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 whimpering from the bedroom: "She walked in and found mother under the bed, huddled in a fetal position. Kenneth was trying to get her out. The more authoritative his tone of voice, the farther under she crawled.Millicent Osborne took him aside and urged him to speak gently, to let her stay there until she came out of her own accord". Eventually Sullavan agreed to spend some time (two and a half months) in a private mental institution. Her two younger children, Bridget and Bill, also spent time in various institutions. Bridget died of a drug overdose in October 1960, while Bill died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound in March, 2008. Hearing loss
Sullavan suffered from the congenital hearing defect otosclerosis that worsened as she aged, making her more and more hearing-impaired. Her voice had developed a throatiness because she could hear low tones better than high ones. From early 1957, Sullavan's hearing declined so much that she was becoming depressed and sleepless and often wandered about all night.She often stayed in bed for days, her only words: "Just let me be, please". Sullavan had kept her hearing problem largely hidden. On January 8, 1960 (one week after Sullavan's death), The New York Post reporter Nancy Seely wrote: "The thunderous applause of a delighted audience—was it only a dim murmur over the years to <mask>n? Did the poised and confident mien of the beautiful actress mask a sick fear, night after night, that she'd miss an important cue?" Death
On January 1, 1960, at about 5:30 p.m., Sullavan was found in bed, barely alive and unconscious, in a hotel room in New Haven, Connecticut. Her copy of the script to Sweet Love Remembered, in which she was then starring during its tryout in New Haven, was found open beside her. Sullavan was rushed to Grace New Haven Hospital, but shortly after 6:00 p.m. she was pronounced dead on arrival.She was 50 years old. No note was found to indicate suicide, and no


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 conclusion was reached as to whether her death was the result of a deliberate or an accidental overdose of barbiturates. The county coroner officially ruled Sullavan's death an accidental overdose. After a private memorial service was held in Greenwich, Connecticut, Sullavan was interred at Saint Mary's Whitechapel Episcopal Churchyard in Lancaster, Virginia. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask>n has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1751 Vine Street. She was inducted, posthumously, into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981. Sullavan was the favorite actress of silent-film beauty Louise Brooks, who said Sullavan was "the person I would be if I could be anyone" and thought Sullavan's life could only be understood by her love of LeLand Hayward, even after their divorce.Brooks wrote this: "After he left her to marry Nancy (Slim) Hawks in 1947, this terrifyingly self-willed woman shredded her career through the following twelve years with her struggle to repossess him. When Nancy divorced him there was a flaming period of hope in 1959. Then came the news of LeLand's decision to marry Pamela Churchill - and she sank in to despair and death." In popular culture
Sullavan's eldest daughter, actress Brooke Hayward, wrote Haywire, a best-selling memoir about her family, that was adapted into the miniseries Haywire'' starring Lee Remick as <mask>n and Jason Robards as Leland Hayward. Partial filmography

Radio appearances

See also

1930s in film

References

Bibliography

External links

 Literature on <mask>n

1909 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Accidental deaths in Connecticut
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from Virginia
Burials in Virginia
Donaldson Award winners
Drug-related deaths in Connecticut
Barbiturates-related deaths
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Actors from Norfolk, Virginia
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Fonda

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<mask> (born 21 September 1953) is a German cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Pope Benedict XVI elevated <mask> to the cardinalate in a consistory in 2010. Biography
Born in Geseke, North Rhine-Westphalia,  <mask> was ordained to the priesthood, for the Archdiocese of Paderborn, by Archbishop Johannes Joachim Degenhardt on 2 June 1979. He obtained a doctorate in theology from the University of Bochum in 1989. On 23 July 1996, he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Paderborn and Titular Bishop of Petina by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on 21 September, his forty-third birthday, from Archbishop Degenhardt, with Bishops Hans Drewes and Paul Consbruch serving as co-consecrators.On 20 December 2001 he was named Bishop of Trier, the oldest diocese in Germany. On 30 November 2007 Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> metropolitan archbishop of Munich and Freising, a position that Benedict held from 1977 to 1981. On 2 February 2008, <mask> was installed as Archbishop of Munich and Freising in the Munich Frauenkirche. He became first Cardinal-Priest of San Corbiniano on 20 November 2010. <mask>'s title is that of Saint Corbinian,  who was the first bishop of Freising and of whom <mask> is the successor. <mask> currently serves as head of the committee for social issues at the German Bishops' Conference. In addition to his duties as archbishop of Munich, on 11 December 2010 <mask> was named by Pope Benedict as a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education for a five-year renewable term.On 29 December 2010 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. On 7 March 2012, he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. On 22

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texts: March 2012, the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community elected him its president. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis. On 13 April 2013 he was appointed to a Council of Cardinal Advisers, a group established by Pope Francis, exactly a month after his election, to advise him and to study a plan for revising the Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, Pastor Bonus. On the question whether the Church should allow people who have divorced and attempted remarriage to partake in Holy Communion, it came to disagreements with Gerhard Ludwig Müller, the head of the Congregation of the Faith at the Vatican, in November 2013. <mask> called for a wide debate on the treatment of the Catholic Church with those who have attempted remarriage.When the Vatican suspended Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst in 2013 over his alleged lavish spending, <mask> was also criticized as he spent around $11 million renovating the archbishop's residence and another $13 million for a guesthouse in Rome. On 19 February 2014 he was confirmed as a member of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches until the end of his current five-year term. On 12 March 2014 <mask> was also elected chairman of the German Bishops' Conference as successor of Robert Zollitsch. He was elected in Münster by the German bishops and auxiliary bishops only in the fifth round of voting in which a simple majority is sufficient. He served in this capacity until his replacement Georg Bätzing was elected on 3 March 2020. On 15 October 2020, Pope Francis renewed <mask>'s term on the Council of Cardinal Advisers. In May 2021, <mask> offered his resignation as archbishop of Munich to Pope Francis, citing his

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 responsibility for the response to the sexual abuse crisis.On 10 June 2021, the pope declined his resignation. He accepted <mask>'s description of clerical abuse as a "catastrophe" that requires every bishop to engage with it personally, to "put their own flesh on the line". He wrote: "We will not be saved by investigations or the power of institutions. The prestige of our Church which tends to conceal her sins will not save us; neither the power of money nor the opinion of the media will save us." Instead he proposed all "confess our nakedness" and admit to sin and ask for "the grace of shame". He compared <mask>'s statement to Peter's confession to Christ: "Turn away from me for I am a sinful man" and countered with Christ's exhortation to Peter: "Feed my sheep." President of the Bishops' Conference of the European Community
He was elected as President of the Commission of the Bishops' Conferences of the European Community on 22 March 2012.After Britain voted to leave the European Union in June 2016, <mask> issued a statement saying: "This decision of the British voters should of course be respected, even if we, as COMECE, find it extremely regrettable." He praised the EU's "project of community and solidarity" but also stated: "We need to 'rethink' Europe in some way. ... we will only be able to build a good future if the nations of Europe are united. It also raises the question on the way to achieve the 'true European humanism' to which Pope Francis has encouraged the Europeans." Despite protests by Catholics in Germany, including the Catholic Workers Movement, <mask> spoke positively of the proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. He said: "Given today’s huge social and environmental challenges, I won’t have a good feeling

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texts: if Europe pulls out of shaping globalization and leaves the issues and actions to others". Following the Christmas market attack in Berlin in December 2016, <mask> said "The news from Berlin have deeply shocked me.The violence on the Christmas market is the opposite of what visitors were seeking. My compassion goes to the relatives of the dead and injured. For all of them I will pray." In April 2017, <mask> met with Jean-Claude Juncker, the President of the European Commission, and he hailed the great achievements that had been made in Europe in recent history. In a joint statement with Anglican bishop Christopher Hill, <mask> said: "In the decades since the founding of the European Union and its predecessor institutions, Europeans have benefitted from historic periods of peace, the expansion of democracy on the continent, and increased freedom to work, travel, and study,' and 'We believe more than ever in the European project and believe that a common path resting on shared values is the best path, ... A united Europe brings about peace in a world where peace cannot be taken for granted." In May 2017, the leaders of COMECE met in Rome in relation to a high-level congress to take place in Rome on the theme 'Rethinking Europe'. On the occasion, <mask> stated that putting the human person back at the centre of European public policy was, along with dying to oneself, the church's message and he further stated, "I see, when I meet politicians and 'other' people, that they are open to discuss....We cannot [do] politics, we are not politicians ... but we can enable the way." On 2 December 2018, <mask> attended the "Pulse of Europe" meeting in Munich and made statements in favour of greater European unity. He said "Nationalism means war. Germany first?


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 That is egotism and won’t get us any further" and "The Romanian poor and the Italian unemployed are all our problem". He also said he did not understand why no one was speaking of United States of Europe any longer. Contribution to global Synod of Bishops
<mask> participated in the Synod of Bishops on the Family in 2014 and 2015.In 2014, addressing a question raised on the family, he argued that church doctrine can change over time, and "doesn't depend on the spirit of time but can develop over time. ...Saying that the doctrine will never change is a restrictive view of things," <mask> later clarified at a Vatican press conference: "The core of the Catholic Church remains the Gospel, but have we discovered everything? This is what I doubt." <mask> has supported the view that no  second marriage is possible within Catholic teaching, but he wanted it to be possible that people whose marriages had "failed" could still be accepted within the church. He supported Cardinal Walter Kasper's proposal that Catholics who have divorced and attempted remarriage outside the Church be admitted to Communion, emphasizing that it would be applied to individual cases: "Not for no one, and not for everyone." Though he once suggested that the German church might go in a different direction than the Synod, <mask> insisted at the 2015 Synod that he would abide by whatever the Pope decided. He said "the Church is the only institution in the world that can reach unanimous agreement.Thank God we have the pope. We bishops do not have to decide. Church unity is not in danger. And once the pope has decided, we will abide by his decision." When several cardinals who believed that no circumstances allow for someone who had attempted remarriage to receive communion published a


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 set of questions asking for clarifications of Amoris Laetitia, <mask> objected. He said that the exhortation was not ambiguous as some said, and that it did in fact allow for people to receive the Eucharist after attempted remarriage under certain circumstances. In February 2017, <mask>, when speaking of the events surrounding this controversy, stated: "We have discussions in the church, normal discussions, tensions.It will be forever like this." <mask> also said he believed that support for the Pope within the church was substantial. Coordinator for Council of the Economy
In 2014, Pope Francis created a new agency for organizing the economic affairs of the Holy See called the 'Secretariat for the Economy'. In coordination with this, the Pope also created a council of bishops and laity who would oversee the secretariat known as the Council for the Economy. <mask> was named as coordinator of this council. The Vatican reported a budget deficit of 70 million Euros for the year 2018, which was double the previous year. <mask> commented on this situation at the time that the deficit could be resolved within a year or two.In October 2019, he said "We have to go forward, otherwise I cannot see how to sign a budget with a structural deficit," and "But that is a way we can go in several years. That is not a catastrophe." Vatican revenues and finances went into further collapse in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In February 2020, cardinal <mask> announced he would not have accepted a new six-year mandate as head of the German Bishops' Conference, due to his age of 66. Two months later, Father Juan Antonio Guerrero, the head of the Vatican's Dicastery for Finances, and <mask> sent a letter to Vatican offices to get them to drastically cut costs and

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 revise their budgets for 2020. The contents of the letter called for a reduction of travel throughout the year, a cancellation of all conferences, meeting and ad limina visits, radical limits on consultancy and overtime, as well as to postpone all work to the following year which wasn't absolutely necessary. Views

Economic reform
<mask> has been critical of some aspects of capitalism and he has also promoted some economic reform ideas.While he was bishop of Trier, he criticized a culture of greed in modern capitalism and called for managers to subscribe to the social components of a social market economy. In 2006 he criticized the 'audacious' salary hikes of top managers. He said: "We are more and more moving away from a social market economy to capitalism, where the return is the only thing that counts. ", "The other goals of companies, like for example, generating jobs, are not kept in mind anymore. That’s a mistake", and "It’s pure capitalism without social responsibility. The other <mask> from Trier could still be proven right. And that, I would find awful".In 2020 he echoed Pope Francis's call for a universal basic income as part of recovery plans from the pandemic. Homosexuality, gay rights, and the Church
In 2011, <mask> was reported as saying that the Catholic Church "has not always adopted the right tone" toward LGBT people. He went on to add that, while he cannot officially bless a union between two people of the same sex, he can (and implicitly will) pray for their relationship if asked. In 2014, <mask> responded in an interview to the issues under consideration at the Synod of Bishops concerning the Church's treatment of people that are gay: "I have the impression that we have a lot of work to do in the theological field, not only


texts: related to the question of divorce, but also the theology of marriage. I am astonished that some can say, "Everything is clear" on this topic. Things are not clear. It is not about church doctrine being determined by modern times.It is a question of aggiornamento, to say it in a way that the people can understand, and to always adapt our doctrine to the Gospel, to theology, in order to find in a new way the sense of what Jesus said, the meaning of the tradition of the church and of theology and so on. There is a lot to do". He went on to say, "Take the case of two homosexuals who have been living together for 35 years and taking care of each other, even in the last phases of their lives. How can I say that this has no value?" At the 2015 Synod in Rome, <mask> urged his fellow bishops that, "We must make it clear that we do not only judge people according to their sexual orientation. ...If a same-sex couple are faithful, care for one another and intend to stay together for life God won't say 'All that doesn't interest me, I'm only interested in your sexual orientation.'" <mask> supports legal recognition for same-sex unions arguing that there are positive elements that can be found and supported in same-sex relationships, but is against same-sex marriage.In 2015, in Germany he stated: "Human dignity is not state-made, it’s not made by the constitution, which is why neither the constitution nor the state can pass judgment on it. ...And this also applies to the topic of marriage and the family." In June 2016, on a visit to Ireland, <mask> argued that the church and society had harmed gay people in the past and should publicly apologise. In July 2017, in an interview with the Augsburger Allgemeine in Germany, <mask> commented on the recent


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 legalization of same-sex marriage in Germany and said that it was not a concern for the church. He said that church teaching cannot be moulded into the laws of a secular state and he said: "In a secular society, the state must make laws that are valid for everyone". He also lamented that the Catholic church in Germany had not done more in the past to fight against laws that criminalized homosexual activity in Germany. In February 2018, it was widely reported that <mask> said in an interview with German journalists that blessing of same-sex unions is possible in Catholic churches in Germany, but later clarified that he had not implied this and was misunderstood, stating that there merely could be "spiritual encouragement."In December 2019 <mask> allegedly said again that same-sex couples can be blessed. In February 2022, following a television documentary produced by a group called 'OutinChurch', in which 120 German priests, church employees and lay people identified themselves as LGBT, Cardinal <mask> stated "Not everyone is obliged to declare [to others] their own sexual inclination, whether heterosexual or homosexual. It's up to him to decide." and "But if he does, then that must be respected and it is not a restriction on his ability to become a priest. This is my position and we must defend it". These remarks were themselves contrasted with current rules from the Holy See since 2005 that have banned same-sex attracted persons from being ordained to holy orders. Abortion and euthanasia
<mask> is an active opponent of abortion in Germany and has also spoken against physician-assisted suicide as well as embryonic stem cell research.On the occasion of the 2015 pro-life march in Germany, he publicly stated: "As Christians we share the conviction


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 that the inviolable dignity of every human being has its origin in God, the Creator of all life." However, he has been criticized by some anti-abortion groups for signalling his approval to issue the 'morning-after pill' in German Catholic hospitals, which could potentially destroy a viable embryo. Church role in the modern world
In a visit to Ireland in June 2016, <mask> said that Christianity is the 'religion of the future'. He quoted Ratzinger's (later Pope Benedict XVI) speech in Paris in 2000, when Ratzinger said that Christianity was not a faith that dealt with 'magic things' but with the real world. <mask> said that Christianity had a role in making the world a better place. He said that in past times there were occasions when the church was on 'the wrong side' of various issues, but that in the future it must rely on its own social doctrine and Christian anthropology as a source from which to help make a new and better society, which also embraced the marginalized. He also expressed concern over a tendency by some to want to go back to a dream of society where things were 'more cohesive and simpler', and that future debates would be about identity and security rather than freedom.On the occasion of the death of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in June 2017, <mask> praised Kohl (who was a practicing Catholic) as an example of Christian witness in the modern world. <mask> praised Kohl's work for German reunification, work for democracy and human rights, work for European integration, and his work to create a social market economy in Germany based on church teaching. <mask> said of Kohl: "The Church in Germany is grateful for the Christian testimony of Helmut Kohl. Wherever the values of a free society were trampled on in the world, he


texts: pledged that these values be respected. He wanted and knew how to show his Christian convictions in Europe. " In October 2017, <mask> along with other bishops and European politicians attended a conference in Rome entitled "Thinking Europe: A Christian Contribution to the Future of the European Project" that was meant to discuss the role of religion in the future of Europe. On the occasion, <mask> commented that 20 years prior, many people thought that religion would disappear from society, but that that was not the case.He stated that the great fear for religion was not that it would disappear but rather "it will be instrumentalized for other reasons, for political reasons. That will be perhaps the great fear for the 21st century." In 2018, after Pope Francis had endorsed Pope Benedict's rejection of the "Marxist state", <mask> told an interviewer that without <mask> "there would not be any Catholic social doctrine" and that <mask> the 19th-century sociologist is not responsible for the crimes of those who claim to be inspired by him. On 1 September 2018 the anniversary of the German invasion of Poland, <mask> visited the Polish city of Gdansk and paid tribute to the Polish Solidarity movement supported by the church that had fought against communism in the 1980s. In an interview on the occasion, he spoke about future of Europe and said that the church was in favour of European unification and against Nationalism. On the occasion, he said, "Faith tells us we belong to a human family. Patriotism is good, but nationalism is not Catholic.I agree with Franz-Josef Strauss, who has always said: Bavaria is our home, Germany is our fatherland, Europe is our future." While attending the Synod on Youth in Rome in October 2018, <mask> said that Pope

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<mask> has consistently criticized European policies towards asylum seekers, saying that they keep away people who need help. On the occasion of the sinking of a migrant boat near Lampedusa in 2013, he said: For years, we have followed a policy which has prevented those in need reaching our shores. This is not the kind of Europe we want. To claim asylum is a fundamental human right which we must respect.Refugees and asylum seekers deserve to be treated humanely. On 5 September 2015, <mask> along with Lutheran bishop Heinrich Bedford-Strohm, members of the clergy and crowds of Germans enthusiastically welcomed Syrian refugees coming to Germany at the Munich train station. He has also spoken out against xenophobia and violence done against migrants in Germany. He said that Catholics are not allowed to be xenophobic. In September 2015, he chaired a meeting of COMECE joined by the Conference of European Churches, which had been convened to discuss the Syrian migrant crisis in Europe. <mask> made clear that "Those who enter Europe must not be afraid to drown or suffocate. And they must get a fair asylum process.These are minimum standards which must apply throughout Europe." Following the 2015-2016 New Year's Eve attacks on women in Germany and the discovery that most of the violence was carried out by people from the Middle

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texts: East or North Africa who entered Germany as refugees, <mask> condemned the violence: "These new forms of violence and especially the inhumane treatment of women cannot be tolerated" and he demanded that "all the different forces in society must work together to prevent this type of incidents and guarantee safety." On 6 February 2016, he remarked that Germany cannot take in all of the world's refugees and that there needs to be a reduction in the number coming in. There had already been 1.1 million migrants entering Germany in the past year up to that point, and an unknown number yet to come. He said that in order to help refugees, it needed not only "charity but also reason". At the same time, <mask> also criticized the anti-foreigner sentiments growing in Germany that had been spreading in society. In September 2016, an aide to the head of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party in Germany made negative comments about refugees, saying it was hard to deport them.<mask> criticized the remarks and said that politicians should by finding ways to integrate them, rather than get rid of them. At the 2016 St Michael's reception in Berlin, <mask> addressed a crowd of 800, including Chancellor Merkel, and praised Germany's policy of welcoming in refugees. He also warned against nationalism and stated: 'Patriotism yes, we love our homeland, but any form of nationalism must be opposed." In February 2017, <mask> praised Chancellor Angela Merkel over her policy towards refugees: "In a critical phase of Europe, you have set an important sign of humanity and given an example of Christian love of neighbor in politics," he said, adding, "she knows that Christians must not simply let the world run its course. We have helped shape it!" <mask> also criticized

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 populist movements, stating that "a retreat to the national, to the closed is no Christian option." In the wake of the German parliamentary elections in September 2017 that saw the far-right AfD party enter the German parliament for the first time, <mask> spoke out in support of reaffirming Germany's commitment to help migrants and refugees, saying: "For Christians, who'll be present in all parties, topics of fundamental importance will include dealing with foreigners seeking our protection and with our society's poor and disadvantaged....In the common struggle for the right path, black-and-white images of hate and exclusion aren't appropriate." In July 2018, the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) party nearly pushed Angela Merkel's government to the brink of collapse after it demanded that she do more to restrict the number of migrants entering Germany. In response, <mask> criticized the CSU for going against Christian values: "A party that has chosen the C in the name has an obligation, in the spirit of Christian social teaching, especially in its attitude towards the poor and the weak". In July 2020 a Benedictine abbess named Mechthild Thürmer in Bavaria sheltered a migrant at her Abbey who the government wanted to deport. The abbess granted church asylum to the migrant and a Bamberg court threatened her with imprisonment. <mask> and other Bavarian bishops came out in strong support for the abbess. <mask> commented: "The bishops see no reason for a court sentence.They fully support the tradition of church asylum, which lays bare the exceptionally inhuman hardship of the EU asylum system". Environment
<mask> has asserted that climate change and the refugee crisis are the two biggest problems facing Europe. He has repeated Pope Francis'


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 words in asserting the existence of an 'ecological debt' of richer more developed nations to poorer less developed nations. He has said that the Church can learn from the world in 'recognizing the signs of the times'. Foreign relations
<mask> has served as the representative of the church in Germany in other parts of the world. In 2015, he visited the United States, including the US-Mexican border. He spoke about this experience in 2016, by saying, 'When I visited the U.S.-Mexican border last year and saw the Mexico-United States barrier with its series of walls, I thought to myself that cannot be the future of European borders."In January 2016, he visited Viet Nam and had a meeting with the chief of the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, a communist party umbrella-organization that has control of all social organizations within Viet Nam. The President of the Front stated that relations between Viet Nam and the Holy See had greatly improved, and that the church in Viet Nam was engaging in many activities that benefited Vietnamese society. <mask> expressed his hope that the Front would assist in developing Catholicism in Viet Nam and facilitating humanitarian activities among the Catholic community. During the same visit, <mask> was refused permission to travel to Vinh diocese, without any stated reason from official sources. It may have been related to the cases of religious persecution that had occurred in Vinh against the clergy and laity of the diocese. <mask> said that "no political and economic organizations can injure religious freedom". Reconciliation
On 22 November 2015, to mark the 50th anniversary of the exchange of letters between German and Polish bishops in 1965, German and Polish bishops met at the monastery of Jasna Góra in


texts: Poland.<mask> gave the homily at the Mass where Polish Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki. Representatives of each country's bishops signed a statement about their common mission to build a Europe based on Christianity and the need for continued efforts to recover from their past as wartime adversaries. In September 2016, in anticipation of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, <mask> and Lutheran bishop Heinrich Bedford-Strohm called for healing of past wounds between Catholics and Protestants. Their statement said: "A look at history reveals the suffering and wounds that Christians have inflicted on each other. This shocks and shames us. ...We see it as an exceptional moment of our fellowship, after centuries of mutual separation, to mark a Reformation anniversary with such readiness to engage in forgiveness and a new beginning." They planned to mark the anniversary with a mutual ecumenical meeting at Hildesheim on 11 March 2017 where "we will confess our guilt before God on behalf of our churches, asking God and each other for forgiveness and committing ourselves before God to continue to deepen our togetherness".<mask> said of Luther："We as Catholics can now clearly say that Luther never wanted to create a new Church." In February 2017, <mask> attended an ecumenical meeting of Catholics and Lutherans in Stuttgart to release revised versions of German translations of the Catholic and Lutheran bibles. At the event, <mask> said, "I am very pleased that we are placing God's word in our midst in such an ecumenically meaningful year as 2017, in which we together recall the events of the Reformation 500 years ago and celebrate them today as a celebration of Christ, to place God's word in our midst." In August 2020, <mask> and Lutheran Bishop Heinrich


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 Bedford-Strohm were awarded the 2020  for their "unconditional will to live together in peace". <mask> was praised for his commitment to ecumenical dialogue and cooperation between the two churches that had long been divided for the past 500 years. <mask> said on the occasion: "Christianity in Germany and Europe will only have a future if we strongly work together and stay together ecumenically. That is important, and that is where I see the prize as encouragement".In September 2019, representatives of the Catholic and Protestant churches in Germany proposed "reciprocal Eucharistic hospitality". In September 2020, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticized it for doctrinal errors. <mask> supported the proposal, saying that plans were "already far advanced" and that "the ball is in the Vatican's court". He said: "I would like to see Christians celebrate the eucharist together, without becoming a unified Church. Ecumenism only works if we try to understand the position of others and sometimes accept differences." Church reform
<mask> has taught that Catholic doctrine remains the same, but the church's understanding of it changes over time. He has said that theology and doctrine are not the same, and that theology can change, but doctrine can't.He has said that "truth does not change but we gain greater understanding of the truth as we grow... We don't own the truth, the truth owns us, since it is a person we encounter, not something we possess." While at the 2015 Synod of the family, he contrasted Pope Pius XI's encyclical Casti connubii and Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Exhortation 'Familiaris Consortio' as evidence of the church's living tradition. In relation to the 2001 Congregation for Divine Worship's document Liturgiam


texts: Authenticam, which called for literal translations of the Latin into the vernacular, <mask> commented that it was too 'narrow in view' and a 'dead end'. In June 2017, <mask> called for the global church to admit more women into top leadership positions. He said "And that is why I want to emphasize that positions of responsibility and executive positions in the Church that are open to lay people must be shared by both men and women." In 2018, <mask> and a majority of other German bishops supported a proposal to allow Protestant spouses of German Catholics to receive the Eucharist at Mass. However, a minority of German bishops opposed this proposal and appealed to the Vatican for clarification of the issue.Archbishop Luis Ladaria, representing Pope Francis, issued a statement in June 2018 that temporarily rejected the German proposal on several grounds, including that it was an issue for the wider church as a whole to consider. In September 2019, <mask> gave his support to the idea of having married priests within certain regions and under certain conditions. In July 2020, the Vatican's Congregation of the Clergy issued a document on parish reform entitled: "The pastoral conversion of the parish community at the service of the evangelizing mission of the Church". Many German bishops criticized this document, including <mask>. <mask> criticized the way that the document was issued from the Vatican without consultation at the local level. In Munich Cathedral, on 24 July, he said: "It is a little strange that a document arrives from Rome without ever having been discussed with us. Is this the coexistence of the universal Church with the particular Church that they have desired?Not really!". He then added: "It is not for one person to proclaim


texts:
 something and for others to simply follow, but to listen to each other, to learn together, to absorb the experiences of the local Church—which is missing from the document that has been released these days. As if in Germany we had never thought of missionary parishes!". However, <mask> welcomed Pope Francis' drive for a more synodal church. From September 30 to October 2, 2021, <mask> and other German bishops attended a plenary assembly for discussing the 'German synodal path' in Frankfurt. <mask> spoke in favour of the text that was passed that discussed power and checks and balances, he said: "I think the text is good because it is realistic and does not say that we want to change canon law but that we can move forward step by step". Following the publication of the report on sex abuse in the Munich archdiocese in early 2022, Cardinal <mask> spoke out in favour of lifting celibacy rules for priests.Speaking to the Sueddeutsche Zeitung newspaper, <mask> said that things cannot continue as they are. He also said: "And if some say: without the obligation of celibacy, they will all get married! My answer is: so what! If they all marry, it would at least be a sign that things are not currently working." Ecumenism
While president of the German Conference of Catholic Bishops, <mask> supported the guide the organization issued to allow for Lutheran spouses of Catholics to receive Holy Communion in Catholic churches. Persecution of Christians
In April 2017, during the Good Friday service held in Munich, <mask> lamented the persecution of Christians that occurred in the world, especially in nations that had been shaped by Islam: "there can be no peace between religions," he said, unless "all human beings are permitted to live their faith and be


texts:
 respected in it." Violence and religion
In June 2017, during an interview <mask> said that religious leaders needed to be on guard to make sure that they did not provide a kind of pious framework from which religious extremists could perform violence.He indicated that both Catholics and Muslims needed to think about this. He said, "Religions simply must ask themselves—and permit themselves to be asked—whether by the way they are being interpreted or lived, they are contributing toward justifying or even fueling conflicts"

Democracy and human rights
In August 2020, <mask> spoke out in favour of the pro-democracy protestors in Belarus. On 15 August, he preached in Munich Cathedral: "Everywhere where people rise up and defend human dignity, the dignity of life and the dignity of freedom, one becomes conscious of Easter and that includes Belarus. Easter means rising up against hatred, violence and injustice"

In September 2020, <mask> spoke out against an attempt in the Danish parliament to ban non-medical circumcision. He said, "The Catholic Church in the European Union considers any attempt on the fundamental right to freedom of religion as unacceptable. The criminalization of circumcision is a very grave measure that raises deep concern". Opposition
During the 2015 Synod on the family, <mask> faced opposition from other bishops for supporting Kasper's proposal that the rules be relaxed to allow people who have divorced and attempted remarriage to receive Holy Communion.Divisions were particularly acute between the group of bishops from Germany (notably <mask>), and conservatives such as George Pell of Sydney. <mask> accused Pell of trying to foster division by making it seem as if there were two camps within the Church, one around Pope


texts: Benedict XVI and the other around Kasper. A spokesman for Pell welcomed the suggestion that <mask> saw no differences between the two groups. <mask> was indirectly criticized by retired Pope Benedict in a 2016 book of interviews. The occasion was related to how, shortly before Benedict's resignation in 2013, <mask> had criticized him by saying he had turned the Roman curia into his own court. In response to this, Benedict said "I have always lived simply, always, ever since my childhood." The retired Pope's personal secretary Georg Gänswein also stated "One should be careful of making statements or valuations of a situation that one does not know well."In August 2020, the German Bishops Conference published a photo of <mask> posed in front of a monumental statue of <mask> on its Facebook page. A Polish Catholic magazine, , said the photo showed "where contemporary modernist Catholicism has gone". It described the cardinal as "inspired by the Red Revolution not only in economics" but even in supporting sexual "liberation". It said he was "trying to reinterpret Scripture and Tradition in the light of contemporary (anti) culture and the often questionable findings of science". <mask> and other German bishops have been widely criticized, including from other bishops, about a 'synodal' path for reform of the church that they are alleged to be conducting within the church in Germany. Attempts by <mask> and the German bishops to try to have synods that make decisions for church issues within Germany are seen by such critics as being on a path to 'schism' and 'heresy'. Others, however, have given support for this path, including Brisbane Archbishop Mark Coleridge who dismissed the criticism and said in May 2021 "I have great confidence in the Germans

masks:
Marx
Marx
Marx
Marx
Karl Marx
Marx
Marx


texts:
 (and) in <mask>,"

Cardinal Gerhard Muller criticized <mask> in June 2021 in an article in the Bonn General-Anzeiger.Müller, who has himself been severely criticized for his handling of abuse accusations, claimed that the Cologne abuse crisis was not about abuse but was an attempt by <mask> to discredit Cardinal Woelki, who was opposed to the German 'synodal path' being supported by <mask>. Muller alleged that the synodal path <mask> was initiating was an "attempt to react to the abuse crisis with a heretical and schismatic agenda". In February 2022, Czech Cardinal Dominik Duka accused Cardinal <mask> of "defaming and tarnishing" the reputation of former Pope Benedict XVI. This was due to the fact that the report on sex abuse in the Munich archdiocese, which had been commissioned by Cardinal <mask>, faulted Pope Benedict (then Joseph Ratzinger) for his handling of four cases of sex abuse while he was serving as Archbishop of Munich in the 1970s and 1980s. <mask> expressed grief over the findings of the report and said that the church needed to change, however, he did not make any public statement about the findings as it related to Pope Benedict. Cardinal Duka, however, held <mask> responsible for damaging Pope Benedict's reputation through the report. Sexual abuse
German media reported that an unidentified priest in the diocese of Trier had allegedly sexually abused minors, and that this priest was not removed by Cardinal <mask> when he was bishop of Trier, even though he had been made aware of the case.Cardinal <mask>'s spokesperson claimed that <mask> had acted with the relevant guidelines in place at the time. It was further claimed by the media that the priest continued to serve in Trier until 2015 and his abuse also allegedly continued up

masks: Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx


texts: until that point. The rules governing these cases were reformed in 2010 and 2013, and the spokesperson claimed that had the new rules been in place at the time, the church would have acted differently. <mask> opened a meeting of bishops in Fulda in late September 2018 to discuss a study concerning widespread sexual abuse within the German church. The study had been commissioned by the German bishops' conference and given to the press in September 2018, and it showed widespread sexual abuse had occurred in the German church from 1946 to 2014, with almost 4,000 victims abused. On the occasion, <mask> said the report "makes it clear to us that the Catholic Church has by no means overcome the issue of dealing with the sexual abuse of minors." "I feel we have reached a turning point about the issues such as prevention and the treatment of victims, but also about how the Church will deal with its own future" and "We must do more: listen, understand and take appropriate measures."In February 2019 <mask> spoke at a conference on paedophilia in the Catholic church summoned by Pope Francis, saying that procedures to prosecute offenders "were deliberately not complied with", and files were destroyed, or not created, allowing abuse to continue. "Instead of the perpetrators, the victims were regulated and silence imposed on them." He called for greater transparency, saying that it is not transparency that damages the church, but its lack, and covering up. In December 2020 <mask> called the Archdiocese of Cologne's decision not to publish an investigation into clergy sexual abuse as 'devastating' for the entire church. In a newspaper interview, <mask> said "the public now perceives that lawyers are quibbling over details on the backs of the victims". <mask>


texts: promised that the Archdiocese of Munich would publish its own report on sexual abuse once it was finished in 2021, which would name those who were responsible and that it would not be about sparing his predecessors (Joseph Ratzinger and Friedrich Wetter). Also in December 2020, <mask> announced he would set up a charitable foundation in his diocese to help people who were affected by sexual abuse in the church and that he would be giving the vast majority of his private assets, which totaled 500,000 Euros, to the foundation.In February 2021, <mask> was accused in a report published by Deutschlandfunk of mishandling a case in the Diocese of Trier that said he had investigated a priest who had gotten a parish employee pregnant around 2000 but not a second priest who, in the confessional, had advised her to have an abortion. <mask> confessed this error to the Congregation for Clergy in 2007. Also in the same month, Christian Pfeiffer, a German criminologist who had been hired by the German Bishops' Conference in 2011 to investigate sex abuse, accused <mask> of denying his team access to some key documents. He had similar criticisms a year before. He alleged that <mask> was trying to protect Pope Benedict, himself as well as other German church leaders. <mask> rejected the allegations as baseless. Sex abuse victims, in April 2021, urged German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier not to go ahead with plans to award <mask> with the Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany on grounds of his alleged mishandling of sex abuse cases in the past.Peter Bringmann-Henselder who represented sex abuse victims and was himself a recipient of the same award said he would give back his award if <mask> was awarded. <mask>

masks: Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx


texts: responded by declining the award and said: "I take very seriously the criticism now being leveled by people dealing with sexual abuse in the Church, regardless of the correctness of the individual statements in open letters and in the media" and said he would not ignore the criticism. While <mask> has not been directly implicated in any wrongdoing regarding the Church sexual abuse crisis, he said that all members of the hierarchy bear some responsibility for it, and that it has led to a credibility crisis among Church leadership. <mask> said that the Church has reached a "dead end" regarding the sex abuse crisis and hopes that his resignation would be "a personal signal for a new beginning, for a new awakening of the Church, not only in Germany." In May 2021 <mask> sent a letter to Pope Francis offering to resign as archbishop. <mask> wrote, "I have to share responsibility for the catastrophe of sexual abuse by officials of the church over past decades". <mask> wrote further there were, "a lot of personal failure and administrative errors" and also, "institutional and systemic failure" and <mask> wrote as well, "I would like to make it clear that I am ready to take personal responsibility, not only for my own mistakes but for the church as an institution which I have helped to shape over the decades."The Archdiocese of Munich stated that Pope Francis had allowed <mask> to make his resignation letter public, and asked him to remain in his role until he had received an answer. A law firm commissioned by the archdiocese to investigate historic sexual abuse allegations is set to release its report shortly after the letter became public. On 10 June 2021, in a lengthy letter addressed to <mask>, Pope Francis informed him that he should continue as

masks: Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx Marx


texts: Archbishop of Munich and Freising. In July 2021, <mask> visited a parish in Garching an der Alz in his diocese where a priest accused of abuse of minors had been stationed prior to <mask>'s becoming Archbishop. A spokesman for the Catholic reform movement 'We are Church' commented that the visit was 'a concrete opportunity to demonstrate his pastoral commitment as a pastor and to work for the spiritual renewal of the Church – as he offered in his resignation and as Pope Francis then instructed him in his refusal'. <mask> suggested in July 2021 that he might offer a second resignation. He said: "I do not understand my service as a bishop as an office that belongs to me and that I have to defend, but as a mission for the people of this archdiocese and as a service to the unity of the Church" and "Should I no longer be able to fulfill this ministry, then it would be time — after consultation with the diocesan bodies and also the abuse appraisal  commission and the affected persons’ advisory board — to decide for the good of the Church and offer my resignation from office once again."An ecclesiastical document cited by German media in January 2022 criticized Cardinal <mask> for failing to remove a Chaplain cited as 'Peter H' from the priesthood in the late 2000s. The same document also faulted former Pope Benedict XVI for failing with regard to the same priest while he served as Archbishop of Munich. It was reported in November 2021 that the Munich law firm Westpfahl Spilker Wastl had been investigating Cardinal <mask> and several other bishops as part of a report on sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising due to be published in 2022. They published their report on January 20th 2022. In the report, Cardinal <mask> was accused of


texts: mishandling two cases of sex abuse in the archdiocese. Following the release, he made a statement: "My first thought today is for those affected by sexual abuse, who have experienced harm and suffering at the hands of Church representatives, priests, and other employees in the sphere of the Church, on an appalling scale. I am shocked and ashamed."Martin Pusch one of the authors of the report, alleged that <mask> had said the main responsibility for handling abuse cases belonged to archdiocese's ordinariate and vicariate general. Push questioned <mask>'s position by saying: 'When, if not in the case of the sexual abuse of minors, is the classification of an issue as a ‘matter for the boss’ applicable?'. Marion Westpfahl one of the founding partners of the law firm, also lamented that Cardinal <mask> was absent for the presentation of the report. In the aftermath of the report by the law firm, <mask> said he would not attempt to make another resignation as he had done the previous year and said that: "I am ready to continue serving if that is helpful for the further steps that have to be taken for a more reliable reappraisal, even more attention to those affected and for reform of the church". However, he also said that if he found that his continued presence was more of a hindrance than a help that he would step aside. He also pointed at the report and said that what they saw in it was a disaster, and he repeated calls that the church needed deep reform, including the 'synodal path' that would open up debate within the church about issues the church faced including homosexuality, priestly celibacy and the role of women. He said, 'Anyone who still denies systemic causes and opposes a necessary reform of the church in its stances and structures


texts:
 hasn't understood the challenge.'Books
In October 2008 <mask> published Das Kapital: A Plea for the Human Being. He described it as "an argument with Marxism". It opened with a letter addressed to <mask>: "The consequences of your thinking were disastrous." Contrary to his namesake's prediction of the inevitable collapse of capitalism, he proposed an important role for the Church in the survival of a healthy form of capitalism: "Capitalism without humanity, solidarity and justice has no morals and no future." Notes

References

External links

Catholic-Hierarchy
Archdiocese of Munich and Freising
Diocese of Trier

}

1953 births
Living people
People from Geseke
Roman Catholic archbishops of Munich and Freising
21st-century German cardinals
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Germany
Roman Catholic bishops of Trier
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Members of the Congregation for the Oriental

masks:
Marx
Karl Marx


texts:
<mask>'Toole (born April 1, 1952) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Lisa Bridges in the TV series Nash Bridges; Beverly Marsh in the 1990 television mini-series version of Stephen King's It; Lana Lang in Superman III; Kathy in the romantic-comedy Cross My Heart; and Martha Kent, the mother of Clark Kent, on the television series Smallville. Early life and career
O'Toole was born <mask> in Houston, Texas, the daughter of Dorothy Geraldine (née Niland) and William West Toole Jr. Her mother taught dance, which O'Toole herself began learning at the age of three. She started taking acting lessons after her family moved to Los Angeles when she was 13. Her first television appearance was in 1967 on The Danny Kaye Show, followed over the next few years with guest appearances in shows such as My Three Sons, The Virginian, Gunsmoke, Hawaii Five-O, and The Partridge Family. 1970s–1980s
O'Toole's first major film role was as a jaded beauty pageant contestant in the 1975 satire Smile; she got the role after doing an impression of a "dead cockroach" at the audition.She also appeared as the tutor and girlfriend of Robby Benson's character in the college basketball story One on One in 1977. She co-starred opposite Gary Busey in the 1980 film Foolin' Around. In 1981, she starred in the HBO onstage production of Vanities, as well as in the TV movie Stand By Your Man, which detailed the life of country music legend Tammy Wynette. Later on in 1982, she appeared briefly as Nick Nolte's girlfriend in 48 Hrs. That same year, she played Alice Perrin in Cat People, and then in 1983 she played Lana Lang (love interest to Clark Kent/Superman), and single mother of Ricky in Superman III. In 1985, she co-starred with Barry Manilow in the CBS television movie Copacabana playing Lola La Mar to Manilow's Tony Starr. Also in 1985, she had a starring role as Ms. Edmunds in the original Bridge to Terabithia, and appeared in the TV adaptation of Strong Medicine the following year.In 1987's

masks:
Annette O
Annette Toole


texts:
 Cross My Heart, a romantic comedy, O'Toole had a leading role opposite Martin Short. 1990s–2000s
In 1990, O'Toole had roles in two ABC television miniseries. She played the adult Beverly Marsh in the television mini-series version of Stephen King's It, and also portrayed Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy in The Kennedys of Massachusetts, a role that earned her an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress. She next starred in the 1992 NBC miniseries Jewels, based on the Danielle Steel novel of the same name. In 1993, O'Toole starred in Desperate Justice as Ellen Wells. In 1995, she starred as Cheryl Keeton in the 1995 Lifetime television film based on Ann Rule's true crime novel Dead by Sunset. She had a recurring role on the television show Nash Bridges (1996) and starred in her own series The Huntress (2000) as a female bounty hunter.In 1997 O'Toole starred in the TV movie Keeping the Promise. In October 2001, 18 years after portraying Lana Lang in Superman III, O'Toole returned to the Superman mythos in the role of Martha Kent, Superman's adoptive mother, in the television series Smallville. She remained part of the show's main cast, though at times in the background, until the end of its sixth season. On January 19, 2010, it was announced that O'Toole would be returning to Smallville for at least one episode. 2010s
On November 22, 2010, O'Toole played the role of Veronica, a middle-aged woman suffering from a severe case of Alzheimer's, in season 3 episode 7 of the TV series Lie to Me. In March 2013 she appeared in Grey's Anatomy as a school teacher who finds out, after surgery, that she will die from cancer. O'Toole portrayed Susan Emerson in six episodes of the first two seasons of Halt and Catch Fire.In 2016, O'Toole returned to the Stephen King realm as boarding house owner Edna Price in 'The Kill Floor' episode of the King mini-series 11.22.63. O’Toole filled the role of Hope McCrea in the Netflix series Virgin River. Musical career
O'Toole can date the beginning of


texts:
 her songwriting career to events during a car ride after the September 11 attacks; as her husband Michael McKean describes it, "On September 11, 2001, <mask> found herself without an airline to carry her back down to Los Angeles from Vancouver, where she films Smallville. So she drove a rental car down. The two of us drove it back up together, and on the long drive up there, somewhere between Portland and Seattle, she told me she had a tune in her head." The "tune in her head" became "Potato's in the Paddy Wagon", one of three songs the couple wrote for A Mighty Wind, including the Oscar-nominated song "A Kiss at the End of the Rainbow." O'Toole sang "What Could Be Better?"— a song she and her husband co-wrote – for the 2004 Disney children's album A World of Happiness. In May–June 2005, the couple did a cabaret act for "Feinstein's at the Regency" in New York City. On July 7, 2007, O'Toole appeared as a backing singer for her husband's fictional band Spinal Tap at the London leg of the Live Earth concerts. She has also performed on the band's 2009 Unwigged and Unplugged tour, and contributed lyrics to "Short and Sweet" on the 2009 Spinal Tap album Back from the Dead. In 2011 she starred in CAP21's production of the new musical Southern Comfort, based on the Sundance award-winning documentary, by Dan Collins and Julianne Wick Davis. Personal life

O'Toole married actor Bill Geisslinger on April 8, 1983; they divorced in 1993. The couple had two daughters.O'Toole married Michael McKean in March 1999. She and McKean share a musical career. Filmography

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
American female dancers
Dancers from Texas
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
Songwriters from Texas
American television actresses
Actresses from Houston
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women


texts:
<mask> (born 23 October 1982) is an Estonian professional basketball player for Kalev/Cramo in the Latvian–Estonian Basketball League. He is 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) tall, and he can play at both the small forward and power forward positions. Professional career

2000–2010
<mask> started his professional career in 2000, when he signed with Tallinn Kalev. He stayed with the team for the next three years winning the Estonian Championship titles in 2002 and 2003. He also won the Estonian Cup in 2001. Despite his young age, <mask> was one of the top performers in the Estonian league averaging 11.2 points and 7.3 rebounds in the 2002–03 season and 15.7 points and 6.2 rebounds in the 2003–04 season. Good performances in Estonia earned Kangur his first foreign contract in 2004 when he signed with Bayer Giants Leverkusen of the German Bundesliga where he spent the next two seasons.After two years in Germany he returned to Estonia and signed with Kalev/Cramo. He stayed with the team until the end of the 2008–09 season winning three Estonian Cups and one Estonian Championship. <mask> was a solid leader for Kalev during those three seasons. He averaged 11.4 points and 4.9 rebounds in the 2009 play-offs and was awarded the MVP of Estonian League Finals. In July 2009 <mask> signed a deal with French Pro A top team ASVEL Basket. He averaged 5.9 points and 2.0 rebounds in his debut season of the EuroLeague as well as 5.1 points and 2.0 rebounds in Pro A. Though <mask> won the French Supercup and French League Cup with ASVEL, the season was a disappointment to the team as they narrowly missed out the EuroLeague Top 16 phase and didn't reach to the playoffs of their domestic league.2010–2017

<mask> signed with Italian top team Virtus Bologna just before the Italian league play-offs in May 2010. He played five games for the Bologna team averaging 7.6 points with a field goal percentage of 90% on two-pointers

masks:
Kristjan Kangur
Kangur
Kangur
Kangur
Kangur
Kangur
Kangur


texts: and 100% on three-pointers. For the 2010–11 season <mask> signed with Pallacanestro Varese. He was one of the top players in the team averaging 9.9 points and 5.4 rebounds in 32 games. In July 2011 <mask> signed a three-year deal with Italian powerhouse Montepaschi Siena but was loaned to Varese for the 2011–2012 season. In his second year in Varese he posted similar numbers with 10.9 points and 5.2 rebounds in 36 games and earned himself a place in Siena's roster. During his tenure with Siena Kangur won both the Italian Cup and the Italian League and also reached to the Top 16 phase of the EuroLeague.He showed a high-quality game on both sides of the court by being one of the top defensive players in the team and also hitting 23 three-pointers with 56.1% accuracy in the EuroLeague Regular Season. On 3 September 2013, he signed with Emporio Armani Milano. At Milan he was reunited with coach Luca Banchi who coached him last season at Siena, and also with fellow player David Moss with whom he played together in Siena and Bologna. On 21 October, <mask> had a back surgery in Milan which forced him off the court for almost two months. He played his first official game for Milano on 16 December against Victoria Libertas Pesaro in the Italian League. <mask> helped Milano to reach the 2013–14 Euroleague Quarterfinals where they lost to eventual champions Maccabi Tel Aviv. <mask> helped Milano to finish the season with the Italian title by defeating Montepaschi Siena thus ending Siena's seven-year winning streak at the Italian Championships.This was Milano's 26th domestic title and their first title since 1996. On 11 August 2014, he returned after two years to Pallacanestro Varese. In November 2014 <mask> had second back surgery and wasn't able to play until January 2015. All in all, the season was a disappointment for <mask> and the Varese team as they finished 11th in the Italian League. On

masks: Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur


texts:
 11 October 2015, <mask> signed a two-month deal with the Spanish team Laboral Kutxa Baskonia to replace injured Tornike Shengelia. He became the first ever Estonian basketball player who had played in the Spanish ACB League. <mask> was released from the team after his contract expired on 22 November.He represented Baskonia in six Euroleague games averaging 2.0 points and 1.8 rebounds and in three ACB games averaging 3.7 points and 3.3 rebounds. After the short stint in Spain, <mask> returned to Varese for the rest of the season. The team narrowly missed out of the Italian League play-offs, finishing 9th. <mask> and Varese also took part in the inaugural season of the FIBA Europe Cup. The team reached the final where they were defeated by Fraport Skyliners of the Basketball Bundesliga with the score 62–66. In June 2016, <mask> signed a new two-year deal with Varese. Varese finished the 2016–17 season on a disappointing 12th place and <mask> parted ways with the team in July 2017.2017–present
After eight seasons playing abroad <mask> returned to Estonia and rejoined with his former club Kalev/Cramo on 6 September 2017. With Kalev/Cramo Kangur won his fourth Estonian League title and was named MVP of Estonian League Finals for the second time in his career. On the season, he averaged 6.9 points and 4.5 rebounds per game. He re-signed with the club on 8 September 2018 to play in the newly formed Latvian-Estonian Basketball League (LEBL). Kalev/Cramo finished the first LEBL season in third place and defended the home league title giving <mask> his fifth Estonian Championship. The next season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Kangru left Kalev/Cramo after three seasons and signed with TalTech in September 2020.He parted ways with TalTech in mid-season to join his hometown club Pärnu Sadam in February 2021. On 14 October 2021, <mask> signed with Kalev/Cramo in the Latvian–Estonian

masks: Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur Kangur


texts:
 Basketball League. Estonian national team
Kangur represented Estonia for the first time in youth level at the 2002 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Qualifying Round. In his first game, he was the top scorer for Estonia with 18 points in 23 minutes against Denmark. <mask> also played at the 2003 Summer Universiade. He made his debut for the Estonia national basketball team on 20 November 2002, at the age of 20. He scored 4 points in 8 minutes during EuroBasket 2003 Qualification Semi-Final Round game against Belarus.Since then, he has been a certain selection for the national team representing Estonia at the 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2015 EuroBasket qualification tournaments. His national team career high score is 26 points against Iceland in autumn 2012, during the EuroBasket 2013 qualification. On 1 September 2013, <mask> and the Estonian national team gained a spot for the 2015 European Championships by beating Bulgaria in a two-legged final of the EuroBasket 2015 First Qualification Round. In September 2015, Estonia made its fifth appearance at the EuroBasket final tournament and the first since 2001. <mask> was the captain of the national team and played in all five games during the group stage averaging 7.4 points and 3.2 rebounds. Estonia won one game in Group D and was eliminated after the group stage. From 2011 to 2016, <mask> was the captain of the Estonian national team.He withdrew from the team before the 2017 EuroBasket qualification tournament to treat his injuries and Rain Veideman was named the captain of the national team. <mask> was called back to the national team in 2017 and he also resumed his captaincy to lead the team in the 2019 World Cup qualification games. <mask> and his long-time friends Janar Talts and Gregor Arbet played their national team farewell game on 21 February 2019 against Serbia. Estonia won the game 71–70, <mask> scored 4 points in 20


texts: <mask> (born December 29, 1959) is an American actress. She has starred in numerous leading and supporting roles in a variety of films ranging from independent film features to major film studio productions. Her accolades include a Golden Globe Award and two Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and a Tony Award. Born and raised in New Orleans to a politician mother and school administrator father, <mask> earned a degree in drama from Fordham University before attending the Yale School of Drama, where she graduated with a Master of Fine Arts degree. She made her feature film debut in Brian De Palma's mob drama The Untouchables (1987), followed by a supporting role in Clint Eastwood's The Dead Pool (1988). After appearing in minor roles in the early and mid-1990s, she garnered critical attention for her portrayal of a drug-addicted actress in the independent drama High Art (1998). She appeared in numerous supporting roles in such films as The Green Mile (1999), The Pledge (2001), Far from Heaven (2002), and Dogville (2003).She garnered further critical acclaim in 2003 for her performances in the drama films The Station Agent, which earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, and Pieces of April, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> also appeared as a recurring guest star on the HBO series Six Feet Under from 2002 to 2006, and won two Primetime Emmy Awards for her performance. Other credits from the 2000s include Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), Lars and the Real Girl (2007), and Elegy (2008). She also appeared in Woody Allen's Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), and Whatever Works (2009). In 2010, <mask> had a supporting role in Martin Scorsese's thriller Shutter Island, followed by roles in the mainstream comedies Easy A and Friends with Benefits. She subsequently

masks:
Patricia Davies Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson


texts:
 portrayed the villainous Ava Paige in The Maze Runner (2014) and its two sequels. She returned to theater in 2014, playing the role of Madge Kendal in a Broadway production of The Elephant Man, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress.In 2017, she won a British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Sally Potter's drama The Party, and guest-starred on the Netflix series House of Cards. She co-starred with Amy Adams on the HBO miniseries Sharp Objects in 2018, for which she won a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film. Early life
<mask> was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of <mask> (née Brechtel), a New Orleans politician and councilwoman, and Arthur "Buzz" <mask>, a school administrator who worked at the Louisiana State University School of Medicine. She is one of five sisters, all of whom attended O. Perry Walker High School, where she graduated in 1977. She was raised in the Algiers section of New Orleans, on the West Bank of the Mississippi River. From 1977 to 1979, <mask> studied speech pathology at Louisiana State University before deciding she wanted to pursue a drama degree. In 1980, she transferred to Fordham University in New York City to enroll in their undergraduate acting program, from which she graduated summa cum laude in 1982.She then earned her Master of Fine Arts at the Yale School of Drama in 1985. Career

Early work
After graduating from the Yale School of Drama, <mask> was cast in a 1986 Broadway production of The House of Blue Leaves as a replacement in the role of Corrinna Stroller. The following year, she made her feature film debut in Brian De Palma's The Untouchables (1987), portraying Catherine Ness, the wife of US Treasury Prohibition agent Elliott Ness (Kevin Costner). <mask> stated she was financially struggling during

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Clarkson
Jackie Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson


texts: this time and was paying student loans, and that De Palma expanded her role in the film as she originally only had several days' worth of shooting. The next year, she was cast in Clint Eastwood's The Dead Pool (1988), the fifth installment in the Dirty Harry film series. In 1989, she returned to Broadway portraying a Wall Street investment counselor whose brother (played by Kevin Conroy) is diagnosed with AIDS; the play ran from January to March of that year. <mask> has stated that beginning in the early 1990s, she went through a turbulent period in her career and was unable to find significant work.She had a small role in Jumanji (1995) before being cast in the independent drama High Art (1998), portraying a drug-addicted German actress in New York City. Her performance earned her an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In 1998, <mask> had a small role in the critically acclaimed independent romantic comedy Playing By Heart, playing a woman at a bar who listens to a false story told by a man (Dennis Quaid) as part of his improv class. In 1999, <mask> appeared in a supporting role as an ailing wife of a prison warden in The Green Mile, which was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble Cast. The same year, she had a supporting part in the romantic comedy Simply Irresistible (1999), followed by a supporting part in Stanley Tucci's biopic Joe Gould's Secret (2000). Next, she portrayed a single mother in the drama The Safety of Objects (2001), and had a supporting role opposite Jack Nicholson in the Sean Penn-directed thriller The Pledge (2001), playing the mother of a murder victim. She also had a leading role in the independent horror film Wendigo (2001), directed by Larry Fessenden, and in the comedy Welcome to Collinwood (2002).Roger Ebert praised the performances in the former, noting: "The actors [in Wendigo] have an

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 unforced, natural quality that looks easy but is hard to do." In 2001 she had a recurring role on Frasier as Claire French, who dated Frasier Crane played by Kelsey Grammer. Critical breakthrough
In 2002, <mask> was cast in a supporting role in Todd Haynes's period drama Far from Heaven, opposite Julianne Moore and Dennis Quaid, playing the neighbor of a repressed housewife in the 1950s. The same year, she starred as Margaret White in the television film adaptation of Stephen King's Carrie. Between 2002 and 2005, <mask> had a guest-starring role on the HBO drama series Six Feet Under, playing Sarah O'Connor, the artist sister of Ruth Fisher. For her portrayal, she won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series, in 2002 and 2005, respectively. <mask> appeared in multiple independent films in 2003, including The Baroness and the Pig; Lars von Trier's experimental drama Dogville;, the critically acclaimed indie film The Station Agent, playing an artist who befriends a diminutive man (Peter Dinklage) who suddenly appears as a town resident living in a local train depot; Pieces of April, in which she portrayed a mother dying of cancer who travels to visit her estranged daughter (Katie Holmes) for Thanksgiving; and the David Gordon Green-directed drama All the Real Girls, as the mother of a young womanizer in a small southern town.Four of the filmsThe Baroness and the Pig, Pieces of April, The Station Agent, and All the Real Girlspremiered at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival. <mask> received numerous accolades for her performances: For The Station Agent, she won the Special Jury Prize at Sundance, and was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, among others. Her performance in Pieces of April earned her a Sundance Special Jury Prize, as well as nominations for the Screen Actors

masks: Clarkson Clarkson Clarkson Clarkson


texts: Guild award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Following these critical successes, <mask> had a lead role opposite Kurt Russell in the sports docudrama Miracle (2004), about the U.S. hockey team defeating the heavily favored Soviets in the 1980 Olympics, and played the wife of a news correspondent (Robert Downey Jr.) in George Clooney's historical drama Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), about the conflict between journalist Edward R. Murrow and Joseph McCarthy. She then starred as the wife of a Hollywood studio executive in the independent drama The Dying Gaul (2005). 2006 saw the release of The Woods, a supernatural horror film shot in 2003 in which she portrayed the headmistress of a girls' boarding school. The same year, she portrayed Sadie Burke in All the King's Men, set in her native New Orleans.In 2007, she had a supporting role in the romantic comedy No Reservations, as well as in the comedy-drama Lars and the Real Girl, in which she portrayed a psychiatrist treating a man in love with a sex doll. She subsequently co-starred with Ben Kingsley in the drama Elegy (2008), and had supporting roles in two Woody Allen films: 2008's Vicky Cristina Barcelona, portraying an unhappy housewife, and 2009's Whatever Works. In 2008, producer Gerald Peary approached <mask> to do the voice-over for the documentary film For the Love of Movies: The Story of American Film Criticism. Says Peary, "She agreed to do the narration...  And she was so nice, and so cooperative, and so prepared, and so intelligent. And one of the key reasons she wanted to do the movie was that she regularly reads criticism, and has a genuine respect for film criticism. <mask> returned to New Orleans on January 17, 2009 for the reopening of the Mahalia Jackson Theatre for the


texts:
 Performing Arts. She served as master of ceremonies for a gala featuring Plácido Domingo in concert with the New Orleans Opera, conducted by Robert Lyall.She also made a cameo appearance in the Saturday Night Live Digital Short "Motherlover" on May 9, 2009. The video featured Andy Samberg, Justin Timberlake, and Susan Sarandon. She reprised the role on May 21, 2011, in the digital short "3-Way (The Golden Rule)". Mainstream success
In 2010, <mask> appeared opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in the Martin Scorsese-directed thriller Shutter Island, playing a woman escaped from a psychiatric institution. Recounting being cast in the part, <mask> said: "I got the call that every actor lives for. “Patty, Martin Scorsese is thinking of casting you in his new movie.” And I do what I call the little “Martin Scorsese dance” around my apartment. I think I was in my underwear or pajamas.It's a call you live for. Then I hear back, “But it’s just one scene.” So then I'm dancing a little lower. Then I hear, “It’s you and Leonardo DiCaprio in a cave,” and then I'm dancing again." The film was a box office hit, and Scorsese's highest-grossing film at the time. <mask> subsequently had roles in two independent films: Legendy and Main Street (both 2010), before appearing in two mainstream comedies directed by Will Gluck: Easy A (2010), as the mother of a troubled high school student (Emma Stone), and as the mother of an executive recruiter (Mila Kunis) in Friends with Benefits (2011). She also appeared in the romantic drama One Day (2011) as the mother of a college student in Scotland (portrayed by Jim Sturgess), and guest-starred on two episodes of the comedy series Parks and Recreation. In 2013, she had a supporting role in the thriller The East (2013) as the leader of a private intelligence firm.In 2014, <mask> returned to Broadway portraying Madge Kendal opposite Bradley Cooper in a production


texts: of The Elephant Man, which earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play. The same year, she starred opposite Ben Kingsley in the comedy-drama film Learning to Drive, portraying Wendy, a depressed middle-aged New York book critic learning to drive from a Sikh man. John Patterson of The Guardian praised her performance, writing: "<mask> gives us every ounce of Wendy’s desperation and self-loathing, and every shade of them as well. She has always been a miraculous performer." The same year, she appeared as villain Ava Paige in the major box-office hit The Maze Runner, a dystopian film based on the 2009 young adult novel. She subsequently reprised the role in both sequels: Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015), and Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018). <mask> starred in the ensemble drama The Party in 2017, directed by Sally Potter, for which she won a British Independent Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.The same year, she co-starred with Emily Mortimer and Bill Nighy in The Bookshop, a period drama set in 1959 Suffolk involving two women vying to acquire a building for their own respective businesses. She also guest-starred on the fifth and sixth seasons (2017–2018) of the Netflix political drama series House of Cards, portraying Jane Davis, a United States Department of Commerce official. She subsequently starred in the science fiction film Jonathan, involving two brothers who alternately share a single body, and the psychological horror film Delirium, which was released directly-to-DVD. <mask> also starred opposite Amy Adams in the psychological drama miniseries Sharp Objects (2018), portraying the wealthy mother of an alcoholic reporter (Adams) investigating a murder in their Missouri town. For her performance in the series, <mask> won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film. Personal


texts:
 life
In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, <mask> published a post for Natural Resources Defense Council's magazine OnEarth. She also released a public service announcement talking about her experiences growing up in New Orleans.Both pieces were released on July 26, 2010. <mask> resides in New York City. In 2007, she purchased a loft in Greenwich Village for $1.5 million. She listed this loft property for $2.5 million in November 2018. She has never married and has no children. Interviewed in 2016, she said, "I've never wanted to marry, I've never wanted children – I was born without that gene." Three of <mask>'s four sisters have children and she is very close to her nieces and nephews.One of her nephews, Mac Alsfeld, is an actor, writer and director. Filmography

Film

Television

Stage credits

Accolades

<mask> was honored by the Jameson Dublin International Film Festival when she received one of the 2010 Volta awards for achievements in her career. References

Sources

{{cite interview|last1=<mask>|first1=<mask>|interviewer=Dave Karger|title=Conversations with <mask>|publisher=SAG-AFTRA|date=December 7, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHhmBnuNts4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/bHhmBnuNts4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2018|ref=}}

External links

 "<mask>, Directors' Stealth Weapon" Michelle Orange, The New York Times, July 30, 2010
 <mask> "Good Night, And Good Luck" Interview Future Movies, September 2, 2006

1959 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American environmentalists
American women environmentalists
Actresses from New Orleans
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Fordham University alumni
Primetime Emmy Award

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Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Clarkson
Patricia
Patricia Clarkson
Patricia Clarkson
Patricia Clarkson


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<mask> (born 1947) is an American sociologist, and one of the world's leading social theorists. He is the founding figure in the school of cultural sociology he refers to as the "strong program". Career
He was born May 30, 1947, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. <mask> gained his Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard University in 1969 and his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1978. <mask> was one of the few students not to have received any financial assistance upon admission to Berkeley. He was originally interested in Marxist sociology and followed the work of Fred Block and debates in the journal Socialist Revolution, but evolved to a democratic socialist, then left liberal position. Later he worked with Neil Smelser, Robert N. Bellah, and Leo Lowenthal.Each of whom were on his dissertation committee, with the chair being Bellah, a former student of Talcott Parsons. <mask>'s dissertation, Theoretical Logic in Sociology, was published as a four-volume set. Volume 1 was subtitled Positivism, Presuppositions, and Current Controversies, Volume 2 was The Antimonies of Classical Thought: Marx and Durkheim, Volume 3 was The Classical Attempt at Theoretical Synthesis: Max Weber, and Volume 4 was subtitled The Modern Reconstruction of Classical Thought: Talcott Parsons. At the time, many theorists were attempting to revive Parsons after a decade of criticisms, and <mask>'s Theoretical Logic in Sociology was part of this revival. He worked at the University of California, Los Angeles, from 1974 until joining Yale University in 2001, where (as of 2008) he is the <mask> Saden Professor of Sociology and co-Director

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Jeffrey Charles Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Lillian Chason


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 of the Center for Cultural Sociology. <mask> has authored or co-authored ten books. He was one of the editors of the journal Sociological Theory, and he is currently co-editor of the American Journal of Cultural Sociology.He received honorary doctorates from La Trobe University, Melbourne and the University College Dublin, Ireland. In 2004, he won the <mask>z Award for Best Article in Cultural Sociology and in 2008, he won the Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book in Cultural Sociology. He also received the 2007 Theory Prize from the Theory Section of the American Sociological Association for best theoretical article. In 2009, he received The Foundation Mattei Dogan Prize in Sociology by the International Sociological Association, awarded every four years in recognition of lifetime accomplishments to "a scholar of very high standing in the profession and of outstanding international reputation." Notable students of <mask> include Ronald Jacobs, Philip Smith, Isaac Reed, Matthew Norton, and Elizabeth Breese. Neofunctionalism
In sociology, neofunctionalism represents a revival of the thought of Talcott Parsons by <mask><mask>, who sees neofunctionalism as having five central tendencies:
to create a form of functionalism that is multidimensional and includes micro as well as macro levels of analysis
to push functionalism to the left and reject Parsons's optimism about modernity
to argue for an implicit democratic thrust in functional analysis
to incorporate a conflict orientation, and
to emphasize uncertainty and interactional creativity. While Parsons consistently viewed actors as analytical concepts, <mask> defines action as the movement of

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Alexander
Clifford Geert
Jeffrey Alexander
Jeffrey C
. Alexander
Alexander


texts:
 concrete, living, breathing persons as they make their way through time and space.In addition he argues that every action contains a dimension of free will, by which he is expanding functionalism to include some of the concerns of symbolic interactionism. The cultural turn and the strong program

Starting in the late 1980s, <mask>'s work turned toward cultural sociology. Key to this cultural turn was a shift in emphasis from an engagement with Parsonian structural functionalism toward a rereading of Emile Durkheim's later works, which featured a strong interest in cultural systems. Durkheim's Elementary Forms of Religious Life was key to <mask>'s thought, as in this work Durkheim analyzes the ways by which collective representations emerge and function, as well as the role of rituals in maintaining solidarity and reiterating society's norms and values to the congregation. <mask> picks up specifically on Durkheim's suggestion that the religious processes observed in tribal societies are as pertinent in modern societies. Regardless of whether modern societies believe themselves to be rational and secular, their civil life and processes, claims <mask>, are underpinned by collective representations, by strong emotional ties and by various narratives that—much like tribal societies—tell society what it believes it is and what values it holds sacred. <mask> distinguishes between the sociology of culture and cultural sociology.The sociology of culture sees culture as a dependent variable—that is, a product of extra-cultural factors such as the economy or interest-laden politics—whereas cultural sociology sees culture as having more autonomy and

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


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 gives more weight to inner meanings. In other words, in <mask>'s conception of cultural sociology assumes that ideas and symbolic processes may have an independent effect on social institutions, on politics, and on culture itself. <mask> strongly distinguishes this sociological perspective from the then-dominant Bourdieusian sociological framework, which tends to see cultural processes as embedded in power struggles, and ultimately in material inequality. Cultural trauma
Two of his earlier articles can be seen as precursors to his more direct engagement with the topic of trauma. In one, he demonstrates that the Holocaust was not immediately perceived as universally signifying universal evil for Western societies. Rather than that, it was constructed as such by way of a long process of narration and signification. In the second, he shows that the Watergate Crisis was originally not perceived by American society as much more than a minor incident.Here, too, the incident had to be culturally narrated and constructed as compromising the core values of American society, turning what was first thought to be a mundane faux-pas into a full-fledged scandal. A key claim of both studies is that even events that are currently thought of as deeply traumatic for civil society are not inherently devastating but are rather constructed as such through cultural processes. More generally, <mask> differentiates "cultural trauma" from what he calls "lay trauma" in social thought. "Lay trauma" refers to the idea that certain events are inherently traumatic to the individuals who experience them—for example, the idea of trauma in psychology. However, "cultural

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander


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 trauma" approach cannot assume that any event—as horrendous as it may be—will turn into a trauma for the collective who encounters it. As <mask> explains, "[C]ultural trauma occurs when members of a collectivity feel they have been subjected to a horrendous event that leaves indelible marks upon their group consciousness, marking their memories forever and changing their future identity in fundamental and irrevocable ways". Social performance
In the mid-2000s <mask> turned attention toward the ways actors create social or cultural performances, which are "the social process[es] by which actors, individually or in concert, display for others the meaning of their social situation".Actors, claims <mask>, care deeply about having others believe the meanings they attempt to convey, and to this end they seek to create a performance as authentic-looking as possible. To do so, they engage in what <mask> calls "cultural pragmatics" and draw upon the various elements of social performance: the systems of collective representation, means of symbolic production, mise-en-scène arrangements (much like a theater production would). <mask> claims that in tribal societies the various elements of cultural performance were tightly fused, and were employed in collective rituals in which the entire tribe partook and its members experienced first-hand. In modern societies, these various elements became de-fused (as per Weber's sphere differentiation) and for this reason actors who wish to appear authentic must draw upon various repertoires. "Fusion", in <mask>'s terms, is the moment in a performance when the various elements click together, generate an

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


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 effective performance, and ultimately move the audience to psychological identification with the actors. A failed performance will be one that the audience will perceive as inauthentic, and will not develop the sense of identification the actors desired. Iconic consciousness
In recent years, <mask> has turned attention towards the material aspects of culture, extending his specific strand of cultural sociology towards aesthetics and particularly icons.As he defines it, iconic consciousness occurs "when an aesthetically shaped materiality signifies social value. Contact with this aesthetic surface, whether by sight, smell, taste, touch provides a sensual experience that transmits meaning ...". In contradistinction with various sociologies of culture that have tended to see the visual or the material as a form of falsity or degradation, <mask> draws on the Durkheimian notion of the symbolic collective representation to argue that the ways in which culture operates—both in instilling and in recreating values—is intrinsically tied to symbolic material forms. Studies following <mask>'s approach have looked, for example, into the ways in which architecture is embedded in a deep meaning structure and have deep emotional resonance with the society that frequents them. Others have extended the idea of iconic consciousness into the realm of celebrities, and have explored the ways in which celebrities on one hand present an appealing aesthetic "surface" and on the other hand condense and convey a locus of "deep" meanings that resonate with the audience. Performative revolutions
Following the Egyptian Revolution, <mask> conducted a study of the

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


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 revolutionary months from a cultural sociological point of view, applying some of his previous theories in order to understand the ways in which the various protests voiced by demonstrators, journalists, bloggers, and public actors ultimately persuaded the Egyptian army to turn against the regime. The key to understanding the revolution, claims <mask>, is in the binary structure these various actors applied to the Moubarak regime, persuasively depicting it as corrupt and outdated and thereby convincing the wider public that it was a menace to Egyptian society.Key publications

Selected articles
<mask>, <mask>. The Societalization of Social Problems: Church Pedophilia, Phone Hacking, and the Financial Crisis. American Sociological Review, 83 (6): 1049-1078, 2018. <mask>, <mask>. Culture trauma, morality and solidarity: The social construction of ‘Holocaust’ and other mass murders. Thesis Eleven, 132 (1): 3-16, 2016. <mask>, <mask>. The Fate of the Dramatic in Modern Society: Social Theory and the Theatrical Avant-Guarde. Theory, Culture & Society, 31 (1): 3-24, 2014. <mask>, <mask>. Iconic Power and Performance: the Role of the Critic.In: Iconic Power: Materiality and Meaning in Social Life, editor (with Dominik Bartmanski and Bernhard Giesen), Palgrave Macmillan, 25-38, 2012. <mask>, <mask>. <mask>z and the Strong Program: The Human Sciences and Cultural Sociology. Cultural Sociology, 2(2): 157-169, 2008. <mask>, <mask>. Iconic Consciousness: The Material Feeling of Meaning. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26: 782–794. 2008. <mask>, <mask>. On the Social Construction of Moral Universals.Reprinted in: <mask> et al.,

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Clifford Geert
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander


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 Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. University of California Press, 196–263, 2004. <mask> C. Cultural Pragmatics: Social Performance between Ritual and Strategy. Sociological Theory 22: 527–573. 2004. <mask>, <mask>. From the Depths of Despair: Performance and Counter-Performance on September 11.. Sociological Theory 22 (1) 2004: 88-105.<mask>, <mask>. Durkheim's Religious Revival, with Philip Smith (Review Essay, E. Durkheim/K. E. Fields trans., The Elementary Forms of Religious Life). American Journal of Sociology, 102 (2): 585–592, 1996. <mask>, <mask>. Habermas' New Critical Theory: Its Promise and Problems . American Journal of Sociology. 91: 400–424, 1985
<mask>, <mask>. Formal and Substantive Voluntarism in the Work of Talcott Parsons: A Theoretical and Ideological Reinterpretation. American Sociological Review, 43: 177–198,

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Alexander Jeffrey
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
Jeffrey C
Alexander
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Jeffrey C


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<mask>or Bartolommeo<mask> (, , ; 1450?– 11 October 1523) was an Italian Renaissance painter who mainly worked in Vicenza. He also produced works in Venice, Verona, and Padua. He is most famous for his many Madonnas and his works are known for their soft figures and depiction of eccentric marble architecture. He is considered to be heavily influenced by Giovanni Bellini, in whose workshop he might have worked around 1470. <mask>, a productive engraver, was his son and pupil and active until about 1540. He was mentioned in Vasari's Lives as a student of Andrea Mantegna but this is widely contested by art historians. Life
He was born <mask> and later changed his name to <mask>.The first known written record of his existence is from 1459 and list him as a minor. The first known documentation of him as an adult is in 1480 as a witness of a will. Differences in two documents regarding his father's property from 1467 and 1469 imply he became an adult between those two years. Because of the lack of formal documentation of his birth and confusion on the age of legal adulthood in Vicenza at that time, there is much debate as to his actual birthdate. Some scholars have agreed on close to 1450 while others place him closer to 1453-1454. His family originated in Brescia, Italy and later moved to Biron around 1450 before settling in Vicenza sometime by 1460. His brother, Baldissera, was a goldsmith.For most of his life through his death he was a resident of Vicenza and lived in a house he purchased directly across from the Church of San Lorenzo in 1484. From 1469-1475 <mask> was in Venice before returning to Vicenza and starting his career as a painter. In 1509, he moved from Vicenza to Padua likely due to the war in Vicenza, and remained there until 1514. The identity of his wife is unknown, but they had three sons. One of his sons, Benedetto <mask>, was also an artist famous for his engravings. His other two sons, Filippo and Paolo are mentioned

masks:
Bartolomeo (
) Montagna
Benedetto Montagna
Bartolomeo Ccani
Bartolomeo Montagna
Montagna
Montagna