texts:
 For this act, the President of France gave <mask>v the Order of the Legion of Honor. Personality and legacy

Despite all of his wealth Mantashev led a modest lifestyle.He did not like gold and never wore jewellery. He only attached a fresh flower to his vest. He did not have an entourage and enjoyed travelling by tram in Tiflis. It is said that Mantashev only carried with him 20 gold coins and five rubles. Mantashev loved the theatre. In Tiflis he built the Pitoewski Theatre (now the Rustaveli Theatre). In the Academie National de Musique of Paris he had a personal lounge.He intended to build a similar theatre in Yerevan. The Small Hall of the Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra was also built by him. Mantashev died on 19 April 1911 in Saint Petersburg. His body was moved to Tiflis and buried next to his wife at the cemetery of Vank Cathedral which was being restored at the time with his donations. After the October Revolution of 1917, his company ceased to exist along with all the other oil companies in Russia. In 1933, by the order of Lavrentiy Beria, the Vank Cathedral was destroyed along with the cemetery where Mantashev was buried. Today he is remembered in Tbilisi for his charity, where many of his buildings are still standing, and in Yerevan, where a downtown street was named after him along with a major luxury goods store.A monument of Mantashian has been erected in Yerevan in April 2012. Notes

References
  Журнал ЕРЕВАН, N. 3–4, July–August 2005, pp. 44–49. Businesspeople in the oil industry
Armenian businesspeople in the oil industry
Ethnic Armenian businesspeople
Ethnic Armenian philanthropists
Georgian people of Armenian descent
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Businesspeople from Tbilisi
1842 births
1911 deaths
19th-century


type: original

texts:
<mask> (Polish <mask>, [pɔʑɲ̩ak]), (26 August 1887 – 20 April 1953) was an Austro-German pianist of Polish descent, piano teacher, music writer and editor. Life and activity
Pozniak was born in Lviv in the Austrian part of the then divided Poland, the seventh child of an engineer and Austrian civil servant from Polish nobility. Her mother came from a humble background. Her father was a customs official. The young Bronislaw's early interest in music met with little approval from his parents at first, as a civil service career had been planned for him. However, as his talent for music, especially for playing the piano, became more and more apparent, his parents gradually gave up their resistance. After the family moved to Krakow, he received lessons from renowned teachers at the conservatoire such as Felicjan Szopski (1865–1939),  (1875–1951) and Władysław Żeleński (1837–1921).After graduating from high school, he attended a newly founded commercial college in Krakow, where it was possible to take the state examination after studying for only two semesters. Only on this condition did his father agree to the artist's career. After initial artistic successes in Lviv and later in Krakow, Pozniak continued his studies in Berlin at the financial sacrifice of his father. Arthur Rubinstein had recommended Pozniak to his own teacher Karl Heinrich Barth, a relentless piano professor at the Berlin University of

masks:
Bronislaw Ritter von Pozniak
Bronisław Poźniak


texts: the Arts who was feared by many, who had such distinguished students as Wilhelm Kempff and Heinrich Neuhaus. There in Berlin, the foundations were laid for the most important components of Pozniak's later work. In addition to solo concertizing, these were above all his great interest in pedagogical activity (he began teaching at the Ochs-Eichelberger Conservatory in Berlin while still a student) and his passion for chamber music, which then led to the formation of a piano trio. Material hardship accompanied the artistic activities of the now independent musician in Berlin.In 1915, Pozniak took over a piano class at the conservatory in Breslau, which was in a rather desolate state. The Silesian capital remained Pozniak's main place of activity for the next 30 years until his flight on 3 February 1945. From 1918 to 1936, Pozniak worked at the Silesian Conservatory and he also took over the master class for pianists when this institution was transformed into the "Landesmusikschule" in 1936. From 1919 to 1925, Pozniak also taught at the Cieplik Conservatory in Beuthene, Upper Silesia, and from 1929 to 1931, he was in charge of the master class at the "Polish Music Association Conservatory" in Lviv, which he supplied once a month from Wroclaw. The appointment to this post was a special honour, as it was the class once supervised by Chopin's pupil Karol Mikuli. Together with the full professor of


texts: musicology at the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau Arnold Schmitz (1893–1980), Pozniak advocated the creation of the "University Institute for Music Education and Church Music", an extension of the Institute for Church Music, headed by Schmitz and affiliated to the university, and also became head of the piano department there. Pozniak's extensive pedagogical work, especially in Breslau, but also in other parts of Silesia and the great success of his pupils at regularly organised recitals and concerts made him a sought-after piano teacher to whom pupils flocked from all parts of the country and especially from the eastern countries.Of the many students, the most successful was the pianist Josef Wagner (1900–1947), Prize winner of the International Chopin Piano Competition 1932 in Warsaw. Also Hans Otte, Hans Pischner, Gerhard Wohlgemuth, <mask> Borck, Hans-Georg Burghardt and many other notable musicians were students of Pozniak. In addition to this pedagogical work, there was intensive solo activity, performances in piano duos and, above all, concert tours with his trio to the most important cities in Europe. The Pozniak Trio, founded in 1923, played in changing line-ups was one of the leading chamber music associations in Europe. Pozniak's trio partners in the string section included violinists Hugo Birkigt (1885–1944), Hugo Kortschak (1884–1957), Rudolf Deman (1880–1960),


texts: Géza de Kresz (1882–1959), Karl Freund (1904–1955), Hans Dünschede (1907–1999), Eugen Forster, Hans Bassermann (1888–1967), Johannes Bastiaan (1911–2012)<ref>Hans Bastiaan (1911 in Nuremberg – 11 October 2012) became known more recently for his participation as a contemporary witness in the film Das Reichsorchester. The Berlin Philharmonic and National Socialism. Documentary by Enrique Sánchez Lansch.Broadcast on 29 November 2007, on ARD.</ref> as well as the cellists Hugo Dechert (1860–1923), Hans Kindler (1892–1949), Heinz Beyer, Joseph Schuster (1903–1969), Jascha Bernstein, Bernhard Günther, Sigrid Succo and Gregor Piatigorsky (1903–1976). In addition to the (pre)classical-romantic repertoire, the Pozniak Trio also devoted itself intensively to contemporary composers, such as Hans Pfitzner, Hans Gál, Paul Juon, Paul Kletzki, Egon Kornauth, Ludomir Różycki and Hans-Georg Burghardt. When the Second World War broke out, Pozniak was harassed by the National Socialists as a 'Pole' and 'foreigner', although he had in the meantime obtained German citizenship. Because he played music with Jewish artists, he was blacklisted by the National Socialist rulers, suspended from service at the university institute for a year, but then reinstated. His solo activities and performances with the Pozniak Trio were also boycotted in Silesia for the same reason, and he had to answer to two Gestapo trials after being


texts: denounced. Fleeing the Russian army from Breslau on 3 February 1945, Pozniak and his family first went to Markranstädt, then in August 1945 to Leipzig, where he stayed for three and a half years, and later to Halle. In his memoirs Pozniak, now homeless, unemployed and almost penniless, describes the difficulties the unwelcome and ill-treated refugees had to contend with and how he, the once celebrated and popular pianist and teacher, had to stand his ground against the united front of hostile colleagues.Efforts to revive the Pozniak Trio initially failed due to administrative harassment. Targeted negative concert reviews by the press added to the problem. A small group of musicians, such as Günther Ramin, Walter Niemann, Wilhelm Weismann, and his students stuck by him, whose family had to live on the small earnings of the younger son. But despite all resistance, he succeeded in regaining a foothold in the pedagogical as well as the artistic field. Wilhelm Weismann, then editor at Edition Peters, succeeded in entrusting Pozniak with the New Edition of the Piano Works of Frédéric Chopin, organised on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Frédéric Chopin in 1949, and also supported him in the completion of the book Chopin. Praktische Anweisungen für das Studium der Chopin-Werke, which was then published by Mitteldeutscher Verlag in Halle in 1949. In the meantime, Pozniak had been


texts: appointed professor in Halle by Hans Stieber, the first rector of the , which was newly founded in 1947, as well as Sigfrid Grundeis, known as a Liszt player, with whom he was on friendly terms.Klaus Suckel: Musikalische Wurzeln.State College for Theatre and Music Halle. In scientia halensis. 7. jg. 1999/4. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 1999. . At the same time, Pozniak taught at the Institute for Music Education at the Faculty of Education of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. The number of students in Leipzig and Halle grew, making it difficult to cope with the work. Pozniak decided, partly because of the political situation which did not allow performances abroad, to give up concertizing and devote himself to publishing work in addition to his pedagogical activities.In addition to the improved new edition of the "ABC des Klavierspielers", which was published by Robert Forberg in 1948, Pozniak prepared a new edition of the Piano Sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven for the Mitteldeutsche Verlag in Halle, of which only the first volume could be completed and which was then taken over by Edition Peters in Leipzig. Also for Edition Peters, he published an album Piano Music of Russian and Soviet Masters in 1953 (Edition Peters No. 4574). The enormous workload, the sometimes adverse living conditions, the unresolved fate of his eldest son Jan, who had been missing during the war,


texts:
 exhausted the strength of the musician, who was also admired by young people in his new homeland. Pozniak died of heart disease in Halle on 20 April 1953 at the age of 65. He is buried in the cemetery in Nottensdorf, the home of his youngest son Andreas (d. 2013). A commemorative plaque in the entrance hall of Villa Lehman in Halle, the former seat of the State University for Theatre and Music, commemorates the great pianist and pedagogue, who explicitly understood his work as a contribution to the reparation of past atrocities and to understanding between the Polish and German people.Appreciation

 Piano pedagogy and Chopin playing
When Pozniak edited his writings, the sometimes bitter disputes, especially in the first quarter of the 20th century, between the advocates of the older piano methodology (emphasis on finger technique) and the various reformers (emphasis on weight technique in piano) were still going on. The focus was on the weight technique of Rudolf Maria Breithaupt and its uncompromising rejection by Elisabeth Caland in favour of the use of the back muscles and the lowering of the shoulder blades. Pozniak dispenses with theoretical discussions and approaches the problems of piano playing from the practical side. He takes a more mediating position, balancing the extremes. The starting point for him is also the training of the fingers, but without the exaggerated pulling up of the


texts: fingers, which often leads to playing damage and is usually accompanied by cramping of the muscles. He emphasises the importance of relaxation (he uses the term free stretching to characterise the feeling of comfort and freedom) and avoiding unnecessary movements. Great care is also advised in tensioning and stretching exercises.With his new ideas, Pozniak thus became a pioneer of today's views on the problem of playing damage and its prevention. The types of touch necessary for playing the piano are systematised and discussed using examples. In addition to active finger playing, weight playing is used especially in the shaping of cantilenas. Pozniak rejects the outdated, inaccurate pedal signs, some of which are still in use today. He favours (see his edition of the Beethoven Sonatas) the exact pedal signs of Theodor Wiehmeyer, which, however, have not become established and are not used in his own edition of Chopin's piano works. In his Chopin book, reference is made again and again to the elementary descriptions of the "ABC of the Piano Player". Just as simplicity and naturalness are methodological principles in the technical field, the same basic principles apply to the interpretation of Chopin's piano works.Pozniak sees himself as a preserver of the tradition of Polish Chopin playing as taught by Karol Mikuli, Chopin's pupil, in Lemberg. He opposes the excessive emphasis on the technical side


texts: of Chopin's piano works, as expressed above all in the exaggerated tempi of some Chopin players. This display of technical skills, as is observed especially in the interpretation of the Études, is a distortion of the spirit of Chopin's music, which, according to Pozniak, is characterised by nobility, poetry, naturalness, absence of any sentimentality and deeply felt love and attachment to the Polish homeland and the Polish people. One of the special features of Pozniak's new edition of Chopin's piano works in the Edition Peters is the fingering, which in its deliberate simplicity leads to some facilitation of playing. It reflects Pozniak's pedagogical experience and he also wants to make piano playing easier in this sector, in contrast to other editors who lead the player into blind alleys through some quibbles. Thus, the finger changes for repeated notes and ornaments are consistently dispensed with, as is practised by most pianists today and as was already presented by, for example, Gottfried Galston in his study book and Ferruccio Busoni in the preface to his later edition of J. S. Bach's 2-part inventions. Pozniak's sparing pedalling, which not infrequently contradicts Chopin's own indications, has as its guideline clarity in harmony and line, which should not be blurred.Here one can reproach Pozniak for not having taken into account that Chopin, for all the differences in the effect of the


texts:
 damping of the pianos of the time, very well sometimes intended sound mixtures and therefore resorted to pedal indications that seem bold to us today. This is also pointed out by Paul Badura-Skoda in the notes on interpretation in his Chopin edition (Edition Peters). There are no solo recordings of the pianist Pozniak, whom Walter Niemann calls "one of our most wonderful Chopin players". The surviving sound documents with his piano trio show, despite the age-related acoustic-technical deficiencies, a sensitive musician, responsive to his fellow players, whose slender and transparent tone, also according to his partners and critics, made him an ideal chamber music pianist. Recordings
Recordings for the Carl Lindström AG. Berlin, late 1920 / early 1921Trio Pozniak-Deman-Beyer: Bronislaw <mask> (piano), Rudolf Deman (violin), Hans Beyer (violoncello) Peter I. Tschaikowsky: Thema und Variationen aus: Klaviertrio a-Moll, op. 50.ODEON AA 57861
 Peter I. Tschaikowsky: Walzer aus: Klaviertrio a-Moll, op. 50. ODEON AA 57862
 Franz Schubert: 3. Satz / Allegro moderato aus: Klaviertrio Es-Dur, op. 100, D 929. ODEON AA 57863
 Anton Arensky: 3. Satz / Elegie aus: Klaviertrio Nr.1 d-Moll, op. 32. ODEON AA 57864

Recordings for the Deutsche Grammophon AG. Berlin, 1925

Auslandslabel: POLYDORPozniak-Trio: Bronislaw <mask>k (piano); Carl Freund (violin); Joseph Schuster (cello) Antonín Dvorák: Klaviertrio Nr. 4

masks:
von Pozniak
von Ponia


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 e-Moll, op. 90 "Dumky-Trio" (5 Seiten). GRAMMOPHON 66194/66196
 Bedrich Smetana: 2.Satz / Allegro ma non agitato aus: Klaviertrio g-Moll, op. 15. GRAMMOPHON 66196
 Jean-Philippe Rameau: Cinquième Concert aus den Pièces de clavecin en concert. GRAMMOPHON 66197

Recordings for the Deutsche Grammophon AG. Berlin, 1926Pozniak-Trio: Bronislaw <mask> (piano); Carl Freund (violin); Joseph Schuster (cello) Paul Kletzki: 3. Satz / Adagio from the Trio d-Moll, op. 16.GRAMMOPHON 66415
 The Pozniak Trio premiered this work on 13 April 1926 in Berlin Egon Kornauth: Fragment from the Klaviertrio op. 27. GRAMMOPHON 66415
 Paul Juon: Rêverie, Humoresque, Elegie from the Trio-Miniaturen, op. 18 (3 Seiten). GRAMMOPHON 62548/62549
 Paul Juon: Danse phantastique from the Trio-Miniaturen, op. 24. GRAMMOPHON 62549with Emmi Leisner, alto Ludwig van Beethoven: Trüb', trüb' ist mein Auge; Die holde Maid von Inverness; Oh, grausam war mein Vater; Der treue Johnie; Der Abend aus "Twenty-five Scottish songs", op.108. POLYDOR 73021/71023
 Überspielung auf CD: "The Art of Emmi Leisner". Lebendige Vergangenheit / Preiser Records 89210 (P) 1994Recordings for the Electrola AG. Berlin, 23 October 1930Pozniak-Trio: Bronislaw <mask> (piano); Carl Freund (violin); Jascha Bernstein (violoncello) Antonín Dvorák: Klaviertrio Nr. 4 e-Moll, op. 90 "Dumky-Trio" (6 Seiten). ELECTROLA EH 647/649; HMV C.2384/2386; HMV AN.715/717

RUNDFUNK.live,

masks:
von Poniak
von Poniak


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 3 March 1939Pozniak-Trio: Bronislaw <mask> (piano); Eugen Forster (violin); Sigrid Succo (violoncello) Antonín Dvorák: Klaviertrio Nr. 4 e-Moll, op. 90 "Dumky-Trio"Recording stored in the Narodowe Archivum cyfrowe, Warsaw under the shelf mark 3/33/0/1/2957Recordings for the Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. Berlin, 14 February 1941 with Lore Fischer, Alto. Triobegleitung: Prof. Br. v. Pozniak, Hans Bastian, Siegrid Succo.musical editing: Gerhard Strecke Johann Abraham Peter Schulz: Der Mond ist aufgegangen. Unveröffentlicht
 Volksweise: Die Blümelein, sie schlafen.GRAMMOPHON 47539
 Friedrich Silcher: Drauß' ist alles so prächtig. GRAMMOPHON 47539
 Joseph Haydn: Es weiden meine Schafe aus „Schottische Volkslieder“ (Hob. XXXIb). GRAMMOPHON 47541
 Joseph Haydn: Rose weiß, Rose rot aus „Schottische Volkslieder“ (Hob. XXXIb). GRAMMOPHON 47541

Recording for the Ludwig Hupfeld AG. Leipzig
 The solo recordings on piano roll with works by Frédéric Chopin, which Pozniak says he made in his memoirs for the , could not be determined until now (September 2020).Work, Editions
 Bronislaw v. Pozniak: Das ABC des Klavierspielers. L. Oemigkes's Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin u. Breslau 1936. Bronislaw v. Pozniak: ABC des Klavierspielers. 2. extended edition. Robert Forberg Musikverlag, Leipzig 1948. <mask> Poźniak: ABC pianisty. Przekład: Bogdan Zieliński, Izabella Zielińska.Ars Nova, Poznań 1992. (Polish translation of the

masks:
von Poniak
Bronisław


texts:
 1st German edition from 1936). Bronislaw v. Pozniak: Chopin. Praktische Anweisungen für das Studium der Chopin-Werke. Published in cooperation with the German Chopin Committee Berlin. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale) 1949. Bronislaw v. Pozniak: Lebenserinnerungen.Transcribed from the manuscript and edited by Cristina v. Pozniak-Bierschenk. Unveröffentlichter Privatdruck. Osnabrück 1985. Nachdruck 2006. Bronislaw v. Pozniak (ed. ): Frédéric Chopin, Klavierwerke. New edition.Edition Peters, Leipzig 1949 ff. Bronislaw v. Pozniak (ed. ): Ludwig van Beethoven, Sonaten für Klavier Bd. 1 (Sonaten 1–14). Instruktive Neuausgabe nach dem Urtext. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Halle (Saale). In die Edition Peters Collection Litolff Nr.5605 übernommen. Leipzig 1953. (Einzelheiten s. Weblinks)
 Bronislaw v. Pozniak (ed. ): Klaviermusik russischer und sowjetischer Meister. Edition Peters, Leipzig 1951. References

 Further reading
 : <mask> <mask> (1887–1953). In Karlheinz Schlager (ed.): Festschrift Hubert Unverricht zum 65. Geburtstag. Verlag Hans Schneider, Tutzing 1992. .
 Maria Zduniak: O autobiografii <mask>a Poźniaka (1887–1953). In Zeszyt Naukowy Akademii Muzycznej im. Karola Lipińskiego we Wrocławiu 65. Wrocław 1995. .
 Hans Joachim Moser: Chopin. In: Musikgeschichte in hundert Lebensbildern.Reclam-Verlag, Stuttgart 1952. Walter Niemann: Meister des Klaviers. Die Pianisten der Gegenwart und der letzten

masks: Bronisław Poźniak Bronisław


texts:
 Vergangenheit. Schuster und Löffler, Berlin 1919. Gregor Piatigorsky: Mein Cello und ich und unsere Begegnungen mit Béla Bartók, Sir Thomas Beecham, Pablo Casals… Wunderlich, Tübingen 1968. (Piatigorsky beschreibt hier sein Verhältnis zu Pozniak und dem Pozniak-Trio, dem er zeitweise angehörte). Pozniak, Bronislaw, <mask>.In Hans-Joachim Moser: Musiklexikon. Verlag Max Hesse, Berlin 1935, 1943, 1951. Breslau. In Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik). Sachteil, vol. 2. Bärenreiter/Metzler.Kassel/Stuttgart. (Incorrect year of birth Pozniak's!). Pozniak, Bronislaw <mask>. In Frank/Altmann: Kurzgefasstes Tonkünstler-Lexikon. 15. Aufl. vol.2. Heinrichshofen, Wilhelmshaven 1978. (Incorrect year of birth Pozniak's!). Pozniak, Bronislaw, <mask>''. In Wilibald Gurlitt (ed. ): Riemann- Musiklexikon. 12th edition.Personal Part L–Z. Schott, Mainz 1961. (Incorrect indication of the pronunciation of the name!). External links

German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1887 births
1953 deaths
People from Lviv
20th-century German male

masks:
Ritter von
von
Ritter von


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<mask>, also known as Kütahı (, 1780–1836), was an Ottoman statesman and general who reached the post of Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence. Early life
<mask> was born in Georgia, the son of a Greek Orthodox priest. As a child, he was captured as a slave by the Ottomans, and brought to the service of the then <mask>rev <mask>. His intelligence and ability impressed his master and secured his rapid rise. He was stationed in Karađorđe's Serbia for a short time. At only 29 years, he was appointed governor of Kütahya, from where he acquired his sobriquet. In 1820, he was sent by Sultan Mahmud II, along with many other pashas, to quell the rebellion of <mask> of Yannina against the Porte.At the same time, the Greeks were preparing their own uprising, which broke out in March 1821. Thus, after the defeat and death of <mask> in 1822, he was at hand to campaign against the Greek rebels. Operations in Epirus – First Siege of Missolonghi

Having been appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in Epirus, he marched south, to meet the Greek forces under Alexandros Mavrokordatos, which were campaigning towards Arta. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon them in the Battle of Peta, on 4 July 1822, and proceeded southwards, to the strategically important town of Missolonghi. There he was met by Omer Vrioni, and their joint force of 8,000 besieged the city for two months, from 25 October to 31 December 1822. Omer Vrioni, contrary to <mask> <mask>'s view, initially tried to take the town by negotiations, which the besieged

masks:
Reşid Mehmed Pasha
Reşid Mehmed
Kapudan Pasha Koca Hs
Mehmed Pasha
Ali Pasha
Ali Pasha
Reşid
Mehmed


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 Greeks took advantage of, dragging them out until November 8, when they were reinforced by sea, at which point they refused to negotiate further. The siege began in earnest, and the two pashas scheduled their main assault for Christmas night, December 24, calculating that the Greeks would be caught by surprise.The plan was leaked to the defenders, and the attack failed. Six days later, the siege was lifted. Campaign in Thessaly

After the failure at Missolonghi, <mask> <mask> moved against the mountainous region of Pelion, which he managed to subdue. For his success, he was appointed governor of the sanjak of Trikala, and was finally appointed commander-in-chief of all Ottoman forces in Rumelia. Third Siege of Missolonghi

From this position he was tasked by the Porte with taking Missolonghi and thus securing western Greece. <mask> <mask> assembled an army of more than 35,000 and in February 1825 he set out for Missolonghi. On arriving there on April 20, he immediately invested the town with earthworks and subjected it to heavy bombardment.However, despite his efforts, the Greek garrison, aided by raids from the Greek bands behind his lines and resupplied by the Greek fleet despite the Ottoman naval blockade, resisted effectively. In the end, he was forced to call upon the assistance of <mask> of Egypt, whose army had been victorious against Greek forces in the Morea. The Egyptian forces arrived in early November, but a split occurred between the presumptuous Ibrahim and <mask> <mask>, who withdrew his forces. After the Egyptians failed too in their assaults, Ibrahim acknowledged his error.

masks:
Reşid
Mehmed
Reşid
Mehmed
Ibrahim Pasha
Reşid
Mehmed


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 The two pashas now cooperated, and the siege was intensified. The seaward supply route was cut, forcing threatening the defenders with starvation. Finally, they attempted a desperate escape, breaking out through the besieging forces, on the night of 10 April 1826.The sortie resulted in a massacre of the defenders, and Missolonghi fell to the Ottoman forces. Campaign in Attica

After this success, <mask> <mask> turned towards Attica and Athens, where he arrived in July. He besieged the Greek garrison on the Acropolis of Athens unsuccessfully for ten months, until his unexpected victory over a Greek relief force at the Battle of Phaleron on 24 April 1827 forced the Greeks to surrender the fort. Campaign against Bosnia Eyalet

The Ottoman Bosnian leadership led by Husein Gradaščević were outraged when Sultan Mahmud II granted Serbia autonomy and subsequently six districts from the Bosnia Eyalet with the Treaty of Adrianople. Husein Gradaščević had already begun to support the cause of the fallen Janissary after the Auspicious Incident and would not allow Mahmud II to further disintegrate Bosnian society. Instead of negotiating with Husein Gradaščević, the Grand Vizier <mask> <mask> <mask> (already engaged in an aggressive campaign against Albanian pashas and beys) mobilized his Ottoman army towards Travnik. Disappointed by <mask> <mask>'s move, Gradaščević marched forward with an army of 52,000 into Priština, and later fought and defeated <mask> <mask> at Štimlje.A Bosnian delegation reached the Grand Vizier's camp in Skopje in November of that year. The Grand Vizier promised this delegation

masks: Reşid Mehmed Reşid Mehmed Pasha Reşid Pasha Reşid Pasha


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 that he would insist to the Sultan that he accept the Bosniak demands. His true intentions, however, were manifested by early December when his cannons attacked Bosnian units stationed on the outskirts of Novi Pazar. <mask> <mask> <mask> later began an aggressive campaign into Bosnia with the assistance of the renegade kapetan Ali-paša Rizvanbegović and defeated the entire army of Bosnia Eyalet led by Husein Gradaščević outside the town of Stup. After the Greek Revolution
A very distinguished general, <mask> <mask> fought in the Russo-Turkish War, where he was defeated by General Diebitsch at the Battle of Kulevicha. Subsequently, he was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, a post he held from January 1829 to 17 February 1833. From that position, he orchestrated the  Monastir massacre of 1830 of the Albanian beys killing hundreds.He led the Ottoman armies in Anatolia in the Egyptian-Ottoman War. He was captured by the forces of his old antagonist, <mask>, at the war's decisive Battle of Konya in 1832. Campaign in the Diyarbakir Eyalet
He was appointed the Wāli of Diyarbakir Eyalet and Raqqa Eyalet in 1834 and onwards led military campaigns against the local Kurdish tribes Garzan, Bedir Khan and Milli and the Yazidi in Sincar. In 1835 he subdued the Milli tribe in Mardin. In 1836, he defeated, Mire Kor, the ruler from the Emirate of Soran. He died in 1836. Notes and sources

1780 births
1839 deaths
Pashas
Ottoman military personnel of the Greek War of Independence
19th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
Ottoman prisoners

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Reşid
Mehmed
Pasha
Reşid
Mehmed
Ibrahim Pasha


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<mask> (; born 7 October 1979) is a Romanian former artistic gymnast. She is a seven-time Olympic and ten-time World Championship medalist. Amânar helped Romania win four consecutive world team titles (1994–1999), as well as the 2000 Olympic team title. She is also the 2000 Olympic all-around champion. She has a vault named after her, one of the most difficult in women's gymnastics, and was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2007. Career

1994–1995
In 1994, her first year on the senior national team, Amânar contributed to Romania's team titles at the World and European Championships. Amânar began to excel as an individual performer at the 1995 European Cup, placing second in the all-around behind Svetlana Khorkina of Russia and winning gold on both vault and floor exercise.At the 1995 World Championships, she helped Romania secure its second consecutive world team title and became co-champion on vault (with all-around winner Lilia Podkopayeva of Ukraine). Amânar's powerful floor routine and vaults put her in the lead after two rotations in the all-around, but she dropped to fourth after an average uneven bars routine and a shaky balance beam routine. 1996
Amânar won a silver medal on vault at the 1996 World Championships, behind teammate Gina Gogean and ahead of Cuba's Annia -Hatch. At the 1996 Summer Olympics, Amânar was one of the front-runners for several individual medals, but her Olympics started inauspiciously when she fell off the beam during the compulsories. Though she later posted the highest all-around score in the optionals (39.387, her lowest score being a 9.800 on the


texts: balance beam), her combined compulsory and optionals scores put her fourth among her teammates, and she did not qualify for the final. However, in a scenario similar to the Unified Team's substitution of Tatiana Gutsu for Rozalia Galiyeva at the 1992 Olympics, Amânar replaced her teammate Alexandra Marinescu in the all-around final. The Romanian head coach, Octavian Bellu, said that Amânar deserved to compete because she had worked harder and was a better athlete than Marinescu.Amânar ended up sharing the bronze medal with teammate Lavinia Miloşovici, behind Gogean. In both the 1996 Olympic all-around and the 1995 World Championships all-around, Amânar failed to score over 9.800 on the floor exercise despite well-executed and difficult tumbling. In the Olympics, she scored a 9.887 in the team optionals (the highest score of the entire Olympics on any event, for men or women), but only a 9.737 in the all-around. She did not start from a 10.0 in the all-around—despite having the most tumbling bonus points of anyone at the Games—because her tour jeté half-turn (Strug), a C element, was not completed. Thus, she did not have enough simple A, B, and C skills, and much of her D- and E-rated tumbling had to count as easier elements to fulfill those requirements. Amânar did not perform a double turn in the team optionals or the all-around because it was not necessary as long as she completed her Strug. However, when she failed to complete the Strug, four of her six tenths in D and E elements had to count toward requirements, which left her with only .2 counting toward her bonus.Without the error, Amânar would have


texts:
 finished ahead of Gogean and Miloşovici. In the event finals, Amânar completed her Strug and added a double turn to fulfill the more stringent Competition III requirements. She earned a 9.850 and the silver medal, behind Podkopayeva and just ahead of Dominique Dawes of the United States. She won the vault final the day before, largely because of her 9.875 score for her double-twisting Yurchenko vault. She left the 1996 Olympics with four medals, including Romania's team bronze. 1997–1999
Romania won its third straight team title at the 1997 World Championships. Amânar again replaced a higher-scoring Marinescu in the all-around competition and won the silver medal behind Russia's Khorkina, followed by a gold medal on vault.In the 1999 World Championships, <mask> led the Romanian team to a fourth consecutive title (there was no Worlds competition in 1998). However, she fell off the bars during the all-around and placed well out of the medals. She also lost her vaulting title to Russia's Elena Zamolodchikova, who dominated that event in the following years due to a more difficult second vault: a double-twisting Tsukahara. <mask> won her only medal of the competition on the floor, taking home the silver behind teammate Andreea Răducan. 2000
At the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Romanians edged out the Russians to take the team title—their first since 1984 and their first ever in a non-boycotted Olympics. In the all-around, the vaulting horse was set too low by the Olympic organizers, and the favorite for the title, Svetlana Khorkina, fell on her signature vault. Several other gymnasts fell or stumbled because of

masks: Amânar Amânar


texts: the same problem.Many went on to make mistakes on their next event, knowing their medal chances were gone, only to be informed later of the error and their chance to vault again. The three Romanian women either managed to perform well on the faulty vault or vaulted after the mistake had been corrected. They swept the medals, with Răducan winning the gold, <mask> the silver, and Maria Olaru the bronze. Răducan was subsequently found to have used a cold medicine containing a banned substance. Although her results in other events were allowed to stand, she was stripped of her all-around gold medal, which went to Amânar. Initially, Amânar refused to accept the medal, insisting that Răducan had rightfully earned the title. Olaru took the same stance when the silver was awarded to her.However, they eventually reconsidered and decided to bring the medals home to Romania as symbolic victories of the country. Amânar continued to insist, however, that Răducan was the true Olympic all-around champion. In the event finals, Amânar had the opportunity to defend her Olympic vault title from four years earlier. However, she stumbled badly while debuting a new vault (a 2 twisting laid-out Yurchenko, which was then named after her), and did not win a medal. She went on to win bronze on floor exercise after losing points for a step out of bounds on her last tumbling pass. <mask> ranks highly (117th) on the list of most medal gymnasts in the world, with 10 World and 7 Olympic medals. She played a large role in the four consecutive World team titles and Olympic title that established Romania as the top-ranked women's

masks:
Amânar
Legacy Amânar


texts:
 gymnastics team in the world.The Amanar vault involves a round-off entry onto the vaulting table followed by a laid-out salto with 2 twists. Amânar first competed this skill at the 2000 Olympics. It has a difficulty score of 6.5, 6.3 and 5.8 in the women's 2009–2012, 2013–2016 and 2017–2020 Code of Points. Post-retirement
Amânar retired in 2000, shortly after the Olympic Games. She married Cosmin Tabără, a lawyer, on 9 March 2002, in Timișoara, and gave birth to a son, Alexandru Iosif, five months later. She is the vice president of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation. Eponymous skill
Amânar has one eponymous skill in the Code of Points, the Amanar vault.Competitive history

See also

 List of Olympic female gymnasts for Romania
 List of Olympic medal leaders in women's gymnastics
 List of top female medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships

References

External links
 Bio at romanian-gymnastics.com
 List of competitive results at Gymn Forum

 Amânar (vault skills)

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Constanța
Romanian female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gold medalists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Olympic gymnasts of Romania
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World champion gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
European champions in gymnastics
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games medalists in


texts:
<mask> (born 16 November 1987), known as T. J<mask>, is an Irish hurler who plays for Kilkenny Senior Championship club Ballyhale Shamrocks and at inter-county level with the Kilkenny senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a centre-forward. <mask> began his hurling career at club level with Ballyhale Shamrocks. He broke onto the club's senior team as a 16-year-old goalkeeper in 2004 before later being deployed as an outfield player. <mask> has since played on five All-Ireland Club Championship-winning teams, including as captain in 2015. At inter-county level, <mask> was part of the successful Kilkenny under-21 team that won All-Ireland Championships in 2006 and 2008. He joined the Kilkenny senior team in 2007.Since then <mask> has gone on to establish himself as one of the most dominant forwards of his generation, even though he never captained Kilkennys golden generation to All Ireland glory, and remains the only Kilkenny captain to have lost two all ireland finals to neighbours and arch rivals Tipperary. He has been involved in seven All-Ireland Championship-winning teams with Kilkenny while <mask> has also claimed multiple Leinster Championship and National League

Playing career

St. Kieran's College

<mask> first came to prominence as a hurler with St. Kieran's College in Kilkenny. Having played in every grade as a hurler, he was eventually called up the college's senior team. On 13 March 2004, <mask> was an unused substitute when St. Kieran's College defeated St. Peter's College from Wexford by 0-13 to 1-04 to win the Leinster Championship. On 3 May 2004, he was an unused substitute once again when St. Kieran's College claimed the All-Ireland Championship following a 3-20 to 1-06 defeat of St. Raphael's College from Loughrea..

On 13 March 2005, <mask> lined out at midfield when St. Kieran's College faced St. Brendan's Community School from Birr in the Leinster

masks:
Thomas Joseph Reid
. Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid


texts:
 final. He scored a point from play and collected a second successive winners' medal - his first on the field of play - following a 1-18 to 1-12 victory. <mask> was switched to left wing-forward for the All-Ireland final against St. Flannan's College from Ennis on 2 May 2005.He scored two points from play but ended on the losing side following a 2-15 to 2-12 defeat. Waterford Institute of Technology

As a student at the Waterford Institute of Technology, <mask> immediately became involved in hurling and joined the senior team in his second year. On 1 March 2008, he lined out at centre-forward in the Fitzgibbon Cup final against the Limerick Institute of Technology. <mask> scored three points from play and claimed a winners' medal following the 1-29 to 1-24 extra-time victory. Ballyhale Shamrocks

Minor and under-21

<mask> joined the Ballyhale Shamrocks club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels. After enjoying little success in the minor grade he was just 15-year-old when he was drafted onto the club's under-21 team. On 7 December 2003, <mask> was selected amongst the substitutes when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Tullaroan in the Kilkenny Under-21 Championship final.He remained on the bench for the entire game but collected a winners' medal following the 5-09 to 1-09 victory. <mask> was just 16-years-old when he broke onto the club's under-21 team during the 2004 championship. On 21 November 2004, he lined out at right corner-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Tullaroan in a second successive Kilkenny Under-21 Championship final. <mask> was held scoreless throughout but claimed a second successive winners' medal following the 1-14 to 0-16 victory. Ballyhale Shamrocks qualified for a third successive Kilkenny Under-21 Championship final on 4 December 2005. <mask> claimed a third successive winners' medal - his second on the field of play -

masks: Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid


texts:
 following a 5-16 to 2-04 defeat of Dicksboro. On 10 December 2006, <mask> was selected at centre-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks reached a fourth successive Kilkenny Under-21 Championship final.He collected a fourth successive winners' medal after scoring five points from play in the 2-17 to 1-04 defeat of Erin's Own. Senior

<mask> was just 16-year-old when he joined the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team in advance of the 2004 Kilkenny Senior Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 2 October 2004 when he lined out in goal in a 0-15 to 1-12 draw with O'Loughlin Gaels. <mask> became an outfield player during the 2005 Kilkenny Senior Championship. On 23 October 2005, he lined out at midfield when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced <mask> in the final. <mask> top scored for the team with 1-02 in the 1-18 to 2-12 defeat. On 5 November 2006, <mask> lined out in his second successive final.Playing at left wing-forward, he scored three points from play and claimed his first winners' medal following a 1-22 to 2-11 defeat of O'Loughlin Gaels. On 26 November 2006, <mask> won a Leinster Championship medal after scoring five points from play in Ballyhale's 1-20 to 1-08 defeat of Birr in the final. On 17 March 2007, he was selected at left wing-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Loughrea in the All-Ireland final. <mask> top scored with 2-02 and claimed a winners' medal following the 3-12 to 2-08 victory. <mask> lined out in a third successive final on 28 October 2007. He top scored with 0-10 in the 1-20 to 1-10 defeat of St. Martin's. <mask> ended the championship as the club's top scorer with 0-24.On 26 October 2008, <mask> was selected at left wing-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks reached a fourth successive final. He scored two points from play and collected a third successive winners' medal after a 2-11 to 0-12 defeat of <mask>. On 30 November 2008, <mask> won a second

masks:
Reid
Reid
Reid
James Stephens
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
James Stephens
Reid


texts: Leinster Championship medal after scoring 1-01 in Ballyhale's 2-13 to 0-11 defeat of Birr in the final. <mask> was again selected at left wing-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced <mask> in a second consecutive final on 25 October 2009. He scored six points from play and collected a winners' medal as Ballyhale secured a record-equalling four-in-a-row following the 1-14 to 1-11 victory. On 29 November 2009, <mask> won a third Leinster Championship medal following Ballyhale's 1-16 to 1-08 defeat of Tullamore in the final. He was again selected at left wing-forward when Ballyhale faced Portumna in the All-Ireland final on 17 March 2010.<mask> scored three points from play and ended the game with a second All-Ireland medal following the 1-19 to 0-17 victory. On 23 October 2011, <mask> lined out at centre-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced <mask> in the final for the third time in five years. The game ended in an 0-11 to 1-08 draw. <mask> was switched to left wing-forward for the replay a week later but ended on the losing side following a 1-20 to 0-15 defeat. <mask> was appointed captain of the Ballyhale Shamrocks team for the 2014 Kilkenny Senior Championship. On 16 November 2014, he captained the club to a final meeting with Clara. <mask> top scored with ten points and collected a fifth winners' medal following the 1-20 to 1-13 victory.He claimed a fourth Leinster Championship medal on 7 December 2014 after again scoring ten points in a 0-21 to 1-14 extra-time defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey in the final. On 17 March 2015, <mask> captained Ballyhale Shamrocks to an All-Ireland final-meeting with Kilmallock. He ended the game with a third All-Ireland medal after a 1-18 to 1-06 victory. <mask> played in a seventh final with Ballyhale Shamrocks on 30 October 2016. Lining out at left wing-forward, he ended the game on the losing side after scoring 1-05 in the 0-19 to 1-12

masks:
Reid
James Stephens
Reid
Reid
Reid
James Stephens
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid


texts:
 defeat by O'Loughlin Gaels. On 28 October 2018, <mask> top scored with 1-10 and claimed his sixth winners' medal when Ballyhale Shamrocks defeated Bennettsbridge by 2-20 to 2-17 to win the Kilkenny Championship. He again top scored with nine points when Ballyhale faced Ballyboden St. Enda's in the Leinster final and ended the game with a fifth provincial winners' medal after the 2-21 to 0-11 victory.<mask> was selected at centre-forward when Ballyhale qualified for the All-Ireland final on 17 March 2019. He collected a fourth winners' medal following the 2-28 to 2-11 victory over St. Thomas's. <mask> was one of six Ballyhale Shamrocks hurlers later chosen on the Team of the Year. On 27 October 2019, <mask> lined out at centre-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced <mask> in the Kilkenny Championship final. He top scored for the team with six points, with all bar one coming from placed balls, and collected a seventh winners' medal after the 2-21 to 1-15 victory. <mask> was also the championship's top scorer with 1-34. On 1 December 2019, he was selected at midfield but lined out at centre-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced St. Mullin's in the Leinster final.<mask> top scored for the team with nine points, including eight from placed balls, and collected a sixth winners' medal following the 1-21 to 0-15 victory. On 18 January 2020, <mask> was selected at left wing-forward when Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Borris-Ileigh in the All-Ireland final. He top scored with 0-08, including five frees, and claimed a record fifth All-Ireland Club Championship medal after the 0-18 to 0-15 victory. <mask> also ended the championship as top scorer with 2-53. Kilkenny

Minor and under-21

<mask> first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team during the 2005 Leinster Championship. He made his only appearance in the grade on 25 June 2005 when he scored 1-01 from left wing-forward in a

masks:
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
James Stephens
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid


texts:
 2-16 to 4-07 defeat by Dublin. <mask> was still eligible for the minor grade when he was drafted onto the Kilkenny under-21 team for the 2005 Leinster Championship.On 20 July 2005, he was an unused substitute when Kilkenny defeated Dublin by 0-17 to 1-10 to win the Leinster Championship. <mask> was again selected amongst the substitutes for the All-Ireland final against Galway on 18 September 2005. He remained on the bench for the 1-15 to 1-14 defeat. <mask> broke onto the Kilkenny under-21 starting fifteen during the 2006 Leinster Championship. On 27 July 2006, he won a second successive Leinster Championship medal - his first on the field of play - after scoring a point in the 2-18 to 2-10 defeat of Dublin in the final. On 10 September 2006, <mask> scored two points from right wing-forward when Kilkenny drew 2-14 apiece with Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. He was switched to left wing-forward for the replay on 16 September 2006 and collected a winners' medal after being held scoreless in the 1-11 to 0-11 victory.On 24 July 2008, <mask> won a third Leinster Championship medal in four years after top scoring for Kilkenny with 1-03 in the 2-21 to 2-09 defeat of Offaly in the final. On 14 September 2008, he lined out at left wing-forward when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. <mask> claimed a second All-Ireland medal following the 2-13 to 0-15 defeat of Tipperary. Senior

<mask> was added to the extended training panel of the Kilkenny senior team at the start of the 2007 season. On 1 July 2007, he won a Leinster Championship medal as a panel member following Kilkenny's 2-24 to 1-12 defeat of Wexford in the final. <mask> was again a member of the extended panel when Kilkenny faced Limerick in the All-Ireland final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 2-19 to 1-15 victory.On 17 February 2008, <mask> made his first appearance for the

masks: Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid


texts: Kilkenny senior team when he lined out at left wing-forward in a 1-21 to 2-10 defeat of Dublin in the National League. He made his Leinster Championship debut on 15 June 2008 when he came on as a substitute for Richie Hogan at right corner-forward in a 2-24 to 0-12 defeat of Offaly. On 6 July 2008, <mask> won his first Leinster Championship medal when he was an unused substitute for Kilkenny's 5-21 to 0-17 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 8 September 2008, he was again on the bench when Kilkenny faced Waterford in a first All-Ireland final since 1963. <mask> was introduced as a substitute for Martin Comerford and claimed his second All-Ireland medal - his first on the field of play - after scoring four points from right win-forward in the 3-30 to 1-13 victory. <mask> won his first National League medal on 3 May 2009 when he scored four points from full-forward in Kilkenny's 2-26 to 4-17 extra-time defeat of Tipperary in the final. On 5 July 2009, he was listed amongst the substitutes when Kilkenny faced Dublin in the Leinster final.<mask> came on as a 51st-minute substitute for Richie Power and collected a third successive winners' medal following the 2-18 to 0-18 victory. On 6 September 2009, he failed to make the starting fifteen when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. <mask> was the first substitute to be called upon, coming on in the 50th minute for Aidan Fogarty, and collected a third successive All-Ireland medal as Kilkenny became only the second team ever to win four All-Ireland titles in-a-row following the 2-22 to 0-23 victory. On 14 January 2010 <mask> was appointed captain of the Kilkenny senior hurling team for the season. On 4 July 2010, he captained Kilkenny to the Leinster Championship title following a 1-19 to 1-12 defeat of Galway. On 5 September 2010, <mask> captained the team from right wing-forward when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the

masks: Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid


texts: All-Ireland final. He scored four points from play but ended on the losing side after a 4-17 to 1-18 defeat.On 1 May 2011, <mask> scored five points from midfield when Kilkenny suffered a 0-22 to 1-07 defeat by Dublin in the National League final. On 3 July 2011, he won a fifth consecutive Leinster Championship medal in spite of being held scoreless in Kilkenny's 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin in the final. <mask> was dropped from the starting fifteen for the All-Ireland final against Tipperary on 4 September 2011. In spite of this, he was the first substitute introduced and claimed a fourth All-Ireland medal after scoring a point in the 2-17 to 1-16 victory. On 6 May 2012, <mask> won a second National League medal after scoring 1-02 from play in Kilkenny's 3-21 to 0-16 defeat of Cork in the final. He was again at centre-forward but held scoreless on 8 July 2012 when Kilkenny suffered a 2-21 to 2-11 defeat by Galway in the Leinster final. On 9 September 2012, <mask> scored two points from centre-forward when Kilkenny drew 2-13 to 0-19 with Galway in the All-Ireland final.He was switched to right corner-forward for the replay on 30 September 2012 and claimed a fifth All-Ireland medal following Kilkenny's 3-22 to 3-11 victory. The game was not without incident as <mask> and Iarla <mask> had an off-the-ball clash resulting in a broken kneecap. He ended the season by being named on the All-Star team. <mask>'s injury lay-off saw him miss Kilkenny's second successive National League triumph following a win over Tipperary in the final. He returned to the Kilkenny team in May 2013 after regaining some match fitness in a series of club games. On 4 May 2014, <mask> was selected at left wing-forward when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in a second successive National League final. He ended the game with a third winners' medal after top scoring with 2-11 in the 2-25 to 1-27 victory.On 6 July

masks: Reid Reid Reid Reid Reid Tannian Reid Reid


texts: 2014, <mask> won a sixth Leinster Championship medal after again top scoring with 0-10 in a 0-24 to 1-09 defeat of Dublin in the final. On 7 September 2014, he was again at left wing-forward and scored 1-08 when Kilkenny drew 3-22 to 1-28 with Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. He was switched to full-forward for the replay on 27 September 2014 and ended the game with a sixth All-Ireland medal following the 2-17 to 2-14 victory. <mask> ended the season by being nominated for the GAA-GPA Hurler of the Year award before collecting a second All-Star award. <mask> won his seventh Leinster Championship medal on 5 July 2015 after top scoring with 1-09 in Kilkenny's 1-25 to 2-15 defeat of Galway in the final. On 6 September 2015, he was again at left wing-forward for the All-Ireland final against Galway. <mask> ended the game with a seventh All-Ireland medal after scoring 1-07 in the 1-22 to 1-18 victory.He ended the season by claiming a third All-Star award as well as being named GAA-GPA Hurler of the Year. <mask> won an eighth Leinster Championship medal on 3 July 2016 after scoring 0-10 in Kilkenny's 1-26 to 0-22 defeat of Galway in the final. He was switched from full-forward to midfield for the All-Ireland final against Tipperary on 4 September 2016. <mask> ended the game on the losing side after scoring 0-11 in the 2-29 to 2-20 defeat. On 8 April 2018, <mask> was at centre-forward when Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the National League final. He ended the game with a fifth winners' medal after top scoring for the team with 0-15 in the 2-23 to 2-17 victory. <mask> was again the game's top scorer with 0-10 when Kilkenny drew 0-18 apiece with Galway in the Leinster final on 1 July 2018.He retained the position for the replay a week later and scored nine points in the 1-28 to 3-15 defeat. <mask> was appointed captain of the Kilkenny senior team for the second time in his career at


texts:
 the start of the 2019 season, however, his involvement with Ballyhale Shamrocks in the All-Ireland Club Championship ruled him out of the National League. On 30 June 2019, he captained the team from centre-forward when Kilkenny qualified to play Wexford in the Leinster final. <mask> top scored with 0-12 but ended the game on the losing side following a 1-23 to 0-23 defeat. On 18 August 2019, <mask> captained Kilkenny from centre-forward to an All-Ireland final appearance against Tipperary. He  top scored with 0-11 - including ten frees - but again lost the final to <mask> for the second time as Kilkenny captain   following a 3-25 to 0-20 defeat. <mask> ended the year by receiving a fourth All-Star award while he was also shortlisted for the Hurler of the Year award.Leinster

<mask> was added to the Leinster team for the 2012 Inter-provincial Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 4 March 2012 when he lined out at left corner-forward when Leinster faced Connacht in the Railway Cup final. <mask> was held scoreless but ended the game with a winners' medal following a 2-19 to 1-15 victory. On 1 March 2014, <mask> was selected amongst the substitutes when Leinster faced Connacht in the Railway Cup final. He was introduced as a substitute for Walter Walsh and claimed a second winners' medal following the 1-23 to 0-16 victory. <mask> was a late replacement for Colin Fennelly at full-forward when Leinster faced Munster in the Railway Cup final on 15 December 2016. He top scored for the team with 1-06 but ended on the losing side following a 2-20 to 2-16 defeat.References

External links
T. J<mask> profile at the Kilkenny GAA website

1987 births
Living people
Ballyhale Shamrocks hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Alumni of Waterford Institute of

masks:
Reid
Reid
Tipp
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
. Reid


texts:
<mask> (December 30, 1942 – May 31, 2004) was an American guitarist. A native of Akron, Ohio, Quine worked with a wide range of musicians, though he himself remained relatively unknown. Critic Mark Deming wrote that "Quine's eclectic style embraced influences from jazz, rock, and blues players of all stripes, and his thoughtful technique and uncompromising approach led to rewarding collaborations with a number of visionary musicians." His collaborators included Richard Hell & the Voidoids, Lou Reed (notably on The Blue Mask), Brian Eno, John Zorn, Ikue Mori, Marc Ribot, Marianne Faithfull (Strange Weather), Lloyd Cole, Matthew Sweet and Tom Waits. Lester Bangs wrote that he was a "pivotal figure" and "the first guitarist to take the breakthroughs of early Lou Reed and James Williamson and work through them to a new, individual vocabulary, driven into odd places by obsessive attention to On the Corner-era Miles Davis." Quine was ranked 80th by Rolling Stone magazine's David Fricke in his list of "100 Greatest Guitarists". Early life
Quine was born in Akron, Ohio, the son of Rosalie (née Cohen) and <mask>.He was a nephew of philosopher Willard Van Orman <mask>. After graduating from Earlham College in 1965, Quine earned a law degree "out of inertia" from Washington University in St. Louis in 1968. Although he never practiced law and failed the California bar exam on several occasions, Quine wrote tax law textbooks for Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey-based publisher Prentice Hall for three years after moving to New York City in 1971 by virtue of his admission to the Missouri bar in

masks:
Robert Wolfe Quine
Robert Cloyd Quine
Quine


texts:
 1969. Quine also enrolled at the Berklee School of Music at an indeterminate point without taking a degree. Career
In 1969, Quine made a series of cassette recordings of the Velvet Underground performing live in St. Louis and San Francisco, where he lived between late 1969 and 1971. These saw official release in 2001 by Polydor Records, titled Bootleg Series Volume 1: The Quine Tapes. Though lo-fi in sound quality, the album is an important document of the group.In the liner notes, Quine writes: "I got a lot of pleasure and inspiration from these performances. As a guitar player, they were an important element in shaping what musical direction I wanted to take." While in St. Louis, he performed in a band called Bruce's Farm that specialized in Byrds covers. Throughout his San Francisco years (coinciding with his attempts to pass the California bar exam), Quine "sort of began to come up with my own style," often performing under the influence of LSD; nevertheless, he disdained such psychedelic rock groups as Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead. During this period, his influences included John Coltrane's Ascension (1966), Elvis Presley's singles for Sun Records, Fats Domino, Bo Diddley, James Burton, Mickey Baker and Little Richard. Upon moving to New York, he began to gravitate toward a new array of influences, including the 1972-1975 electric oeuvre of Miles Davis (especially the guitar sounds on 1972's On the Corner and 1975's Agharta), The Stooges' Raw Power (1973) and Brian Eno. After leaving Prentice Hall to focus on his musical career in the mid-1970s, he worked at


texts: the Greenwich Village bookstore Cinemabilia with Richard Hell and Tom Verlaine, the co-founders of the influential punk band Television.Later, Hell invited him to join his new band The Voidoids. Hell's two Voidoid albums feature Quine's distinctive guitar work; guitarist Marc Ribot once said about Quine that "in terms of punk rock guitar soloing, [Quine] could definitely be called the inventor," while critic Ira Robbins describes his work as "stunning and underrated". After The Voidoids broke up, Quine recorded with Lydia Lunch, Jody Harris and Material. From September 1979 to July 1980, Quine and Harris recorded various guitar improvisations with a drum machine. In 1981, some of those experiments were released as the Harris/Quine album, Escape. With Material bandmate Fred Maher, Quine recorded his only other solo album, Basic, released in 1984. In the early 1980s, Lou Reed drafted Quine to join his group.He appeared on The Blue Mask (1982), widely regarded as one of Reed's best albums. The Reed-Quine guitar work crafted interlocking duels that blur the lines between rhythm and leads. Reed's 1983 album Legendary Hearts featured most of the same group, but Quine eventually quit due to tensions with Reed, exacerbated when Reed mixed down or entirely removed most of Quine's guitar parts on Legendary Hearts. Quine claimed that when he got his advance copy of the album, he was so disgusted by this, he smashed the cassette into "smithereens" with a hammer. Reed persuaded Quine to rejoin for a world tour, which is documented on the video A Night with Lou Reed (1983) and the album Live


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 in Italy (1984); Quine disliked touring, but agreed to the tour for financial reasons. He ended his partnership with Reed for good in 1985. Although Quine frequently collaborated with Eno from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s (coinciding with the producer's residency in New York), "almost none of [their work] ever came out."In a 1997 interview with Perfect Sound Forever, he claimed to have introduced Eno to "He Loved Him Madly," a thirty-two minute 1974 Miles Davis song that Eno has cited as a pivotal influence in his development of ambient music. Throughout the 1980s, Quine made appearances as a session player on records by Tom Waits, John Zorn, Marianne Faithfull and Scritti Politti. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Quine began collaborations with a few musicians who would introduce him to new audiences, and who would raise his profile a bit. Saxophonist/composer John Zorn hired Quine for several experimental projects. He appeared on They Might Be Giants' 1994 album John Henry, and he also worked with pop songwriters/singers Lloyd Cole and Matthew Sweet during this period. Sweet's biggest hit song, "Girlfriend," is anchored by Quine's frenetic, squealing guitar work. Death
After the death of his wife Alice in August 2003, Quine died by suicide due to a heroin overdose in his New York home on May 31, 2004.Discography

Solo
 Escape (with Jody Harris) (1981)
 Basic (with Fred Maher) (1984)
 Come Together: Guitar Tribute to the Beatles, Vol. 2 (with Jody Harris) (1995)

Richard Hell and the Voidoids
 Blank Generation (1977)
 Destiny Street (1982)
 R.I.P. : The ROIR Sessions


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 (1984)
 Funhunt (Live at CBGB & Max's) (1990)
 Oh (2000)
He is also featured in the 1980 film Blank Generation. Richard Hell
 Time (2002)

Lou Reed
 The Blue Mask (1982)
 Legendary Hearts (1983)
 Live in Italy (1984)
 Between Thought and Expression: The Lou Reed Anthology (1992)

Matthew Sweet
 Earth (1989)
 Girlfriend (1991)
 Altered Beast (1993)
 Son of Altered Beast (1994)
 100% Fun (1995)

Lloyd Cole
 Lloyd Cole (1990)
 Don't Get Weird on Me Babe (1991)
 Love Story (1995)
 Etc. – Dusty Wright (2000)
 Presents Beyond Cyberpunk – Wayne Kramer (2001)
 Bait and Switch – Andre Williams (2001)
 Bootleg Series Volume 1: The Quine Tapes – The Velvet Underground (2001)(Recorded by Quine, though he did not play on it himself.) Lustro – Michael DuClos (2002)
 Cross-Eyed and Bow-Legged – Tom Clark and the High Action Boys (2002)
 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly – Sonny Vincent (2003)
 Nowhere Land – Kazuyoshi Saito (2003)
 Lys Guillorn – Lys Guillorn (2003)

Notes

External links
 Unofficial website
 Billy Bob Hargus interview
 i94bar interview
 Fan page and list of obituaries family web site
 Tribute to Quine in Perfect Sound Forever

1942 births
2004 suicides
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
Washington University School of Law alumni
Earlham College alumni
American punk rock guitarists
E.G. Records artists
Deaths by heroin overdose in New York (state)
Drug-related suicides in New York (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Ohio
Richard Hell and the Voidoids members
Deadline (band) members
Suicides in New York City
Drug-related deaths in New York City
2004 deaths
Dim Stars


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<mask> (born Cuneo, September 4, 1952) is an Italian political scientist. Biography
<mask>ti graduated from the University of Padua with a degree in Political Science, and completed his Doctorate in Sociology and Social Research at the University of Trento. He was an assistant professor in methodology of social research in the Faculty of Statistics at the University of Padua and associate professor of Political Sociology at the University of Urbino "Carlo Bo". University of Urbino
He founded and directs the Laboratory of Political and Social Studies in the Faculty of Sociology at the University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" (LaPolis - www.uniurb.it/lapolis), which conducts education and research with a national and international scope. From 2001 to 2003, Diamanti was the coordinator of the Doctorate in Sociology of Cultural Phenomena and Normative Processes. Past accomplishments
Since 1995, Diamanti has taught the course Comparative Political Systems (Régimes Politiques Comparées) within the Master in Political Studies (Études Politiques) at Panthéon-Assas University. From 1999 to 2003, Diamanti was the scientific director of the Fondazione Nord Est in Venice.Diamanti is the scientific director of Demos & Pi (www.demos.it), an institute that conducts ongoing research on Italian society. Projects include the annual report "Gli Italiani e lo stato" (Italians and the State) and the quarterly reports of the "L'Osservatorio sul capitale sociale degli italiani" (Observatory on Italians' Social Capital). Current
Diamanti is currently a full professor of Political Science in the Faculty of

masks:
Ilvo Diamanti
Ilvo Diaman


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 Sociology at the University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", where he is also Vice Chancellor for International Relations and Local Development. Diamanti is the president of the Master program for Specialists in Local Development and Urban Policy. He directs an advanced course in Surveys, Media and Democracy focusing on the analysis of public opinion concerning politics and political institutions. Diamanti teaches Political Science and Political Sociology for the first level bachelor's degree of Sociology, and teaches Sociology of Political Identities  for the second level bachelor's degree in Multicultural Sociology. Diamanti is a member of the scientific and editorial committees of the reviews: Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia, Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, Political and Economic Trends, liMes, Sviluppo locale, Economia e Società Regionale, and Critique Internationale.Collaboration
Diamanti has collaborated with important national newspapers. He currently edits the "L'Osservatorio sul Nordest" (Observatory on the Northeast) at the Venetian newspaper Il Gazzetino; from 1995 to 2001 he was an editorialist for the daily Il Sole 24 Ore. Since 2001, he has produced "Mappe" (Maps) of Italian politics and society for the daily paper La Repubblica. He is part of the scientific committee of the Società Italiana di Studi Elettorali (Italian Society of Electoral Studies), and participates in research conducted by Itanes (Italian National Elections Studies). Research focus
The social changes of Italy through the generations: youth cultures; the change in values between the generation born after


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 World War II who came of age in the 1960s and 1970s, and their children; the very young, the "invisible" generation which has grown up not knowing walls and ideologies, who are flexible but lack certainty, and who are masters of the new communication technologies. The transformations in the relationship between society and politics, the crisis of the political parties of the First Republic, and the emergence of new political formations: the autonomist leagues, Forza Italia and "personal parties". The evolution of the connection between the local territory and politics: the eclipse and the revival of national identity, the success of different forms of regionalism and localism, and the illusion of politics without territory.Currently, Diamanti's research on the European level is focusing on comparative analyses of how the topics of citizenship, identity and participation are changing in these times of integration and expansion. Selected publications
 [1986], with P.Allum, '50/'80, vent'anni. Due generazioni di giovani a confronto ('50/'80, Twenty Years. Comparing Two Generations of Youths), Rome, Edizioni lavoro. [1991], with A.Parisi, Elezioni a Trieste. Identità territoriale e comportamento di voto (Elections in Trieste. Local Identity and Voting Behavior), Bologna, Il Mulino.[1992], with G.Riccamboni, La parabola del voto bianco (The Rise and Fall of the "White Vote"), Vicenza, Neri Pozza. [1993], La Lega. Geografia, storia e sociologia di un nuovo soggetto politico (The League. Geography, History and Sociology of a New Political Subject), 1995 updated edition, Rome, Donzelli.


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 [1996], Il male del Nord. Lega, localismo, secessione (The Illness of the North. The League, Localism, Secession), Rome, Donzelli.[1997], with M.Lazar (editor), Politique all'italienne (Politics Italian Style), Paris, PUF. [1999], (editor), La generazione invisibile (The Invisible Generation), Milan, Edizioni Il Sole 24 Ore.
 [2003], Bianco, rosso, verde… e azzurro. Mappe e colori dell'Italia politica (White, Red, Green... and Blue. Maps and Colors of Italian Politics), Bologna, Il Mulino. [2007], (editor), Società e partiti in Europa dopo la caduta del muro (Society and Politics in Europe after the Fall of the Wall), monographic issue of “Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia”, n. 3. Selected recent essays
 (with E.Lello) The Casa delle Libertà: A House of Cards?, in "Modern Italy", 1/2005, pp. 9–35.(with L.Ceccarini) Catholics and Politics after the Christian Democrats: the Influential Minority, Journal of Italian Modern Studies, 1/2007, pp. 8-36. "The Italian Centre-Right and Centre-Left: Between Parties and ‘the Party’", in West European Politics, 4/2007, pp. 733 - 762. External links

 Laboratory of Political and Social Studies
 Demos & Pi

Italian political scientists
Living people
1952


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Georg Karl Julius Hackenschmidt ( – 19 February 1968) was an early 20th-century Estonian strongman, professional wrestler, author, and sports philosopher who is recognized as professional wrestling's first world heavyweight champion. Hackenschmidt launched his professional career in Reval in the Governorate of Estonia, at the time when contests were largely legitimate, and lived most of his life in London, England, where he gained the nickname of "The Russian Lion". He is believed to be the creator of the professional wrestling version of the bear hug as well as the person who popularised the hack squat, a deadlift with arms behind the body. He was known for his impressive strength, fitness and flexibility and, later in life, wrote many books on physical culture, training and philosophy. Early life

Georg Hackenschmidt was born in Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia, on 1 August 1877, where he lived with his parents, Baltic German Georg Friedrich Heinrich Hackenschmidt, and Ida Louise Johansson, who was of Estonian and Estonian Swede descent, and a younger brother, Bruno, and sister Alice. He later said that neither of his parents was particularly robust in stature or had any unusual physical characteristics, though his maternal grandfather was said to have been a huge and powerful man. From his earliest years, Hackenschmidt devoted himself to physical development, particularly at the Secondary Science School (Realschule of Dorpat, as Tartu was then known), where he took advantage of the gymnasium.He excelled in cycling,


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 gymnastics, swimming, running, jumping and weightlifting. His feats of strength astounded his teachers, as he could lift a small horse off the ground and lift 276 pounds overhead one handed. In a wrestler's bridge, he could pull a 335-pound barbell from the floor to his chest and press it overhead, bridging on his neck. In 1902, he jumped 100 times over a table with his feet tied together. He set several records in weight lifting and was considered both the strongest and the best-developed man in the world. Graduating from school in 1895, he entered the Lausmann factory, a large engineering firm in the city of Tallinn (then known as Reval), as a blacksmith's apprentice. He joined the city's Athletic and Cycling Club, becoming an ardent cyclist and winning prizes, but also developed a keen interest in wrestling and weight lifting.The turning point in his life came in 1896 when Georg Lurich, Hackenschmidt's compatriot Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman, toured through the area with a small company, challenging any and all comers. Hackenschmidt took up the challenge and was beaten. German wrestler Fritz Konietzko came to Tallinn in 1897, and Hackenschmidt fared better. Professional wrestling career

Hackenschmidt left Tallinn in 1898 for the St. Petersburg Athletic and Cycling Club under the training of Dr. Vladislav von Krajewski, who convinced young Hackenschmidt that he had the potential to become the strongest man in the world. Beginning his professional wrestling career, he defeated the famous French wrestler Paul Pons in


texts: April 1898; but in January 1899 he had army duty, being commanded to join the Preobrashensky regiment, the first life guards of the Russian Emperor. Released after five months, Hackenschmidt defeated Mr. von Schmelling for the Russian championship of 1899 on 19 May that year. In June 1900, Hackenschmidt entered a forty-day wrestling tournament in Moscow and captured the championships of both Moscow and St. Petersburg.His career as a professional wrestler was on the rise, as he won many tournaments and matches, and in 1901 he won the championship of the world tournament in Vienna as well as a championship of the world tournament at the Casino de Paris. He won tournaments everywhere he wrestled, and toured England in 1903 managed by the flamboyant C. B. Cochran to confront the country's best wrestlers in the new catch-as-catch-can style which was becoming popular. They created a music hall boom in professional wrestling, and Hackenschmidt became a major superstar and drawing card. He wrestled in opera halls, music halls and theaters. As the wrestling boom took hold in England and wrestlers came in from all around the world for the grand tournaments that had become the rage, he remained the dominant grappler, rather easily defeating every man he met. Cochran polished his act until Hackenschmidt was a major showstopper. He might take on five wrestlers in the same evening, defeating them all with ease.Handsome as well as beautifully built, <mask> was adored by women and admired by men, and became the darling of society. Personally


texts: a soft-spoken, cultured and intellectual young man, he could speak seven languages fluently and became a noted author, speaker and philosopher. Hackenschmidt moved well in social circles and was a credit to the sport. United States President Theodore Roosevelt, himself a proponent of physical culture and exercise, proclaimed, "If I wasn't president of the United States, I would like to be <mask>chmidt". Hackenschmidt continued touring England and defeated the local favorites Tom Cannon, Tom Connors, Tom MacInerney and Tom Clayton- However, when he defeated the Italian Antonio Pieri twice, Pieri sought revenge by trying to find a wrestler who could beat him. He thought he had found such a man in Ahmed Madrali, called the "Terrible Turk", who tangled with Hackenschmidt at the Olympia in London on 30 January 1904. Because of all the ballyhoo, traffic was jammed from the Olympia back to Piccadilly, and the Olympia was packed.<mask> picked up Madrali and threw him down onto his arm, dislocating his shoulder. The contest had lasted about two minutes. Madrali recovered, and the two would face each other again, with Hackenschmidt winning just as easily. On 2 July at the Royal Albert Hall, Hackenschmidt faced the American heavyweight champion Tom Jenkins, a vastly underrated wrestler who would prove to be Hackenschmidt's toughest opponent to date, under Greco-Roman rules. Nevertheless, he pinned Jenkins in two straight falls. Hackenschmidt left Cochran's management to tour Australia where he defeated, amongst others, the Australian

masks:
George Hans
Hackenschmidt


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 Cornish wrestling champion Deli Nelson in 1905. He then sailed to the United States for an extended tour and a rematch with Jenkins at the Madison Square Garden under catch-as-catch-can rules, which Hackenschmidt by now preferred.Jenkins put up a hard battle, but <mask> again won in two straight falls, the first in 31 minutes, 14 seconds, and the second in 22 minutes, 4 seconds, and could now claim to be the rightful free-style heavyweight champion of the world. He then wrestled in Canada, did some sightseeing and returned to England for a long list of music hall engagements. Hackenschmidt defeated the Scottish champion Alexander Munro and Madrali in a return bout at the Olympia, and on 6 February 1908, defeated the American wrestler Joe Rogers in straight falls inside of 14 minutes. He then sailed to the United States to fulfill his obligation to meet a new challenger from Iowa by the name of Frank Gotch. Rivalry with Frank Gotch

Wrestling historian Mike Chapman wrote, "In all of athletic history, there are a mere handful of rivalries between individual stars that have become almost as large as the sport itself. In boxing, such matchups as Sullivan–Corbett, Dempsey–Tunney, Louis–Conn and Ali–Frazier are a part of boxing folklore. In wrestling, there is only one: Gotch–Hackenschmidt".After defeating Jenkins in 1905, <mask> held the world title and remained undefeated until he and Frank Gotch finally squared off on 3 April 1908, at the Dexter Park Pavilion in Chicago. Showing his contempt for Gotch and for American wrestling

masks: Hackenschmidt Hackenschmidt


texts: in general, Hackenschmidt was not in the best condition. Refusing to train publicly at the Chicago Athletic Club in spite of arrangements having been made for him to do so, he was barred from the club and spent his time either in his hotel room or taking long morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan. By neglecting his training, he lost his endurance, which had never been a factor in his previous matches because he ended them so quickly. Against Gotch, who was in peak condition, it would be decisive. Gotch used his speed, defense and rough tactics to wear the champion down and then assume the attack. The wrestlers stood on their feet for two full hours before Gotch was able to get behind Hackenschmidt and take him down.While on their feet, Gotch made sure to lean on Hackenschmidt to wear him down. He bullied him around the ring, and his thumbing and butting left Hackenschmidt covered in blood. At one time, Gotch also punched Hackenschmidt on the nose. Hackenschmidt complained to the referee of Gotch's foul tactics and asked that Gotch be forced to take a hot shower to rid his body of an abundance of oil, but the referee ignored the complaints and told Hackenschmidt he should have noticed the oil before the match began. The match continued until the two-hour mark, when Hackenschmidt was forced against the ropes. Gotch tore him off the ropes, threw him down and rode him hard for three minutes, working for his dreaded toe hold. Hackenschmidt had trained to avoid this hold, which he did, but the effort took his last remaining


texts: strength.<mask> quit the fall. "I surrender the championship of the world to Mr. Gotch", he said, and stood up and shook Gotch's hand. The wrestlers then retired to their dressing rooms before coming out for the second fall, but Hackenschmidt refused to return to the ring, telling the referee to declare Gotch the winner, thereby relinquishing his title to him. Although he at first called Gotch "the greatest man by far I ever met", and explained how his muscles had become stale and his feet had given out, and that he knew he could not win and therefore conceded the match, Hackenschmidt later reversed his opinion of Gotch and Americans in general, claiming to have been fouled by Gotch and victimized in America, and calling for a rematch in Europe. <mask> and Gotch met again on 4 September 1911, at the newly opened Comiskey Park in Chicago, which drew a crowd of nearly 30,000 spectators and a record gate of $87,000. The rematch is one of the most controversial and talked about matches in professional wrestling history, as Hackenschmidt claimed to have injured his knee against Roller, his chief training partner. Years later, professional wrestler Ad Santel told Lou Thesz that he was paid $5,000 by Gotch's backers to cripple Hackenschmidt in training, and make it look like an accident.However, according to <mask> himself, the injury was accidentally inflicted by his sparring partner, Roller, when trying to hold Hackenschmidt down onto his knees in the down position. Roller's right foot struck Hackenschmidt's right knee, which in


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 1904 had developed "Housemaid's Knee", requiring treatment, and had acted up again in 1907. Furthermore, according to <mask>, his sparring partners for this match were Americus (Gus Schoenlein), Jacobus Koch, Wladek Zbyszko and Dr. Roller. Ad Santel is not mentioned in any account of Hackenschmidt's training by either Hackenschmidt or Roller, both of whom offered their insights and accounts. Whatever the case may be, Dr. Roller did not consider the injury to be serious, and referee Ed Smith dismissed it as inconsequential. Hackenschmidt himself ignored it completely in declaring, the day before the match, that he was "fit to wrestle for my life" and was "satisfied with my condition and confident of the outcome". However, Gotch, tearing into Hackenschmidt with a vengeance, discovered the weakness quickly and took advantage of it.<mask> was easy prey for Gotch, losing in straight falls in only 20 minutes. Gotch clinched the match with his feared toe hold, which forced Hackenschmidt to quit. Retirement and writing career
Following his second defeat at the hands of Gotch, upon returning to England, Hackenschmidt was preparing for a match with Stanislaus Zbyszko to take place the following June, but when he began working out he felt such pain in his right knee that it was painful even to walk. It necessitated surgery, but Hackenschmidt decided at that point to retire and pursue his other interests in philosophy, physical culture and gardening. Hackenschmidt was a pioneer in the field of weightlifting. He invented the exercise


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 known as the hack squat, whose name is a reference to his own. Hackenschmidt also helped to popularize many other types of lifts common within the modern training regimen, such as the bench press.During his career, he established numerous weightlifting records, which were improved upon by others in ensuing decades. Hackenschmidt was an educated and cultured man who spoke seven languages. He went on to write books, including Complete Science of Wrestling (1909), Man and Cosmic Antagonism to Mind and Spirit (1935), Fitness and Your Self (1937), Consciousness and Character: True Definitions of Entity, Individuality, Personality, Nonentity (1937), The Way to Live in Health and Physical Fitness (1941), and The Three Memories and Forgetfulness: What They Are and What Their True Significance Is in Human Life. He also taught physical education to members of the House of Lords and served as a judge at the 1948 Mr. Universe show in London won by John Grimek. His book Man and Cosmic Antagonism to Mind and Spirit was the personal philosophy he developed while interned as a prisoner-of-war in Germany. Hackenschmidt was already hospitalized at St. Francis Hospital in Dulwich, a suburb of London, when he died on 19 February 1968. He was 90 years old.He was cremated at West Norwood Cemetery, where his memorial plaque records him as <mask>chmidt. Personal life
Hackenschmidt became a naturalized French citizen in 1939, and then became a British subject in 1946. He lived with his French wife Rachel in South Norwood, London. He was a great


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 friend with famous magician Harry Houdini and playwright <mask> Shaw. As he aged, Hackenschmidt also expressed a high regard for his old opponent, Tom Jenkins, by then the wrestling coach at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Hack visited Jenkins in 1939 and the two got along splendidly, with Jenkins accommodating Hackenschmidt in his home and giving him a tour of the West Point training facilities. In their mutual admiration society, they never publicly expressed any credit to Frank Gotch, and Hackenschmidt spent the rest of his life complaining about Gotch's foul tactics and his knee injury in explaining his "inexplicable" losses.Diet
Throughout his life, Hackenschmidt paid strict attention to his diet. According to historian Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, during his career in the ring Hackenschmidt promoted a largely vegetarian diet of "fresh, uncooked food and nuts". He abstained from alcohol, coffee and tobacco and advised moderation in sexual intercourse. In 1925, Charles B. Cochran recounted that he once invited Hackenschmidt to dine at his flat in Piccadilly. Cochran noted that Hackenschmidt ate "eight or nine eggs, a porterhouse-steak, and a whole Camembert cheese". Journalist Maurice Richardson commented that Hackenschmidt was a considerable meat eater during the height of his wrestling career and would eat steak and half a dozen eggs as a snack but did not eat tinned foods. In opposition to this, sportswriter Lew Freedman has written that Hackenschmidt rarely ate meat and did not like cooked


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 food.<mask> is alleged to have written that he consumed eleven pints of milk a day for training. However, this was later disputed. Hackenschmidt told Atholl Oakeley that the quantity of milk prescribed had been a misprint. After retiring from the ring, Hackenschmidt became a strict vegetarian. In The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy, it stated that Hackenschmidt developed a "system of philosophy based on the values of spirituality, vegetarianism and self-control." His vegetarian diet of fresh uncooked foods avoided "everything which has been artificialised in any way". He remained physically fit well into old age, and at 56 he could jump over a 4-foot, 6-inch high board ten times.Even through his mid-80s, he would jump fifty times over a chair once a week, bench press 150 pounds and run seven miles in 45 minutes. Wrestling style and persona
In his entire professional wrestling career, Hackenschmidt engaged in about 3,000 matches, losing only two. Powerfully built, Hackenschmidt's measurements for his 1905 match with Alexander Munro were: age – 28; weight – 204 pounds; height – 5′, 9½″; reach – 75″; biceps – 19″; forearm – 15½″; neck – 22″; chest – 52″; waist – 34″; thigh – 26¾″; calf – 18″. He also rose to prominence when the governing style of wrestling was the slower, more ponderous Greco-Roman style that emphasized muscle power more than speed, agility and ring generalship, and involved holds only above the waist. Being bulkier of build than his sleeker opponents, and slower of movement, Hackenschmidt's style


texts: and temperament were not geared as much to the newly popular catch-as-catch-can style. Hackenschmidt was a natural showman, he was honest, straightforward and serious, and he would finish off his opponents quickly. His manager C. B. Cochran had to convince him to extend his matches and put on a show, which in turn ensured more bookings and sold-out shows.This did not mean the matches were fake, as excluding exhibitions, his matches were all on the level, but he might allow a local wrestler to last ten minutes and collect his £25 prize, and set up a highly publicized match for later in the week, where he would defeat his foe handily. Unlike many other professional wrestlers, including Frank Gotch, <mask> was never mean, vindictive or unnecessarily rough in the ring, "contrasting his physical prowess and fighting skills with a quietness of spirit", David Gentle explained. "<mask>chmidt was the epitome of calm, self-assurance and inner peace, with full awareness of his own capabilities and thus like all masters of combat found no need for machoism or outward aggression. His tactic to win was skill and speed, born of confidence in his own ability and fighting prowess". However, he had three weaknesses. Against a first-class opponent, of whom he faced extremely few, he could be slow to adapt. Gotch reported after their first match that "every move the Russian made he telegraphed me in advance, which shows that he thinks too slowly".Hackenschmidt was also given to depression and irascibility. When he came to Chicago to train for

masks:
Hackenschmidt
George Hackens


texts: his first match with Gotch, promoter Jack Curley had arranged for Hackenschmidt to work out every day before a paying public, which Hackenschmidt refused to do. Barred from the athletic club, he spent his time before the match either exercising in his room or taking morning and evening walks along Lake Michigan, but no serious workouts. The more depressed he got, the more difficult he was to work with, and this all worked against him because, for the first time in his professional career, Hackenschmidt faced a foe fully capable of defeating him. Finally, and worst of all, in both matches with Gotch, Hackenschmidt was accused of lack of heart. Referee Ed Smith, following the 1908 match, said that "deep down in my own mind, I decided that <mask>chmidt had quit – quit quite cold, as a matter of fact – because there was nothing about Gotch's treatment of him in that first encounter that could by a stretch of the imagination call for a disqualification. There was some face-mauling, just as there always is ... but at no time did the vaunted Hackenschmidt ever make a serious move toward slapping down his opponent, never showed much in the wrestling line during the entire two hours... Again, I say, that as the referee of that match, I thought that the 'Russian Lion' quit".Following the 1911 rematch, one newspaper described Gotch's easy victory and then added that "in the parlance of the sporting world, Hackenschmidt is yellow ... He quit when his position became dangerous". Perhaps the most frustrated was Hackenschmidt's second, Dr.


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 Benjamin Roller, who himself had lost several times to Gotch, but had displayed the utmost gameness and courage. "Hack did not get started", Roller explained. "That's largely a matter of gameness". Hackenschmidt's injuries had not been serious enough, Roller felt. "I have tried my best to make a winner out of him and put him into the ring in the best possible condition, but ... gameness is something you can not put into a man".Legacy
The years spanning Hackenschmidt's professional career are called the Golden Age of professional wrestling. Not only were professional wrestling matches mostly honestly contested, but wrestling was the most popular sport on every continent. However, it was Hackenschmidt who brought professional wrestling its great popularity in the United Kingdom, and it was he and Gotch together who brought it to entirely new heights around the world. "The Hackenschmidt-Gotch matches were the pinnacle of professional wrestling during the time period and received much attention from media, fans, and celebrities", Andrew Malnoske observed. "They were even described in the 1937 book Fall Guys – The Barnums of Bounce by famed writer Marcus Griffen. To this day, the Chicago Public Library receives requests to view the newspaper accounts and files on the bouts." As Mark Palmer pointed out, "For starters, <mask> and Frank Gotch were major sports superstars of the early 20th century.Fans of all ages collected cabinet cards and postcards with their images, read their books, and devoured articles about them in


texts: newspapers. Their epic matches were front-page news around the world – akin to today's World Cup in terms of garnering global attention – and helped to launch organized amateur wrestling in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. In fact, a large number of high school and college wrestling programs can trace their roots back to the 1910s and 1920s – the era when Hackenschmidt and Gotch were still household names, and highly respected athletes". Having already made his mark in bodybuilding, Hackenschmidt caused the major surge in the popularity of professional wrestling in England, and he was considered unbeatable. However, Hackenschmidt probably would not be so well remembered today were it not for two things: 1) his enormous standing in the world of physical culture, and 2) his two defeats at the hands of Frank Gotch. Hackenschmidt remained in the public eye because he had become an icon in the world of physical culture, a legendary bodybuilder as well as health addict, and a world champion wrestler central to a movement that was now increasingly popular. He spoke and published widely on a wide range of subjects, but most notably on health and fitness.His most popular book was the classic The Way To Live, the last words of which read, "Throughout my whole career I have never bothered as to whether I was a champion or not a champion; The only title I have desired to be known by is simply my name – <mask>chmidt". However, it was his matches with Gotch that ensured the growing popularity of catch-as-catch-can


texts:
 wrestling over the more laborious Greco-Roman that had previously dominated, and this is the style that enjoys popularity at all scholastic levels, private clubs and the Olympics to this day. Hackenschmidt was a major reason for this. The H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture and Sports at the Todd-McLean Library and Special Collections in Austin, Texas, has a digitized version of a nearly 600-page scrapbook owned for decades by Hackenschmidt and bequeathed by his widow Rachel. The international Georg Hackenschmidt Memorial in Greco-Roman wrestling has been held in Tartu since 1969. Championships and accomplishments
 Greco-Roman wrestling
 European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Professional wrestling
 French Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship (1 time)
<mask>/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2003
International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2021
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 Class of 2002
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 WWE
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links

 Wrestling Museum profile
 Wrestling-titles.com profile

1877 births
1968 deaths
Sportspeople from Tartu
People from Kreis Dorpat
Baltic German people of the Russian Empire
Estonian people of Baltic German descent
Estonian people of Swedish descent
19th century professional wrestlers
20th century professional wrestlers
Estonian


texts:
 catch wrestlers
Estonian male weightlifters
Estonian professional wrestlers
Estonian strength athletes
People associated with physical culture
Professional bodybuilders
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in England
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees
Burials at West Norwood


texts: <mask> (1801–1841) was an officer in the Texian Army during the Texas Revolution. Born in Kentucky, <mask> moved to Texas in 1823 and soon operated a series of trading posts. After learning that Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos was en route to Texas in the year 1835 (??) to quell the unrest, <mask> proposed that the general be kidnapped on his arrival at Copano. The plan was shelved when fighting broke out at Gonzales, but by early October, 1835, it had been resuscitated by a group of volunteers at Matamoros. Not knowing that Cos had already departed for San Antonio de Bexar, this group decided to corner Cos at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad. <mask> joined them en route, and participated in the battle of Goliad.Following the battle, <mask> assumed command of the Texian forces that remained at Presidio La Bahia. One of his first acts as commander was to design a new flag. Similar to the Mexican flag, his version replaced the central eagle with the words "Constitution of 1824", reflecting his loyalty to the Constitution of 1824, which had been repudiated by Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Against the wishes of the commander of the Texian Army, <mask> also authorized a group of his men to take Fort Lipantitlan. Their success meant that the only remaining group of Mexican soldiers in Texas were Cos's men in Bexar. <mask> and a few of his men left Goliad in early December to join the siege of Bexar and participated in the final battle which forced Cos to surrender. On their return to Goliad, <mask>'s men declared independence from Mexico.In honor of their new aim, Dimmitt designed a second flag, a white background with a severed, bloody arm holding a sword. The new Texian Army commanders and the provisional government were angry with the premature declaration and instructed <mask> to lower his flag. He resigned his command in protest. Soon after, Dimmitt joined the Texians garrisoned at the Alamo Mission in Bexar. On February 23, Alamo

masks:
Philip Dimmitt
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Dimmitt
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