texts:
<mask> (6 November 1943 – 11 March 2012) was an Australian performer, a stage, television and film actor, a pop singer, a television presenter and a radio host personality, best known early in his career as the host of the teen pop music show, The Go!! Show. Later, he was known in the 1980s and 1990s for hosting the Australian versions of the long-running game shows The New Price Is Right, and Supermarket Sweep, as well as playing Keith Warne on Swift and Shift Couriers and Wazza in the earlier season of Housos (as he died in 2012). Career

Early life
Born in Melbourne in 1943, Turpie began his entertainment career at the age of 10, when he was accepted at the Hector Crawford Drama School and gained recognition as a juvenile actor working in radio and theatre. He starred in a number of radio programmes alongside Sir Robert Helpmann and June Bronhill, and appeared in the Hector Crawford radio series D24, recorded at the 3DB studios in Melbourne and broadcast nationally over the Major Broadcasting Network. During his teens, he discovered a passion for music and focused on playing guitar, songwriting and singing. By the age of 16, Turpie was a seasoned radio and stage performer, touring Australia in such hits as Peter Pan, Auntie Mame and Bye Bye Birdie, and appearing in several National Theatre productions including Shakespeare's Macbeth.Television and personal life

Television soon beckoned; in 1964, <mask> played a student shot dead in a mock bank robbery in the opening scene to the debut episode of the iconic Crawford police series Homicide, having earlier appeared in a featured guest role in an episode of the courtroom drama Consider Your Verdict. Turpie made regular appearances on Bandstand, Time For Terry and The Graham Kennedy Show. <mask>'s talents as musician and compere were recognised at 21, when he replaced Johnny O'Keefe for a stint as national television compere on Sing Sing Sing. He was subsequently chosen to host the

masks:
Ian Bruce Turpie
Turpie
Turpie


type: original

texts: top-rating teenage variety show The Go!! Show from mid 1965 until the end of 1966. He was an early boyfriend of Olivia Newton-John, with whom he had starred in the 1965 Australian musical telefilm Funny Things Happen Down Under, Newton-John's debut performance. In the 1970s, <mask> moved to Sydney to work the club circuit, and continued to make guest appearances on numerous television shows including The Mike Walsh Show, The Bert Newton Show, A Guy Called Athol and the ABC variety series Follies.In the 1980s, <mask> became a nationwide figure as host of the highly successful, frenzied game show The New Price Is Right. This was followed by other game shows including Press Your Luck and Supermarket Sweep. In the 1990s, <mask> developed cult status following a regular four-year stint as Club President on Roy & HG's Club Buggery. Known as the "Giant of the G Chord", he performed renditions of such classics as Nirvana's Smells Like Teen Spirit, and, complete with suspenders, The Rocky Horror Picture Show's Time Warp. Less serious Club Buggery appearances in Turps about the House, Captain Ajax and Sam Stain showcased his comedic talents, as did a semi-regular role as cabaret-style singer Rolan Fields in drama series Always Greener (2001–03). From 2000 he acted in Pizza and had a lead role in Housos as Wazza Jones, who was also the program's narrator. He also played the role of Depot Manager Keith Warne in Swift & Shift Couriers seasons one and two.In 2004 the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) took legal action against <mask> for misleading and deceptive conduct in breach of the Trade Practices Act. The ACCC alleged that <mask> had made false claims (that he was losing his sexual potency) in advertisements for an erectile dysfunction treatment spray from the Australian Medical Institute. In 2005 <mask> pleaded guilty to drink driving after driving in Manly, New South Wales, with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 (the legal

masks: Turpie Turpie Ian Turpie Turpie Turpie


texts:
 limit in the state is 0.05). He was fined $867 and had his drivers licence suspended for six months; however this was overturned on appeal. After taking into account Turpie's charity work and his need to drive to work, Judge Reg Blanch ordered that no conviction be recorded. Turpie told reporters he was sorry for doing a "stupid thing". Death
On 18 February 2011 it was announced that <mask>, a heavy smoker, had been diagnosed with cancer.He died on 11 March 2012, aged 68. When The Price is Right debuted its reboot in 2012, host Larry Emdur dedicated the first episode in memory of <mask>. <mask> was married to his wife Jan for 44 years and had three children. Awards
Mo Award Hall of Fame (2011)
Penguin Award, Best Light Entertainment, The New Price Is Right (1985)
Logie Award, Most Popular Western Australia Show, Turpie Tonight (1983)
Penguin Award, Best Light Entertainment, The New Price Is Right (1982)

Filmography

Funny Things Happen Down Under, as Lennie (1965)
Heaven's Burning, cameo as used car salesman (1997)
All the Way (1998)
Somewhere in the Darkness, as the Weatherman (1998)
Kissing Kimberley Cooper (Tropfest film)

TV

Acting

Consider Your Verdict (1964) 1 episode
Homicide (1964) 1 episode
The Magic Boomerang (1965) 1 episode
Pizza(Fat Pizza) as <mask> (2000)  season 1 episode 4
Always Greener as Rolan Fields (2002–2003) 6 episodes
Swift and Shift Couriers as Keith Warne (2008, 2011) 19 episodes
Double the Fist as M.C (2008) 1 episode
Housos as Wazza (2011)

Host regular

Club Buggery, ABC (1996-1997)
The Go!! Show
Sing, Sing, Sing (replacing Johnny O'Keefe)
Surprise, Surprise - co-host with Tommy Hanlon Jr
Supermarket Sweep, Nine Network (1992-1994)
Time for Terry co-host with Terry O'Neill
Turpie Tonight
The Newlyweds Game, Network Ten (1968), Nine Network (1987)
The New Price Is Right (1981–1986)
The Price Is Right (1989)
Press Your Luck, Seven Network (1987–1988)

Guest appearances

The Young Entertainers
This is

masks:
Turpie
Turpie
Turpie
Ian Clinton


texts:
 your Life (with Mike Munro)
Love is in the Air
Long Way to the Top
All the Way
Theatre Royal
Revue 7
TeenTime
Kommotion
Bandstand (Brian Henderson)
Steve Vizard Tonight
Bert Newton Show
Blankety Blanks (Graham Kennedy)
Family Feud (Rob Brough)
The Fat (Tony Squires)
Mike Walsh Show
Don Lane Show
Hey Hey It's Saturday (Daryl Somers)
Celebrity Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Celebrity Wheel of Fortune
Penthouse Club (Mary Hardy)
Bandstand
A Guy Called Athol
ABC Follies
The Melbourne Show
Supermarket Sweep
Spicks & Specks
We'll Call You

Theatre

Peter Pan, Princess Theatre
Nude with Violin (with Sir Robert Helpmann), Comedy Theatre
Auntie Mame (with Shirl Conway), Princess Theatre
MacBeth, National Theatre
Bye Bye Birdie, Her Majesty's Theatre
Rock Opera – Hero, Seymour Centre (with Graham Bond)
Rock Opera – Jesus Christ Superstar (with Marcia Hines & John English), St George Leagues Club
Bull and Bush Theatre Restaurant Show Bubble & Squeak (with Noel Ferrier & Jill Perryman)

Radio

appeared in some episodes of the Crawford Productions' D24, broadcast nationally on the Major Broadcasting Network
ABC Play "Five Find Outers"
Evening Host 2CH

Discography

Turps is the Talk of the Town
Decimal point (1967) (For the decimalisation of New Zealand)

Charity work

Turpie was involved with the following charities: Australia Day ambassador (since 1995), Make a Wish Foundation, Merry Makers, Sunnyfield Association, Meningococcal Association, Children with Cancer, Lifeforce, Sydney Children's Hospital (Celebrity Golf Days), Alzheimer's Australia NSW and Rotary Club. References

External links
Ian Turpie official website

Olivia Newton-John Interview reference to Ian Turpie

1943 births
2012 deaths
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian male film actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
The Price Is Right
Australian game show hosts
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
Television personalities from


texts:
Jóseph Pustýlnik (1905 in Balta – 1991 in Moscow)  - Soviet composer, violinist, teacher, music theorist, active associate of Johann Admoni on organization of the Seminar of Amateur composers at the composers' House in Leningrad. Biography

Youth and Pedagogical work

<mask> was born on January 17, 1905 in Balta, Podolian Governorate (today in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine). In 1924, he entered and in 1929 he graduated from the Odessa Conservatory as a conductor, class of A. Stolyarov. However, he is not found work as a conductor, because in 1925-1926 he was a member violinist Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater. Surviving in one way or another way by musical earnings <mask> decides to improve his musical skills and graduated in 1936 the Leningrad Conservatory on the composition (class of Pyotr Ryazanov). Since then, <mask> binds entire music fate with Leningrad and the Leningrad Conservatory. First, in 1938, he teaches composition at the Central music College in Leningrad, but in 1939 he was give the place of a teacher and at the Leningrad Conservatory.In connection with the great Patriotic War the fate during excommunicated him from the Leningrad Conservatory. In 1942-1943 he works as a conductor of Kazan management of cinema, and in the period from 1943 to 1944 - the conductor of the Philharmonic hall in Izhevsk. In 1963 <mask> received the title and the position of associate Professor at the Leningrad Conservatory, and after writing his Doctoral thesis on "Mobile counterpoint and free letter" from 1967 he worked as Professor. After World War II, in early 1947 <mask> is close friends with Johann Admoni, which together with like-minded people did in those years

masks:
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik


texts:
 informal free (folk) music institution at the House of composers in Leningrad  - Seminar of Amateur composers. He is a teacher at the Leningrad Conservatory because <mask>nik were able to give the Seminar status actually a branch of the Leningrad Conservatory, without the right to issue state diplomas to the participants. However, he always contributed to any student in the admission to the Leningrad Conservatory. In the years of perestroika in connection with the deteriorating health <mask> was forced to leave the favorite Leningrad and the Leningrad Conservatory and move towards her daughter to Moscow, where he died in 1991 at the age of 86.Musical creativity
Before World War II <mask> wrote music for films, in particular, he wrote the music for the film "Patriot" (1939) and "Return" (1940). However, it was always drawn to the genre of Opera. In 1933 he created later became his most popular work is the children's Opera in his own libretto to the poems of Samuil Marshak "Fire", which for many years was sung on the radio and pleasing to the pre-war kids. His symphonic cantata on the motives of poems Musa Jalil performed in the Leningrad Philharmonic in the 1950s repeatedly. The public was not left without the favorable attention his cycle of romances on verses of Musa Jalil. The main composer achievement of <mask> was the creation the first Chuvash Opera "Narspi" ("Runaway"), which he wrote in 1952 on the poem "Narspi" the K. Ivanov (libretto by I. Maximov-Koshkinskiy  and P. Gradov). In March 1955 forces of the choir, orchestra and solicitously state Philharmonic society and the Chuvash state ensemble of song and dance in Cheboksary 3 pictures of the Opera

masks:
Joseph Pustyl
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik
Joseph Pustylnik


texts:
 were delivered  (musical Director F. Lukin, conductor Century A. Kudashev, directed by I. Maximov-Koshkinskiy, artist P. D. Dmitriev, starring made soprano T. Chumakova).Unfortunately the great success of the Opera did not have, but went down in history of the Chuvash people as the first Opera of the life of simple Chuvashes. In 1958 in Moscow was executed and his Opera "the Seagull". Scientific work
In his youth, in the years of study at the Odessa Conservatory, <mask> was fond of polyphonic music, and even in those years learned to freely write mirror Canon (one of the music polyphonic forms), which can be played on the right to left and Vice versa. In his mature years he realized the full force of polyphonic thinking for composers and began a systematic study of creativity of the majority of composers that use polyphonic technology of writing, from Johann Sebastian Bach up to the creations of his contemporary Dmitry Shostakovich. As a result, in 1973, he created the fundamental work "The anthology of canon" M, 1973. A huge number of composers uses to this day in their creativity of his most popular repeatedly reprinted scientific creation "A practical guide to writing canon", Leningrad, 1959, 2nd edition in 1975. Main works

Music
 Opera: "Fire" (based on the poems of S. Marshak, 1933), "to be Continued" (anti-fascist Opera was banned by Stalin personally, 1937), "the Fugitive" (on the poem "Narspi" the K. Ivanov, 1952), "Gull" (on motives of the play by Anton Chekhov, 1958)
 Symphonic music: "Suite" (1935), the poem "in memory of Musa Jalil" (1959), Concert piece for violin and Symphony orchestra (1933), "Pièce" for clarinet and orchestra (1956), the


texts:
 monologue "Ice" (lyrics M. Dudin) for voice and orchestra (1975)
 Cantata: "It Is Time!"(based on the poem of A. Tvardovsky "From far to far") for soloists, choir and Symphony orchestra (1966)
  Chamber music: octet "Pages from a notebook for 2 violins, viola, cello, double bass, flute, clarinet and piano (1961), the Quartet for 2 violins, viola and cello with voice (or English horn) (1974), for violin and piano - "Melody" (1947), "Prelude" (1953), "Suite" (1955)
 Vocal cycle to the verses of Musa Jalil (1956), "Three stories for children and adults" (the words of S. Mikhalkov) for voice and piano (1964)
 The Overture for Bayan's orchestra  (1949), "Suite" for variety orchestra (1948)
 Choral music to the poems of Musa Jalil
 Music for films such as "Patriot," "Return". Song: in the words of S. Marshak, I. Baukova, V. Suslov, and others

Scientific edition
 "A practical guide to writing canon" L, 1959, 2nd edition 1975
 "Mobile counterpoint and free letter" L, 1967
 "The anthology of canon" M, 1973
 "Principles of tonal organization in modern music" Leningrad, 1979

Membership in organizations
Member of the Leningrad organization of the Union of composers of the USSR. Memory
He was buried in Moscow on the Donskoy cemetery (columbarium 22)

References
 Chuvash encyclopedia. Personalia
 Columbarium of Donskoy cemetery in Moscow
 Central city Library named N.Gogol in Novokuznetsk
 Scientific works of <mask>nik
 Encyclopedia & Dictionaries

1905 births
1991 deaths
Soviet composers
Soviet male composers
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
People from Saint Petersburg
People from Moscow
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century composers
20th-century male


texts:
Air Marshal <mask>Mary<mask>,  (19 January 1895 – presumably 30 January 1948) was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. During the First World War, he was at Gallipoli with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, was discharged in New Zealand as medically unfit for active service, and journeyed to Britain at his own expense to join the Royal Flying Corps, where he became a flying ace. <mask> was later a senior Royal Air Force commander during the Second World War, as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief 2nd Tactical Air Force and subsequently the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Flying Training Command. <mask> is chiefly remembered as the person most responsible for the development of forward air control parties directing close air support, which he developed as commander of the Western Desert Air Force between 1941 and 1943, and as commander of the tactical air forces in the Normandy campaign in 1944. However he is frequently lauded as the "architect of modern air power doctrine regarding tactical air operations," based on three principles: necessity of air superiority as first priority, centralised command of air operations co-equal with ground leadership, and innovative tactics in support of ground operations. On 30 January 1948, he disappeared along with all the other passengers and crew of the airliner G-AHNP Star Tiger when it vanished without a trace somewhere off the eastern coast of the United States in the Bermuda Triangle. Early life
<mask> was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 19 January 1895.His early life was one that made him learn to be adaptable. His father, also <mask>, was noted for playing Test cricket, but was by disposition a con man who was exposed in court for fabricating legal evidence in a trial designed to extort a Catholic priest, Denis Francis O'Haran, secretary to the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney. The resulting scandal drove the older <mask> to remove the <mask> family to New

masks:
Sir Arthur "
" Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Arthur Coningham
Arthur Coningham
Coningham


texts:
 Zealand while <mask> was still young. The change of scene to New Zealand did not change the father's modus operandi; he spent six months imprisoned there for fraud. <mask> was resilient enough and sufficiently motivated to win a scholarship to Wellington College. Although <mask> had won a scholarship, he was not an academic star. However, he was athletic and an outdoorsman, with expertise in horsemanship and with firearms.His parents divorced when he was seventeen; grounds were his father's infidelity. <mask> was maturely assured enough to remark, "Look here, <mask>, you may be my father, but I am ashamed of you." The comment reflects <mask>'s persona; he was abstemious by nature, being a non-smoker, near teetotaler and impatient with obscene language. Military career

First World War service
<mask> volunteered for service in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in August 1914, initially seeing service in the conquest of German Samoa. He then served in Egypt and Somaliland as a trooper in the Canterbury Mounted Rifle Regiment, but developed typhoid fever and was invalided out of service in March 1916. In April, however, he betook himself to Britain and volunteered for the Royal Flying Corps. Posted to 32 Squadron on 19 December 1916 after completing his flying instruction, <mask> flew numerous patrols between 5 January and 30 July 1917, when he was wounded during an aerial combat and invalided back to Britain.During the Battle of Arras, 32 Squadron undertook systematic strafing of German infantry and lines of communication, particularly suited for the Airco DH.2 machines they operated. He returned to France promoted to the rank of Major and in command of 92 Squadron on 1 July 1918 at the age of 23. On 11 August he was wounded again in a particularly intense air combat, but remained in France and resumed flying almost immediately. Through to the end of the war, <mask>'s Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s

masks:
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Arthur Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham


texts:
 conducted bombing and strafing attacks against German aerodromes, troops, gun positions and transport. In 11 months at the front he engaged in 176 patrols over enemy lines, was credited with the personal destruction of nine enemy aircraft and shared in the destruction of three others with Evander Shapard, Frank Billinge and <mask>. He was also credited with seven victories for having driven down an enemy machine out of control. <mask> emerged from the war with two awards, a Distinguished Service Order and a Military Cross, both earned during his time with 32 Squadron.During that time he had also acquired the nickname "Mary," a corruption of "Maori" as a play on his earlier life in New Zealand. Inter-war years
After the end of the First World War, <mask> remained in the Royal Air Force, initially remaining as Officer Commanding 92 Squadron. During the early 1920s he served as a technical and flying instructor before being posted to 55 Squadron flying Airco DH.9As out of Mosul in Iraq. In the summer of 1923 <mask> was promoted to squadron leader and appointed as the Officer Commanding of 55 Squadron. From early 1924 to early 1926 <mask> carried out staff officer duties, first at the headquarters of Egyptian Group and then at the headquarters of RAF Middle East. While posted at Egypt Group, <mask> was assigned to lead a detachment of three DH.9As of 47 Squadron on a flight of  cross country to introduce the first aircraft to Nigeria while undertaking "a training exercise on an extended scale... using ordinary service equipment." Leaving Helwan near Cairo on the morning of 27 October 1925, the three aircraft reached Kano, Nigeria without serious incident on 1 November.The return trip, retracing their outward route, began early on 12 November and marked the first trip across Africa by air from west to east. They completed the estimated journey of  in 80 hours of actual flying time, flying on 16 of the 24 days

masks:
Arthur Randell
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham


texts:
 of the mission, all without major difficulties. <mask> received an award of the Air Force Cross for the achievement. After further service at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell and the Central Flying School, <mask> was promoted to wing commander in 1931. The next year he was sent to the Sudan as the senior RAF officer, and while there, married Nancy Brooks Frank, widow of Sir Howard Frank in July 1932. On his return to Great Britain in 1935 he took up staff duties in Coastal Area/Coastal Command before being promoted to group captain on 1 January 1937 and serving as the Senior Air Staff Officer at the headquarters of No. 17 (Training) Group.From 1937 to 1939, <mask> was the Officer Commanding RAF Calshot, a flying boat base. Second World War service
<mask> began the war as an air commodore commanding Bomber Command's 4 Group, which he led for two years including the first year of the bombing offensive against Germany. His group was small, seldom numbering more than 60 air crews total in the first part of the war, and unlike the rest of Bomber Command conducted its operations at night. Consequently, nearly all of the missions of its Whitley bombers before 19/20 March 1940 were for the delivery of propaganda leaflets over German territory against comparatively ineffective defences. During the remainder of 1940, 4 Group attacked targets in Italy until these were allotted to 3 Group in December, and targets in the Ruhr, all of small scale and causing little damage. <mask> in September received promotion to air vice-marshal. In November, area bombing began, again on a small scale, and continued throughout the winter.4 Group was just beginning to expand and convert its equipment to Handley Page Halifax bombers when <mask> was transferred. In July 1941 he was called to Egypt by Air Marshal <mask>, head of RAF Middle East Command, to take over 204 Group from Air Vice-Marshal Raymond Collishaw. Two months

masks:
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Arthur Tedder


texts: later, to match its growing size and its status with the newly formed Eighth Army, the group was transformed into the Western Desert Air Force. <mask> inherited a poorly functioning situation, where the Royal Air Force was almost totally failing to support ground troops. He promptly delegated out technical duties to those he trusted and did not micromanage them; however, he held his subordinates strictly responsible for achieving the results he wanted. Any mistakes by his underlings that resulted in fatalities to friendly troops were grounds for dismissal by <mask>. Faced with equipment shortages, a hostile desert environment, and superior enemy planes, <mask>'s management system, through judicious deployment of his squadrons, gradually achieved air superiority in the North African campaign.In particular, <mask> developed the use of fighter-bombers, able to fight as fighter planes in the air or in bombing and strafing attacks of enemy ground targets. <mask> developed an efficient ground support system to keep planes flying, and a command and control system to allow ground observers to radio in air attacks. <mask>'s Western Desert Air Force, in continuous air attacks of enemy ground targets, was instrumental in stopping the enemy offensive at El Alamein in July 1942. <mask> formed a close relationship with the new commander of the British Eighth Army, General Bernard Montgomery. Montgomery and <mask> recognised the importance of joint operations. The air power doctrine devised by <mask> is the basis of modern joint operations doctrine. The dominance of the Allied air force was a critical factor in the British victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.<mask>'s doctrine of tactical air power would reach its fruition in early 1943, when RAF and USAAF fighter-bombers and bombers attacked enemy land forces. <mask>'s doctrine was fundamental. He stated that the greatest attribute of air power

masks: Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham


texts: was its ability to speedily concentrate its force. It followed that its command must also be concentrated. Tactical air power had to be closely coordinated with the ground forces, but the army could not command it. He stated as much in a pamphlet that was widely distributed, to every ranking officer in North Africa, so that they would know what to expect. The pamphlet included <mask>'s priorities for success in use of tactical air power.First, gain air superiority. Second, use the air superiority gained to interdict enemy reinforcements of men and materiel to isolate the battlefield. Third, combine air attacks with ground assaults on the front lines. <mask> was knighted after El Alamein and continued to provide tactical air support for the Eighth Army until they occupied Tripoli in January 1943. Later in 1943 <mask> was promoted to Air Marshal and directed tactical air force operations in the Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy as commander of the Northwest African Tactical Air Force. As the leading exponent of tactical air warfare, <mask> was the obvious choice to command 2nd Tactical Air Force in the North-West European campaign under Air Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, commanding the Allied Expeditionary Air Forces, and in January 1944 he was recalled to Britain where he helped plan air support for the Normandy landings. His relationship with Montgomery deteriorated markedly after the landings took place.The two often clashed when Montgomery regularly tried to bypass <mask>, who was the designated point of contact for air support requests, and deal directly with Leigh-Mallory. At the end of June, Montgomery lobbied Tedder, now deputy commander to U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower at Supreme Allied Headquarters, for <mask>'s removal after he criticised the army for tardiness in capturing Caen in order to make available airfields for tactical aircraft. Tedder, however, advised Eisenhower that such

masks: Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham Coningham


texts:
 removal would be "a disaster" and the criticism valid. In August 1944 Montgomery wrote to Alan Brooke that "<mask> is violently anti-army and despised by all soldiers; my army commanders mistrust him and never want to see him." However it was Montgomery who received a rebuke from Eisenhower, while Leigh-Mallory's headquarters was dissolved in October as an unnecessary command echelon. He remained commander of the 2nd Tactical Air Force until July 1945, when he was replaced by Air Chief Marshal Sir Sholto Douglas and appointed head of Flying Training Command. A keen yachtsman, in 1947 he was appointed Commodore of the Royal Air Force Yacht Club then based at Calshot; however he later oversaw the move to the current location at Hamble.Retirement and disappearance
Viewing his appointment to Air Training Command as a demotion, <mask> chose to retire on 1 August 1947 after 30 years of commissioned service. He disappeared on 30 January 1948 when the airliner G-AHNP Star Tiger in which he was travelling to Bermuda was lost off the east coast of the United States. In popular culture
In the film Patton, <mask> is played by John Barrie. During his scene, in which General George S Patton is complaining about lack of air cover for American troops, Sir <mask> confirms to Patton that he will see no more German planes. As he has completed his sentence, German planes strafe the compound. Although a similar scene happened in real life, in actuality, <mask> was not present; Patton was talking to General Carl Spaatz and Air Chief Marshal <mask> at the time of the strafing. See also

List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea

Notes

Sources

  Original publisher: Methuen, London.External links

 Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Marshal <mask>
 <mask>: A Biography of Air Marshal Sir <mask>

 The loss of Air Marshal Conningham as reported in a 1948 issue of Flight magazine
 <mask>. Lists his

masks:
Coningham
Coningham
Coningham
Arthur
Coningham
Arthur Tedder
Coningham
Coningham
Arthur Coningham
Arthur Coningham


texts:
is a Japanese dancer, actor and radio personality. He is a performer of J-Pop dance and vocal group Sandaime J Soul Brothers and a former member of Gekidan Exile. As a member of Sandaime J Soul Brothers, he has received the Japan Record Awards twice. He has appeared in a few TV dramas and films, and he held starring roles in the film Pan to Bus to Nidome no Hatsukoi ("Our Blue Moment") and dramas Fukuyadou Honpo - KYOTO LOVE STORY -, Love or Not, Manga Mitai ni Ikanai, Game Mitai ni Ikanai. He is also the Tuesday host for NTV's morning information program "ZIP!". He was the Friday host for the famous Japanese radio program All Night Nippon before he moved to his new radio program Sandaime J Soul Brothers Yamashita Kenjiro's Zero Base in 2019. Yamashita is famous for having various hobbies.One of his enthusiasms is fishing, for which he has won awards like the Cool Anglers Award 2019. He also became a Youtuber in 2019 to share his hobbies(mainly fishing) with the world. Biography

Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 24 May 1985, in Kyoto Prefecture. His family moved to Nara Prefecture when he was still in pre-school for his father's job, but they moved back to Kyoto Prefecture in his second grade. At Nagaokakyo Municipal Nagaoka Daishi Junior High School, he began to play basketball after joining the basketball club with his friends, and he became so obsessed with basketball that he chose to enrol in Kyoto Prefectural Koyo High School because it had one of the basketball teams in Kyoto Prefecture. He was the captain of the school basketball team in his final year. With an ambition to win the favour of girls, Yamashita began dancing in his second year of high school.His friend taught him breaking, and they performed at the cultural festival of his high

masks: Kenjiro Yamashita


texts: school that year. Being so fond of dancing, he quitted university 10 days after his enrolment and then spent his time practicing dancing and doing part-time jobs. He also switched from breaking to Hip-Hop because with the limit of his height(187 cm), it would be harder for him to perform classic breaking dance moves like the windmill. Seeing his love for dancing, his mother suggested him to go to a proper dancing school to make a living out of it. As a result, he enrolled in the street dancing department at Cat Music College in Osaka. Upon graduation, Yamashita was offered the job of a parade dancer at Universal Studio Japan. He worked there for 2 years and participated in many shows and parades.In 2007, Yamashita got an opportunity to serve as a backup dancer in Exile's tour Exile Live Tour 2007 'Exile Evolution. He was shocked and impressed after seeing the performance of Exile in close distance, and the seed of dreaming to become an artist just like Exile took root in his heart. He enrolled in EXPG Osaka(a talent school run by Exile's management company LDH) as soon as it opened and he became an instructor there later. His students included Yuta Nakatsuka, Mio Nakajima, Shūka Fujii, Karen Fujii, Zin, Shogo Iwaya, Masahiro Sunada and Rikiya Okuda. Then he quit his steady job at Universal Studio Japan to focus on his dream, much to the surprise of the management team of USJ since it seems insane to give up such a well-paid job. His resignation was accepted after he showed his determination to try his best to pursue his dream, and he got blessings from his former bosses and colleagues. During his time at EXPG Osaka, he did more backup dancers jobs for Exile and other LDH's artists.He met Naoto and Naoki, his future Sandaime J Soul Brothers' groupmate and


texts:
 Nidaime J Soul Brothers' members at that time, when he served as a backup dancer for Nidaime J Soul Brothers' shows in Osaka. In 2009, he took part in the audition for Gekidan Exile,the actor group produced by LDH. Though he is one of the finalists，he was not chosen as a formal member of Gekidan Exile. Anyway, he was invited to take lessons in Tokyo together with the winners as a backup candidate. Taking this opportunity, he moves to Tokyo from Osaka. Career
After a year of lessons in the days and part-time jobs at nights in Tokyo, Yamashita was chosen to debut as an actor and a member of the actor group Gekidan Exile Kazegumi (the team of wind) in April 2010. He performed in Gekidan Exile's play NIGHT BALLET and was in charge of the choreography for the final all-in dance scene.In May 2010, he performed in Gekidan Exile's 4th play DANCE EARTH ~Negai~. In September 2010, Yamashita passed the audition for performers of the new Sandaime J Soul Brothers. The life changing announcement for Yamashita was announced at the rehearsal for Exile's Exile Live Tour 2010 'Fantasy in Noevir Stadium Kobe by Hiro, producer of Sandaime J Soul Brothers, and he was thrilled to finally saw his dream coming true. In fact, he had considered giving up his dream and going back to Kyoto to become a dance instructor or a professional angler if he failed this audition. On 27 September, He appeared and performed for the first time as a member of Sandaime J Soul Brothers on the stage of Exile's Live FANTASY After Night Festival ～EXILE Soul～. On 10 November, he debuted in Sandaime J Soul Brothers with the single, "Best Friend's Girl". In December, he performed in Gekidan Exile's play Rokudenashi BLUES playing Hamada, a strong fighter of the boxing club.In July 2011, He officially


texts: withdrew from Gekidan Exile. In August, he reprised his role as Hamada in TV drama Rokudenashi BLUES as a guest star. In July 2013, Yamashita appeared in TV drama Frenemy~Rumble of the Rat~, playing journalist Kenichi Jogasaki. He appeared in two plays in this year, Attack No.1 from August to September and Monsieur! From October to November. After Sandaime J Soul Brothers' major hit "R.Y.U.S.E.I." in 2014, Yamashita gained more opportunities on mainstream media.He became the Friday host for the famous Japanese radio program All Night Nippon in April 2015. He appeared in NHK BS Premium's drama Aru Hi, Ahiru Bus as Kosuke Namiki, the former boyfriend of the main character Hazuki (starring Norika Fujiwara)in July and August 2015. He also appeared in the TBS's TV drama Napoleon no Mura ("Save Our Town! ") as homestayer Naoto Misaki. On 21 October, the first season of the drama High&Low  was broadcast, which was the start of the High&Low  franchise, the action and music franchise produced by the Exile Tribe. <mask> played Dan, a member of Sanno Hoodlum Squad, which was one of the gangs that controlled the S.W.O.R.D. area in the world of the High&Low franchise.In 2016, <mask> reprised his role as Dan in the TV drama High&Low Season 2 and film High&Low The Movie and High&Low The Red Rain. In January, he served as the main host for the special show Nippon Broadcasting System LIVE EXPO TOKYO 2016 ALL LIVE NIPPON Vol.4. In October 2016, he starred in Amazon Prime Video Drama Fukuyadou Honpo - KYOTO LOVE STORY - as Kaoru Hiyama, the fiancé of Nozomi Sasaki's character Hina Fukuyoshi. Hiyama, a handsome banker and the heir to the Hiyama family estate, fell in love with Hina at first sight and proposed to her, and the couple decided to get married even they have just

masks: Yamashita Yamashita


texts: met and have never gone on a date. In 2017, <mask> got his first lead role in the dTV×FOD's drama Love or Not. As office worker Kosuke Usami, he had an unexpected love story with Yuika Motokariya's character Mako. In February,he served as the main host for the special show Nippon Broadcasting System All Night Nippon 50th Anniversary ALL LIVE NIPPON Vol.5.In April, he appeared in the play Manga Mitai ni Ikanai alongside comedy group Tokyo 03 and Maika Yamamoto, playing Hirohiko Aramaki, the assistant to the unpopular mangaka Osamu Totsuka. A sitcom version of the play was released on Hulu in October and then broadcast on NTV in January 2018. Besides, he also reprised his role as Dan in the film High&Low The Movie 2 / End of Sky released in August 2017 and High&Low The Movie 3 / Final Mission released in November 2017. What's more, a spin-off comedy series led by <mask> as Dan, High&Low The DTC, was released on Hulu in August. The series showed the casual life of High&Low's character Dan, Tettsu(starring Kanta Satô), Chiharu(starring Taiki Satô) from Sannoh Hoodlum Squad, who call themselves DTC. In 2018, <mask> appeared opposite Mai Fukagawa in the romance film the film Pan to Bus to Nidome no Hatsukoi ("Our Blue Moment"). He played Tamotsu Yuasa, a bus driver and the love interest of the heroine played by Mai Fukagawa.The film premiered at the 30th Tokyo International Film Festival in October 2017 and was released on 17 February 2018. From April, he serves as the Tuesday host for NTV's morning information program "ZIP!". On 22 June, the anthology film Uta Monogatari: Cinema Fighters Project, the second film of the Cinema Fighters project (Cinema Fighters is a joint project by Exile Hiro, Tetsuya Bessho, who is the representative director of SSFF & ASIA,

masks: Yamashita Yamashita Yamashita


texts: and lyricist Masato Odake. ), was released. <mask> starred as a fisherman in one of the six stories of the anthology, Genkou no Hate, which was directed and written by Tsukasa Kishimoto. From 5 to 19 August, he led in play Hachioji Zombies, playing a temporary monk who teach Zombies to dance. He also reprised his role as Dan in the film DTC -Yukemuri Junjou Hen- from High&Low , alongside Kanta Satô and Taiki Satô, as DTC went on a vacation in an Onsen (Hot springs).The film was released limitedly on 28 September in Japan. Then in October, he successfully held the special show J SOUL BROTHERS III Yamashita Kenjiro no ALL NIGHT NIPPON presents Yama Fes. ~Yamashita Base in YOKOHAMA ARENA~, which attracted 10 thousand audiences. In 2019, Yamashita appeared in play Manga Mitai ni Ikanai. Dai 2 Kan( "Manga Mitai ni Ikanai. Vol.2"), the sequel to 2017's Manga Mitai ni Ikanai, as well as its sitcom version "Game Mitai ni Ikanai". In March, he announced that he would leave radio program All Night Nippon at the end of the month, and started his personal radio program, Sandaime J Soul Brothers Yamashita Kenjiro's Zero Base, which would be broadcast at 24:00 pm every Friday.In August, Universal Studio Japan appointed Sandaime J Soul Brothers' <mask> Yamashita and Naoto as its ambassadors for its Halloween event of 2019, Universal Surprise Halloween, and announced that the theme of 2019's Halloween event would be Zombie de Dance, and Sandaime J Soul Brothers' new song "Rat-tat-tat"  as well as its choreograph were used as the theme for the event. On 5 December, he made the draw for the men's and women's quarter-finals in the draw for the final round of the 95th Emperor's and 86th Empress's Cup All Japan Basketball Championship Tournament. In January, 2020,  he again

masks: Yamashita Kenjiro


texts:
 successfully held his special show, J SOUL BROTHERS III Yamashita Kenjiro no Zero Base presents Yama Fes. ~Yamashita Base in YOKOHAMA ARENA 2020 ~. On 17 July, the movie version of Hachioji Zombies was released, in which Yamashita reprised his role of monk Takashi Habuki. This is the first time he led in a film. He also released two fishing lure he produced in collaboration with fishing tackle brand EVERGREEN in October.On 22 December, it was announced that he was chosen as the winner for  Cool Anglers Award 2021 by Japan fishing show again, which made him the first person to win the award three times in a row and the first person to enter the hall of fame for the award. Business
On 7 January 2021 , <mask> announced that he launched his own apparel brand "HIGH FIVE FACTORY Produce By KENJIRO YAMASHITA". It is a brand that offers fashionable and functional clothing for people who enjoy DIY, fishing and camping. Personal life

Family
<mask> is a descendant of famous Japanese ceramist Kiyomizu Rokubei IV. He has an older brother. On 26 July 2021, it was announced that Yamashita has married model Asahina Aya. Hobbies
Yamashita is a man known for having various hobbies, and he even said that he wanted to be a second George Tokoro, who is also known for having a diversity of hobbies.Fishing
One of Yamashita's biggest enthusiasms is fishing, especially Bass fishing. He started Bass Fishing when he was in elementary school under the influence of manga Grander Musashi, and his love for fishing grew deeper as he grew up. He had even considered becoming a professional angler. In 2019, he got a boating license so that he could drive his own boat when fishing. What's more, he promoted fishing enthusiastically in both his radio programs, Sandaime J Soul Brothers


texts:
 Yamashita Kenjiro's All Night Nippon and Sandaime J Soul Brothers Yamashita Kenjiro's Zero Base, apart from his SNS account. He won the "Cool Anglers Award 2019"  and "Cool Anglers Award 2020" for his passionate promotion of fishing to the public. He is the first person to win this award for two continuous years.He also became a Youtuber in 2019 to share his hobbies(mainly fishing) with the world. Karate
Yamashita learned karate when he was young, and he holds a black belt. He won the Kyoto karate tournament in his junior 1. Beatboxing
Yamashita learned to beatbox when he was working in Universal Studio Japan to perform beatboxing in a show there. He often performs beatboxing to accompany the groupmate's Elly's dancing and rap. DIY
Yamashita is a DIY lover. Apart from designing and making many small things, he even rebuilt his own home.In 2018, he published a book Sandaime J Soul Brothers Kenjiro Yamashita Workers Tool Book about DIY. In 2019, he won the DIY Award at Japan DIY Homecenter Show 2019 For his contribution and inspiration to the world of DIY. Sneakers
Yamashita is a sneaker-head who collects and admires sneakers as a hobby. His love for sneakers took root in his years in the basketball clubs at high school and was influenced by his street dance teacher Hiro. He now had more than 150 pairs of sneakers and a warehouse to stock them. Filmography

TV series

Internet dramas

Film

Short Film

Stage

Radio series

TV Program

Voice acting

Advertisements

Music videos

Books

Events

Awards

References

External links
 at LDH Japan
 at Sandaime J Soul Brothers Official Website

Japanese male dancers
1985 births
Living people
Male actors from Kyoto Prefecture
Musicians from Kyoto Prefecture
People from Kyoto Prefecture
LDH (company)


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<mask> is an American cultural critic and essayist. Her work focuses on sexual politics, gender issues, aesthetics, popular culture, and pornography. She began her career as a video artist, exploring similar themes in the form of video essays. She is professor of media studies at Northwestern University in the Department of Radio-TV-Film, where she teaches filmmaking. In recent years she has become known for debating sexual harassment and free speech policies in higher education. <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the San Francisco Art Institute and a Master of Fine Arts from Nova Scotia College of Art and Design.She also studied at the Whitney Museum Independent Study Studio Program. She has received fellowships for her work from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Michigan Society of Fellows, and the National Endowment for the Arts. She has been assistant professor, associate professor, and is now full professor at Northwestern University. She taught previously at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and as a visiting professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, New York University, Columbia University School of the Arts, and the University of British Columbia. Work
In her 2003 book Against Love: A Polemic, a "ragingly witty yet contemplative look at the discontents of domestic and erotic relationships, <mask> combines portions of the slashing sexual contrarianism of Mailer, the scathing antidomestic wit of early Roseanne Barr and the coolly analytical aesthetics of early Sontag." In 2010 she published How to Become a Scandal: Adventures in Bad Behavior, which focused on scandal, including those of Eliot Spitzer,

masks:
Laura Kipnis
Career Kipnis
Kipnis


texts:
 Linda Tripp, James Frey, Sol Wachtler, and Lisa Nowak; the book examined "the elaborate ways those transgressors reassure themselves that they are not bringing colossal ruin upon themselves, that their dalliances will never see the light of day". "What allows for scandal in <mask>'s schema is every individual's blind spot, "a little existential joke on humankind (or in some cases, a ticking time bomb) nestled at the core of every lonely consciousness...Ostensibly about scandal, her book is most memorable as a convincing case for the ultimate unknowability of the self".Her essays and reviews have appeared in Slate, Harper's, Playboy, The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, The Atlantic, The Guardian, and Bookforum. Writings about sexual harassment policies
In March 2015, after Northwestern University professor Peter Ludlow had been accused of sexual harassment, <mask> wrote an essay in the Chronicle of Higher Education in which she decried "sexual paranoia" on campuses and discussed professor-student sexual relationships and trigger warnings. The essay was later included in the Best American Essays of 2016, edited by Jonathan Franzen. A group of students at Northwestern protested <mask>'s piece, demanding that the administration reaffirm its commitment to the sexual harassment policies that <mask> criticized. In an opinion column for The Wall Street Journal, Northwestern University president Morton O. Schapiro referred to the protest and argued for maximum speech in such conflicted situations. Two students "took issue with the piece, saying <mask> was describing a real-life scenario and that her facts were off. They accused <mask> of retaliatory behavior and creating a hostile

masks: Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis


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 environment".They filed a complaint with Northwestern's Title IX office, arguing that her essay had a "chilling effect" on students' ability to report sexual harassment. The school opened an investigation into the case. <mask> discussed the charges and details of the investigation of those complaints in an essay titled "My Title IX Inquisition," noting that her faculty support person had also been brought up on Title IX complaints over public statements about her case. Northwestern eventually exonerated her. Title IX complaints were also filed against Northwestern's President Schapiro over his Wall Street Journal column. <mask>'s 2017 book, Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus discusses the Ludlow case and argues that sexual harassment policies do not empower women but rather impede the fight for gender equality. One of the students who had brought the Title IX complaints against Ludlow initiated a lawsuit naming <mask> and her publisher, HarperCollins, alleging invasion of privacy and defamation.<mask> has publicly stated, "In case there’s any confusion, Unwanted Advances remains in print and I stand by everything in the book." Unwanted Advances was named one of the Wall Street Journal'''s ten best non-fiction books of 2017. Jennifer Senior wrote in the New York Times, “Few people have taken on the excesses of university culture with the brio that Kipnis has. Her anger gives her argument the energy of a live cable.”

In addition to speaking on college campuses around the country about issues related to feminism, free speech, #MeToo, campus sexual politics, and gender equity, in 2017 <mask> participated in a New York Times Magazine roundtable on the subject of "Work,

masks: Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis Kipnis


texts:
 Fairness, Sex and Ambition" together with Anita Hill and Soledad O’Brien. <mask> said:Here’s a historical and political way of looking at the current moment. There have been, roughly speaking, two divergent tendencies in the struggle for women’s rights that come together in the issue of workplace harassment, which is why I think this all seems so significant. If you look at the history of feminism, going back to the 19th century, you’ve got, on the one hand, the struggle for what I’d call civic rights: the right to employment, the right to vote, to enter politics and public life.On the other side, there’s the struggle for women to have autonomy over our own bodies, meaning access to birth control, activism around rape, outlawing marital rape, and the fight for abortion rights. What we’re seeing now is the incomplete successes in both of these areas converging. We’ve never entirely attained civic equality. We’ve never entirely attained autonomy over our bodies. Which is why the right not to be sexually harassed in the workplace is the next important frontier in equality for women. New York Review of Books controversy
<mask> wrote, in a New York Times opinion piece "The Perils of Publishing in a #MeToo Moment" protesting the Books' firing of editor Ian Buruma: "One consequence of Mr. Buruma’s departure will be a new layer of safeguards we won’t even know are in place, including safeguards from the sort of intellectual risks The New York Review of Books always stood for." Select bibliography

Books
 Ecstasy Unlimited: On Sex, Capital, Gender, and Aesthetics (Minneapolis, Minn.: University Of Minnesota Press, 1993)
 Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America (New

masks: Kipnis Kipnis


texts:
 York: Grove Press, 1996)
 Against Love: A Polemic (New York: Pantheon Books, 2003)
 The Female Thing: Dirt, Sex, Envy, Vulnerability (New York: Pantheon Books, 2006)
 How to Become a Scandal: Adventures in Bad Behavior (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010)
 Men: Notes from an Ongoing Investigation (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014)
 Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus (New York: HarperCollins, April 2017)

Essays

 "The Perils of Publishing in a #MeToo Moment".The New York Times. 25 September 2018. Reviews

References

Bibliography

External links
 "<mask>" <mask>'s Website, www.<mask>ipnis.com. "<mask>nis" (faculty page), School of Communication at Northwestern University. <mask> on twitter
 <mask> on the 7th Avenue Project radio show discussing masculinity and her book "Men: Notes from an Ongoing Investigation"
 <mask> in the Video Data Bank
 "<mask> Biography", Electronic Arts Intermix (website). – Biographical info circa 1988. "An Interview with <mask>" by Jeffrey J. Williams, Minnesota Review''.<mask> on "Eight Books That Made Me" podcast

American feminist writers
American cultural critics
Feminist studies scholars
1956 births
Living people
American women essayists
Mass media theorists
Sex-positive feminists
Jewish American writers
Jewish women writers
American women critics
University of Michigan fellows
Northwestern University faculty
NSCAD University alumni
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Writers from Chicago
American women academics
21st-century

masks:
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis
LauraK
Laura Kip
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis
Laura Kipnis


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The <mask> (5 March 1804 – 16 December 1884) was a Welsh Congregational Minister, writer, linguist and poet. One source has <mask>' date of death listed as 10 December 1884, separately noting that it was his funeral service that was conducted on 16 December 1884. <mask>, son of David and Mary, was born at Bwlch-yr-helygen, Cardiganshire. His parents relocated shortly after his birth to a nearby farm called Castell-y-geifr (The castle of the goats), Powys, Wales. <mask> died in 1884 at the age of 81, leaving his vast collection of personal essays and poetry with the Congregational Minister and Historian - <mask> (Clwydwenfro), one of <mask>' former pupils. Education

<mask>' father had an above-average education, and was <mask>'s first teacher. <mask> entered formal education at age 7, enrolling at the school at Neuaddlwyd near Aberayron.His education at Neuaddlwyd was largely religious, with the school being primarily aimed toward producing preachers and ministers, rather than academic scholars. <mask>'s teacher was the school’s headmaster, the Congregational minister Thomas Phillips (1772 - 1842). <mask> was here when the first Welsh missionaries left Wales for Madagascar, namely, David Jones and Thomas Bevan,  who <mask> later regarded as ministerial colleagues. In 1822, at age 18, he was accepted into the Independent Academy at Newtown under the care of <mask>, <mask>' fellow pupils were David Rees and Samuel Roberts. It was here that <mask> mastered the elements of Hebrew, Syriac, Aramaic, Greek, Latin and divinity. General literacy was typically reserved at this time for the wealthy and the clergy. Career

<mask> accepted an invitation to Glandwr Welsh Independent Chapel, Pembrokeshire, on 6 months

masks:
Reverend John Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
John Lloyd James
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies
Edward Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


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 probation, and was ordained into the parish on 28 March 1827.Two years later, in 1829, he founded Moreia Welsh Independent Chapel in Blaenwaun, one of the five villages of Llanwinio parish, Carmarthenshire, Despite this, he remained at Glandwr until 1863. Upon leaving Glandwr after 35 years of service, <mask> transferred to Moreiah (Moreia Welsh Independent) church, where he remained until he died. He served as chairman of the Union of Welsh Independents from 1873. Personal life

<mask> married Phoebe Griffiths (granddaughter of <mask>) on 22 July 1833. Phoebe fell ill and died on 16 September 1844. They had four children, all of whom died early. First was his youngest child, David, who died aged five on 4 October 1848.He was fatally wounded by a falling stone after climbing through a gap in a cobblestone wall. He was buried at Moriah. <mask> died on 20 February 1859, at the age of 19. She suffered from a burst blood vessel during a severe cold, and later died following a short illness. Like her brother David, she was also buried at Moriah. Mary Anne <mask> died shortly after giving birth to her first child on 10 January 1860, at the age of 26. She was buried at Penycae, near Llanarth.Mary Anne left behind her baby boy, named David Jones, who was then cared for by an aunt and uncle at Wern Mill. <mask> lost his last child, <mask> <mask>, on 14 March 1861, aged 25 years. He was blown from the mast-head of the ship Hibernia, after passing the Liverpool lightship. Despite a long search, his body was never found. The Hibernia was travelling from Liverpool to New Brunswick. Publications

His published works include poems, songs, scriptural translations and Welsh literary essays. His better known work, "Notes on the

masks:
Davies
Davies
John Griffiths
Elizabeth Davies
Davies
Davies
John Griffith
Davies


texts:
 Minor Prophets (Y Proffwydi Byrion)" was an original translation into Welsh from Hebrew (with marginal Latin), Syriac and Greek readings.The translation is considered to be his greatest feat; the result of forty years of research and labour. <mask>' other papers include translations - Llyfr Coheleth and Llyfr Hosea; Lectures on St. Peter's Epistles, Horae Petrinae (Darlithau ar epistolau Pedr), and a collection of his own original verse and poetry - Flores Poeticae (casgliad o'i farddoniaeth). Publications include:

Cyfieithiad o'r Testament Newydd, MSS
Llethi Afonig Llanarth, Castell Newydd Emlyn : J.R <mask>, 1868 34 t.
Flores Poetici (casgliad o'i farddoniaeth), n.d.
Horae Petrinae (Darlithau ar epistolau Pedr) n.d.
Penillion ar glywed y Fronfraith yn canu gerllaw. Chef. 2, 1865, Aberteifi : D.W. Thomas, Argraffydd. 4 t.
Proffwyd Byrion 1881 (o'r Hebraeg). Cyf.Gan <mask>, Llandeilo : D.W.a G. Jones, 1881 vi, 219 t.
Purdeb y weinidogaeth, h.d. Publications about <mask>:

<mask>, Ben: Sion Gymro, Gomer, (1938). 106 t.
Evans, D: Gwaith oes yr Hybarch <mask>, Moreia. DYSG, (1925) t.142-144. Rees, T.M: Notable Welshmen 1700 - 1900 (1908). Eminent Welshmen, A Short Biographical Dictionary of Welshmen who Have Attained Distinction from the Earliest Times to the Present (1852). <mask>' personal letters have been used to show how instances of Welsh evolved over time and potentially influenced the English language.The Davies Manuscripts

The National Library of Wales houses the <mask> collection, comprising over 70 items of personal correspondence, essays, diaries, sermons, translations of segments of the New Testament, with commentaries, poetry, lectures, almanacs, and miscellaneous papers. In addition to the <mask>

masks:
Davies
Davies
John Davies
John Davies
Davies
John Davies
Davies
Davies
Davies


texts:
 collection is the Album of 'Clwydwenfro', assembled by one of <mask>' pupils and admirers, the Reverend <mask> James (Clwydwenfro). The album contains hundreds of items pertaining to the life and death of <mask>, the majority of which are letters, books, proposals, church records, sermons, poetry and music. The collection was provided to the National Library of Wales by Mr J<mask> Jones, Beulah, Cardiganshire, a descendant of <mask>, in 1933. Pseudonyms in publications

<mask> used a number of pseudonyms in his writings. His best-known pseudonym was Shôn Gymro (or Siôn), which translates in Welsh to "John Welshman", a typically generic name for what may be deemed to be a hypothetical and average, male Welshman. Other names used in his writings were Castellanus (sometimes believed spelled Castellamis), often used with his English correspondence, and Shôn Llethi (or Siôn), used when writing in Welsh.While "Shôn Gymro" is regarded to be his better known pseudonym for Welsh writing, Shon Llethi may have originally served as a nickname for more personal affairs, before also evolving into a pseudonym for which he would sign his poetry and essays that were submitted to local newspapers. <mask>' official name recorded with the Cardiganshire local council at the time of his death was "<mask>wr <mask>", suggesting that <mask> was also known with the additional middle name "Glandwr", the town in which he held a ministerial role at the local parish. A lesser familiar pseudonym he used was De Castello. <mask>' pseudonyms were revealed publicly long after his death in a newspaper article submitted by his friend and student, <mask> James (Clwydwenfro). References

1804 births
1884 deaths
19th-century Welsh

masks:
Davies
John Lloyd
John Davies
. Davies
John Davies
Davies
Davies
John Gland
Davies
Davies
Davies
John Lloyd


texts:
<mask> (December 15, 1900 – May 22, 1957) was an Austrian writer. Borkenau was born in Vienna, Austria, the son of a civil servant. As a university student in Leipzig, his main interests were Marxism and psychoanalysis. Borkenau is known as one of the pioneers of the totalitarianism theory. Youth
Borkenau was born in Vienna, the son of Judge Rudolf Pollack and Melanie Fürth. Borkenau's father was born Jewish, but had converted to Roman Catholicism to improve his career prospects while his mother was Protestant. Borkenau was raised as a Catholic.Vienna was the capital of the vast multicultural and multiethnic Austrian empire that covered much of Eastern Europe, and Borkenau grew up in a cosmopolitan city that was full of various peoples. As a teenager, he became part of an youth subculture that was greatly influenced by the theories of psychoanalysis as promoted by Sigmund Freud and Freud's protégé Siegfried Bernfeld. After graduating from the Schottengymnasium in 1918, Borkenau was conscripted into the Austrian army. Borkenau was still in training at the time that the Austrian empire was defeated and the ancient House of Habsburg was deposed in October 1918. As a student at the University of Vienna, he studied the law, history, economics and philosophy. As a student, he convinced that the cause of the war that ended the Austrian empire was capitalism, which led to became active in Communist groups. Borkenau was typical of the Austrian middle class who had enjoyed what the novelist Stefan Zweig called the "golden age of security" before 1914 and found the world that came about after 1918 to be as disorientating as it was disturbing, leading to a search for a new "anchor" ideology to provide


texts:
 certainty in a dangerous and uncertain world.Both of his parents disallowed him for embracing Communism. As an university student, he rose up to become chairman of the German Communist Students' League. Borkenau ended up transferring over to the University of Leipzig, where he was awarded a PhD in 1924. Borkenau's PhD thesis was on the Universal History, an 18th-century British universal history. Borkenau was always interested in devising grand theories that could explain everything that had happened in history, and believed that he had found such a theory in Marxism. Communist
In 1921, Borkenau joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and was active as a Comintern agent until 1929. After graduating from the University of Leipzig in 1924, Borkenau moved to Berlin.From 1925 to 1929, Borkenau worked as a research assistant for Jürgen Kuczynski at the Forschungsstelle für internationale Politik in Berlin, a think-tank that was sponsored by the German Communist Party. Both Borkenau and Kuczynski worked for the Hungarian Communist Eugen Varga, whose office at the Soviet embassy in Berlin was a conduit for the Comintern. In the 1920s, Borkenau was described by his friend Richard Löwenthal  as a "sincere Marxist" who very much wanted a world revolution. Like other Marxists in Germany, Borkenau was disturbed by the failure as he saw it of the November Revolution of 1918, which had toppled the monarchy, but failed to replace capitalism with socialism. A major interest for Borkenau was in discovering the reasons why the November Revolution had failed to develop along Marxist lines, which led him to become involved in the Frankfurt School. At the end of 1929, Borkenau was expelled from both the


texts:
 Comintern and the KPD, owing to his personal repulsion and disgust about how the Communists operated, combined with an increasing horror about Stalinism. Borkenau then joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which he remained a member of until 1931 when he resigned.In 1930, he began work on his Habilitationsschrift, a book entitled Der Übergang vom feudalen zum bürgerlichen Weltbild (The Transition from the Feudal to Bourgeois Interpretation of the World). Focusing on 17th-century Europe, Borkenau argued against the claims of Wilhelm Dilthey who maintained that the emergence of modern Geisteswissenschaften (the humanities) as university subjects was a process of transcending feudal ways of viewing the world. Taking a materialist line, Borkenau sought to link intellectual trends with the level of economic growth as he argued that no philosophy could be ahead of the levels of productive forces in a society. In exile
Despite his disillusionment with Communism, Borkenau remained a leftist and worked as a researcher for the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. During his time at the Institute, Borkenau was a protégé of Carl Grünberg and his main interest was the relationship between capitalism and ideology. During 1933, Borkenau, who in Nazi terms was a "Half Jew", fled from Germany and lived at various times in Vienna, Paris and Panama City. During the Austrian Civil War of 1934, Borkenau supported the Social Democratic Republikanischer Schutzbund against the government of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss.Borkenau tried to organise socialist resistance against the Dollfuss regime, but upon learning he was wanted by the Austrian police, fled to Paris. From 1934 to 1935, Borkenau


texts: lived in Paris, where he unsuccessfully sought an academic position. During the 1930s, Borkenau was involved with organizing aid from abroad for the clandestine group Neu Beginnen (New Beginnings), which was working for the end of the Nazi regime. In a series of articles published during 1933–34 in the left-wing German language émigré press, Borkenau defended the Neu Beginnen group as the superior alternative to both the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Communist Party of Germany. In 1935, he moved to London, where he befriended Bronisław Malinowski and unsuccessfully sought a position at the London School of Economics. The only academic post he was able to obtain was as a professor of sociology at the University of Panama. The pay was low, being only $100 U.S. dollars per month, and the tropical climate of Panama had a disastrous impact on Borkenau's health.In 1936, Borkenau moved back to London, where he worked as a journalist for a number of left-wing and liberal British newspapers. In his 1936 biography of the Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, Borkenau offered an early theory of totalitarianism from a Marxist perspective. Though rather hostile towards Pareto, Borkenau was much impressed by his theory of the "circulation of elites", by which the ablest individuals naturally became members of the elite, thereby ensuring that the elites would always be re-energized and refreshed. Writing from a Marxist viewpoint, Borkenau contended that the "circulation of elites" theory explained both Communism and fascism. Borkenau argued that the political, social and economic crises caused by World War I caused the strongest capitalists to form a "new economic elite". However, as the "new


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 economic elite" continually revitalized itself by ever more destructive competition, more and more ordinary people felt the effects, thus causing the state to intervene. As the state became more involved with the economy, a "new political elite" emerged, which superseded the previous economic elite, and claimed total power for itself in both the economy and politics.In <mask>'s opinion, Fascism in Italy, National Socialism in Germany and Communism in Russia, all in different ways, represented the unfolding of the process Borkenau argued that Vladimir Lenin created the first totalitarian dictatorship with all power concentrated into the hands of the state, which was completely unconstrained by any class forces as all previous regimes had been. Spanish Civil War
In August–September 1936, Borkenau made a two-month visit to Spain, where he observed the effects of Spanish Civil War in Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia. During his Spanish visit, Borkenau was much disillusioned by the behavior of the agents of the Soviet secret police, the NKVD in Spain and of the Spanish Communist Party. During his first visit to Spain, Borkenau set out to dispute the picture of Spanish Republican women offered up by the British journalist Ferdinand Touchy, who wrote a photo-essay on 27 July 1936 in the conservative Daily Mail newspaper called "The Red Carmens, the women who burn churches". Touchy's essay featured a series of photos he had taken of Spanish women who had joined the Worker's Militia, and argued that for women to fight in the war was reject their femininity, which for him was a most monstrous development. Touchy condemned the Spanish republic as amoral and "Godless". In an essay that has been widely


texts: condemned as misogynistic, Touchy argued that the right and proper role of a Spanish woman was to be a submissive housewife, devoted to the obeying the Catholic church and her husband, and argued that the Spanish Republic deserved to lose the war because it preached gender equality.Touchy argued that the women serving in the Worker's Militia had engaged in all sorts of sexual "depravity", writing of his disgust about young women who engaged in premarital sex with both men and other women, which for him was the beginning of the end of "civilization" itself. Borkenau wrote a response to Touchy's article, which he called full of hysteria and inaccuracies, saying he had not seen the widespread "sexual depravity" that Touchy claimed to have witnessed. Borkenau wrote against Touchy that women serving in the Worker's Militia did not seem to be causing the sort of social breakdown that Touchy claimed it had, saying the society was being strained by the war, but it was holding up the challenge. Borkenau further wrote that wars break down the traditional barriers of sexual morality, and noted that based on his own personal experiences of the Austrian empire in World War One that the sort of "sexual depravity" that Touchy claimed to have seen in Spain had been common in Vienna during World War One. During January 1937, Borkenau made a second visit to Spain, during which he was arrested by Spanish police for his criticism of Communist Party policy. Borkenau's experience inspired his best-known book, The Spanish Cockpit (1937), which was widely praised and "made Borkenau's name famous throughout the English-speaking world". Reviewer Douglas Goldring praised The Spanish Cockpit as "of exceptional interest to


texts: all those who are really anxious to know what is going on in Spain".George Orwell was among those with experience with the Spanish Civil War and with the sometimes viciousness of leftist politics who was greatly impressed with Borkenau's "Spanish Cockpit". Being impressed by The Spanish Cockpit, Orwell sought Borkenau and became a friend. Noam Chomsky would later describe The Spanish Cockpit as "an illuminating eyewitness account" of the war. In The Spanish Cockpit, Borkenau made clear his sympathy for the Spanish Republic while at the same time being critical how the Republic was fighting the civil war. In particular, Borkenau made an issue of the Soviet treatment of Manfred Stern who under the alias of General Emilio Kléber had emerged as the most able of the officers leading the International Brigades fighting for the republic. Stern had been recalled to the Soviet Union and disappeared, a victim of the Yezhovshchina ("the Yezhov times"). Stern was posing as a Canadian, but in fact had been born in the Austrian province of Bukovina (modern western Moldova and northern-eastern Romania).Borkenau and Stern had been classmates at the University of Vienna, and Borkenau was one of the few journalists who actually knew the real identity of "Emilio Kléber". Based on his own knowledge, Borkenau felt that the claim that the Jewish Stern was a spy for Nazi Germany was absurd. Borkenau described the Spanish civil war as an aborted revolution, writing that in every revolution it was always the most organised faction that gained the ascendency, leading him to conclude:The transformation was cut short in France by the fall of Robespierre, not before having made considerable process. It came to full strength


texts: in Russia in the years after the end of the civil war. In Spain, where the properly revolutionary processes have been so quickly superseded by something entirely different, it has made great strides since the beginning of the civil war ... It is not only violence, which is the midwife of every society is heavy with child. And if violence is the father of every great upheaval, its mother is illusion.The belief which is always reborn in every great and decisive struggle is, that this will be the last fight, that after this struggle all poverty, all suffering, all oppression will be things of the past. In a religious form, this was the belief of the millennium. In a secular form, it is the belief in a society free of domination. <mask> argued that the Spanish anarchists were too democratic and too disorganised for their own good as he argued the more disciplined and better-organised Spanish Communists had the advantage. <mask> argued that the problem with the Spanish Republican Army were the politics of the Spanish Republic, writing: In the first place it might had aimed at creating a revolutionary army. This was the policy favored by the Anarchists and the revolutionary Socialists. In the second place, there was the option of creating a totalitarian army after the model of the present German, Italian and Russian armies.This was the policy of the Communists. In the third place, there was the possibility of creating a 'normal' non-political army. This was the policy of [Indalecio] Prieto's moderate Socialists and [Manuel] Azaña's Liberal Republicans. Borkenau felt that the main strength of the Spanish Republic, its dependence upon economic and military support from the Soviet Union, was also its

masks: Borkenau Borkenau


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 main weakness.} Borkenau wrote: As it was, and as it had to be, because the failure of the Spanish Left coincided with the fascist intervention, republican Spain was at the mercy of the force which had brought help ... For it was a force with a revolutionary past, not a revolutionary present, which had come to help the Spaniards. The Communists put an end to revolutionary social activity, and enforced their view that this ought not to be a revolution, but simply the defense of the legal government. Anti-Nazi writings
Borkenau's book Austria and After (1938) was an attack on the Nazi Anschluss.In the introduction to Austria and After, Borkenau wrote that regarded himself as did almost all Austrians of his generation as: ... belonging to a larger German fatherland, rather than a narrower community of Germans in Austria, that I was a partisan of the Anschluss since I had any political convictions whatsoever, that I regarded the artificial severance of Austria from Germany as laid down by the peace treaties as the chief source of the miseries, both material and spiritual in my country. Now, these dreams of my youth have come true. They mean suicide for hundreds, untold misery for hundreds of thousands, exile for many who wished for this day to come just as I did. After the Anschluss, the Nazi regime refused to make Borkenau a German citizen, thus rendering him stateless, a legal status he retained for the rest of his life. In Austria and After, Borkenau argued that the Republic of Austria, which represented the rump of the once vast Austrian empire, was destroyed by a conflict between Socialism and Catholicism. In his opinion, the downfall of the House of Habsburg together with post-war inflation


texts: had destroyed the power of the landed Austrian aristocracy who dominated the Austrian empire both economically and politically up until 1918, leaving only the Socialists and the Catholic Church as the only two remaining powers in the new Republic of Austria. Borkenau wrote that main dividing line in Austrian politics was the division between the urban areas of Austria, especially Vienna, that voted for the Austrian Social Democratic Party, and the rural areas of Austria that favored a conservative Catholicism.Borkenau wrote: "It is doubtful whatever the clergy, who had defended the War to the end, would have easily kept the alliance of the peasants after it, had there not existed the socialist bogy". Borkenau argued that support of the trade unions had ensured that the Austrian working class voted solidly for the Social Democrats, who came to dominate Vienna so much that it was popularly known as "Red Vienna". Borkenau argued the uneasy coalition between Socialism and Catholicism in Austria broke down on 15 July 1927, a day that saw a series of violent clashes between the working class and the Vienna police force, and between the Republikanischer Schutzbund, the paramilitary wing of the Social Democrats and the fascist Heimwehr militia, leaving about 90 people dead. Borkenau wrote that after the clashes of 15 July 1927, Austrian politics were in a state of latent civil war as there was no possibility of co-operation again. Borkenau concluded that the victory of the conservatives in the 1934 civil war was ironically the source of their downfall. With the Austrian Social Democratic Party destroyed as a political force, Borkenau argued that the right-wing farmers no longer lived in dread of the


texts: Socialists, which caused them to shift their support to the Austrian Nazis who promised an Anschluss with Germany. As Germany had the largest economy in Europe and the second-largest economy in the world (outranked only by the American economy), for Austrian farmers hit hard by the Great Depression the possibility of an Anschluss promised to solve their economic problems.Deprived of its base of support, Borkenau argued that the Austrian government promptly collapsed in 1938 when Hitler demanded an Anschluss. In 1939, Borkenau published The New German Empire, where he warned that Adolf Hitler was intent upon world conquest. In particular, Borkenau advised against the idea, popular in Britain in the 1930s, that the British government should return former German colonies in Africa in exchange for a German promise to respect the borders of Europe (unknown to Borkenau, such an offer had been secretly made to the Germans in early 1938, which they rejected). Borkenau argued that the Germans would never honour such a promise, returning the former German colonies would only provide a new field of conflict, and Hitler's determination to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles was "an almost insignificant incident on the road to unlimited expansion". Borkenau claimed that the German propaganda campaign for the former African colonies was a "stepping stone to something else", the "acquisition of a wider colonial area" for Germany. He asserted that the propaganda campaign for the return of the former German colonies in Africa was intended for their strategic value in helping to prepare the ground for a war against Britain and France, rather than the economic value, which Borkenau noted was very small. Borkenau


texts: argued that the main German target in Africa was South Africa.Borkenau contended that if Britain returned the former German colonies to the Reich, the Germans would arouse the anti-British elements within the Afrikaner population. Once the anti-British Afrikaners became the politically dominant element "to the exclusion of everything British", the Germans would transform South Africa into a German protectorate. With control of South Africa, the Germans would be able to control the Cape of Good Hope route to India and the gold mines of the Witwatersrand, which "would at one stroke get rid of all the limitations imposed on her Germany by the lack of free exchange". According to Borkenau, the dictatorship was a powerful revolutionary mass dictatorship based on propaganda and terror, which, to maintain itself and the associated Wehrwirtschaft (Defence Economy), required a policy of endless expansion in all directions. The powerful internal forces driving German foreign policy meant Nazi Germany had to attempt world conquest because without expansionism in all directions, the German dictatorship would collapse. The nearest historical counterpart to German policy was French expansionism during the French Revolution and the age of Napoleon I. Borkenau criticized those who compared Nazi Germany to the German Empire or argued that National Socialism was just one of the "ever-recurring waves of Teutonic nationalism  or the expression of "have-not imperialism" as engaging in a "deadly parallel". Borkenau began his book with the question: The problem, and a very important one at that, is whatever Germany is simply carrying out well-thought plans or is driven into limitless adventures by developments over


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 which she herself is not the master.In the one case, we must still reckon with some rational plan on the part of Germany which it would be important to discover. In the second case, we faced an outburst of incalculable instincts which cannot but end in disaster, both for Germany and others

Borkenau argued that the Nazi regime was revolutionary, but not in a way that conformed to popular ideas of "current revolutions" because with the exception of the German Jews, the Nazi regime had "respected property rights". Instead, he argued that the Nazi revolution was one of metaphysics, as the German people "reacted to the complete disintegration of all existing values with an outcry for a new faith and a new savior", making the Machtergreifung into a revolution because henceforward all that mattered in Germany was "belief in the Führer and unlimited faith in him" leading to a situation where "All the political forces of the past have been wiped out". Borkenau argued against the popular idea in Britain that the Nazi regime would eventually settle down into a type of "normalcy" as a profound misreading of the Third Reich. In this regard, Borkenau rejected the very popular theory in Britain that the Nazi regime was simply an extreme, if understandable reaction to the Treaty of Versailles, which would "settle down" once the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles was revised in the favor of the Reich. Borkenau argued that the Nazi regime was driven by relentless dynamism, which even Hitler did not fully control, as he argued that the Nazi regime was not so much a one-party state as a new religion consumed in a "quasi-mystical fanaticism". In Borkenau's reading, the Nazi ideology was


texts: fundamentally negative, as the regime defined itself more in terms of what it was against rather than what it was for, thus requiring a policy of endless aggression.Borkenau wrote that "the compete disintegration of the old economic structures and the old spiritual values in Germany" made the National Socialist regime sui generis. Borkenau concluded: Here Nazi tactics are indissolubly linked with the basis of the movement itself. A prophet carrying a supernatural message, needs to prove needs only to prove his prophetic quality by signs and symbols. But a prophet aiming to prove himself a Messiah and to bring immediate salvation to this world must make his earthly career a constant sequence of miraculous successes. And as this world is, this cannot be achieved by the means of a straight fight against straight adversaries. In a book aimed at British readers, Borkenau maintained that this need to constantly validate itself by victories would ensure that appeasement would fail as the Nazi regime did not play by the rules of traditional diplomacy, but instead "all practical aims are subordinate to the supernatural urge". In an attack on the foreign policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Borkenau wrote: "Before Hitler marched into Prague, a tendency prevailed to interpret German aims in the context of German official declarations ... an impression prevailed that Hitler's speeches had something to do with his intentions".Borkenau's portrayal of Nazi foreign policy as driven by powerful internal forces into a limitless expansionism prefigured the arguments made by functionalist historians like Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat, who similarly contended that Nazi foreign policy did not have any


texts:
 plans but was rather "expansionism without objective" pushed by internal forces. However, <mask>'s work differed from the functionalists in that he maintained that the Nazi regime was a well-organized totalitarian dictatorship. In 1939, Borkenau wrote: "There is little doubt that within a few years the fate of the Jews in eastern Europe will resemble that of the Armenians in Turkey". World War Two
During World War II, Borkenau lived in London, and worked as a writer for Cyril Connolly's journal Horizon. In 1940, Borkenau was interned by the British government as an "enemy alien" and deported to an internment camp in Australia. In 1941, he was released and returned to London, where he worked as a lecturer at London University until April 1943. In 1942, he published a book Socialism—National or International?, where he took up the question of what the world should be like after the hoped-for Allied victory.Borkenau concluded that the wartime expansion of the powers of the state would mean some sort of socialism was the solution to the world's problems, writing that "a planned economy, if once established, should never abolish individual means of ownership". He argued that reconstruction of the world economy was not compatible "with a programme of class struggle", leading him to write that the best party to lead Britain after the war ended was the Labour Party. Borkenau rejected Communism, and instead urged an alliance of the Labour Party with the left wing of the Democratic Party in the United States. For Britain, Borkenau urged a gradualist transition from capitalism to socialism, writing that "precisely through the gradual growth of state intervention" as preached by the Labour Party was the


texts:
 best way forward. Borkenau condemned Communism, writing: "How dare I soil the name of socialism by associating it with a dirty piece of trickery such as Soviet Russia?" Borkenau wrote that Communist internationalism was only a vehicle for Soviet imperialism, while "Labour internationalism would be embodied in mutual help". In April 1943, he left London University to start work as speaker of the BBC's German language broadcasts, delivering anti-Nazi speeches that appealed to the German people to overthrow the Nazi regime.In 1944, he started to work for the United States Office of War Information as an expert on Germany and Austria. Cold War
In 1947, Borkenau returned to Germany to work as a professor at the University of Marburg. In June 1950, Borkenau attended the conference in Berlin together with other anti-Communist intellectuals such as Hugh Trevor-Roper, Ignazio Silone, Raymond Aron, Arthur Koestler, Sidney Hook and Melvin J. Lasky that resulted in the initiation of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. At the conference, Borkenau delivered the theme speech, for which he spoke of the "meaninglessness" of the conflict between capitalism and socialism in a time of "ebbing revolution", and the only conflict that mattered in the world was the one between Communism and democracy. Left-wing intellectuals such as Cedric Belfrage, noting that Hitler often denounced Communism in Berlin, like Borkenau did, would compare his speech to the Nuremberg rallies and accused Borkenau of being a sort of neo-Nazi. The British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, in a July 1950 letter to his friend, the American art dealer Bernard Berenson, wrote: "I haven't been abroad except for four days in Berlin for a so-called


texts: Kongress für Kulturelle Freheit where I misbehaved.... Aided by my English colleague A. J. Ayer, I led a resistance movement against the organisers of the Congress, which in fact was a totally illiberal organsiation dominated by professional ex-Communist boulevardiers like Arthur Koestler and <mask>u, confident in the support of the German ex-Nazis in the audience". Ayer and Trevor-Roper fundamentally differed with Borkenau and Koestler over the purpose of the Congress for Cultural Freedom.Ayer and Trevor-Roper saw the purpose of the Congress in upholding broadly liberal values such as freedom of expression and freedom of thought while Borkenau and Koestler saw the purpose of the Congress more as an anti-communist organisation. Thus, Ayer and Trevor-Roper objected to several elements of the draft declaration of the Congress that declared that followers of any "totalitarian" ideology "who deny spiritual freedom to others do not enjoy the right to citizenship in the free republic of the spirit", feeling this was an attempt to bring McCarthyism into the world of European intellectuals. Borkenau was very active in the Congress, and was often criticized by Marxist intellectuals such as Isaac Deutscher for his anti-Communism. In turn, Borkenau was often critical of Deutscher's work. In 1949, Borkenau, in a newspaper article, criticized Deutscher for endorsing in his biography of Joseph Stalin the official Soviet version that Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky together with the rest of the Red Army high command had been plotting a coup in collaboration with the intelligence services of Germany and Japan, thus justifying Stalin's "liquidation" of the Red Army leadership in 1937. Borkenau claimed that


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 Deutscher was engaging in an apologia for Stalin since, in his opinion, there was nothing that supported Stalin's version of events about the alleged coup plot of 1937. Borkenau concluded that:
Deutscher's perspective is utterly false.... Napoleon's person could be detached from the destinies of France; and the achievements of the revolution, and of the Napolenoic period were indeed preserved.But it is more than doubtful whether Russia's destiny can be separated from Stalinism, even if Stalin were ever to die a natural death. The inner law of Stalinist terror drives Stalin's Russia, not less, even if more slowly, the law of Nazi terror Hitler's Germany, to conflict with the world and thereby to total catastrophe not only for the terroristic régime, but also for the nation ruled by it.... The danger of Deutscher's book is that in place of this grave and anxious prospect it puts another one which is more normal and reassuring. According to Deutscher's conception there is nothing terrible to fear because in the main the terrors are already past. To this conception we oppose the opinion that the revolution of the twentieth century shows parallels to earlier revolutions only in its opening phase, but that later it ushers in a régime of terror without end, of hostility towards everything human, of horrors which carry no remedy, and which can be cured only ferro et igni. Likewise, Borkenau was often critical of the work of the pro-Soviet British historian E. H. Carr. In 1951, Borkenau wrote in the Der Monat newspaper of the first volume of Carr's History of Soviet Russia that for Carr: "Human suffering he seems to say, is not a historical factor; Carr belongs to those very cold people who always


texts:
 believe they think and act with the iciest calculation and therefore fail to understand why they are mistaken in their calculations time and time again".Borkenau was a major advocate for the totalitarianism school. Another historian whom Borkenau disliked (for different reasons than was the case with Deutscher and Carr) was Arnold J. Toynbee. In the May 1955 issue of Commentary, Borkenau accused Toynbee of being anti-Semitic. Kremlinologist
In the 1950s, Borkenau was well known as an expert on Communism and the Soviet Union. Borkenau was one of the founders of Sovietology. As a Kremlinologist, one of Borkenau's major interests was making predictions about the future of Communism. Some of Borkenau's predictions, such as his claim during the early 1950s about the coming Sino-Soviet split would come true, but others would not.In an article in the April 1954 edition of Commentary entitled "Getting at the Facts Behind the Soviet Facade", Borkenau wrote that the Sino-Soviet alliance was unstable and would last for only a decade or so. Borkenau argued that despite the appearance of unity, there were power struggles within the Soviet elite. Moreover, Borkenau contended that within the Soviet government there were vast chefstvo (patronage) networks extending down from the elite to the lowest ranks of power. Borkenau's techniques were a minute analysis of official Soviet statements and the relative placement of various officials at the Kremlin on festive occasions to determine which Soviet official enjoyed Stalin's favour and which official did not. Signs such as newspaper editorials, guest lists at formal occasions, obituaries in Soviet newspapers, and accounts of formal speeches were important to


texts:
 identifying the various chefstvo networks. Borkenau argued that even small changes in the formalistic language of the Soviet state could sometimes indicate important changes: "Political issues must be interpreted in the light of formulas, political and otherwise, and their history; and such interpretation cannot be safely concluded until the whole history of the given formula has been established from its first enunciation on". On the basis of his method, in January 1953, Borkenau predicted that Stalin's death would occur in the near-future (Stalin died later in March).In 1954, Borkenau wrote that he made that prediction on the basis of a resolution of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany on the "lessons of the Slansky case". Borkenau argued that because the resolution quoted Georgy Malenkov a number of times about the supposed lessons for the Communist world of Rudolf Slánský's supposed treason, it was Walter Ulbricht's way of associating himself with Malenkov's chefstvo network as part of the preparation for the post-Stalin succession struggle:
Malenkov was quoted at inordinate length.... By quoting him in his fashion and by adding his own yelp to the anti-Semitic chorus, Ulbricht, the animator of the resolution, proclaimed himself a Malenkov client. But even more important; while Malenkov was cited at length, Stalin was quoted with a mere half-sentence dating from 1910. Such a deliberate affront could have been offered only by people sure of that tyrant's approaching downfall, or else out of reach of his retribution. Otherwise, it was sure suicide. It was primarily on the strength of the evidence found in this resolution that I then predicted, in print, Stalin's imminent death, which, sure


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 enough, came seven weeks later. Borkenau's 1954 book, Der russische Bürgerkrieg, 1918–1921, showed some sympathy for non-Bolshevik socialists.End and Beginning
Another topic of interest for Borkenau was engaging in an intellectual critique of Toynbee and Oswald Spengler's work about when and why civilizations weaken and end. The latter critique was published posthumously by his friend, Richard Löwenthal. In his book, Borkenau drew a distinction between the "Latin" mentality of southern Europe (which also included France) and the "Germanic" mentality of northern Europe. Borkenau argued that German literature tended to celebrate individual "superman" heroes who achieved superhuman feats in battle while French literature did not. Borkenau used as an example the French epic poem Chanson de Roland, where the hero Roland, against the advice of his best friend Oliver, choses not ask for the readily available help of Charlemagne's army against a Muslim army invading from Spain. Borkenau noted that the result of Roland's vainglorious desire is his own death and the destruction of his own army, which was very different from how medieval German poets would had handled the story. Borkenau became increasingly active as a freelance author living in Paris, Rome and Zurich, where he died suddenly of heart failure in 1957.Work
The Transition from the Feudal to the Bourgeois World View, 1934. Pareto, New York: Wiley, 1936. The Spanish Cockpit: An Eye-Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War, London: Faber and Faber, 1937. Austria and After, London, Faber and Faber 1938. The Communist International, London: Faber and Faber, 1938. The New German Empire, New York, Viking, 1939.


texts:
 The Totalitarian Enemy, London, Faber and Faber 1940.Socialism, National or International, London, G. Routledge 1942. European Communism, New York: Harper, 1953. World Communism; A History of the Communist International, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1962. End and Beginning: On the Generations of Cultures and the Origins of the West, edited with an introduction by Richard Lowenthal, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. See also
 Freudo-Marxism

Notes

References
Abrams, Mark. Review of European Communism page 500 from International Affairs, Volume 29, Issue #4, October 1953. Carroll, E. Malcolm.Review of The New German Empire, pages 195-196 from Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 20, March 1940. Carter, W. Horsfall. Review of The Spanish Cockpit pages 452-453 from International Affairs Volume 17, Issue #3, May–June 1938.
.
Collins, Randell. "Review: The Borkenau Thesis and the Origins of the West", pages 379-388 from Sociological Forum, Volume 1, Issue #2, Spring, 1986. Laqueur, Walter. The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present, New York: Scribner, 1987 . Hartshorne, E. Y.Review of Der Ubergang vom Feudalen zum Burgerlichen Weltbild, pages 476–478 from International Journal of Ethics, Volume 45, Issue #4, July 1935. Herz, John. Review of The New German Empire, pages 361-362 from The American Political Science Review, Volume 34, Issue #2, April 1940. Jones, William David. "Toward a Theory of Totalitarianism: <mask>'s Pareto", pages 455-466 from Journal of the History of Ideas, Volume 53, Issue #3,  July–September 1992. Jones, William David. The Lost Debate: German Socialist Intellectuals and


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 Totalitarianism, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999. .

Moore, Barrington.Review of End and Beginning: On the Generations of Cultures and the Origins of the West, pages 716-717 from The American Journal of Sociology, Volume 92, Issue #3, November 1986. Nemoianu, Virgil. Review of End and Beginnings, pages 1235–1238 from MLN, Volume 97, Issue #5, December 1982. Tashjean, John E. "The Sino-Soviet Split: Borkenau's Predictive Analysis of 1952", pages 342-361 from The China Quarterly, Volume 94, June 1983. External links

 Spartacus Schoolnet page on <mask> Borkenau

1900 births
1957 deaths
Austrian male writers
Austrian historians
Austrian public relations people
Freudo-Marxism
Jewish anti-fascists
Jewish socialists
Jewish writers
Jewish historians
Austrian people of the Spanish Civil War
Austrian Jews
Writers from Vienna
Austrian anti-fascists
20th-century historians
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
Anti-Stalinist