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 Arts décoratifs in Paris from 1990 to 1991 which sparked further interest in scenic wallpapers as a “social mirror” reflecting the world of early nineteenth century France. From the 1980s onwards Les Sauvages garnered significant appraisal within the Pacific region.This interest was due to the rise in popularity of postcolonial methodologies in art history and a reappraisal of colonial artefacts and histories. The emerging fascination of Les Sauvages in the Pacific can be easily traced by the acquisition of the work in state and national art museums in Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii from the 1980s onwards. Les Sauvages has also inspired contemporary artists to create artworks which appropriate or subvert the inherent colonial gaze of the wallpaper. The most prominent example is In Pursuit of Venus (2017) by New Zealand artist, Lisa Reihana. This digital wallpaper appropriates Dufour's composition by replacing the classical figures with real First Nations people in traditional dress. This work attempts to challenge and disrupt colonial histories. Reihana's work was selected to represent New Zealand at the 2017 Venice Biennale.Panel descriptions
A description of the individual


type: original

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 panels follows:

 Panel 1: Inhabitants of Nootka Island in Canada, which was visited by Cook in March 1778. Panel 2: Inhabitants of Raiatea, the second largest of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, Chief Oreo met Captain Cook in 1777. Panel 3: Inhabitants of Ha'apai in Tonga. A man, a woman and a girl behind plum trees taking part in feast of the Arroey (seen in panel-2). Panels 4-6: Inhabitants of Tahiti, the largest island in French Polynesia. O-too, King of Tahiti, in panel 6, on a throne beneath a banana tree between two coconut trees, with his daughter and sister in 1773. The scene is a heiva, a kind of dramatic dance accompanied by flutes, drums and a chorus of singing and clapping girls.Panel 7: Inhabitants of Tanna (New Hebrides, Vanuatu) visited by Cook in July 1774. There are three islanders in foreground. The double war canoe in the background was launched during Cook's stay in Pare, Tahiti. Panels 8-9: Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) visited by Cook for the third time in January 1779. Chief Kaneena is in the foreground of panel 9 and behind him, another chief watch Cook's death. Cook's two ships, HMS Resolution and the smaller HMS Discovery, are


texts: anchored off shore. The volcano in the background resembles Mount Yasur on the island of Tanna in New Hebrides, and is unlike any in Hawaii.Panels 10-11: Inhabitants of New Zealand, discovered by Abel Tasman. In panel 10 Chief Kaoora, who killed a detachment of Captain Furneaux's crew, sits on a rock under two gris-gris trees. In panel 11 a New Zealand woman and child with warriors on a trail to the rear. Panel 12: Inhabitants of the Straits of Prince William, 1778 (Sandwich Sound, Alaska). They resemble their neighbors, the natives of Nootka Island. Panel 13: Inhabitants of Nomuka with Abel Tasman on Rotterdam Island (now called Anamocka) in 1643. A vessel is filled with island natives during Cook's visit in 1777.Panel 14: Inhabitants of New Caledonia, visited by Cook in 1773. Natives picking bananas resemble natives of Tanna, their nearest neighbor. Panels 15-16: Inhabitants of Tongatapu, the main island of Tonga and the most important of the Society Islands. Cook anchored in June 1777 accompanied by Omai and Chief Finau 'Ulukalala and was received by King Fatafehi Paulaho at a great feast. The King stands beneath the banana tree with his favorite wife. In the background of panel


texts: 16 are Finau and Omai standing under tamarind trees watching wrestlers. Panel 17: Inhabitants of Santa Christina in the Marquesas Islands.King Honoo of Santa Christina and his Queen watch the Tongatabo fête with other inhabitants in the background under the tamarind trees. Panel 18: Inhabitants of Marquesas Islands, discovered by Álvaro de Mendaña in 1595 and visited by Cook in 1773. A man and two women are seated beneath a palm tree. People in middle distance of panels 18-19 are of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Holland (Australia) and Admiralty Islands. Jacques Julien Houton de la Billardière visited the later in 1791–94 while searching for Marquis de La Pérouse. Panel 19: Inhabitants of Easter Island, which was allegedly discovered by the English buccaneer Captain John Davis in 1686 and visited by Cook in 1773. Two people in foreground are of Easter Island.Panel 20: Inhabitants of Palau, where English sea captain Henry Wilson sailing on the Antelope was shipwrecked in August 1783. In foreground are King Aba-Thule and his wife Ludee, who returned to Europe with Wilson on a boat built in Palau. The Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Historic Deerfield (Deerfield,


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 Massachusetts), the Honolulu Museum of Art and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco usually have Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique on display. In 1995 the Mackelvie Trust acquired a significant panel from Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique - sections 15, 16 and 17 - which is held by the Auckland Art Gallery in Auckland, New Zealand. Trivia
William Bligh of Mutiny on the Bounty fame was sailing master on HMS Resolution (depicted in panel 8), and explorer George Vancouver was a 21-year-old midshipman on HMS Discovery. References

 Bioletti, Susie, Davey, Ranson and Peel, Rose. “Made in Maçon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 21–26.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Bougainville, L. Antoine de. Voyage Round the World. Translated by J.R. Forster. London: J. Exshar, 1772. Butler, Roger. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: in England, America and Australia.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 15–20.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Crick, Clare. “Two Wallpapers by Dufour et Compagnie.” Pharos '78, (June 1978). Dang, Rachelle. “Southern Oceans.” Accessed April 23, 2019.


texts: http://www.rachelledang.com/. de Champagny, Jean-Baptiste de Nompère. Notices sur les objets envoyés à l'exposition des produits de l'industrie Française.Paris: Ministre de L'Interieur, 1806. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HzlEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=notices+sur+les+objets+envoyes+a+l%27exposition+des+produits+de+l%27industrie+francaise+redigees+et+imprimees+par+ordre+de+S.E.M.+de+champagny+Paris+1806&source=bl&ots=fYCwwI_G_D&sig=ACfU3U1R7Y8yPMfXPPrJiBOs2wIuHn26PA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy1bqNgMzhAhWX4XMBHUEZDA4Q6AEwBnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=dufour&f=false. Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pompeii.” Accessed May 1, 2019.  https://www.britannica.com/place/Pompeii. Entwisle, E.A. “Jacquemart et Bérnard and Other Makers.” In French Scenic Wallpapers 1800-1860, 41–46. London: F. Lewis Publishers Ltd, 1972. Futernick, Robert.“Conservation of Scenic Wallpapers: “Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique”.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 20, no. 2, (Spring 1981): 139-146. Honolulu Academy of Arts. Honolulu Academy of Arts, Selected works. Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1990. Joseph Dufour. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: tableau pour d’écoration en papier peint.”


texts: translated by Peter Rudd, In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 32-40.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Lee, Mary Wood, Bachman, Konstanze and Fletcher, Shelley. “Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique: Treatment of an early 19th century wallpaper depicting the voyages and death of Captain Cook.” AIC preprints, (May 30–June 2, 1977): 92–103. Massey University. “Imagining Paradise: Embroidering Myth.” Accessed April 23, 2019.  https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/8349/02_whole.pdf. McClelland, Nancy. Historic Wallpapers.America: Lippincott, 1924. National Gallery of Australia. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 23, 2019.  https://artsearch.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=126293. National Gallery of Australia. “Paper conservation: Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique Made in Mâcon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” Accessed March 10, 2019. https://nga.gov.au/conservation/Paper/LesSauv.cfm. Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Reasons for Silence.” In French Scenic Wallpaper 1795–1865, 13-37.France: Flammarion, 2000. Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Scenic wallpaper, social mirror: Themes Reflecting a New View of Everyday Life.” In French Scenic Wallpaper


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 1795–1865, 103-135. France: Flammarion, 2000. Oxford Reference. “Neoclassicism.” Accessed April 23, 2019. http://www.oxfordreference.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/view/10.1093/acref/9780191807671.001.0001/acref-9780191807671-e-956. Prints + Printmaking.“Les Sauvages de la mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 15, 2019,  http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/works/35731/. Reihana, Lisa. “Artist talks.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/artist-talks. Reihana, Lisa. “Venice Biennial.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/venice-biennial. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.Translated by Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub.Co., 1992. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1979. Webb, Vivienne. “Biographical and catalogue notes.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 42-43.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Webb, Vivienne. “List of holdings.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 44-47. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Webb, Vivienne. “Voyages.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 7-14. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000.External links

1750


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 births
1829 deaths
People from Ardèche
French designers
French draughtsmen
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French


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<mask> (March 21, 1922 – September 18, 2004) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, and editor. He is known primarily for writing and directing a series of successful sexploitation films that featured campy humor, sly satire and large-breasted women, such as Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!. <mask> often named Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) as his definitive work (see below). Early years
<mask> was born in San Leandro, California, the son of Lydia Lucinda (Hauck) and <mask>, an Oakland police officer. His parents were both of German descent.<mask>'s parents divorced soon after he was born, and <mask> was to have virtually no contact with his father during his life. When he was 14 years old, his mother pawned her wedding ring in order to buy him an 8 mm film camera. He made a number of amateur films at the age of 15, and served during World War II as a U.S. Army combat cameraman for the 166th Signal Photo Company, ultimately attaining the rank of staff sergeant. In the Army, <mask> forged his strongest friendships, and he would later ask many of his fellow combat cameramen to work on his films. Much of <mask>'s work during World War II can be seen in newsreels and in the film Patton (1970). On his return to civilian life, he was unable to secure cinematography work in Hollywood due to a lack of industry connections. He made industrial films, freelanced as a still photographer for mainstream films (including Giant), and became a well known glamour photographer whose work included some of the initial shoots for Hugh Hefner's Playboy magazine.<mask> would go on to shoot three Playboy centerfolds during the magazine's early years, including one of his then-wife <mask> in 1955. He also shot a pictorial of then-wife Edy Williams in March 1973. Film career

Early films
<mask> was the cinematographer for the 1950 Pete DeCenzie film French Peep Show, and the 1954 Samuel Newman production, The Desperate

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 Women, among the few Hollywood films to depict a woman dying from an illegal abortion in pre–Roe v. Wade America, the original version of which is believed lost. The Immoral Mr. Teas and "nudie cuties"
His first feature, the naughty comedy The Immoral Mr. Teas (1959), cost $24,000 to produce and eventually grossed more than $1 million on the independent/exploitation circuit, ensconcing <mask> as "King of the Nudies." It is considered one of the first nudie cuties. <mask> was a true auteur who wrote, directed, edited, photographed and distributed all his own films. He was able to finance each new film from the proceeds of the earlier ones, and became very wealthy in the process.<mask> followed Teas with some shorts, This Is My Body (1960) and The Naked Camera, then made a second nudie cutie, Eve and the Handyman (1960). This starred <mask>'s wife Eve and Anthony-James Ryan, both of whom would be crucial to the production of <mask>'s films. His next features were Erotica (1961) and Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962). Reception to the latter indicated the market for nudie cuties was drying up, so <mask> decided to change. He did a documentary, Europe in the Raw (1963), and tried a comedy, Heavenly Bodies! (1963). He then directed a version of Fanny Hill (1964) in Europe.Lorna and the "Gothic" period

Lorna (1964) marked the end of <mask>'s "nudies" and his first foray into serious film making. He followed this with three other similar films, and would call this his  "Gothic" period: Mudhoney (1965),  Motorpsycho (1965) and Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965). Lorna was very successful commercially, making almost a million dollars. Mudhoney was more ambitious, based on a novel, and did not perform as well.Motorpsycho, about three men terrorising the countryside, was a big hit—so much so <mask> decided to make a film about three bad girls, Faster Pussycat. Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! was commercially underwhelming but would

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 eventually be reclaimed as a cult classic. It has a following all over the world and has inspired countless imitations, music videos and tributes. Color melodramas – including Vixen
<mask> made the popular mockumentary Mondo Topless (1966) with the remnants of his production company's assets and made two mildly successful color melodramas: Common Law Cabin (1967) and Good Morning... and Goodbye!(1967). <mask> made headlines once again in 1968 with the controversial Vixen!. Although its lesbian overtones are tame by today's standards, the film—envisaged by <mask> and longtime producer Jim Ryan as a reaction to provocative European art films—grossed millions on a five-figure budget and captured the zeitgeist just as The Immoral Mr. Teas had a decade earlier. He followed it with Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers! (1969), and Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1970), which utilized long montages of the California landscape (replete with anti-marijuana voiceovers) and Uschi Digard dancing in the desert as the film's "lost soul." These plot devices were necessitated after lead actress Linda Ashton left the shoot early, forcing <mask> to compensate for 20 minutes of unshot footage.20th Century Fox: Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and The Seven Minutes
Amid the unexpected success of Columbia Pictures' low-budget Easy Rider, and impressed by <mask>'s frugality and profitability, Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown of 20th Century Fox signed <mask> to produce and direct a proposed sequel to Valley of the Dolls in 1969, fulfilling his longstanding ambition to direct for a major Hollywood studio. What eventually appeared was Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970), scripted by Chicago Sun-Times film critic and longtime <mask> devotee Roger Ebert. Ebert, who became the first film critic to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1975, would remain a close friend and key artistic collaborator for the remainder of <mask>'s life. The film bears no relation to

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 the novel or film adaptation's continuity, a development necessitated when Jacqueline Susann sued the studio after several drafts of her script were rejected. Many critics perceive the film as perhaps the greatest expression of his intentionally vapid surrealism, with <mask> going so far as to refer to it as his definitive work in several interviews. Others, such as Variety, saw it "as funny as a burning orphanage and a treat for the emotionally retarded." Contractually stipulated to produce an R-rated film, the brutally violent climax (depicting a decapitation) ensured an X rating (eventually reclassified to NC-17 in 1990).Despite gripes from the director after he attempted to recut the film to include more titillating scenes after the ratings debacle, it still earned $9 million domestically in the United States on a budget of $900,000. The executives at Fox were delighted with the box office success of Dolls and signed a contract with <mask> to make three more films: The Seven Minutes, from a potboiler by Irving Wallace; Everything in the Garden from a play by Edward Albee; and The Final Steal from a 1966 novel by Peter George. "We've discovered that he's very talented and cost conscious", said Zanuck. "He can put his finger on the commercial ingredients of a film and do it exceedingly well. We feel he can do more than undress people." Per his new contract, <mask> then made a faithful adaptation of The Seven Minutes (1971). Featuring loquacious courtroom scenes alongside little nudity, the comparatively subdued film was commercially unsuccessful, and his oeuvre would be disowned by the studio for decades after Zanuck and Brown departed to form an independent production company in 1972.Return to independent film making
Richard Zanuck, who brought <mask> to Fox, had moved to Warner Bros and there was some talk <mask> would make a film at that studio. However, <mask> would never make a studio film again. He returned to

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texts: grindhouse-style independent cinema in 1973 with the blaxploitation period piece Black Snake, which was dismissed by critics and audiences as incoherent. Foxy, a proposed vehicle for Edy Williams, was cancelled in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's Miller v. California decision in June 1973, which modified its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value". His marriage to Williams subsequently disintegrated. "Those years were very confusing to me", said <mask>. "But instead of rushing off and throwing myself out the window, I was able to psychoanalyze myself and discern what was best for me.I looked myself square in the face and realized I couldn't do everything." In 1975, he released Supervixens, a return to the world of big bosoms, square jaws, and the Sonoran Desert that earned $17 million in the United States on a shoestring budget. <mask>'s theatrical career ended with the release of the surreal Up! (1976) and 1979's Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens, his most sexually graphic films. Film historians and fans have called these last three films "Bustoons" because his use of color and mise en scène recalled larger-than-life pop art settings and cartoonish characters. In 1977, Malcolm McLaren hired <mask> to direct a film starring The Sex Pistols. <mask> handed the scriptwriting duties over to Ebert, who, in collaboration with McLaren, produced a screenplay entitled Who Killed Bambi?According to Ebert, filming ended after a day and a half when the electricians walked off the set after McLaren was unable to pay them. (McLaren has claimed that the project was scrapped at the behest of the main financier and <mask>'s erstwhile employer, 20th Century Fox, whose board of directors considered the prospect of a <mask> production to be untenable and incompatible with the insurgent family values ethos in


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 popular culture.) The project ultimately evolved into The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. Later years
Despite the fact that hardcore pornographic films overtook <mask>'s softcore market share, he retired from filmmaking in the late 1970s a very wealthy man. He made a one-off return to filmmaking in 2001 to direct <mask>'s Pandora Peaks, featuring the nude glamour model of the same name. Around the same time, he also participated in Voluptuous Vixens II, a made-for-video softcore production by Playboy. Use of satire
<mask> was also adept at mocking moral stereotypes and flagrantly lampooning conservative American values.Many of his films feature a narrator who attempts to give the audience a "moral roadmap" of what they are watching. Like his contemporary Terry Southern, <mask> realized that sex—as one of the few common interests among most humans—was a natural vehicle for satirizing values and conventions held by the Greatest Generation. According to Roger Ebert in a commentary recorded in 2003 for the DVD release of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, <mask> continually reiterated that this irreverence was the true secret to his artistic success. <mask> was also known for his quick wit. While participating with Ebert in a panel discussion at Yale University, he was confronted by an angry woman who accused him of being "nothing but a breast man." His immediate reply: "That's only the half of it." The <mask> physical archetype
<mask>'s lifelong unabashed fixation on large breasts featured prominently in all his films and is his best-known character trait both as an artist and as a person.His discoveries include Kitten Natividad, Erica Gavin, Lorna Maitland, Tura Satana, and Uschi Digard among many others. The majority of them were naturally large-breasted and he occasionally cast women in their first trimesters of pregnancy as it enhanced their breast size even further. Rarely were there cosmetically enhanced breasts in any of his films

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texts: until Up! (1976) and Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979). However, by the early 1980s, when surgical advancements had made the gargantuan breasts of <mask>'s fantasies a reality, many felt he had started viewing the female body as simply a "tit transportation device" and that his aesthetic vision was no longer attractive or vibrant. Darlene Gray, a natural 36H-22-33 from Great Britain who appeared in Mondo Topless (1966), is said to be <mask>'s most busty discovery. The <mask> female physical archetype is fairly complex to decipher.Firstly, it's not to be confused with today's surgically enhanced Hollywood porn starlets or even slim, naturally endowed actresses. <mask> was almost as much about a shapely 1950s hip-to-waist ratio or "wasp waist" as he was about very large breasts. The six-pack abdominal muscles and built-up squarish appearance of modern Hollywood figures do not mesh with his pin-up aesthetic. Secondly, he required that even his most busty actresses looked good braless; "gravity-defying" and "cantilevered" became two of his favorite expressions. In his films such as Vixen! and Cherry, Harry & Raquel!, some of the actresses do not have large (by <mask> standards) breasts yet their chests are always accentuated with very clever camera angles and well-constructed bras. Reportedly, Erica Gavin was cast as the lead in Vixen!because her "smaller" bust would make the character "more relatable to women." He went on record numerous times to say that Anita Ekberg was the most beautiful woman he ever photographed and that her 39DD breasts were the biggest in A-list Hollywood history, dwarfing both Jayne Mansfield and Sabrina.Dolly Parton was the only modern Hollywood actress <mask> ever expressed interest in working with. While he often referred to his actresses as "Junoesque" and "Amazonian", this was probably more in their spirit than their actual physiques" as <mask> rarely cast very tall or symmetrically built

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 actresses with strong legs and large posteriors. So while the general public could easily perceive <mask> or Sophia Loren as "<mask> material", their balanced bodies did not mesh with <mask>'s precise aesthetic preferences." And indeed, <mask> said many times that it was Gina Lollobrigida's smaller-breasted figure that he preferred visually over her larger-breasted, taller and bigger-hipped rival, Sophia Loren. Thus, <mask>'s oeuvre shows the viewer that while his actresses could easily be described as voluptuous, buxom and curvaceous, it's debatable to some if they were strapping, stately or even statuesque as <mask> readily proclaimed." The tallest actress <mask> ever cast in a lead was the , slim-hipped, huge-breasted Lorna Maitland (working with whom he admitted he found intimidating).Nearly all the other women he featured were no taller than . Tura Satana's performance as Varla in Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! was <mask>'s only true portrayal of the large, strong and aggressive Amazonian archetype in the classic visual sense. Female empowerment
Film historian and <mask> biographer Jimmy McDonough posits that <mask>'s usage of physically and sexually overwhelming female characters places him in his own separate genre. He argues that despite portraying women as sex objects, <mask> nonetheless depicts them as more powerful than men and is therefore an inadvertent feminist filmmaker.In many of <mask>'s films, women eventually defeat men, winning sexual fulfillment as their reward, e.g., Super Vixen (Supervixens), Margo Winchester (Up!) and Lavonia Shedd (Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens). Even in the 1950s and 1960s, his films were sometimes centered on a woman's need and struggle for sexual satisfaction (Lorna, Good Morning and... Goodbye! and Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens). Additionally, <mask>'s female characters were often allowed to express anger and violence towards men (Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!and

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 Supervixens). Yet in his research, McDonough also notes that <mask>'s female characters were limited in how powerful they could appear; often the female lead is raped (Up! and Lorna) or brutally murdered (Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, Supervixens, Lorna and Blacksnake). While <mask> may have championed powerful woman characters, he also forced them into violent and terrifying situations, making them prove their physical and mental strength against tremendous odds. He also ensured that women's breasts were at least semi-exposed during these ordeals for comic or erotic effect. Furthermore, according to frequent collaborator and longtime lover Kitten Natividad, <mask>'s love of dominant women extended to his personal life, and he was almost always in a tumultuous relationship. Personal and family life
During World War II, according to <mask>, he was in a French brothel with Ernest Hemingway who, upon finding out that <mask> was a virgin, offered him the prostitute of his choice.<mask> picked the one with the largest breasts. Despite his reputation, <mask> never employed the casting couch during his career's peak years, though that shifted during his post-1980 unfinished projects, and rarely had sex with any of his actresses. He had no children, though there were rumored unsuccessful pregnancies with his second wife Edy Williams and last serious girlfriend, Melissa Mounds, who was also found guilty of assaulting him in 1999. There is a long-standing rumor among his closest friends and at least one biographer that he had a son in 1964 with a secret lover who he would refer to only as "Miss Mattress" or "Janet Buxton." <mask> was very upfront throughout his life about being too selfish to be a father or even a caring partner or husband. Yet he is also said to have been very generous with all his friends and acquaintances, and never isolated friends from one another. Biographers have attributed most of his brutish and eccentric nature


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 to the fact that he was abandoned by his father, an Oakland police officer, and coddled by his mother, Lydia, who was married six times.<mask> had a half-sister, Lucinda, who was diagnosed in her 20s with paranoid schizophrenia and was committed to California State mental institutions until her death in 1999. Mental illness ran in his family and was something he secretly feared. During his entire life, <mask> always spoke of his mother and sister with the highest reverence. <mask> was married to:
 Betty Valdovinos (born 1922, divorced)
 <mask> (December 13, 1928 – March 27, 1977, died in the Tenerife airport disaster)
 Edy Williams (born July 9, 1942, divorced)

Contrary to some accounts, <mask> was never married to Kitten Natividad, his longtime companion and the star of his final two films. Final years

<mask> owned the rights to nearly all of his films and spent the majority of the 1980s and 1990s making millions reselling his films on the home video and DVD market. He worked out of his Los Angeles home and usually took telephone orders in person. A major retrospective of his work was given at the British Film Institute which <mask> attended in 1982.The Chicago Film Festival honored his work in 1985, for which he also made a personal appearance, and many revival movie houses booked his films for midnight movie marathons. He also worked obsessively for over a decade on a massive three-volume autobiography, titled A Clean Breast. Finally printed in 2000, it features numerous excerpts of reviews, clever details of each of his films and countless photos and erotic musings. Starting in the mid-1990s, <mask> had frequent fits and bouts of memory loss. By 2000, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and his health and well-being were thereafter looked after by Janice Cowart, his secretary and estate executor. That same year, with no wife or children to claim his wealth, <mask> willed that the majority of his money and estate would

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 be sent to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in honor of his late mother. <mask> died at his home in the Hollywood Hills (from complications of pneumonia), on September 18, 2004, at the age of 82.<mask>'s grave is located at Stockton Rural Cemetery in San Joaquin County, California. Filmography

 The French Peep Show (1950, short)
 The Desperate Women (1954)
 The Immoral Mr. Teas (1959)
 The Naked Camera (1961, short)
 Erotica (1961, short)
 Eve and the Handyman (1961)
 Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962)
 Europe in the Raw (1963)
 Heavenly Bodies! (1963, short)
 Skyscrapers & Brassieres (1963, short)
 Fanny Hill (1964)
 Lorna (1964)
 Mudhoney (1965)
 Motorpsycho (1965)
 Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965)
 Mondo Topless (1966, mockumentary)
 Common Law Cabin (1967)
 Good Morning and... Goodbye! (1967)
 Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers!(1968)
 Vixen! (1968)
 Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1969)
 Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970)
 The Seven Minutes (1971)
 Black Snake (1973)
 Supervixens (1975)
 Up! (1976)
 Who Killed Bambi? (1978, unfinished)
 Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979)
 Pandora Peaks (2001, mockumentary)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Jack Stevenson. "<mask>: The Movie Man Who Would Be King" in Jack Stevenson (ed), Fleshpot: Cinema's Sexual Myth Makers and Taboo Breakers. Manchester: Critical Vision/Headpress, 2002, pp; 163-175

External links

 Nathaniel Rich on <mask> in the San Francisco Chronicle

1922 births
2004 deaths
American cinematographers
American male film actors
American film editors
Film producers from California
United States Army personnel of World War II
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<mask> (28 November 1900  27 April 1975) was an Indian filmmaker who is considered as the father of Malayalam cinema. He was the first film-maker from Kerala. He produced, directed, wrote, photographed, edited and acted in the first film made in Kerala, Vigathakumaran (The Lost Child). He also established the first film studio in Kerala, The Travancore National Pictures. The Government of Kerala instituted the Kerala State Film Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1992 in his name, as a part of the Kerala State Film Awards, to honour lifetime achievements in Malayalam Cinema. Early life

<mask> was born on 26 February 1900 to a Christian family in Agasteeswaram taluk, Travancore State(present-day Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu). He finished his formal education from Maharaja's College, Trivandrum.He published an English book titled Indian Art of Fencing and Sword Play in 1915, when he was 15 years old. Learning film making

<mask> was well aware of the scope of cinema as a public medium. He wished to popularise Kalarippayattu by harnessing the popular influence of cinema. At that time the common man of Kerala was not even aware of the medium of cinema, hence the idea was quite a challenge. He took up the challenge and left for Madras (now Chennai) to learn techniques of film-making and to acquire necessary equipment for the purpose. Madras was the budding centre of film production in South India and had the only permanent talkies in South India, named Gaiety which was established in 1917. However, he was unable to realise his plans in Madras and was even denied entry to various studios in the city.That didn't stop the determined <mask> from pursuing his dream. He travelled to Bombay (now Mumbai), the centre of Hindi cinema production. He was able to obtain entry into film studios in the city, claiming that he is a teacher from Kerala and wanted to teach his students about cinema. He gathered enough knowledge and equipment for film production from Bombay and came back

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 to Kerala to fulfill his dream. Production of Vigathakumaran

In 1926, <mask> established the first film studio in Kerala named The Travancore National Pictures. It was near the present Public Service Commission office, Pattom, Trivandrum. He obtained funds for this purpose by selling a piece of land in his name for an amount of Rs.400,000.With everything set, <mask> finally started the production work of the film of his dreams. He wrote the script and titled it Vigathakumaran. The film did not have sound or dialogue. He directed and wielded the camera for the film and also played the role of the protagonist in the film. P. K. Rosie acted as the heroine. He also did most of the post-production work including editing. The theme of the film was of social significance and was one of the earliest films of the genre.At the time, when most of the Indian films were based on stories from the Puranas and films with social themes were rare, <mask> showed creativity and originality with his selection of the theme of the movie. Post Release of Vigathakumaran

Vigathakumaran was exhibited in Trivandrum at the Capitol Theatre on 7 November 1928. Despite being the very first film made in Kerala and having a socially-significant message, it faced the wrath of certain orthodox sections in the society due to the presence of a woman in the film. Rosie, who played the role of the female protagonist, was disbarred from entering the theatre, as caste Hindus, outraged that a converted dalit played the role of a Nair woman in the film, created a ruckus. At that time, due to the social orthodoxy and lack of public awareness of the cinema medium, acting in films were considered an act at par with prostitution. During the screening, stones were pelt on the screen, damaging it. The film did moderate business at the box office but the collections were way below the production cost.The movie was also screened in Alleppey at the Star Theatre. Since it was a silent movie, there was an

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 announcer at the theatre who would explain the story and the situation. Alleppey being one of the most important port towns in Kerala during that time, the audience were more liberal. They received the movie with excitement. There was a minor glitch once, when the screen faded and the audience booed. After the announcer explained that since this was the first Malayalam movie, some minor problems might happen. The audience welcomed his statement with applause.Vigathakumaran was also screened at Quilon, Trichur, Tellichery and Nagercoil. <mask> became indebted as the movie was not a commercial success. To pay his debtors, he had to sell his equipments and close down the studio. He spent the rest of his life as a dentist at Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu. He spent his last years in his ancestral home called NEW HOUSE at Agastheeswaram. Though he applied for pension under the scheme for ailing artists, the Government rejected it since he was born in Tamil Nadu. In his books and articles, noted film journalist <mask> Gopalakrishnan originally established that Vigathakumaran was the first Malayalam film and that <mask> was its architect as director, producer, cinematographer and leading man.He described the story of Vigathakumaran in articles published since 1960, but Kerala Government initially rejected his crusade citing <mask> was not a Malayalee. The Government version was that if <mask> wanted a pension or financial assistance, he has to approach the Tamil Nadu Government. However,Gopalakrishnan's campaign was finally successful and <mask> obtained government recognition as a Keralite, being honoured as the Father of Malayalam Cinema. J.<mask>'s death bed was well nursed by his wife and he died on 27 April 1975

J. C. Daniel Award

The Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala instituted the J. C. Daniel Award in honour of him in 1992. The award, a part of the Kerala State Film Awards is to honour lifetime achievements in outstanding contributions to

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 Malayalam cinema. From 1998, the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, an autonomous body under the Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala hosts the award. J. C. Foundation Award
The awards are instituted by the J.C. Foundation, which was founded in memory of J.C<mask> by his family and friends.The awards are given away annually for achievements in Malayalam film-making and literature. The film awards are given away in a variety of categories while the literature award is given for the best Malayalam novel. Biographical film

In 2013, Kamal wrote and directed a biopic on <mask> titled Celluloid. The film details the struggles of <mask> to produce and exhibit Vigathakumaran, while plunging into financial crisis. The movie also generated criticism over its subtle reference to an IAS Officer and the then Chief Minister, which purportedly points to the bureaucrat & writer Malayattoor Ramakrishnan and K. Karunakaran, who worked together to deny J. C<mask> credit for his contribution to Malayalam Cinema since he was a Christian (ref: audio recording of <mask> Gopalakrishnan produced by Akashawani and published by a TV channel). Author and civil servant N. S. Madhavan and D. Babu Paul, former Chief Secretary of Kerala have pointed out factual inaccuracies in the film's depiction of Malayattoor and Karunakaran. The film, based partially on the novel Nashta Naayika by Vinu Abraham and the Life of J. C<mask>, a biography by film journalist <mask> Gopalakrishnan, also deals with the life of Rosie, the lead actress in Vigathakumaran.Prithviraj plays the role of <mask>, while Mamta Mohandas plays his wife <mask> and newcomer <mask> plays Rosie. The film won 7 Kerala State Film Awards in different categories including that for Best Film. The Lost Life is a documentary on <mask> by R. Gopalakrishnan. References

External links

1893 births
1975 deaths
People from Kanyakumari district
Male actors from Tamil Nadu
Filmmaking pioneers
20th-century Indian film

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texts: <mask> ( ; born May 25, 1969) is an American actress, director, and screenwriter. She came to recognition portraying Vicky Hudson and Marley Love in the soap opera Another World (1987–1991), which won her a Daytime Emmy Award and two Soap Opera Digest Awards. She came to mainstream prominence in the late 1990s with roles in the crime drama film Donnie Brasco (1997), the disaster film Volcano (1997), the slasher film I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), the action comedy film Six Days, Seven Nights (1998), and the drama-thriller film Return to Paradise (1998). Following her portrayal of Marion Crane in Gus Van Sant's horror remake film Psycho (1998), which earned her a Saturn Award nomination, <mask> went on to have roles in many well-received independent films, such as the drama film Birth (2004), the sex comedy film Spread (2009), Cedar Rapids (2011), the drama film Rampart (2011), and the black comedy film Catfight (2016). She received acclaim for her role in the television film Gracie's Choice, which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and for her work on Broadway, particularly Twentieth Century, for which she received a Tony Award nomination. Aside from her film roles, <mask> has starred in the comedy-drama television series Men in Trees (2006–08), Hung (2009–11), Save Me (2013), Aftermath (2016), and the military drama television series The Brave (2017). She lent her voice to the animated television series The Legend of Korra (2014), where she voiced Suyin Beifong, and appeared as a contestant in the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars (2020).She had a relationship with comedian Ellen DeGeneres from 1997 to 2000, which received significant media coverage.

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 She married actor James Tupper in 2007, and they divorced in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born on May 25, 1969, in Aurora, Ohio, the youngest of five children of <mask> (née Prickett) and Donald Joseph <mask>. <mask>'s family moved a total of eleven times during her childhood; at one point, they lived in an Amish community. When asked in a 2001 interview on Larry King Live what her father's source of income was, <mask> replied, "Well, he was a choir director. But I don't think he made much on that a week. He said that he was involved in a business of gas and oil, and he said that until the day he died, but he never was involved in the business of gas and oil ever."The family settled in Ocean City, New Jersey, when <mask> was twelve years old. Due to the family's strained circumstances, <mask> went to work at a dinner theater in Swainton. "At the time we’d been kicked out of our house and my family was holed up living in a bedroom in the home of a generous family from our church," she said. "I got $100 a week, which was more than anyone else in my family. We all pooled our money in an envelope in a drawer and saved up enough to move out after a year." On March 3, 1983, when <mask> was 13, her 45-year-old father died of AIDS. He never came out as homosexual; "He was in complete denial until the day he died.We know he got it from his gay relationships. Absolutely. I don't think it was just one. He was a very promiscuous man, and we knew his lifestyle then," <mask> said on Larry King Live. Despite her father being gay, <mask> has claimed that he repeatedly raped her from the time she was an infant until she was 12, giving her genital herpes. When asked "But why would a gay man rape

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 a girl?" in a 2001 interview with The Advocate, <mask> replied "I don't think he was just a gay man.I think he was sexually deviant. My belief was that my father was gay and he had to cover that up. I think he was sexually abusive. The more he couldn't be who he was, the more that came out of him in ways that it did." Three months after her father's death, <mask>'s 18-year-old brother Nathan was killed in a car crash. The official determination was that he fell asleep at the wheel and struck a tree, though <mask> claims it was suicide. The remainder of <mask>'s family subsequently moved to Chicago, where <mask> attended the progressive Francis W. Parker School.In 1985, when <mask> was 16, an agent spotted her in a school play and secured her an audition for the daytime soap opera As the World Turns. <mask> flew to New York City, auditioned, and was offered a job, but her mother insisted she finish high school first. Shortly before her high school graduation in 1987, <mask> was offered a dual role on the daytime soap opera Another World. "Again I was told I couldn't go. My mother was very religious and maybe she thought it was a sinner’s world," <mask> stated. "But I got on the phone and said, 'Send me the ticket. I’m getting on the plane.'I was like, 'Bye!' I did my time with my mom in a one-bedroom, skanky apartment and I was done." Career

1990s
For her work on Another World, <mask> received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 1991. In November 1991 <mask> made her primetime television debut in an episode of Murphy Brown. She made her TV-movie debut the following year with a brief appearance in the Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of O

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texts: Pioneers! (1992). In 1993 <mask> made her feature-film debut in Disney's The Adventures of Huck Finn with Elijah Wood.Over the next two years, she had small supporting roles in made-for-TV movies such as Girls in Prison (1994) and Kingfish: A Story of Huey P. Long (1995). She also appeared in the straight-to-video erotic thriller Wild Side (1995) as Joan Chen's lesbian lover. In 1996 <mask> landed her first substantial role as a college student contemplating an abortion in a segment of the made-for-HBO anthology film If These Walls Could Talk, co-starring Cher and Demi Moore. Also in the year, she appeared opposite Catherine Keener portraying childhood best friends in the independent film Walking and Talking. The limited-release film garnered favorable reviews from critics and is number 47 on Entertainment Weeklys "Top 50 Cult Films of All-Time" list. <mask> gained positive notice from film critic Alison Macor of Austin Chronicle, who wrote in her review that she "is destined for larger film roles". She played the wife of Johnny Depp's titular FBI undercover agent in the 1997 crime drama Donnie Brasco.The film made $124.9 million worldwide, and critic Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "[<mask>] does well with what could have been the thankless role." By the late 1990s <mask> continued to find recognition and commercial success as she took on supporting roles in three other 1997 high-profile film releases—Volcano, I Know What You Did Last Summer, and Wag the Dog. The disaster film Volcano, about the formation of a volcano in Los Angeles, had her star with Tommy Lee Jones and Gaby Hoffmann, playing a seismologist. While critical response towards the film was mixed, it

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texts: grossed US$122 million at the international box office. She portrayed the minor role of a backwoods loner in the slasher thriller sleeper hit I Know What You Did Last Summer, starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, and Freddie Prinze, Jr. Despite her limited screen time in the film, <mask> was considered a "standout" by some critics, such as Variety. She obtained the part of a presidential advisor opposite Robert De Niro and Dustin Hoffman in the political satire Wag the Dog, a role that was originally written for a man.Budgeted at US$15 million, the film made US$64 million. <mask>'s first starring role came in the 1998 romantic adventure Six Days, Seven Nights, where she appeared opposite Harrison Ford, portraying a New York City journalist ending up with a pilot (Ford) in a deserted island following a crash landing. She had been cast in the film one day before her same-sex relationship with Ellen DeGeneres went public. Although <mask> was cast in a second starring role shortly thereafter as Vince Vaughn's love interest in the drama Return to Paradise (1998), she felt that her relationship with DeGeneres destroyed her prospects as a leading woman. According to <mask>, "People said, 'You're not getting a job because you're gay". She commented: "How could that destroy my career? I still can't wrap my head around it."Six Days, Seven Nights received mixed reviews, but grossed US$74.3 million in North America and US$164.8 million worldwide. On her appearance in the dramatic thriller Return to Paradise, a writer for The New York Times remarked, "as Ms. <mask>'s formidable Beth Eastern does her best to manipulate the other characters on [co-star Joaquin


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 Phoenix's character] behalf, Return to Paradise takes on the abstract weightiness of an ethical debate rather than the visceral urgency of a thriller". <mask> starred in Gus Van Sant's Psycho (1998), a remake of the 1960 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In the updated version, she took on the role originally played by Janet Leigh, Marion Crane, an embezzler who arrives at an old motel run by serial killer Norman Bates (played by Vince Vaughn in their second collaboration). Psycho earned negative reviews, and despite a US$60 million budget, it made a lukewarm US$37.1 million worldwide. In an otherwise negative review of the film, Janet Maslin of The New York Times felt that <mask> was "refreshingly cast in Marion's role", while noting that her portrayal was "as almost as demure as Ms. Leigh's, yet she's also more headstrong and flirty". Her 1998 films have remained the only theatrically released films in which she has had a leading role.2000s
Most of her roles in the early 2000s were in independent films and television; she played the role of Dr. Sterling in the film adaptation of Elizabeth Wurtzel's autobiography about depression, Prozac Nation, with Christina Ricci and Jessica Lange. Premiered at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival, the film received a DVD release in 2005. She appeared as a hospital administrator in the thriller John Q, about a father and husband  (Denzel Washington) whose son is diagnosed with an enlarged heart. The production made US$102.2 million at the worldwide box office, despite negative reviews by critics. In 2001, she also obtained a recurring role in the fourth season of the television series Ally McBeal. In 2002 <mask> made her Broadway

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texts: debut in a production of the Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Proof,  acting as a young woman who has inherited her father's mathematical genius and mental illness. The New York Times found <mask> to be "consequential" in her portrayal, and comparing her to Mary-Louise Parker and Jennifer Jason Leigh, who had previously played her character in other productions of the play, stated: "[...] Ms. <mask>, whose stage experience is limited and who is making her New York stage debut at 33, plays the part with a more appeasing ear and more conventional timing, her take on the character is equally viable.Her Catherine is a case of arrested development, impatient, aggressively indignant, impulsive". In 2004, <mask> received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the Lifetime movie Gracie's Choice, as well as a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress for her performance in the CBS television film The Dead Will Tell. In the same year, she acted opposite Alec Baldwin in Broadway's Twentieth Century, about a successful and egomaniacal Broadway director (Baldwin), who has transformed a chorus girl (<mask>) into a leading lady. For her performance, she was nominated for the 2004 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. Also in 2004, appeared alongside Nicole Kidman and Cameron Bright in the well-received independent drama Birth. She took on the recurring role on the WB drama Everwood during its 2004–05 season, and then a recurring role on Nip/Tuck in 2005 as an ex-mob wife and Witness Protection Program subject who requires plastic surgery. <mask> continued her television work with her portrayal of a widow who does not celebrate Christmas in


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 made-for-CBS Silver Bells (2005), and a con woman who schemes a man she meets on a dating website in the made-for-Lifetime Fatal Desire (2006).<mask> appeared in the small-scale dramedy Sexual Life (2005), chronicling the modern romantic life and co-starring Azura Skye and Elizabeth Banks. The film was screened in the film festival circuit and received a television premiere. In 2006 <mask> began work on her own series, Men in Trees. In the show, she starred as a New York author, who after finding out her fiancé is cheating on her, moves to a small town in Alaska, which happens to be abundant with single men and few women. Men in Trees was cancelled in May 2008, after a season shortened by the writer's strike. During the airing of the show, <mask> starred in the horror-comedy Suffering Man's Charity (2007), the romantic comedy What Love Is (2007), and the science-fiction thriller Toxic Skies (2008), all of which went little-seen by audiences. <mask> appeared as the girlfriend of a narcissistic gigolo in the sex comedy Spread (2009), co-starring Ashton Kutcher.The film received a limited release in North American theaters while it made US$12 million at the worldwide box office. Matthew Turney of View London felt that "[t]here's also terrific support" from <mask> in what he described as an "enjoyable, sharply written and beautifully shot LA drama". Also in 2009, she was cast in the HBO dramedy series Hung, as the ex-wife of a financially struggling high school basketball/baseball coach (portrayed by Thomas Jane). The series received favorable reviews and aired until 2011. 2010s
A cameo appearance as the CEO of an important company in the well-received comedy The Other Guys


texts: (2010), starring Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg, was followed by a much larger role in the independent comedy Cedar Rapids (2011), where she portrayed a seductive insurance agent with whom a naive and idealistic man (played by Ed Helms) becomes smitten. The Sundance-premiered production garnered critical praise and was an arthouse success. David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter remarked in its review for the film, "while <mask> shines brightest in more brittle mode, as in HBO's Hung, she strikes a sweet balance between Joan's mischievous and maternal sides".In the drama Rampart (2011), she starred with Woody Harrelson and Cynthia Nixon, as one of the two former wives of a corrupt police officer (Harrelson), who also happen to be sisters. The film had a selected theatrical run following its premiere at the 36th Toronto International Film Festival, and garnered an overall positive response; The San Francisco Chronicle, pointing out <mask> and her other female co-stars, remarked that they "allow Harrelson to shine —he has always had a way of preening for women— and he brings out the best in them". <mask> had the leading role in the comedy That's What She Said (2012), which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and also played the girlfriend of a former pro golfer (Colin Firth) in the critically acclaimed dramedy Arthur Newman (also 2012). <mask> starred with James Tupper, Jennifer Stone, and Rebekah Brandes in the supernatural horror film Nothing Left to Fear (2013), about a family's life in a new town being interrupted by an unstable man of the cloth. The film received a release for VOD and selected theaters, and it currently holds a rating of only 12 on review-aggregator

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texts: website Metacritic, indicating it was "overwhelming dislike" by critics. Los Angeles Times remarked that both <mask> and Tupper "should write apology notes to their fans". Also in 2013, <mask> headlined the short-lived NBC sitcom Save Me, in which she starred as a Midwestern housewife who believes that she is channelling God.She played the waitress friend of a recovering gambling addict (Jason Statham) in the action thriller Wild Card (2014). Distributed for a VOD and limited release in certain parts of North America only, the film only grossed US$6.7 million internationally on a $30 million budget. She had a recurring guest-role on The Michael J. Fox Show before its cancellation. In 2013, she signed a first look deal with Universal Television. USA Network's action adventure drama series, Dig, had <mask> portray the head of the FBI office in Jerusalem whose agents uncover a 2,000-year-old conspiracy while investigating an archaeologist's murder. The six-episode series premiered late 2014.In 2015, <mask> guest-starred in the ABC thriller series Quantico playing the role of criminal profiler, Dr. Susan Langdon. On September 27, 2016, the post-apocalyptic action drama Aftermath –starring <mask>– debuted on Canada's Space Network and on United States' Syfy. <mask> played Karen Copeland, an Air Force pilot from Washington, who must navigate Armageddon, along with her university-professor husband Josh (played by James Tupper, also a co-producer on the series) and their three nearly adult children. Neither Dig nor Aftermath was renewed for a second season. <mask> filmed the supporting part of the lead singer for a Broadway musical in Opening Night (2016), with Topher Grace. The

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 musical comedy was screened at the Los Angeles Film Festival. In another independent film, the comedy Catfight (2016), <mask> starred opposite Sandra Oh, portraying two bitter rivals who pursue a grudge match that spans a lifetime.Like <mask>'s previous film projects, the film premiered in the film-festival circuit and received a VOD and limited release, to largely favorable reviews from critics. Los Angeles Times wrote: "Oh and <mask> are great here, giving performances entirely lacking in vanity and self-consciousness. They aren’t afraid to get ugly, both in their treatment of everyone around them as well as in their post-brawl bruises, which makes them that much funnier". In 2017, <mask> played a supporting role in My Friend Dahmer as the teenaged Jeffrey Dahmer’s (Ross Lynch) mentally ill mother, Joyce. She received positive reviews for her performance, with The Hollywood Reporter calling her "nerve-jangling perfection" and Empire calling her "entertainingly off-kilter". On September 25, 2017, <mask> debuted as (fictional) Deputy Director Patricia Campbell of the (real-life) Defense Intelligence Agency, or the "DIA," in the new military/espionage thriller The Brave. <mask> is the series lead for this 2017–18 season NBC series.Campbell oversees an elite team of cross-military-service specialists who must undertake especially dangerous missions, led by male lead Mike Vogel. In 2018, she joined the television series Chicago P.D. in a supporting role. 2020s
On September 2, 2020, <mask> was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. Media
Throughout her career, she has appeared in several magazine covers, including Entertainment


texts:
 Weekly, Mirabella, and Observer Magazine. <mask> was chosen by People as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World in 1998. She became a significant subject of widespread media interest while dating comedian Ellen DeGeneres.In 2017, <mask> hosted a weekly radio show on SiriusXM with Jason Ellis entitled Love and Heche. Personal life

<mask>'s relationship with Ellen DeGeneres and the events following their breakup became subjects of widespread media interest. The couple started dating in 1997, and at one point, said they would get a civil union if such became legal in Vermont. They broke up in August 2000. <mask> has stated that all of her other romantic relationships have been with men. After reportedly leaving DeGeneres for Coleman "Coley" Laffoon in 2000, on September 1, 2001, <mask> married Laffoon, a cameraman whom she met the previous year on DeGeneres' stand-up comedy tour. They have a son, Homer.Laffoon filed for divorce on February 2, 2007, after five and a half years of marriage. The divorce was finalized on March 4, 2009. <mask> reportedly left her husband for Men in Trees co-star James Tupper. On December 5, 2008, <mask>'s representative confirmed that the actress was pregnant with their first child, son, <mask> Tupper. This is the second child for <mask> and the first for Tupper. Tupper and <mask> separated in 2018. Family

Siblings
<mask> has four siblings, three of whom are deceased.Susan died of brain cancer. <mask> was estranged from her. Cynthia died in infancy of a heart defect. Nathan died in a car crash shortly before his high school graduation. <mask> has claimed his death was a suicide. Abigail

<mask>
<mask> and her mother, Nancy, have been

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texts: estranged since <mask> confronted her about sexual abuse she says she suffered at the hands of her father. In her 2001 memoir, Call Me Crazy, <mask> wrote that when she contracted genital herpes as an infant, her mother insisted that it was a diaper rash and refused to take her to the doctor.Nancy was outraged by her daughter's allegations, responding, "I am trying to find a place for myself in this writing, a place where I as <mask>'s mother do not feel violated or scandalized." She added, "I find no place among the lies and blasphemies in the pages of this book." <mask>'s sister, Abigail, a jewelry designer, added, "It is my opinion that my sister <mask> truly believes, at this moment, what she has asserted about our father's past behavior; however, at the same time, I would like to point out that <mask>, in the past, has expressed doubts herself about the accuracy of such memories." She said, "Based on my experience and her own expressed doubts, I believe that her memories regarding our father are untrue. And I can state emphatically, regardless of <mask>'s beliefs, that the assertion that our mother knew about such behavior is absolutely false." Nancy has denied <mask>'s allegation that her brother Nathan died by suicide: "I have talked to his youth pastor, and he said that Nathan was committed to the Lord, he loved Jesus, and I do not believe that that was suicide, but the death of his father from homosexuality three months earlier could certainly have stirred up a lot of confusion for him." Since her husband's death from AIDS, Nancy has been a Christian therapist and motivational speaker, who lectures on behalf of James Dobson's Focus on the Family about "overcoming

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 homosexuality".In 2009, <mask> told The New York Times:

In 2011, <mask> told The Daily Telegraph that she doubts she will be able to ever repair her relationship with her mother. Mental illness
On August 19, 2000, <mask> drove from Los Angeles to Cantua Creek outside Fresno, California, and parked her Toyota SUV along a dusty roadside. Wearing only a bra and shorts, <mask> walked  through the desert and knocked on the door of a stranger's ranch house. When the home's occupant, Araceli Campiz, opened the door, she immediately recognized <mask> from the film Six Days, Seven Nights. Campiz recalled: "I was thinking, 'Oh my God, we're in the middle of nowhere', and she walks in." Campiz said that Heche gulped down glass upon glass of water, and then "took off her Nikes and said she needed to take a shower", at which point Campiz obliged, offering <mask> a towel. As far as Campiz could tell, <mask> was not drunk, drugged, or ill; however, <mask> later admitted that she had taken ecstasy.After <mask> had a shower, she got settled in the living room, requested a pair of slippers, and suggested that Campiz do the same. "She wanted to watch a movie, but the VCR was broken," according to Campiz. Bemused at first, Campiz grew uneasy when <mask> showed no sign of leaving—calling neither friends nor a garage—after half an hour had passed. Campiz has stated: "I didn't know what to do. So I called the  sheriff's department." According to a police report that was aired on KSEE-TV, when deputies arrived, <mask> told them that she was "God, and was going to take everyone back to heaven in a spaceship". The deputies summoned an ambulance, which ferried <mask> the  to Fresno's University Medical

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 Center, where she was admitted to the psychiatric unit, from which she was released after a few hours.<mask> stated she was "insane" for the first 31 years of her life, and that this was triggered by being sexually abused by her father during her infancy and childhood. In a series of interviews with Barbara Walters, Matt Lauer, and Larry King to promote Call Me Crazy in 2001, <mask> stated on national television that she created a fantasy world called the "Fourth Dimension" to make herself feel safe, and had an alter ego who was the daughter of God and half-sister of Jesus Christ named "Celestia", who had contacts with extraterrestrial life forms. <mask> said she recovered from her mental health concerns following the incident in Cantua Creek and has put her alter ego behind her. Filmography

Film

Television

Direction

Awards and nominations

Books

See also
 List of female film and television directors
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
Actresses from Ohio
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American women film directors
American women screenwriters
Bisexual actresses
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series winners
LGBT film directors
LGBT actors from the United States
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT people from Ohio
People from Aurora, Ohio
People from Ocean City, New Jersey
Screenwriters from Ohio
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Film directors from Ohio
Film directors from New Jersey
LGBT memoirists
21st-century


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<mask> (born 31 January 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Florida Panthers in the second round, 31st overall, of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks. Playing career

Brynäs IF
Markström signed a two-year contract with the Brynäs IF senior team on 12 May 2008. He had previously been playing for the Brynäs IF junior team. The following month, after solid performances in the Swedish Hockey League and internationally for Sweden in the Under 18 and World Junior tournaments, the butterfly style goaltender was selected 31st overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft as the first choice of the Florida Panthers. In 2009–10, <mask> led the Elitserien in the save percentage (SVS%) and goals against average (GAA) statistics, with 92.72% and 2.01 respectively.On 1 June 2010, it was announced that the Panthers and <mask> had agreed to terms on an entry-level contract. Florida Panthers
On 23 January 2011, <mask> made his NHL debut at the Prudential Center in Newark when he replaced starter Scott Clemmensen at the start of the second period in a loss against the New Jersey Devils. Upon his debut, he became the youngest goaltender to ever play for the Panthers. <mask> was then sent back to Florida's AHL affiliate team, the Rochester Americans. The team directives argued that <mask> needed to get used to hockey in North America since players had different shooting tendencies. The goaltender struggled during his first season in the AHL and also injured his knee. After surgery in South Florida, <mask> worked to get back in the game, hoping to have a real shot at the NHL

masks:
Jacob Anders Markström
Markström
Markström
Markström
Markström
Markström
Markström


texts:
 level.With Tomáš Vokoun departing via free agency for the Washington Capitals, <mask> attended Florida's September 2011 training camp to compete for a starting or backup position with fellow goaltenders José Théodore and Scott Clemmensen, ultimately being awarded the backup role when Clemmensen was injured. On 22 October, <mask> earned his first NHL win when he played in the third period against the New York Islanders and made 18 saves on 18 shots. <mask> started the lockout shortened 2012–13 season in the AHL, but with the starter José Théodore suffering an injury on 2 March that forced him to miss the rest of the season, <mask> was given the de facto full-time role, starting most of their games during the remainder of the season. Vancouver Canucks

It was believed that <mask> would become the full-time starter for the Panthers at the beginning of the 2013–14 season, as Théodore was not retained and <mask> signed a two-year contract extension. However, the Panthers would sign Tim Thomas to a one-year contract, and <mask> was subsequently demoted to the AHL again. On 4 March 2014, he was traded by the Panthers, along with forward Shawn Matthias, to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for Roberto Luongo and Steven Anthony, where he served as Vancouver's backup behind fellow Swede Eddie Läck. <mask> failed to make the Canucks out of training camp during the 2014–15 season.After clearing waivers, he was assigned to the Canucks' AHL affiliate, the Utica Comets. Following an injury to Ryan Miller, <mask> was recalled to the Canucks to serve as backup to Eddie Läck and got to play on 3 March 2015, against the San Jose Sharks, but was pulled after he allowed three goals on four shots.

masks: Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström


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 The Canucks went on to lose the game 6–2. <mask> came into a game on 19 March 2015 against the Columbus Blue Jackets and made two saves on two shots. However, the Canucks went on to lose that game 6–2 as well. <mask> got his first and only win of the 2014–15 season when he made 26 saves on 27 shots on 22 March 2015, when the Canucks beat the Arizona Coyotes 3–1. On 29 June 2015, <mask> was re-signed to a two-year one-way contract with the Vancouver Canucks.On 7 July 2016, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with the Canucks. On 5 December 2017, <mask> recorded his first NHL shutout, in a 3–0 Canucks victory over the Carolina Hurricanes. On 12 December 2019, <mask> recorded his fourth NHL shutout, stopping 43 shots on goal in a 1–0 Canucks victory over the Carolina Hurricanes, giving him a second-place franchise record for most shots stopped in a regular season game (tied with former Canucks goaltender Cory Schneider). On 3 January 2020, <mask> was named to his first NHL All-Star Game, replacing the Vegas Golden Knights' goaltender Marc-André Fleury. Calgary Flames
On 9 October 2020, <mask> left the Vancouver Canucks as a free agent and signed a six-year, $36 million contract with the Calgary Flames. He finished with a record of 22–19–2 in 43 games in the pandemic-shortened season. International play

<mask> has represented Sweden three times in junior tournaments.He backstopped the Swedes to a fourth-place finish in the IIHF World U18 Championships in 2008. The next year, he was placed on the Swedish World Juniors team and led all goaltenders with a .946 save percentage and finished second with a 1.61 GAA. Those impressive stats let him to earn Best Player honours at


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 the goaltender position in 2009; his team also took home the silver medal. He again represented Sweden at the WJCs in 2010 and could not quite match his previous year's performance as Sweden earned a bronze medal. <mask> did post a respectable .927 save percentage and a 2.21 GAA, both good enough for second place amongst goaltenders in the tournament. In his first major tournament at a senior level, the 2010 World Championships, <mask> played three games and recorded a shutout against Switzerland. Markstrom then won the 2013 ice hockey world championships with Sweden.He was the backup to Jhonas Enroth, and played 2 games in the tournament. He won both games, allowing Sweden to ultimately win this tournament. <mask> was named to Team Sweden for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey in Toronto. Named the backup goaltender, <mask> played Sweden's opening game of the tournament after starter Henrik Lundqvist missed it due to an illness. In his lone game of the tournament, <mask> helped Team Sweden defeat Team Russia 2–1. Sweden would end up losing in the semi-finals to Team Europe. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References:

Awards and honours

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Brynäs IF players
Calgary Flames players
Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Florida Panthers draft picks
Florida Panthers players
People from Gävle
Rochester Americans players
San Antonio Rampage players
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
Swedish expatriate ice hockey people
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Utica Comets players
Vancouver Canucks

masks: Markström Markström Markström Markström Markström


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<mask> (April 11, 1911 – January 27, 1993), better known by his stage name <mask>, was an Italian-Canadian  magician, mentalist, illusionist, escapologist, ventriloquist and stunt performer known worldwide as Mandrake the Magician, albeit simultaneously and unrelatedly to the comic strip character Mandrake the Magician. Early life
Born April 11, 1911 in Washington state, Mandrake was very young when his mother brought him to New Westminster, British Columbia on the West Coast of Canada to live with his aunt Mildred. As a child, he watched magicians at the local Edison Theatre and attended circus shows at the Pacific National Exhibition. He studied the great vaudeville magicians when they came to town. One year he was given the props and costumes of a magician who had left the show. He soon learned to perform magic acts from some of the greats of that time, such as Howard Thurston, Alexander (The Man Who Knows), Chefalo, Doc Verge, Ralph Richards (The Wizard) and Bannister. In 1922,  at 11 years old, he began his magic career giving vaudeville performances in New Westminster, British Columbia.He took the stage as one of the vaudeville acts of the Edison Theater in New Westminster. In 1925, at 14 years old, he performed at the  Moyer's Carnival for the Pacific National Exhibition. By this time, he learned fire-eating, mind-reading and ventriloquism. In 1927, at 16 years old, he joined the Ralph Richards touring magic show for 6 months, traveling across North America until the tour ended in Winnipeg, Manitoba. By the 1930s, he traveled with his own magic show. Comic strip
Mandrake, the stage magician, known for his black top hat, black cape, and thin handlebar mustache, bears a strong resemblance to the central character in the Mandrake the Magician comic strip. In fact, <mask> had been performing well over ten years before creator Lee Falk introduced the comic strip character, and today, most people acknowledge the striking

masks:
Leon Giglio
Leon Mandrake
Leon Mandrake


texts:
 physical resemblance between them.Many sources assert that the comic strip character was drawn to resemble <mask>. Phil Davis, the strip's artist, did meet <mask> and they became good friends and corresponded for years. Falk was said to have invented the name Mandrake the Magician coincidentally; though there is no written contract, both parties verbally agreed to cross-promote each other, with the result that Mandrake the Magician became recognized throughout North America. Personal life
<mask> was married twice, both times to his chief on-stage assistants. In 1939, he married Narda ("Princess Narda"). Princess Narda also appeared in the Mandrake the Magician comics of the time. When his first marriage ended in 1946, <mask> also lost his main assistant.In December 1946, <mask>'s manager, Bernard Abrams, paired him with Louise Salerno, who was an actress, line-dancer and former assistant to well-known magician Blackstone. <mask> gave her the stage name Velvet and she became his new assistant. Having grown up on the road with her parents, Vaudeville musicians Betty and Frank Salerno, this was a  lifestyle familiar to <mask>'s new 20-year-old assistant. After two weeks on the road together, Velvet and <mask> were married. It was a small marital ceremony, and only two hours later, they were again on stage performing the first of two acts for the evening. They later honed a two-hour magic show for nightclubs during the 1940s and into the 1950s. Their four children, Lon, Ron, Kimball and Geelia were all born on the road.Lon in Illinois, Ron in Florida, Kimball in Ohio, and Geelia in Oregon. In 1958, after Geelia was born, they brought the children to Vancouver B.C., Canada to go to school. The children often stayed with a nanny as <mask> and Velvet continued to travel. Nightclubs
In the 1940s, movies became so popular that many theater performers turned to the nightclubs. The transition was a challenge for most stage

masks:
Leon
Leon Mandrake
Mandrake
Leon
Leon Mandrake
Leon
Leon
Leon
Leon


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 magicians as they were accustomed to being in theaters with audiences seated directly in front of the stage and the appropriate stage lighting. In nightclubs, audiences were often sitting on three sides of the performers with less than ideal lighting situations. Also, there was the distraction of alcohol being served and occasional rowdy audience members.Mandrake the Magician was among the very few who were able to make the transition. With his original ideas and devotion to his craft, Mandrake invented new magic acts and innovative ways to perform illusions for nightclubs. Among these performances was his famous "Spook in a Bottle" (aka the Dancing Handkerchief) act. Publicity stunts
Mandrake kept his persona fresh with crowd-pleasing publicity stunts. He was known for driving a car while blindfolded, hypnotizing people to fall asleep in department store windows, making great escapes from boxes and doing mind reading on city streets. This kept him and the show on the road. Television
When television rose in popularity in the 1950s, it became increasingly difficult to keep the live performances going as most people were inclined to stay home and watch TV.Live shows were getting canceled more and more frequently. In 1951, Mandrake bought the rights to former magician Alexander's material and reinvented his image. He started a television show as mentalist "Alexander." He had a series of programs entitled "Alexander the Great" which performed out of Portland, Oregon for 36 weeks and Richland, Washington for 20 weeks in 1955–1956. In 1963, Mandrake made another attempt at TV. This time as himself, performing with Velvet before a live audience on CBC's  "Mandrake Special." In 1970, Mandrake was on CBC television series "The Manipulators" and in 1977, he played himself on an episode of "The Beachcombers."On the road
Mandrake the Magician often went back out on the road with wife and assistant Velvet. As the nightclub shows


texts:
 became less and less popular, they brought back old carnival acts such as fire-eating, palm reading, balloon tricks, and ventriloquism to street fairs in the summers, home shows, conventions. Lectures
Between road shows in the 1970s, he gave lectures on the occult, mysticism and Eastern philosophy at different universities in British Columbia, Canada. Awards
On March 11, 1978, <mask> was honored by his peers for his lifelong service to the profession. He was awarded the Performing Fellowship at the Academy of the Magical Arts (The World Famous Hollywood The Magic Castle). The award acknowledged the contribution to the dignity and stature of magic made by <mask> and Velvet Mandrake over their lifetime in magic. Last show & later life
Mandrake performed his last magic show in 1985 for the Chocolate Festival in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, ending a 62-year career in show business.He died of emphysema at Surrey Memorial Hospital on January 27, 1993. A wake was held at the old Edison Theater in New Westminster, now the Paramount Theater, the first place Mandrake worked as a child magician. On August 28, 2016, Mandrake's home until his death, located at the corner of Grosvenor Road and Kindersley Drive in Surrey, British Columbia, was engulfed in flame and destroyed, displacing several homeless persons. Surrey city council had considered giving heritage status to the old, abandoned home, and it was still being considered for heritage status as recently as May 2015. Mandrake's son Lon has stated that during his childhood the home contained secret rooms and passages. Biography and documentary
Mandrake the Incomparable (Hades Publications Inc.) is a biography written in 1998. Mandrake, A Magical Life is a 2001 documentary.References

External links
  Billboard listing from 20 September 1947-

1911 births
1993 deaths
People from New Westminster
Vaudeville performers
Canadian magicians
Deaths from emphysema
American

masks:
Leon Mandrake
Leon


texts:
<mask> (5 April 1958 – 8 January 2009) was a Sri Lankan journalist, politician and human rights activist who was assassinated in January 2009. Wickrematunge was the founder of The Sunday Leader and Leader Publications alongside his brother and was known for taking "governments of all hues to task", was a "virulent critic of the Mahinda Rajapaksa government", and had been "locked in a legal battle with the president's brother, defense secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who was spearheading the battle against the LTTE rebels. <mask>'s assassination caused a national frenzy being the country's most influential media personnel and one of the biggest political figures and raised questions about freedom of expression in the country. Wickrematunge's murder was widely condemned across the world. The Daily Mirror called it the "biggest blow" to media freedom in Sri Lanka, and the Editors Guild held the government responsible for the killing as it has failed to stop attacks against media personnel. The government also expressed shock at the killing, pledging to do everything in its power to catch his killers. Wickrematunge had been on Amnesty International's endangered list since 1998, when anti-tank shells were fired on his house.Early life
<mask> Wickrematunge was the youngest of six born in Kotahena Colombo to Chandra and Harris Wickrematunge, a prominent politician, who had served as a municipal councillor for 30 years and was former deputy mayor, Wickrematunge was the grandnephew of George E. de Silva and Agnes de Silva and cousin of Fredrick de Silva and Minnette de Silva. In his childhood Wickrematunge attended St Benedict's College where he excelled at cricket. Wickrematunge spent his adolescence in Britain, where he graduated high school and eventually returned to Sri Lanka, where he started law school. Career

Political career
Wickrematunge began his career as a lawyer, practicing as a defense attorney for eight

masks:
Lasantha Manilal Wickrematunge
Wickrematunge
Lasantha


texts:
 years. Whilst practicing law, Wickrematunge made his way into the political scene before entering into journalism starting with the Island and Sun newspapers. Wickrematunge ran for election from a Colombo seat with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and then became the private secretary to the world's first female prime minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Wickrematunge then crossed parties moving to the United National Party and was advisor to Ranil Wickremasinghe and was often dubbed as the De facto opposition leader

Journalism
In 1994 Wickrematunge started the Sunday Leader with his brother Lal Wickrematunge.He reported critically on both the government and the Tamil Tiger (LTTE) rebels, and the Leader soon "became well known as the island's best independent newspaper". He later stated that once the paper was started, he had intended to return to law, but found himself unwilling to give up journalism's excitement. He was also a reporter for Time magazine and was a political commentator and hosted several programs including Good Morning Sri Lanka. The paper quickly drew threats and attacks for its reporting on corruption by government ministers. In 1995, men pulled Wickrematunge and his first wife, Raine, out of their car and attacked them with clubs. Raine later stated that the death threats became part of the routine of their lives: "There were so many threatening calls. 'We are going to kill you.We are going to kill your children.'" In 2000, the government tried Wickrematunge for criminal libel of President Chandrika Kumaratunga, but Wickrematunge received no major penalties. In 2002, Raine left him due to the constant threats against their family, taking their three children to Australia. The Leader was particularly critical in its coverage of President Mahinda Rajapaksa. In 2008, Mahinda Rajapaksa, furious over the paper's reporting, called Wickrematunge and shouted at him that he would be killed if the paper's


texts:
 coverage did not change; the president had also described him as a "terrorist journalist". Later, after the assassination of Wickrematunge the paper was allegedly bought over by a Rajapaksa associate and an unconditional apology was made to Defense Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa for publishing a series of reports suggesting that he had made corrupt arms deals. In the weeks before Wickrematunge's death, a funeral wreath was delivered to him, as well as a copy of the newspaper reading "If you write you will be killed" in red paint.In an editorial Wickrematunge had written shortly before his death, and that was published posthumously, he stated, "When finally I am killed, it will be the government that kills me." Death
Wickrematunge was shot while he was on his way to work around 10:30 a.m. on 8 January 2009 few days before he was supposed to give evidence about Gotabhaya Rajapaksa's corruption in arms deals before a judge. Four armed assassins riding motorcycles blocked Wickrematunge's vehicle before breaking open his window and shooting him. He was taken to the Colombo South General Hospital (Kalubowila). It was initially planned with a helicopter on standby to transfer him to the Colombo National Hospital. A specialist team of 20 of medical personnel were called in for the surgery. Despite surgery lasting nearly three hours, Wickrematunge died from his head wounds.International reaction
Wickrematunge's assassination caused an international outcry. Reporters Without Borders
said that "Sri Lanka has lost its more talented, courageous and iconoclastic journalists," and said that "President Mahinda Rajapaksa, his associates and the government media are directly to blame because they incited hatred against him and allowed an outrageous level of impunity to develop as regards violence against the press". President Mahinda Rajapaksa described the assassination as an attempt to discredit the government and said he was


texts:
 both grieved and shocked and stated that he had instructed a thorough police inquiry and called the assassination an international conspiracy. The opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe observed that it was part of an anti-democratic conspiracy and accused the government of attempting to silence its critics. The United National Party, Sri Lanka's main opposition party, also staged a demonstration in the parliament on 9 January to protest his killing. The assassination was condemned by Norway, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, India and Japan, the United Nations strongly condemned the assassination while the World Bank expressed its concerns over the attack. President Mahinda Rajapaksa told Time (magazine) about Wickrematunge: "He was a good friend of mine.He had informed somebody to inform me that he was in danger. But unfortunately, I didn't get that message. I would have told him to go to the nearest police station. No one knows what happened. "The British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, said in a statement and condemned the killing of Wickrematunge and said that it was the duty of the authorities to take prompt action into these incidents. "We condemn such brazen attacks. Of particular concern was the murder, on 8 January, of the Chief Editor of The Sunday Leader newspaper, <mask> Wickrematunge.The Sri Lankan authorities have a duty to take prompt action to ensure that a thorough and independent investigation is carried out", he said. In a statement ahead of World Press Freedom Day Ban Ki Moon called on the government of Sri Lanka to ensure that those responsible for <mask> Wickrematunge's murder are found and prosecuted. Time (magazine) called his death "A personal loss to Time"
Wickrematunge's widow of 13 days, Sonali Samarasinghe Wickrematunge, fled the country a month after Wickrematunge's death and now calls herself an editor in exile.

masks: Lasantha Lasantha


texts:
 Investigation
After denying all responsibility for the attack Rajapaksa government called for an investigation. Despite intense media pressure, no one was arrested, and Sri Lankan media speculated that the murder investigation may "end up as a cover-up", and that safeguards for an independent media appears bleak. After Mahinda Rajapaksa's defeat at the presidential election in 2015, the new government of President Maithripala Sirisena reopened the investigation over allegations that former Defence Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa ordered the assassination. Ranil Wickremesinghe, the former Prime Minister, accused Sarath Fonseka, the former army commander, of the murder of <mask> <mask> in 2008 and 2009.In 2011, the former MP Rajiva Wijesinha told BBC Sinhala Service that the British High Commission in Colombo had told him it possessed evidence that former military chief Gen Sarath Fonseka was involved in the assassination of the Sunday Leader editor <mask> Wickremetunge. According to Sarath Fonseka the order for the assassination was given by Gotabaya

In 2016 a retired intelligence officer committed suicide and left a note claiming he is the killer and the intelligence officers that were arrested in investigating are innocent. U.S Lawsuit

In April 2019 Wickrematunge's daughter Ahimsa Wickrematunge filed a civil lawsuit against Gotabaya Rajapaksa in the state of California. Wickrematunge's daughter's lawsuit alleged that Rajapaksa was behind his death. Awards
In 2009, Wickrematunge posthumously won the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize. He was also awarded the Louis Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism of Harvard University's Nieman Foundation the James Cameron Memorial Trust Award, and the American National Press Club's John Aubuchon Press Freedom Award. In 2010, Wickrematunge was declared a World Press Freedom Hero of the International Press Institute.In 2016 the East West Center,

masks: Lasantha Wickrematunge Lasantha


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 Hawaii conferred the 2016 Courageous Journalism Award on Lasantha. Posthumous editorial
Following his death, the Sunday Leader carried a posthumous editorial by Wickrematunge, in which he blamed the government directly for assassinating journalists as its "primary tool" for controlling the media. He wrote:
"No other profession calls on its practitioners to lay down their lives for their art save the armed forces and, in Sri Lanka, journalism. Electronic and print-media institutions have been burnt, bombed, sealed and coerced. Countless journalists have been harassed, threatened and killed. It has been my honour to belong to all those categories and now especially the last." The editorial meditated on why Wickrematunge continued his reporting despite threats to his life: "After all, I too am a husband, and the father of three wonderful children.Diplomats, recognising the risk journalists face in Sri Lanka, have offered me safe passage and the right of residence in their countries. Whatever else I may have been stuck for, I have not been stuck for choice. But there is a calling that is yet above high office, fame, lucre and security. It is the call of conscience. Our commitment is to see Sri Lanka as a transparent, secular, liberal democracy". The editorial's publication caused a "furor" in the nation, with thousands of mourners turning out for Wickrematunge's funeral. Bibliography

Books
And Then They Came For me Raine Wickrematunge
The Cage (Weiss book)
The Man Within My Head: Graham Greene, My Father and Me Pico Iyer'

See also
Notable assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Human rights in Sri Lanka
Ranil Wickremasinghe
Gotabhaya Rajapaksa

References

1958 births
2009 deaths
Assassinated Sri Lankan activists
Assassinated Sri Lankan journalists
Deaths by firearm in Sri Lanka
People murdered in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan journalists
Sinhalese lawyers
20th-century journalists
Recipients of John Aubuchon Press


texts:
<mask>. (7 February 1873 – 15 April 1912) was a British businessman and shipbuilder. He was managing director and head of the drafting department of the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. He was the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner Titanic and perished along with more than 1,500 others when the ship sank during her maiden voyage. Early life

<mask> was born on 7 February 1873 at Ardara House, Comber, County Down, in Ireland, to The Rt. Hon. <mask>, a member of the Privy Council of Ireland, and Eliza Pirrie. <mask> was a Presbyterian of Scottish descent, and like his brother considered himself British.His siblings included J. M<mask>, the future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, and Sir <mask>, the future Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland. <mask> lived with his family in Ardara, Comber. In 1884, he began attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution until 1889 when, at the age of sixteen, he began a premium apprenticeship at Harland and Wolff where his uncle, the Viscount Pirrie, was part owner. Harland and Wolff
At Harland and Wolff, <mask> began with three months in the joiners' shop, followed by a month in the cabinetmakers' and then a further two months working on the ships. The last eighteen months of his five-year apprenticeship were spent in the drawing office. He worked during the day and continued his studies in the evening hours. In 1901, boarding at 11 Wellington Place, after working in the many departments of the company, he became the manager of the construction works.That same year, he also became a member of the Institution of Naval Architects. In 1907, he was appointed the managing director and head of the drafting department at Harland and Wolff. By that point, <mask> had earned a

masks:
Thomas Andrews Jr
Thomas Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Andrews
. Andrews
James Andrews
Thomas Andrews
Andrews
Andrews


texts:
 reputation as a genius in the field of ship design. During his long years of apprenticeship, study, and work, he had become well-loved in the company and amongst the shipyard's employees. His kindness and generosity was well-documented. He was always willing to acknowledge the hard work of other people, and his wife recalled that he had of himself "the humblest opinion of anyone I ever knew." On 24 June 1908, he married Helen Reilly Barbour, daughter of textile industrialist John Doherty Barbour and sister to Sir John Milne Barbour- known as "Milne".Their daughter, Elizabeth Law-Barbour <mask> (known by her initials, "ELBA"), was born on 27 November 1910. The couple lived at Dunallan, 12 Windsor Avenue, Belfast, now numbered 20, and worshipped at First Presbyterian Church on Rosemary Street. It is known that <mask> took Helen to view the RMS Titanic one night, shortly before Elizabeth was born. RMS Titanic

In 1907, <mask> began to oversee the plans for three new ocean liners for the White Star Line: the RMS Olympic, the RMS Titanic and the RMS (later HMHS) Britannic. All three ships were designed by William Pirrie and general manager Alexander Carlisle along with <mask> to be the largest, safest and most luxurious ships at sea. As he had done for the other ships he had overseen, <mask> familiarised himself with every detail of Olympic, Titanic and Britannic, in order to ensure that they were in optimal working order. <mask>'s suggestions that the ship have 48 lifeboats (instead of the 20 it ended up with) as well as a double hull and watertight bulkheads that went up to B deck, were overruled.<mask> headed a group of Harland and Wolff workers called the guarantee group, who went on the maiden voyages of their ships in order to observe ship operations and spot any

masks: Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews


texts: necessary improvements. Titanic was no exception, so <mask> and the rest of his Harland and Wolff group travelled from Belfast to Southampton on Titanic for the beginning of her maiden voyage on 10 April 1912. During the voyage, <mask> took notes on various improvements he felt were needed, primarily cosmetic changes to various facilities. However, on 14 April, <mask> remarked to a friend that Titanic was "as nearly perfect as human brains can make her." On 14 April at 11:40 PM, Titanic struck an iceberg on the ship's starboard side. <mask> was in his cabin, planning changes he wanted to make to the ship, and barely noticed the collision. Captain Edward J. Smith had <mask> summoned to help examine the damage.<mask> and Captain Smith discussed the damage to the ship shortly after the collision and toured the damaged section of the ship, receiving several reports of the vessel's damage. <mask> determined that the first five of the ship's 16 watertight compartments were rapidly flooding, which is more than the four that the vessel was supposed to withstand. He relayed this information to Captain Smith, stating that it was a 'mathematical certainty' that the ship will sink and adding that in his opinion, the vessel had only about an hour before foundering. He also informed Smith of the severe shortage of lifeboats on board the ship. As the evacuation began, <mask> tirelessly searched staterooms telling the passengers to put on lifebelts and go up on deck. Many survivors testified to have met or spotted <mask> several times. Fully aware of the short time the ship had left and of the lack of lifeboat space for all passengers and crew, he continued to urge reluctant people into the lifeboats in the hope of filling them with as many people as possible.Titanic sank at

masks: Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews Andrews