texts:
 St Ives (1898), completing an unfinished novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. Noughts and Crosses: Stories, Studies and Sketches (1898)
 The Ship of Stars (1899)
 A Fowey Garland (1899)
 Old Fires and Profitable Ghosts (1900)
 The Westcotes (1902)
 The White Wolf and Other Fireside Tales (1902)
 Hetty Wesley (1903) (This was based on the life of the poet Mehetabel Wesley Wright.)The Adventures of Harry Revel (1903)
 Fort Amity (1904)
 The Shining Ferry (1905)
 Shakespeare's Christmas and Other Stories (1905)
 The Mayor of Troy (1906)
 Sir John Constantine (1906)
 Merry Garden and Other Stories (1907)
 Poison Island (1907)
 Major Vigoureaux (1907)
 True Tilda (1909)
 Corporal Sam and Other Stories (1910)
 Lady Good-for-Nothing: A Man's Portrait of a Woman (1910)Brother Copas (1911)Hocken and Hunken: A Tale of Troy (1912)
 My Best Book (1912)News from the Duchy (1913)Nicky-Nan, Reservist (1915)Mortallone and Aunt Trinidad: Tales of the Spanish Main (1917)Foe-Farrell: A Romance (1918)Castle Dor (1962) This novel was left unfinished at his death, and completed by Daphne Du Maurier. A collected edition of Q's fiction appeared as Tales and Romances (30 volumes, 1928–29). Verse

 Green Bays, Verses and Parodies (1893)
 Poems and Ballads (1896)
 The Vigil of Venus and Other Poems (1912)

Criticism and anthologies

 The Golden Pomp, a procession of English lyrics from Surrey to Shirley (1895)
 Adventures in Criticism (1896)
 Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250–1900 also online (1900)
 From a Cornish Window (1906)
  English Sonnets (Published in 1897, reprinted in 1910)
 The Sleeping Beauty and other Fairy Tales from the Old French (1910)
 The Oxford Book of Ballads (1911)
 In Powder and Crinoline: Old Fairy Tales Retold (1913)
 On the Art of Writing (1916)
 Notes on Shakespeare's


type: original

texts:
 Workmanship (1917)
 Studies in Literature First Series and Second Series (1918)
 On the Art of Reading (1920)
 The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse (1922)
 Oxford Book of English Prose (1923)

Autobiography

 Memories and Opinions (unfinished, published 1945)

References

Sources

 Brittain, Frederick, Arthur Quiller-Couch, a Biographical Study of Q (Cambridge: University Press, 1947)
 Quiller-Couch, A. T., Memories and Opinions (Unfinished; it was nevertheless published in 1945 though only the years up to 1887 are covered.) Rowse, A. L., Quiller-Couch: a Portrait of "Q" (1988)

Further reading

 Archer, William (1902). "A.T. Quiller-Cough." In: Poets of the Younger Generation.New York: John Lane, the Bodley Head, pp. 94–104. Joshi, S.T. (2004). "Sir <mask>-Couch': Ghosts and Scholars". In: The Evolution of the Weird Tale. New York: Hippocampus Press, pp.49–52. Mais, S.P.B. (1920). "'Q' as Critic." In: Books and their Writers.'' London: Grant Richards, pp. 200–230.External links

 On the Art of Writing

 The Warwickshire Avon by Sir <mask>-Couch New York : Harper & Bros.

 'Quiller-Couch Family Papers' at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. 'Quiller-Couch', dedicated website

Sir <mask>-Couch's The Legend of Sir Dinar audiobook with video at YouTube
Sir <mask>-Couch's The Legend of Sir Dinar audiobook at Libsyn

1863 births
1944 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Anthologists
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
British literary critics
Burials in Cornwall
Novelists from Cornwall
Poets from Cornwall
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
People educated at Clifton College
People from Bodmin
Road incident deaths in England
Writers of style guides
People from Fowey
King Edward VII

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Arthur Quiller
Arthur Quiller
Arthur Quiller
Arthur Quiller


texts:
<mask> (September 10, 1886 – March 13, 1969) was an American modern and abstract expressionist painter. Childhood
<mask> was born Isadore Berlin to Jacob and Julia Berlin in 1886 in New York. The family name was originally Berlinsky. His father was from London. His mother from a small city in Northern Germany near the Polish border. <mask> grew up in New York City and London, the oldest of three children. His sister, Carrie, was born in 1890, his brother, David, in 1895.<mask> disliked the name Isadore, and stopped using it as soon as he could, when he left home at 16. He found it too painful to discuss his early years, and he refused to do so. Once on his own, he changed his name to <mask> Burlin. By 1911,  Harry had become H. and by 1915 it was gone altogether. <mask> had completely separated from his family and his past, and continued to be forward thinking his whole life. Artistic education
From 1900 to 1912, <mask> was a part-time student at the National Academy of Art and the Art Student's League. Travels
Burlin was able to travel in Europe in 1908 to 1909.He visited the southwest United States in 1910. The southwestern paintings he made on the trip to Santa Fe were shown in New York in 1911. The critical acclaim of this exhibition led to his invitation to participate in the Armory Show. Armory Show
Burlin was invited to participate in the 1913 69th Regiment Armory Show in New York, the first Modern art exhibition in the United States. This was the exhibit that brought the work of the European vanguard, such as Picasso, Manet, Monet, and Degas to the United States. Santa Fe
Burlin moved to Santa Fe in 1913 and painted there until 1920, while exhibiting his work in New York City. He painted portraits of Pueblo Indians, landscapes, and scenes of local daily life.These themes sold well in New York. <mask> was heavily influenced by the spirituality of the Pueblo Indians. Realist works gave way to experimentation with symbols and anthropomorphism. His work was shown at the Pennsylvania Academy of

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Paul Burlin
Paul
Paul
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texts:
 Fine Arts exhibition in 1919. First marriage
<mask> met Natalie Curtis (1875–1921), in 1914. <mask> married Natalie Curtis, in 1917. She was an ethnomusicologist working to preserve Native American Indian music in New Mexico.Natalie Curtis is best known for her 1907, "The Indians' Book". European artistic exile
<mask> and Natalie moved to Paris in 1921. Shortly after a successful presentation at a conference on ethnomusicology, Natalie was struck by a taxi on the street and killed. <mask> was devastated. He remained in France. In 1924, he married his second wife, Margarete (Margot) Koop. Margarete was the mother of his only child, Barbara, who was born in 1927.<mask> exhibited in New York, and in Paris. He studied European abstract painting styles, which influenced his increasingly socially concerned themes. Living in Europe for a decade may have contributed to Burlin's reception back home. It certainly gave him an opportunity to develop his style. His work was included in the New York Museum of Modern Art's Ninth Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture by Living Americans in 1930. Three of his paintings were shown:  Flowers, 1927, Horses in Stable, ca. 1928, and Hills and Houses.<mask> was not able to attend, however, since he was still in Paris. Return to the United States
In 1932, <mask>, his wife, and daughter moved back to the United States. They settled in New York, where <mask> lived for the rest of his life, when he was not traveling or working as an artist in residence. He worked as a member of the Federal Project of the Whitney Museum. <mask> was also among those who signed the call for the American Artist's Congress in 1936. In 1936, <mask> and Margarete divorced. <mask> married in 1937, to Helen Simonson.Second World War
<mask> used images from Greek mythology to paint commentary against the brutality of war. He was especially concerned with Jewish persecution. <mask>'s own abstract expressionist form crystallized. His key symbols begin to emerge. <mask> exhibited in the 1944 Art in

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texts:
 Progress show. Abstract expressionism
<mask> begins to use abstract expressionism as a mode for personal expression. <mask> divorced his third wife in 1946 and married Margaret (Peggy) Timmerman in 1947.He and Margaret remained together for the rest of his life. <mask> was invited to be Artist in Residence at many universities and museums such as the University of Minnesota, Washington University in St. Louis, University of Colorado, University of Wyoming, USC, Union College of New York, and the University of Texas. Last days
In the 1950s, Burlin began to lose his sight. In the next ten years he underwent eight cornea implants. His despair at losing his sight was often a theme in his work. He painted, even at the times when he was declared legally blind. In a respite from the darkness, he painted The Series of Nine very near the end of his life.<mask> died in 1969. The nine final paintings, which summarize and celebrate the life of the painter were shown at the NY MOMA in 1971, and at the Pasadena Museum in 1972. Honors and awards
 1913 Art exhibited in the Armory Show
 1930 Included in the New York Museum of Modern Art's Ninth Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture by Living Americans
 1945 The artist's jury for the Pepsi-cola "Portrait of America" contest awarded <mask> first prize for his work titled the "Soda Jerker". The prize was to be $2500. But, Pepsi-cola chose another winner, and Burlin was not allowed to collect. 1959 One of three first prize winners of $1000 for Art USA: 59, New York, for "Rose, White, Uptight." 1962 First prize from the Pennsylvania Academy for "Red, Red, Not the Same II"
 1962 Listed as one of 102 Artists "To Wax Enthusiastic About" in Time Magazine, July 6, 1962.1963 <mask> mentioned in the 50th anniversary of the 1913 Armory Show. Retrospectives
 1962: The American Federation of Arts: Exhibitions in Philadelphia, Boston and New York, sponsored by the Ford Foundation Program in Humanities and the Arts
 1970-1971: The Museum of Modern Art, New York and the Pasadena

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Paul Burlin
Burlin
Burlin
Paul Burlin
Burlin
Burlin


texts:
 Art Museum, Pasadena, California, Exhibition of The Last Nine

Public Collections
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Museum of Modern Art
 Whitney Museum of American Art
 New Mexico Museum of Art

References

 "102 Artists to Wax Enthusiastic About". Time Magazine. July 6, 1962. Filreis, Alan. "Beyond The Rhetorician's Touch": Stevens's Painterly Astractions, American Literary History, Spring 1992, pp. 230–63.Myers, Bernard: The Painting of <mask>, "Perspectives". Washington University: St. Louis, Spring 1954. HIS: Armory Show Veteran at Alan Gallery. "Art News", 57:11, February 1958. "Unprized Prizewinner". Time Magazine. Dec. 31, 1945.Wedell, Eugene. "<mask> Burlin Catalog", Burlin Art Trust, 2008. Whitney, George. Abrupt Ending: The Work of <mask>. Arts. Sept. 1981, p. 97. External links

 Library listing for <mask>urlin papers including letters, sketchbooks and interviews
 Burlin painting
 Painting at Washington University from <mask>’s time as artist in residence
 List of 102 Artists, including Burlin, “To Wax Enthusiastic About”
 “Unprized Prizewinner” article about Burlin’s Soda Jerker
 Provincetown, MA Art Association and Museum permanent collection
 New York Times article, Art: <mask>, A Case Of December Flowering, September 11, 1981
Smithsonian archives of American art
 Art Student’s League list of past instructors, <mask>urlin
 Article about Modernism in Santa Fe
 Burlin Quote on Abstract painting
 Duchamp’s 1963 speech about the painters included in the 1913 show
 Website dedicated to Natalie Curtis, a groundbreaking musicologist and Burlin’s first wife
 Alice Klauber’s account which includes <mask> and Natalie Burlin’s years in Paris for 12 years beginning in 1921
 Natalie Curtis Burlin article
 Dissertation on Natalie Curtis Burlin
 Works at New Mexico Museum of Art

1886 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Artists from New York City
Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Painters from

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Paul Burlin
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Paul Blin
Paul B
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Paul


texts: <mask>  (July 29, 1938August 7, 2005) was a Canadian-American television journalist who served as the sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight from 1983 until his death from lung cancer in 2005. He dropped out of high school, yet he transformed himself into one of American television's most prominent journalists. <mask> started his career early, hosting a Canadian radio show at age 9. He began his professional career with CJOH-TV in Ottawa during its early years, anchoring the local newscasts and hosting the teen dance show Saturday Date on Saturdays. In 1965, ABC News tapped him to anchor its flagship evening news program. Critics and others in the television news business attacked his inexperience, making his job difficult. He became a foreign correspondent in 1968, reporting from the Middle East.<mask> returned as one of World News Tonight three anchormen in 1978, and he was promoted to sole anchorman in 1983. He was also known for his marathon coverage of breaking news stories, staying on the air for 15 hours or more to anchor the live broadcast of events such as the Gulf War in 1991, the millennium celebrations in 1999-2000, and the September 11 attacks in 2001. In addition to anchoring, he was the host of many ABC News special reports and moderated several American presidential debates. He was always fascinated with the United States and became an American citizen in 2003. <mask> was one of the "Big Three" news anchormen, along with Tom Brokaw of NBC and Dan Rather of CBS, who dominated American evening network news from the early 1980s until his death in 2005, which closely followed the retirements from anchoring evening news programs of

masks:
Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings


texts:
 Brokaw in 2004 and Rather in 2005. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born on July 29, 1938, in Toronto, Ontario; he and his younger sister Sarah were children of Elizabeth (née Osborne) and <mask>, a prominent radio broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). <mask> started his broadcasting career at the age of nine, hosting Peter's People, a half-hour, Saturday morning, CBC Radio show for kids.His father was on a business trip to the Middle East when the show debuted; upon returning, <mask>, who harbored a deep dislike of nepotism, was outraged to learn that the network had put his son on the air. When <mask> was 11 he began attending Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, where he excelled in sports. After the CBC moved his father to its Ottawa headquarters in the early 1950s, <mask> transferred to Lisgar Collegiate Institute. He struggled academically, and <mask> later surmised that it was out of "pure boredom" that he failed 10th grade and dropped out. "I loved girls," he said. "I loved comic books. And for reasons I don't understand, I was pretty lazy."<mask> then briefly attended Carleton University, where he says he "lasted about 10 minutes" before dropping out. He also attended the University of Ottawa. Although <mask> dreamed of following in his father's footsteps in broadcasting, his first job was as a bank teller for the Royal Bank of Canada. He had hoped that the company would assign him to its Havana branch; instead, it located him to the small town of Prescott, Ontario, before transferring him to its nearby Brockville branch. During this time, he explored acting by appearing in several amateur musical

masks:
Jennings
Charles Jennings
Peter Jennings
Charles Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
Jennings
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texts:
 productions with the Orpheus Musical Theatre Society, including Damn Yankees and South Pacific. It was in Brockville that the 21-year-old <mask> started his rise in broadcasting. In 1959, CFJR, a local radio station, hired him as a member of its news department; many of his stories were picked up by the CBC.By 1961, <mask> had joined the staff of CJOH-TV, then a new television station in Ottawa. When the station launched in March 1961, <mask> was initially an interviewer and co-producer for Vue, a late-night news program. His producers saw a youthful attractiveness in him that resembled that of Dick Clark, and <mask> soon found himself hosting Club Thirteen, a dance show similar to American Bandstand. The next year, CTV, Canada's first private TV network and a fledgling competitor of his father's network, hired the 24-year-old <mask> as co-anchor of its late-night national newscast. While reporting for CTV, he was the first Canadian journalist to arrive in Dallas after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1964, CTV sent <mask> to cover the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. There, he ran into Elmer Lower, then president of ABC News, who offered him a job as a correspondent for the American network, an opportunity <mask> initially rejected."The job was pretty intimidating for a guy like me in a tiny city in Canada," <mask> later recalled. "I thought, What if I screw up? What if I fail?" Three months later though, he changed his mind and moved to the United States. United States' youngest anchor

<mask> started reporting for ABC at its New York news bureau. At the time, ABC lagged behind the more established

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


texts:
 news divisions of NBC and CBS, and the network was trying to attract younger viewers. On February 1, 1965, ABC plucked the fresh-faced Canadian from the field and placed him at the anchor desk of <mask> With the News, then a 15-minute nightly newscast.He replaced Ron Cochran, a fellow Canadian. At 26, <mask> was, and remains, the youngest-ever U.S. network news anchor. "ABC was in bad shape at the time," <mask> said. "They were willing to try anything, and, to demonstrate the point, they tried me." An inexperienced <mask> had a hard time keeping up with his rivals at the other networks, and he – and the upstart ABC News – could not compete with the venerable newscasts of Walter Cronkite at CBS and Chet Huntley and David Brinkley at NBC. Some in the American audience disliked <mask>'s Canadian accent. He pronounced lieutenant as "leftenant", mangled the pronunciation of "Appomattox", and misidentified the "Marines' Hymn" as "Anchors Aweigh" at Lyndon B. Johnson's presidential inauguration; his lack of in-depth knowledge of American affairs and culture led critics to deride <mask> as a "glamorcaster"."It was a little ridiculous when you think about it," he later reflected. "A 26-year-old trying to compete with Cronkite, Huntley and Brinkley. I was simply unqualified." After three rocky years at the anchor desk, <mask> quit to become a foreign correspondent. Foreign correspondent
<mask> attempted to build his journalism credentials abroad. In 1968, he established ABC's Middle East bureau in Beirut, Lebanon, the first American television news bureau in the Arab world. The next year, he demonstrated his growing sympathies regarding Middle Eastern

masks:
Peter Jennings
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texts: affairs with Palestine: New State of Mind, a half-hour documentary for ABC's Now news program.As ABC's Beirut bureau chief, <mask> favored the Arab cause in the Arab–Israeli conflict, including the rise of the Palestinian Black September Organization during the early 1970s. He conducted the first American television interview with Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat. While stationed in the Lebanese capital, <mask> dated Palestinian activist Hanan Ashrawi, who was then a graduate student in literature at the American University in Beirut. In 1972, <mask> covered his first major breaking news story, the Munich Olympics massacre of Israeli athletes by Black September. His live reporting, which drew on the sympathy he had acquired for the Arab world, sought to influence Americans who were critical of the Palestinian group. By hiding with his camera crew close to the athletic compound where the Israeli athletes were being held hostage, <mask> was able to provide ABC with clear video of the masked hostage-takers. He would later be criticized for insisting on using the terms "guerillas" and "commandos" instead of "terrorists" to describe the members of Black September.After events in Munich, <mask> continued to report on Middle East issues. In 1973, he covered the Yom Kippur War, and the following year, he served as chief correspondent and co-producer of Sadat: Action Biography, a profile of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat that would win him his first of two George Foster Peabody Awards. The documentary established <mask> as Sadat's favorite correspondent. That year, <mask> married for the second time, to Anouchka Malouf, a Lebanese

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


texts: photographer. His first wife was childhood sweetheart Valerie Godsoe. <mask> returned to the U.S. at the end of 1974 to become Washington correspondent and news anchor for ABC's new morning program AM America, a predecessor to Good Morning America. ABC was hoping that the show, in which it had invested US$8 million, would challenge NBC's highly popular Today.AM America debuted on January 6, 1975, with <mask> delivering regular newscasts from Washington. The show never gained ground against Today, and was canceled in just ten months. In November 1975, <mask> moved abroad, this time as ABC's chief foreign correspondent. He continued to cover the Middle East, and in 1978 he was the first North American reporter to interview the Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran, then in exile in Paris. Meanwhile, ABC News and its newly installed president, Roone Arledge, were preparing an overhaul of its nightly news program, which was then known as ABC Evening News and whose ratings had languished in third place behind CBS and NBC since its inception. In the late 1970s, a disastrous pairing of Harry Reasoner and Barbara Walters at the anchor desk left the network searching for new ideas. Arledge decided to implement a three-anchor format for the program.On July 10, 1978, World News Tonight debuted with Frank Reynolds in Washington, Max Robinson in Chicago, and <mask> in London. <mask>'s official title was "Foreign Desk Anchor," although he continued to serve as the network's chief foreign correspondent. By mid-1979, the broadcast, which featured some of the same glitzy presentation as Arledge's previous television show，Wide World of Sports, had climbed in the ratings.

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


texts:
 The newscast had gained 1.9 million households from its debut, and was now in a dead heat with NBC's evening newscast. In 1979, <mask> married for the third time to fellow ABC correspondent Kati Marton. That same year, he became a father when Marton gave birth to their daughter, Elizabeth. In 1982, <mask>' and Marton's second child, Christopher, was born.As part of ABC's triumvirate, <mask> continued to cover major international news, especially Middle East issues. His nightly appearance at an anchor desk in London convinced some viewers that ABC News was more dedicated to foreign news than the other networks. <mask> reported on the Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage crisis, the assassination of Sadat, the Falklands War, Israel's 1982 conflict with the Palestine Liberation Organization in Lebanon, and Pope John Paul II's 1983 visit to Poland. His insistence on covering the major international stories himself irked some of his fellow ABC foreign correspondents, who came to resent being scooped by what they deemed as "<mask>' Flying Circus." <mask>, too, was not completely satisfied with his job in London. When his contract expired with ABC in the early 1980s, <mask> flirted with the possibility of moving back to Canada and working with the CBC on its new nightly newscast, The Journal. The CBC could not meet <mask>' renegotiation demands，though, and the deal fell through.Sole anchor
In 1983, Reynolds fell ill with multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer that often attacks the bones, and was forced to stop anchoring in April. His absence caused a dip in the ratings for ABC's nightly newscast. ABC originally expected a full recovery, and

masks: Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings Jennings


texts: relocated <mask> to its Washington bureau to fill in for Reynolds while he was sick; the move helped buoy the newscast's ratings, though it remained in third place. On July 20, 1983, Reynolds died unexpectedly after developing acute hepatitis. On August 9, 1983, ABC announced that <mask> had signed a four-year contract with the network and would become the sole anchor and senior editor for World News Tonight on September 5. <mask> would anchor the program from New York City, the program's new base of operations. The announcement signaled a generational shift in the evening news broadcasts, and the beginning of what the media would deem the "Big Three" era of <mask>, Dan Rather of CBS, and Tom Brokaw of NBC.Rather had already been elevated to anchor in 1981 after the retirement of Walter Cronkite, and Brokaw of NBC Nightly News was set to become sole anchor the same day as <mask>. At the time, <mask> expressed apprehension that the impending competition among the three newsmen was at risk of becoming superficial. "With me, Brokaw and Rather, I recognize that there will be the factor of three pretty faces," he said. "That's an inevitable byproduct of television. But if that is what it comes down to in terms of the approach we take, if our approach is that singular, then we will all have made a mistake." <mask>' debut on September 5, 1983, marked the beginning of a steady climb in the ratings for ABC News. He spent his first year at the anchor desk educating himself on American domestic affairs in preparation for the 1984 presidential campaign season.In June 1984, <mask>, who later admitted that his political knowledge was limited at the time,


texts: co-anchored ABC's coverage of the Democratic National Convention with David Brinkley. "I had not covered an election campaign in 16 years," <mask> said, "so here was I going to co-anchor with David Brinkley in 1984, and he wasn't even sure I knew who the faces belonged to, and he was right." <mask> and ABC were criticized for suddenly halting coverage of the convention for 30 minutes and airing a rerun of Hart to Hart instead. Despite a shaky start at the anchor desk, <mask>'s broadcast began to climb in the ratings. <mask> was praised for his performance during the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, when he anchored ABC's coverage of the event for 11 straight hours. By 1989, competition among the three nightly newscasts had risen to fever pitch. When the Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay area, media pundits praised <mask> and ABC News for their prompt on-air response, while criticizing the delayed reaction of Tom Brokaw and NBC News.The next month, Brokaw redeemed himself by scooping the other networks with news of the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was World News Tonight, however, that ended the year at the top; ABC's evening newscast spent the last 13 weeks of the year in first place, and its average ratings for the entire year beat CBS for the first time. <mask>'s on-air success continued in 1990, and World News Tonight consistently led the ratings race. In January, he anchored the first installment of <mask> Reporting—hour-long, prime-time ABC News specials dedicated to exploring a single topic. His inaugural program on gun violence in America drew praise. His second installment of <mask> Reporting in April, "From the

masks:
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texts: Killing Fields", focused on U.S. policy towards Cambodia. The program alleged that the federal government was covertly supporting the Khmer Rouge's return to power in the Asian nation, a charge that the Bush administration initially denied.On July 18, the White House announced that it was ending recognition of the Khmer Rouge. When the Gulf War started on January 17, 1991, <mask> began a marathon anchoring stint to cover the story, spending 20 of the first 48 hours of the war on-air, and leading ABC News to its highest-ever ratings. After interrupting regular Saturday morning cartoons on January 19 to broadcast a military briefing from Saudi Arabia, <mask> and ABC became concerned about the emotional impact of the war coverage on children. Out of that concern, <mask> hosted a 90-minute special, War in the Gulf: Answering Children's Questions the next Saturday morning; the program featured <mask>, ABC correspondents, and American military personnel answering phoned-in questions and explaining the war to young viewers. On October 12, 1991, breaking news forced ABC News to interrupt regular Saturday morning programming again. <mask> was once again mindful of his audience, prefacing the coverage of the Senate confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas with remarks for children. "You may hear some not very nice language," said <mask>.He noted that Thomas and his accuser, Anita Hill, "have a very painful disagreement about some things the woman says the man did to her when they were working together. ... You can ask your parents to tell you more." <mask> continued to produce special programs aimed at young viewers, anchoring


texts: Growing Up in the Age of AIDS, a frank, 90-minute-long discussion on AIDS in February 1992; and Prejudice: Answering Children's Questions, a forum on racism in April 1992. Politics dominated network news in 1992. <mask> moderated the final debate among the Democratic presidential candidates in March, and anchored <mask> Reporting: Who Is Ross Perot? and a subsequent 90-minute town forum with Perot and a studio audience in June. On September 9, 1992, ABC announced that it would be switching the format of its political coverage to give less recognition to staged sound bites."We're aware that a lot of you are turned off by the political process and that many of you put at least some of the blame on us," <mask> told viewers on World News Tonight. "We'll only devote time to a candidate's daily routine if it is more than routine. There will be less attention to staged appearances and sound bites designed exclusively for television." After Bill Clinton was elected as president in November 1992, <mask> featured the new administration in two of his specials for children; he anchored President Clinton: Answering Children's Questions in February 1993; and Kids in the Crossfire: Violence in America in November 1993, a live special from a Washington, DC, junior high school which featured Attorney General Janet Reno and rapper MC Lyte. The early 1990s also served up a series of difficult experiences and public embarrassment for <mask>. On August 13, 1993, <mask> and Kati Marton publicly announced their separation in Newsday. The couple had previously split in 1987 for four months after <mask> found out that Marton was having an affair with Washington Post

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Peter Jennings
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texts: columnist Richard Cohen.In January 1994, he locked horns with his executive producer on World News Tonight, Emily Rooney. The public firing of Rooney made national headlines, and put <mask> on the defensive. With the rise of media watchdog groups, such as the conservative Media Research Center (MRC), <mask> came under increasing scrutiny for what some observers deemed a liberal bias. He was strongly criticized by conservatives, such as the MRC and Cal Thomas, for his November 14, 1994, remarks on ABC Radio, in which he analyzed the results of the 1994 U.S. midterm elections. "Some thoughts on those angry voters. Ask parents of any two-year-old and they can tell you about those temper tantrums: the stomping feet, the rolling eyes, the screaming," said <mask>. "Imagine a nation full of uncontrolled two-year-old rage.The voters had a temper tantrum last week....Parenting and governing don't have to be dirty words: the nation can't be run by an angry two-year-old." Despite winning a Peabody Award, <mask> Reporting: Hiroshima: Why the Bomb Was Dropped, which aired on July 27, 1995 a week before the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, also drew scorn. Reviewing the show for The Washington Post, Ken Ringle called it "an ingenue's stroll down the narrow tunnels of academic revisionism" that "purports to discover a post-World War II coverup -- a smoke screen designed to refute any suggestion that the Hiroshima bombing was anything but a military necessity." The conservative Media Research Center called the show "a one-sided version of revisionist history" for suggesting "the U.S. dropped the bomb not to save lives, but to play a cynical

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texts: Cold War game of intimidating the Soviets." Some viewers of the documentary mailed bus fares to <mask>, telling him to return to Canada. <mask> pleased some conservatives though, after his three-year lobbying effort to create a full-time religion correspondent at ABC News succeeded in the hiring of Peggy Wehmeyer in January 1994, making her the first such network reporter. ABC increased its coverage of religious topics, and in March 1995, <mask> anchored <mask> Reporting: In the Name of God, a well-received documentary on the changing nature of American churches.At a taping of a "town meeting" segment for KOMO-TV of Seattle in February 1995, <mask> expressed regret for his ABC radio remarks on the 1994 midterm elections. "People thought I had insulted their sacred mandate and some thought I should go back to Canada," he said. "I hope I don't make that mistake again." During the mid-1990s, some television critics praised <mask> for his insistence on not letting the O. J. Simpson murder case swamp the newscast. Instead, <mask> devoted his energies to covering the Bosnian War, anchoring three hour-long prime time specials on the subject and one Saturday-morning special aimed at children. ABC dedicated more time to covering the conflict than any other network from 1992 to 1996. <mask> received the Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, in large part for his passion for the story.<mask> was also credited for raising the profile in the U.S. of another international story, the 1995 Quebec referendum. Some members of the Canadian press in particular raved about his in-depth

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texts: coverage of the issue, and he was the only anchor to broadcast from Canada on the eve of the referendum. Despite these critical successes, in 1996, World News Tonight started gradually slipping in the ratings race. Bolstered by strong viewership of its coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and heavy coverage of O.J. Simpson's trial, NBC's Nightly News overtook the ABC newscast for two weeks in late July and early September. This short bump provided momentum for NBC, which started making steady gains in the ratings. Worried, <mask> and ABC decided to cut back on international reporting and give more air time to "soft stories", in an effort to emulate the success of Nightly News.The changes provoked a backlash from regular viewers, and ratings plummeted. "We did very badly with it," <mask> said. "The audience kicked us in the teeth." Although changes were made to World News Tonight to restore its commitment to major issues and stop the hemorrhaging, Nightly News ended 1997 as the number-one evening newscast. The slide in the ratings coincided with some rockiness at ABC News. The company scrapped plans to develop a cable news channel. On May 29, 1998, David Westin succeeded Roone Arledge as president of ABC News.Both denied that the disappointing ratings performance of World News Tonight contributed to the decision. A 24-hour strike by the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians disrupted ABC's coverage of 1998's November elections after talks between the union and ABC broke down. Several Democratic candidates denied interviews to support the union. None of the shake-ups helped <mask> retake the nightly ratings crown, but

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texts: World News Tonight still offered stiff competition at second place. As the millennium approached, <mask> and the network started preparing for extensive retrospectives of the 20th century. The anchor teamed with former Life magazine journalist Todd Brewster to pen The Century, a 606-page book on 20th-century America. Designed as a companion book for ABC's upcoming documentary series of the same name, the book topped The New York Times Best Seller list in December 1998, a month after it debuted.On March 29, 1999, <mask> anchored the first installment of ABC's 12-hour miniseries, The Century; production on the monumental project started in 1990, and by the time it aired, it had cost the network US$25 million. <mask> also anchored a longer, 15-hour version, The Century: America's Time, on the History Channel in April 1999. On December 31, 1999, <mask> was on the air for 23 straight hours to anchor ABC 2000 Today, ABC's massive millennium eve special. An estimated 175 million people tuned into at least a portion of the program. <mask>'s American prime-time audience, an estimated 18.6 million viewers, easily outpaced the millennium coverage of rival networks. Television critics praised the program, and described the anchor as "superhuman". Although production costs totaled a hefty $11 million (compared with $2 million each for NBC's and CBS's millennium projects), ABC managed to make a profit of $5 million.The success of the program, though, failed to transfer into any lasting change in the viewership of World News Tonight; ABC's evening newscast spent the first week of January as ratings leader, before dropping back to second place. With another


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 presidential election taking place in 2000, <mask> had some more political reporting duties that year. On January 5, <mask> moderated the Democratic primary debate, held at the University of New Hampshire. He hosted the primetime news special The Dark Horizon: India, Pakistan, and the Bomb, which ABC broadcast on March 22, as then-President Clinton began his trip to the region. <mask> was the only American news anchor to travel to India for Clinton's trip. Paul A. Slavin became the new executive producer for World News Tonight in April. September 11
<mask> anchored ABC's coverage of the September 11 attacks for 17 straight hours, an effort described as "Herculean" by television critics.Like other network news anchors, he was widely praised for guiding Americans through the disaster. At one point, <mask> broke his composure after receiving phone calls from his children. "We do not very often make recommendations for people's behavior from this chair," he said, "but...if you're a parent, you've got a kid in some other part of the country, call them up. Exchange observations." His coverage was not without controversy. <mask> was criticized by Rush Limbaugh among others for commenting about President George W. Bush on-air: "Where is the president of the United States? ...I know we don't know where he is, but pretty soon the country needs to know where he is." ABC was flooded with more than 10,000 angry phone calls and e-mails. On September 13, <mask> received more criticism — this time for hosting a forum for Middle East experts that included Palestinian Authority negotiator Hanan Ashrawi. In mid-2002, <mask> and ABC refused to allow Toby Keith to


texts: open their coverage of July 4 celebrations with "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)", prompting criticism from Keith and country music fans, who highlighted the anchor's Canadian citizenship. The events of September 11 added new meaning to In Search of America, the project <mask> and Brewster started after the success of their previous collaboration. The two began writing the book in early 2001; after the terrorist attacks, they revisited many of the people they had interviewed to see how the events had affected them. To promote the book, the anchor and World News Tonight started a 50-state tour of the United States in April 2002 as part of a yearlong project, 50 States/One Nation/One Year.<mask> also anchored a six-part television series in September 2002, which featured the same name as the book. Despite the success of the TV series and heavy promotion by the book's publisher, In Search of America failed to generate much interest or sales. <mask>'s work on In Search of America and the September 11 attacks contributed to his decision in 2003 to become a dual citizen of Canada and the United States. "I think that 9/11 and the subsequent travel I did in the country afterwards made me feel connected in new ways," he said. "And when we were working on the America project I spent a lot of time on the road, which meant away from my editor's desk, and I just got much more connected to the Founding Fathers' dreams and ideas for the future." His work had prepared him well for the citizenship test, which he passed easily. "Can you imagine I, who just finished a whole series on America and had been an anchorperson for an American


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 broadcast...could you imagine if I had failed?"he asked. "It would have been horrendous." The anchor's formal pledge of allegiance took place at a regular citizenship ceremony on May 30 in Lower Manhattan. The occasion overwhelmed him. "I went in the front door and came out the front door. They were regular people. They were very touching.And I cried a little bit — my kids didn't cry, but I cried a bit — but I'm a fairly emotional character anyway." Leaving the chair
As he did in 2000, <mask> moderated the 2004 Democratic presidential primary debate, which was held that year at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire. He was noted for questioning General Wesley Clark over Clark's silence over controversial comments made by filmmaker Michael Moore, a supporter of Clark. Moore called then-President George W. Bush a "deserter". By late 2004, Brokaw had retired from his anchoring duties at NBC, ceding the reins to Brian Williams; Rather planned to step down in March 2005. <mask> and ABC saw an opportunity to gain viewers, and initiated a publicity blitz touting the anchor's foreign reporting experience. However, despite having almost always reported from the scene of any major news story, <mask> was sidelined by an upper respiratory infection in late December 2004; he was forced to anchor from New York during the aftermath of the Asian tsunami, while his competitors traveled to the region.For <mask>, the situation was agonizing. In late March, viewers started noticing that <mask>'s voice sounded uncharacteristically gravelly and unhealthy during evening newscasts. On April 1, 2005, he anchored World News Tonight for the last time; his failing health


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 also prevented him from covering the death and funeral of Pope John Paul II. On April 5, 2005, <mask> informed viewers through a taped message on World News Tonight that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer, and was starting chemotherapy treatment the following week. "As some of you now know, I have learned in the last couple of days that I have lung cancer," he said. "Yes, I was a smoker until about 20 years ago, and I was weak and I smoked over 9/11. But whatever the reason, the news does slow you down a bit."Although he stated his intention to continue anchoring whenever possible, the message was to be his last appearance on television. Throughout the summer, Charles Gibson, co-host of Good Morning America, and Elizabeth Vargas, co-host of 20/20, served as temporary anchors. On April 29, 2005, <mask> posted a letter on ABCNews.com with an update of his status and expressing thanks to those who had offered him their good wishes and prayers. In June, <mask> visited the ABC News headquarters, and addressed staff members in an emotional scene in the World News Tonight newsroom; he thanked Gibson for closing each broadcast with the phrase, "for <mask> and all of us at ABC News." During his visit, however, his colleagues noticed he was ill to the point where he could barely speak. He posted another short letter of thanks on July 29, 2005, his 67th birthday. Death
On August 7, 2005, less than a month after <mask>'s 67th birthday, just after 11:30 pm EDT, Charles Gibson broke into local news in the eastern U.S. and regular programming on ABC's western affiliates to announce <mask>' death from lung cancer.He read a short statement from the family,

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texts: and disclosed that <mask> had died in his New York apartment with his fourth wife, two children by his marriage to Kati Marton, and sister at his side. The anchor's ABC colleagues, including Barbara Walters, Diane Sawyer, and Ted Koppel, shared their thoughts on <mask>'s death. The next morning, Brokaw and Rather fondly remembered their former rival on the morning news shows. "<mask>, of the three of us, was our prince," said Brokaw on Today. "He seemed so timeless. He had such élan and style." Canada's television networks led off their morning news shows with the news of <mask>'s death and had remembrances from their "big three" anchors, <mask> at the CBC, Lloyd Robertson at CTV, and Kevin Newman (himself a former colleague of <mask> at ABC) at Global.American President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin offered statements of condolence to the press. On August 10, 2005, ABC aired a two-hour special, <mask>: Reporter, with archival clips of his reports and interviews with colleagues and friends. The special drew more than nine million viewers, and was the most watched television program of the night. For the week of his death, World News Tonight placed number one in the ratings race for the first time since June 2004. <mask>'s widow, Kayce Freed, and family held a private service in New York. <mask> was cremated and his ashes split in half. Half of his ashes remained in his home on Long Island and the other half was placed in his summer home in the Gatineau Hills, near Ottawa.The 57th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2005, included a tribute to <mask> by Brokaw and Rather. A public memorial service for <mask> was held

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 two days later at Carnegie Hall. Notable journalists, political leaders, and other friends of <mask> attended. <mask> left a US$50 million estate: half went to Freed, and most of the rest to his son and daughter. On December 5, 2005, after much speculation, and nearly eight months after <mask> stopped anchoring, ABC named Vargas and Bob Woodruff co-anchors for World News Tonight. In 2007, a book, <mask>: A Reporter's Life, was published, co-edited by his widow Kayce Freed and his ABC colleague Lynn Sherr. The book contained an oral history compiled from a number of interviews.Publishers Weekly described the book as "predictably positive" and "reminding readers of the commanding presence <mask> held over broadcast journalism". Parksville Qualicum News described it as "browse-able" but with "a few holes left". Honors

<mask> won numerous honors throughout his career, including 16 Emmys and two George Foster Peabody Awards. His work on World News Tonight and Peter Jennings Reporting consistently won Overseas Press Club and duPont-Columbia awards. At the peak of his popularity, <mask> was named "Best Anchor" by the Washington Journalism Review in 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1992. The Radio and Television News Directors Association awarded <mask> its highest honor, the Paul White Award in 1995, in recognition of his lifetime contributions to journalism. In 2004, he was awarded with the Edward R. Murrow Award for Lifetime Achievement in Broadcasting from Washington State University.Just eight days before his death, <mask> was informed that he would be inducted into the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honor. His daughter, Elizabeth, accepted


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 the insignia on his behalf in October 2005. On February 21, 2006, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg designated the block on West 66th Street between Columbus Avenue and Central Park West as <mask> Way in honor of the late anchor; the block is home to the ABC News headquarters. In October 2006, The Walt Disney Company, which bought ABC in 1996, posthumously named <mask> a Disney Legend, the company's highest honor. He was the first ABC News employee so honored. In January 2011, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' Television Hall of Fame. Publications

Articles
 "Moose Jaw, U.S.A.?Never! Jamais!" Maclean's, p. 86. June 25, 1990. Available at HighBeam Business
 "TV's opportunity for service at Geneva." The Christian Science Monitor, p. 28. November 12, 1985.
 with Todd Brewster."Variations for Four Hands On a Theme by Tocqueville." The New York Times, p. E1. January 27, 2003. Books
 with Todd Brewster. The Century. London: Doubleday (1999). .
 with Todd Brewster. The Century for Young People.New York: Random House (1999). .
 with Todd Brewster. In Search of America. New York: Hyperion (2002). .

TV/video narration
In 1969–1970, <mask> narrated The Fabulous Sixties,  a 10-part Canadian television documentary miniseries that first aired on CTV on October 12, 1969, with the following episodes broadcast as occasional specials into 1970. Each episode covered one year of the 1960s. The series was released on DVD on April 24, 2007, by MPI Home Video. See also

 Ecstasy Rising
 New Yorkers in journalism

Notes

a.<mask>' debut program led with coverage of Korean Air Lines Flight 007. It also featured

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 stories on the resignation of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, violent clashes in Lebanon, labor unions, and tennis' U.S. Open.b.<mask>' performance during the 1984 presidential campaign was analyzed in a 1986 study led by Syracuse University professor Brian Mullen. He concluded that <mask> "exhibited a facial expression bias in favor of Reagan". Mullen's team repeated the study to analyze <mask>' performance in the 1988 presidential election, concluding that the ABC anchor again favored a Republican candidate. Television critic Tom Shales also noticed a pro-Reagan bias in <mask>' reporting, referring to ABC as "a news organization that is already considered the White House favorite" in May 1985.

c.ABC News "had its highest evening newscast rating ever the first week in the war, and two nights of its prime-time coverage were among the 10 most-watched shows on television". d.In 1994, the three major networks devoted 1,592 total minutes to covering the Simpson criminal case; while ABC had 423, CBS had 580 and NBC 589. The Simpson trial was the number-one news story for NBC and CBS in 1995, while at ABC, coverage of the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina dominated the newscast. <mask> stated in a 1996 interview that he was satisfied that ABC came in third in terms of O.J.coverage. "I'm very pleased that it didn't crowd out as much of the rest of the world on World News Tonight as it did on other broadcasts," he said. "I am very pleased it was not our major story of last year as it was at other networks." e.The immense scope of The Century caused headaches for those developing it. It survived three major changes in narrative approach, three


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 different executive producers, and various attempts to axe the entire project. By the time it aired, all of the people interviewed for their anecdotes of World War I had died. <mask>, though, downplayed criticism of the program's rocky history."Name me a news organization that doesn't have some degree of turmoil on a major project," he said. "What people care about in The New York Times is what gets in the paper. It's the same with us. There are people out there who think their job is to set the bar for us, but the bar for me is set by the audience, and I think there is a real hunger out there from everyone I encounter to relive and experience and learn from what's gone on over the last 100 years." References

Further reading

Books

 Fensch, Thomas, editor. Television News Anchors: An Anthology of Profiles of the Major Figures and Issues in United States Network Reporting. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland (1993). .
 Goldberg, Robert, and Gerald Jay Goldberg.Anchors: Brokaw, <mask>, Rather, and the Evening News. Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol (1990). .
 Goldenson, Leonard. Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC. New York: Scribners (1991). .
 Gunther, Marc. The House that Roone Built: the Inside Story of ABC News. Boston: Little, Brown (1994). .
 Matusow, Barbara. The Evening Stars: the Making of the Network News Anchor.Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1983). .

Online

 Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Discusses 'The Search for Jesus' . CNN. June 15, 2000. Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Discusses 'Family Business' . CNN. September 14, 2000. Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Offers His Insights on Current Events

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 .CNN. January 27, 2001. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. April 10, 2002. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN.September 13, 2002. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. September 8, 2003. Larry King Live Transcript: Interview With <mask> . CNN. April 1, 2004.Larry King Live Transcript: <mask> Remembered; Panel Discusses Lung Cancer . CNN. August 9, 2005. Robertson, Lori (November 2001). Anchoring the Nation. American Journalism Review. Speech by <mask> given on April 9, 1969.Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues. External links

 ABC News: <mask>
 The Documentary Group, successor to PJ Productions, the production company of <mask>
 The Peter Jennings Project for Journalism and the Constitution at the National Constitution Center

Booknotes interview with <mask> on The Century, December 27, 1998. 20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
21st-century American journalists
Canadian television news anchors
Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Canadian expatriate journalists in the United States
American television news anchors
American television reporters and correspondents
ABC News personalities
Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Ottawa
Writers from Toronto
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
CTV

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<mask>. (6 July 1924 – 21 May 2019) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of lieutenant general. A graduate of the United States Military Academy, where he was ranked second in the class of 1944, he commanded troops in Europe during World War II and in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He served with a bomb assembly team with the Manhattan Project and was present at the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests in 1948. He was the Director of Military Application at the Atomic Energy Commission its successor, the Energy Research and Development Administration, from 1973 to 1975, the Deputy Chief of Engineers from 1977 to 1978, and the director of the Defense Security Assistance Agency from 1978 to 1981. Early life
<mask>. was born in New York City on 6 July 1924, the only son of <mask>., a retired Army officer, and his wife Lucy. Her maiden name was Lucy Birnie, but she had subsequently taken the name of her first husband, Harry Horgan, who died of tuberculosis. The family moved to Washington, D.C., when <mask> was two years old, where he spent his childhood, and was educated at St. Albans School.In 1941, <mask> passed the entrance examination for the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, where his father had graduated second in the class of 1905, and his maternal grandfather, Rogers Birnie, first in the class of 1872. He secured an appointment from Senator John H. Overton, and reported to West Point on 1 July 1941. He was required to wear civilian clothes and pay room and board for the first five days of Beast Barracks until July 6, when he reached his 17th birthday. World War II
Due to World War II, <mask>'s class was commissioned early, on 6 June 1944. He was ranked second in the class, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. He was then sent through the six-week Engineer Officer Basic Course at the U.S. Army Engineer School at Fort Belvoir in Virginia, followed by six weeks

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 as a platoon commander at the Engineer Replacement Training Center there. Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee, the commanding general of the Communications Zone (ComZ) in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), and a friend of <mask>' father, asked for <mask> to be sent to Europe.<mask> spoke to Lieutenant General Brehon Somervell, the commander of Army Service Forces, and another friend of  his father's, who agreed to this request. <mask> left for Europe in October 1944. There was a rule against regular officers serving as aides-de-camp, but <mask> lived with Lee's aides in the George V Hotel in Paris, and often functioned as an additional aide. When not occupied with such duties, he worked in the Control Section of COMZ Headquarters, where he compiled statistical reports. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 6 December 1944. On 31 December 1944, <mask> joined the 1282nd Engineer Combat Battalion as a platoon commander. The unit had recently been converted from an anti-aircraft artillery battalion, and was training in England.The unit moved to Germany in April 1945, where it worked on construction projects in Bad Kreuznach and Saarland. It saw little action before the war in Europe ended the following month. In June it moved to Marseilles, whence it sailed to the Philippines via the Panama Canal, Hawaii and Ulithi on the . It arrived in August 1945, just as the war in the Pacific was ending. Post-war
<mask> went to see Major General Leif J. Sverdrup, the head of the Engineer Command (ENCOM) in the Philippines, and requested a transfer to ENCOM, which was granted. <mask> served in Japan with ENCOM from 23 September 20 October 1945, when he was transferred to the Engineer Section of Eighth United States Army Headquarters. He was promoted to captain on 3 January 1946.During the war the military side of the Manhattan Project had relied heavily on reservists, as the policy of the Corps of Engineers was to assign regular officers to field commands. The

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texts: reservists were now eligible for separation. To replace them, the director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, asked for fifty West Point graduates from the top ten percent of their classes to man bomb assembly teams at Sandia Base, where the assembly staff and facilities had been moved from Los Alamos and Wendover Field in September and October 1945. The personnel manned the 2761st Engineer Battalion (Special), which became a field unit under the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP). <mask> was one of those selected. He knew Groves well, as he had been a cub scout with Groves's son Richard, but his selection was based on his West Point class standing. The 2761st Engineer Battalion (Special)  was commanded by Colonel Gilbert M. Dorland, and consisted of a headquarters company, a security company (Company A), a bomb assembly company (Company B) and a radiological monitoring company (Company C), although Company C was never fully formed.For training purposes, Company B was initially divided into command, electrical, mechanical and nuclear groups, but the intention was to create three integrated 36-man bomb assembly teams. The battalion was redesignated the 38th Engineer Battalion (Special) in April 1947, and in July it became part of the newly created AFSWP Field Command. <mask> served with Company B, assembling bombs. He became a permanent first lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers on 6 January 1947. The following years he participated in the Operation Sandstone nuclear weapons test series at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific. Deciding to pursue a graduate degree in physics, <mask> asked Dorland to put him on the list of nominees for graduate school, but was passed over. So he went to see Groves, who ordered Dorland to add him to the list.Because <mask>'s West Point class had missed out on a year of coursework, the Army first sent him to the Naval Postgraduate School in Annapolis, Maryland, where he took a year of senior

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texts: undergraduate courses in math, physics and chemistry from 20 July 1948 to 28 May 1949. <mask> then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). When Groves left the AFSWP, the sending of officers to study for postgraduate courses was reconsidered, as three years was thought to be too long to be away from the service, and there was talk of cancelling the program. <mask> spoke to the Chief of Engineers, Lieutenant General Raymond Albert Wheeler, who had known him since he was a boy. The program continued. The next year, on the basis of <mask>'s first year of coursework, MIT invited him to complete a PhD. His father spoke to the new Chief of Engineers, Lieutenant General Lewis A.Pick, who approved it over the objection of the personnel section. He completed his thesis on "The angular distributions of particles emitted from nuclear reactions in gaseous targets" in 1951. While at MIT, <mask> met Nancy Herbert Barclay, a graduate of Wellesley College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, who was working for a law firm in Boston. They were married in Paoli, Pennsylvania, where her parents lived, on 12 May 1951. That had four children: Ralph Henry, Robert Barclay, William Hooper and Emily Birnie. Ralph and Emily later became US Army officers, Ralph graduating first in the West Point class of 1974. <mask> was promoted to major on 25 July 1951.Upon graduation from MIT, <mask> was supposed to return to the AFSWP, but he spoke to Lieutenant General Thomas B. Larkin, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army for Logistics, and another friend of his father's, and had his orders changed. Instead, <mask> was sent to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, where he spent a year as Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff, General Cortlandt V.R. Schuyler, before being posted to Logistics Division, where he worked on the airfield program. His main task was drafting NATO airfield standards in the wake of 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in

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texts: Lisbon. These detailed what operational facilities had to be provided in order for the airbase to qualify for NATO funding. <mask> returned to the United States in 1954. He completed the Engineer Officer Advanced Course at Fort Belvoir, and then became Chief of the Training Section of the Nuclear Power Branch of United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory there.The Army built a nuclear reactor, SM-1, at Fort Belvoir, and <mask> had the responsibility for training the staff to operate it. He then attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after which he was given command of the 44th Engineer Battalion in South Korea. It was his first troop command since World War II. His unit built storage areas for Honest John missiles at Osan, paved roads, and constructed depots. On returning to the United States, he was assigned to the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to work on Project Plowshare, a proposal to use nuclear weapons to excavate a sea-level canal through Panama or Nicaragua. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 29 March 1960. In 1964 and 1965, <mask> attended the Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.This is normally followed by a staff posting, and he became a staff officer at The Pentagon in the Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for International Affairs. In February 1967 he moved to the staff of the Secretary of the Army. At this time he took the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was promoted to colonel on 6 April  1966. For this service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit and the Army Distinguished Service Medal. In September 1968, <mask> assumed command of the 34th Engineer Group, which was based at Vung Tau, and later at Can Tho in the Mekong Delta, supporting the 9th Infantry Division during the Vietnam war. The main tasks of the five battalions in the group were the maintenance of Đồng Tâm Base Camp and the


texts: upgrading of QL-4, the main highway linking the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon with the Mekong Delta.For his service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit, a Bronze Star, and the Air Medal with an oak leaf cluster. <mask> returned to the United States in September 1969, where he became the Deputy Director of Military Construction in the Officer of the Chief of Engineers in Washington, D.C. He was promoted to brigadier general on 10 October 1969. As such, he was responsible for $1 billion of military construction each year for the Army, United States Air Force and NASA. At this time, the space program was winding down. The Canaveral District, which had overseen the construction of the Kennedy Space Center was inactivated, and the Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts was completed but soon closed. He also served as president of the Air Defense Evaluation Board that recommended the development of the Patriot missile system.In December 1970, <mask> became the Division Engineer of North Central Division, based in Chicago, Illinois, with the rank of  major general from 1 August 1971. In this role he was responsible for the water resources of the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi River. In December 1973 he returned to Washington, D.C., as the Director of Military Application at the Atomic Energy Commission. This was broken up in 1974, and he became the Director of Military Applications at its successor, the Energy Research and Development Administration. In this role he oversaw the development of nuclear weapons at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Livermore Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Livermore, production activities at Pantex and Rocky Flats, and testing at the Nevada Test Site. <mask> returned to the Office of the Chief of Engineers in September 1975 as the Director of Civil Works. He carried out a review of all the Corps of Engineers' water construction projects after President Jimmy Carter attempted to halt work on 35

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 projects.In July 1977, he became the Deputy Chief of Engineers, with the rank of lieutenant general from 1 March 1978. His final posting was as the director of Defense Security Assistance Agency, which was responsible for providing security assistance and arms sales to friendly countries, mostly in the Middle East. Of particular importance was assistance to Israel and Egypt under the terms of the Camp David Accords. For this service, he was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. His military decorations also included the Army Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters. Later life
In July 1981, <mask> retired from the Army, and became a consultant at the  Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C., and Burdeshaw and Associates. He was an active member of the Army Navy Country Club, and chaired committees responsible for the construction of new clubhouses in Fairfax, Virginia, and Arlington, Virginia.<mask> died at his home in Arlington, Virginia, on 21 May 2019. A memorial service was held at the Fort Myer Old Post Chapel, after which he  was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Dates of rank

Notes

References

External links
Foreign Affairs review of U.S. Security Assistance: The Political Process, edited by <mask> Jr.
Pioneer in military use of nuclear power provides insight on facility to be decommissioned

1924 births
2019 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army personnel of World War II
American military engineers
Manhattan Project people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Military personnel from New York City
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army generals
Burials at Arlington

masks:
Graves
Graves
Ernest Graves


texts:
<mask>. (16 May 1832 – 6 January 1901) was an American meatpacking industrialist who founded the Chicago-based firm of Armour & Company. Born on an upstate New York farm, he made $8,000 in the California gold rush, 1852–56. He opened a wholesale soap business in Cincinnati, then moved it to Milwaukee. He made millions selling meat to the United States Army during the Civil War. In 1875, he moved his base to Chicago. Armour's innovations including bringing live hogs to the metropolis for slaughter, inventing an assembly line system for the dis-assembly of hogs, canning the product, economy of scale and efficiency in detail. He systematically utilized waste products, boasting that he made use of "everything but the squeal".The introduction of refrigerated rail cars opened a national market for him and competitors such as Gustavus Swift. <mask> expanded into banking and speculation on the futures market for pork and wheat  by 1900, his plants employed 15,000 workers; his own wealth was in the range of $50 million. The urgent Army need for meat during the Spanish–American War of 1898 led to highly publicized complaints about "embalmed beef." <mask> retired from business in 1899, and devoted himself to philanthropy in the Chicago area, including low-cost housing for industrial workers, and the major institution of higher education, the Armour Institute of Technology (now part of Illinois Institute of Technology). Life and career
<mask> was born in Stockbridge, New York to <mask> <mask> and Juliana Ann Brooks. He was one of eight children and grew up on his family's farm. <mask> was descended from colonial settlers of Scottish and English origin, with

masks:
Philip Danforth Armour Sr
Armour
Armour
Armour
Danforth
Armour
Armour


texts: his surname originating in Scotland.He was educated at Cazenovia Academy in New York until the school expelled him for taking a ride in a buggy. Among his first jobs was that of Driver on upstate New York's Chenango Canal which ran through Madison County at that time and would have been a busy thoroughfare. At the age of 19, <mask> left New York with about 30 other people for California, joining the great California gold rush. They walked most of the way from New York to California. Before the journey, <mask> "had received several hundred dollars from his parents," making him, for the most part, "the financier of the party," according to biographer Edward N. Wentworth. In California, <mask> eventually started his own business, employing out-of-work miners to construct sluices, which controlled the waters that flowed through the mined rivers. In only a few years, <mask> had turned his business into a profitable enterprise, earning himself about $8,000 by the time he had turned 24.With his sizable fortune in hand, <mask> then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, starting a wholesale grocery business. In Milwaukee, <mask> formed business partnerships with Frederick Miles in the grain business in 1859. He worked with Miles for three years before he partnered with John Plankinton in the meatpacking industry, creating the company Plankinton, Armour & Company. <mask> helped Plankinton start up "a new plant on the Menominee River so that the firm could handle government pork contracts." They experienced prompt success through the distribution of sought after meats, produce, and grains to westward-moving settlers and fortune-seekers. It was also during this

masks: Armour Armour Armour Armour Armour Armour Philip


texts: period when <mask> married Malvina Belle Ogden in 1862. <mask> demonstrated his uncanny ability as a young businessman by taking advantage of changing meat prices during and after the Civil War.According to Deborah S. Ing, author of <mask>'s biography in the American National Biography Online, "the most important business coup of <mask>'s early career occurred near the end of the Civil War when he predicted heavy Confederate losses and thus the dropping of pork prices…he made contracts with buyers at $40 per barrel before prices plummeted to $18 when the war ended in a Union victory. This deal netted him a profit of $22 per barrel or a total of $1 million to $2 million." Armour's savvy decision elevated the status of Plankinton, Armour & Co., allowing the firm to expand into other cities. Later with his brother, Herman, he again entered the grain business and built several meat packing plants in the Menomonee River Valley. After individually prospering in three different regions, <mask>, Herman and Joseph reconvened in 1867 to form the flagship Armour & Company in Chicago, which packed hogs exclusively for the first eight years of its existence. The company  which soon became the world's largest food processing and chemical manufacturing enterprise, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Armour & Co. was the first company to produce canned meat and also one of the first to employ an "assembly-line" technique in its factories.In the winter of 1879–1880, <mask> traveled to Wyandotte County, Kansas, after becoming disturbed to hear that emancipated blacks from the deep South had arrived there unprepared for the midwestern winter. <mask> returned to

masks:
Armour
Armour
Philip Armour
Armour
Philip
Armour
Armour


texts: Chicago and raised funds for the stranded Exodusters, reporting, "I talked with a great many of them and was surprised at their intelligence. I asked them where they thought they were going. They said only North to escape persecution. . . . They had no idea that they were going to a land of plenty or idleness, but simply to a land of freedom." In all, <mask> raised $1,200 from Chicago businesses ($200 from his own Armour and Company, $200 from the unrelated Armour, Dole & Co. (owned by George Armour), $200 from Field, Leiter & Co. (later known as Marshall Field & Company), $100 from N.K. Fairbank & Co. (owned by N.K.Fairbank), and $50 each from ten others). In order to get his meat products to market <mask> followed the lead of rival Gustavus Swift when he established the Armour Refrigerator Line in 1883. Armour's endeavor soon became the largest private refrigerator car fleet in the U.S., which by 1900 listed over 12,000 units on its roster, all built in Armour's own car plant. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1932. In the late 1880s, he was solicited by Peter A. Demens to invest in his Orange Belt Railroad running across central Florida, and one of the depots was named in his honor. In 1900, while terminally ill he wintered in Southern California, probably due to his association with Demens, and his namesake son <mask>. came to visit, caught pneumonia and suddenly died on January 29. The next winter <mask>. was too ill to travel to California, and died in Chicago.His meatpacking plants pioneered new principles of large-scale organization and refrigeration to the industry. <mask> implemented

masks:
Armour
Armour
Philip Jr
Philip Sr
Armour


texts:
 the assembly line in order to speed up production, was one of the first to reduce the tremendous waste when slaughtering of hogs by refining and selling waste products. His biggest concern was ensuring that every part of the animal was made useful, "thus, out of meatpacking came auxiliary industries such as glue, fertilizer, margarine, lard, [and] gelatin." <mask> famously declared that he made use of "everything but the squeal". By developing these profitable manufacturing innovations and expanding the reach of his company, Armour & Co. became one of the largest meatpacking firms in America by the 1890s. It earned an estimated $110 million in 1893 and established Armour's position as one of the great industrialists of the Gilded Age. Labor issues
Since the end of the Civil War, labor activists in Chicago had been fighting for powerful labor unions that would negotiate the eight-hour day and higher wages.At a time when the living wage for a five-member family was $15.40 a week, the workers at Armour & Company only earned about $9.50 a week. After Armour's butchers had publicly called for better pay and improved job security in the early 1880s, Armour kicked out the union workers and blacklisted the leaders of the strike. In the weeks before the Haymarket bombing of May 4, 1886, <mask> had even encouraged his colleagues to equip a militia to suppress future labor actions. In the book Death in the Haymarket, historian James Green notes that the supplies included "a good machine gun, to be used by them in case of trouble". Over the course of his career, <mask> had broken three major strikes that had directly concerned his factories, blacklisting

masks: Armour Armour Armour


texts:
 all of the union leaders involved. The New York Times emphasized in its reporting how greatly <mask> "cares for his labor" without any sense of irony. "Although his workers lived and worked in squalid conditions," the PBS series American Experience reports, "<mask> was known as a philanthropist".Embalmed beef scandal
The company's reputation was tarnished further in 1889. Nelson A. Miles, a captain in the United States Army, claimed that all the major meatpacking companies of Chicago—including Armour's—were sending chemically treated meat to soldiers overseas. An investigation followed, but found no definite verdict was reached. Skeptics would claim that Armour simply bribed the panel while Armour would defend his innocence for the rest of his life. Even so, the damage was done. The evidence that was found provided fodder for the muckraking novel by Upton Sinclair entitled The Jungle, which was published in February 1906 and became a bestseller.Armour's reputation never recovered from the 1889–1899 scandal. Death and legacy

In 1893, Armour donated $1 million to found the Armour Institute of Technology (a privately endowed coeducational college), which merged with the Lewis Institute to become Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1940. In Chicago the Armour brothers Joseph and <mask> founded the Armour Mission, an educational and healthcare center. In 1900 his son, <mask><mask> Jr., died. <mask> died at age 69 on January 6, 1901 of pneumonia at his Chicago home. He was survived by his wife, Malvina Belle Ogden whom he had married in 1862, and by his son, J. Ogden <mask>. His family call him "P. D."

The town of Armour, South Dakota, was

masks:
Armour
Armour
Philip
Philip D
. Armour
Armour
Armour


texts:
 named for him in 1885, and the town of Armourdale, Kansas, (now the district of Armourdale in Kansas City, Kansas) in 1881.To acknowledge his investment in the Orange Belt Railroad, in 1889 a depot was named "Armour" near St. Petersburg, Florida. Streets in Cudahy, Wisconsin, (a Milwaukee suburb founded by meat packing magnate Patrick Cudahy) as well as Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, where the <mask> family had a summer estate, also bear his name. <mask><mask> Elementary School in South Chicago, and streets of north Redondo Beach, California, are named after prominent American businessmen of the industrial revolution. Armour Lane is one of them. The Union Pacific Railroad uses Armour Yellow as one of its official colors, the same hue used by Armour refrigerated cars in the early 20th century. See also
 Gustavus Franklin Swift
 Herman Ossian Armour
 Hormel
 Armour, South Dakota
 Andrew Watson <mask> III

Footnotes

References
 <mask>, <mask>. (1895) "Chapter LV: The Packing Industry" in Depew, Chauncey M. (Ed.)100 Years of American Commerce, pp. 383-388. Signed by "Philip D. Armour". Bontemps, Arna. 100 Years of Negro Freedom (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1961). Dolinar, Brian. The Negro in Illinois:  The WPA Papers (University of Illinois Press, 2013).Gunsaulus, Frank W. "<mask><mask>, A Character Sketch". New York Public Library Digital Collections. Hill, Howard Copeland. "The development of Chicago as a center of the meat packing industry." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 10.3 (1923): 253–273. in JSTOR
 Kane, Mary A. (2006)."Oconomowoc (Postcard History Series)" Arcadia Publishing.  .
 Leech, Harper and John Charles Carroll (1938). Armour and His Times,

masks:
Armour
Philip D
. Armour
Armour
Armour
Philip D
Philip D
. Armour


texts:
 New York: D. Appelton-Century Company. Skaggs, Jimmy M. Prime cut: Livestock raising and meatpacking in the United States, 1607–1983 (Texas A and M University Press, 1986). Walsh, Margaret. The rise of the midwestern meat packing industry (University Press of Kentucky, 2015). External links

 Armour Square Park of the Chicago Park District
 History of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
 Biographical sketch for <mask> on PBS American Experience

1832 births
1901 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
People from Stockbridge, New York
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
Businesspeople from Chicago
American people in rail transportation
American railway entrepreneurs
People of the California Gold Rush
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Businesspeople in the meat packing industry
Deaths from pneumonia in Illinois
Armour


texts:
<mask>  (born 29 August 1940) is Emeritus Professor of International Relations at the University of Oxford, a senior research fellow in Oxford University's Department of Politics and International Relations, and an emeritus fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. <mask> was born in Penrith, Cumbria, the son of the poet and teacher <mask> and the writer and editor <mask>. He went to Westminster School, London, 1953–8. He studied Modern History at the University of Oxford (Magdalen College), 1959–62, winning the Stanhope essay prize, 1961. Career
Assistant Editor, Peace News, London, 1962–5. Noel Buxton Student in International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 1965–8. Lecturer in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1968–81.Alastair Buchan Reader in International Relations at University of Oxford, 1981–6. Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford University, 1986–2007. With interests in civil resistance, international law, the United Nations, strategic studies, and the history (and theories) of international relations, his publications include works on the United Nations and on Hugo Grotius jointly edited with Professor Benedict Kingsbury. <mask> was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (the UK's national academy for the humanities and social

masks:
Sir Adam Roberts
Background Roberts
Michael Roberts
Janet Adam Smith
Roberts


texts: sciences) in 1990, serving as its President (2009–13). He served on the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (2002–08); on the Council for Science and Technology (2010–13); and on the United Kingdom Defence Academy Advisory Board (2003–15). In 2002, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to the study and practice of international relations. He is an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics & Political Science, of St Antony's College, Oxford, and of Cumbria University.He has a Guest Professorship at Nankai University, Tianjin, China (2012); and is Honorary Professor, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at St Andrew's University (2013- ). He has been awarded honorary doctorates by King's College London (2010); Aberdeen University (2012); Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo (2012), and Bath University (2014). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 2011; and a Member, American Philosophical Society, 2013. His interests include mountaineering and cycling. He has published articles in numerous journals, including American Journal of International Law, British Yearbook of International Law, International Affairs, International Security, Review of International Studies, Survival and The Times Literary


texts:
 Supplement. His publications include:

Recent articles and book chapters
  'Pandemics and Politics', Survival, London, vol. 62, no.5, October–November 2020, pp. 7–40. Available at . 'Foundational Myths in the Laws of War: The 1863 Lieber Code, and the 1864 Geneva Convention', Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol. 20, no. 1, July 2019, pp. 158–96.ISSN 1444-8602. Available at  . 'The Use of Force: A System of Selective Security', in Sebastian von Einsiedel, David M. Malone and Bruno Stagno Ugarte (eds. ), The UN Security Council in the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2016, pp. 349–71. (hardback); 978-1-62637-259-7 (paperback). 'Terrorism Research: Past, Present and Future', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol.38, no. 1, January 2015, pp. 62–74. Print edition . Online . Available at . 'The Long Peace Getting Longer', Survival, London, vol.54, no. 1, February–March 2012, pp. 175–83. Print edition . Online . Available at . (Review essay on Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature.)'Simon Frederick Peter Halliday, 1946–2010', Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 172: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows no. X, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, pp. 143–69. . . Available at . 'The Civilian in Modern War', in Hew Strachan and Sibylle Scheipers (eds.), The Changing Character of War, Oxford University Press, Oxford,


texts:
 2011, pp. 357–80. (hardback). 'The Civilian in Modern War', Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, vol. 12, 2009, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, pp. 13–51.; . 'Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?’, Survival, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35. Print edition . Online .Available at . 'Detainees: Misfits in Peace and War', in Sibylle Scheipers (ed. ), Prisoners in War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010, pp. 263–80. .
 'An "Incredibly Swift Transition": Reflections on the End of the Cold War', in Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (eds. ), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. III, Endings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 513–34. .
 'The Equal Application of the Laws of War: A Principle under Pressure', International Review of the Red Cross, Cambridge, vol.90, no. 872, December 2008, pp. 931–62. . E. Available at . 'Doctrine and Reality in Afghanistan', Survival, London, vol. 51, no. 1, February–March 2009, pp. 29–60.Print edition . Online . 'Torture and Incompetence in the "War on Terror"’, Survival, London, vol. 49, no. 1, Spring 2007. (Review article.) Print edition .Online . Available at . 'Transformative Military Occupation: Applying the Laws of War and Human Rights', American Journal of International Law, Washington DC, vol. 100, no. 3, July 2006. . Available at .


texts:
 'The Laws of War in the War on Terror', in Fred L. Borch and Paul S. Wilson (eds.), International Law and the War on Terror (US Naval War College, International Law Studies, vol. 79), Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, 2003. Available at . Books
(with Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash) (eds.). Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters, Oxford University Press, Oxford, January 2016. . US edition. Article arising from the book in  The Guardian, London, 15 January 2016.Discussion of the book with Professor Rashid Khalidi at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, New York, 10 February 2016, on Ustream.TV. (hardback). On Google. (with Benedict Kingsbury) (eds.) 全球治理：分列世界中的联合国 (Global Governance: United Nations in a Divided World), trans. Zhicheng Wu and colleagues at Nankai University, Central Compilation & Translation Press, Beijing, 2010. . (A specially adapted version of United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 1993, and incorporating a new introduction by the editors, revised/new appendices, and Foreword by Professor Wang Jisi of Peking University.) (hardback);  (paperback, 2011, with new Foreword on the Arab Spring).US edition. On Google. (hardback);  (paperback). US edition. On Google. (hardback);


texts:
 (paperback). US edition.(paperback). US edition. Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, Cambridge, Mass. : Albert Einstein Institution, 1991. . Available at. (hardback);  (paperback). US edition.Oxford Scholarship Online. On Google.
 .
 (hardback);  (paperback). On Google. (paperback). (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, US, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on 'Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence', as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, US, 1969. .)

See also
 Civilian-based Defense

Lectures
 The Equal Application of the Laws of War: A Principle Under Pressure in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 Reinventing the Wheel: The cost of neglecting international history the 2010 Gresham Special Lecture delivered in the Guildhall, City of London. References

External links
Oxford University Department of Politics & International Relations: http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/associates/adam-roberts.html. Oxford University Programme on Civil Resistance and Power Politics: https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/research-projects/civil-resistance-and-power-politics-domestic-and-international-dimensions.html

1940 births
Living people
Nonviolence advocates
Fellows of Balliol College,


texts:
 Oxford
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Fellows of the British Academy
Presidents of the British Academy
People from Penrith, Cumbria
Montague Burton Professors of International Relations (University of Oxford)
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Members of the American Philosophical


texts:
<mask> (August 11, 1846 – January 3, 1925) was a Confederate soldier, writer and political figure. He served in the Virginia Senate and became the 16th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia (1890 to 1894) and the 43rd Governor of Virginia (1898 to 1902). He compiled The Family of Hoge, published posthumously in 1927. Early and family life

<mask> was born at Blenheim plantation in Caroline County, Virginia on August 11, 1846 to <mask> (1817-1889) and his second wife <mask> (1815-1846). His parents were both descended from the First Families of Virginia. His great-grandfather, also <mask> (1755-1833), served as a lieutenant in the Caroline County militia during the American Revolutionary War and descended from <mask> who settled in Essex County in the 17th century. His father <mask> was the eldest son of <mask> (1791-1861) and his wife Lucy Coleman,
  Literally all of his ancestors came to America from England and literally all of them arrived in Colony of Virginia in the 1600s.Two hours after <mask> was born, his mother died of complications from the birth. His maternal grandparents took the boy 300 miles by carriage to their home, Hayfield, subsequently known as Belle Hampton, in Pulaski County, Virginia. There he was raised by his maternal grandparents, General <mask><mask> (1783-1861) and Eleanor Haven Howe, as well as his uncle William E<mask> and his wife Jane with their daughter and two sons of similar ages. <mask><mask> owned 17 enslaved persons in 1850, and more in 1860. Private tutors and his grandfather educated <mask> until General Hoge died in 1861. When <mask> was ten, his grandmother died and his grandfather soon suffered a stroke. J.

masks:
James Hoge Tyler
James Tyler
George Tyler
Eliza Hoge
George Tyler
Richard Tyler
George Tyler
Henry Tyler
James
James F
. Hoge
. Hoge
James F
. Hoge
James
James Tyler


texts:
 H<mask> inherited a number of properties from his maternal grandfather, including Belle-Hampton.The teenager soon joined his father in Caroline County (his paternal grandfather dying in the same year). Because Virginia's secession embroiled Caroline County, <mask> attended a school run by Franklin Minor in Albemarle County. On November 16, 1868, he married Sou (or Sue) Montgomery Hammet (1845-1927) of Montgomery County, Virginia. The children by that marriage were Edward Hammet <mask>, <mask> <mask>., Stockton Heth <mask>, Belle Norwood McConnell, Sue Hampton, Henry Clement <mask>, Eliza (Lily), and Eleanor. American Civil War

About 1862, when he reached the legal age of 16, J. H<mask> enlisted in the Army of the Confederate States of America. He remained as a private until the war's end rather than accept a commission as an officer and be separated from his friends. Postwar career
After Virginia's surrender to Union forces, <mask> returned to Pulaski County and tried to resume farming.He also published articles urging manufacturing and mining development. Elected to the Virginia Senate in 1877, he urged state taxes be reduced from 50 to 40 cents and also served on the commission to settle the state debt. <mask> was a member of the boards of public buildings at Blacksburg and Marion, and became rector of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (now known as Virginia Tech). Active in the state Democratic party, especially the statewide organization created by Senator Thomas Staples Martin, <mask> became the organization's candidate for Lieutenant Governor, and helped settle the disputed border between Maryland and Virginia. He

masks:
. Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
James Hoge
Tyler Jr
Tyler
Tyler
. Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler


texts:
 defeated fellow Confederate veteran <mask> Ellyson before the party's primary to become its candidate for governor in the Virginia 1897 election (and Ellyson began the first of three terms as lieutenant governor). In the general election, voters elected <mask> Governor of Virginia. He won 64.59% of the vote, defeating Republican Patrick H. McCaull (who won 33.24% of the votes), as well as Prohibitionist L.A. Cutler, Socialist John J. Quantz, and Independent <mask>. Cowden.During his term as governor, <mask> reduced the public debt by more than a million dollars, but increased the public school fund by $21,000 and the literary fund by $68,000, and also reduced the tax rate from 40 to 30 cents. He also settled the boundary dispute between Tennessee and Virginia. After his governorship, <mask> returned to Radford, where he resumed farming and lived with his son Hal (Henry C.<mask> (who was serving as the local Commonwealth's attorney in 1910), and daughters Lily and Lucy. <mask> spent the last years of his life compiling The Family of Hoge, a genealogy of the descendants of <mask> and Barbara Hume, his great-great-great-grandparents and the American progenitors of the Hoge Family. A devout Presbyterian, <mask> was thrice elected to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. In 1892 he was a delegate to the Pan Presbyterian Alliance in Toronto, and in 1896 became a delegate to the convention in Glasgow, Scotland, where he presided over one of the sessions. He also served on the boards of trustees of Hampden–Sydney College, the Union Theological Seminary and the Synodical Orphans Home at Lynchburg.Death and legacy

Governor J.H<mask> died

masks:
James Taylor
Tyler
James S
Tyler
Tyler
) Tyler
Tyler
William Hoge
Tyler
. Tyler


texts:
 January 3, 1925 at Halwick (renamed Halwyck by subsequent owners of the property in the 1990s), which he built in 1892, and which his lawyer son Henry C<mask> and widowed daughter Lily Wilson helped run. He was buried in Radford at West View cemetery, where his widow would join him two years later. The Library of Virginia holds his papers. Halwyck (originally "Halwick") was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. His childhood home, Blenheim also exists, and Caroline County officials believe it eligible for similar treatment, but its private owners have not yet chosen to apply for that status, which would entail development restrictions. References

1846 births
1925 deaths
American genealogists
American people of English descent
Governors of Virginia
Lieutenant Governors of Virginia
Confederate States Army soldiers
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
American Presbyterians
People from Caroline County, Virginia
People from Pulaski County, Virginia
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Virginia Democrats
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Historians from Virginia
20th-century American male