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 Archbishop of Lyon, who was the French Ambassador in Rome, that Pierre de Bérulle might supply two Oratorian priests to the church of San Luigi to help raise standards.Chancellor Sillery obtained the King's agreement, and Pope Paul gave his, while Fr. Bérulle sent two priests from Paris. The Administrators of Saint Louis and the Chaplains, however, feared the loss of their posts, raised such strong opposition that the two Oratorian priests asked to be repatriated. The affair dragged on for six years, until Pope Paul put an end to it, but in the meantime Father Sponde, realizing the difficulty of his position, resigned and returned to France. In February 1615 Sponde is recorded as living in a house at the foot of Monte Pincio below Santissima Trinità del Monte, from which, on 26 January he visited the parishes of San Bartolommeo all'Isola, San Niccolò in Carcere, and Santa Maria in Cosmedin, trying to bring peace to warring factions. Bishop
In 1625 he was nominated Bishop of Pamiers by King Louis XIII, and approved in Consistory by Pope Urban VIII on 20 July 1626. As a mark of his special pleasure, the Pope ordered that Sponde's bulls be granted without the payment of the usual fees.He was consecrated a bishop in Rome on 16 August 1626 by the Archbishop of Lyon, Cardinal Denis de Marquemont, who had just been created a Cardinal in January. It is said that fourteen cardinals had bid for the honor of being the principal consecrator. He labored for the preservation of Catholicism and converted numerous Protestants. In March 1628 he was credited with having successfully persuaded the leaders of Pamiers to open the gates of the city to the King, despite the intentions of the Huguenots in the city to resist to


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 the death. On 26 May 1628, Pope Urban VIII wrote him a letter congratulating him on his return to his diocese after having been driven out by the Huguenots. In 1634 he was given his nephew, Jean de Sponde, to be his Coadjutor Bishop, with the expectation of succeeding his uncle. On 31 October 1634 Bishop <mask> wrote his Last Will and Testament.In 1638 he obtained an order in council of Louis XIII, granting him 60,000 livres over a period of ten years for the reconstruction of the cathedral and the bishop's residence. Owing to ill-health, he attempted to resign his diocese in 1639, and retired to Paris; the resignation, however, was not accepted. Jean succeeded to the bishopric in 1641, and <mask> left Paris and retired to Toulouse, but Jean died on 31 March 1643. Bishop <mask> Sponde died in Toulouse on 18 May 1643. He was buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Étienne. Works
His writings are:

 Annales ecclesiastici Cæsaris Baronii in Epitomen redacti (Paris, 1612)
 Annales sacri a mundi creatione ad ejusdem redemptionem (Paris, 1637), an epitome of the "Annals" of Agostino Tornielli
 Annalium Baronii continuatio ab a. 1197 quo is desinit ad a.1622 (Paris, 1639). References

Sources
 Frizon, Pierre, <mask> Spondani in:

 Ott, Michael (1912). "<mask>ndanus". In: The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2017-11-22. [an inept condensation of Frizon]
  [an epitome of Frizon]

  [= Histoire des évêques de Pamiers, 4]

External links

Acknowledgment

1568 births
1643 deaths
People from Navarre
People from Soule
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
French jurists
French historians
Bishops of Pamiers
French male non-fiction writers
16th-century jurists
17th-century

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<mask> (2 March 1921 – 21 November 1997) was an English composer, as well as a long-serving BBC producer and broadcaster. He is best known for his orchestral and chamber music (particularly those in the key classical forms: 11 symphonies and 15 string quartets), and for his writings on the music of Beethoven, Bruckner, Nielsen and Sibelius. He studied composition under Herbert Howells. Remarkably for a living contemporary composer, a Robert Simpson Society was formed in 1980 by individuals concerned that <mask>'s music had been unfairly neglected. The society aims to bring <mask>'s music to a wider public by sponsoring recordings and live performances of his work, by issuing a journal and other publications, and by maintaining an archive of material relating to the composer. In 2021, he was featured as Composer of the Week on BBC Radio 3. Biography
<mask> was born in Leamington, Warwickshire.His father, <mask> <mask>, was a descendant of Sir James Young <mask>, the Scottish pioneer of anaesthetics; his mother, Helena Hendrika Govaars, was the daughter of Gerrit Govaars, founder of the , the Dutch arm of the Salvation Army. <mask> studied at Westminster School. He was intended for a medical career and studied in London for two years before his determination to be a musician gained the upper hand. A conscientious objector in World War II, he served with an ARP mobile surgical unit during the London Blitz, while taking lessons from Herbert Howells. Howells persuaded him to take the Durham University Bachelor of

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texts: Music degree, and in 1952 he gained the further degree of Doctor of Music from that university, the submitted work being his First Symphony. After the war <mask> lectured extensively and founded the Exploratory Concerts Society; in 1951 he joined the music staff of the BBC and became one of its best-known and most respected music producers, remaining with the corporation for nearly three decades. <mask> was a great champion of Havergal Brian's music, and under the BBC's auspices he produced many broadcasts featuring Brian's works.These included the mammoth "Gothic" Symphony in 1966 under Sir Adrian Boult, and in 1973 the 28th Symphony under Leopold Stokowski who, at the age of 91, was premiering a work written by a 91-year-old composer. In the latter part of his career as a BBC producer <mask> frequently clashed with the management of the organisation. In the 1970s he was one of those – Hans Keller and Deryck Cooke were others – who started the (unsuccessful) revolt against the report Broadcasting in the Seventies and its plan for "generic broadcasting" (i.e. separate networks for pop, classical and speech). A decade later <mask> was energetic in his opposition to a cost-cutting reorganisation that ultimately proposed the decommissioning of five of the eleven BBC orchestras. During the ensuing musicians' strike (which caused the cancellation of the first several weeks of the 1980 BBC Promenade Concerts) <mask> chose to disregard BBC staff regulations and discuss the matter with a national newspaper; he then

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texts: resigned from the corporation, publicly alleging a "degeneration of traditional BBC values in the scramble for ratings". (Hans Keller later described these criticisms as "demonstrable fact".)Had <mask> remained silent for a few more months he would have been able to retire with a full pension, but his feeling was that such a course would have compromised his principles. Abominating the ethos of Thatcherite Britain, in 1986 he moved to the Republic of Ireland, settling on Tralee Bay in Kerry. In 1991, he suffered a severe stroke during an English lecture tour, which caused damage to the thalamus and left him in debilitating pain for the remaining six years of his life. He died in Tralee in 1997, aged 76. <mask> married Bessie Fraser in 1946; she died in 1981, and the following year he married Angela Musgrave, a fellow BBC employee and relative of composer Thea Musgrave. His other great passions, outside music, were astronomy (he was a member of the British Astronomical Association and – unusually for an amateur – was made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society) and pacifism, specifically addressed in the title of his Tenth String Quartet, For Peace. He was awarded many honours, including the Carl Nielsen Gold Medal, 1956 (for his book Carl Nielsen, Symphonist, published in 1952), and the Medal of Honor of the Bruckner Society of America, 1962.He refused appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1980. In his letter of rejection, he wrote: "While I am most appreciative of the intended

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 honour, it could not properly be accepted by a determined republican in whom memory of the British Empire arouses no nostalgia." Politically, he was a lifelong socialist. Music

Dedicated as he was to renewing the classical tradition of a dynamic musical architecture built on the gravitational power of tonality, <mask> wrote very few small or occasional works and concentrated on large-scale genres. He wrote 11 symphonies as well as concertos for violin, piano, flute and cello. (The Violin Concerto was subsequently withdrawn.) His extensive output of chamber music comprised 15 string quartets, two string quintets, a clarinet quintet, piano trio, clarinet trio, horn trio, violin sonata and a number of non-standard chamber ensemble works as well as works for piano, a sonata for two pianos, and a major organ work entitled  (after the famous remark attributed to Galileo).He tended to avoid vocal music but his output includes two motets. Variation form was important to him, and in addition to variation-movements on his own themes he composed orchestral variations on themes of Nielsen and Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as a set of piano variations on a palindromic theme by Haydn to which he returned in his large-scale String Quartet No. 9, which is a series of 32 variations and a fugue on the same Haydn theme. String Quartets Nos. 4–6 can be regarded as variations upon the compositional processes, rather than the themes, of Beethoven's three Rasumovsky Quartets, Op. 59. Two significant features of <mask>'s oeuvre are


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 his ability to write long works entirely based on a single basic pulse, with faster or slower tempi being suggested by smaller or larger note-values, and the establishment of a dynamic tension between competing tonalities or intervals.Symphonies
"People who write symphonies do it because they feel able to: a lot of those who don't tell everyone else the symphony is dead ... The trouble is that the symphony as an abstraction does not exist: there may be exhausted symphonies and exhausted composers, but the response to a challenge to one's capacity for large-scale organisation and development – that can be exhausted only in individuals." <mask> is said to have written and destroyed four symphonies (one of which even used serial procedures) before his first published symphony. The official, published symphonies include the following:
 Symphony No. 1 (1951), doctorate thesis for the University of Durham
 Symphony No. 2 (1955–1956), dedicated to Anthony Bernard
 Symphony No. 3 (1962), dedicated to Havergal Brian
 Symphony No.4 (1970–1972), commissioned by the Hallé Orchestra
 Symphony No. 5 (1972), dedicated to the London Symphony Orchestra
 Symphony No. 6 (1977), dedicated to the renowned gynaecologist Ian Craft
 Symphony No. 7 (1977), dedicated to Hans Keller and his wife, the artist Milein Cosman
 Symphony No. 8 (1981), dedicated to the painter Anthony Dorrell
 Symphony No. 9 (1985–1987), dedicated to his wife, Angela
 Symphony No. 10 (1988), dedicated to Vernon Handley
 Symphony No.11 (1990), dedicated to


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 Matthew Taylor

From 1987 to 1996 Vernon Handley recorded all but one of the symphonies for Hyperion Records, with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (in 1, 3, 5 and 8), the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra (2, 4 and 9) and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra (6, 7 and 10). The cycle was completed in 2003 when No. 11 was recorded by its dedicatee, Matthew Taylor, conducting the City of London Sinfonia. Concertos
 Violin Concerto (1959) A work of some forty minutes, dedicated to the violinist Ernest Element, withdrawn by the composer late in his life. <mask> had considered revising the work, and Matthew Taylor has reworked the composition to fulfil <mask>'s original intentions. Piano Concerto (1967) A one-movement twenty-minute work, falling into several sections and written for the pianist John Ogdon. The concerto is one of his most big-hearted and instantly accessible scores.Flute Concerto (1989) A one movement work of twenty-five minutes duration, commissioned by and dedicated to the flautist Susan Milan. The work embraces a calmness in the manner of Symphony No. 11. Cello Concerto (1991) A one-movement variation-form work of twenty-three minutes duration, commissioned by and dedicated to the cellist Raphael Wallfisch. The work begins vigorously and ends in an atmosphere of contemplative mystery. Quartets
<mask> composed 15 numbered string quartets; a quartet preceding this sequence was written as part of his course at Durham University and still exists there. He regarded Quartets Nos.1–3 as forming a

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texts: natural sequence, and Nos. 4–6 are a clearly distinct group related to three Beethoven quartets, though they can all be performed as entirely independent compositions. The second movement of No. 8 has the label Eretmapodites gilletti, and the quartet is dedicated to two people including the discoverer of the mosquito with that scientific name; the ninth quartet, from 1982, is a one-movement (but subdivided, with slow and scherzando sections) palindromic 32 Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Haydn; Number 10 is entitled "For Peace". (See the article by Malcolm MacDonald in the External Links.) In programme notes for a recital consisting of quartets nos. 1–3 at the Arts Council of Great Britain building in London SW1 on 11 February 1955, <mask> wrote that "although they were not consciously designed as a group, they nevertheless seem to fall into a natural sequence".In construction and tonality there are elements of an overall symmetry encompassing the three works. String Quartet No. 1 (1951–52) is in two movements, quick and slow; the second movement is a set of variations on a palindromic theme stated by the viola. There is a power-struggle by the opposed tonal centres of E flat and A: E flat is the focus of the first movement and beats off the challenge of A, the second movement theme starts and ends in E flat with a central climax in A; the variations work round to A major, in which key the work ends. The quartet is dedicated to George Enescu. String Quartet No. 2 (1953) is the shortest of all <mask>'s


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 quartets, playing for about 15 minutes.It is cast in a single movement and a single metronome mark, within which three themes (and three tempi) contest for dominance. String Quartet No. 3 (1953–54) is in two movements, slow and quick: an Adagio in C major and a pulsing Allegro deciso that works round to an affirmative E major. (<mask> made a transcription of this movement as an independent piece for full string orchestra.) <mask> stated that String Quartets Nos. 4–6, which are on a much larger scale than Nos. 1–3, constituted "a close study of Beethoven's three Rasumovsky quartets, Op.59; that is to say, the attempt to understand those great works resulted in, not a verbal analysis, but music". The three <mask> quartets offer, in his own idiom, "musical analogies" to the procedures of Beethoven's three quartets, but they can be performed without reference to the Beethoven and indeed without reference to each other. String Quartet No. 4 (1973)
 is dedicated to Basil Lam. The four movements – an Allegro, a Presto scherzo, an Andante sosteunto slow movement joining on without a break to an Assai vivace finale – correspond to the layout of Beethoven's op.59 no.1. String Quartet No. 5 (1974)
 is dedicated to Angela Musgrave, who became the composer's second wife.The four movements – an Allegro molto with a written-out literal repeat of the exposition, an Adagio, sempre semplice, an Allegretto vivace and a whirlwind Prestissimo finale – correspond to the layout of Beethoven's Op. 59, No. 2. String Quartet No. 6


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 (1975)
 is dedicated to the film-maker Barrie Gavin and his wife Jamila. Of the four movements, the first begins with an Adagio introduction exploring an enigmatic harmony, prefacing a large-scale Vivacissimo; the second is an intermezzo-like Con moto; grazioso ed intensivo, the third a complex Canon marked Molto tranquillo with an Allegretto grazioso middle section, and the finale is marked Molto rapido – these correspond to the layout of Beethoven's op.59 no.3, which begins with a slow introduction exploring a particular harmony and includes an archaic form (a Minuet) as its third movement. Quartets Nos.7 and 8 both explore the possibilities of the perfect fifth in shaping their themes, harmonies and tonalities. String Quartet No. 7 (1977)
 is dedicated to the organist Susi Jeans and written in celebration of the birth-centenary of her husband, the astronomer Sir James Jeans. The work is in a single movement and makes much use of the open strings of the instruments, whose tuning <mask> likened to the forces of gravitation. This leads the work to revolve around the circle of fifths. The slow opening Tranquillo and closing Tempo primo enclose a fast section, Vivace, intended to represent the pulsing energy of the universe. String Quartet No.8 (1979)
 is dedicated to the biologist and entomologist J.D. Gillett and his wife. There are four movements, the tonality of each being a fifth higher than that of its predecessor. The first is a large-scale fugue, Grave, molto intensivo, the second is a brief scherzo


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 (Molto vivace), 'suggesting the formidable delicacy' of the mosquito Eretmapodites Gilletti. The third is an intermezzo, Allegretto grazioso, played with mutes. The finale is a strenuous Risoluto e concentrato to balance the first movement. String Quartet No.9 (1982)
 is subtitled 32 Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Haydn and was dedicated to the Delmé Quartet, who commissioned it, on their 20th anniversary, which was also the 250th anniversary of the birth of Haydn. At about 57 minutes' duration, it is one of the longest continuous movements for string quartet ever written. The theme is the palindromic minuet which Haydn used in his Symphony No. 47 and Piano Sonata No.26. <mask> had already composed a set of piano variations on this minuet in 1948, and three of those variations are transcribed as variations I-III of the quartet. The 32 quartet variations take <mask>'s fascination with formal symmetry to a new extreme, though they are grouped to correspond to first movement, scherzo and slow movement. The free-form fugue forms the finale, gaining energy and speed as it proceeds.String Quartet No. 10 (1983)
 bears the title For Peace and was composed for the tenth anniversary of the Coull Quartet. <mask> said that the title "refers to its generally pacific character ... The music ... tries to define the condition of peace. This excludes aggression but not strong feeling." The three movements are a serene Allegretto, a very short Prestissimo scherzo and a concluding Molto adagio, longer than the other two


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 movements combined, which climaxes in a fugue and ends in a peaceful epilogue. String Quartet No.11 (1984)
 was also written for the Coull Quartet and shares some material with No. 10, but is much more turbulent and intense in character: <mask> said he was conscious of the influence of Beethoven's F minor Quartet, Op.95 in this work. Quartet No. 11 is in a single large movement and is concerned with salient intervals including the tritone and the major third. An opening Allegro molto is followed by a polyphonic Adagio, a large-scale Scherzo (Presto) and a concluding Molto adagio played pianissimo throughout. String Quartet No. 12 (1987)
 was commissioned for the 1988 Nottingham Festival.This work is in two large movements, a meditative and polyphonic Adagio and a Molto vivace combining the characters of scherzo and finale. String Quartet No. 13 (1989)
 was commissioned for the 1990 Cardiff Festival and was premiered there by the Delmé Quartet. It is dedicated to the BBC producer Graham Melville-Mason and his wife Alex. This is the shortest of <mask>'s later quartets (only No. 2 is shorter) and is in four concise movements, played without any break, in a fast-slow-fast-slow pattern. String Quartet No.14 (1990)
 is a large-scale work in the traditional four movements. The slow movement has been particularly praised for its meditative beauty. String Quartet No. 15 (1991)
  is a shorter work in one movement with three contrasting sections, an Adagio introduction and an Allegretto finale framing a large central


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 scherzo, marked Severo. The character of this quartet is turbulent and granitic, rather in the manner of String Quartet No. 11. Other chamber music
 Clarinet Quintet (1968)
 This is a large-scale work in five movements forming an arch shape – a central scherzo of some 800 bars is framed by two slow movements, which themselves are framed by two outer fast movements.The arch shape is completed by a slow introduction and a slow coda. The entire basis of the material for the work is outlined in the opening introduction, with the main theme having some sort of parallel with Beethoven's C sharp minor quartet. It is one of <mask>'s more subtle and enigmatic scores, with an epilogue of almost naive, diatonic fluidity and rising scales. Violin Sonata (1984)
 This is a two movement structure, the first movement a vigorous Allegro, and the second combining the characters of a slow movement, scherzo and finale. Throughout there is a conflict between G major and G minor – particularly guided by the intervals of a major third and a minor third, which are often combined and pushed against each other to create strange resonances – for example G to B flat in the low register of the piano, and B natural to D in the upper register. String Trio (1987)
 A three movement work. An opening Prelude (Presto) and a concluding Fugue (Volante) are separated by a central Adagio.It is dedicated to Jillian White of BBC Bristol. String Quintet No. 1 (1987)
 A long one-movement work alternating slow and fast sections. It contains some of the


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 most peaceful music the composer ever wrote. String Quintet No. 2 (1995)
 This was <mask>'s final work. Most of it was completed in 1991, before <mask> was paralysed with a stroke that left him in permanent pain, but the final coda was dictated to his wife several years later.It is one of <mask>'s most severe and dark scores, its structure is built on a minimal amount of material and there is an alternation between two tempo types – an austere, lyrical moderato and a knotty allegro. The slow, final coda is one of the darkest endings in all string chamber music literature. Compositions for brass band
 Energy (1971), Test Piece, Brass Band World Championships
 Volcano (1979), Test Piece, National Brass Band Championships of Britain
 The Four Temperaments, Suite for Brass Band (1983). The composer also re-orchestrated this work for orchestral brass. Introduction and Allegro on a Bass of Max Reger (1987)
 Vortex (1989)

Compositions for keyboard instruments
 Piano Sonata (1946)
 Variations and Finale on a Theme of Haydn for solo piano (1948)
 Michael Tippett, His Mystery for solo piano (1984)
 Eppur si muove, Ricercar and Passacaglia for organ (1985)
 Variations and Finale on a Theme by Beethoven for solo piano (1990)
 Sonata for Two Pianos (1980 rev. 1990)

Books and articles
As a writer on music (he would have disavowed the title 'musicologist'), <mask> was guided by his deep admiration for Tovey's ability to discuss a composer's sophisticated treatment of forms and keys in a manner that was accurate and

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 incisive without ever alienating the non-specialist reader. His earliest published writings were as a reviewer and critic; but before long his focus had shifted towards being an advocate for widely unappreciated or misunderstood composers like Anton Bruckner, Carl Nielsen and Jean Sibelius, as well as to the analysis of better-known figures (such as Beethoven) whenever he felt able to illuminate their work from a composer's perspective.His writings can usefully be divided into five categories: (i) books written by <mask>; (ii) books edited by <mask>; (iii) contributions to other books and collections; (iv) posthumous collections of articles; (v) individual articles, programme- and sleeve-notes, etc. Authored by <mask>
 Carl Nielsen: Symphonist (1952, rev. 1979). Bruckner and the Symphony (1963). Sibelius and Nielsen: a Centenary Essay (1965). The Essence of Bruckner: An Essay Towards the Understanding of his Music (1966; revised edition, 1992). Beethoven Symphonies (1970).The Proms and Natural Justice: A Plan for Renewal (with foreword by Sir Adrian Boult; 1980). <mask> on Beethoven: Essays, Lectures and Talks by R<mask>, Selected and Edited by Lionel Pike (1996)

Edited by <mask>
 The Symphony (2 Vols; Ed. R. <mask>; 1966). Besides writing the 'Introduction' to the first volume and the preludial essay 'Stravinsky, Hindemith and Others' of the second, <mask> added several pithy editorial footnotes to the chapters of his contributors. In addition, he wrote the essay on Rachmaninoff found in Volume 2. The

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 chapters on Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms, and Dvořák were written by composer and conductor Julius Harrison, and the two-volume work is dedicated to Harrison's name. Contributions
 'Ianus Germinus: Music in Scandinavia' (1960), in Twentieth Century Music – an International Symposium of Essays on Current Trends in Music, Ed.R. Meyers. (1960; reissued 1968). Foreword to: Beethoven, Sibelius and the 'Profound Logic': Studies in Symphonic Analysis", by Lionel Pike (1978). 'Beethoven Concertos', in A Guide to the Concerto, Ed. <mask> (1988)
 'Carl Nielsen Now: A Personal View', in The Nielsen Companion, Ed. Mina F. Miller (1995). Foreword to: Experiencing Music (Musicians on Music, No.5), by Vagn Holmboe, Ed. and Trans. Paul Rapoport (1991). Various pieces
 'The Seventh Symphony of Bruckner: An Analysis' Music Review (1947): 178–187. 'More Reflections (After Composition)', Tempo No 144 (1983). Programme note for British premiere of original 1873 edition of Bruckner's Symphony No 3, Royal Philharmonic Society (9 December 1987). Program Notes for the Vanbrugh Quartet's Beethoven String Quartet cycle (19??).Sleeve notes for the Delme Quartet's recording of Bach's 'Die Kunst der Fuge' arr. R<mask> (19??). 'Fiftieth Birthday Essays': A Tribute to <mask>, with articles by Jascha Horenstein, <mask>, Hans Keller, Hugh Ottoway, Peter Dobson and Ainslee Cox. Edited by Edward Johnson for Triad Press (1971). Work as record producer
<mask> was also the producer for the first commercially available recordings of Havergal

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 Brian’s music. Symphonies Nos. 10 and 21, conducted by James Loughran and Eric Pinkett respectively, were recorded at the De Montfort Hall, Leicester in 1972.The music was performed by the Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra and the LP was released by Unicorn Records to great critical acclaim in 1973. A special edition of the television programme Aquarius called The Unknown Warrior gave considerable coverage to the recording session and a camera crew also joined <mask> and members of the orchestra during a visit they made to the composer's home in Shoreham (see video links below). Following the success of the Unicorn issue, a second Brian album, also produced by <mask>, was recorded by the LSSO in 1974 at Hove Town Hall and Leicester De Montfort Hall with the conducting being shared by László Heltay and Eric Pinkett. This CBS release included the 22nd Symphony, Brian's setting of the 23rd Psalm (which clearly belongs to the mainstream British choral tradition of Vaughan Williams and Parry) and the English Suite Rustic Scenes which contains some highly original music. Writings

References

Further reading

External links
 Robert Simpson Society discography, bibliography and biographical information with a members' forum
 Article about <mask> by Malcolm MacDonald
 <mask> interview, 5 January 1991

1921 births
1997 deaths
Alumni of Durham University
English conscientious objectors
English classical composers
English musicologists
English pacifists
People from Leamington Spa
People educated at Westminster

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 School, London
20th-century British astronomers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century English composers
English male classical composers
Brass band composers
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
English people of Dutch descent
English people of Scottish descent
Civil Defence Service personnel
British expatriates in Ireland
20th-century musicologists
20th-century British male musicians
English republicans
English


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<mask> (1944 – 28 September 1987) was an Iranian Shi'a cleric who was defrocked by the Special Clerical Court. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution, he became a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards; he was executed by the Islamic Republic in its first decade. Officially he was guilty of sedition, murder, and related charges, but others suspect his true crime was opposition to the regime's secret dealings with the United States (see Iran–Contra affair). Background
<mask> was born in Qahderijan, near Isfahan, in 1944 to a well-established clerical family. <mask> was the brother of <mask>, Ayatollah Montazeri's son-in-law. In addition, he was the close confidant of Ayatollah Montazeri's son, Mohammad. <mask>avi dynasty in 1977 when SAVAK arrested him for the vigilante murder of "prostitutes, homosexuals, and drug traffickers".He was also accused of murdering a conservative cleric who had publicly insulted cleric khomeini, the Grand Ayatollah. During this time he was supported by opponents of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as an innocent victim framed by SAVAK, in an attempt "to tarnish the reputation of the clerical establishment." Upon his release from prison by the successor security agency SAVAMA, following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, <mask> was celebrated as a "religious hero." He remained associated with Ayatollah Montazeri, and after the Ayatollah's son and his friend, Mohammad, died in the bombing of the Islamic Republican Party headquarters in 1981, <mask> <mask> took control of Montazeri's armed followers. He followed Montazeri's interpretations of the Islamic revolution and its implementation during increasingly fractious and competing understandings within the ruling elite, which sought to circumscribe Montazeri's influence in Lebanon, and tighten the Iranian government's grip on its Lebanese Shi'a clients. This led to factional conflicts, as different Iranian factions promoted Hezbollah or Amal, another Shi'a group associated with the

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 Lebanese government. According to several sources, he came to head the liberation movements unit in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, dealing with other minority Shi'a communities, including Lebanon's Hezbollah, then fighting the Israeli invasion, and Afghan mujahideen units, then fighting the Soviet–Afghan War.Some sources say <mask> ran an organization out of Montazeri's office which sought to export the Islamic revolution to other Shi'a areas; other sources say he was in charge of the "Bureau of Assistance to the Islamic Movements in the World", which was tasked with spreading the Islamic Revolution throughout the Middle East. Opposition to arms dealing with the US
<mask> opposed the Iranian government's efforts to obtain scarce weapons and spares for the Iran–Iraq War from the United States and Israel, and provide assistance to the Reagan Administration in releasing US citizens held hostage by Hezbollah in Lebanon. He leaked news of the dealings to the Lebanese news magazine Ash-Shiraa. The appearance of the story in the magazine's 3 November 1986 issue triggered a scandal in both Iran and the United States, as American government policy forbade selling weapons to Iran, and in Iran, America was condemned as "the Great Satan" and Israel as the "Little Satan". The dealings were known in the Western world initially as the "Irangate" "arms for hostages" scandal, or with the later diversion of funds, as the Iran-Contra Affair. Arrest
After <mask>'s followers kidnapped a Syrian official in Tehran in October 1986, and shortly before the public exposure of the Irangate scandal, the Iranian government announced <mask> had been arrested for treason along with 40 associates including his brother Hadi <mask>. He was stripped of his Hujjat al-islam title.His prosecution was handled by the Mohammad Reyshahri, the former judge of the military tribunals who had recently been appointed minister of intelligence. According to Reysharhri's Political Memoirs, Hashemi

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 had powerful patrons, and after a month-long investigation, all the interrogators "had obtained was a taped interview in which the wise guy [<mask> Hashemi] had cleverly planted deviant ideas." However many more months of "thorough" interrogation of Hashemi including the application of 75 lashes for lying, and confrontation with "damaging confessions" from his 40 accomplices including his brother, produced more. After eight months and three different taped interviews Hashemi produced a taped confession aired on national television and headlined in newspapers as "I am Manifest Proof of Deviation." In it he confessed to "storing weapons, forging documents, criticizing the government, and sowing dissension among seminary students" and the revolutionary guards. Answering his own question of why he had done these things he explained that "carnal instincts" (nafsaniyat) had enticed him into "illicit relations" (ravabat) with SAVAK and Satan. In regards to his work in Montazeri's bureau of assistance to the Islamic movements, in the world he said:
I now realize that despicable sinners like myself had no business inside the heir-designate's office.I thank God that I have been removed from that office. and pleaded with those who shared his "deviant ideas to return to the correct path..."

Khomeini revived the Special Clerical Court in 1987, particularly to try Hashemi. In August 1987, after the confession was made public, Hashemi was tried by a Special Clerical Court on charges of "sowing corruption on earth, inciting fitna, succumbing to Satan, and desecrating the martyrs of the Islamic Revolution." Specifically, according to Reyshahri, that meant raiding and abetting the Mojahedin having an ongoing relationship with SAVAK, smuggling opium from Afghanistan and eliminating one of Montazeri's rivals by "inducing the spread of cancer through his body." At the same time, Reyshahri took the opportunity to deny the "insidious notion" that Hashemi was being punished


texts:
 because of his opposition to the McFarlane visit: "Those spreading this false rumor are helping the Black House [the White House]." Evidence that Hashemi was tortured to confess comes from an unsympathetic source. An anonymous Iranian author of a prison memoir described how all political prisoners in Iran at that time were under intense pressure to denounce their former political beliefs and comrades and as a result, they often "carefully scrutinized" the numerous video confessions of other prisoners prison officials played for the prisoners "to figure out which speakers had capitulated without much resistance and which had resisted to their utmost."Though mortal ideological enemies of Hashemi, when the author and her fellow leftists saw Hashemi on video, they "spontaneously said to themselves, 'He must have suffered unbearable tortures.'" Execution
<mask> was executed in Tehran in September 1987 before his verdict was announced. This was reportedly done to preclude the intervention on <mask>'s behalf by Montazeri, according to prosecutor Reyshahri. The execution was a blow to Ayatollah Montazeri, who had pleaded with Ayatollah Khomeini on Hashemi's behalf saying he had "known him inside out since our childhood. He is a devout Muslim, a militant revolutionary, and a great admirer of the Imam." On another note, one of Hashemi's few dozen co-defendants, Omid Najafabadi, who was a Revolutionary Court judge and the religious jurisprudent, or Hakem-e-Shaar, of Esfahan, was also executed; the others were all pardoned or given light sentences. References

External links
 video of trial after torture
 video of trial after torture
 video of trial after torture
 videos of trial after torture

20th-century executions by Iran
20th-century Iranian politicians
1944 births
1987 deaths
Executed Iranian people
Executed politicians
Iranian Shia Muslims
Iran–Contra affair
Islamic Republican Party politicians
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps officers
People from

masks: Hashemi Hashemi


texts:
<mask> (13 June 1911 – 12 May 1960), known as <mask>, was a Pakistani diplomat. He was the son of the <mask>, and the father of <mask> IV. A socialite, racehorse owner and jockey, he was the third husband of actress Rita Hayworth. After being passed over for succession as <mask>, he served as the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations from 1958 to 1960, where he became a vice president of the General Assembly. His first name was typically spelled "<mask>" in the press. The titles of prince and princess, which are claimed by children of the <mask> by virtue of their descent from the Qajar king Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty, were recognized as courtesy titles by the British government in 1938. Birth and education

<mask> was born in Turin, Italy, the younger son and only surviving child of the <mask> and Cleope Teresa "Ginetta" Magliano.His father was born in Karachi, British India (now in modern-day Pakistan). His mother was Italian. His paternal grandfather was born in Iran. He had two brothers: Prince Giuseppe Mahdi Aga <mask> (who died in 1911) and, by his father's third marriage, Sadruddin Aga <mask>. <mask> <mask> was educated by private tutors in India and France during his childhood. He later trained in England as a lawyer. Military service and honours
In 1939, Prince <mask> Aga <mask> joined the French Foreign Legion and served with its cavalry division in Egypt and the Middle East.In 1940, he joined the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry, becoming a lieutenant colonel in 1944. That same year, he participated in the Allied landing in the south of France with the United States Seventh Army, serving as a liaison officer with the rank of captain; for this, he was made an officer in the Legion of Honour in 1950. He also was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the United States Bronze Star Medal. <mask> <mask>

masks:
Prince Ali Salman Aga Khan
Aly Khan
Aga Khan III
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aly
Aga Khan
Aly Khan
Aga Khan III
Khan
Khan
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan
Prince Aly
Khan


texts:
 was installed as the 1st Colonel of the Regiment of the newly raised 4 Cavalry Regiment (1 November 1956), Pakistani Army in a military ceremony during 1957 and he retained this honor until his death. Ambassador of Pakistan to the United Nations
In November 1957 <mask> <mask> met President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan and was offered a post as the country's Ambassador to the United Nations. The formal announcement of the appointment was made on 6 February 1958. As a member of the United Nations Political and Security Committee representing Pakistan, <mask> <mask>'s brief U.N. posting was viewed with surprise by many observers, some of whom considered him "the Asian-African answer to Irene Dunne", an American movie star not known for her political skills, Dunne had recently been designated a member of the United States delegation at General Assembly, largely in recognition of her Republican fundraising efforts.He was elected as vice president of the United Nations General Assembly on 17 September 1958 and also served as chairman of the U.N.'s Peace Observation Committee. Personal life
Prince <mask> <mask> was famously a man-about-town in his youth. "I had been involved with several women", he gamely told a reporter when asked about his life. His list of affairs included high-profile lovers such as the British debutante Margaret Whigham, later Duchess of Argyll, and Thelma, Viscountess Furness, an American who was simultaneously involved with the Prince of Wales. Of his first wife, he remarked, "I was tired of trouble. Joan was a sane and solid girl, and I thought if I married her, I would stay out of trouble." First marriage
<mask> <mask> was named co-respondent in the Guinness v Guinness and <mask> divorce suit between Loel Guinness and his wife Joan Barbara Guinness.Joan Barbara Guinness (née Yarde-Buller, 1908–1997) was the

masks: Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Khan


texts:
 daughter of John Reginald Lopes Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston and the wife of Group Capt. Thomas Loel Guinness, a member of Parliament and a member of the family which built the vast Guinness breweries conglomerate. In 1935, Thomas Loel Guinness filed a suit for divorce against his wife, naming <mask> <mask> as the “third party” and citing as evidence the fact that his wife and <mask> <mask> had occupied a hotel room together from 17 May until 20 May 1935, and that his wife had told him that she "had formed an attachment for (<mask> <mask>) and desired her husband to divorce her". The case was uncontested, and <mask> <mask> was ordered to pay all costs. <mask> <mask> and Joan Barbara Guinness were married in Paris on 18 May 1936, a few days after Joan Guinness's divorce became absolute. Before the wedding, the bride converted to Islam and took the name Taj-ud-dawlah or "crown of the realm". The couple's first child, Prince Karim, was born in Geneva seven months later, on 13 December 1936, and is said to have been a premature child.The couple also had a second son, Prince Amyn Muhammad Aga <mask>, who was also born premature at seven months the following year. Joan Barbara also had a son by her previous marriage, Patrick Guinness. <mask> <mask> and Joan Barbara were divorced in 1949, in part due to his extramarital affairs with, among others, Pamela Churchill. After the divorce, Joan Barbara became the longtime mistress and eventual wife of the newspaper magnate Seymour Berry, 2nd Viscount Camrose. The American actress Rita Hayworth married <mask> <mask> within weeks of his divorce. Second marriage and divorce

On 27 May (civil) and 28 May (religious) 1949, in Cannes, France, <mask> <mask> married American film star Rita Hayworth, who left her film career to marry him. <mask> <mask> and his family were heavily involved in horse

masks: Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan Aly Khan


texts: racing, owning and racing horses.Hayworth had no interest in the sport, but became a member of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club anyway. Her filly, Double Rose, won several races in France and finished second in the 1949 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. In 1951, while still married to Hayworth, <mask> was spotted dancing with the actress Joan Fontaine in the nightclub where he and his wife had met. Hayworth threatened to divorce him in Reno, Nevada, US. In early May, Hayworth moved to Nevada to establish legal residence to qualify for a divorce. She stayed at Lake Tahoe, Nevada with their daughter, saying there was a threat the child would be kidnapped. Hayworth filed for divorce from <mask> on 2 September 1951, on the grounds of "extreme cruelty, entirely mental in nature."Hayworth once said she might convert to Islam, but did not. During the custody fight over their daughter, Princess Yasmin Aga <mask>, born , the Prince said he wanted her raised as a Muslim; Hayworth (who had been raised a Roman Catholic) wanted the child to be a Christian. <mask> <mask> and Rita Hayworth divorced in 1953. Hayworth rejected his offer of $1,000,000 if she would raise Yasmin in the Muslim faith from age seven and allow her to go to Europe to visit with him for two or three months each year. "Nothing will make me give up Yasmin's chance to live here in America among our precious freedoms and habits," declared Hayworth. "While I respect the Muslim faith and all other faiths it is my earnest wish that my daughter be raised as a normal, healthy American girl in the Christian faith. There isn't any amount of money in the entire world for which it is worth sacrificing this child's privilege of living as a normal Christian girl here in the United States.There just isn't anything else in the world that can compare with her sacred chance to do that. And I'm going

masks: Khan Khan Khan Aly Khan


texts:
 to give it to Yasmin regardless of what it costs." Engagement
While still married to Rita Hayworth, <mask> began a relationship with American film and stage actress Gene Tierney, whom he was engaged to marry in 1952; while Gene mentioned their engagement a few times, it was never formally announced. His father, however, strongly opposed the union with another Hollywood actress. After a year-long engagement, Tierney separated from the Prince and moved back to the United States to tend to her mental health. In the late 1950s <mask> was known to start dating the fashion model Simone Micheline Bodin (who called herself Bettina Graziani). She was persuaded by Prince <mask> <mask> to retire from modelling and settle down.By the 1960s Bettina and Prince were engaged and expecting a child, whom she miscarried after being in a car accident. Inheritance Skips a Generation
On 12 July 1957, upon the reading of the will of the Aga <mask> III, <mask> <mask>'s eldest son, Karim Aga <mask>, then a junior at Harvard University, was named Aga <mask> IV and 49th Imam of the Ismailis. It was the first time that the descent from father to son was circumvented in the community's 1,300-year history. According to the Aga <mask>'s will, a statement of which was presented to the press by his secretary:
"In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes that have taken place, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Shia Muslim Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office." Racehorse owner and breeder

<mask> <mask> was a famous owner and breeder of racehorses in France, England and

masks:
Khan
Aly
Aly
Khan
Khan
Aly
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Prince Aly
Khan


texts:
 Ireland. Noel Murless the Champion Trainer on multiple occasions in England told his biographer 'Apart from his immense charm, <mask> was also highly intelligent, a first-class judge of a horse and of form and breeding. It is probably fair to say that, with his experience of international racing, he was the best judge of collateral form in the world, and his flair for pedigrees was unique.Death

On 12 May 1960, a little more than two years after his appointment as Pakistan's Ambassador to the UN, <mask> <mask> sustained catastrophic head injuries in an automobile accident in Suresnes, France, a suburb of Paris, when the car he was driving collided with another vehicle at the intersection of boulevard Henri Sellier and rue du Mont Valerien, while he and his pregnant fiancée, Bettina, were heading to a party. He died shortly afterward at Foch Hospital (in Suresnes). Bettina survived with a minor injury to her forehead, though the shock of the accident would result in a miscarriage. The prince's chauffeur, who was in the back seat, also survived, as did the driver of the oncoming car. <mask> <mask> was buried on the grounds of Château de l'Horizon, his home in the south of France, where it was intended that he would remain until a mausoleum was built for him in Syria. His remains were removed to Damascus, Syria, on 11 July 1972, and he was reinterred in Salamiyah, Syria. His fortune went almost entirely to his children, although Bettina received a $US280,000 bequest.Icon of popular culture
Due to his well-publicized romances, Prince <mask> <mask> was mentioned in a verse of Noël Coward's 1950s lyrics for Cole Porter's 1928 song "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love": "Monkeys whenever you look do it / <mask> <mask> and King Farouk do it/Let's do it, let's fall in love." Lucille P. Markey, owner of Calumet Farm Thoroughbred racing

masks:
Prince Aly
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan


texts:
 stable in Lexington, KY, named one of her outstanding colts, "<mask>ar" in his honor because she always addressed the prince as, "Aly Darling". In the 20 May 2012 episode of Mad Men, Don Draper mentions that he thought Joan Harris was seeing <mask> <mask>, given the frequency of flower deliveries to her office. In a Honeymooners episode titled "The Golfer", which first aired on 15 October 1955, Alice Kramden — when asked about the whereabouts of her husband Ralph — facetiously exclaims, "He's out tiger hunting with <mask> <mask>." See also
 List of Ismaili imams
 Fatimids
 Isma'ilism
 Nizari
 Aga <mask>

References
Inline

General
 Bettina (1965). Bettina by Bettina. London: Michael Joseph. .
 Edwards, Anne (1996).Throne of Gold: The Lives of the Aga Khans. New York: William Morrow. .
 Slater, Leonard (1965). Aly: A Biography. New York: Random House. .
 Tierney, Gene; Herskowitz, Mickey (1979). Self-Portrait. New York: Peter Wyden Books. .
 Young, Gordon (1955). Golden Prince: The Remarkable Life of <mask> <mask>.London: R. Hale. . External links
A Film on the Aga Khan which covers <mask> <mask> and the previous Aga Khan
<mask> <mask> Presents Credentials 1958

1911 births
1960 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Pakistani diplomats
British Ismailis
British jockeys
British people of Iranian descent
British people of Italian descent
British people of Pakistani descent
British racehorse owners and breeders
British socialites
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Nobility from Turin
Permanent Representatives of Pakistan to the United Nations
Princes
Qajar dynasty
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Road incident deaths in France
Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry officers
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
British officials of the United Nations
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
British people of Arab

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Alyd
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan
Khan
Prince Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan
Aly
Khan


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<mask> (born January 15, 1948) is an investigative journalist who co-founded Mother Jones in 1976. For its first issue he found a piece that won a National Magazine Award. He forced the resignation of Ronald Reagan’s chief foreign policy advisor, Richard V. Allen, at the 1980 Republican National Convention. At the San Jose Mercury News in 1983–92, he investigated The Pentagon’s secret programs to dominate space. Susan Faludi began Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women while working for <mask> there. Returning in the 1990s to be Mother Jones’ editor-in-chief, <mask> directed exposés of Newt Gingrich, Bob Dole, the top 400 political contributors in the U.S. and Donald Sipple, the Republicans' star image-maker. The investigative series on Speaker Gingrich led to his unprecedented public reprimand by the United States House of Representatives and a $300,000 fine.<mask> made Mother Jones the first general-interest magazine to place its content on the Internet.<ref name="motherjones.com">Hochschild, Adam, "The First 25 Years," Mother Jones', May/June 2001 Issue, from https://www.motherjones.com/commentary/columns/2001/05/first25.html</ref> In 2005, he co-produced for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer a series on China's rising economy that won a Gerald Loeb Award. Career

Early career
<mask> was born in the Hill Section of Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Dr. Harold and <mask>. When <mask> was 12, his father died of a heart attack on the golf course; his mother's multiple sclerosis flared and she became bedridden. <mask> attended Scranton Central High School and Columbia University. During his senior year at Columbia, he studied “the moral life in the process of revising itself” under Lionel Trilling, who was preparing to give the Norton lectures at Harvard the following year. <mask>'s first published article, “A Cuban Journal”, appeared in the Winter 1970 Columbia Forum; it critiqued his experiences cutting sugar cane with the Venceremos

masks:
Jeffrey Bruce Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Helen Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein


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 Brigade in Cuba. Co-founding Mother Jones
Klein was one of the journalists who founded Mother Jones magazine in 1976, in the wake of the Vietnamese War and Watergate.For its first issue, <mask> found a memoir about growing up in Beijing by Li-li Ch'en that won a National Magazine Award. In 1977, <mask> became the magazine's second managing editor; Adam Hochschild had been the first. When Larry Flynt expressed an interest in distributing Mother Jones, <mask> used the opportunity to do a “Born Again Porn” profile of Flynt and Hustler’s demographics, which were disclosed to be much broader than the presumed blue collar audience. His article “Esalen Slides Off The Cliff” shook up that human potential retreat perched on the California coast by showing its co-founder being duped by a psychic. His story predicting what might happen during the first four years of a Reagan Administration contained a co-written sidebar exposing that Reagan's chief foreign policy adviser, Richard V. Allen, had been on the payroll of Robert Vesco (then the world's largest swindler and a fugitive) at the same time that Allen was working in Nixon's White House. Allen was forced to resign from the campaign, but was appointed National Security Advisor after Reagan's landslide victory. Allen resigned a second time when other personal scandals came to light.At the San Jose Mercury News
After a stint as the editor-in-chief of San Francisco magazine, <mask> founded West, the Sunday magazine of the San Jose Mercury News, in 1982. The magazine sought to penetrate Silicon Valley. A satiric look at Valley's top powerbrokers provoked ire from the newspaper's publisher, Tony Ridder, and also led to the founding of the cheeky magazine Upside. Susan Faludi began her book Backlash as a series of articles for West. While editing at the Mercury-News, <mask> also reported on the Pentagon's efforts, through its black budget, to dominate space. With Dan Stober, he co-wrote "The

masks: Klein Klein Klein Klein Klein


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 American Empire In Space: 'Star Wars' -- The Strategic Defense Initiative -- Has Become The Space Domination Initiative". He also wrote a thriller called The Black Hole Affairbased on his reporting; the novel was first serialized in the Mercury-News.Returning as editor-in-chief
In fall 1992, <mask> returned to Mother Jones as editor-in-chief. He brought an intense focus on how money influenced Washington politics. Mother Jones began posting its magazine content on the Internet in November 1993, the first general-interest magazine to do so. In the March/April 1996 issue, the magazine published the first "Mother Jones 400", a list of the largest individual donors to federal political campaigns along with reporting on what favors the donors received in exchange. On MotherJones.com (then known as the MoJo Wire) the donors were listed in a searchable database. House Speaker’s reprimand
<mask> directed a series of exposés, called “Countdown to Indictment”, that dissected House Speaker Newt Gingrich's empire and its shady financing. Thanks in part to this series, the House Ethics Committee hired an outside counsel to investigate Gingrich.With the speaker in charge of the House, the Committee's final hearing was unilaterally reduced from five days to one afternoon, the Friday before the presidential inauguration. For the Pacifica radio stations, <mask> co-hosted gavel-to-gavel live coverage with Amy Goodman, the only media to do so. The Ethics Committee ultimately recommended that Gingrich be reprimanded and forced to pay a $300,000 fine. On January 21, 1997, the full House voted overwhelmingly to accept the committee's recommendation, the first time in its 208-year history that the House disciplined its speaker for ethical wrongdoing. Bob Dole and tobacco
In 1996, <mask> published a 40-page investigative package on the tobacco industry's attempt to roll back regulation by electing as president Bob Dole. Frank Rich wrote about the Mother

masks: Klein Klein Klein Klein


texts:
 Jones package in The New York Times and highlighted <mask>'s claim that the 1996 presidential election was "The Tobacco Election". Dole was subsequently forced by reporters to defend his support by and for the tobacco industry.He stumbled, saying nicotine was no more addictive than milk. Rather than appearing corrupt, Dole seemed out-of-touch and his image suffered. In the Family Guy episode "Mr. Griffin Goes to Washington", Peter meets Bob Dole, who states, "Bob Dole is a friend of the tobacco industry. Bob Dole likes your style...." then Dole repeatedly refers to himself in third person until he falls asleep. Exposing the Republicans' image-maker
In 1997 <mask> accepted and fortified an investigative piece on Republican image-maker Donald Sipple, who had crafted “strong character campaigns” for Bob Dole, George Bush and his son George W., and Pete Wilson while trashing the personal reputations of their Democratic opponents, such as Bill Clinton, Ann Richards and Kathleen Brown. Sipple's attack ads mirrored the hidden past of a vindictive man who beat his first two wives. The story was originally written for George magazine by staffer Richard Blow, then rejected by George editor-in-chief John Kennedy, Jr. under intense pressure from Sipple and advice from Kennedy's sister Caroline.When the exposé appeared in Mother Jones, Sipple responded with a $12.6 million defamation suit, but both ex-wives vouched for the accuracy of the article. Sipple appealed all the way up to the California Supreme Court, where his suit was dismissed and Sipple was forced to pay Mother Jones’ court costs. All of these exposés brought the magazine and <mask> into the full glare of the talk-show circuit. Controversial departure
<mask> often took a critical stance towards traditional progressive positions. A special issue on spirituality  published during the 1997 holiday season was praised by columnists such as The Washington Post’s William Raspberry and sold


texts:
 well, but also led to <mask>’s resignation from Mother Jones because of the parent board’s displeasure. Recent work
<mask> subsequently taught journalism at Stanford University and started a software company. He co-produced for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer a seven-part series on China’s economy.The series won a 2006 Gerald Loeb Award, journalism’s top award for economics and business reporting, in the Television Enterprise category. With Paolo Pontoniere, <mask> authored pieces about secret trade-offs made by the U.S. prior to the Iraq War and about the mysterious deaths of two European telecom engineers immediately after they discovered sophisticated bugs planted in the hubs of their telecommunications systems. Criticism
Charles Peters, editor-in-chief of the Washington Monthly, said in The New York Times: "There has been this strong movement on the left that is trying to free themselves from the automatic clichés of the left. That is praiseworthy. But I think Jeff and all the former left is in danger of losing the passion for the downtrodden and losing touch with the people I worry most about: the working poor and the lower middle class." A San Francisco Chronicle article said <mask>'s editorial positions were but one side of a split between two progressive camps. “The rift at San Francisco's MoJo, a liberal standard-bearer since its founding, reflects strains within the left in general.From Washington, D.C., to Berkeley, liberals are divided over whether to adhere to 1960s-rooted values or to rethink approaches toward achieving the goals of feminism, affirmative action and other causes.<mask>'s criticism that liberals’ continuing support of affirmative action was eroding their moral credibility came under fire from many, including C. Eric Lincoln, Derrick Bell and the anthology  Multiculturalism in the United States. <mask> has two children (Jacob and Jonah) from his marriage to Judith Weinstein <mask>, a therapist and authority on

masks:
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
” Klein
Personal Klein
Klein


texts:
 ethnic self-esteem. She died at their home on August 9, 1996, the couple's 25th wedding anniversary. A second marriage ended in divorce. Quotes
 "Because I'm technologically able to find a like-minded person on the other side of the globe, I'm also more interested in making friends with my next-door neighbor." -<mask>, Quoteworld
 “Marx did not recognize that our desire to connect with a transcendent power runs even deeper than our drive for economic satisfaction. Each of us seeks.How we honor each other's search will tell the tale of the next millennium.” -<mask>
 “Most reporters are sheep in wolves’ clothing.” -<mask>, Gannett Foundation Calendar''

Notes and references

External links

Editor's Notes Written by <mask>, Motherjones.com archives

Controversy Over <mask>’s Departure as Editor-in-Chief, salon.com "Media Circus", Ashley Craddock, August 1998
More Controversy Over <mask>’s Departure as Editor-in-Chief, SFGate.com, August 29, 1998
Radio Interview on the Gingrich Hearing before the House Ethics Committee, from Democracynow.org, January 20, 1997
Article on the 20th Anniversary of Mother Jones, SFGate.com, David Armstrong, February 4, 1996
Al Jazeera series featuring <mask> on the mysterious deaths of two telecom security chiefs: Greek and Italian
Articles by <mask> for Alternet.org
Was Presidential Helicopter Deal a Pay Off for Italy's Pre-War Yellowcake Intel? Article co-written by <mask> for NewAmericaMedia.org
Chapter from The Governance of Knowledge called “The New Human Zoo”. <mask>'s chapter predicts that humans will genetically enhance themselves imminently. The Governance of Knowledge is edited by Nico Stehr. 1948 births
Living people
American male journalists
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
American political writers
American investigative journalists
Columbia University alumni
Writers from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Journalists from Pennsylvania
The Mercury News people
Gerald Loeb Award winners for

masks:
Jeff Klein
Jeffrey Klein
Jeffrey Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Jeffrey Klein
Klein
Klein


texts:
<mask> ( ; born October 9, 1953), is an American actor. He played Adrian Monk in the USA Network television series Monk, Antonio Scarpacci in the NBC sitcom Wings and Abe Weissman on Amazon's The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. Shalhoub has also had a successful film career, with roles in films such as Quick Change (1990), Barton Fink (1991), Big Night (1996), Men in Black, Gattaca (both 1997), Paulie, The Siege (both 1998), Galaxy Quest (1999), Spy Kids, Thirteen Ghosts, The Man Who Wasn't There (all 2001) and 1408 (2007). He is widely recognized for his work, having won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy, six Screen Actors Guild Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards. For his work on Broadway, Shalhoub has received four Tony Award nominations, winning a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his performance as Tewfiq Zakaria in The Band's Visit. He has also provided voice-work for the Cars franchise (2006–2017), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016). Early life and education
<mask>, the ninth of ten children, was born and raised in a Lebanese Maronite Christian household in Green Bay, Wisconsin.His father, Joe, was from Mount Lebanon, and immigrated to the United States, after his own parents, Milhelm and Mariam, were both murdered based on orders by the Three Pashas ruling the Ottoman Empire during the 1915 Assyrian Genocide. After emigrating to America, <mask> was a meat peddler who drove a refrigerated truck. Joe married Shalhoub's mother, Helen (née Seroogy), a Lebanese-American. The two met when Joe was taken in to be raised by her family, when both were little. One of Shalhoub's maternal great-great-grandfathers, Abdul Naimy, though a Lebanese Christian Maronite, was killed during the Hamidian massacres committed against Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in

masks:
Anthony Marc Shalhoub
Shalhoub
Joe Shalhoub


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 1895. Shalhoub was introduced to acting by an older sister who put his name forward to be an extra in a high school production of The King and I. After graduating from Green Bay East High School, he spent a short time at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay before participating in the National Student Exchange to the University of Southern Maine where he later transferred and earned a bachelor's degree.He later went on to earn a master's degree from the Yale School of Drama in 1980. Shalhoub is also fluent in Arabic. Career

Stage
Shortly after graduating from Yale, Shalhoub moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he spent four seasons with the American Repertory Theater before heading to New York City, where he found work waiting tables. He made his Broadway debut in the 1985 Rita Moreno/Sally Struthers production of The Odd Couple and was nominated for a 1992 Tony Award for his featured role in Conversations with My Father. Shalhoub met his wife, actress Brooke Adams, when they co-starred on Broadway in The Heidi Chronicles. In 1998 Shalhoub starred in The Classic Stage Company's production of Waiting For Godot alongside John Turturro and Christopher Lloyd. Shalhoub returned in December 2006 to the Off-Broadway Second Stage Theatre, opposite Patricia Heaton for a run of The Scene by Theresa Rebeck.In 2010, he went to Broadway to act as Saunders in a revival version of Lend Me a Tenor in New York at the Music Box Theatre. He was nominated for a 2013 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theater's production of Golden Boy at the Belasco Theatre. He was nominated for a 2014 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theater's production of Act One at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre. Shalhoub and his wife appeared in Samuel Beckett's Happy Days in June and July, 2015 in New York


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 City. He starred in the musical stage adaptation of the film The Band's Visit, in the Off-Broadway Atlantic Theatre Company production. The musical, with music and lyrics by David Yazbek and book by Itamar Moses, ran from November 11, 2016 through December 23, 2016. He reprised his role when the show moved to Broadway where it opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on November 9, 2017.For his performance, he won the 2018 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He also appeared as Walter Franz in the 2017 Broadway revival of The Price. Screen roles
After playing several small television and film roles from 1986 to 1991, he landed the role of cab driver Antonio Scarpacci in the sitcom Wings. <mask> was pleasantly surprised to land the role after having a guest appearance as a waiter in the second season. He became a regular in the third season. The character's name was kept but changed to a cab driver. He affected an Italian accent for the role.<mask> played the role from 1991 until the series ended in 1997. In the same time period, <mask> played the lead role of physicist Dr. Chester Ray Banton in The X-Files second-season episode "Soft Light," the first episode written by Vince Gilligan. Banton's shadow becomes lethal after Banton gets stuck in a particle accelerator, causing him to accidentally destroy anyone close to him, after which the government imprisons and tortures him in an effort to weaponize his superpower. <mask>'s film roles following his Wings breakout included an excitable producer consulted by John Turturro's character in Barton Fink and a fast-talking lawyer in The Man Who Wasn't There (both directed by the Coen brothers), a linguistically unidentified cabby in Quick Change, a Cuban-American businessman in Primary Colors, sleazy alien pawn shop owner Jack Jeebs in the Men in Black films, an attorney in A Civil Action, a widowed father in

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 Thirteen Ghosts, a cameo role in the film Gattaca, and a has-been television star in Galaxy Quest. He had a co-starring role in the film Big Night, where he played an Italian-speaking chef complete with accent. In 1995 he had a role in the hit NBC sitcom Frasier in the episode "The Focus Group" as an Arab newsstand owner named Manu Habbib. He did voice acting for the 1997 computer game Fallout.<mask> demonstrated his dramatic range in the 1998 big-budget thriller The Siege, where he co-starred alongside Denzel Washington, Annette Bening, and Bruce Willis. His character, FBI Special Agent Frank Haddad, also a Lebanese American, suffered discrimination after terrorist attacks in New York City. He returned to series television in 1999, this time in a lead role on Stark Raving Mad, opposite Neil Patrick Harris. The show failed to attract an audience and NBC canceled the series in 2000. Monk
After a three-year absence from the small screen, Shalhoub starred in another TV series, Monk. Airing on the USA Network, the series featured <mask> as Adrian Monk, a detective with obsessive-compulsive disorder. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in eight consecutive years from 2003 to 2010, winning in 2003, 2005, and 2006.He also took the Golden Globe award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy, in 2003. In May 2020, NBC's Peacock streaming service posted a series of videos on YouTube during the COVID-19 pandemic, entitled the "At-Home Variety Show". Among them was a Monk short entitled "Mr. Monk Shelters in Place", featuring <mask> and his co-stars Traylor Howard, Ted Levine, and Jason Gray-Stanford, showing how their characters were coping with the pandemic. During Monk
In addition to his acting work, <mask>, along with the Network of Arab-American Professionals and Zoom-in-Focus


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 Productions, established The Arab-American Filmmaker Award Competition in 2005. Arab-American filmmakers submitted screenplays, and the chosen winner was flown to Hollywood to have their screenplay produced. He appeared with Matthew Broderick and Alec Baldwin in the 2004 Hollywood satire The Last Shot as a gruff small-time mobster with a love for movies. In 2006, he appeared in Danny Leiner's drama The Great New Wonderful as a psychologist in post-9/11 New York City.In 2007, he appeared in the horror film 1408 and on-stage off-Broadway as Charlie in The Scene. The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel
Shalhoub stars as Jewish-American math professor Abe Weissman, father of protagonist Midge Maisel (Rachel Brosnahan), in the Emmy-winning, Amazon-produced TV comedy series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. Voice work
He received a 2008 Grammy nomination in the category "Best Spoken Word Album for Children" for his narration of The Cricket in Times Square. He provided the voice of Luigi, a 1959 Fiat 500 who runs a tire shop, in the 2006 Disney/Pixar film Cars and its 2011 and 2017 sequels, Cars 2 and Cars 3, respectively. Shalhoub voiced Splinter in the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and reprised the role in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows. Investing
Shalhoub is an investor in the Michelin-starred Italian restaurant, Rezdora. Personal life

Shalhoub married actress Brooke Adams in 1992.They have worked together in several films, one episode of Wings, and on BrainDead. Adams has appeared credited as a "Special Guest Star" in five episodes of Monk—"Mr. Monk and the Airplane", "Mr. Monk's 100th Case", "Mr. Monk and the Kid", "Mr. Monk Visits a Farm", and "Mr. Monk and the Badge". Shalhoub and Adams appeared on Broadway together in the 2010 revival of Lend Me a Tenor. At the time of their wedding, Adams had an adopted daughter, Josie Lynn (born 1989), whom


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 Shalhoub adopted. In 1994, they adopted another daughter, Sophie (born 1993). <mask>'s brother Michael is also an actor who made multiple guest appearances on Monk. He first appears in "Mr. Monk and the Missing Granny", as a member of a disbanded radical group suspected of involvement in a kidnapping.In "Mr. Monk Bumps His Head", he plays a Wyoming beekeeper who is annoyed when a suspect crashes a car into his farm. Michael also appears in "Mr. Monk Is the Best Man" as the minister presiding at Leland Stottlemeyer's wedding. In May 2020, Shalhoub revealed that he and his wife Brooke had tested positive for COVID-19 the previous month, remarking that "we really are all Monk now", and that they had recovered after "a pretty rough few weeks". Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Video games

Producer

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 1st Annual Arab-American Film Maker Award 2005
 Star File: <mask> at Broadway.com
 Interview with <mask>b in Venice Magazine
 <mask>b at Emmys.com

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Arab descent
American people of Lebanese descent
Television producers from New York City
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Male actors from Wisconsin
People from Green Bay, Wisconsin
University of Southern Maine alumni
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay alumni
Yale School of Drama alumni
Yale University alumni
Tony Award winners
Lebanese Christians
Film directors from Wisconsin
Green Bay East High

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Tony
Tony Shalhoub
Tony Shalhou
Tony Shalhou


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<mask> (1927 – 18 October 2008) was an American sailor and author. In 1971 he was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America. He died of lung cancer. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1927. He was an aviator during World War II and the Korean War. During the course of his lifetime, <mask> was also an author, sailor, mountaineer, and photographer. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a degree in Journalism, and became a free-lance writer and photographer.Marriage
In 1959, <mask> met <mask>-White from Oxford, England who was visiting a friend in San Francisco, California. Margaret was born in Bombay, India and was the daughter of an English engineer. According to <mask>, she worked in Paris for six and a half years as a dual language secretary for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). They married in 1960. Photography and journalism
<mask> studied photography with Edward Weston and Ansel Adams. He was a member of the  American Society of Magazine Photographers and worked from a base in Sausalito, California, producing imagery of life in the surrounding area of California during the late 1950s and into the late 1960s. <mask>'s free-lance works of note include magazine titles such as Colliers, Fortune, The Saturday Evening Post, and The New York Times.Themes of his work include: California landscapes and wildlife, San Francisco (including Fisherman's Wharf), Winter Olympics, Dr. Suess, and Native American wildland firefighters of the Southwest. <mask> was also engaged in photographic study of human life as represented by his "Time and Place" album and his Chinatown exhibit. In 1964, the San Francisco Museum of Art exhibited 40 of <mask>'s black and white photographic images titled "The Faces of Chinatown." <mask>'s first published book, Pathway in the

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Hal Roth
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Margaret Hale
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 Sky (1965) displays his passion for the John Muir Trail and the Sierra Mountains. The associated images of the John Muir Trail also reflect people enjoying the trail and document its use in the early 1960s. Sailing and writing
Even though neither was a sailor, their friends shared a love of sailing and introduced them to the sport in 1962. The couple chartered a boat in the West Indies where they learned a great deal from the captain.Later, they chartered another boat in Greece, then took sailing lessons in Scotland. After purchasing a home in Sausalito in 1964, they took a trip (1966) north along the west coast and purchased a fiberglass Spencer 35, built in Vancouver, British Columbia and designed by John Brandlmayr in Seattle, Washington. They named her Whisper, and sailed her home to California. The <mask>s began sailing on their own in 1966 and completed several voyages in Whisper. Destinations included Japan, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Canadian islands, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Cape Horn, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Mediterranean, and Canary Islands. The success of his first book, about the John Muir Trail in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, prompted him and his wife to try the precarious worlds of adventuring and writing. They quit their jobs, and began a 19-month voyage around the Pacific in a  sloop.Their vast journey culminated in the publication of his first sailing book, Two on a Big Ocean. He and his wife, Margaret, subsequently made a life of sailing and writing about it, including sailing around South America and a circumnavigation via Panama, the Torres Strait, and Suez. In 1978, they relocated to Maine. The couple sold Whisper and purchased the American Flag (later renamed Sebago) and <mask> then sailed solo in the Brin's or British Oxygen Company (BOC) Challenge Race of 1986-7. He completed the race 4th in his

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 class of 14, taking 171 days. Chasing the Long Rainbow (1990) is his account of this BOC race. In 1990, he tried the race again in the same Santa Cruz 50 now named Sebago (his sponsor), but due to capsizing, the voyage took 211 days.Chasing the Wind (1994) is his account of the second race. In 1992, they sold Sebago, purchased a Pretorien 35, named her Whisper, and the couple spent two years together tracing Odysseus' voyage through the Mediterranean. We Followed Odysseus, How to Sail Around the World, and Handling Storms at Sea represent books that he wrote based on the couple's final unique voyages. <mask> published hundreds of articles in his lifetime. Although, his book publications appear to be his dominate body of work and document the couple's voyages and growing knowledge of sailing. The 1972 account of their first circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin (1967-8) resulted in the publication Two on a Big Ocean. The Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America was awarded to the <mask>, and Margaret was noted as the sole crew, for this voyage.After 50,000 Miles (1977) describes technical aspects of sailing. The 1978 book Two against Cape Horn describes their journey from California to Maine via Cape Horn. Always a Distant Anchorage   (1988) describes their four-year (1981–1985) circumnavigation west through the Panama Canal, Torres Strait, the Red Sea, and the Suez Canal. Death and afterward
<mask> recorded reminisces and continued to draft manuscripts throughout his life. His last two works, The Paradise Book and Graf Spee were completed but never published. He worked on these manuscripts during his later years and during his two and half year battle with lung cancer. He died October 18, 2008, while living in Maryland with his wife, Margaret, who survives him.Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
In 1971

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 <mask> was awarded the Blue Water Medal of the Cruising Club of America in recognition of a cruise of  around the Pacific Basin, with his wife as crew aboard their  sloop, Whisper. Bibliography
 Pathway in the Sky : the story of the John Muir trail. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North, 1965. Print. Two on a Big Ocean; the Story of the First Circumnavigation of the Pacific Basin in a Small Sailing Ship. New York: Macmillan, 1972. Print.After 50,000 miles. New York: Norton, 1977. Print. Two against Cape Horn. New York: Norton, 1978. Print. The longest race.New York: Norton, 1983. Print. Whisper's Pacific Voyage. New Haven, Conn.: Sea TV, 1987. Videocassette. Always a distant anchorage. New York: Norton, 1988.Print. Chasing the long rainbow : the drama of a singlehanded sailing race around the world. New York: Norton, 1990. Print. Chasing the wind : a book of high adventure. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Sheridan House, 1994. Print.The monster's handsome face : Patty Cannon in fiction & fact. Vienna, Md: Nanticoke Books, 1998. Print. We followed Odysseus. Port Washington, Wis: Seaworthy Publications, 1999. Print. How to sail around the world : advice and ideas for voyaging under sail.Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. The <mask> seafaring trilogy : three true stories of adventure under sail. Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. [Reprint of three previous works.] Handling storms at sea the five secrets of heavy weather sailing.Camden, Me: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. <mask> Papers, 1948—2009. San Francisco:San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, National Park Service, 2011. Archival Material. References

1927 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American sailors
Maritime writers
Blue Water Medal recipients
20th-century American photographers
Single-handed circumnavigating

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<mask> (born 28 April 1944) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004, and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010. He was also one of five vice presidents of the 27-member Barroso Commission (Barroso I). After his retirement, he is now honorary Professor at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder). Early life and education
Born at Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Verheugen studied history, sociology and political science at the University of Cologne and at the University of Bonn. Career

Political career
<mask> was Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) from 1978 to 1982, under the leadership of the party's chairman Hans-Dietrich Genscher. He left the FDP with many left liberal party members in 1982, because the FDP left the government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. In the same year, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).Member of Parliament, 1983–1999
In the 1983 Western German elections, Verheugen became a member of the German Bundestag. He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1998. In the early 1980s, Verheugen mapped out a principled policy towards South Africa's apartheid regime, embarrassing many of Germany's major companies, including Mercedes-Benz and Deutsche Bank, by exposing their efforts to get round international sanctions in a book published in 1986. From 1994 to 1997, Verheugen was deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group, under the leadership of the group's chairman Rudolf Scharping. In addition to his parliamentary work, he chaired the Broadcasting Council of Deutsche Welle from 1994 until 1998. Ahead of the 1994 elections, Scharping included Verheugen in his shadow cabinet for the party's campaign to unseat

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Günter Verheugen
Verheugen


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 incumbent Helmut Kohl as Chancellor. Within Gerhard Schröder's campaign team for the 1998 federal elections, he served as his external affairs advisor and accompanied him on his trips to Washington and Warsaw.Minister of State for European Affairs, 1998–1999
In the first cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Verheugen briefly served as Minister of State in the Federal Foreign Office under Minister Joschka Fischer. During Germany's presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999, he led the negotiations on the Agenda 2000 package of EU policy reforms. Shortly after, he was in talks to be nominated as Germany's candidate for the European Union's newly created High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy; the post eventually went to Javier Solana. In 1999, he left parliament and became EU commissioner for Enlargement of the European Union. Member of the European Commission, 1999–2010
Nominated by the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Verheugen first served in the European Commission as European Commissioner for Enlargement in the Prodi Commission, presiding over the accession of ten new member states in 2004. He continued in the following Barroso Commission as Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry, also being promoted to one of the five vice presidents. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Élysée Treaty in 2003, the EU Commissioners of Germany and France, <mask> and Pascal Lamy, jointly presented the so-called Lamy-Verheugen Plan that proposed a factual unification of France and Germany in some important areas – including unified armed forces, combined embassies and a shared seat at the United Nations Security Council.As a Commissioner, Verheugen stated a desire to cut red tape, especially in order to make it more favourable to SMEs. He also


texts:
 highlights research and innovation as "twin keys to future competitiveness". He outlines his priorities as; better regulation, a modern industrial policy, SMEs and innovation. In order to promote competitiveness, he laid down three policies derived from the treaties; "Competitiveness and improvement of the business environment (Art. 157). Completing and managing the Internal Market for products (Art. 28 and 95) and Innovation and research framework programmes (Title XVIII)."Verheugen was heavily involved in work on the REACH directive and ensuring its compatibility with the Lisbon Strategy. He sees a common patent in the Union implemented by 2012 which he sees as important as patent application for the 24 million SMEs in Europe are on average 11 times higher than in the United States. In response to the refusal of countries to sign the Kyoto protocol, such as the United States and Australia, Verheugen asked President Barroso to look into whether the EU could implement taxes on products imported from those countries not taking low-carbon policies on board (Border Tax Adjustments). In October 2006, Verheugen accused European Union officials of being impossible to control, stating inter alia the purported impossibility of firing Directors-General (the highest grade in the EU civil servants structure). However, Article 50 of the EU's Staff Regulations empowers the commission to do precisely that. Former civil servant Derk Jan Eppink described Verheugen's position in the following terms:

Life after politics
Since leaving public office, Verheugen has held a variety of paid or unpaid positions, including the following:

FleishmanHillard, Member of the International Advisory Board
 German-Azerbaijani Forum, Member of the Board of Trustees
German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member
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 of Change Initiative (TCCI), Member of the Advisory Board
National Association of German Cooperative Banks (BVR), Advisor (since 2010)
Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), Senior Advisor (since 2010)

In 2014 Verheugen was awarded the Mercator Visiting Professorship for Political Management at the Universität Essen-Duisburg's NRW School of Governance. He gave both seminars and lectures at the university.From March 2015, Verheugen headed the European integration work stream in the Dmytro Firtash-backed Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine (AMU), a non-governmental organization developing a comprehensive program of modernization of Ukraine and looking for investment resources for its implementation. <mask> led the Agency's sectoral division for the institutional reforms recommendations aimed at the integration of Ukraine into the EU and civil society building. Controversy
In 2001, former Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus accused Verheugen of a "tragic misuse of his position", after Verheugen warned that the country's hope of joining the European Union swiftly would take a setback if the right-leaning Civic Democrats won the 2002 elections. On 5 November 2004, during a press conference, Verheugen mentioned that the future prime-minister of Romania would be Mircea Geoană (of the PSD) and that Romania would end negotiations with the EU with just four days before the Romanian legislative and presidential elections. Following this, Romanian journalists accused him of meddling in Romanian politics. During his time in office, photographs appeared showing <mask> holidaying with Petra Erler, the head of his private office. A Commission spokesman backed him by saying "the private holidays of Vice President Verheugen in Lithuania this summer did not violate the rules applicable to members of the Commission".Despite

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 this, there was a minor political row over Erler's appointment with allegations of her being appointed due to their friendship. These allegations were later aggravated over photos of them together on holiday holding hands, and then on a naturist beach together in Lithuania. Positions

On cutting EU bureaucracy
 "Many people still have this concept of Europe that the more rules you produce the more Europe you have." (October 2006)
 "The idea is that the role of the commission is to keep the machinery running and the machinery is producing laws. And that's exactly what I want to change." (October 2006)
 "We must ask the question of whether so many decisions need to be taken in Brussels." (June 2016)

Honours
National honours

 : Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Foreign honours

  : 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
  : 1st Class of the Order of the Three Stars
  : Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross (2004)
  : 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion (2016)

References

External links
Official website
Archived website as Commissioner for Enlargement
Biography from the Southeast European Times

|-

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1944 births
German European Commissioners
Living people
People from Bad Kreuznach
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
University of Bonn alumni
German people of Dutch descent
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Members of the Bundestag 1994–1998
Members of the Bundestag 1990–1994
Members of the Bundestag 1987–1990
Members of the Bundestag 1983–1987
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vorwärts


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<mask> (December 25, 1815 – February 11, 1896) was an American abolitionist as well as a leader of the temperance and women's suffrage movements in the United States. <mask> served as president of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Cutler helped to shape the merger of two feminist factions into the combined National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Cutler wrote for newspapers and journals; she drafted laws and authored several books. She lectured on physiology and attained a medical degree at the age of 53. Cutler presented petitions to state and federal legislatures, and helped to form temperance, abolition, suffrage and women's aid societies in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and Vermont. Early life and Oberlin
<mask> was born in Becket, Massachusetts, on Christmas, 1815; the second daughter of John Conant and Orpha Johnson Conant.<mask> Conant began at age 14 to study rhetoric and philosophy on her own, and she studied Latin with the family doctor. In 1831, the Conant family moved to Rochester, Ohio. In 1833, nearby Oberlin College began accepting women students, and Conant asked her father for tuition. He refused; he considered coeducation improper. In response, she married John Martin <mask> (1809–1844), an Oberlin theology student, in 1834. The new Mrs. <mask> <mask> studied her husband's textbooks and the newlyweds discussed what he had learned in class. <mask> turned to study law, and his wife continued to study his legal homework with him, discovering in the process the common law limitations placed on women, especially married women.Later,

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Hannah Maria Conant Tracy Cutler
Cutler
Hannah Maria Conant
Hannah Maria
Tracy
Hannah Conant
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John Tracy


texts: <mask> became an anti-slavery lecturer and activist. The couple had two daughters, Melanie in 1836 and Mary in 1841, and a son was on the way when in August 1844, <mask> died of pneumonia taken as a result of exposure and abuse suffered when he was pursued by a mob while helping escaped slaves. The young widow <mask> <mask> moved with her children to Rochester, Ohio where her father still lived, and bore her third child: John Martin <mask>, named after his martyred father. To support her family, <mask> wrote for Ohio newspapers including for Cassius Marcellus Clay's True American (writing under a pseudonym) and for Josiah A. Harris at the Cleveland Herald. Through her writing she gained a respectable status as a minor literary figure in the West as well as a reputation for her views on woman's rights. <mask> also taught school, and helped to form a temperance society and a Women's Anti-Slavery Society, which attracted only three members at first. In the fall of 1846, <mask> received a letter from Lucy Stone at Oberlin College, with whom she had already developed a warm friendship.Stone had decided to become a women's rights reformer after graduating the following summer, and <mask> was one of several known advocates of women's rights from whom Stone sought advice on how to begin. <mask> cautioned that to make woman "both physically and intellectually man's equal" would require a societal revolution that would take at least a generation to accomplish. But saying that much could be done by one woman alone "if she possesses courage enough to act up to her convictions," <mask> advised "a quiet but thorough agitation"

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Hannah Conant
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 among the women at hand. And she asked, "Please write me again and let me know your plan, and also what I can do." In early 1847, <mask> went to Oberlin, opened a boarding house, and enrolled in the ladies' course. She was one of a handful of women who, with Stone, formed an off-campus women's debating club to gain practical rhetorical exercise denied them in their classes. In June, <mask> spearheaded a brief effort to establish a women's newspaper at the college.The Young Ladies Association voted themselves into an Association of the Oberlin Ladies Banner, the name chosen for their paper, and appointed <mask> editor. But the project failed to win the approval of college officials needed to go forward. After a year of study, <mask> accepted the position of matron of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Columbus, Ohio (now the Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb). In Columbus, <mask> met Frances Dana Barker Gage, another abolitionist and feminist; both were interested in advancing the Free Soil Party with its anti-slavery platform. <mask> helped in the effort to elect abolitionist Salmon P. Chase to the United States Senate. Because the Deaf and Dumb Asylum allowed only one of her children to remain in residence with her, in 1849 <mask> accepted a position as principal of the "female department" at Columbus' new public high school. <mask> attended a Presbyterian church in Columbus.Journalism and women's rights
To augment her income as principal, <mask> continued to write for newspapers, especially the Ohio Cultivator, a farmer's newspaper for which she contributed two long-running columns, popular with the readership. One

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Hannah Tracy
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texts: column was "Letters to Housekeepers" directed at farmer's wives, and the other was an advice column for farm girls, where <mask> answered letters under the pen name "Aunt Patience". <mask> and Gage led the drive to organize a women's rights convention in Akron, in May 1851. Gage was elected president and Cutler secretary of the women's convention, where they met Sojourner Truth and witnessed her famous speech: Ain't I a Woman?. Following the Akron conference, <mask> attended a Peace conference in Columbus, and was chosen as delegate to the upcoming Peace Congress to be held in London in August. The owner of the Ohio Statesman, Colonel Samuel Medary, asked <mask> to become his special correspondent at The Great Exhibition in London. After the Akron convention, the newspaper paid for <mask>'s trip to London so that she could report on the World's Fair.<mask> also carried credentials as the United States delegate to the Peace Congress, but arrived one day late, and was able to hear only the closing speeches. While in London, <mask> gave a series of women's rights lectures, the first ones that addressed women's legal rights, and found herself with great authors and members of Parliament taking in her words. The result was that she was invited to speak at colleges and in front of professional organizations; she refused a proposal to become a stage actress. Other speeches she gave covered temperance and physiology. She met Joseph Sturge and William Ewart Gladstone, but was more interested in hearing details about the Emancipation of the British West Indies from anti-slavery activist Anna Knight. <mask> introduced the

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