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 pounds before filming began but failed to do so. Hemingway thus reported that <mask> was a "terrible liability to the picture", and had to be reassured that the star was being carefully photographed to disguise his weight problem. Appearing alone on screen for most of the film, <mask> considered The Old Man and the Sea the toughest part he ever played.In reviewing the performance, Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter said it was "so intimate and revealing of universal human experience that, to me, it almost transcended acting and became reality". <mask> received Oscar and BAFTA Award nominations for the work. After abandoning two projects, including a proposed remake of The Blue Angel with Marilyn Monroe, <mask>'s next feature was The Last Hurrah (1958). It reunited him with his debut director, John Ford, after 28 years and his childhood friend Pat O'Brien. <mask> took a year to commit to the project, in which he played an Irish-American mayor seeking re-election. The movie was favorably reviewed, but not commercially successful. At the end of 1958, the National Board of Review named <mask> the year's Best Actor.He nevertheless began to ponder retirement, with Curtis writing that he was "chronically tired, unhappy, ill, and uninterested in work". Stanley Kramer partnership

<mask> did not appear on the screen again until the release of Inherit the Wind (1960), a film based on the 1925 Scopes "Monkey Trial" which debated the right to teach evolution in schools. Director Stanley Kramer sought <mask> for the role of lawyer Henry Drummond (based on Clarence Darrow), from the outset. Starring opposite <mask> was Fredric March, a pairing Variety described as "a stroke of casting

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type: original

texts: genius ... Both men are spellbinders in the most laudatory sense of the word." The film garnered <mask> some of the strongest reviews of his career—he was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for the performance—but it was not a commercial hit. In the volcano disaster movie The Devil at 4 O'Clock (1961), <mask> played a priest for the fourth time in his career.His co-star, Frank Sinatra, ceded top-billing to guarantee <mask> for the picture. Continuing his pattern of indecisiveness, <mask> briefly pulled out of the production before recommitting. Critics were unenthusiastic about the film, which was nevertheless <mask>'s most successful box-office outing since Father of the Bride. Inherit the Wind began an enduring collaboration between Stanley Kramer and <mask> directed <mask>'s three final films. Judgment at Nuremberg, released at the end of 1961, was their second feature together. The film depicts the "Judges' Trial", the trial of Nazi judges for their role in the Holocaust. Abby Mann wrote the role of Judge Haywood with <mask> in mind; <mask> called it the best script he had ever read.At the end of the film, <mask> delivered a 13-minute speech. He recorded it in one take and received a round of applause from the cast and crew. Upon seeing the film, Mann wrote to <mask>: "Every writer ought to have the experience of having <mask> do his lines. There is nothing in the world quite like it." The film met with positive reviews and a large audience; <mask> received an eighth Oscar nomination for his performance. <mask> turned down roles in Long Day's Journey into Night (1962) and The Leopard (1963), and had to pull out of MGM's all-star How the West

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texts: Was Won (1962) when it clashed with Judgment at Nuremberg. He was, however, able to record the film's narration track.<mask> was in very poor health by this time, and working became a challenge. In 1962, he took the role of Captain T. G. Culpeper in Kramer's comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), a small but key part that he was able to complete in nine non-consecutive days. The film was released in November 1963. <mask>'s name topped the list of performers, and the comedy became one of the highest-grossing American films of the year. As his health worsened, he had to cancel commitments to Cheyenne Autumn (1964) and The Cincinnati Kid (1965). Film offers continued to come, but <mask> did not work again until 1967 when he took the starring role in Kramer's Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), <mask>'s ninth and final film with Hepburn. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner explored the topic of interracial marriage, with <mask> playing a liberal-minded newspaper publisher whose values are challenged when his daughter wishes to marry a black man, played by Sidney Poitier.<mask> appeared happy to be working again, but he told journalists visiting the set that the movie would be his last for he would permanently retire after filming due to his health problems. To commence filming, <mask> had to be insured for the high premium of $71,000 if he died during filming; Hepburn and Kramer both put their salaries in escrow until <mask> completed his scenes. In poor health, <mask> could only work for two or three hours each day. He completed his last scene on May 24, 1967. <mask> died 17 days later from a heart attack on June 10. The film was released in December 1967, and although reviews

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 were mixed, Curtis notes that "<mask>'s performance was singled out for praise in nearly every instance." Brendan Gill of The New Yorker wrote that <mask> gave "a faultless and, under the circumstances, heartbreaking performance".The movie became <mask>'s highest grossing picture. He received a posthumous nomination for Best Actor—his ninth—at the 40th Academy Awards, along with a Golden Globe Award nomination and a BAFTA win for Best Actor. Personal life

Marriage and family
<mask> met actress Louise Treadwell while they were both members of the Wood Players in White Plains, New York—the first stock company <mask> joined after graduating. The couple was engaged in May 1923, and married on September 10 of that year between the matinee and evening performances of his show. Their son, John Ten Broeck <mask>, was born in June 1924. When John was 10 months old, Louise discovered that the boy was deaf. She resisted telling <mask> for three months.<mask> was devastated by the news and felt lifelong guilt over his son's deafness. He was convinced that John's hearing impairment was a punishment for his own sins. As a result, <mask> had trouble connecting with his son and distanced himself from his family. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, a friend of <mask>'s, later theorized: "[<mask>] didn't leave Louise. He left the scene of his guilt." A second child, Louise "Susie" Treadwell <mask>, was born in July 1932. The children were raised in their mother's Episcopalian faith.<mask> left the family home in 1933, and he and Louise openly discussed the separation with the media, maintaining that they were still friends and had not taken divorce action. From September 1933 to June 1934, <mask> had a

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 public affair with Loretta Young, his co-star in Man's Castle. He reconciled with Louise in 1935. There was never again an official separation between <mask> and his wife, but the marriage continued to be troubled. <mask> increasingly lived in hotels and by the 1940s, the two were effectively living separate lives. <mask> frequently engaged in extramarital affairs, including with co-stars Joan Crawford in 1937 and Ingrid Bergman in 1941. Katharine Hepburn

While making Woman of the Year in September 1941, <mask> began what was to become a lifelong relationship with Katharine Hepburn.The actress became devoted to him, and their relationship lasted until his death 26 years later. <mask> never returned to live in the family home, although he visited regularly. The MGM moguls were careful to protect their stars from controversy, and <mask> wished to conceal his relationship with Hepburn from his wife, so it was hidden from the public. The couple did not live together until the final years of <mask>'s life, when they shared a cottage on George Cukor's estate in Beverly Hills. In Hollywood, however, the intimate nature of the <mask> partnership was an open secret. Angela Lansbury, who worked with the pair on State of the Union, later said: "We all knew, but nobody ever said anything. In those days it wasn't discussed."<mask> was not someone to express his emotions, but friend Betsy Drake believed he "was utterly dependent upon Hepburn". <mask>'s infidelity apparently continued, however, and he is reported to have had an affair with Gene Tierney during the making of Plymouth Adventure in 1952. Neither <mask> nor his wife ever pursued a divorce, despite their estrangement. He told

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texts: Joan Fontaine, "I can get a divorce whenever I want to, but my wife and Kate like things just as they are." Louise, meanwhile, reportedly commented, "I will be Mrs. <mask> until the day I die." Hepburn did not interfere and never fought for marriage. <mask> was an avowed Catholic, but his cousin, Jane Feely, said that he did not devoutly follow the religion: "he was often not a practical Catholic either.I would call him a spiritual Catholic." Garson Kanin, a friend of <mask>'s for 25 years, described him as "a true believer" who respected his religion. At periods in his life, <mask> attended Mass regularly. <mask> did not believe actors should publicize their political views, but in 1940 lent his name to the "Hollywood for Roosevelt" committee and personally identified as a Democrat. <mask> struggled with alcoholism throughout his adult life, an ailment that ran in his father's side of the family. Rather than being a steady drinker, as commonly thought, he was prone to periods of binging on alcohol. Loretta Young remarked that <mask> was "awful" when he was drunk, and he was twice arrested for his behavior while intoxicated.Because of this bad reaction to alcohol, <mask> regularly embarked on prolonged periods of sobriety and developed an all-or-nothing routine. Hepburn commented that he would stop drinking for "months, even years at a time" before falling off the wagon without warning. <mask> was prone to bouts of depression and anxiety: he was described by Mrs. <mask> as having "the most volatile disposition I've ever seen—up in the clouds one minute and down in the depths the next. And when he's low, he's very, very low." He was plagued by insomnia throughout his life. As a

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 result, <mask> became dependent on barbiturates to sleep, followed by dexedrine to function. Hepburn, who adopted a nursing role towards <mask>, was unable to understand her partner's unhappiness.She wrote in her autobiography: "What was it? ... Never at peace ... Tortured by some sort of guilt. Some terrible misery." Illness and death

His adult life of alcoholism, smoking cigarettes, taking pills and being overweight left him in poor health by the time he reached age 60. On July 21, 1963, <mask> was hospitalized after a severe attack of breathlessness. Doctors found that he was suffering from pulmonary edema, where fluid accumulates in the lungs due to an inability of the heart to pump properly.They also declared his blood pressure dangerously high. From this point on <mask> remained very weak, and Hepburn moved into his home to provide constant care. In January 1965, he was diagnosed with hypertensive heart disease and also began treatment for a previously ignored diagnosis of Type II diabetes. <mask> almost died in September 1965: a stay in the hospital following a prostatectomy resulted in his kidneys failing, and he spent the night in a coma. His recovery the next day was described by his attending doctor as "a kind of miracle". <mask> spent most of the next two years at home with Hepburn, living what she described as a quiet life: reading, painting, and listening to music. On June 10, 1967, 17 days after completing what was his last film role in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, <mask> awakened at 3:00 am to make himself a cup of tea in his apartment in Beverly Hills, California.Hepburn described in her autobiography how she followed him to the kitchen: "Just as I was about

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 to give [the door] a push, there was a sound of a cup smashing to the floor—then clump—a loud clump." She entered the room to find <mask> lying dead from a heart attack. He was 67. Hepburn recalled, "He looked so happy to be done with living, which for all his accomplishments had been a frightful burden for him." MGM publicist Howard Strickling told the media that <mask> had been alone when he died and was found by his housekeeper. A Requiem Mass was held for <mask> on June 12 at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in East Hollywood. Active pallbearers included George Cukor, Stanley Kramer, Frank Sinatra, James Stewart, and John Ford.Out of consideration for <mask>'s family, Hepburn did not attend the funeral. <mask> is interred at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park, near his wife, Louise and son, John. Reputation and acting style
<mask> had a solid reputation among his peers and received considerable praise from the film industry. After his death, MGM head Dore Schary said that there "can be no question that [<mask>] was the best and most protean actor of our screen". He was referred to as the greatest actor of his generation by Clark Gable, James Cagney, Humphrey Bogart, John Ford, Garson Kanin, and Katharine Hepburn. Actor Richard Widmark, who idolized <mask>, called him "the greatest movie actor there ever was" and said that he had "learned more about acting from watching <mask> than in any other way". <mask> was particularly respected for his naturalism onscreen.Hume Cronyn, who worked with <mask> on The Seventh Cross, admired his screen presence: "His method appeared to be as simple as it is difficult to achieve. He appeared to do nothing. He listened, he

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texts: felt, he said the words without forcing anything." Joan Crawford likewise expressed her admiration for <mask>'s seemingly effortless performances, stating that it was "inspiring" to co-star with him and that "his is such simplicity of performance, such naturalness and humor [...] he walks through a scene [and] makes it seem so easy". His four-time co-star Joan Bennett said that she "never had the feeling he was 'acting' in a scene, but the truth of the situation was actually happening, spontaneously, at the moment he spoke his lines". Cagney noted that <mask> was rarely the target of impressionists because "you can't mimic reserve and control very well [...] there's nothing to imitate except his genius and that can't be mimicked". <mask> was praised for his listening and reacting skills; Barry Nelson said that he "brought the art of reacting to a new height", while Stanley Kramer declared that he "thought and listened better than anyone in the history of motion pictures".Millard Kaufman noted that <mask> "listened with every fiber of his entire body". In his memoir, Burt Reynolds noted <mask>'s emphasis on naturalism when, as a rookie actor, he observed <mask> on the set of Inherit the Wind. Reynolds later introduced himself to <mask> as an actor and <mask> replied, "An actor, huh? Just remember not to ever let anyone catch you at it." Despite the perception that he was able to turn up to a shoot and perform effortlessly, <mask>'s acquaintances said that he would carefully prepare for each role in private. Joseph L. Mankiewicz lived with him during the production of Test Pilot, and recounted that <mask> would lock himself in his bedroom "working extremely hard" each night.


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 Many co-workers commented on his strong work ethic and professionalism.However, he did not like to rehearse and would quickly lose his "effectiveness" after shooting two or three takes of the same scene. Kanin described him as "an instinctive player, who trusted the moment of creation". <mask>'s close friend Chester Erskine pinpointed his acting style as one of "selection", stating that he strove to give as little as was needed to be effective and reached "a minimum to make the maximum". <mask> disliked being asked about his technique or what advice he would give to others. He often belittled the profession of acting, once saying to Kanin, "Why do actors think they're so goddamn important? They're not. Acting is not an important job in the scheme of things.Plumbing is." He was also humble about his abilities, telling a journalist, "It's just that I try no tricks. No profile. No 'great lover' act ... I just project myself as I am—plain, trying to be honest." He was known to have enjoyed the quip once made by Alfred Lunt, "The art of acting is: learn your lines and don't bump into the furniture!" Hepburn, in an interview six years after <mask>'s death, suggested that <mask> wished he had held a different profession.Assessment and legacy

In the 21st century, <mask> is best known to general audiences for his association with Katharine Hepburn. He continues to receive praise from film scholars: critic Leonard Maltin calls <mask> "one of the 20th century's finest actors", while film historian Jeanine Basinger describes his career as a "golden record of movie achievement". Charles Matthews, writing for The Washington Post, argues that "<mask> deserves to be remembered for himself,


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 as a master of acting technique". An award for excellence in film acting is bestowed in <mask>'s name at the University of California, Los Angeles. Past recipients of the UCLA Spencer Tracy Award include James Stewart, Michael Douglas, Denzel Washington, Tom Hanks, Anthony Hopkins, Kirk Douglas and Morgan Freeman. A 1986 PBS documentary titled The Spencer Tracy Legacy was hosted by Hepburn. It includes clips from <mask>'s films, and behind-the-scenes archival footage and home movies of <mask>'s private life and career, as well as newly filmed interviews with many of his former co-stars, and with his daughter <mask>.In 2009, <mask> provided inspiration for the character Carl in Pixar's Oscar-winning film Up. Director Pete Docter explained that there is "something sweet about these grumpy old guys". In 2014, a film about <mask>'s relationship with Katharine Hepburn was announced to be in development. Several of <mask>'s films, particularly his comedies, are regarded as classics of American cinema. He starred in four of the titles on the American Film Institute's list of "100 Years ... 100 Laughs": Adam's Rib, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, Father of the Bride and Woman of the Year. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner was included on AFI's list of the 100 greatest American movies, while Captains Courageous was featured on their list of America's most inspiring movies. Awards and nominations

<mask> was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, a category record he holds with Laurence Olivier.He was the first of nine actors to win the award twice, and is one of two actors to receive it consecutively, the other being Tom Hanks. <mask> was also nominated for five British Academy

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 Film Awards, of which he won two, and four Golden Globe Awards, winning once. In addition, he received the Cannes Film Festival award for Best Actor and was once named Best Actor by the National Board of Review. Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. External links

 Profile at Turner Classic Movies
 Genealogical Profile at TraceyClann
 Chang, David A. "<mask>'s Boyhood: Truth, Fiction, and Hollywood Dreams," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol.84, no. 1 (Autumn 2000)

1900 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Milwaukee
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American male film actors
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Wisconsin
American people of Irish descent
American male stage actors
American male radio actors
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
David di Donatello winners
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
United States Navy sailors
Wisconsin Democrats
20th Century Fox contract players
Catholics from New York (state)
Marquette University High School alumni
Members of The Lambs


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<mask> (15 April 1928 – 12 February 2018) was an Indian politician from the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the largest communist party in India. He was a Vice President of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions. He was a member of the Parliament of India representing West Bengal in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament from 1988-1994. He was also the All India General Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, the workers union politically affiliated to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Early life
He was born to an Urdu-speaking family at Shibpur in April 1928. His grandfather Abdur Rehman hailed from Varanasi District and was a farmer, who had left for Karachi and had then settled at Shibpur. <mask>'s father was brought up by a vindictive step-mother.<mask>'s mother hailed from Bhagalpur District. When <mask> was 8 years, he was one of two boys in his neighbourhood who survived an epidemic of smallpox. He had no formal education. He became a jute mill worker in 1942 at a time when Calcutta was experiencing regular bombardments during the World War II. His wage was then Rs. 7 and 13 annah per 1100 yards of jute. He worked entire day, and had some English education at a night school.He became a member of the Bengal Jute Mill Mazdoor Union at that time. After the end of World War II in 1945, he left his job and entered politics. Career

Introduction to politics
In 1946 when he was only 18, he had earned the membership of Communist Party of India on the same day along with Chandra Roy. On 29 July 1946, he attended a huge rally at Maidan on the call of Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress (BPTUC), a state wing of All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), on a day when a successful strike was organised under the call of BPTUC. He had also experienced the riots of Calcutta in 1946-47 till independence. He had married

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 in March 1948. His father-in-law died of cholera after 6 months, and after another 6 months his mother died of tetanus.Riots of 1950, migration to East Pakistan, imprisonment & return to India
On 29 March, Alambazar of Kolkata experienced another bloody riot following massive influx of refugees from East Pakistan after 1950 Barisal Riots. Within hours of an attack on a Bengali Hindu by a Muslim whose family was slaughtered by Hindus on previous night, riots spread and around 5000 Muslims had taken refuge on the roof of Baranagar jute mill. Ten Muslims were murdered including a woman. At that point, the Communist Party of India (CPI) leadership had instructed the party members to move to East Pakistan. On 7 April, <mask> along with his family boarded a special train from Dakshineswar towards Gede via Ranaghat and then reached Darshana by walking 12 km across the border. From there, they took a train to reach Parbatipur in Dinajpur district. They had stayed as refugee in Dinajpur till October 1950, and had even organised a mass rally there and was subsequently warned by police.He came back to India, but was again re-instructed by his party in March 1951 to organise the party at Saidpur in East Pakistan. In September, he was arrested in Badarganj for being a Communist under Section 7/3, Public Safety Act. On 12 November 1953 he was released from Rangpur jail after 20 months of detention. He returned to Titagarh immediately. He was made a member of Titagarh Local Committee of the CPI. He started movement with the Beedi Mazdoor Union at Titagarh and then as the organiser at a jute mill at Khardaha. While organising trade union in Britannia Engineering Ltd. in Titagarh, he was assisted by Suren Dhar Chowdhury, Sunil Roy, Dr. Girijamohon Chatterjee (an influential MBBS doctor).In 1957 assembly elections, <mask> was entrusted by his party to Bhatpara

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 and ensured that CPI's candidate Sitaram Gupta defeated Indian National Congress candidate by 240 votes. In 1962 assembly elections, Suren Dhar Chowdhury was the CPI's candidate & he lost the elections by around 2000 votes to Krishnakant Shukla who became MLA for 3rd time. In 1964, when the communist party split, <mask> joined the newly formed Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) with most of the workers though Suren Dhar Chowdhury and Sunil Roy stayed loyal to the CPI. Introduction to legislative politics
In 1967 assembly elections, <mask> was made the CPI(M) candidate at Titagarh and though Promode Dasgupta campaigned for him, yet <mask> lost the election due to cross-voting between the Communists. Suren Dhar Chowdhury, the CPI's candidate got 11000 votes, <mask> got 17400 & Indian National Congress candidate Krishnakant Shukla won by 700 votes. On the request of Dasgupta, <mask> left his job of Rs. 1000 salary & became a party whole-timer.In 1969, <mask> won the assembly elections from Titagarh and in February 1970, he was made the Minister of Transport to the United Front government led by Ajoy Mukherjee. After 13 months of the 1969 assembly elections, the government was disbanded and in the 1971 assembly elections, <mask> won beating horrific semi-fascist terror as administration had turned deaf & dumb. His residence was bombarded. In 1971, in the West Bengal State Conference of CPI(M) at Midnapore, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal State Committee. 1972 assembly elections in West Bengal can be described as a farce and a mockery of democracy as terror of unforeseen proportions were unleashed. <mask> lost elections by 40,000 votes and Jyoti Basu lost by 50,000 votes. <mask> kept his family at Ranchi and returned to Calcutta.Kishan Mazdoor, the Urdu weekly of CPI(M) resumed its publication under his patronage. He brought

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texts: back his family to Calcutta. In 1969 8th party congress at Cochin, he was a delegate. In 1977 assembly elections, CPI(M) won with a sweeping majority and formed the Left Front government led by Jyoti Basu. <mask> was re-elected from Titagarh defeating municipal Chairman Gangaprasad Show by a margin of 13000. <mask> the Minister of Transport in this 1st Left Front government. As a minister, he had sold an eight-seated helicopter owned by the West Bengal Govt, and with that money bought double-decker buses to improve public transport in Calcutta.He gave permit to several new routes for SBSTC, private bus, minibus & long-route buses. He had also successfully implemented the launch & steamer service in the Hooghly Riverways whose initiative was taken in his early stint during the United Front government. As an MLA, he made sure that the state government acquisitioned the Britannia Engg. Ltd. at Titagarh and re-instate all its workers with less than 58 years age. The Kennison Jute Mill at Titagarh was also acquisitioned by the Govt. of India after it was shut down by the Bard & Co. In 1982 assembly elections, <mask> was however defeated at Titagarh by 132 votes.In the same year,  he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the party. In 12th party congress at Calcutta in 1985, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee along with Anil Biswas, Biman Bose and Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee. In 1984 parliament elections, he was launched as a candidate from Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency). However, he lost as Indian National Congress gained sympathy votes following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He lost assembly elections from Titagarh again in 1987 as Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi declared that if Congress wins at Titagarh, he would ensure that all the closed mills & factories would be re-opened. In 1988, he was nominated as

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 a candidate by his party into the Rajya Sabha and remained as an MP till 1994, and re-located to New Delhi. In 1996, <mask> was made a CPI(M) candidate from Garden Reach, a constituency which has deluded the Left Front candidate thrice in a row.<mask> won the seat by a whopping 14,000 votes and was made a Minister of Minorities Affairs & Development. After Rekha Bera, the Minister of Employment & E.S.I died, <mask> was given additional charge of that ministry. In 1998, <mask> was made a Secretariat member of CPI(M) West Bengal State Committee. In 2001 assembly elections, <mask> was re-elected from Garden Reach by a margin of 32,000 votes. He was made a Minister of Labour to the 6th Left Front government led by Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee as his predecessor Shanti Ghatak became ill before the elections, and died soon after. In 2005, his wife Moimunnisa died. In 2006 assembly elections, though Left Front increased the seats & votes, yet <mask> lost surprisingly from Garden Reach.In 2007, he was elected General Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions from the 12th Conference at Bangalore held from 17–21 January. M. K. Pandhe was re-elected as the President. In March 2010, at the 13th Conference of Centre of Indian Trade Unions, <mask> was succeeded by Tapan Sen as the General Secretary as <mask> was becoming increasingly ill. <mask> was made the Vice President. At the 2012, in the 20th party congress at Kozhikode (4 April-9 April), he was made a Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Death
He died on February 12, 2018 at the age of 89 at his home in Kolkata. References

Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal
Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal
West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971
West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972
West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977
West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982
Indian Muslims
1928 births
2018 deaths
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<mask> (January 10, 1843 – February 18, 1915) was a Confederate soldier and guerrilla; in the post-Civil War period, he was an outlaw. The older brother of outlaw <mask>, <mask> was also part of the James–Younger Gang. Childhood
<mask> was born in Kearney, Missouri, to Baptist minister Reverend <mask> and his wife Zerelda (Cole) <mask>. The couple came from Kentucky. He was of English, Welsh and Scottish descent. <mask> was the oldest of three children. His father died in 1851 and his mother remarried Benjamin Simms in 1852.After his death, she married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel in 1855, when <mask> was 13 years old. As a child, <mask> showed interest in his late father's sizable library, especially the works of William Shakespeare. Census records show that <mask> attended school regularly, and he reportedly wanted to become a teacher. Civil War

The American Civil War began in 1861, when <mask> was eighteen years old. The secessionists in Missouri, including Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, attempted to drive the Union army out of the state, but were eventually defeated. The <mask> family was from the heavily Confederate western portion of the state. On September 13, 1861, the Missouri State Guard, including private <mask>, besieged Lexington, Missouri.<mask> fell ill and was left behind when the Confederate forces retreated. He surrendered to the Union troops, was paroled, and was allowed to return home. On his arrival, however, he was arrested by the local pro-Union militia and was forced to sign an oath of allegiance to the Union. After the withdrawal of regular Confederate troops in the fall of 1861, a bitter guerrilla conflict soon began between bands of pro-Confederate irregulars (commonly known as

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 bushwhackers) and the Union homeguards. By early 1863, <mask>, ignoring his parole and oath of allegiance, had joined the guerrilla band of Fernando Scott, a former saddler. He soon switched to the more active command led by William Clarke Quantrill. Union militiamen searching for Fernando Scott raided the Samuel farm and hanged Dr. Reuben Samuel (though not fatally), <mask>'s stepfather, torturing him to reveal the location of the guerrillas.Shortly afterward, <mask> took part with Quantrill's company in the August 21, 1863 Lawrence Massacre where approximately 200 mostly unarmed civilians were killed. in Nelson County, Kentucky. There is a report that after his parole, <mask> was involved in a gunfight in Brandenburg, Kentucky with four soldiers that resulted in two soldiers killed, one wounded, and <mask> wounded in the hip. However, there is an alternative account that claims in the  of 1865, <mask>, who was in Kentucky going to Missouri, was suspected of stealing horses in Ohio and that <mask> shot two members of a posse and escaped. Outlaw/criminal years and retirement

During his years as a bandit, <mask> was involved in at least four robberies between 1868 and 1876 that resulted in the deaths of bank employees or citizens. The most famous incident was the disastrous Northfield, Minnesota, raid on September 7, 1876, that ended with the death or capture of most of the gang. Five months after the killing of his brother Jesse in 1882, <mask> boarded a train to Jefferson City, Missouri, where he had an appointment with the governor in the state capitol.Placing his holster in Governor Crittenden's hands, he explained,

Accounts say that <mask> surrendered with the understanding that he would not be extradited

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James


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 to Northfield, Minnesota. He was tried for only two of the robberies/murders: one in Gallatin, Missouri, for the July 15, 1881, robbery of the Rock Island Line train at Winston, Missouri, in which the train engineer and a passenger were killed, and the other in Huntsville, Alabama, for the March 11, 1881, robbery of a United States Army Corps of Engineers payroll at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Among others, former Confederate General Joseph Orville Shelby testified on <mask>'s behalf in the Missouri trial. He was acquitted in both Missouri and Alabama. Missouri accepted legal jurisdiction over him for other charges, but they never came to trial. He was never extradited to Minnesota for his connection with the Northfield Raid. His New York Times obituary summarized his arrest and acquittal:

In the last thirty years of his life, <mask> worked a variety of jobs, including as a shoe salesman and then as a burlesque theater ticket taker in St. Louis.One of the theater's spins to attract patrons was their use of the phrase "Come get your ticket punched by the legendary <mask>." He also served as an AT&T telegraph operator in St. Joseph, Missouri. <mask> took up the lecture circuit, while residing in Sherman, Texas. In 1902, former Missourian Sam Hildreth, a leading thoroughbred horse trainer and owner, hired <mask> as the betting commissioner at the Fair Grounds Race Track, in New Orleans. He returned to the North Texas area where he was a shoe salesman at Sanger Brothers in Dallas. The  Tacoma Times reported in July, 1914, that he was picking berries at a local ranch in Washington state, and planned to buy a farm nearby. He was also part of a Chicago investment group which purchased the Fletcher Terrell's Buckskin

masks:
James
James
Frank James
James
James


texts:
 Bill's Wild West Show, third in size after the Buffalo Bill and Pawnee Bill shows.In his final years, <mask> returned to the James Farm, giving tours for the sum of 25 cents. He died there at age 72 on February 18, 1915. He left behind his wife Annie Ralston <mask> and one son. He is interred in Hill Park Cemetery, in the western portion of Independence, Missouri. Portrayals

 1939, Henry Fonda in the film Jesse James as well as the 1940 sequel The Return of Frank James. 1941, Al Taylor in Jesse James at Bay. 1949, Tom Tyler in I Shot Jesse James, an account from Robert Ford's viewpoint, and the first western directed by Samuel Fuller.1950, Richard Long in Kansas Raiders, about his time spent with Quantrill's Raiders. 1954, Richard Travis in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, Stories of the Century. Lee Van Cleef played <mask> in the same episode. 1957, Jeffrey Hunter in  The True Story of Jesse James. 1959, Jim Davis in Alias Jesse James
 1960, Robert Dix in Young Jesse James. 1965–66, Allen Case in The Legend of Jesse James. 1972, John Pierce in The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid.1977, John Bennett Perry in an episode of Little House on the Prairie. 1980, Stacy Keach in The Long Riders, which featured four sets of real brothers playing sets of brothers in the gang. 1980, country singer Johnny Cash in the concept album, The Legend of Jesse James. 1984, Nick Benedict in an episode of The Dukes of Hazzard. 1986, country singer Johnny Cash in The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James, directed by William A. Graham. 1992, Jamie Walters in the American Western TV show, The Young Riders. 1994, Bill Paxton in Frank & Jesse.1995, Leonard Nimoy in the made-for-TV movie Bonanza: Under Attack.

masks:
James
James
Jesse James


texts:
 2001, Gabriel Macht in American Outlaws. 2007, Sam Shepard in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
 2018, Robert Carradine in Bill Tilghman and the Outlaws. References

Further reading

Copland, Aaron and Perlis, Vivian: Copland - 1900 Through 1942, St. Martin's/Marek, 1984. Settle, William A., Jr.: <mask> Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious <mask> of Missouri, University of Nebraska Press, 1977
Yeatman, Ted P.: <mask> and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, Cumberland House, 2001
Stiles, T.J.: <mask>: Last Rebel of the Civil War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002
Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. 1961; 1986.External links

Official website for the Family of Frank & <mask>: Stray Leaves, A James Family in America Since 1650
John Koblas, author of several Jesse James books
A short profile of the <mask> brothers
Biographical information for the <mask> Family
The <mask> brothers' familiar connection to other notorious outlaws
An examination of the James Legend
Summary of the Battle of Wilson's Creek where <mask> fought
Summary of the Battle of Lexington where <mask> fought
A history of Missouri during the Civil War
A site devoted to the Missouri Partisan Rangers and their history
A description of the raid at Lawrence, Kansas

1843 births
1915 deaths
People from Kearney, Missouri
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Welsh descent
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Outlaws of the American Old West
American bank robbers
Confederate States Army soldiers
Bushwhackers
<mask> Gang
Missouri State Guard
American folklore
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Train robbers
19th-century American

masks:
Jesse James
James Brothers
Frank
Jesse James
Jesse James
James
James
James
Frank
Frank
James Younger


texts:
<mask> (born May 13, 1969) is a former Gambino crime family mobster, who spent eight and a half years in prison, successfully appealed his conviction and became a bestselling true crime, business, and science writer. He hosts his own show, airing on Discovery International in 195 countries and was nominated for a Grierson Trust Award, which is considered the most prestigious documentary award in the United Kingdom, known as "the Oscars of the documentary world." On September 15, 2011, Ferrante spoke at The Economist's Ideas Economy: Human Potential Summit in New York City. On October 21, 2014, Ferrante spoke at the CEO Global Leaders Forum in New York City, hosted by billionaire businessman Leonard Lauder. Early life
Ferrante was born on May 13, 1969 in Queens, New York, where he was raised. As a teenager, he made his reputation as a gang leader. Ferrante and his gang hijacked delivery trucks all over New York and he soon gained the attention of the Gambino crime family.By his early twenties, Ferrante headed a crew of older armed robbers within the family. Newspaper articles from the 1990s referred to Ferrante as "John Gotti's pal". Another article referred to Ferrante as a "crony of John A. Gotti." On one occasion, Ferrante and his crew flew from New York to California to hold up an armored car. His plans were foiled by the FBI, although there was insufficient evidence to charge Ferrante and his crew with a crime. Around this time, he was suspected of masterminding some of the largest heists in U.S. history.Arrests

Ferrante was targeted by many investigations. He was eventually indicted by the FBI, the United States Secret Service, and the Nassau County Organized Crime Task Force.


texts:
 The main witness against Ferrante entered the Witness Protection program. Another informant against Ferrante was William Degel, now the host of Restaurant Stakeout on Food Network. By 1994, and facing a life sentence in prison, Ferrante wrote and distributed a rap song defending crime boss John Gotti. Ferrante hired controversial civil rights attorney William Kunstler to defend him. During the trial, Kunstler claimed that Ferrante's song aggravated law enforcement agencies who had convicted Gotti and that the massive resources used to indict Ferrante multiple times were part of a government vendetta.<mask>'s defense was defeated in court by prosecutors and Ferrante was convicted. In <mask>'s second case, he chose to plead guilty to a thirteen-year sentence, with his third case running concurrent with the first two cases. Ferrante refused to cooperate with the government and did not inform on former associates of the Gambino family. He was sent to the maximum security prison in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania to begin his sentence. Prison
Ferrante has stated he read his first book and became interested in writing during his incarnation at the Lewisburg Penitentiary. He subsequently immersed himself in the study of history, philosophy, and literature. He also penned a historical novel, Aleesa, set in the antebellum South.Lewisburg Penitentiary was the site of numerous violent race wars, resulting in many violent deaths. In his memoir Unlocked, <mask> cites his need to shield his mind from the racism around him as the main motivation to write books. While in prison, Ferrante hired and fired a number of attorneys before successfully appealing his own conviction, a case that is cited in

masks: Ferrante Ferrante Ferrante


texts:
 courtrooms across the country. He was released in January 2003, after serving eight and a half years. In addition to law, <mask>, a former Catholic, studied many religions and chose to convert to Judaism. becoming an observant Jew. Books and other writings
In the United States, the paperback edition of Ferrante's memoir is titled Unlocked: The Life and Crimes of a Mafia Insider.In the United Kingdom, the memoir is titled Tough Guy: The Life and Crimes of a Mafia Insider. The book has also been translated to Dutch. <mask>'s second book is titled Mob Rules and is a non-fiction business book. The book was shortlisted for the 800-CEO-Read Awards and is an international bestseller. It has been translated to more than 20 languages. <mask>'s third book is titled The Three Pound Crystal Ball: How the Dreaming Brain Can See the Future. It combines physics, psychology, personal experience, extensive research, and neuroscience to establish that the dreaming brain can see nanoseconds into the future.Ferrante conceived this theory while at prison, but developed it after his release. A number of professional scientists have praised the book which follows the lives of Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud as the work of both men contributed to Ferrante's theory. Ferrante has also contributed essays to Signed, Your Student: Celebrities Praise the Teachers Who Made Them Who They Are Today, and Bound to Last: 30 Writers on Their Most Cherished Book. The book, Philosophy for Life and Other Dangerous Situations, by Jules Evans, contains a chapter dedicated to Ferrante titled, "Plutarch and the Art of Heroism." United Kingdom
Ferrante has visited numerous United Kingdom prisons in an effort to help British


texts:
 prison inmates. As a result of his voluntary work, he received the Celebrity Reading Hero Award. He has been a guest on numerous BBC radio and television programs and has appeared as a guest on the world-renowned news program BBC HARDTalk.Ferrante was also nominated for the Grierson Trust Award, which is considered by many the United Kingdom's most prestigious documentary award; the list of nominees includes David Attenborough. Television

Ferrante is an award-nominated television host, who also works behind the camera. He is co-creator and executive producer for the television series, The Diamond Collar which aired on Oprah Winfrey's OWN Network on early 2014. Ferrante appeared with actors Al Pacino and James Caan and with director Francis Ford Coppola in the anniversary documentary, The Godfather Legacy. Inside the Gangsters' Code

Ferrante's television series, Inside the Gangsters' Code premiered on February 27, 2013. Each hour-long episode follows Ferrante as he explores different gang cultures around the world. Inside the Gangsters' Code aired on Discovery Channel in over 195 countries and in multiple languages.Ferrante wrote, hosted, narrated, and co-produced the series. The Philippines

The 2013 episode "The Commandos" which exposed the luxurious prison cells owned by gang leaders controlling the Philippines' largest maximum security prison became the subject of a drug trafficking and bribery scandal and investigation at the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte used the episode as a propaganda tool to gain and maintain power in the country. Time Magazine's World Desk interviewed Ferrante and covered the story on August 10, 2017.


texts:
 Awards and nominations
Ferrante received the U.K. Celebrity Reading Hero Award, which was presented to him by Sarah Brown, wife of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, in 2009. Ferrante's second book Mob Rules was a 1-800-CEO-READ 2011 Business Book Award nominee, and was one of Forbes magazine columnist Marc Kramer's World's Best Business Books. In 2013, Ferrante made the final shortlist of nominees for the Grierson Trust Documentary Television Awards in the United Kingdom.<mask> was nominated for Documentary Presenter of the Year for his show Inside the Gangsters' Code. Bibliography
<mask>, <mask> (2011). Mob Rules: What the Mafia Can Teach the Legitimate Businessman. .
<mask>, <mask> (2015). The Three Pound Crystal Ball: How the Dreaming Brain Can See the Future. .
<mask>, <mask> (2009). Unlocked: The Life and Crimes of a Mafia Insider. .
Holbert, Holly M., editor. (2010). Signed, Your Student: Celebrities Praise the Teachers Who Made Them Who They Are Today. .
Langum, David J.(1999). William M. Kunstler: The Most Hated Lawyer in America. .
Manning, Sean, editor (2010). Bound to Last: 30 Writers on Their Most Cherished Book. .

Radio Interviews
The Bob Edwards Show (23 February 2009)
The Leonard Lopate Show: "Mafia Soldier Converts to Orthodox Judaism" (26 March 2008)

References

External links
 Exclusive! Interview with Ex.Mafia Gangster – <mask>. <mask> Official Website
 Discovery Channel: Inside the Gangsters' Code

1969 births
Gambino crime family
Converts to Judaism
American gangsters of Italian descent
American writers of Italian descent
American non-fiction writers
20th-century American Jews
Living people
American non-fiction crime writers
American crime

masks:
Ferrante
Ferrante
Louis
Ferrante
Louis
Ferrante
Louis
Louis Ferrante
Louis Ferrante


texts:
<mask> AC QC (born 1 September 1937) is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. Education
Born in Casino, New South Wales, Callinan was raised in Brisbane, Queensland, and educated at Brisbane Grammar School. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Queensland while working as an articled clerk. On 23 July 2010, the University of Queensland awarded him a Doctorate of Laws (honoris causa) in recognition of his service to the law and the arts. In 2012, James Cook University awarded Callinan an Honorary Doctorate in Laws (honoris causa) in recognition of his service to the law. Pre-judicial career
Callinan was admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland in 1960 and a barrister in 1965. He was appointed as a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1978.He was President of the Queensland Bar Association between 1984 and 1987 and President of the Australian Bar Association between 1984 and 1985. At the Bar he developed a broad national practice, appearing in cases concerning almost all areas of the law, including high-profile commercial law cases, industrial relations disputes, defamation trials, constitutional cases and criminal matters. He was briefed by the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions to prosecute a sitting High Court justice, Lionel Murphy, to appear in extradition proceedings against fugitive businessman Christopher Skase in both Spanish and Australian courts, and to prosecute the first "bottom of the harbour" tax fraud case, which was appealed to the High Court. He also appeared for high-profile corporate and sporting personalities such as Alan Bond, Greg Chappell and Andrew Ettingshausen. While at the Bar he held retainers from some of Australia's largest banks and media companies. He advised the then Deputy Premier of Queensland, Bill Gunn to establish an inquiry into police corruption following the broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's (ABC) Four Corners program of a report entitled "The Moonlight


texts:
 State" which detailed extensive police corruption. He subsequently appeared for the Queensland Government in the Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct, more usually known as the Fitzgerald Inquiry.<mask> was particularly noted for his work in defamation cases. He successfully defended what was then the longest civil jury trial in Australian legal history, when he appeared as leading counsel for Channel 9 in a 13-week defamation trial, in which Sir Leslie Thiess sought damages from Channel 9 following a report broadcast on that network that he had bribed the Premier of Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Judicial activity
<mask> was appointed as a Justice of the High Court in February 1998. He remained a Justice of the High Court until 1 September 2007, when he was compelled to retire under the  provision which requires all Federal judges to retire upon attaining theage of 70. He was replaced by fellow Queenslander Susan Kiefel. He is considered a strong defender of federalism. His judgments show a willingness to innovate in common law areas (for example in, tort and contract law cases), but a strong reluctance to depart from the original intent of the Constitution.In constitutional cases Callinan expressed a clear preference for a restrained interpretation of the Constitution and for significant developments to be by way of referendum rather than judicial decision. That view was most trenchantly expressed in his lengthy dissent in  New South Wales v Commonwealth, a case concerned with the constitutional validity of the Howard Government's WorkChoices legislation. Callinan's judgment in that case is the longest in the history of the High Court, containing approximately 55,000 words and running for 165 pages. Consistent with his restrained approach to constitutional interpretation and preference for democratic participation in constitutional alteration, Callinan expressed dissatisfaction with the High Court's implied rights jurisprudence and, in particular, the

masks: Callinan Callinan


texts: Court's decision in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation [1997] HCA 25, which confirmed an implied constitutional right to political communication. In Coleman v Power Callinan cast doubt on the constitutional foundation for the Lange implication, but did not need to decide whether it was correct in order to decide the case. He has called for debate on a tort of interference with privacy in his judicial and extrajudicial writing. That call was first made in his reasons for judgment in Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd.He set out his own views on how the law should respond to 'rights of privacy' in an article published in the Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal in 2007 entitled "Privacy, Confidence, Celebrity and Spectacle", in which he called for the development of a tort of privacy and indicated a preference for tortious protection of privacy and image rather than the expansion of the equitable doctrine of breach of confidence. While on the High Court he spoke out against the death penalty (which has been abolished in Australia), most notably in a speech to the 2005 Law Asia conference. Callinan was described by Justice Susan Kenny of the Federal Court of Australia in article published in 2003 as 'the leading' exponent of the 'prudential ethical' method of constitutional adjudication during the 2002 term. Justice Kenny defined the 'prudential ethical mode' as 'a constitutional argument that relies on economic, social or political considerations attending the case ... a self-consciously evaluative style'. Callinan's broader legal philosophy was considered by Professor Michael Bryant in a 2008 article published in the University of Queensland Law Journal. Bryant concluded that in his judgments on private law, Callinan 'showed a strong preference for achieving corrective justice, and a corresponding reluctance to take into account arguments based on considerations of distributive justice ... based on clearly held and expressed views on the proper limits of the


texts:
 appellate judicial role'. Post-judicial activities

Government inquiries
Immediately upon his retirement from the High Court, <mask> was called back into public service through his appointment to conduct a Commission of Inquiry into the outbreak of equine influenza in Australia.His report was handed down in April 2008 and on 12 June 2008 the Commonwealth Government responded to the report, accepting all 38 of its recommendations and putting in place an implementation program. On 11 October 2012, he was appointed by the Queensland Attorney-General to conduct a review of the Crime and Misconduct Commission. On 20 August 2013, Callinan released a report commissioned by the Victorian Minister for Corrections and Minister for Crime Prevention, Edward O'Donohue, on the state of the parole system in Victoria. The report stated that the parole board frequently put the rights of prisoners ahead of community safety when issuing parole. As an example, Callinan used the Jill Meagher case, in which Adrian Bayley raped and murdered Meagher, to highlight the flaws within the system, stating that "the Parole Board had both cause and opportunity to cancel Bayley's parole" prior to the incident. In March 2015, the New Zealand Government chose Callinan to review once again David Bain's claims for compensation for wrongful conviction and imprisonment after rejecting an earlier report by Canadian judge <mask>. On 26 January 2016, Callinan's report was delivered to New Zealand Justice Minister Amy Adams and on 2 August 2016, Adams formally announced that his finding was that Bain did not meet the threshold of "innocent on the balance of probabilities".In 2016, Callinan was appointed by the Deputy Premier of New South Wales Troy Grant MP to conduct a review of the effectiveness of the Sydney lockout laws, which restrict the sale of alcohol and the admission of patrons to some alcohol-serving venues. Callinan's review was submitted to the Government on 13 September. As of October 2016, the recommendations were yet to be taken up

masks:
Callinan
Ian Binnie


texts:
 by State Government. Private arbitrations and mediations
Since leaving the High Court bench, Callinan has been appointed to arbitrate and mediate many disputes, including arbitrating claims by customers of the Commonwealth Bank
arising out of the collapse of Storm Financial, mediating a dispute between a rebel Catholic parish and the Archbishop of Brisbane, mediating sexual assault claims involving the Catholic Diocese of Toowoomba and acting as global mediator of claims arising out of the collapse of the Westpoint Corporation. In July 2014 he was appointed Chairman of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia's Independent Review Panel for its Open Advice Review Program (OARP). The OARP was established by the Commonwealth Bank following a Senate Economics References Committee Inquiry into ASIC's performance. The other Panel members are the Hon.Julie Dodds-Streeton and the Hon. Geoffrey Davies AO. International Court of Justice
On 20 January 2014 Callinan became an ad hoc Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for the proceeding Timor-Leste v Australia (The Case Concerning Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data), after being nominated by the Commonwealth of Australia. On the same day the ICJ commenced hearing a request by Timor-Leste for provisional measures of protection. On 3 March 2014, Callinan delivered a dissenting judgment on Timor-Leste's application for provisional measures. Other activities
While at the Bar Callinan devoted much time to supporting the Arts in Queensland. He served on the board of many art galleries and was Chairman of Trustees of the Queensland Art Gallery and a trustee of the Brisbane Community Arts Centre and the Brisbane Civic Art Gallery Trust.He has also served as a member of the Council of the National Gallery of Australia. Apart from his judicial writings he is a novelist (The Lawyer and the Libertine, The Missing Masterpiece, The Coroner's Conscience, Appointment at Amalfi, After the Monsoon, The Russian Master,  Betrayals and


texts:
 The Only Case) and a playwright (Brazilian Blue, The Cellophane Ceiling, The Acquisition and A Hero's Funeral). He has also written short stories. He served on the board of several public companies before being appointed to the bench and was also a board member of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Between 2000 and 2008 he was the Chairman of the Australian Defence Force Academy, Australia's higher education institution for defence force personnel. Controversy
Shortly after his appointment to the High Court, advice given by Callinan while he was at the Bar became the subject of a major Federal Court case, in which it was found that the advice given by Callinan had resulted in proceedings being filed that were an abuse of the Court's process (White Industries v Flower & Hart). Callinan was not a party to the proceedings, but was called as a witness.The trial judge (Goldberg J) made adverse findings against both Callinan's instructing solicitors (who were the defendants to the proceedings) and Callinan. The trial judge referred the matter to the Commonwealth Attorney-General. The Attorney-General's Office did not proceed with the matter. Honours
In 2003, <mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for his services to the law, arts and the community. He received the Centenary Medal in 2001 for his service as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. <mask> is also a life member of the Queensland Bar Association and of the Australian Bar Association and an honorary Fellow of the Institute of Arbitrators and Mediators in Australia. References

External links
 <mask>'s career at the Queensland Barpublished by the Supreme Court of Queensland Library
 <mask>'s involvement in sport and the arts while at the Barpublished by the Supreme Court of Queensland Library

1937 births
Living people
Justices of the High Court of Australia
Companions of the Order of Australia
University of Queensland alumni
Australian Queen's Counsel
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
People educated at Brisbane

masks:
Justice Callinan
Justice Callinan
Justice Callinan
Justice Callinan


texts:
<mask> (, haylē gebre silassē; born 18 April 1973) is an Ethiopian retired long-distance track and road running athlete. He won two Olympic gold medals over 10,000 metres and four World Championship titles in the event. He won the Berlin Marathon four times consecutively and also had three straight wins at the Dubai Marathon. Further to this, he won four world titles indoors and was the 2001 World Half Marathon Champion. <mask> had major competition wins at distances between 1500 metres and the marathon, moving from outdoor, indoor and cross country running to road running in the latter part of his career. He broke 61 Ethiopian national records ranging from 800 metres to the marathon, set 27 world records, and is regarded as one of the greatest distance runners in history. In September 2008, at the age of 35, he won the Berlin Marathon with a world record time of 2:03:59, breaking his own world record by 27 seconds.The record stood for three years. Since he was over the age of 35, that mark stood as the Masters Age group world record until 29 September 2019, when fellow Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele ran 2:01:41 at the age of 37. Gebrselassie's 10000 m Masters record has not been challenged since 2008. <mask> was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2011. During the Hachalu Hundessa riots in the summer of 2020, businesses and properties of non-Oromo's were targeted by Oromo mobs. Haile Gebrselassie hotels and resort was burned, 400 employees lost their jobs. Biography

Early career

<mask> was born as one of ten children in Asella, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia.As a child growing up on a farm he used to run ten kilometres to school every morning, and the same back every evening. This led to a distinctive running posture, with his left arm crooked as if he is still holding his school books. In 1992, <mask> gained international recognition in Seoul, South Korea, when he won the 5000-metre and 10,000-metre races at the 1992 World Junior Championships and a silver medal in the

masks:
Haile Geblassie
Haile
Haile
Haile
Haile


texts: junior race at the World Cross Country Championships held in Boston, the United States. The next year, in 1993, <mask> won the first of what would eventually be four consecutive world championships titles in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 World Championships. His win at the 1993 was however his most infamous as he accidentally stepped on the heel of Moses Tanui's shoe at the bell, causing it to fly off his foot. After the contact, with just one shoe, an angered Tanui moved out to a 10-meter lead, only to have Haile run him down on the final straight. Also at the 1993 World Championships he ran in the 5,000-metre race to finish a close second behind Ismael Kirui of Kenya.In 1994 he won a bronze medal at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Later that year he set his first world record by running a 12:56.96 in the 5,000-metres, breaking Saïd Aouita's record by almost two seconds. In 1995, <mask> ran the 10,000-metres in 26:43.53 in Hengelo, Netherlands, lowering the world record by nine seconds. That same summer, in Zürich, Switzerland, Haile ran the 5000 metres in 12:44.39, taking 10.91 seconds off the world record 12:55.30 (established by Kenya's Moses Kiptanui earlier in the year).later that summer he won the 10k world championship.with his final 200m being run in 25 seconds. This world record at the Weltklasse meet in Zürich was voted "Performance of the Year" for 1995 by Track & Field News magazine. At the same Weltklasse meet in Zürich in 1996, an exhausted <mask>, suffering from blisters obtained on the hard track in Atlanta (where he had won the Olympic 10,000 metres gold), had no answer to the 58-second lap of Daniel Komen with five laps to go as Komen went on to win and just miss Haile's record, finishing in 12:45.09. In 1997, <mask> turned the tables on Komen at the same meet.Coming off his third 10K world championship gold medal, <mask> beat Komen in another Zürich classic on 13 August 1997, covering the final 200 metres in 26.8 seconds to break his 5000 metres

masks: Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile


texts:
 world record with a time of 12:41.86. Komen, in turn, took Haile's record only nine days later when Komen ran a 12:39.74 performance in Belgium. Middle career
The next year, 1998, saw Haile lowering the indoor world records for 2000 and 3000 metres, enjoying success outdoors by taking back both the 5000 and 10,000 metres world records, as well as earning a share in the Golden League jackpot for winning all of his races in the Golden League series that summer. In June 1998 in Hengelo, Netherlands, <mask> set a 10,000 metres world record 26:22.75, breaking Paul Tergat's world record 26:27.85, running evenly paced 13:11/13:11 5K splits. Just 13 days later, <mask> took on the 5000 metres mark of Komen in Helsinki, Finland. Croatian pacemaker Branko Zorko took the pace out slowly, hitting 1000 metres in 2:33.91 and dropping out at the mile. Million Wolde and Assefa Mezgebu led Haile through 2000 metres in 5:05.62.His pacemakers could not maintain the pace, though, and <mask> was left alone for a difficult solo effort six laps out. Hitting 3000 metres in 7:38.93, even the British commentators announcing the race counted him out. With four laps to go (8:40.00), Haile needed a sub-4-minute final 1,600 metres for the record. With one lap to go and in great pain, Haile took off, recording a final lap of 56.77 seconds and a final 1,600 metres of 3:59.36 (= 4:00.96-mile) to race to a 12:39.36 world record. In 1999, <mask> starred as himself in the movie Endurance. The film chronicled his quest to win Olympic gold in the 10,000 metres in Atlanta. On the track, he won a 1500/3000 metres double at the World Indoor Track Championships, defended his Outdoor World Track Championships 10,000 metres title, and remained undefeated in all his races (which ranged from the 1500 up to 10,000 metres).In 2000, <mask> again won all of his races, ranking first in the world yet again in both the 5000 and 10,000 metres. At the 2000 Sydney Olympics, he became the third man in history to successfully defend an Olympic 10,000 metres title


texts: (after Emil Zátopek and Lasse Virén). The narrow Olympic victory over Kenya's Paul Tergat came down to a blistering final kick, with Tergat's 26.3-second final 200 metres being topped by <mask>'s even faster 25.4. The winning margin of victory was only 0.09 seconds, closer than the winning margin in the men's 100-metre dash final. On 26 August 2001, he ran his first Half Marathon (16 wins out of 20) and won in 1:04:34. Also in 2001, <mask> won the IAAF World half Marathon Championships and the bronze medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. In the same year, he conceptualized the Great Ethiopian Run with Peter Middlebrook, which was latterly supported by Brendan Foster, British runner Richard Nerurkar the British ambassador to Ethiopia Myles Wickstead.On 30 August 2003, <mask> topped the polls when elected as a member of the IAAF Athletes Commission. Also in 2003, at the World Championships in Paris, Haile was involved in one of the most remarkable 10,000 metres races of all time while gaining a silver medal behind countryman Kenenisa Bekele. The last half of the 10,000 metres final at the championships was completed in a staggering 12:57.24 (12:57.2 for Bekele and 12:58.8 for Haile). According to the IAAF, "Not only was this split the fastest closing 5000 metres in the championships 10,000m (the previous record was 13:12.12, recorded in Atlanta), but it was also the fastest 5000 metres in a global championships surpassing the 12:58.13 Salah Hissou recorded when he won the 5,000m in Sevilla'99." (This remark remained true until a week later when the World Athletic Championships 5000 metres medalists (including Bekele) all ran faster than the second 5000 metres split in the previous week's 10,000 metres.) "The difference between the closing 5000 metres splits (12:57.24) and the 5000 metres World record (12:39.36) was 17.98 seconds, which is a record. The previous best of 18.4 seconds (13:31.4 for the closing 5000 metres when the World Record was 13:13.0) was recorded in the

masks: Haile Haile Haile


texts:
 1976 Olympics."In the 2004 Athens Olympics, <mask> sought to become the first man in history to win three straight Olympic gold medals in the 10,000 metres. He was unable to do so; however, he finished fifth in a race won by his compatriot Kenenisa Bekele, who had broken both of Haile's major track world records, the 5000 metres and the 10,000 metres records. Shortly before the Athens games, Haile was unable to train for three weeks due to inflammation of his Achilles tendon. The injury was severe enough that he would not have competed otherwise, but did so because of significant pressure from his country. This loss of the final period of training likely cost him a medal. Later career

Since leaving the track after the 2004 Olympics, <mask> has focused on road racing and the marathon. His adult marathons to date include London 2002 (3rd place), Amsterdam 2005 (1st place), London 2006 (9th place), Berlin 2006 (1st place), Fukuoka 2006 (1st place), London 2007 (dnf), Berlin 2007 (1st place and World Record), Dubai 2008 (1st place), Berlin 2008 (1st place and another World Record), Dubai 2009 (1st place) Berlin 2009 (1st place), Dubai 2010 (1st place), and NYC 2010 (dnf).In 2002, <mask> made his debut at the marathon at the London Marathon. He started the race with a very fast pace, within world record time. He was unable to hold it, however, as world record holder Khalid Khannouchi and Paul Tergat both eventually passed him. Khannouchi broke his own world record, while <mask> finished third. In 2005 <mask> went undefeated in all of his road races. This included a British All-Comers record in the 10K at Manchester (27:25), a win in the Amsterdam Marathon in the fastest marathon time in the world for 2006 (2:06:20), and a new world best for 10 miles in Tilburg Ten Miles race, The Netherlands (44:24). (His unofficial split of 41:22 at the 15K mark was 7 seconds faster than the official world best.)<mask> started 2006 positively by beating the world half marathon record by a full 21 seconds, recording a time of

masks: Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile Haile


texts: 58 minutes and 55 seconds on 15 January. He broke the record, his first one on American soil, by running the half marathon of the Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon. During the race he also broke Paul Tergat's 20 km record, both records having stood since 1998. (Haile passed the 20 km mark in 55:48.) That year also marked another victory for <mask> as he shattered the 25 km world road record (albeit in non-IAAF ratified fashion) by 68 seconds in a time of 1:11.37. The race was organized where <mask> and six other runners would run 5 kilometres and then cross the starting line of the 20-K Alphen race in Alphen aan den Rijn of the Netherlands. On 23 April 2006, he finished ninth in the London Marathon with a time of 2:09:05 (the race was won by Kenyan Felix Limo, who clocked 2:06:39).<mask> referred to the ninth-place finish as "the worst race of my career". However, on 24 September he came back with a win in the Berlin Marathon in the fastest time of the year, 2:05:56. His time in Berlin made him only the fifth man in history to run under 2:06 for the marathon. This was followed by a win in the Fukuoka Marathon in Japan in 2:06:52. In London on 22 April 2007, Haile challenged the 2006 London Marathon winner Felix Limo, 2005 London Marathon winner Martin Lel, 2004 Athens gold medalist Stefano Baldini, 2006 New York Marathon winner Marílson Gomes dos Santos, and the then marathon world record holder Paul Tergat in what organizers anticipated would be an exciting race. However <mask> dropped out at the  stage complaining of a stitch and inability to breathe, which turned out to be an allergic reaction to the pollen in the air. This left the 2005 winner Martin Lel to come home in first place.One month later, <mask> made a surprise return to the track for the first of two stadium races that summer. In the first, he ran a 26:52.81 in finishing fifth in a very competitive 10,000 metres race in Hengelo, The Netherlands. It was the first time a man over 30 ran the 10,000 m in less than 27 minutes. Then, on 27 June 2007,


texts:
 Haile launched an attack upon the world record for the one hour run, in Ostrava, Czech Republic. This record attempt was successful as Haile passed the hour mark at 21,285 metres (13 miles 397 yards), eclipsing the previous best of 21,101 metres, set by Mexican Arturo Barrios in La Flèche, France, on 30 March 1991. Furthermore, Haile covered 50 laps (20,000 m) in 56:25.98, another world best, well within the previous 56:55.6 also set by Barrios in 1991. These were his 23rd and 24th world records.<mask> made his running debut in New York City when he won the New York City Half Marathon on 5 August 2007, in 59:24, breaking the previous course record by two minutes. His win in the Lisbon Half Marathon (59:15) in March 2008 gave him a perfect record of 9–0 in winning all of his half marathons. He lost his first half marathon in Den Haag (14 March 2009), when he was beaten by Sammy Kitwara (59:47 for Kitwara, 59:50 for Haile)

On 30 September 2007, Haile won the Berlin Marathon in 2:04:26 (4:44.8 per mile), setting the world record and shaving 29 seconds off Paul Tergat's record, set on the same course in 2003. His victory further energized the celebrations of the Ethiopian Millennium (unique to the Ethiopian calendar), which began on 12 September 2007. Prior to the 2008 Dubai Marathon, his manager suggested that Haile would be able to run a sub 2:04 time for a new world record. While Haile agreed that a sub 2:04 was possible, he stated that the conditions would need to be perfect for such a time. The event was held on 18 January 2008, and was won by <mask> in a time of 2:04:53, making it the second fastest marathon in history.However the early pace had been too fast and he was unable to continue at that speed, resulting in a time 27 seconds short of his own world record. At the Hengelo FBK-Games on 24 May, <mask> ran 26:51.20 for the 10,000 metres to finish a close second behind countryman Sileshi Sihine's 26:50.53. This is the Master 35-39 age group world record. His nine career sub 27-minute 10,000-meter


texts: performances is more than any other athlete except for Kenenisa Bekele, who also has nine. Because of Beijing's air pollution levels, <mask> decided to withdraw from the marathon at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He suffers from asthma and said that running in such conditions might be harmful for his health. Haile later admitted that he regretted the decision as the Beijing air was cleaner than expected.He did, however, run the 10,000 metres on 17 August, finishing sixth with a time of 27:06.68. The gold medal went to his countryman and current world record holder, Kenenisa Bekele with a 27:01:17 Olympic record winning time. The following month, on 28 September 2008, he defended his Berlin Marathon title, averaging 2:56.5 per kilometer (4:43.7 per mile) for a time of 2:03:59, breaking his own world record by 27 seconds. <mask> won the Dubai Marathon on 16 January 2009, but fell short of breaking his own world record that he had set four months earlier on the flat course. He finished in 2:05:29, well ahead of countryman Deressa Chimsa. In September that year, he won the Berlin Marathon for the fourth consecutive time. He attempted to break the world record he had set the previous year but, despite a quick start, warm conditions saw him finish in 2:06:08, two minutes away from his best mark.He did, however, pass the 30-kilometer point in 1:27:49, which is a new world record for a road 30K. In 2010 he tried to attack his own world record for the third consecutive time at the Dubai Marathon 2010. Although he won the race with a time of 2:06:09, he failed to break his 18-month world record. In a post-race interview he revealed that he had suffered back pain, requiring intensive pre-race physiotherapy, resulting from having slept in a bad position. His problems continued at the NYC Half Marathon, where he pulled up mid-race visibly uncomfortable in his running. He had an easy victory in the inaugural edition of the 10K de Madrid in April. He scored his third victory at the Great Manchester Run the following month,

masks: Haile Haile


texts:
 although he missed out on Micah Kogo's course record.He followed this with his first win at the Great North Run in September, finishing the half marathon in a time of 59:33 minutes. He is also mentor and ambassador for the G4S 4teen, a programme supporting 14 young athletes. Retirement

On 7 November, after dropping out of the 2010 New York City Marathon with an inflamed knee, <mask> announced his retirement. Days later, he posted to his Twitter account that he was reconsidering his decision and wanted to run in the 2012 London Olympics. <mask> had stated previously that after retiring he would like to enter politics, with scepticism from the public about his knowledge on politics and the unfamiliar culture of celebrities holding public office in Ethiopia. However he won his first race back in a 10k road race in Angola with a new course record of 28:05 and beat countryman Deriba Merga and the Kenyan Josphat Menjo who had run the fastest 10000m of that year. <mask> missed the 2011 Tokyo Marathon due to an injury, but won the half marathon at the Vienna City Marathon on 17 April 2011.About a month later <mask> easily won the Great Manchester Run in England for the fourth time, finishing in 28:10. On 26 September he suffered a double setback when he dropped out of the Berlin Marathon (again suffering from respiratory difficulties of exercise-induced asthma) and saw his world records for 30 kilometres and the marathon broken by the man with whom he had been duelling, Patrick Makau. <mask> was absent from the press conference later that day, but his manager Jos Hermens announced that while it was "the end of an era of record breaking for Haile, it's not the end of his career". He returned to his winning ways at the Birmingham half marathon with a new course record and followed that up with a win at the Zevenheuvelenloop in November, taking his third career victory at the Dutch 15K race. In 2012, <mask> ran in the Tokyo Marathon and, after surging to the lead and putting a gap on the field with 6 km to go, faded


texts: and finished in 4th, in a time of 2:08:17. However, he bounced back to win the Vienna Half Marathon in 1:00:52, catching Paula Radcliffe who was given a 7:52-minute head-start. He was not selected for the Olympic marathon team, but after winning the Great Manchester Run with a fast time of 27:39, beating marathon world record holder Patrick Makau, world marathon leader Ayele Abshero and Olympic marathon medallist Tsegay Kebede, by a distance of over 100 metres, he decided to aim for a place in the 10,000 m race.He attempted to earn an Olympic spot at the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in Hengelo, the stadium in which he had broken four world records. However, in extremely hot weather he finished seventh with a time of 27:20.39, sixth amongst Ethiopians, and did not qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, he did appear at the opening ceremony as one of the eight flagbearers who brought the Olympic flag into the stadium. Another outing at the Fukuoka Marathon, however, saw him enter as favourite but drop out at 32 km. On 14 April 2013, <mask> won the open field of the Vienna City half marathon with a time of 01:01.14. He set his first over-40 world record with a time of 46:59 for 10 miles in Switzerland, on 15 September 2013. He took 3rd overall in the 2013 BUPA Great North Run, 32 seconds behind the winner Kenenisa Bekele and 31 seconds behind the reigning Olympic and world champion Mo Farah.<mask> has announced his retirement from competitive running after finishing 16th in the Great Manchester Run on Sunday 10 May 2015. It brings to an end a 25-year career in which he claimed two Olympic gold medals, eight World Championship victories and set 27 world records. "I'm retiring from competitive running, not from running. You cannot stop running, this is my life," he told BBC Sport. <mask> remains the world record holder at the 10-mile run. Currently, <mask> is the former president of the Ethiopian Athletics Federation, has been selling Hyundai cars in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, since 2009, and cooperates with

masks: Haile Haile Haile Haile


texts:
 Hyundai for the Marathon Motors Engineering factory there which started assembling the electric Hyundai Ioniq in July 2020. He has become a small-lot coffee farmer in Ethiopia.His coffees can be found under his estate name, <mask> Estate, such as the Sun Dried Ethiopian Haile Estate Coffee, which is distributed by Starbucks Reserve. Achievements

International competitions

Marathon performances

Track and field circuit

World records and best performances

Personal bests

Outdoor track

Road

Indoor track

References

External links

 Marathon World Record – Berlin 2008 – EthioTube Video
 Spikes Hero profile on www.spikesmag.com
 Gebrselassie approaching Record for Running Records
 Gebrselassie's World Records, rankings, race history, recent news, and more. Pacing splits and analysis of Haile marathon world record
 Berlin 2008: Haile runs 2:03:59 – race report and analysis of pacing

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Oromia Region
Ethiopian male middle-distance runners
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
Ethiopian male marathon runners
Olympic male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes of Ethiopia
Olympic gold medalists for Ethiopia
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Olympic Order
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Half Marathon Championships winners
IAAF Golden League winners
Berlin Marathon male winners
World Athletics record holders
World record holders in masters athletics
Recipients of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races Best Marathon Runner Award
Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics


texts:
<mask>  (born 4 July 1944) is a British-born Australian pop music singer and entertainer. He appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand. From March 1962, at age 17, he became the youngest person in Australia to host their own TV show, The <mask> Show. The singer issued two albums, On My Way (1965) and Together by Myself (1968).His most popular singles were, "Dream Girl" (July 1961) and "Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue" (October), which both reached the top 4 on the Sydney charts. Biography

<mask> was born in Manchester in 1944. At the age of four his family migrated to Sydney. His father, Norman R <mask>, was an analytical chemistry lecturer at the University of New South Wales, his mother was a former dancer. His first TV appearance was on teen music show, Teen Time, on 27 September 1960, while he was a student at Canterbury Boys' High School. He left in the following year and was signed by the HMV label. <mask> first hit single, a cover version of Mark Wynter's "Dream Girl", reached No.1 in Sydney in July 1961. He also appeared on 1960s TV pop shows, Sing! Sing! Sing! and Bandstand (from 1961). His second hit was "Five Foot Two Eyes of Blue" (October 1961), which reached No. 4 in Sydney.It was originally performed by the California Ramblers in 1925 as "Has Anybody Seen My Gal?". His other popular singles were, "I Don't Like to Be Alone", "Love and Money" and "Ten Pin Bowling" (July 1962). At age 17 <mask> became the youngest person in Australia to host his or her own TV show, The <mask>

masks:
Bryan Davies
Bryan Davies
Bryan Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Bryan Davies


texts: Show, from March 1962. Regular guests were Neil Williams, Judy Cannon and the Don Burrows Sextet. It was broadcast for 75 episodes on ABC TV, directed by Lloyd Brydon and finished in December of the following year. Resident female singer, Coral Kelly, later became a scriptwriter. From December 1963 to January 1964 <mask> appeared in Once upon a Surfie, a youth oriented musical, at the Palace Theatre, Sydney with his then-girlfriend, Jacki Weaver, as well as the Delltones, Dig Richards, Lucky Starr, Rob E G, and Jay Justin.It was written by Bill Watson, and centred on the antics of Gadget, portrayed by Weaver, "a snooty surfing girl whom the rest of the cast are intent on bringing down a peg or two." It was a parody of the then-popular Sandra Dee Gidget films. Jay Justin was a song writer who provided <mask> with material. In 1963 <mask> met Norrie Paramour, a British composer, producer and conductor, who was impressed with the singer's work and was encouraged to return to England in February 1964. In May that year he recorded with Paramour producing. <mask> returned to Australia in October and "adopted a more Beatles-influenced style and appearance." In February 1967 he re-entered the Sydney charts top 20 with "Alberta", his last hit recording.According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, "by the late 1960s <mask> had moved into cabaret and television work." <mask> took up acting and hosting roles for TV shows and was a cast member on The Mavis Bramston Show (1964–68), and featured in 7 Network's

masks: Davies Davies Davies Davies Davies Davies


texts:
 Anything Goes (1968) with Nancye Hayes, Reg Livermore and Johnny Lockwood. In July 1979 he took the role of Sebastian in Your Own Thing at the Comedy Theatre, Melbourne. He had a guest role in a Matlock Police episode, "What's in It for Me" (1973). In 1981 <mask> was the presenter of a short-lived Candid Camera-styled game show, Catch Us If You Can. <mask> worked in The Johnny O'Keefe Memorial Show, alongside other singers from that era including Alan Dale, Vicki Forrest, Barry Stanton and Johnny Devlin. He later performed with Roland Storm and Lucky Starr in the Golden Boys of Aussie Rock 'n' Roll show.In 1994 <mask> had a minor role, as the Barman, in the biographical feature film, Sirens. Personal life

<mask> dated aspiring actress, Jacki Weaver, from late 1962 after meeting while both performed in a Christmas pantomime, A Wish Is a Dream, at the Phillip Theatre, Sydney. In May 1964 <mask> was in London and described to Betty Best of The Australian Women's Weekly how, "[Weaver] wants to be an actress, so perhaps when she finishes school this year she might come over to London with her mother to try her luck." Upon his return in October, Weaver observed, "I never liked <mask>'s brushed-back hairstyle before, and was always trying to get him to grow it and brush it down at the front... I think it's great now. And I love all his new clothes – the high-collared shirts, square-toed leather boots, and especially the three-piece suit." By November 1975 <mask> was married to Tracy and the couple had two

masks:
Davies
Davies
Davies
Bryan Davies
Davies
Bryan
Davies


texts:
 children.Discography

Credits:

Albums

 On My Way''' (1963) – HMV (OCLP-7585)
 Together by Myself (1968) – Columbia Records (OEX-9498)

 Extended plays

 <mask>'' (1965) – HMV (7EGO-70052)

Singles

 "Dream Girl" (July 1961) – HMV (EA-4425) Sydney radio charts: No. 1
 "Five Foot Two" (October 1961) – HMV (EA-4444) Sydney: No. 4
 "Sad Sixteen" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1961) – Columbia Records (DO-4327)
 "Twist 'n' Twirlin'" (1962) – HMV (EA-4456)
 "Tin Pin Bowling" (1962) – HMV (EA-4466) Sydney: No. 18
 "Don't Ever No Never" (1962) – HMV (EA-4479)
 "Don't Love and Run" (November 1962) HMV
 "Rich Boy" (1963) – HMV (EA-4579)
 "Love and Money" (1964) – HMV (EA-4652)
 "I'm Gonna Make You Cry" (1964) – HMV (EA-4669)
 "In Your Shoes" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1964) – Columbia Records (DO-4479)
 "Tell the Other Guy" (<mask> with Orchestra)(1964) – Columbia Records (DO-4531)
 "Watch What You Say" (February 1965) – HMV
 "I Should Have Stayed in Bed" (April 1965) – HMV (EA-4679)
 "I Need Help (Help! Help!)" (1965) – HMV (EA-4724)
 "Do You Mind" (1966) – HMV (EA-4757)
 "Why?" (1966) – HMV (EA-4785)
 "With Love from Jenny" (by Bryan Davies and Little Pattie) (1966) – HMV (EA-4812)
 "Alberta" (1967) – HMV (EA-4845) Sydney: No.18
 "Night and Day" (1967) – HMV (EA-4873)
 "Won't Be the Last" (1968) – Columbia Records (DO-5065)

References

External links

 publications

1944 births
Living people
Australian male singers
Australian male television actors
English emigrants to Australia
Male actors from Manchester
Singers

masks:
Bryan Davies
Bryan Davies
Bryan Davies
Bryan Davies


texts:
<mask>  (born 19 June 1932) is a Jamaican guitarist and composer who established his career while working as a session guitarist and music director for various Jamaican record labels including Studio One and Island Records. Ranglin played guitar on many early ska recordings and helped create the rhythmic guitar style that defined the form. Ranglin has worked with Theophilus Beckford, Jimmy Cliff, Monty Alexander, Prince Buster, the Skatalites, Bob Marley and the Eric Deans Orchestra. He is noted for a chordal and rhythmic approach that blends jazz, mento and reggae with percussive guitar solos incorporating rhythm 'n' blues and jazz inflections. Early life
<mask> was born in Manchester, Jamaica. His family moved to Kingston, where he attended the Providence Primary School, Kingston Senior School and Bodin College. Ranglin's introduction to music was through two uncles who both played guitar.Initially a self-taught guitarist; he received some tutoring on how to sight-read from a violin player named Tommy Tomlins. At the age of 15, Ranglin joined the Val Bennett Orchestra, which was followed by a period of employment with the Eric Deans Orchestra. While performing locally with these orchestras Ranglin was introduced to the jazz pianist Monty Alexander, which led to a lifelong friendship as well as numerous musical collaborations. Career
During the 1950s Ranglin played guitar on calypso and mento releases, some of which were recorded for the tourist

masks:
Ernest Ranglin
Ernest Ranglin


texts:
 market. The 1958 album The Wrigglers Sing Calypso at the Arawak is representative of the type of calypso floor show that Jamaican bands performed at hotels (some of the tracks from the original album were included on the 2010 CD release Jamaica - Mento 1951-1958). He was employed as a guitarist by the Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) between the years 1958 and 1965 with public radio broadcasting (radio services had been established earlier with the first broadcast transmitted in November 1939) commencing in 1959 and television broadcasting commencing in 1963. Ranglin also played with Cluett Johnson's studio band Clue J and the Blues Blasters; recording several tracks for Coxsone Dodd at Federal Studios, including the Theophilus Beckford hit "Easy Snapping" (recorded in 1956 and released in 1959), which he arranged and played guitar on.Ranglin also played on the Beckford tracks "Jack and Jill Shuffle" and "Shuffling Jug." 1960s
In 1962 the James Bond film Dr. No was being shot in Jamaica and Ranglin was hired by Carlos Malcolm, music director for JBC, to compose music for some of the scenes set in Jamaica. Ranglin was also the bassist on many early Prince Buster hits, including the 1963 ska release "Wash Wash" - a situation that arose from his contractual obligations to Federal Records, which barred him from appearing as a named guitarist on recordings not made or licensed by them. In 1963 Ranglin played guitar on and arranged "My Boy Lollipop",


texts: which was sung by Millie Small, who had recently been signed to Blackwell's Island label. "My Boy Lollipop" (a cover version of a song written by Robert Spencer of the doo-wop group the Cadillacs and originally recorded by Barbie Gaye in 1956) became a worldwide hit after being released by Island on licence to Fontana in March 1964. Ranglin was also employed by Duke Reid as an A&R man for Reid's Treasure Isle label as well as fulfilling the same role for the labels Federal (owned and operated by Ken Khouri who recorded and produced Ranglin's 1965 Guitar in Ernest album) and Gay Feet. His solo releases during this period saw him return to his jazz roots with the albums Wranglin (1964) and Reflections, (1965) both issued by Island.He was also involved with Merritone, a subsidiary record label started by Federal. In 1964 Ranglin was in London with Blackwell, who was enquiring if it would be possible for Ranglin to play at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. Initially the manager of Ronnie Scott's was reluctant to agree but eventually allowed Ranglin to sit-in with the house band. The reception the audience gave to his performance overcame any reservations that the manager may have had and Ranglin was invited to become the venue's resident guitarist. He stayed for nine months, backing numerous guest artists as well as appearing onstage with the Ronnie Scott Quartet and Quintet. In 1964 a live set was recorded at the club which was released on the Fontana label as


texts:
 The Night Is Scott And You're So Swingable in 1966. Ranglin's tenure at Ronnie Scott's brought him to the attention of UK Jazz audiences with the Melody Maker′s readers duly voting Ranglin into first place in the guitar category of the paper's 1964 Reader's Jazz Poll.Upon his return to Jamaica he found himself once again doing A&R and session work for Federal (musical director from 1965 to 1972) and Coxsone. He was involved in the recording of the Wailers' track "It Hurts to Be Alone" released on the Coxsone label in Jamaica and subsequently released in the UK (1965) by Island records. Ranglin was also music director for the recording of The Melodians' song "Rivers of Babylon" (1967). The closing years of the sixties found Ranglin working with the Jamaican producers Lee "Scratch" Perry and Clancy Eccles; both of whom were instrumental in developing and establishing the new genre of reggae. Ranglin played on the Eccles-produced "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by Eric "Monty" Morris, which he cites as one of the earliest records to feature reggae drumming. 1970s to present
In 1973 Ranglin was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government for his contribution to music. Ranglin frequently recorded Latin/Caribbean-infused jazz with Monty Alexander during this period, most notably the album Rass!(1974). Ranglin also toured with Jimmy Cliff in the dual role of music director/guitarist, which resulted in the 1976 album release In Concert: The


texts: Best of Jimmy Cliff. Ranglin was the lead guitarist on the Lee "Scratch" Perry recording sessions at Black Ark Studios for the Heart of the Congos (1977) album by the Congos. In 1982 he moved to Florida, where he continued to record as well as taking the opportunity to perform more regularly at jazz festivals. In 1991 Ranglin's nephew Gary Crosby formed the group Jazz Jamaica; Ranglin and Jazz Jamaica performed together at Ronnie Scott's in October 2009 as part of the club's anniversary concert series. In 1998 he signed to Chris Blackwell's newly formed Palm Pictures label and released In Search of the Lost Riddim. That same year he played on "I Got Plenty 'o Nuthin" with Spearhead which was released on the Red Hot Organization compilation album Red Hot + Rhapsody.The albums E.B. @Noon and Modern Answers to Old Problems were released in 2000 followed by Grooving in 2001. In 2002 <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the University of the West Indies for his outstanding contribution to the development of music in Jamaica. In 2006 he was the subject of a documentary Roots Of Reggae: The <mask> Story produced and written by Arthur Gorson. In 2008 <mask> was inducted into the Jamaican Music Hall of Fame by the Jamaica Association of Vintage Artistes and Affiliates (JAVAA). In November 2015 <mask> announced that he would be retiring from the music business with a farewell tour in the summer of 2016. The tour would feature musicians including

masks:
Ranglin
Ernest Ranglin
Ranglin
Ranglin


texts:
 Tony Allen, Courtney Pine, Ira Coleman, Cheikh Lô and Alex Wilson.Ranglin was honoured in the 2021 National Honours and Awards on Jamaica’s 59th Anniversary of Independence. Discography

As leader
 Wranglin (Island, 1964)
 Reflections (Island, 1964)
 Guitar in Ernest (RCA Victor, 1965)
 The Exciting Ranglin (RCA Victor, 1966)
 A Mod a Mod Ranglin (Federal, 1966)
 Boss Reggae (FRM, 1969)
 Mr. Ernie Ranglin with Soul (Dub Store, 1969)
 Softly with Ranglin (Twilight, 1969)
 Ranglypso (MPS/BASF, 1976)
 Ranglin Roots (Aquarius, 1976)
 Monty Alexander/<mask>lin (MPS, 1981)
 From Kingston JA to Miami USA (Vista Sounds, 1983)
 Rum Raisin (RRR, 1985)
 We Want to Party (Rooney, 1989)
 True Blue (Rooney, 1989)
 The Pensive Ranglin (Kinlin, 1993)
 Play the Time Away (Grove Music, 1995)
 Below the Bassline (Island, 1996)
 Tribute to a Legend (Kariang, 1997)
 Memories of Barber Mack (Island, 1997)
 Soul D'Ern (Jazz House, 1997)
 In Search of the Lost Riddim (Palm Pictures, 1998)
 E.B. @Noon (Tropic, 1999)
 Modern Answers to Old Problems (Telarc, 2000)
 Gotcha! (Telarc, 2001)
 Alextown (Palm Pictures, 2005)
 Surfin (Tropic, 2005)
 Order of Distinction (Milk River Music, 2009)
 Avila Featuring <mask>lin (Avila Street, 2012)
 Bless Up (Avila Street, 2014)
 Jazz Jamaica (Federal, 2014)

As sideman
With Monty Alexander
 Rass! (MPS, 1974)
 Love and Sunshine (MPS/BASF, 1975)
 Monty Strikes Again (MPS/BASF, 1976)
 Jamento (Pablo, 1978)
 Cobilimbo (MPS, 1978)
Monty Alexander

masks:
Ernest Rang
Ernest Rang


texts:
 - Ernest Ranglin (MPS, 1981)
 Many Rivers to Cross (MELDAC, 1995)
 Yard Movement (Island, 1996)
 Rocksteady (Telarc, 2004)

With Floyd Lloyd
 Tear It Up (Tropic, 1997)
 Village Soul (Tropic, 1997)
 Mango Blues (Tropic, 1997)
 Our World (Tropic, 1999)
 Believer (Tropic, 2002)
 Mind Over Matter (Tropic, 2004)

With Bunny Wailer
 Roots Radics Rockers Reggae (Shanachie, 1983)