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 sister Pauline, who had acted as a "second mother" to her, entered the Carmelite convent at Lisieux. Therese was devastated. She understood that Pauline was cloistered and that she would never come back. "I said in the depths of my heart: Pauline is lost to me!" The shock reawakened in her the trauma caused by her mother's death. She also wanted to join the Carmelites, but was told she was too young. Yet Therese so impressed Mother Marie Gonzague, the prioress at the time of Pauline's entry to the community that she wrote to comfort her, calling Therese "my future little daughter".Illness
At this time, Therese was often sick. She began to suffer from nervous tremors. The tremors started one night after her uncle took her for a walk and began to talk about Zélie. Assuming that she was cold, the family covered Therese with blankets, but the tremors continued. She clenched her teeth and could not speak. The family called Dr. Notta, who could make no diagnosis. In 1882, Dr. Gayral diagnosed that Therese "reacts to an emotional frustration with a neurotic attack".Alarmed, but cloistered, Pauline began to write letters to Therese and attempted various strategies to intervene. Eventually Therese recovered after she had turned to gaze at the statue of the Virgin Mary placed in Marie's room, where Therese had been moved. She reported on 13 May 1883 that she had seen the Virgin smile at her. She wrote: "Our Blessed Lady has come to me, she has smiled upon me. How happy I am." However, when Therese told the Carmelite nuns about this vision at the request of her eldest sister Marie, she found


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 herself assailed by their questions and she lost confidence. Self-doubt made her begin to question what had happened."I thought I had lied – I was unable to look upon myself without a feeling of profound horror." "For a long time after my cure, I thought that my sickness was deliberate and this was a real martyrdom for my soul". Her concerns over this continued until November 1887. In October 1886, her oldest sister, Marie, entered the same Carmelite monastery, adding to Therese's grief. The warm atmosphere at Les Buissonnets, so necessary to her, was disappearing. Now only she and Céline remained with their father. Her frequent tears made some friends think she had a weak character and the Guérins indeed shared this opinion.Therese also suffered from scruples, a condition experienced by other saints such as Alphonsus Liguori, also a Doctor of the Church, and Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits. She wrote: "One would have to pass through this martyrdom to understand it well, and for me to express what I experienced for a year and a half would be impossible". Complete conversion

Christmas Eve of 1886 was a turning point in the life of Therese; she called it her "complete conversion." Years later she stated that on that night she overcame the pressures she had faced since the death of her mother and said that "God worked a little miracle to make me grow up in an instant … On that blessed night… Jesus, who saw fit to make Himself a child out of love for me, saw fit to have me come forth from the swaddling clothes and imperfections of childhood". That night, Louis Martin and


texts: his daughters, Léonie, Céline and Thérèse, attended Midnight Mass at the cathedral in Lisieux – "but there was very little heart left in them. On 1 December, Léonie, covered in eczema and hiding her hair under a short mantilla, had returned to Les Buissonnets after just seven weeks of the Poor Clares regime in Alençon", and her sisters were helping her get over her sense of failure and humiliation. Back at Les Buissonnets as every year, Thérèse "as was the custom for French children, had left her shoes on the hearth, empty in anticipation of gifts, not from Father Christmas but from the Child Jesus, who was imagined to travel through the air bearing toys and cakes."While she and Céline were going up the stairs she heard her father, "perhaps exhausted by the hour, or this reminder of the relentless emotional demands of his weepy youngest daughter", say with some irritation "Therese is far too old for this now. Fortunately this will be the last year!" Therese had begun to cry and Céline advised her not to go back downstairs immediately. Then, suddenly, Therese pulled herself together and wiped her tears. She ran down the stairs, knelt by the fireplace and unwrapped her surprises as jubilantly as ever. In her account, nine years later, of 1895: "In an instant Jesus, content with my good will, accomplished the work I had not been able to do in ten years." After nine sad years she had "recovered the strength of soul she had lost" when her mother died and, she said, "she was to retain it forever".She discovered the joy in self-forgetfulness and added, "I felt, in a word, charity enter


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 my heart, the need to forget myself to make others happySince this blessed night I was not defeated in any battle, but instead I went from victory to victory and began, so to speak, "to run a giant's course".Psalms

According to Ida Görres, "Therese instantly understood what had happened to her when she won this banal little victory over her sensitivity, which she had borne for so long; …freedom is found in resolutely looking away from oneself.. and the fact that a person can cast himself away from himself reveals again that being good, victory is pure grace, a sudden gift..It cannot be coerced, and yet it can be received only by the patiently prepared heart". Biographer Kathryn Harrison: "After all, in the past she had tried to control herself, had tried with all her being and had failed. Grace, alchemy, masochism: through whatever lens we view her transport, Therese's night of illumination presented both its power and its danger. It would guide her steps between the mortal and the divine, between living and dying, destruction and apotheosis. It would take her exactly where she intended to go". Therese's character and the early experiences that shaped her have been the subject of analysis, particularly in recent years. Apart from the family doctor who observed her in the 19th century, all other conclusions are inevitably speculative.For instance, author Ida Görres, whose formal studies had focused on church history and hagiography, wrote a psychological analysis of the Therese's character. Some authors suggest that Therese had a strongly neurotic aspect to her personality for


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 most of her life. Harrison concluded that, "her temperament was not formed for compromise or moderation … a life spent not taming but directing her appetite and her will, a life perhaps shortened by the force of her desire and ambition." Rome and entry to Carmel

Before she was fourteen, when she started to experience a period of calm, Therese started to read The Imitation of Christ. She read the Imitation intently, as if the author traced each sentence for her: "The Kingdom of God is within you… Turn thee with thy whole heart unto the Lord; and forsake this wretched world: and thy soul shall find rest." She kept the book with her constantly and wrote later that this book and parts of another book of a very different character, lectures by Abbé Arminjon on The End of This World, and the Mysteries of the World to Come, nourished her during this critical period. Thereafter she began to read other books, mostly on history and science.In May 1887, Therese approached her 63-year-old father Louis, who was recovering from a small stroke, while he sat in the garden one Sunday afternoon and told him that she wanted to celebrate the anniversary of "her conversion" by entering Carmel before Christmas. Louis and Thérèse both broke down and cried, but Louis got up, gently picked a little white flower, root intact, and gave it to her, explaining the care with which God brought it into being and preserved it until that day. Thérèse later wrote: "while I listened I believed I was hearing my own story". To Therese, the flower seemed a symbol of herself, "destined to live in another soil". Therese


texts: renewed her attempts to join the Carmel, but the priest-superior of the monastery would not allow it on account of her youth. During the summer, French newspapers were filled with the story of Henri Pranzini, convicted of the brutal murder of two women and a child. To the outraged public Pranzini represented all that threatened the decent way of life in France.In July and August 1887 Therese prayed hard for the conversion of Pranzini, so his soul could be saved, yet Pranzini showed no remorse. At the end of August, the newspapers reported that just as Pranzini's neck was placed on the guillotine, he had grabbed a crucifix and kissed it three times. Therese was ecstatic and believed that her prayers had saved him. She continued to pray for Pranzini after his death. In November 1887, Louis took Céline and Therese on a diocesan pilgrimage to Rome for the priestly jubilee of Pope Leo XIII. On 20 November 1887, during a general audience with Leo XIII, Therese, in her turn, approached the Pope, knelt, and asked him to allow her to enter Carmel at 15. The Pope said: "Well, my child, do what the superiors decide… You will enter if it is God's Will" and he blessed Therese.She refused to leave his feet, and the Noble Guard had to carry her out of the room. The trip continued: they visited Pompeii, Naples, Assisi before going back via Pisa and Genoa. The pilgrimage of nearly a month was timely. During it she "learnt more than in many years of study". For the first and last time in her life, she left her native Normandy. Notably she "who only knew priests in the exercise of their ministry was


texts: in their company, heard their conversations, not always edifyingand saw their shortcomings for herself". She had understood that she had to pray and give her life for sinners like Pranzini.But Carmel prayed especially for priests and this had surprised her since their souls seemed to her to be "as pure as crystal". A month spent with many priests taught her that they are "weak and feeble men". She wrote later: "I met many saintly priests that month, but I also found that in spite of being above angels by their supreme dignity, they were none the less men and still subject to human weakness. If the holy priests, 'the salt of the earth', as Jesus calls them in the Gospel, have to be prayed for, what about the lukewarm? Again, as Jesus says, 'If the salt shall lose its savour, wherewith shall it be salted?' I understood my vocation in Italy." For the first time too she had associated with young men."In her brotherless existence, masculinity had been represented only by her father, her Uncle Guérin and various priests. Now she had her first and only experiences. Céline declared at the beatification proceedings that one of the young men in the pilgrimage group "developed a tender affection for her". Thérèse confessed to her sister, "It is high time for Jesus to remove me from the poisonous breath of the world … I feel that my heart is easily caught by tenderness, and where others fall, I would fall too. We are no stronger than the others". Soon after that, the Bishop of Bayeux authorized the prioress to receive Thérèse. On 9 April 1888 she became a Carmelite postulant.Lisieux Carmel


texts: The convent Thérèse entered was an old-established house with a long tradition. In 1838 two nuns from the Poitiers Carmel had been sent out to found the house of Lisieux. One of them, Mother Geneviève of St Teresa, was still living when Thérèse entered … the second wing, containing the cells and sickrooms in which she was to live and die, had been standing only ten years … "What she found was a community of very aged nuns, some odd and cranky, some sick and troubled, some lukewarm and complacent. Almost all of the sisters came from the petty bourgeois and artisan class. The Prioress and Novice Mistress were of old Normandy nobility. Probably the Martin sisters alone represented the new class of the rising bourgeoisie". The Carmelite order had been reformed in the sixteenth century by Teresa of Ávila, essentially devoted to personal and collective prayer.The nuns of Lisieux followed a strict regimen that allowed for only one meal a day for seven months of the year, and little free time. Only one room of the building was heated. The times of silence and of solitude were many but the foundress had also planned for time for work and relaxation in commonthe austerity of the life should not hinder sisterly and joyful relations. Founded in 1838, the Carmel of Lisieux in 1888 had 26 religious, from very different classes and backgrounds. For the majority of the life of Therese, the prioress would be Mother Marie de Gonzague, born Marie-Adéle-Rosalie Davy de Virville. When Therese entered the convent Mother Marie was 54, a woman of changeable humour, jealous of her authority, used


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 sometimes in a capricious manner; this had for effect, a certain laxity in the observance of established rules. "In the sixties and seventies of the [nineteenth] century an aristocrat in the flesh counted for far more in a petty bourgeois convent than we can realize nowadays … the superiors appointed Marie de Gonzague to the highest offices as soon as her noviciate was finished … in 1874 began the long series of terms as Prioress".Postulancy

Therese's time as a postulant began with her welcome into the Carmel, Monday, 9 April 1888. She felt peace after she received communion that day and later wrote, "At last my desires were realized, and I cannot describe the deep sweet peace which filled my soul. This peace has remained with me during the eight and a half years of my life here, and has never left me even amid the greatest trials". From her childhood, Therese had dreamed of the desert to which God would some day lead her. Now she had entered that desert. Though she was now reunited with Marie and Pauline, from the first day she began her struggle to win and keep her distance from her sisters. Right at the start Marie de Gonzague, the prioress, had turned the postulant Therese over to her eldest sister Marie, who was to teach her to follow the Divine Office.Later she appointed Therese assistant to Pauline in the refectory. And when her cousin Marie Guerin also entered, she employed the two together in the sacristy. Therese adhered strictly to the rule which forbade all superfluous talk during work. She saw her sisters together only in the hours of common recreation after meals.


texts: At such times she would sit down beside whomever she happened to be near, or beside a nun whom she had observed to be downcast, disregarding the tacit and sometimes expressed sensitivity and even jealousy of her biological sisters. "We must apologize to the others for our being four under one roof", she was in the habit of remarking. "When I am dead, you must be very careful not to lead a family life with one another … I did not come to Carmel to be with my sisters; on the contrary, I saw clearly that their presence would cost me dear, for I was determined not to give way to nature."Although the novice mistress, Sister Marie of the Angels, found Therese slow, the young postulant adapted well to her new environment. She wrote, "Illusions, the Good Lord gave me the grace to have none on entering Carmel. I found religious life as I had figured, no sacrifice astonished me." She chose a spiritual director, a Jesuit, Father Pichon. At their first meeting, 28 May 1888, she made a general confession going back over all her past sins. She came away from it profoundly relieved. The priest who had himself suffered from scruples, understood her and reassured her.A few months later, he left for Canada, and Therese would only be able to ask his advice by letter and his replies were rare. (On 4 July 1897, she confided to Pauline, 'Father Pichon treated me too much like a child; nonetheless he did me a lot of good too by saying that I never committed a mortal sin.') During her time as a postulant, Therese had to endure some bullying from other sisters because of her lack of aptitude for


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 handicrafts and manual work. Sister St Vincent de Paul, the finest embroiderer in the community made her feel awkward and even called her 'the big nanny goat'. Therese was in fact the tallest in the family, 1.62 metres (approx. 5'3"). Pauline, the shortest, was no more than 1.54m tall (approx.5').Like all religious she discovered the ups and downs related to differences in temperament, character, problems of sensitivities or infirmities. After nine years she wrote plainly, "the lack of judgment, education, the touchiness of some characters, all these things do not make life very pleasant. I know very well that these moral weaknesses are chronic, that there is no hope of cure". But the greatest suffering came from outside Carmel. On 23 June 1888, Louis Martin disappeared from his home and was found days later, in the post office in Le Havre. The incident marked the onset of her father's decline. He died on July 29, 1894.Novitiate

The end of Therese's time as a postulant arrived on the January 10, 1889, with her taking of the habit. From that time she wore the 'rough homespun and brown scapular, white wimple and veil, leather belt with rosary, woollen 'stockings', rope sandals". Her father's health having temporarily stabilized he was able to attend, though twelve days after her ceremony her father suffered a stroke and was taken to a private sanatorium, the Bon Sauveur at Caen, where he remained for three years before returning to Lisieux in 1892. In this period Therese deepened the sense of her vocation; to lead a hidden life, to pray and offer her suffering for priests, to


texts: forget herself, to increase discreet acts of charity. She wrote, "I applied myself especially to practice little virtues, not having the facility to perform great ones … In her letters from this period of her novitiate, Therese returned over and over to the theme of littleness, referring to herself as a grain of sand, an image she borrowed from Pauline… 'Always littler, lighter, in order to be lifted more easily by the breeze of love'. The remainder of her life would be defined by retreat and subtraction". She absorbed the work of John of the Cross, spiritual reading uncommon at the time, especially for such a young nun."Oh! what insights I have gained from the works of our holy father, St. John of the Cross! When I was seventeen and eighteen, I had no other spiritual nourishment…" She felt a kinship with this classic writer of the Carmelite Order (though nothing seems to have drawn her to the writing of Teresa of Avila), and with enthusiasm she read his works, The Ascent of Mount Carmel, the Way of Purification, the Spiritual Canticle, the Living Flame of Love. Passages from these writings are woven into everything she herself said and wrote. The fear of God, which she found in certain sisters, paralyzed her. "My nature is such that fear makes me recoil, with LOVE not only do I go forward, I fly". With the new name a Carmelite receives when she enters the Order, there is always an epithet – example, Teresa of Jesus, Elizabeth of the Trinity, Anne of the Angels.The epithet singles out the Mystery which she is supposed to contemplate with special devotion. "Therese's names in


texts: religion – she had two – must be taken together to define their religious significance". The first name was promised to her at nine, by Mother Marie de Gonzague, of the Child Jesus, and was given to her on her entry to the convent. In itself, veneration of the childhood of Jesus was a Carmelite heritage of the seventeenth century – it concentrated upon the staggering humiliation of divine majesty in assuming the shape of extreme weakness and helplessness. The French Oratory of Jesus and Pierre de Bérulle renewed this old devotional practice. Yet when she received the veil, Therese herself asked Mother Marie de Gonzague to confer upon her the second name of the Holy Face. During the course of her novitiate, contemplation of the Holy Face was said to have nourished her inner life.This is an image representing the disfigured face of Jesus during the Passion. She meditated on certain passages from the prophet Isaiah (Chapter 53). Six weeks before her death she remarked to Pauline, "The words in Isaiah: 'no stateliness here, no majesty, no beauty, … one despised, left out of all human reckoning; How should we take any account of him, a man so despised () – these words were the basis of my whole worship of the Holy Face. I, too, wanted to be without comeliness and beauty, unknown to all creatures." On the eve of her profession she wrote to Sister Marie, "Tomorrow I shall be the bride of Jesus 'whose face was hidden and whom no man knew' – what a union and what a future!". The meditation also helped her understand the humiliating situation of her father. Usually the novitiate preceding


texts: profession lasted a year.Sister Therese hoped to make her final commitment on or after 11 January 1890 but, considered still too young for a final commitment, her profession was postponed. She would spend eight months longer than the standard year as an unprofessed novice. As 1889 ended, her old home in the world Les Buissonnets, was dismantled, the furniture divided among the Guérins and the Carmel. It was not until 8 September 1890, aged 17 and a half, that she made her religious profession. The retreat in anticipation of her "irrevocable promises" was characterized by "absolute aridity" and on the eve of her profession she gave way to panic. She worried that "What she wanted was beyond her. Her vocation was a sham".Reassured by the novice mistress and mother Marie de Gonzague, the next day her religious profession went ahead, 'an outpouring of peace flooded my soul, "that peace which surpasseth all understanding" (Phil. ) Against her heart she wore her letter of profession written during her retreat. "May creatures be nothing for me, and may I be nothing for them, but may You, Jesus, be everything! Let nobody be occupied with me, let me be looked upon as one to be trampled underfoot … may Your will be done in me perfectly… Jesus, allow me to save very many souls; let no soul be lost today; let all the souls in purgatory be saved…" On September 24, the public ceremony followed filled with 'sadness and bitterness'. "Therese found herself young enough, alone enough, to weep over the absence of Bishop Hugonin, Père Pichon, in Canada; and her own father, still confined in the


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 asylum". But Mother Marie de Gonzague wrote to the prioress of Tours, "The angelic child is seventeen and a half, with the sense of a 30 year old, the religious perfection of an old and accomplished novice, and possession of herself, she is a perfect nun". Life as a Carmelite
The years which followed were a maturation.Therese prayed without great sensitive emotions, she increased the small acts of charity and care for others, doing small services. She accepted criticism in silence, even unjust criticisms, and smiled at the sisters who were unpleasant to her. She always prayed for priests, and in particular for Father Hyacinthe Loyson, a famous preacher who had been a Sulpician and a Dominican novice before becoming a Carmelite and provincial of his order, but who had left the Catholic Church in 1869. Three years later he married a young Protestant widow, with whom he had a son. After his excommunication, he continued to travel around France giving lectures. While clerical papers called Loyson a "renegade monk" and Leon Bloy lampooned him, Therese prayed for her "brother". She offered her last communion, 19 August 1897, for Father Loyson.The chaplain to the Carmel, Father Youf, insisted a lot on the fear of Hell. The preachers during spiritual retreats at that time emphasised sin, the sufferings of purgatory, and those of hell. This did not help Therese who in 1891 experienced, "great inner trials of all kinds, even wondering sometimes whether heaven existed." One phrase heard during a sermon made her weep: "No one knows if they are worthy of love or of hate." However the retreat


texts: of October 1891 was preached by Father Alexis Prou, a Franciscan from Saint-Nazaire. "He specialized in large crowds (he preached in factories) and did not seem the right person to help Carmelites. Just one of them found comfort in his words, Sister Thèrèse of the Child Jesus … [his] preaching on abandonment and mercy expanded her heart".This confirmed her own intuitions. She wrote, "My soul was like a book which the priest read better than I did. He launched me full sail on the waves of confidence and love which held such an attraction for me, but upon which I had not dared to venture. He told me that my faults did not offend God." Her spiritual life drew more and more on the Gospels that she carried with her at all times. The piety of her time was fed more on commentaries, but Therese had asked Céline to get the Gospels and the Epistles of St Paul bound into a single small volume which she could carry on her heart. She said, "But it is especially the Gospels which sustain me during my hours of prayer, for in them I find what is necessary for my poor little soul.I am constantly discovering in them new lights, hidden and mysterious meanings." Over time Therese realised that she felt no attraction to the exalted heights of "great souls". She looked directly for the word of Jesus, which shed light on her prayers and on her daily life. Therese's retreat in October 1892 pointed to a "downward" path for her. If asked where she lived, she would pause and quote, "The foxes have their lairs, the birds of heaven their nests, but I have no place to rest my head." (Matthew 8:20). She wrote


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 to Céline (letter 19 October 1892), "Jesus raised us above all the fragile things of this world whose image passes away.Like Zacchaeus, we climbed a tree to see Jesus and now let us listen to what he is saying to us. Make haste to descend, I must lodge today at your house. Well, Jesus tells us to descend?" "A question here of the interior," she qualified in her letter, lest Céline think she meant renouncing food or shelter. "Therese knew her virtues, even her love, to be flawed, flawed by self, a mirror too clouded to reflect the divine." She continued to seek to discover the means, "more efficiently to strip herself of self". "No doubt, [our hearts] are already empty of creatures, but, alas, I feel mine is not entirely empty of myself, and it is for this reason that Jesus tells me to descend."Election of Mother Agnes
On 20 February 1893, Pauline was elected prioress of Carmel and became "Mother Agnes". She appointed the former prioress as novice mistress and made Therese her assistant. The work of guiding the novices would fall primarily to Therese. She repeated how important respect for the Rule was: "When any break the rule, this is not a reason to justify ourselves. Each must act as if the perfection of the Order depended on her personal conduct." She also affirmed the essential role of obedience in religious life. She said, "When you stop watching the infallible compass [of obedience], as quickly the mind wanders in arid lands where the water of grace is soon lacking."Over the next few years she revealed a talent for clarifying doctrine to those who had not received as much


texts: education as she. A kaleidoscope, whose three mirrors transform scraps of coloured paper into beautiful designs, provided an inspired illustration for the Holy Trinity. "As long as our actions, even the smallest, do not fall away from the focus of Divine Love, the Holy Trinity, symbolized by the three mirrors, allows them to reflect wonderful beauty. Jesus, who regards us through the little lens, that is to say, through Himself, always sees beauty in everything we do. But if we left the focus of inexpressible love, what would He see? Bits of straw … dirty, worthless actions". "Another cherished image was that of the newly invented elevator, a vehicle Therese used many times over to describe God's grace, a force that lifts us to heights we can't reach on our own".Her sister Céline's memoir is filled with numerous examples of Therese as teacher: "Céline: – 'Oh! When I think how much I have to acquire!' Therese: – 'Rather, how much you have to lose! Jesus Himself will fill your soul with treasures in the same measure that you move your imperfections out of the way." And Céline recalled a story Therese told about egotism. 'The 28 month old Therese visited Le Mans and was given a basket filled with candies, at the top of which were two sugar rings. 'Oh!How wonderful! There is a sugar ring for Céline too!' On her way to the station however the basket overturned, and one of the sugar rings disappeared. 'Ah, I no longer have any sugar ring for poor Céline!' Reminding me of the incident she observed, 'See how deeply rooted in us is this self-love! Why was it Céline's sugar ring, and not


texts: mine, that was lost?' Martha of Jesus, a novice who spent her childhood in a series of orphanages and who was described by all as emotionally unbalanced, with a violent temper, gave witness during the beatification process of the 'unusual dedication and presence of her young teacher."Therese deliberately 'sought out the company of those nuns whose temperaments she found hardest to bear.' What merit was there in acting charitably toward people whom one loved naturally? Therese went out of her way to spend time with, and therefore to love, the people she found repellent. It was an effective means of achieving interior poverty, a way to remove a place to rest her head". In September 1893, Therese, having been a temporarily professed for the standard three years, asked not to be promoted but to continue a novice indefinitely. As a novice she would always have to ask permission of the other, full sisters. She would never be elected to any position of importance.Remaining closely associated with the other novices, she could continue to care for her spiritual charges. In 1841 Jules Michelet devoted the major part of the fifth volume of his History of France to a favourable presentation of the epic of <mask> Arc. Félix Dupanloup worked relentlessly for the glorification of Joan who, on 8 May 1429 had liberated Orléans, the city of which he became bishop in 1849. Therese wrote two plays in honour of her childhood heroine, the first about Joan's response to the heavenly voices calling her to battle, the second about her resulting martyrdom. 1894 brought a national celebration of Joan of


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 Arc. On 27 January, Leo XIII authorized the introduction of her cause of beatification, declaring Joan, the shepherdess from Lorraine "venerable". Thérèse used Henri Wallon's history of Joan of Arc – a book her uncle Isidore had given to the Carmel – to help her write two plays, "pious recreations", "small theatrical pieces performed by a few nuns for the rest of the community, on the occasion of certain feast days".The first of these, The Mission of Joan of Arc, was performed at the Carmel on 21 January 1894, and the second, <mask> Arc Accomplishes her Mission, exactly one year later, on 21 January 1895. In the estimation of one of her biographers, Ida Görres, they "are scarcely veiled self-portraits". On 29 July 1894, Louis Martin died. The "little way"
Therese entered the Carmel of Lisieux with the determination to become a saint. However, by the end of 1894, six years as a Carmelite made her realize how small and insignificant she felt. She saw the limitations of all her efforts. She remained small and very far off from the unfailing love that she would wish to practice.She is said to have understood then that it was from insignificance that she had to learn to ask God's help. Along with her camera, Céline had brought notebooks with her, passages from the Old Testament, which Therese did not have in Carmel. (The Louvain Bible, the translation authorized for French Catholics, did not include the Old Testament). In the notebooks Therese found a passage from Proverbs that struck her with particular force: "Whosoever is a little one, let him come to me" (). She was struck by


texts: another passage from the Book of Isaiah: "you shall be carried at the breasts, and upon the knees they shall caress you.As one whom the mother caresseth, so will I comfort you." She concluded that Jesus would carry her to the summit of sanctity. The smallness of Therese, her limits, became in this way grounds for joy, rather than discouragement.Not until Manuscript C of her autobiography did she give this discovery the name of little way, "petite voie". I will seek out a means of getting to Heaven by a little wayvery short and very straight little way that is wholly new. We live in an age of inventions; nowadays the rich need not trouble to climb the stairs, they have lifts instead. Well, I mean to try and find a lift by which I may be raised unto God, for I am too tiny to climb the steep stairway of perfection. […] Thine Arms, then, O Jesus, are the lift which must raise me up even unto Heaven. To get there I need not grow. On the contrary, I must remain little, I must become still less.In her quest for sanctity and in order to attain holiness and to express her love of God, she believed that it was not necessary to accomplish heroic acts or great deeds. She wrote, Love proves itself by deeds, so how am I to show my love? Great deeds are forbidden me. The only way I can prove my love is by scattering flowers and these flowers are every little sacrifice, every glance and word, and the doing of the least actions for love. The little way of Therese is the foundation of her spirituality. Within the Catholic Church Thérèse's way was known for some time as "the little way of spiritual


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 childhood," but Therese actually wrote "little way" only three times, and she never wrote the phrase "spiritual childhood." It was her sister Pauline who, after Therese's death, adopted the phrase "the little way of spiritual childhood" to interpret Therese's path.Years after Therese's death, a Carmelite of Lisieux asked Pauline about this phrase and Pauline answered spontaneously "But you know well that Therese never used it! It is mine." In May 1897, Therese wrote to Father Adolphe Roulland, "My way is all confidence and love." To Maurice Bellière she wrote, "and I, with my way, will do more than you, so I hope that one day Jesus will make you walk by the same way as me." Sometimes, when I read spiritual treatises in which perfection is shown with a thousand obstacles, surrounded by a crowd of illusions, my poor little mind quickly tires. I close the learned book which is breaking my head and drying up my heart, and I take up Holy Scripture. Then all seems luminous to me; a single word uncovers for my soul infinite horizons; perfection seems simple; I see that it is enough to recognize one's nothingness and to abandon oneself, like a child, into God's arms.Leaving to great souls, to great minds, the beautiful books I cannot understand, I rejoice to be little because only children, and those who are like them, will be admitted to the heavenly banquet. Merciful love
At the end of the second play that Therese had written on <mask> Arc, the costume she wore almost caught fire. The alcohol stoves used to represent the stake at Rouen set fire to the screen behind which Therese stood.


texts: Therese did not flinch but the incident marked her. The theme of fire would assume an increasing importance in her writings. On 9 June 1895, during a Mass celebrating the feast of the Holy Trinity, Therese had a sudden inspiration that she must offer herself as a sacrificial victim to merciful love. At this time some nuns offered themselves as a victim to God's justice.In her cell she drew up an 'Act of Oblation' for herself and for Céline, and on 11 June, the two of them knelt before the miraculous Virgin and Therese read the document she had written and signed. In the evening of this life, I shall appear before You with empty hands, for I do not ask You Lord to count my works. According to biographer, Ida Görres, the document echoed the happiness she had felt when Father Alexis Prou, the Franciscan preacher, had assured her that her faults did not cause God sorrow. In the Oblation she wrote, "If through weakness I should chance to fall, may a glance from Your Eyes straightway cleanse my soul, and consume all my imperfections – as fire transforms all things into itself". In August 1895 the four Martin sisters were joined in the convent by their cousin, Marie Guerin, who became Sister Marie of the Eucharist. Léonie, after several attempts, became Sister Françoise-Thérèse, a nun in the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Caen, where she died in 1941. At age 14, Therese understood her vocation was to pray for priests, to be "an apostle to apostles".In September 1890, at her canonical examination before she professed her religious vows, she was asked why she had come to Carmel.


texts:
 She answered "I came to save souls, and especially to pray for priests". Throughout her life she prayed fervently for priests, and she corresponded with and prayed for a young priest, Adolphe Roulland, and a young seminarian, Maurice Bellière. She wrote to her sister "Our mission as Carmelites is to form evangelical workers who will save thousands of souls whose mothers we shall be." In October 1895 a young seminarian and subdeacon of the White Fathers, Abbé Bellière, asked the Carmel of Lisieux for a nun who would support – by prayer and sacrifice – his missionary work, and the souls that were in the future to be entrusted to him. Mother Agnes designated Therese. She never met Father Bellière but ten letters passed between them.A year later Father Adolphe Roulland (1870–1934) of the Society of Foreign Missions requested the same service of the Lisieux Carmel. Once more Therese was assigned the duties of spiritual sister. "It is quite clear that Therese, in spite of all her reverence for the priestly office, in both cases felt herself to be the teacher and the giver. It is she who consoles and warns, encourages and praises, answers questions, offers corroboration, and instructs the priests in the meaning of her little way". Final years
Therese's final years were marked by a steady decline that she bore resolutely and without complaint. Tuberculosis was the key element of Therese's final suffering, but she saw that as part of her spiritual journey. After observing a rigorous Lenten fast in 1896, she went to bed on the eve of Good Friday and felt a joyous sensation.She wrote: "Oh!


texts: how sweet this memory really is! … I had scarcely laid my head upon the pillow when I felt something like a bubbling stream mounting to my lips. I didn't know what it was." The next morning her handkerchief was soaked in blood and she understood her fate. Coughing up of blood meant tuberculosis, and tuberculosis meant death. She wrote, "I thought immediately of the joyful thing that I had to learn, so I went over to the window.I was able to see that I was not mistaken. Ah! my soul was filled with a great consolation; I was interiorly persuaded that Jesus, on the anniversary of His own death, wanted to have me hear His first call!" Therese corresponded with a Carmelite mission in what was then French Indochina and was invited to join them, but, because of her sickness, could not travel. Tuberculosis slowly devoured her flesh. When she was near death, "Her physical suffering kept increasing so that even the doctor himself was driven to exclaim, "Ah! If you only knew what this young nun was suffering!"During the last hours of Therese's life, she said, "I would never have believed it was possible to suffer so much, never, never!" In July 1897, she made a final move to the monastery infirmary. On August 19, 1897, she received her last communion. She died on 30 September 1897, aged 24. On her death-bed, she is reported to have said, "I have reached the point of not being able to suffer any more, because all suffering is sweet to me." Her last words were, "My God, I love you!" Therese was buried on 4 October 1897, in the Carmelite plot, in the municipal cemetery at Lisieux, where her


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 parents had been buried.Her body was exhumed in September 1910 and the remains placed in a lead coffin and transferred to another tomb. In March 1923, however, before she was beatified, her body was returned to the Carmel of Lisieux, where it remains. The figure of Therese in the glass coffin is not her actual body but a gisant statue based on drawings and photos by Céline after Therese's death. It contains her ribcage and other remnants of her body. Spirituality

To the right and to the left, I throw to my little birds the good grain that God places in my hands. And then I let things take their course! I busy myself with it no more.Sometimes, it's just as though I had thrown nothing; at other times, it does some good. But God tells me: 'Give, give always, without being concerned with the results. Together with Francis of Assisi, Therese of Lisieux is one of the most popular Roman Catholic saints since apostolic times. She is approachable, due in part to her historical proximity. Barbara Stewart, writing for The New York Times, once called Therese "…the Emily Dickinson of Roman Catholic sainthood". As a Doctor of the Church, she is the subject of much theological comment and study, and, as a young woman whose message has touched the lives of millions, she remains the focus of much popular devotion. She was a highly influential model of sanctity for Catholics in the first half of the twentieth century because of the simplicity and practicality of her approach to the spiritual life.Therese was devoted to Eucharistic adoration and on 26 February 1895, shortly before she died wrote


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 from memory and without a rough draft her poetic masterpiece "To Live by Love" which she had composed during Eucharistic adoration. During her life, the poem was sent to various religious communities and was included in a notebook of her poems. Therese lived a hidden life and "wanted to be unknown", yet became popular after her death through her spiritual autobiography. She also left letters, poems, religious plays, prayers, and her last conversations were recorded by her sisters. Paintings and photographs – mostly the work of her sister Céline – further led to her becoming known. Therese said on her death-bed, "I only love simplicity. I have a horror of pretence", and she spoke out against some of the claims made concerning the lives of saints written in her day, "We should not say improbable things, or things we do not know.We must see their real, and not their imagined lives". The depth of her spirituality, of which she said, "my way is all confidence and love", has inspired many believers up to the current day. In the face of her littleness she trusted to God her sanctity. She wanted to go to heaven by an entirely new little way. "I wanted to find an elevator that would raise me to Jesus". The elevator, she wrote, would be the arms of Jesus lifting her in all her littleness. Holy Face of Jesus devotion

The devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus was promoted by another Carmelite nun, Sister Marie of St Peter in Tours, France in 1844.Then by Leo Dupont, also known as the Apostle of the Holy Face who formed the Archconfraternity of the Holy Face in Tours in 1851. Therese joined this


texts: confraternity on April 26, 1885. Her parents, Louis and Zélie Martin, had also prayed at the Oratory of the Holy Face, originally established by Dupont in Tours. This devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus was based on images of the Veil of Veronica, as promoted by Dupont, rather than the Shroud of Turin, which image first appeared on a photographic negative in 1898. On 10 January 1889, she was given the habit and received the name Therese of the Child Jesus. On 8 September 1890, Therese took her vows. The ceremony of "taking the veil" followed on the 24th, when she added to her name in religion of the Holy Face, a title which was to become increasingly important in the development and character of her inner life.In his "A l'ecole de Therese de Lisieux: maitresse de la vie spirituelle, "Bishop Guy Gaucher emphasizes that Therese saw the devotions to the Child Jesus and to the Holy Face as so completely linked that she signed herself "Thérèse de l'Enfant Jesus de la Sainte Face" – Therese of the Child Jesus of the Holy Face. In her poem My Heaven down here, composed in 1895, Therese expressed the notion that by the divine union of love, the soul takes on the semblance of Christ. By contemplating the sufferings associated with the Holy Face of Jesus, she felt she could become closer to Christ. She wrote the words "Make me resemble you, Jesus!" on a small card and attached a stamp with an image of the Holy Face. She pinned the prayer in a small container over her heart. Therese wrote many prayers to express her devotion to the Holy Face.In August 1895, in her "Canticle to the Holy Face,"


texts: she wrote:"Jesus, Your ineffable image is the star which guides my steps. Ah, You know, Your sweet Face is for me Heaven on earth. My love discovers the charms of Your Face adorned with tears. I smile through my own tears when I contemplate Your sorrows." Therese emphasised God's mercy in both the birth and the passion narratives in the Gospel. She wrote, "He sees it disfigured, covered with blood! … unrecognizable!… And yet the divine Child does not tremble; this is what He chooses to show His love". She composed the Holy Face Prayer for Sinners: "Eternal Father, since Thou hast given me for my inheritance the adorable Face of Thy Divine Son, I offer that face to Thee and I beg Thee, in exchange for this coin of infinite value, to forget the ingratitude of souls dedicated to Thee and to pardon all poor sinners." Over the decades, her poems and prayers helped to spread the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus. Therese is best known today for her spiritual memoir, L'histoire d'une âme (The Story of a Soul). It is a compilation of three separate manuscripts. The first, in 1895 is a memoir of her childhood, written under obedience to the Prioress, Mother Agnes of Jesus, her older sister Pauline. Mother Agnes gave the order after being prompted by their eldest sister, Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart.The second is a three-page letter, written in September 1896, at the request of her eldest sister Marie, who, aware of the seriousness of Therese's illness, asked her to set down her "little doctrine". In June 1897, Mother Agnes asked Mother Marie de Gonzague, who had succeeded her as


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 prioress, to allow Therese to write another memoir with more details of her religious life (ostensibly as a help in the later composition of an anticipated obituary). While on her deathbed Therese made a number of references to the book's future appeal and benefit to souls. She authorized Pauline to make any changes deemed necessary. It was heavily edited by Pauline (Mother Agnes), who made more than seven thousand revisions to Therese's manuscript and presented it as a biography of her sister. Aside from considerations of style, Mother Marie de Gonzague had ordered Pauline to alter the first two sections of the manuscript to make them appear as if they were addressed to Mother Marie as well. The book was sent out as the customary "circular" advising other Carmels of a nun's death and requesting their prayers.However, it received a much wider circulation, as copies were lent out and passed around. Since 1973, two centenary editions of Therese's original, unedited manuscripts, including The Story of a Soul, her letters, poems, prayers and the plays she wrote for the monastery recreations have been published in French. ICS Publications has issued a complete critical edition of her writings: Story of a Soul, Last Conversations, and the two volumes of her letters were translated by John Clarke, O.C.D. ; The Poetry of Saint Thérèse by Donald Kinney, O.C.D. ; The Prayers of St. Thérèse by Alethea Kane, O.C.D. ; and The Religious Plays of St. Thérèse of Lisieux by David Dwyer and Susan Conroy. Development of a devotion to Saint Therese

Céline Martin entered the Lisieux convent on 14


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 September 1894.With Mother Agnes' permission, she brought her camera to Carmel, and developing materials. "The indulgence was not by any means usual. Also outside of the normal would be the destiny of those photographs Céline would make in the Carmel, images that would be scrutinized and reproduced too many times to count. Even when the images are poorly reproduced, her eyes arrest us. Described as blue, described as gray, they look darker in photographs. Céline's pictures of her sister contributed to the extraordinary cult of personality that formed in the years after Therese's death". In 1902, the Polish Carmelite Father Raphael Kalinowski translated her autobiography, The Story of a Soul, into Polish.As early as 1912 Father Thomas N. Taylor, a teacher at the Diocese of Glasgow seminary, wrote a short hagiography on Thérèse, two years before the case for her canonization would be opened. Taylor went on to become a significant proponent of devotion to "The Little Flower" in Scotland. As pastor of St. Francis Xavier Church in Carfin, Lanarkshire, he built a replica of the Grotto at Lourdes and included a small shrine honoring Thérèse with a statue donated by the Legion of Mary. Carfin became a site of pilgrimages. Recognition

Canonization

The impact of The Story of a Soul, a collection of her autobiographical manuscripts, printed and distributed a year after her death to an initially very limited audience, was significant. Pope Pius XI made her the "star of his pontificate". Pius X signed the decree for the opening of the process of canonization on 10 June 1914.Pope Benedict XV,


texts: in order to hasten the process, dispensed with the usual fifty-year delay required between death and beatification. On 14 August 1921, he promulgated the decree on the heroic virtues of Therese declaring her "Venerable". She was beatified on 29 April 1923. Therese was canonized on 17 May 1925 by Pope Pius XI, only 28 years after her death. Therese was declared a saint five years and a day after <mask> Arc. However, the 1925 celebration for Therese "far outshone" that for the legendary heroine of France. At the time, Pope Pius XI revived the old custom of covering St. Peter's with torches and tallow lamps.According to one account, "Ropes, lamps and tallows were pulled from the dusty storerooms where they had been packed away for 55 years. A few old workmen who remembered how it was done the last time – in 1870 – directed 300 men for two weeks as they climbed about fastening lamps to St. Peter's dome." The New York Times ran a front-page story about the occasion titled, "All Rome Admires St. Peter's Aglow for a New Saint". According to the Times, over 60,000 people, estimated to be the largest crowd inside St. Peter's Basilica since the coronation of Pope Pius X, 22 years before, witnessed the canonization ceremonies. In the evening, 500,000 pilgrims pressed into the lit square. She rapidly became one of the most popular saints of the twentieth century. Her feast day was added to the General Roman Calendar in 1927 for celebration on October 3.In 1969, 42 years later, Pope Paul VI moved it to October 1, the day after her dies natalis (birthday to heaven). Therese of Lisieux is the


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 patron saint of aviators, florists, illness(es) and missions. She is also considered by Catholics to be the patron saint of Russia, although the Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize either her canonization or her patronage. In 1927, Pope Pius XI named Saint Therese co-patron of the missions, with Saint Francis Xavier. In 1944 Pope Pius XII decreed her a co-patron of France with Saint <mask> Arc. The principal patron of France is the Blessed Virgin Mary. By the Apostolic Letter Divini Amoris Scientia (The Science of Divine Love) of 19 October 1997, Pope John Paul II declared her the thirty-third Doctor of the Church, the youngest person, and one of only four women so named, the others being Teresa of Ávila, Catherine of Siena and Hildegard of Bingen.Devotion to Therese has developed around the world. According to some biographies of Édith Piaf, in 1922 the singer – at the time, an unknown seven-year-old girl – was cured from blindness after a pilgrimage to the grave of Therese, who at the time was not yet formally canonized. Canonization of her parents

Zélie and Louis Martin were the first spouses to be proposed for canonization as a couple and the first to be canonized together. In 2004, the Archbishop of Milan accepted the unexpected cure of Pietro Schiliro, an Italian child born near Milan in 2002 with a lung disorder, as a miracle attributable to their intercession. Announced by Cardinal Saraiva Martins on 12 July 2008, at the ceremonies marking the 150th anniversary of the marriage of the Venerable Zélie and Louis Martin, their beatification as a couple took place on 19


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 October 2008, in Lisieux. In 2011, the letters of Blessed Zélie and Louis Martin were published in English as A Call to a Deeper Love: The Family Correspondence of the Parents of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus, 1863–1885. On 7 January 2013, in Valencia, Spain, the diocesan process opened to examine a "presumed miracle" attributed to their intercession: the healing of a newborn girl, Carmen Pérez Pons, who was born prematurely four days after their beatification and who inexplicably recovered from severe bleeding of the brain and other complications.On 21 May 2013, the diocesan process to examine the miracle closed and the dossier was sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome. Louis and Zélie Martin were canonized on 18 October 2015. Canonization cause of her sister Léonie
Therese's older sister, Léonie Martin, the only one of the five sisters who did not become a Carmelite nun, is also a candidate for sainthood. Leonie attempted the religious life three times before her fourth and final entrance in 1899 to the convent of the Visitation in Caen. She took the name Sister Françoise-Thérèse and was a fervent disciple of Therese's way. She died in 1941 in Caen, where her tomb in the crypt of the Visitation Monastery may be visited by the public. On 25 March 2012, Mgr Jean-Claude Boulanger, Bishop of Bayeux and Lisieux, granted the imprimatur for a prayer asking that Leonie might be declared venerable.On 2 July 2015, the diocesan inquiry into Leonie's life and possible sanctity was opened at the chapel of the Monastery of the Visitation at Caen. She is now styled


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 Leonie Martin, Servant of God. Relics of Saint Therese
The relics of Saint Therese have been on an international pilgrimage since 1994. The tour included not only first-class relics, but also the saint's religious habit, her rosary, and several other items. They were brought to Ireland in the summer of 2001. That same year they travelled to Canada. Although Cardinal Basil Hume had declined to endorse proposals for a tour in 1997, her relics finally visited England and Wales in late September and early October 2009, including an overnight stop at the Anglican York Minster on her feast day, 1 October.A quarter of a million people venerated them. Ron Garan, who was on the May 31–June 14 Discovery shuttle mission in 2008, took a relic of Saint Therese with him, which had been given to him by the Carmelites of New Caney, Texas. The Carmelites based this on the wish of Therese "to preach the Gospel on all five continents simultaneously and even to the most remote isles." On 27 June 2010, relics of Saint Therese went on their first visit to South Africa in conjunction with the 2010 FIFA World Cup. They remained in the country until October 5, 2010. The writing-desk Therese used at Carmel (an artifact as opposed to a relic) toured the United States in September and October 2013, sponsored by the Pontifical Mission Societies in the United States. In November 2013, a new reliquary containing the relics of Saint Therese and of her parents, was presented to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia by the Magnificat Foundation.It was first exposed for veneration at the Magnificat Day on 9 November


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 2013. The National Shrine of St. Therese in Darien, Illinois, has the largest collection of relics and personal artifacts of the saint outside of Lisieux. Legacy

The Basilica of St. Thérèse in her home town of Lisieux was consecrated on 11 July 1954 and has become a centre for pilgrims from all over the world. It was originally dedicated in 1937 by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. The basilica can seat 3,000 people. Religious congregations
 The Oblates de Ste. Thérèse were founded in 1933 by Gabriel Martin, a priest in the diocese of Luçon (France) and Béatrix Douillard.Their mission is to evangelize in the parishes and to help Saint Thérèse to "spend her heaven by doing good on earth". The Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux - CST was founded on March 19, 1931, by Fr. Basilius Panatt CST, with permission from Mar Augustine Kandathil, the Metropolitan of the Catholic St. Thomas Christians, as the first Indian religious order for brothers. Works inspired by Thérèse
In films
 1929: Julien Duvivier, La Vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin ("The Miraculous Life of Thérèse Martin"), with Simone Bourday as Thérèse. 1952: André Haguet, Procès au Vatican ("Trial at the Vatican"), life of Thérèse based on original documents in consultation with the abbé Combes. 1964: Philippe Agostini, Le Vrai Visage de Thérèse of Lisieux ("The True Face of Thérèse of Lisieux"), short documentary. 1986: Alain Cavalier, Thérèse, biographical evocation with Catherine Mouchet as Thérèse, a film rewarded in 1987 with 6 César Awards including the César Award for Best Film.2004: Leonardo


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 Defilippis, Thérèse: The Story of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. In music
 An opera, Thérèse, based on her life, was composed by English composer John Tavener in 1969, shortly before his conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. In 1973, Brazilian composer José Antônio de Almeida Prado composed the oratorio Thérèse, l'Amour de Dieu, for speakers, soloists, chorus and orchestra, based on texts by Thérèse organized by Henri Doublier. The work was commissioned by the French Ministry of Culture and premiered in Rio de Janeiro in 1975. The Carmelite monk and musician Pierre Éliane has released four discs on the poetry of Therese. Thérèse songs, three discs from 1992 to 1994, and Sainte Therese de Lisieux – poesies (1997). The original texts are sung in full over melodies composed by Pierre Éliane.In 2013 Grégoire set some of the poems of Thérèse to music in an album called Thérèse – Vivre d'amour, with collaborating artists Natasha St-Pier, Anggun, Michael Lonsdale, Grégory Turpin, Les Stentors, Sonia Lacen, Elisa Tovati, Monseigneur di Falco and The Little Singers of Paris. Missa Sanctae Theresiae ab Infante Iesu by Serban Nichifor, June 2017. Devotees of Therese

Over the years, a number of prominent people have become devotees of Saint Therese of Lisieux. These include:

Pope Francis - "When I have a problem I ask the saint, not to solve it, but to take it in her hands and help me accept it." Pope John Paul I - "Dear little Thérèse, I was seventeen when I read your autobiography. It struck me forcibly ... Once you had chosen the path of complete dedication to God, nothing could stop you: not


texts: illness, nor opposition from outside, nor the mists or inner darkness." Mother Teresa of Calcutta, originally called Agnes, explained her choice of the name Teresa as follows: "I chose Therese as my namesake because she did ordinary things with extraordinary love" She and Therese were both deeply drawn by the words of Christ on the Cross: "I thirst."Maximilian Kolbe offered his first Mass for the intention of the beatification and canonization of Sister Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face. He also dedicated his Asian missions to Therese. Maria Candida of the Eucharist - Was inspired by reading The Story of a Soul. Edith Piaf - French singer - "Shortly after her birth Edith developed a cataract. She was blind for almost three years. Her grandmother, Louise, took her to Lisieux. She saw.It was a real miracle for Edith. She always believed this. Since that time she had a real devotion to St Therese of the Child Jesus … she always had a small picture of the saint on her bedside table." (Simone Berteaut, Edith Piaf's closest friend). Lucie Delarue-Mardrus - French writer - "the Carmelite-apparition … appeared, roses in hand, in the midst of an era which grieves and terrifies poets … Thérèse is my fellow-countrywoman, and almost my contemporary. I do not wish to let her glorious entry into sanctity pass by without honoring her in my own way. And besides, she is henceforth public property."(Introducing her book, 1926). Marc Sangnier - Founder of Le Sillon - "May Therese from on high support us and show us how to be more one with Jesus." Delia Smith - British cookery writer -


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 "Therese … not only personified the first beatitude but is, I am deeply convinced, the supreme teacher in regard to the spiritual life." Louise Brooks - American dancer and actress - "Her spiritual trek was guided by two New York City priests, whom she saw with increasing frequency in late 1952 and early 1953, and by a book about the life of Saint Therese of Lisieux, Storm of Glory by John Beevers. So enamored of Saint Therese was Louise that she spent one entire Sunday propped up in bed with her easel, fashioning a portrait in charcoal on canvas from a small photo of Therese at eight. It was the best and most haunting of her dozen works of art." Alain Mimoun - Olympic marathon champion - "St Therese of Lisieux is my patron saint.The white roses which I planted in front of her [her statue in the garden] flower almost all the year round." Henri Bergson - Nobel prize winner - "One reason why the philosopher Henri Bergson esteemed Therese so highly was that he was fascinated by the qualities of character which prompted her to confront the Pope of her day , Leo XIII, in pursuit of her own desires … explicitly forbidden by the chaplain to address Leo XIII, Therese flouted the injunction..she was dragged away by two papal guards.This is hardly the simpering and docile saint which Therese's statuary too often suggests." Claudia Koll - Italian actress
Don Luigi Orione - Italian saint
Pio of Pietrelcina - Italian saint
Fernando del Valle - operatic tenor
Charles Maurras - French author and political philosopher
Jacques Fesch - French murderer turned devotee
Ada Negri - Italian


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 poet
Giovanni Papini - Italian critic and journalist
Giuseppe Moscati - Italian saint
Alfredo Obviar - Filipino Bishop and founder of the Missionary Catechists of St. Therese of the Infant Jesus
Francis Bourne - British Cardinal - "I love St Therese of Lisieux very much because she has simplified things: in our relationship with God she has done away with the mathematics…"
Jean Guitton - French writer
Emmanuel Mounier - French writer/philosopher
Gilbert Cesbron
Georges Bernanos - "A few months before her death, Therese wrote of ' a wall rising up as far as the heavens … when I sing of the happiness of Heaven, I feel no joy, because I am simply singing of what I WANT TO BELIEVE' (Manuscrits , 248) … Bernanos, a devotee of Thérèse, employs the same image in his novel Diary of a Country Priest, where the priest confides to his diary, Behind me there was nothing. and in front of me a wall, a black wall. Maxence Van Der Meersch
Henri Gheon
Marie-Joseph Lagrange - founder of Biblical School in Jerusalem - "I owe to Saint Therese the fact that I didn't become a bookworm. I owe her everything because without her, I would have shrivelled up, my mind dried up." Marthe Robin
Daniel Brottier - "In 1923, Father Brottier's superiors from the Congregation of the Holy Spirit gave him the responsibility to resume [the] great Work of the Orphan-Apprentices of Auteuil.The former military chaplain already had great devotion to the little Carmelite. At the time of his appointment in Auteuil Paris, he decided to build a chapel in honor of Therese who had just been beatified a few months earlier, so


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 that the orphans could pray to their little mama in a sanctuary worthy of her." Brian Desmond Hurst - film director
Louise de Bettignies
Vita Sackville-West, author of The Eagle and the Dove a study of Thérèse of Lisieux and Teresa of Avila - admired the "tough core of heroism" she found in the pages of Histoire d'une âme. Gwen John - "Some of her final paintings were in fact of religious subjects [including] countless (over 700) tiny ink copies after a photograph of Thérèse of Lisieux and the saint's elder sister"
Marcel Van, Servant of God, a Vietnamese Redemptorist brother. He allegedly had visions of and conversations with Thérèse. He was heavily influenced by her spirituality, and his teachings are often considered a continuation of her "Little Way." Jean Vanier – founder of l'Arche
Saint Alphonsa – First Indian Saint
Anna Schaffer – German Saint
Jack Kerouac, American author
Benedetta Bianchi Porro - Italian laywoman and mystic, whose sarcophagus in Dovadola includes a quote of Therese, writing "I am not dying, but I am entering life.", and who was read the Act of Oblation to Merciful Love on her own Dies natalis on January 23, 1964. Works

 St. Thérèse of Lisieux (1922). The Story of a Soul. Translated by Taylor, Thomas N. (1873-1963) London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1912; 8th ed., 1922)

Modern editions and English translations

See also

 Carmelite Rule of St. Albert
 Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
 List of places named after Saint Thérèse of Lisieux
 National Shrine of the Little Flower
 Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites
 St. Theresa of the Child Jesus


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 Church
 Teresa Janina Kierocińska
 Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, patron saint archive

References

Citations

Bibliography

  (Toronto, ON: Novalis } (Dublib, Ireland: Veritas Publications }

Further reading

External links

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Roman Catholic mystics
Venerated


texts: <mask> (born 30 May 1964) is an English drummer, hailing from Bebington, Cheshire (now Merseyside), England. He has been a member of the Icicle Works, the La's, the Wild Swans, World Party, the Lightning Seeds, Robbie Williams's live band, Oasis, Beady Eye and is currently in Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds. <mask>'s recording career began as a member of the Cherry Boys; he was the drummer on the band's first single, "Man to Man", released in January 1981. <mask> then left the Cherry Boys for the Icicle Works, with whom he stayed until 1988, playing on the band's first four albums. He then left that band and briefly joined the La's, drumming on their hit single "There She Goes". He left the La's shortly thereafter, and drummed on the Wild Swans' second album in 1990. <mask> subsequently joined World Party as an official member in the mid-1990s, followed by a stint in the Lightning Seeds.In 1994, he was a member of "Terry and the Lovemen", a one-off recording project that was actually the band XTC appearing on their own tribute album under a pseudonym. <mask> also played drums on Del Amitri's 1995 album Twisted, but was not an official member of that band. By 1998, <mask> was the drummer in Robbie Williams' band, a position he held for the next 8 years. <mask> joined Oasis in 2008 after previous drummer Zak Starkey left the group. <mask> did not play on the band's 2008 album, Dig Out Your Soul, but played on the subsequent tour. Noel Gallagher said in an interview for

masks:
Chris Sharrock
Career Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Chris


texts: Mojo, regarding the appointment of Oasis' new drummer, "Liam is still not happy about <mask>, because he's Robbie Williams' drummer. I went home and thought about it and it was just too much of a temptation to piss Robbie Williams and Liam off in one phone call."<mask> made his live debut with Oasis on 14 August 2008, in front of 150 Oasis fan club members. <mask> became well known to Oasis fans for his drum solo during the song "The Shock of the Lightning" which he performed several times whilst touring with Oasis during 2008 and 2009. As well, he was noted for his flamboyant tricks with his drumsticks, including twirling them during the intro to "Morning Glory" and throwing them up in the air now and again, much to the crowd's enjoyment. In an interview given during the South American tour of 2009 (posted by Noel on the Official Oasis Blog), Noel Gallagher, asked to compare the drumming prowess of <mask> and Zak Starkey, stated that they are both the same. Starkey and <mask> have an extremely similar history, very often taking over from each other; <mask> was Starkey's predecessor as the drummer for both the Icicle Works and the Lightning Seeds. After Oasis split in 2009, <mask> formed Beady Eye with former bandmates Liam Gallagher, Gem Archer, and Andy Bell. He would be featured on their two studio albums Different Gear, Still Speeding and BE.When Beady Eye disbanded, <mask> joined the touring band for Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, who were promoting the album

masks:
Chris Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Chris Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock
Sharrock


texts:
 Chasing Yesterday. Along with his former bandmate Archer, <mask> was announced as a full-time member for Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds during the 2017 recording sessions of Who Built The Moon? <mask> did not, however, appear on the album in any capacity. Associated acts
 The Cherry Boys (1980–1981)
 The Icicle Works (1981–1988)
 The La's (1988–1989)
 The Wild Swans (1990)
 World Party (1990–1997)
 The Lightning Seeds (1994–1996)
 Robbie Williams (1997–2008)
 Oasis (2008–2009)
 Beady Eye (2010–2014)
 Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds (2016–present)

Session discography

 The Icicle Works – The Icicle Works (1984)
 The Icicle Works – The Small Price of a Bicycle (1985)
 The Icicle Works – If You Want to Defeat Your Enemy Sing His Song (1987)
 The Icicle Works – Blind (1988)
 The La's – "There She Goes" (1988)
 The Wild Swans – Space Flower (1990)
 World Party – Bang! (1993)
 Terry Hall – Home (1993)
 Del Amitri – Twisted (1995)
 Spiritualized – Pure Phase (1995)
 The Lightning Seeds – Dizzy Heights (1996)
 World Party – Egyptology (1997)
 Robbie Williams – Life thru a Lens (1997)
 Terry Hall – Laugh (1997)
 Robbie Williams – I've Been Expecting You (1998)

 Robbie Williams -The Ego Has Landed (1999)
 Tom Jones – Reload (1999)
 Eurythmics – Peace (1999)
 Sack Trick – (Music From) The Mystery Rabbits (1999)
 Sack Trick – Penguins on the Moon (2000)
 Mike Badger – Double Zero (2000)
 Sinéad O'Connor – Faith and Courage (2000)
 Robbie Williams – Sing When You're

masks: Sharrock Sharrock


texts:
 Winning (2000)
 Robbie Williams – United (2000)
 Robbie Williams – Escapology (2002)
 Mick Jagger & Dave Stewart – Alfie (2004)
 Robbie Williams – Greatest Hits (2004)
 Beady Eye – Different Gear, Still Speeding (2011)
 The Justice Collective – "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (2012)
 Beady Eye – BE (2013)
 Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds –  Black Star Dancing (2019)

Drum kit
Chris used a Premier Series kit, made especially for the last Oasis tour. It includes (All in Chrome finish):

 24" x 14" Maple Shell Bass Drum
 14" x 10" Rack Tom
 16" x 16" Floor Tom
 14" x 5.5" Steel Shell Parallel Action Snare Drum. His cymbal setup on the last
Beady Eye tour was composed of Zildjian cymbals;
 21" A Sweet Ride
 14" K Mastersound Hihats
 17" A Rezo Crash
 20" A Medium Crash
In Oasis, his setup was made up of, (L-R):
 21" K Crash Ride
 19" Avedis Custom Rezo Crash (Left side)
 14" K Mastersound Hihats
 21" Avedis Sweet Ride
 21" K Crash Ride
He uses Zildjian 5A's drumsticks and Remo drumheads.Remo Clear Power Stroke 3 with White Falam Patch (Bass drum)
 Remo Coated Ambassadors (Snare, Tom and Floor Tom)

References

External links
 Beady Eye official website (archived link)

1964 births
English drummers
British male drummers
Oasis (band) members
The La's members
Living people
People from Bebington
Beady Eye members
World Party members
The Icicle Works members
The Lightning Seeds members
The Wild Swans members
Robbie Williams Band members
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds


texts:
<mask> (23 July 1912 – 8 July 1979) was an English stage, television, and film actor. He is best known for a series of films he made with Anna Neagle; he also made two films with Alfred Hitchcock, Under Capricorn (1949) and Stage Fright (1950); and even guest starred on Hitchcock’s TV show in 1963. He was also the second husband of Elizabeth Taylor, with whom he had two children. Biography

Early life
Born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, England, and educated at Christ's Hospital, <mask> left home at age 17 and trained as a commercial artist. He went to Europe when he was 20 and supported himself in Europe by doing sketches. He wanted to get into designing sets for films and approached a London film studio in 1933 looking for work. They invited him to come to work as an extra.Acting career
<mask> appeared as an extra in British films such as Bitter Sweet (1933), Heads We Go (1933), and Channel Crossing (1933). He caught the acting bug and decided to make it a career. He reportedly appeared in an Austrian film called Pastorale. He made his stage debut in The Ringer in 1934 for the Watford Repertory Company and made his London stage debut in Chase the Ace the following year. He could be spotted in the films Late Extra (1935), When Knights Were Bold (1936), and Wedding Group (1936). He was in two musicals on stage, Spread It Abroad and Home and Beauty. In 1937–38 he toured Australia and New Zealand with Fay Compton's stage company.The plays included Personal Appearance, Victoria Regina, Tonight at Eight Thirty and George and Margaret. While in Australia he filmed a prologue for Personal Appearance. Back in England

masks:
Michael Charles Gauntlet Wilding
Wilding
Wilding


texts:
 he appeared in the first Gate Revue, then followed this with another revue, Let's Face It and a pantomime, Who's Taking Liberty. He had bigger film parts in There Ain't No Justice (1939), Convoy (1940), and Tilly of Bloomsbury (1940). He had a good role in Sailors Three (1940), and Sailors Don't Care (1940). <mask> had a leading role in Spring Meeting (1941) but was back to support parts in The Farmer's Wife (1941). His films grew more prestigious: Kipps (1941), Cottage to Let (1941), Ships with Wings (1941), The Big Blockade (1941), In Which We Serve (1942), Secret Mission (1942), and Undercover (1943).He played in Quiet Weekend on stage for a year. In 1943 he performed for the troops in Gibraltar with John Gielgud. Stardom
<mask> finally became a film name with Dear Octopus (1943). He followed it with English Without Tears (1944). Collaboration with Anna Neagle
What really made him a star was appearing opposite Anna Neagle in Piccadilly Incident (1946). Director Herbert Wilcox had wanted Rex Harrison or John Mills and had only taken Wilding reluctantly. However, once he saw the rushes he signed Wilding to a long-term contract.Piccadilly Incident was the second most popular film at the British box office in 1946. After co-starring with Sally Gray in Carnival (1946), <mask> was reunited with Neagle and Wilcox in The Courtneys of Curzon Street (1947), the biggest hit at the 1947 British box office and one of the most-seen British films of all time. Alexander Korda cast him opposite Paulette Goddard in An Ideal Husband (1947), another hit, but it failed to recoup its enormous cost. <mask>, Neagle and

masks: Wilding Wilding Wilding Wilding


texts:
 Wilcox reteamed for Spring in Park Lane (1948), another outstanding hit. It led to a sequel, Maytime in Mayfair (1949), which was also enormously popular. <mask> was now one of the biggest stars in Britain—indeed he was voted as such by the readers of Kine Weekly. Director Alfred Hitchcock then cast him in two consecutive films that he produced through his own film production company Transatlantic Pictures (distributed through Warner Brothers Pictures).The first, Under Capricorn (released in 1949), in which he played opposite Ingrid Bergman and Joseph Cotten, was shot mostly in London but had final retakes and overdubs filmed in Hollywood. It was one of Hitchcock's few flops. His second film for Hitchcock was the more popular Stage Fright (released in 1950), also filmed in London, with Marlene Dietrich and Jane Wyman. Thirteen years later, in 1963, <mask> starred in an Alfred Hitchcock Hour episode titled "Last Seen Wearing Blue Jeans". Wilcox used him in a film without Neagle, Into the Blue (1950) and the public response was considerably less enthusiastic than for the films they made together. He put Anouk Aimée under personal contract and announced plans to make a movie together but none resulted. Hollywood
MGM made an offer for <mask> to appear opposite Greer Garson in The Law and the Lady (1951); the film was not a success.He returned to Britain for The Lady with a Lamp (1951), a biopic of Florence Nightingale with Neagle and Wilcox. It was popular in Britain, though less so than their earlier collaborations. So too was Derby Day (1952), the last Neagle–<mask> collaboration. Wilcox tried <mask> with

masks: Wilding Wilding Wilding Wilding Wilding


texts:
 a new star, Margaret Lockwood, in Trent's Last Case (1952), a minor hit. In 1952 British exhibitors voted him the fourth most popular star at the local box office. In May 1952 <mask> signed a long-term contract with MGM. He turned down a role in MGM's Latin Lovers and the studio put him under suspension.In Hollywood, <mask> supported Joan Crawford in MGM's Torch Song (1953). 20th Century Fox borrowed him to play a pharaoh in their big budget spectacular, The Egyptian (1954), which was a box office disappointment. At MGM he was Prince Charming to Leslie Caron's Cinderella in The Glass Slipper (1955), and Major John André in The Scarlet Coat (1956). Supporting actor
<mask> journeyed with Taylor to Africa to appear in Zarak (1956) for Warwick Films, after which his marriage to Taylor ended. He began appearing regularly on U.S. television, including the title role in the 1957 episode "The Trial of Colonel Blood" of NBC's anthology series The Joseph Cotten Show. He had some roles in Danger Within (1959), a POW movie; The World of Suzie Wong (1960); The Naked Edge (1961); The Best of Enemies (1961); and A Girl Named Tamiko (1962). Final films
His last roles included The Sweet Ride (1968) and Waterloo (1970).His last appearance in a feature was in a cameo in Lady Caroline Lamb (1972), which co-starred his last wife, Margaret Leighton. His last role was in the TV movie Frankenstein: The True Story (1973). Box-office ranking
At the peak of his career, British exhibitors voted him among the most popular stars in the country:

 1947—seventh most popular British star
 1948—fifth most popular star
 1949—second most

masks: Wilding Wilding Wilding


texts:
 popular star
 1950—sixth most popular British star
 1951—tenth most popular star
 1952 fourth most popular British star

Personal life
Wilding was married four times: to Kay Young (married 1937, divorced 1951), actress Elizabeth Taylor (married 1952, divorced 1957), Susan Nell (married 1958, divorced 1962), and actress Margaret Leighton (married 1964 until her death in 1976). He and Taylor, who was 20 years his junior, had two sons, <mask> <mask> (born 1953) and Christopher Edward <mask> (born 1955). In 1957 he had a short-lived romance with actress Marie McDonald, who was nicknamed The Body. In the 1960s he was forced to cut back on his film appearances because of illness related to his lifelong epilepsy. <mask> died on 8 July 1979 in Chichester, West Sussex, as a result of head injuries suffered from a fall down a flight of stairs during an epileptic seizure.His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered. Filmography

Television

See also

 List of British actors
 List of people educated at Christ's Hospital
 List of people from Chichester
 List of people with epilepsy

References

External links

 Photographs and literature

|-
!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| Husband of Elizabeth Taylor

1912 births
1979 deaths
20th-century English male actors
Accidental deaths in England
Deaths from epilepsy
Male actors from Essex
Male actors from Sussex
English talent agents
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
People educated at Christ's Hospital
People from Chichester
People from Leigh-on-Sea
Neurological disease deaths in England
Accidental deaths

masks:
Michael Howard
Wilding
Wilding
Death Wilding


texts:
<mask> (born April 29, 1969) is an American swimmer, model, gay pornographic film actor, and fashion designer who competed in the fourth season of American reality show Project Runway. <mask> was the first openly HIV-positive contestant in the show's history. <mask> was pre-med at the University of California, Berkeley for the first two years, following in the footsteps of his mother, who was a nurse at Seattle's Harborview Medical Center, but later graduated with a double degree in Fine Arts and Sociology. Career

Design
In 1991, <mask> moved to New York City to study Fashion Design at Parsons School of Design. After Parsons, <mask> opened a menswear store on Bleecker Street in New York City's West Village called "Jack". In 1997, <mask> went to work for Tommy Hilfiger and then designed for Levis Slates brand. From 2003 to 2007, he was the Design Director at Weatherproof Active Wear.On October 15, 2008, <mask> unveiled a custom-designed wedding gown crafted entirely of condoms as a visual reminder of the importance of safer sex and correct, consistent condom use for San Francisco's Project Inform. Modeling
As a fitness and fashion model through the 1990s, <mask> appeared in numerous magazines such as Paper, DNR, Men's Fitness, Men's Journal, Men's Health, Genre, Blue (Australia) and L'Uomo Vogue . After Project Runway, he graced the covers of many magazines including reFresh, POZ, HIVplus, and Gloss. His fashion illustrations have also been featured in Nylon, Elle, and in ad campaigns for Tommy Hilfiger and Sushi Clothing. In 2008, <mask> also he appeared as an extra in the Sex and the City movie as "Hot Guy #17." Swimming
<mask> was a competitive swimmer in elementary and high school and continued competing after college at the Masters level. <mask> has earned three All-American titles and in the summer of 2006, he set a national record for the breaststroke leg of the 4 x 50 meter relay at the Masters World Championships in

masks:
Jack Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Life Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Jack
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Jack


texts:
 Stanford, California.<mask> first competed in the Gay Games in 1990 in Vancouver, British Columbia, without a team but won a bronze medal in the 50-meter breaststroke. He has won at least one gold medal in every one of the international competitions since. His mother watched his relay team set the national record at the 2006 Gay Games. He competed in the 2009 Outgames, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the 2010 Gay Games in Cologne, Germany, where he earned seven medals. Project Runway

Early win
<mask> was solidly in the middle of the competition from the very start and never appeared in the "bottom three." The third challenge, however, allowed him to showcase his talent in developing menswear. The challenge was to create a three-piece menswear outfit for guest judge Tiki Barber.<mask> won the challenge and his winning design was then worn by Barber during an appearance on The Today Show. Withdrawal from competition
At the fifth challenge, <mask> decided to withdraw after a contagious staph infection. After leaving the show, <mask> spent five days in the hospital recovering from the infection (MRSA)  where he received an IV antibiotic twice daily. HIV activism
<mask> has been very open about his positive HIV status. Since his diagnosis on August 18, 1990, he has tried to combat the stigma of HIV by living honestly and being a role model through professional and athletic achievements. "I am most proud of the fact that I was open about my positive HIV status on the show and exemplified that a person can manage HIV and live a successful life," <mask> says. "Every time a person with HIV is open about his or her status it helps everyone who is living with the disease....I am a living testament to what you can accomplish by letting go of shame and being your own advocate." After his departure from the show, <mask> received many letters and e-mails thanking him for his openness and honesty and for being a great role model. "Living

masks: Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth Mackenroth


texts:
 Positive by Design"
In 2008, <mask> partnered with Merck & Co., Inc. to launch  a national HIV and AIDS education campaign called Living Positive By Design. Living Positive By Design events have been held in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the 2008 United States Conference on AIDS (USCA), Atlanta, Georgia and in New York City at the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) Fashion Forward 2008 fundraiser. HIV
<mask> was the first spokesperson for the anti-stigma campaign HIV Equal. The hope being that people will finally stop  using the term HIV in a derogatory manner and stop discriminating against people with HIV. He has also served as the media  strategist at Housing Works - a non-profit in New York, which fights the dual crisis of homelessness and HIV/AIDS where he created the Prep Heroes Campaign prepheroes.org.He was a spokesman for the Merck Pharmaceuticals HIV Education Campaign, "Living Positive by Design" for four years. In January 2016, he was named Wet Platinum Man of the Year for 2015. Most recently he created the "HIV Shower Selfie Challenge" media campaign which went viral and achieved over 26 million impressions in one week using the hashtag #weareallclean. The campaign was translated into eight languages and covered in over one hundred media outlets. Pornography
In early 2018, <mask> began doing pornography though his OnlyFans page, after gaining 100,000 Instagram followers, stating, "Officially, I'm a porn star now, whatever the fuck that means." References

External links

 <mask> Interview

1969 births
Living people
Fashion designers from Seattle
LGBT people from Washington (state)
American fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
Project Runway (American series) participants
Male models from Washington (state)
Gay models
American male swimmers
People with HIV/AIDS
American actors in gay pornographic films
Gay sportsmen
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
LGBT swimmers
Gay pornographic film actors
OnlyFans

masks:
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Mackenroth
Jack Mackenroth


texts:
<mask><mask>" <mask> (born 12 November 1967) is a Welsh musician, and lead singer and guitarist of the rock band Feeder. Early years
<mask> was born in Newport, South Wales, but grew up in Pwllmeyric, near Chepstow. He was educated at Monmouth School. He performed in public for the first time at the age of 11 at school, and gained four O-levels (the predecessor to GCSEs), including an A grade in Art. In school, <mask> played the trumpet, and joined his first band, Sweet Leaf (named after a song by Black Sabbath, who were his favourite band in his school years, and the first he saw play live, at the Colston Hall in Bristol). He was promised his first guitar by his parents, as an incentive to pass his exams. He received the guitar, an Aron Les Paul copy after passing them.<mask> says he didn't like the "cattle market" aspects of school and didn't work hard. His favourite bands at school included heavy metal bands such as Judas Priest and Black Sabbath. Guitars
<mask>' "signature guitar" is a 1967 Sunburst Fender Jazzmaster. In addition to this, he also owns a 1964 Silver Jazzmaster (often tuned differently when used live) and another Sunburst 59 Jazzmaster. He is using Fender Telecasters more and more and has a 73 Sunburst Fender Telecaster a 63 Black Telecaster and a Blue Standard Telecaster. His other guitars include a Cherry Red Gibson SG, a Fender Bellmaster, a Green Custom Jazzbird, a Green Jazzmaster (which he destroyed at Feeder's headline set at Download 2005 and later said he regretted it, but still has the neck to make a new guitar with), a Gibson Firebird,a custom ESP "Gibstang", a Sunburst Gibson J-200 Acoustic and a natural finish Yamaha acoustic (for recording). He uses a variety of different pedals and effects to produce the distinctive Feeder sound.His main amplifiers are: Vox AC30s, Fender

masks:
Grantley Jonathan "
Grant
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Grant
Nicholas


texts:
 Twins, Boogie and Marshall + Marshall and Orange Speaker Cabinets. Formative years
After leaving school <mask> worked as a bike courier in London. It was while in London that <mask> learnt how to be a songwriter. When he was 19, he joined a progressive rock band called Multi-Story as their singer. He released one album with the band called Through Your Eyes and they disbanded soon after. The album was not given any backing by FM Records, due to internal problems during and after recording. Original singer Paul Ford left, leading to <mask> being recruited from local band Silent Partner: the latter re-recorded the previously laid-down vocals, while re-writing some lyrics to suit his style.It was the band's second and final album. After Multi-Story broke up, <mask> joined Welsh nine-piece Temper Temper, where he met future Feeder drummer, Jon Lee. During these years. <mask> found influence in alternative rock bands such as Nirvana, the Eels, Dinosaur Jr and Foo Fighters. He also enjoys movies such as Angel Heart and Taxi Driver. Feeder
The band were formed whilst <mask> was a producer, before moving to London to gain more experience. He had already met Jon Lee in Newport who moved down afterwards.They formed an electric/acoustic rock band named Raindancer, who despite winning a TV slot never gained a record deal. This saw bassist John Canham part ways with the band, before Simon Blight followed soon after when they reformed as Hum, which was changed to Reel, before then changing their name once again to Real in 1994 with their final name of Feeder being decided on that same year. A series of Reel recordings surfaced on eBay in early 2006. The band signed to The Echo Label in November of that year still under the name of Real,  when this was changed to Feeder shortly afterwards, with London-based graphic

masks: Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas Nicholas


texts: designer Taka Hirose taking over bass duties in 1995. A year later in 1996, their debut single proper "Stereo World" reached number 128 in the UK charts during October 1996, while the second single "Tangerine" reached number 60. The first full-length album, Polythene, was released in May 1997. Produced by Chris Sheldon, it charted at number 65 in the UK and was certified Silver for sales over 60,000 copies in 2003 when the band had already broken through (then upgraded to Gold status for 100,000 copies in 2017).Metal Hammer magazine included it in its Top 20 Albums of 1997 list at number 1. The follow-up album, Yesterday Went Too Soon, was produced by <mask>. Released in August 1999, the album was a much quicker commercial success than its predecessor (entering the UK album chart at number 8 and certified Silver in 2001, with this being upgraded to Gold in 2003). The title track was the band's first UK Top 20 hit. Two years later, the band released their third and also breakthrough album, Echo Park. Produced by Gil Norton (Foo Fighters, Pixies, Echo and the Bunnymen and James), the album peaked at number 5 in the UK and was also certified Gold, but in its release year, before going Platinum in 2003. It contained their first Top 10 single "Buck Rogers".In 2002, drummer Jon Lee took his own life, which saw the band keep out of the public eye, until their fourth album Comfort in Sound was nearing its completion. The first play of its lead single "Come Back Around" on the Radio 1 The Evening Session show, was the first time since Jon's death that the band made any public appearance and released new material, while a few days before this <mask> was interviewed on the station, in which he spoke of their first shows without Jon. The single charted at No. 14, while the follow-up "Just the Way I'm Feeling" made the

masks: Nicholas Grant


texts:
 Top 10, both singles appeared on Comfort in Sound, also produced by Norton, which although charting one place lower than Echo Park, became their first Platinum seller. The album featured Mark Richardson of Skunk Anansie on drums, before he parted company with Feeder in 2009, to return to a reformed Skunk Anansie. Follow-up Pushing the Senses in 2005 (also produced by Norton) was not as successful, although it did not go Platinum, it still went Gold and charted at number 2 while also containing their third Top 10 and second top five single "Tumble and Fall", and the more notable "Feeling a Moment". 2006 saw their singles compilation, also chart at number 2 and achieve Platinum status.To date this is the last Feeder album to go Top 5 or be certified, although their next four albums Silent Cry, Renegades, Generation Freakshow and All Bright Electric all charted in the Top 20. All of these were produced by <mask>, although Chris Sheldon also produced Generation Freakshow. After 25 years since forming, Feeder were inducted into the Kerrang! Radio Hall of Fame on the 9 August 2019, for "Distinguished Services to Rock". Solo career
In early 2014, <mask> announced that he was recording a solo album. The song "Soul Mates" premiered on the Dermot O'Leary show on Radio 2 on Saturday May 31. The same track was made available for a limited time as a free download.His debut solo album Yorktown Heights was released on 11 August 2014, via Popping Candy, although in Japan it was released a few months earlier on Victor. Yorktown Heights was produced, written and played by <mask> in his North London Treehouse Studio, The Crypt (London) and Angelic Studios in Banbury. Help at the controls came from Sam Miller & Brian Sperber at his Ansons Pocket Studio in Yorktown Heights, upstate New York. The idea to record a solo album,

masks:
Nicholas
Grant Nicholas
Grant


texts:
 came about after Feeder's gig at the Brixton Academy in late 2012. During this time <mask> decided after 20 years without any time off, give Feeder a break for a short time while deciding to use the time to record and promote a solo album. After shows in July and June 2014 at The Slaughtered Lamb and Sebright Arms in London, Yorktown Heights charted at #29 on the UK album charts, which was seen as a success due to a lack of promotion from mainstream and alternative radio, while reviews mainly came from lesser known sources. After the release of the album, <mask> continued to tour and played the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan along the way.After ending 2014 with a show at the Islington Assembly Hall, <mask> announced that due to the success of the album and supporting tour, alongside how much he's enjoyed the experience, more solo shows were announced for 2015. After the 2015 tour, a mini-album titled Black Clouds was released before the "Everyday Society" single was released for Record Store Day, bringing <mask>'s solo career to a close. Feeder later resumed activity with their 2016 album All Bright Electric, and the 2017 compilation album The Best of Feeder which included new material on the bonus album Arrow. Both albums featured tracks originally intended for the solo album, but were re-recorded for Feeder ("Slint" and "Veins", which maintains the original vocal track). Some have yet to see the light of day, being "Rats" and "The Wall's Around Us". <mask> would later close down Popping Candy and Big Teeth Music, before closing down his solo career website and Twitter handle. Personal life
<mask> has a Japanese wife named Kana.They had their first child, a girl named Hanna Sky, in 2005 and their second child, a boy named Ko Marley, in 2007. They live together in Crouch End, London. He is also follower of

masks: Grant Grant Grant Grant Grant Nicholas


texts:
 football and supports Arsenal F.C. although he also once admitted he does not follow the sport as much as his bandmates. He does, however, consider himself an "old school" gamer. Other work
<mask> remixed the track "Ya Don't See The Signs" by the now defunct rap group Mark B and Blade, who had released the original version as their first single. <mask> gave the rap track a rock guitar backing different from the original's hip hop sound.This was added as an extra track to their 2000 album, The Unknown. This version came to the fore when used for the opening credits of Sky Sports Saturday Morning show, Soccer AM. In 2001 the new version, subtitled the "<mask> Remix", was released as a single and reached No. 23 in the United Kingdom. <mask> spent the last few weeks of 2006 co-producing rock band EnjoyDestroy's debut album with Brian Sperber, who later split. <mask> was featured on an episode of Never Mind the Buzzcocks in 2008, his second appearance on the show after making his debut in 1999. In 2003 <mask> sang on "Broken", a Junkie XL song from his album Radio JXL: A Broadcast from the Computer Hell Cabin.Popular culture
In a Christmas special of the UK gameshow Pointless Celebrities, which was broadcast on 21 December 2013, <mask> was a "Pointless answer" in a Band Aid 20 round. In which contestants had to identify from the official photo, participants on the recording. <mask> appeared in an episode of Salvage Hunters: Classic Cars. The programme's hosts renovated a Fiat 130 car in the hope of selling to classic car enthusiasts. Amongst a gathering of interested buyers, <mask> can be seen as one of the crowd. References

External links

1967 births
Living people
People from Newport, Wales
Welsh male singers
Welsh songwriters
Lead guitarists
Feeder members
People educated at Monmouth School
British male

masks:
Nicholas
Nicholas
Grant Nicholas
Nicholas
Grant Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas
Nicholas