Capes on 5 September. In January 1782, he was rated lieutenant aboard  and in April took part in the Battle of the Saintes and the Battle of the Mona Passage. When war with France resumed in 1793, M'Kinley was sent to the Mediterranean, where, as first lieutenant under Robert Linzee, he took part in operations against Corsica. As a lieutenant, M'Kinley was given command of the 14-gun cutter Liberty in March 1795.Serving in the English Channel, he joined Sir Sidney Smith for an attack on a French squadron near Cap Fréhel and was mentioned in dispatches for his efforts. Promoted to Master and Commander of the 14-gun brig-sloop,  on 16 May 1798, M'Kinley was in the task force sent to invade Holland the following year. While serving in the Baltic in 1801, M'Kinley's Otter had a minor role in the Battle of Copenhagen; part of a light division, attached to Lord Nelson's squadron. Soon after, on 20 October, M'Kinley made Post-Captain and on the same day, set sail for the West Indies in his new command . He remained in American waters until July 1802, serving


texts:
 aboard  then , in which he returned home. Following the short-lived peace of Amiens, M'Kinley was appointed to , a guardship at Leith. It was on board, during a gun drill, where he was temporarily blinded in an explosion and had to be excused from duties for several weeks.In 1807, M'Kinley was operating off Lisbon in  and rescued British merchant vessels from the Tagus when French troops threatened the capital. M'Kinley commanded a small squadron off Galicia in 1809, co-operating with the local resistance and aiding in the recapture of Santiago de Compostela. The following year, M'Kinley's ship was wrecked off the coast of Malta but he was cleared of blame by a court martial and returned to duty. Apart from a single trip to the South Atlantic, M'Kinley remained in home waters until the end of his sea service, finally coming ashore in 1817. He rose through the ranks to become Vice Admiral of the White in 1841 and died in 1852. Early life and career
<mask>'Kinley was born in Devonport, Plymouth, in 1766. His father and both his brothers were Royal Navy officers who all died during the American Revolutionary War: His father, a lieutenant, when M'Kinley was eleven and his brothers; Samuel in 1780, while in command of HMS Comet on the American Station, and John in 1782, off Hispaniola.M'Kinley received the patronage of Samuel Barrington and John Leveson Gower and on 5 August 1773, was entered on the books of Gower's ship, , at Portsmouth. In 1777 he joined the 18-gun sloop, , under James


texts: Dacres and was quickly rated able seaman and then midshipman. He was still aboard Ceres when she was captured off St Lucia by the French frigate, Iphigénie on 17 December 1778 and consequently was a prisoner of war until exchanged at the beginning of the 1779. Following his release, M'Kinley returned to the West Indies where he served on HMS Surprise,  then  in which he fought at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29 April 1781 and the Battle of the Capes on 5 September. He later joined , where it came to the attention of Rear-Admiral Samuel Hood, whose flag she was flying at the time. On 14 January 1782, M'Kinley was made lieutenant of the sloop , a position he was unable to take up due to the vessel's capture. He therefore remained on Barfleur and was at the Battle of the Saintes, at the beginning of April.While in the Mona Passage, on 19 April, Hood's fleet captured the French ships , ,  and recaptured the sloop, Ceres. After the battle, M'Kinley transferred to the 24-gun  under Captain Alexander Hood and, in July 1783, sailed for home aboard Aimable. M'Kinley remained in active service after the war, first on the New Foundland Station in the 14-gun sloop,  and then aboard , a guardship at Portsmouth. In 1787, M'Kinley was in the 16-gun , engaged in the suppression of smuggling along the English coast. He was very nearly given up for dead when, having taken off after a smuggler in the sloop's jolly boat, he was caught in a violent storm and went missing for 30 hours. In 1789, M'Kinley was


texts:
 reunited with Gower, first in  and later in . On 1 December 1792, M'Kinley boarded  as first lieutenant.In February 1793 Britain joined the First Coalition in the French Revolutionary War and in September, Alcide, under Commodore Robert Linzee, took part in operations preceding the Invasion of Corsica. M'Kinley followed Linzee into the 98-gun  before joining , under Captain William Young. On 8 February 1794 as part of the siege of Saint-Florent, Fortitude and , made an unsuccessful attack on the tower at Mortella Point. Command
As a lieutenant, M'Kinley received his first command, the 14-gun cutter, , in March 1795, operating in the waters around the Channel Islands. In 1796, M'Kinley came to the attention of Sir Sidney Smith when he offered the services of Liberty and her crew, for an attack on a French squadron that had been chased into the port of Herqui, near Cap Fréhel. At 12:00 on 18 March, Smith's ship, , Liberty and a hired lugger named Aristocrat, entered the narrow entrance of the harbour. A party of marines and seamen were put ashore to silence one of the gun batteries while the British vessels engaged the French Corvette, four brigs, two sloops and a lugger, within.Liberty, having a shallower draught than Diamond was able to maintain a close action with the 16-gun corvette. At 22:00, with all the enemy's ships ablaze but the guns ashore still firing, the British withdrew. M'Kinley was mentioned in dispatches for his, "Gallant and judicious manner" in this action. M'Kinley was


texts: promoted to Master and Commander of the 14-gun brig-sloop,  on 16 May 1798, taking part in the invasion of Holland the following year. In August, Otter was present at, although she took no active part in, the Vlieter incident; the surrender of a Dutch squadron near Texel. He later commanded a detachment of marines in operations ashore; holding the town of Enkhuizen until the evacuation. At the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, M'Kinley's Otter was part of a light division, attached to Lord Nelson's squadron.Immediately after the battle, M'Kinley was placed in temporary command of , her previous captain, Sir Thomas Boulden Thompson, being incapacitated through the loss of a leg. M'Kinley had just finished refitting the ship when he was appointed another, ; aboard which, he returned to England. M'Kinley was confirmed Post-Captain on 20 October and, on the same day, sailed for the West Indies aboard . On arrival, he took up his new position on . In March 1802, Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens and on 23 July, M'Kinley transferred to , sailing her first to Halifax, Nova Scotia, before heading home. War resumed in the May following and on 11 July 1803, M'Kinley was appointed to , a guardship at Leith. While stationed there, M'Kinley was temporarily blinded by an exploding powder horn during a gun drill.He returned to duty some weeks later, when Roebuck took up her new position in the Yarmouth Roads. On 23 January 1806, M'Kinley took command of  off the Dutch coast. He transferred to  20 May. In


texts:
 1807, when Lisbon came under threat from French troops under Jean-Andoche Junot, Lively was tasked with the evacuation of a British factory and the removal of British merchant vessels, moored in the river Tagus. In 1809, with a small squadron under his command, M'Kinley operated off the coast of Galicia, where he supported local guerrilla groups. Such alliances resulted in the surrender of French forces at Vigo on 27 March, and the recapture of the city of Santiago de Compostela on 3 July. Lively was wrecked off Malta in 1810, M'Kinley and his crew having worked for 8 weeks to try to salvage her.A court martial acquitted M'Kinley of blame and commended him for his efforts. On 19 April 1811, M'Kinley took the position of flag captain to Sir Charles Cotton, aboard . Following the retirement of Lord Gambier, Cotton was given command of the Channel Fleet and San Josef and M'Kinley went with him. M'Kinley was appointed to  on 5 May 1812, initially cruising off the mouth of the Scheldt before being sent to St Helena. On his return, he served in the Channel, where he saw out the remainder of the war. M'Kinley came ashore in 1817, having spent an almost unbroken period of 33 years at sea; twenty-two in command. Later career and death
On 16 January 1818, M'Kinley took up a position at the Royal Greenwich Hospital.On its amalgamation with the Royal Naval Asylum in April 1821, he was nominated Superintendent and rewarded for his services with a special pay increase in 1828. M'Kinley was promoted


texts:
 Rear-Admiral of the Blue on 13 October 1830 and Vice Admiral of the White on 23 November 1841. He died in Alverstoke in 1852. Citations

References

1766 births
1852 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy officers who were


texts: <mask> (born 1969, Dangyang County Hubei Province, China) is a Chinese artist based in Wuhan and Beijing. He studied at Hubei Academy of Fine Arts in China where he majored in sculpture and mastered an array of traditional styles and techniques. He graduated in 1994. He is particularly known for his first solo exhibition in the United States at Chambers Fine Art in New York  Na Zha Baby Boutique exhibition, a series of stainless steel sculptures depicting baby accessories—rattle, cot, stroller, etc.—made from razor-sharp blades (Na Zha is a child warrior deity in Chinese mythology). He is violent and sly and flamboyantly dressed in flaming trousers with fireball feet. Today, he is associated with lottery, gambling, and the high life and is the star of a cartoon TV show. <mask>g humorously depicts Na Zha in his exhibition as the “new face of Mothercare.” <mask> describes Na Zha as “a supernatural youthful hero who always recovers and refuses to grow up.He has three heads, nine eyes and eight arms, with blue clouds coming from his mouth, flamed wheels under his feet, and all kinds of powerful weapons in his hands. He needs only to shout for clouds to turn into rain. He cuts his own flesh and commits suicide to save his father, fights the dragon king, and overturns the universe.” This is the Na Zha portrayed in <mask>'s artwork. Chambers Fine Art described this work as a "dialogue, at once menacing and ironic, between the forms of mythic Chinese culture and modern day globalization". He returned to this theme for his Secret Book of Cool Weapons, which portrayed corporate logos such as the Nike Swoosh as martial arts weapons. <mask> has shown work

masks:
Shi Jinsong
Shi Jinson
Shi
Shi
Shi


texts:
 internationally in many exhibitions including Shanghai Cool: Creative Reproduction at the Shanghai Duolun Museum of Modern Art, Mahjong at Kunstmuseum Bern  in Switzerland, Alors, La Chine? at the Pompidou Center in Paris, and Too Much Flavour at Chambers Fine Art in New York.Artistic Style
<mask>'s main material is large amounts of stainless steel. This gives his artwork a gleaming, polished, and cold look with razor sharp edges. <mask> is known for his childcare products and weaponry. In 2002, his exhibition Secret Book of Cool Weapons transformed common corporate logos into an array of ancient weaponry. Despite his heavy portrayal of machines in his work, <mask> is not interested in modern-day machinery. Many details and additions seen on his pieces do not even offer any practical use. <mask> adds his own experience and direction to his artwork, giving it a sense of rebellion and contradiction to humanity and morals.This sets his work apart from the typical art of contemporary China. <mask> moved out of the explorative stage of form and language, saying that “language is of suspicious nature, especially that with characteristics such as the attractive logo of brands as seen in the commercial market.” The mechanical form depicted in <mask>'s artwork is a metaphor for real life experience. While <mask>'s work is not intended to give off a message, he observes social norms and customs with a neutral perspective and then creates a twisted analysis of it. <mask> has a very broad mentality, believing that every thing has many surfaces and directions from which to view it. This includes his artistic materials such as steel and charcoal. <mask> enjoys

masks: Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi


texts:
 exploring different kinds of physical forces, including artificial, natural, and unnamed. Influences
Three major events had an influence on <mask>'s life: the radical socio-cultural transformation in China, Foucault’s madness and civilization, and the birth of his first daughter.All of these caused the artist to investigate ideas of transformation and control. Much of <mask>’s work is a combination of mythic Chinese culture and modern day globalization. Recent Works
<mask>'s solo exhibition, Penetrate (2011), was shown at Today Art Museum, Beijing. Penetrate was a large scale sculptural installation curated by art critic Karen Smith. <mask> used charcoal, wood, metal, and other materials in his pieces. The giant scale and number of pieces shown in the exhibition as well as the amount of discard involved in the process of replacing new with old and the impact on the environment was all supposed to portray the excesses of modern China. The exhibition was literally a physical mass.<mask> collected discarded materials and made them into his own artwork. For example, he took wooden beams from traditional architectural structures and bound them together with old tree trunks, pipes, tubes, and steel joists. The message of this piece was to be more aware of the harm we cause on a daily basis when we recklessly pursue our interests and desires without taking our impact on the environment into consideration. Earlier Works
<mask> has been known to break away from his typical steel structures. In 2003, he presented an installation at the Centre Pompidou called A Life of Sugar. The installation was made out of caramel and sugar and designed to melt over the course

masks: Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi


texts:
 of the show. The idea of the exhibition was to critique disposable consumer goods.<mask>'s Tree Motorcycles (2008) consisted of a tree for the frame and working motorcycle parts on the inside
, making them drivable. “I dreamt that a trunk with a big light was running on the road.” <mask>song said in an interview. “I just wanted to know what a big tree – which is four or five meters long – with a speed of more than 100 km per hour looks like.”

<mask> also created fancy metallic motorcycles to show in the 2008 Shanghai Biennale. <mask> was included in one of the first groups to participate in the exhibition. He created his own humorous logo name, “Ha Ke Long”, for his motorcycles which resemble Harley Davidson’s. The logo was based on the words “halong-kellong” and “tuolaji”, meaning "walking tractor" in Chinese. The motorcycles, carved with symbols of the dragon and phoenix and equipped with karaoke and video instruments, were meant to be driven around the museum by a muscular man dressed as Arnold Schwarzenegger.Exhibition History

2016

Chinese Whispers, Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland

2011

Penetrate, Today Art Museum, Beijing

2009

Take Off The Armor's Mountain, Space Station Beijing China

Huashan Plan, design courses Shanghai, China

Drama Peach Blossom Prose, Shi Jinsong Studio Beijing China

A Brick Which Crushed Wang Jianguo's Head Bone, ARCO

Madrid International Contemporary Art Fair, Spain

2008

Independent Foot of Crane - <mask>'s giant free standing foot of a crane made from bronze, along with a similar claw of an eagle, fishbone of a carp, and the tooth of a dog, emphasize the distance between material culture and art through

masks:
Shi
Shi Jin
Shi
Shi
Shi


texts:
<mask>. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer. He played a major role in developing leaded gasoline (Tetraethyllead) and some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), better known in the United States by the brand name Freon; both products were later banned from common use due to concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. He was granted more than 100 patents over the course of his career. The New Scientist called him a "one-man environmental disaster". Early life

<mask> was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, to a family with a history of invention. His father, <mask>., was an inventor notably in the field of automobile tires. His maternal grandfather was James Emerson, who invented the "inserted tooth saw".His mother was Hattie <mask> (née Emerson). He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering. On August 3, 1911, <mask> married Carrie M. Reynolds of Delaware, Ohio. Career

Leaded gasoline

<mask> began working at General Motors in 1916. In December 1921, while working under the direction of Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of General Motors, <mask> discovered that the addition of tetraethyllead (TEL) to gasoline prevented "knocking" in internal combustion engines. The company named the substance "Ethyl", avoiding all mention of lead in reports and advertising. Oil companies and automobile manufacturers, especially General Motors which owned the patent jointly filed by Kettering and Midgley, promoted the TEL additive as an inexpensive alternative superior to ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, on which they could make very little profit.In December 1922, the American Chemical Society awarded <mask> the 1923 Nichols Medal for the "Use of Anti-Knock Compounds in Motor Fuels".

masks:
Thomas Midgley Jr
Midgley
Thomas Midgley Sr
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley


texts: This was the first of several major awards he earned during his career. In 1923, <mask> took a long vacation in Miami, Florida, to cure himself of lead poisoning. He found "that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air". In April 1923, General Motors created the General Motors Chemical Company (GMCC) to supervise the production of TEL by the DuPont company. Kettering was elected as president, and <mask> was vice president. However, after two deaths and several cases of lead poisoning at the TEL prototype plant in Dayton, Ohio, the staff at Dayton was said in 1924 to be "depressed to the point of considering giving up the whole tetraethyl lead program".Over the course of the next year, eight more people died at DuPont's plant in Deepwater, New Jersey. In 1924, unsatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths. On October 30, 1924, <mask> participated in a press conference to demonstrate the apparent safety of TEL, in which he poured TEL over his hands, placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose, and inhaled its vapor for 60 seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL again without state permission. <mask> would later have to take

masks: Midgley Midgley Midgley Midgley


texts:
 leave of absence from work after being diagnosed with lead poisoning.He was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC in April 1925, reportedly due to his inexperience in organizational matters, but he remained an employee of General Motors. Freon

In the late 1920s, air conditioning and refrigeration systems employed compounds such as ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), propane, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Though effective, these were toxic, flammable or explosive. The Frigidaire division of General Motors, at that time a leading manufacturer of such systems, sought a non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to these refrigerants. Kettering, the vice president of General Motors Research Corporation at that time, assembled a team that included <mask> and Albert Leon Henne to develop such a compound. The team soon narrowed their focus to alkyl halides (the combination of carbon chains and halogens), which were known to be highly volatile (a requirement for a refrigerant) and also chemically inert. They eventually settled on the concept of incorporating fluorine into a hydrocarbon.They rejected the assumption that such compounds would be toxic, believing that the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond would be sufficient to prevent the release of hydrogen fluoride or other potential breakdown products. The team eventually synthesized dichlorodifluoromethane, the first chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which they named "Freon". This compound is more commonly referred to today as "Freon 12", or "R12". Freon and other CFCs soon largely replaced other refrigerants, and later appeared in other applications, such as propellants in aerosol spray cans and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded <mask> the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. Later life and death

In 1941, the American Chemical Society gave <mask> its

masks: Midgley Midgley Midgley


texts:
 highest award, the Priestley Medal. This was followed by the Willard Gibbs Award in 1942.He also held two honorary degrees and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1944, he was elected president and chairman of the American Chemical Society. In 1940, at the age of 51, <mask> contracted polio, which left him severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to lift himself out of bed. In 1944, he became entangled in the device and died of strangulation. Legacy

<mask>'s legacy has been scarred by the negative environmental impact of leaded gasoline and Freon. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill opined that <mask> "had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history", and Bill Bryson remarked that  <mask> possessed "an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny".Use of leaded gasoline, which he invented, released large quantities of lead into the atmosphere all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been linked with serious long-term health problems from childhood, including neurological impairment, and with increased levels of violence and criminality in cities. Time magazine included both leaded gasoline and CFCs on its list of "The 50 Worst Inventions". <mask> died three decades before the ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol phased out the use of CFCs like Freon. References

External links

1889 births
1944 deaths
People from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
20th-century American chemists
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Inventors killed by their own invention
20th-century American inventors
People with

masks: Midgley Midgley Midgley Midgley Midgley


texts:
Sir <mask>  (30 August 1847 – 21 February 1908) was an administrator in British India and an author. He served as Chief-Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar from 1898 to 1899 and Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab in 1907. Early life
<mask> was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire on 30 August 1847, the oldest son of Denzil <mask> (1823 – 10 August 1871), who was at that time working as a civil engineer on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. The family moved to Adelaide, Australia after his father took holy orders and became a vicar there, notably of St John's Church, Adelaide in 1861–1871. <mask> was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide and St John's College, Cambridge. Ibbetson obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1869, being ranked as a senior optime. He had come third in the competitive examination for the Indian Civil Service in the previous year.Career in India
<mask> arrived in the Punjab Province of India on 8 December 1870, having married Louisa Clarissa Coulden earlier in that year. Once there, according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "He formed part of a new élite of ‘competition-wallahs’ which intellectually outshone the earlier generation of Punjabi military political officials and well-connected alumni of Haileybury College." He held various administrative offices. From 1898 to around 1900 he was Chief-Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar, at which time he had to return temporarily to England due to poor health. In September 1901 he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India. He served temporarily as Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab in 1905 and took over the position permanently in March 1907 when Sir Charles Montgomery Rivaz retired. Dogged by further ill health that had necessitated another period in England, <mask> retired on 21 January 1908 and left India.He died on 21 February at his home at 60 Montague Mansions, York Street, London. He was cremated at Golders Green and survived by his wife. Contribution to India census and view on castes
The censuses of India carried out in

masks:
Denzil Charles Jelf Ibbetson
Denzil Ibbetson
John Holt Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson


texts:
 1865, 1872 and 1881 had attempted to classify people according to the Brahmanic ritual ranking system of varna but this proved not to reflect the realities of social relationships, however much it might have met with approval from scholars of Sanskrit and ancient texts. Furthermore, the Brahmanic system had no practical purpose from an administrative point of view. The latter was of considerable significance as there was a desire to use ethnography and other means in order to develop further the British influence in India. <mask>, who was Deputy Superintendent for the 1881 census operation in Punjab, had written in his 1883 Report on the exercise that

The 1872 census was, in the opinion of Crispin Bates,

Ibbetson had seen the imperfections of the 1872 census. These informed the decision by the administration in Punjab Province to adopt categorisation by occupation in 1881, regardless of the approach adopted elsewhere.Together with John Collinson Nesfield's Brief view of the caste system of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, published in 1885, <mask>'s 1883 Report was influential in bringing about a change in categorisation method throughout the country. <mask> argued against the contemporary understanding of caste and the 1891 census adopted classification by occupation rather than the Brahmanic system. He argued that the conventional belief in caste as a purely Hindu construct was erroneous, that people who had converted from Hinduism to Islam remained affected by the system, and that therefore it should be viewed more as a social than a religious mechanism. Furthermore, he believed that the varna categories of Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra were not reflected in reality, and that indeed it was likely that Kshatriya no longer existed and Vaishya certainly did not. He pointed out that there were Brahmins who were viewed as being outcastes even by the lowest ritual rank, the Shudra, and that the latter term was primarily used as a form of abuse rather than in any categorical sense. Finally, he argued that the contemporary belief that caste and the ritual ranks associated with

masks: Ibbetson Ibbetson Ibbetson


texts:
 it were inherited had no basis in fact, that different generations could have different identities and that the ancient basis of castes probably lay in shared origins of a tribal nature and were akin to guilds. Despite their influence on the processes adopted for the 1891 census, the ideas of Ibbetson and Nesfield subsequently lost favour in the administration of the British Raj.Bates says that

The anecdotal evidence of a racial basis for caste, which could be traced back to the late-18th century speculations of William Jones, was being buttressed by the relatively new field of study known as anthropometry and this gave rise to a form of scientific racism epitomised by the work of people such as Herbert Hope Risley, who became Census Commissioner for India in 1901. Bates remarks that <mask>'s "classification of castes, however logical and useful it might have proven, lacked a 'scientific' basis, as well as completely neglecting the problem of status." In the longer term, however, <mask>'s theories have attracted support from John Henry Hutton and Edmund Leach and have been "cherished by successive generations of non-Marxist, non-Dumontian historians and anthropologists working in the classical British tradition of structural-functionalism, first established by Radcliffe Brown." His written works include A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 with Horace Arthur Rose and Sir Edward Maclagan, and Panjab castes, being a reprint of the chapter on "The races, castes, and tribes of the people" in the report on the census of the Panjab. The latter was a posthumous reprint of a section of his 1883 report on the 1881 census of the Punjab. See also
Census of India prior to independence

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1847 births
1908 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Administrators in British India
Governors of Punjab (British India)
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Gainsborough,

masks: Ibbetson Ibbetson