texts: houses. In 1929, Lautner enrolled in the Liberal Arts program at his father's college – now renamed Northern State Teachers College – where he studied philosophy, ethics, physics, literature, drafting, art and architectural history, read the work of Immanuel Kant and Henri Bergson, played woodwinds and piano, and developed an interest in jazz. He furthered his studies in Boston, Massachusetts and New York City.In 1933, Lautner graduated with a degree in Liberal Arts. In April 1933, after reading the autobiography of Frank Lloyd Wright, Vida <mask> approached the architect, who had recently launched his apprenticeship program at Taliesin. Lautner was quickly admitted to the Taliesin Fellowship, but he had recently become engaged to a neighbor, Mary Faustina ("MaryBud") Roberts and could not afford the fees, so Vida approached MaryBud's mother, who agreed to pay for the couple to join the program. <mask> soon realized that he had little interest in formal drafting and avoided the Taliesin drafting room, preferring daily duties of "carpenter, plumber, farmer, cook and dishwasher, that is an apprentice, which I still believe is the real way to learn". From 1933 to 1939, he worked and studied under Wright at the studios in Wisconsin and Arizona. Lautner progressed rapidly under Wright's mentorship. By 1934, – the year he and MaryBud married, he was preparing design details for a Wright house in Los Angeles for Alice Millard, working on the Playhouse and Studios at Taliesin, and he had the first of many articles (under the masthead "At Taliesin") published in the Wisconsin State Journal and Capital Times.The following year, he was assigned to what became a two-year project supervising

masks: Lautner John


type: original

texts: a Wright-designed house in Marquette for MaryBud's mother. In 1937, he agreed to oversee the construction of the <mask> residence "Wingspread" (his personal favorite among the Wright projects he worked on) near Racine, Wisconsin and traveled with Wright to supervise photography of the Malcolm Willey House in Minneapolis, Minnesota, which became a key source for his own small houses. He was also deeply involved in the construction of the Drafting Room at Taliesin West – which influenced the design of his Mauer House (1946) – collated photographs of Wright's work for a 1938 special issue of Architectural Forum and later briefly returned to Taliesin to help assemble models and materials for a 1940 Museum of Modern Art exhibition. Lautner left the Fellowship in early 1938 (primarily because MaryBud was pregnant) to establish his own architecture practice in Los Angeles, but he told his mentor that, while seeking an independent career, he remained "ready to do anything you or your Fellowship need". They worked together on around eleven Los Angeles projects over the next five years and their association continued sporadically. The Lautners arrived in Los Angeles in March 1938 and their first child Karol was born in May. Lautner's first independent project was a low-cost $2500 one-bedroom frame house for the Springer family, built with his contractor friend Paul Speer, but this was to be the only product of their brief collaboration.In September 1938, Wright contacted him and this led to <mask>'s supervision of a series of Los Angeles domestic projects, the Sturges, Green, Lowe, Bell and Mauer houses. His first significant solo project was his own Los Angeles home, the Lautner House

masks: Johnson Lautner


texts: (1939), which helped to establish his name – it was the subject of Lautner's first article on his own work, published in the June–July edition of California Arts & Architecture, and it was featured in Home Beautiful where it was lauded by Henry-Russell Hitchcock as "the best house in the United States by an architect under thirty". During this period, Lautner worked with Wright on the designs of the Sturges House in Brentwood Heights, California and on the unbuilt Jester House. Lautner supervised the building of the Sturges House for Wright, but during construction he ran into serious design, cost and construction problems which climaxed with the threat of legal action by the owners, forcing Wright to bring in students from Taliesin to complete repairs. In the meantime, the Bell and Green projects had both stalled due to rising costs. The Greens canceled, but Wright gave the Bell commission to Lautner. He was also engaged to supervise the Mauer house when the Mauers dismissed Wright for failing to deliver the working drawings in time.Although the Mauer House was not finished for another five years, the Bell House was quickly completed and it consolidated the earlier success of the Lautner House, earning him wide praise and recognition – the University of Chicago solicited plans and drawings for use as a teaching tool, and it was featured in numerous publications over the next few years including the Los Angeles Times, a three-page spread in the June 1942 issue of Arts and Architecture, the May 1944 issue House and Garden (which declared it "the model house for California living"), a California Designs feature centering on the Bell and Mauer houses, Architectural Forum, and The


texts: Californian. During 1941, <mask> was again brought in to oversee two more Wright projects that had run into trouble: the redesign of the Ennis House and an ill-fated project for a lavish Malibu residence ("Eaglefeather") for filmmaker Arch Oboler. This was beset by many problems (including the tragic drowning of Oboler's son in a water-filled excavation). A Lautner-designed retreat for Oboler's wife was eventually built. During 1942, he designed a caretaker's cottage for the Astor Farm (since demolished) and in 1943, he joined the Structon Company, where he worked on wartime military construction and engineering projects in California, giving him valuable exposure to current developments in construction technology. This also marked the end of his professional association with Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1944, <mask> pursued joint ventures with architects Samuel Reisbord and Whitney R. Smith before becoming a design associate in the practice of Douglas Honnold.He collaborated with Honnold on several projects including Coffee Dan's restaurants on Vine St., Hollywood, and on Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, and a remodel of the Beverly Hills Athletic Club (since demolished) as well as two solo projects, the Mauer House and the Eisele Guest House. Another significant landmark this year was the article "Three Western Homes" in the March edition of House & Garden, which included floor plans of the Bell Residence and four (uncredited) photos of the house by Julius Shulman. These photos marked the start of a lifelong association between architect and photographer; over the next fifty years Shulman logged some 75 assignments on various Lautner projects (for Lautner and other clients) and his

masks: Lautner Lautner


texts: photos of Lautner's architecture have appeared in at least 275 articles. Lautner left the Honnold practice in 1947, primarily because he had begun a relationship with Honnold's wife Elizabeth Gilman (although the two men reportedly remained friends). He separated from MaryBud (they divorced later that year) and moved into the Honnold residence at 1818 El Cerrito Place, where he established his own design office. He embarked on a string of significant design projects including the Carling Residence, the Desert Hot Springs Motel, the Gantvoort Residence and Henry's Restaurant in Glendale. Lautner soon established a high media profile and throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s his work featured regularly in both popular and professional publications, including Architectural Record, Arts & Architecture, House & Garden, Ladies' Home Journal and the Los Angeles Times.<mask> and Gilman married in 1948 and MaryBud returned to Marquette with their four children, daughters Karol (1938-2015), Mary Beecher (b. 1944), Judith Munroe (b. 1946) and son <mask> (1942–2005). Lautner's output that year included the Tower Motors Lincoln-Mercury Showroom in Glendale and the Sheats "L'Horizon" Apartments, but most of the other designs dating from that year were domestic commissions that were never built. There were more important commissions in 1949–1950 including the Dahlstrom Residence, Googie's Coffee House and the UPA Studios in Burbank. During 1950, he was part of a group exhibition of sixteen California architects at Scripps College in Claremont, California, and in 1951 his work was included in Harris and Bonenberg's influential guidebook A Guide to Contemporary Architecture in Southern

masks:
Lautner
Michael John


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 California (Watling, 1951). <mask> obtained his architectural license in 1952 and in February, House and Home published the genre-defining Douglas Haskell article "Googie Architecture", which included two Shulman photographs of the Los Angeles restaurant accompanied by an article on the Foster and Carling houses and L'Horizon apartments.From the late 1940s until his death, <mask> worked primarily on designing domestic residences. His early work was on a relatively modest scale but in later years, as his reputation grew and his client base became more affluent, his design projects became increasingly grand, culminating in the palatial  Arango residence in Acapulco, Mexico. This project, along with his appointment as Olympic Architect for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, were among the highlights of his later career. After many years of chronic illness, <mask> died in 1978; in 1982 Lautner married her caretaker, Francesca. Lautner's last years were also marred by declining health and loss of mobility. Decades after his death, Lautner's work  experienced a significant critical reappraisal with the 1999 publication of Alan Hess and Alan Weintraub's The Architecture of <mask>ner (Rizzoli), and a 2008 exhibit at the Hammer Museum curated by architect Frank Escher and architectural historian Nicholas Olsberg. In 2009, Lautner was the subject of a documentary feature film directed by Murray Grigor, Infinite Space: The Architecture of <mask>ner.Architecture and influence
Lautner designed over 200 architectural projects during his career, but many designs for larger buildings were never realised. In the architectural press, his extant body of work has been dominated by his

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Lautner
Lautner
Elizabeth Lautner
John Laut
John Laut


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 domestic commissions; although he designed numerous commercial buildings including Googie's, Coffee Dan's and Henry's restaurants, the Beachwood Market, Desert Hot Springs Motel, and the Lincoln Mercury Showroom in Glendale; several of these buildings have since been demolished. With a handful of exceptions (e.g. the Arango Residence in Acapulco, the Turner House in Aspen, Colorado, the Harpel House #2 in Anchorage, Alaska, the Ernest Lautner house in Pensacola, Florida) nearly all of Lautner's extant buildings are in California, mostly in and around Los Angeles. His distinctive application of the principles of Organic Architecture was, of course, profoundly influenced by his apprenticeship under Frank Lloyd Wright. Speaking of his time at Taliesin, he recalled:

Throughout his life Lautner was a passionate admirer of his mentor (to whom he typically referred as "Mr. Wright") and he remained a dedicated practitioner of Organic Architecture. His oral history interviews reveal that he had little regard for the International Style and its leading architects:

Nevertheless, even during the time he worked under Wright, Lautner sought to establish his own individual and distinctive style:

Although his earlier works not surprisingly displayed some of the influence of his mentor, <mask> gradually developed his own style and consciously avoided anything that could be classified as "Wright-influenced".An exception among his later commissions to this was the Wolff House in West Hollywood (1963) which was often cited by his critics as a "Wrightian" building, much to his chagrin, but as he explained in 1986:

As <mask> explained,The main thing Wright stressed was to have a total idea. If


texts: you didn't have a total idea, you didn't have anything. All you had was an assembly of cliches. I never used any of his forms, never copied anything. He was against that.Lautner's approach to architecture embodied many of Wright's philosophies and preoccupations, above all, the notion of a building as a "total concept". Like Wright, his work also shows a strong preoccupation with essential geometric forms – the circle and the triangle are dominant motifs in both his overall designs and his detailing – and his houses are similarly rooted in the idea of integrating the house into its location and creating an organic flow between indoor and outdoor spaces, although Lautner's work arguably took the latter concept to even greater heights. Another point of similarity is that, like Wright, many of Lautner's houses were sited in elevated locations or "difficult" sites – hillsides or seashores – and were expressly designed to take full advantage of the vistas these sites offered; he also followed Wright's dictum of building on a slope rather than on the very top of a hill.Lautner's work is especially significant for its radical expansion of both the technical and spatial vocabulary of domestic architecture. He achieved this through his use of the latest building technologies and materials, e.g., his pioneering use of glue-laminated plywood beams, steel beams and sheeting, and especially his ongoing exploration of the architectural possibilities of reinforced and prestressed concrete – and through his use of non-linear, open-plan and multi-level layouts, shaped and folded concrete forms, skylights and light-wells and panoramic expanses of plate glass. Another key characteristic of


texts:
 Lautner's architecture is his heterogeneous approach, not only in his overall concepts – each Lautner building is a unique design solution – but also in his use of materials, as Jean-Louis Cohen notes in his essay "<mask>tner's Luxuriant Tectonics":

It is ironic that, although famous Lautner works like the Carling and Harpel houses, the Chemosphere and the Sheats Goldstein Residence have become inextricably linked with Los Angeles in the public imagination, Lautner repeatedly expressed his dislike of California. In his oral history interviews he was highly critical of the standard of architecture in Los Angeles, and idealised the rural Michigan environment of his youth, as he recalled in 1986:

Major works
Lautner Residence
In 1939, Lautner had just finished working with Frank Lloyd Wright and was trying to establish himself. He set out to build his first house on 25 feet of filled hillside in the Silver Lake area. The 1,200 square-foot house has three levels, which descend according to the contour of the hillside. The patio is the top level; next, the kitchen and dining area; at the bottom of the house is the living room.The house has a ceiling of redwood plywood, kitchen counters of mahogany, and walls and floors of bagac, an African wood. Lautner lived there for only two years and never built another for himself. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. Foster Carling House
One of Lautner's most significant early works, this house embodies many of his central design concerns and includes key features that he would continue to explore and develop throughout his career. It was also important as the project that united him with builder <mask>

masks:
John Lau
John de


texts:
 la Vaux. Fortuitously, the pair met through their wives, who knew each other socially – at the time, Lautner was having trouble finding contractors to work on his houses, and de la Vaux, a boat builder, was keen to move into housing construction. At his wife's suggestion, de la Vaux approached <mask> and offered to build the Carling House, and they sealed the deal with a handshake.As de La Vaux recounted in the 2009 Lautner documentary, the project was briefly halted by a rare snowstorm that dumped more than six inches of snow on the Hollywood area. Lautner's design incorporates many innovative features: He used external steel cantilever beams to support the roof of the hexagonal main living area, creating a completely open space, free of any internal columns. This design, and the house's hillside situation, combine to afford 360-degree views across Los Angeles. Another striking feature is the movable wall-seat – one entire wall section of the living area, with a built-in couch, is hinged on one side and supported by a caster on the other, allowing the entire structure to swing out, opening the room out to the adjoining terrace. This is an idea he revisited with the Turner Residence in Aspen. There is also a swimming pool that partly intrudes into the living area under a sheet of plate glass, a feature that he revisited to even greater effect in the Elrod House. The Carling House has become one of Lautner's most celebrated designs and marked the beginning of his fruitful collaboration with de la Vaux, which lasted through seven major projects, including the famous "Chemosphere".Googie
Although best known for his residential commissions, <mask> was also an important contributor


texts: to the commercial genre known as Googie architecture. Alan Hess, author of Googie Redux: Ultramodern Roadside Architecture records Lautner's contributions to a new car-oriented architecture developing in Southern California by architects such as Lloyd Wright and Wayne McAllister from the 1920s on; <mask>'s Coffee Dan's, Henry's, and Googie's defined an architectural approach to scale, signage, and commercial interior spaces. The term "Googie architecture" was coined in 1952 by "House and Home" editor Douglas Haskell after he spotted the Lautner-designed Googie's Coffee Shop while driving through Hollywood with architectural photographer Julius Shulman. Haskell used the term in a February 1952 House and Home magazine article on the new design style and it stuck, although it soon came to be used as a derogatory term in "serious" architectural circles. <mask> first defined an architectural solution to the scale, function, and public space of car-oriented suburban architecture in his remodel of Henry's Restaurant in Glendale in 1947. Googie's Coffee Shop, designed in 1949, stood at the corner of Sunset Strip and Crescent Heights, next to the famous Schwab's Pharmacy; regrettably, it was demolished in 1989. It was distinctive for its expansive glass walls, arresting angular form, prominent roofline, and exuberant signage oriented to car traffic: an advertisement for itself.Another key Lautner work in the Googie genre was Henry's Restaurant (1957) in Pomona; its vaulted roof, resembling an inverted boat hull, arched over the interior booths and the large exposed beams (made from glue-laminated timber) carried through to the exterior, where they supported a slatted awning that shaded


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 the drive-in area. Other architects spread the Modern aesthetic of the coffee shop/drive-in in such as Tiny Naylor's (Lautner employer Douglas Honnold), Ship's (Martin Stern, Jr.), and Norm's and Clock's (Armet and Davis.) Googie became part of the American postwar Zeitgeist, but was ridiculed by the established architectural community of the 1950s as superficial and vulgar. "Googie was used as a synonym for undisciplined design and sloppy workmanship," reported historian Esther McCody. Not until Robert Venturi's 1972 book "Learning from Las Vegas" did the architectural mainstream even come close to validating Lautner's logic. The style was denigrated by East Coast critics and Lautner's reputation suffered; as a result he became wary of talking to the press and it is notable that his 1986 UCLA oral history interviews include no references at all to these early projects. Harpel Residence ()
This elegant hillside house was designed and sited to take advantage of the panoramic views of Los Angeles.Unfortunately, it was extensively altered by later owners, including an unsympathetic second-story addition and the planting of a large hedge beside the pool, which completely obscured the views it was meant to frame, but it was faithfully restored in 2014 by the present owner, Marc Haddawy, at a cost of over US$500,000. The Chemosphere ()

<mask>'s reputation was considerably restored by his groundbreaking design for the Leonard J. Malin Residence, also known as the "Chemosphere" (1960), which has become one of his best-known and most influential creations. Located at 776 Torreyson Drive, Los Angeles, the house was designed for young aerospace engineer Leonard Malin in 1960 and built by


texts:
 <mask> la Vaux. The steep hillside site had been given to Malin by his father-in-law, but was considered impossible to build on until Lautner devised his design:

Lautner ingeniously solved the problem of the 45-degree slope by siting the entire house off the ground atop a 50-foot (15 m) concrete pillar that rests on a massive concrete pad 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter and 3 feet (0.91 m) thick, buried into the rocky hillside. Halfway up the pillar, eight angled steel "spokes" – bolted onto bosses formed onto the surface of the column – splay out and up, supporting and stabilizing the outer rim of the house, and the center of the pillar also houses the utility cables and pipes. Lautner provided access from the driveway up the steep hillside by installing a funicular, which terminates at a short sloping gangway that leads up to the entrance. The house is octagonal in plan and lozenge-shape in section, and is often described as a "flying saucer".Since there are effectively no solid external walls – the entire outer "face" of the house is eight large picture windows – the Chemosphere enjoys a panoramic view over the San Fernando Valley. The massive, radiating glued laminated timber roof bearers and crossbeams, which echo the keel and ribs of a ship hull, were built by de la Vaux using the same type of mortise joints he had used in his boat building. Construction of the highly unusual project saw the initial $30,000 budget blow out to over $100,000, but fortunately, Malin and Lautner were able to cover the shortfall by obtaining corporate sponsorship, including funding from the Southern California Gas Company and support from the Chemseal Corporation of America, who provided sealants,


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 plastics and other materials, in return for use of the house for promotions and the right to name the house the "Chemosphere" for advertising purposes. After passing through a succession of owners, the building was rented out and occasionally used as a party venue and by the 1990s the interior was considerably degraded. German publisher Benedikt Taschen purchased the house in 2000 and restored it in collaboration with architects Frank Escher and Ravi Gunewardena, earning them an award from the Los Angeles Conservancy. The Chemosphere is now a Los Angeles landmark and in 2008 a panel of experts commissioned by the Los Angeles Times rated the Chemosphere as one of the "Top 10 houses of all time in L.A.". It is one of the most unusual and distinctive houses in the Los Angeles area and its unique design has led to it being featured or referenced in many media productions.Reiner Residence ("Silvertop") ()

As his career developed. <mask> increasingly explored the use of concrete and he designed a number of homes for his more affluent clients that featured major structural elements fabricated from reinforced concrete. A commission by industrialist Kenneth Reiner, the 4,721 square feet Reiner-Burchill Residence, "Silvertop" (1956–76), was his first major exploration of the sculptural possibilities of monolithic concrete as it was designed to follow the exact contour of its hilltop site. The home sits on 1.26 acres on the crest of a hill and is reached by a cantilevered concrete driveway that wraps around a circular guesthouse. It features a large arching concrete roof over the main house's living room. The curving living-room window wall is made of five hanging glass panels. The


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 infinity-edge swimming pool was one of the first of its kind.The project had a long and difficult gestation – while it was still being built, original owner Kenneth Reiner (with whom Lautner collaborated closely) was bankrupted by the fraudulent dealings of his business partners and was forced to sell the house. Lautner also faced opposition from the Los Angeles building certification authorities, who were dismayed by the radical design of the post-stressed concrete ramp, which cantilevers out from the base of the house without any columns supporting it from beneath, and is only four inches thick. Not surprisingly, the Los Angeles building inspector demanded a static load test to prove that it could take the weight of a car – a standoff that mirrored Lautner and Wright's earlier contretemps with skeptical building authorities who demanded load tests on Wright's famous "lotus pad" columns for the Johnson Wax Building. In the event, Lautner's load calculations proved flawless and in fact the instruments recorded more deflection in the concrete from the change in temperature when the sun went down than they did from the weight of the sandbags loaded onto the ramp to test it. The project then sat unfinished for some time. When it became available through bankruptcy in 1974, Philip and Jacklyn Burchill bought the home. They worked with Lautner to complete the home and moved there in 1976.Garcia House

Designed for Russ & Gina Garcia, construction began in 1960 and was completed in 1962. Russ Garcia was a composer of music for the Walt Disney Co and worked with such talent as Julie London. Originally slated to have an entirely concrete roof, the City of Los Angeles was too unfamiliar


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 with Lautner's far-out designs and would not issue a construction permit for anything other than wood glulam beams. A modest structure, <mask>'s design incorporated the steep slope of the lot located off Mulholland Drive. The Garcia House achieved notoriety when it was featured in the film Lethal Weapon 2 starring Mel Gibson & Danny Glover. A full-scale model of the house was built in Simi Valley to film the scene where Gibson's character famously pulls the entire house down the hill with his pickup truck. A realtor renamed it the "Rainbow House" in the '70s, mainly for the colored panes of glass in the living room, and the arched roofline, to help market the house for sale.The residence had multiple owners between the Garcias and its current owners, Bill Damaschke, an Oscar-nominated movie executive and Broadway producer, and <mask>, an entertainment business manager, who purchased the home in 2002 from actor Vincent Gallo. The two architecture aficionados embarked on an extensive restoration of the iconic structure, hiring renovation specialists Marmol Radziner for the design/build, Darren Brown for the interiors and Marcello Villano on landscape. Elrod Residence ()

Arguably the most widely seen of Lautner's works, the Elrod House for Arthur Elrod (1968) became famous through its use as a location in the Bond film Diamonds Are Forever. Situated on a commanding hillside in the desert outside Palm Springs, California, its best-known feature is the large circular "sunburst" concrete canopy which appears to float above the main living area; this area also incorporates a large natural rock outcrop at the edge of the room, creating the impression that the fabric of the building is

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John McIlwee


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 fused with the rock. The canopy is fitted with curved glass-and-aluminium sliding doors that allow the space to be completely opened around half its circumference, opening out to a semi-circular swimming pool and a broad terrace. The prime hilltop site offers sweeping views of the surrounding desert. Desert Hot Springs Motel (now known as Hotel Lautner) ()

Originally designed in 1947 as a planned community of over 100 buildings, storefronts and pools on 600 acres at Desert Hot Springs in the Coachella Valley, near Palm Springs, California.Lautner's client was movie director Lucien Hubbard, the winner of the very first "Best Picture" Oscar for the silent movie Wings. After building the first four-unit prototype and pool, the project came to a halt and was subsequently used for Hubbard's stars and starlets as a getaway from Los Angeles; it gradually fell into disuse and sat vacant for almost 20 years. After Hubbard's death in 1972, the 600 acres were subdivided and sold off; the pool property burnt down and was bought by the neighboring golf course to be rebuilt in a different design as their clubhouse. The prototype units were purchased by a buyer from San Diego, but sat empty for another nine years until an interior designer renovated them and put in kitchens and baths, although at some point the kitchens and baths were destroyed and removed. This owner kept the property for almost twenty years until the year 2000, renting out the rooms as apartments. It was then sold to Steve Lowe, who briefly ran it as the Lautner Motel. After Lowe died in 2005 the property went through the courts as was finally put back on the market in late 2006, when designers Ryan Trowbridge and Tracy


texts:
 Beckmann purchased it in 2007 for less than $400,000.The couple spent the next three-and-a-half years renovating and restoring the property. Their efforts won the approval of the Lautner Foundation, who sanctioned its renaming as the Hotel Lautner, in honor of its designer. The hotel re-opened for business in September 2011. Hope Residence ()
The . Dolores and Bob Hope Residence (1973), situated close to the Elrod Residence in Palm Springs, features a massive undulating triangular roof, pierced by a large circular central light shaft. The original uncompleted house was destroyed by a fire started by a welder's torch during construction. Bob and Dolores Hope interfered extensively in the second design, with the result that Lautner eventually distanced himself from the project.Although not well known and rarely available for public viewing (it is located within a private, gated community) it is one of the largest and most visually striking of Lautner's domestic designs. In February 2013, the property was put on the market for $50 million; but finally sold for $13 million in 2016. Arango Residence ("Marbrisa") ()
Arguably the pinnacle of Lautner's career, the vast (25,000 sq ft) "Marbrisa" in Acapulco was built for Mexican supermarket magnate Jeronimo Arango in 1973 and was jointly designed by Lautner and Helena Arahuete during her first year with the firm. Perched on a hilltop site, with uninterrupted views across the whole of Acapulco Bay, the main living quarters are surmounted by a large open terrace with spectacular views of the beach and bay, encircled by a "sky moat" which snakes around its edge; the terrace is itself topped by a huge, sweeping semi-circular angled awning


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 made of cast, reinforced concrete. Crippled Children's Society, Rancho del Valle rehabilitation center
Lautner designed the 11,200-square-foot Rancho del Valle rehabilitation center in 1979. In 2014, Santa Rosa-based Oakmont Senior Living offered to acquire the Winnetka Avenue site and to replace the Lautner building with a two-story, 84,978-square-foot facility better suited for eldercare. The Los Angeles Conservancy sought to save the building.Cultural impact
Several of Lautner's houses are now designated as Los Angeles Cultural-Historical Monuments. In entertainment
His dramatic and photogenic spaces have been frequently used as film, TV and photography locations, and they have also influenced film production and set design:
 the Elrod Residence was the location for the sequence in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever in which Bond battles female assassins "Bambi" and "Thumper"
 the Chemosphere has been used several times as a film or TV location, including The Outer Limits (1964) and Brian De Palma's Body Double (1984). The design is also directly referenced in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and the film Charlie's Angels and it was parodied (as Troy McClure's house) in an episode of The Simpsons. It also has influenced the design of the space-age stilt houses in the animated sitcom The Jetsons, which premiered two years after the house was built, and it closely resembles the design of the "Jupiter II" spacecraft in the sci-fi series Lost In Space. An exact copy of the Chemosphere interior is used as the set for Current TV
 the Reiner-Burchill Residence ("Silvertop") in Silver Lake has been featured in Less Than Zero (1987)
 the Sheats Goldstein


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 Residence just outside the border of Beverly Hills has been featured in The Big Lebowski, Bandits and Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle and is a sought-after location for fashion photo shoots
 the Garcia House ("Rainbow") in West Hollywood featured in Lethal Weapon 2 (1989)
 the "car cafe" set created for the Quentin Tarantino film Pulp Fiction was explicitly modelled on well-known examples of the Googie style, including Lautner's Googie diner (which was boarded up but still standing when the film was made) and Henry's Restaurant in Glendale
 In Twilight (1998), the George Jacobsen House doubled as Raymond Hope's house
 the J.W. Schaffer House of Glendale was home to the title character in A Single Man (2009)
 for the Iron Man films, production designer Michael Riva and concept artist Phil Saunders based the design of Tony Stark's mansion on Lautner's architecture. The exteriors of the building (a series of computer-generated images which were digitally composited into location photos of Point Dume State Preserve in Malibu) are strongly reminiscent of Silvertop and Marbrisa, fancifully blending many of Lautner's "signature" elements including the dramatic cliff-side location, large expanses of glass, classic "California split-level" layout and sinuous, organic lines
Lautner is mentioned by English Dua Lipa in her 2019 song "Future Nostalgia".As stated by Financial Times, the name-drop is a symbol for Lipa's desire to make her music sound futuristic and retro at the same time, associating it with Lautner's works. Many Lautner building were at one point owned by celebrities. Between 2001 and 2007, his Segel Residence on Malibu's Carbon Beach was owned by actors David Arquette and


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 Courteney Cox; it sold for US$33.5 million. Actor Vincent Gallo owned three Lautner homes, including the Wolff House in West Hollywood and the Garcia House. In 2014, actress Gwyneth Paltrow and singer Chris Martin purchased Lautner's 3,650-square-foot Garwood Residence in Point Dume for $14 million. Public buildings
One of the few Lautner buildings regularly open to the general public is the Desert Hot Springs Motel, which was restored in 2001. The Bob Hope residence was made available for limited museum-sponsored public visits during 2008–2009.In 2016, LACMA announced a donation of the Sheats Goldstein House from the current owner, James Goldstein. The donation includes the house, surrounding land, and a $17 million fund for the upkeep of the house, as well as some art in the house, including a piece by artist James Turrell. According to the Los Angeles Times, the museum will use the house to host events, fundraisers, exhibitions, and occasional public access tours. Documentaries
In 1990, The Spirit in Architecture by director Bette Jane Cohen was produced by Aluminum Films. It featured interviews with Lautner filmed for the production. In 2009, the Googie Company released the documentary feature film Infinite Space: The Architecture of <mask>ner, directed by Murray Grigor. It features extensive contemporary and archival images of many of Lautner's key buildings (most of which are not open to the public), excerpts from Lautner's 1986 oral history recordings, interviews with Lautner's family, colleagues and clients, Lautner archivist Frank Escher and longtime Lautner fan Frank Gehry, as well as a moving on-site reunion of the three surviving principals who built the


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 Chemosphere – Lautner's assistant Guy Zebert, original owner Leonard Malin, and builder <mask> la Vaux (who was 95 years old at the time of filming).<mask>'s legacy is now curated and perpetuated by the non-profit John Lautner Foundation. In 2007 the Foundation donated its archive of drawings, models, photographs, and other materials that belonged to <mask> to the Getty Research Institute Special Collections. In 2008, <mask>'s life and work was the subject of a major retrospective exhibition at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles. Reviewing the exhibition, author and critic Hunter Drohojowska-Philp lauded Lautner's work:

In 2011, city of Los Angeles recognized the life and influence of the architect on what would have been his 100th birthday, by declaring 16 July John Lautner Day. A reception was held at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, along with an exhibition and a panel discussion on Lautner's

masks:
John de
Legacy Lautner
John Lautner
Lautner


texts:
<mask> (born 27 April 1983), also known as Lubica Slovak, is a Slovakian-born fashion designer, Ryerson University graduate and founder of Lubica, clothing company based in Jamaica. Lubica's early childhood influence was her grandmother who was a seamstress. She debuted her self-titled fashion line Lubica in Toronto at the LG Fashion Week in 2005 and has created several collections under her brand: Blue, Bliss, Bloom, Toucan, Trinity, Beyond and Dream. The Lubica line includes bikinis, resort contemporary women's wear and is inspired by the tropics. Lubica is also recognized for her partnership with international recording artist Tami Chynn in opening a female boutique named Belle in Kingston, Jamaica and also their collaboration in designing the award-winning Anuna collection. Biography

Education
After moving from Slovakia at age fourteen to live with her father in Canada, Lubica attended Loretto College School before graduating to the University of Toronto where she studied arts management before transferring to Ryerson University to study fashion design. She graduated from Ryerson in 2006 with a Bachelor of Design.Other
In 2004, Lubica debuted in her first credited featured film in Canadian drama Saint Ralph, directed by Michael McGowan, starring Adam Butcher and Campbell Scott. The film premiered at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival, and was officially released to theaters in 2005. In 2009, Lubica played her first starring role in New Caribbean Cinema Jamaica short movie Coast, written and produced by Nile Saulter, younger brother to famed Jamaican producer and Betta mus Come movie director Storm Saulter. In 2012, Lubica once again teamed up with the Saulter brothers to produce Jamaica's first fashion film Beyond. In 2010 Lubica made a cameo appearance in Jamaican Reggae-Dancehall music video Messing with my Heart performed by Wayne Marshall (deejay) featuring multi award-winning dancehall act Mavado (singer). On the Jamaican version of Project Runway, Mission Catwalk Season 1, Lubica was featured as a guest judge. She shared judging responsibilities with The Jamaica Observer's fashion editor Novia McDonald-Whyte, famed Jamaican designers Sandra Kennedy & Carlton Brown, and the shows host and executive


texts:
 producer, Keenea Linton-George.The series was directed by famed Jamaican director Mykal Cushnie. She also freelances as an overseas journalist for Pravda (Slovakia) newspaper and has written several published articles, including an article on Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, who she formerly was in a relationship with. Career
In 2004 Lubica hosted her first fashion show at The Distillery District in Toronto, showcasing famed Canadian designer Zoran Dobric while she was still a fashion student at Ryerson University. In 2005, Lubica worked backstage at Caribbean Fashion Week which would inspire her to launch her self-titled Lubica line at the LG Fashion Week in Toronto. In 2006 Lubica debuted her Lubica line in Jamaica at Caribbean Fashion Week. By 2007 at Rock the World Fashion show held in Kingston, Jamaica Lubica would present a full swimsuit crochet collection, which she also introduced at Caribbean Fashion Week in the same year. For Caribbean Fashion Week 2008, Lubica presented her Blue collection, launching her signature Lubica flower applique, where she closed the show with International pop recording artist Tami Chynn.2008 would also mark the year that Lubica returned to Canada to participate in Fashion Art Toronto: FAT and has since participated in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2013. In 2012, Lubica debuted her Beyond line at The Collection fashion series. Audi Jamaica, the event's title sponsor, signed Lubica as their exclusive fashion face, giving the designer an AUDI A1 sports motorcar. She later showcased the updated Beyond collection in September at Kingston Bridal Week 2012 in Kingston, Jamaica and again in November at Bratislavke Modne DNI 2012 in Bratislava, Slovakia. In 2013 Lubica debuted her "Dream" collection at The Collections Moda fashion show in Kingston, Jamaica among other local talented favorites, Project Runway designers – Korto Momolu, Jerell Scott, Gordana Gehlhausen, and a NYC based designer for House of Sukeina, Omar Salaam. Lubica was in the Top 3 pick from the 10 designers by Jamaica Gleaner

In 2017 Lubica returned to her swimwear design with her Fever Collection which featured several one piece swimsuits and monokinis alongside her resort wear. The collection debuted at the Allure Cayman


texts:
 Fashion & Jazz weekend in Grand Cayman and was shot on location by photographer Cortez Vernon for Ellements Magazine.In 2018 Lubica created her first all swimwear collection called Island. The collection consisted mainly of one piece and high waisted swimsuits both of which became Lubica's specialty. Partnerships
In 2010, Lubica partnered the international recording artist Tami Chynn to launch a new collection called Anuna. In April, of the same year, the Anuna collection would debut in Canada at Fashion Art Toronto: Toronto Alternative Art and Fashion. Week. In 2011 both Tami and Lubica would collaborate again to launch Belle, the female clothing counterpart to Base Kingston male boutique. In September 2010, at the fourth annual The Jamaica Observer Style Awards, <mask> and Tami Chynn were awarded Designer of the Year for their Anuna Collection.In December 2010, in partnership with Mini Countryman, Lubica launched her Toucan inspired collection simultaneously with Mini's new SUV. In 2012, Audi Jamaica, one of The Collections sponsors, signed Lubica as their exclusive fashion face, giving the designer an AUDI A1 sports motorcar. Lubica teamed up with the award-winning director Storm Saulter and Nile Saulter ("Better Mus Come") and produced Jamaica's first fashion film called Beyond, which was featured by FashionTV worldwide. Fashion shows
 The Distillery 2004
 LG Fashion Week 2005
 Cayman Ice Models Fashion show 2006
 Caribbean Fashion Week 2006
 Rock the World 2007
 Caribbean Fashion Week 2007
 Fashion Art Toronto:Toronto Alternative Art and Fashion Week 2008
 Fashion Art Toronto:Toronto Alternative Art and Fashion Week 2009
 Anuna Launch 2010
 Fashion Art Toronto:Toronto Alternative Art and Fashion Week 2010
 Toucan & Countryman mini Launch 2010
 Fashion Art Toronto: Toronto Alternative Art Fashion Week 2011
The Collections 2012: Kingston, Jamaica
Kingston Bridal Week 2012: Kingston, Jamaica
Bratislavske Modne DNI 2012: Bratislava, Slovakia

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Slovak women
21st-century Slovak actresses
People from Kingston, Jamaica
Ryerson University alumni
Slovak fashion designers
Jamaican fashion
Slovak film actresses
Slovak women artists
People from Lučenec
Women fashion


texts:
Thurman Clyde "<mask>" <mask> (born January 21, 1969) is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder for the Texas Rangers. He most recently worked for Texas Wesleyan University serving as the Assistant Head Coach under former teammate Mike Jeffcoat. Biography
<mask> attended high school in Albertville, Alabama before playing college baseball at the University of Montevallo. (Montevallo was the only college interested in <mask> prior to a senior-year all-star game where he finally drew attention from larger schools; however, he chose to remain at Montevallo since they initially offered him a scholarship.) While at Montevallo, <mask> was a Resident Assistant in Napier Hall. The Rangers made him their tenth-round pick (279th overall) in the 1990 amateur draft, and he spent the rest of the season playing for their rookie-level minor league club in Butte, Montana. He would spend all 15 years of his professional baseball career in the Rangers organization, a feat that had become a rarity among professional ballplayers thanks to free agency.At Butte, he batted .345 with an OPS of 1.032, which earned him a promotion to the Class A Florida State League the following season. He finished 1991 with the Class AA Tulsa Drillers in the Texas League; he stayed with Tulsa through 1992 and most of 1993, before being called up to the Class AAA Oklahoma City 89ers for eight games. He also started the 1994 season with the 89ers, batting .315 in 31 games, when he earned a call-up to the Rangers. Major league career
<mask> continued his successful run at Oklahoma when he was called up to Texas, where he batted .314 with ten home runs in 80 games,

masks:
Rusty
Greer III
Greer
Greer
Greer
Greer


texts: including one in his second major-league at bat, thus becoming the second Ranger to accomplish this feat. (Rubén Sierra was the first on June 1, 1986 at Kansas City) He also played an integral part in baseball history against the Anaheim Angels on July 28, 1994, when he made a diving catch of Rex Hudler's fly ball to protect a perfect game by Kenny Rogers. Although that was one of the most significant catches he made in his career, he made many others like it, and his all-out style of play made him a fan favorite throughout his major-league career. <mask> also caught Gary DiSarcina's fly ball for the game's final out.<mask> cooled off slightly in his second season, batting .271. However, in 1996, he had one of the best seasons of his career, batting .332 (fifth in the American League) and having his first of three 100-RBI seasons. The 1997 season also proved successful for <mask>, as he finished seventh in the AL with a .321 batting average, played in a career-high 157 games, and he hit a career-high 26 home runs. In 1998, he had a career-high 108 RBI and a .306 batting average. The Rangers honored him for his contributions by granting him a new contract that paid him $3.3 million in 1999, up from $1.025 million the previous season. In 1999, he batted an even .300 with 20 home runs, 101 RBI, and a career-high 96 walks (to go with 67 strikeouts). In the 2000 season, he was limited to 105 games due to injuries and posted a batting average of .297, with eight home runs.In 2001, <mask> was limited to 62 games because of injuries, but he still hit seven home runs. Still a fan favorite, he was honored with a three-year, $21 million

masks: Greer Greer Greer Greer


texts:
 contract before the 2002 season. However, due to injuries he would only play 51 games with the Rangers in 2002. Injuries and attempted comeback
<mask>'s aggressive style of play took a severe toll on his body, and he spent the remainder of his baseball career undergoing and recovering from surgeries. After first coming off of the disabled list in 2002, he was only able to play one more game, on July 11 of that year, before going back on the disabled list. On August 22, he had surgery to fuse the C5 and C6 vertebrae in his neck; and in the offseason, he had surgery to repair a torn rotator cuff in his shoulder. He was then expected to miss the entire 2003 season.While rehabilitating from the rotator cuff surgery, he had to undergo Tommy John surgery and an ulnar nerve transposition in July 2003. He actually was also supposed to receive operations on his right hip and right knee, but he decided against those. He also had surgery in the following offseason to remove scar tissue that had built up in his elbow, and early in the 2004 season he had additional surgery to remove scar tissue from his shoulder. Nevertheless, he was still determined to come back; and he and the Rangers expected to see him back on the field as a designated hitter during the last month of their season. He worked out at the Rangers' spring training facility in Surprise, Arizona, with the intention of doing a rehabilitation assignment in the minor leagues shortly thereafter. However, his workout was cut short; he returned to Texas, where he had surgery to remove scar tissue on his forearm and was declared out for the season. The Rangers, not surprisingly, decided to


texts:
 buy out the option year on his contract; he actually made almost as much money during the two lost seasons as he did in the rest of his career combined.<mask> received invitations from the Rangers and the Minnesota Twins to go to spring training as a non-roster invitee, but he decided that he would rather retire than move his family to another state. Thus, on February 20, 2005, he announced his retirement, officially ending his comeback attempt. On August 11, 2007, the Rangers inducted <mask> into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame. Career statistics

In the 1996, '98 and '99 American League Division Series, <mask> batted only .111 (4-for-36). He played all three outfield positions and first base in his career. His fielding percentage was .980 at left field, .970 at right field, .981 at center field and .960 at first base. Life after playing career
On May 8, 2008, <mask> served as the honorary manager of Team Hardline in the KTCK SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket's Great Game in Frisco, Texas at the Dr Pepper Ballpark.Today, <mask> resides in Colleyville, Texas and has three children. He runs the <mask> Greer Baseball School. <mask> currently can be heard as a weekly guest on B.A.D. radio (The Bob and Dan Show) which airs 12:00–3:00 p.m. on 1310/96.7 KTCK "The Ticket" in Dallas. References

External links

1969 births
Living people
People from Fort Rucker, Alabama
Major League Baseball left fielders
Texas Rangers players
Baseball players from Alabama
Sportspeople from Butte, Montana
Butte Copper Kings players
Montevallo Falcons baseball players
Charlotte Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
People from

masks: Greer Greer Greer Rusty Greer Rusty Rusty


texts:
<mask> (1899–1974) was a Swiss professor who founded the Tourism Research Institute at the University of St. Gallen, co-developed the scientific study of tourism, developed the travel savings fund concept, co-founded the Association Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme (AIEST) and the Institut International de Glion. He was a director of the Swiss Tourism Federation, member of Swiss Advisory Committee for Trade Policy, and author. Early life
Hunziker was born in Zurich on 27 Mar 1899 to <mask>, but <mask>'s place of citizenship was Moosleerau, Aargau. In 1917, he completed a two-year primary commercial school (Handelsschule) in Zurich before receiving a Doctorate in Economic Sciences from the University of Zurich in 1923. His doctoral thesis was on the Swiss cotton industry, 1914-1919. Hunziker was first employed by Swiss Natural Gas (Schweizerischen Gaswerke) and the Eidgenössische Bank, before becoming the business editor and subsequently business and publishing director of the Berner Tagblatt. Science of tourism
In March 1936, Hunziker was hired to be secretary of the Swiss Tourist Association and, on 23 Oct 1937, appointed its director.In 1941, Hunziker initiated graduate studies in tourism at the University of St. Gallen. Hunziker founded a Tourism Research Institute at the University of St. Gallen in conjunction with that founded by Kurt Krapf at the University of Berne. The Institute is now known as the Institut für Öffentliche Dienstleistungen und Tourismus (Institute for Public Service and Tourism). In 1942, Hunziker collaborated with Krapf (director of the Bern Research Institute of Tourism) to publish the "Outline of the General Teaching of Tourism" (Grundriss der Allgemeinen

masks:
Walter Hunziker
Jakob Hunziker
Walter Hunziker


texts:
 Fremdenverkehrslehre), which became the standard work for basic research in tourism. As part of this text, Hunziker and Krapf developed one of the first broadly accepted definitions of "tourism" (Fremdenverkehr), roughly translated as "Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." A year later Hunziker published a book on the system of "scientific tourism research" (System und Hauptprobleme einer wissenschaftlichen Fremdenverkehrslehre) in which he tried to establish a "completely new discipline" as a branch of sociology; however, the attempt failed. But Hunziker and Krapf continued to examine tourism not only from an economic perspective, but also from a sociological one.Hunziker did not want tourism to have a negative impact on the cultural values of either the destination or the tourist. In 1972, Dr. Hunziker defined the essential elements of tourism science as:
 understanding the nature of tourism;
 defining and explaining the various terms and concepts associated with tourism;
 developing tourism pedagogy that is practical and not just theoretical; and,
 addressing problems related to economic policy and business management. Hunziker was an early advocate of the need to apply interdisciplinary scientific analysis to understand the highly diverse nature of tourism, develop a coherent tourism pedagogy, and use that analytical framework and training to resolve problems associated with business management and economic policy. Although Hunziker was an economist by training, he rejected the earlier view of tourism research as a subset solely of economics.


texts:
 Instead, Hunziker viewed tourism more as a cultural phenomenon. As such, he expanded tourism research to integrate aspects of sociology, psychology, history, geography, marketing and law as well as an understanding of how medicine and technology impacts tourism. Social tourism
In May 1959, at the second Congress of Social Tourism (Austria), Dr. Hunziker proposed the following definition: “Social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups, and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and therefore easily recognizable services”.He viewed tourism as adding value to society by increasing understanding of other cultures and thereby reducing xenophobia and isolationism. For these reasons (rather than looking solely at economics), Dr. Hunziker opined that governments should support and encourage social tourism. Reka
As a pragmatic implementation of social tourism, <mask> co-developed the concept of the Swiss travel savings fund (Schweizerische Reisekasse or Reka), which helps low income families enjoy vacations. Hunziker was president of REKA, 1939-1974. Tourism institutes and associations

In 1951, Drs. <mask> and Krapf founded the Association Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme (AIEST) in order to re-connect tourism researchers after World War II. In 1962, Hunziker and Frédéric Tissot co-founded the Institut International de Glion.Professor Hunziker was the founding president of the International Organisation of Social Tourism and ran the organization from 1963 until his death in 1974. Consistent with Dr. Hunziker's focus on social tourism, the aim of the OITS is to facilitate "the development of social tourism in the international framework. To this end it is in

masks:
Walter Hunziker
Hunziker


texts:
 charge of coordinating the tourist activities of its members, as well as informing them on all matters concerning social tourism, as much on the cultural aspects as on the economic and social consequences." Further, OITS continues to promote Dr. Hunziker's interest in "access to leisure, holidays and tourism for the greatest number of people - youth, families, seniors and disabled people" and "fair and sustainable tourism, ensuring profit for the host populations and respecting the natural and cultural heritage." Other professional positions
Dr. <mask> was also Director of the Swiss Federation of Tourism (1937-1945), professor of tourism at the University of St. Gallen (1941-1969), Executive Vice President of the Swiss Federation of Tourism (1946-1964), and a member of the Swiss Advisory Committee for Trade Policy (1946-1964). Works

Many articles in the Zeitschrift für Fremdenverkehr (Journal of Tourism) and Jahrbuch für Fremdenverkehr (Yearbook of Tourism). See also
Geschichte der Tourismusforschung (History of Tourism Research)

Notes

External links
 History of Glion

1899 births
1974 deaths
Swiss business theorists
Swiss scientists
Swiss social scientists
Tourism in Switzerland
Geotourism
Sustainable tourism
University of Zurich alumni
University of St. Gallen faculty
Tourism


texts:
<mask> (February 2, 1819 – June 29, 1885) was an American journalist, lyricist, merchant, bookkeeper, clerk, navy officer, prospector, and counterfeiter, during the later part of the 19th century, sometimes, known as "Honest <mask>". Early life
<mask> was born in Montpelier, Vermont to <mask> and Sally Hatch, a zealous Methodist farm couple. Upham left home at the age of 20, abandoning his family's hopes he would go into farming or blacksmithing, instead finding work in New York City as a clerk. In 1842 he joined the navy, achieving the rating of master's mate before his discharge three years later. After the navy, he worked as a bookkeeper in Philadelphia, where he met and married Anne Bancroft. California
In January 1849, <mask> sailed on The Osceola to San Francisco, via Rio de Janeiro and Talcahuana, arriving in California on August 5, 1849, and participating in the California Gold Rush. Proving unsuccessful as a gold miner, <mask> moved to Sacramento and founded the Sacramento Transcript, California's first daily newspaper published outside San Francisco.Becoming homesick in 1850, he sold his shares in the newspaper and travelled back to Philadelphia. <mask> later wrote about his adventures in Notes of a Voyage to California via Cape Horn, published in 1878. In the book he writes, "Descriptions of a life on the ocean wave read vary prettily on shore, but the reality of a sea voyage speedily dispels the romance." The book also pays close attention to the bawdy history of Sacramento, and includes lengthy appendices on California journalism and the California exhibition at the 1876 Centennial. In 1878 <mask> also published Scenes in El Dorado in the Years 1849-50. On returning to Philadelphia <mask> resumed his family role, fathering two sons and supporting his wife and children with a stationery and toiletries shop. On March 20, 1860, he became one of

masks:
Samuel Curtis Upham
Sam Upham
Samuel Curtis Upham
Samuel Upham
Upham
Upham
Upham
Upham
Upham


texts:
 the founder shareholders in the People's Pacific Railroad Company.Civil War
At the start of the Civil War <mask> began marketing patriotic items to support the Union, and novelty items mocking the Confederacy, such as cards depicting the head of Confederate President Jefferson Davis on the body of a jackass. In February 1862, he acquired a sample of Confederate money and quickly started producing his own counterfeits. His first printing consisted of 3,000 five-dollar notes, each stamped at the bottom with the words, "Fac-simile Confederate Note - Sold wholesale and retail by S.C. Upham 403 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia." He sold his first batch for a penny per copy. Cotton smugglers in the south quickly began buying Upham's novelty notes, trimming off the notice at the bottom and flooding the Confederate economy with the bogus bills. Before long Upham was advertising what he called "mementos of the Rebellion" in the New York Tribune, Harper's Weekly, and other papers. He also advertised himself willing to buy genuine Confederate notes and stamps, as samples he could later duplicate.By late 1862 <mask> was selling twenty-eight variations of Confederate bill denominations and postage stamps, with currency notes selling for five cents apiece. At some point <mask> also switched from letter stock to high-quality banknote paper for his forgeries. <mask>'s operation caused a dilemma for the Union government, as some members of Lincoln's administration genuinely feared that to permit an enterprise like <mask>'s to carry on from the North would provoke southerners to retaliate by counterfeiting northern currency. But the Union government did not possess any legal means to stop Upham - because the Union government did not recognize the legitimacy of the Confederate government, they could not prosecute someone for counterfeiting Confederate currency. So at first,

masks: Upham Upham Upham Upham Upham


texts:
 Union officials simply tried to persuade Upham to cease operations - however, when he declined Upham soon found himself under investigation by these same officials, who alleged he was counterfeiting Union currency as well. <mask> vehemently denied this claim, but likely would have gone to trial had U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton not personally intervened to dismiss the case. Some conspiracy theorists allege Stanton was also <mask>'s source for genuine banknote paper, in a deliberate effort to destabilize the Confederate economy.The Congress of the Confederacy responded to the flood of counterfeit bills by imposing the death sentence on convicted counterfeiters. <mask> would later brag the Confederacy put a $10,000 reward on his capture, dead or alive. He later wrote, "During the publication of those facsimile notes I was the 'best abused man' in the Union. Senator Foote, in a speech before the rebel Congress, at Richmond, in 1862, said I had done more to injure the Confederate cause than General <mask> and his army..."

<mask> later claimed he had "printed from March 12, 1862, to August 1, 1863, one million five hundred and sixty four thousand facsimile Rebel notes, of denominations ranging from five cents to one hundred dollars, and presume the aggregate issue, in dollars and cents, would amount to the round number of fifteen millions of dollars". Some modern analyses estimate his fake Confederate money amounted to between .93% and 2.78% of the Confederacy's total money supply. By the end of the war other printers were making and selling their own counterfeit bills, prompting <mask> to lower his prices. The complete devaluation of genuine Confederate currency by later war years further cut into his business.Southerners were largely eschewing Confederate notes, instead relying on barter or northern bills. CSA notes were rarely used after the fall of

masks: Upham Upham Upham McCllan Upham Upham


texts:
 Vicksburg (July 1863) west of the Mississippi because of the difficulty of transporting notes across the Union controlled river. Mr. Jones, from his post war book "Life of a Rebel Clerk" states that Mr. <mask> (a signer of many CSA notes) tried to transport a large amount of CSA notes from Mississippi to Texas (CSA's Department of the Trans-Mississippi) but failed and returned to Richmond in late 1863. <mask> discontinued his facsimile business in late 1863 and returned to selling stationery, perfume, and hair dye. His notes were still being used in the war-torn South by Union soldiers and other persons after he shut down his business. Post-war and death
In his later years <mask> wrote lyrics for a number of hymns. He penned the words to Centennial ode.Song and chorus (1875), Columbia's centennial greeting, A cantata (1876), and The Old School House down by the Mill (1877). When <mask> died of stomach cancer in 1885, a minor mystery ensued over the whereabouts of his wealth. His estate was valued at $4,889.97, but he claimed to have sold upwards of $50,000 worth of counterfeit notes during the war. The proceeds of his counterfeiting operation have never been found. Collectibles
Since his death many of <mask>'s counterfeit bills and postage stamps, and  some of the perfume bottles he patented and used in his stationery and perfume business, have become valuable collector's items. References

External links

 King of the Confederate Counterfeit by Priscilla Rhoades
 Uncivil Podcast episode 7: The Paper

People of the American Civil War
American printers
American travel writers
American lyricists
American counterfeiters
People from Montpelier, Vermont
United States Navy sailors
1819 births
1885 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American

masks:
CC Thayer
Upham
Upham
Upham
Upham


texts:
<mask> (born 1975) is a Canadian poet, editor and professor. He is a professor at Brock University with a speciality in Canadian and avant-garde literature.<ref name="History Perspectives on Canadian Publishing. ">[http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/users/gbetts Historical Perspectives on Canadian Publishing], "<mask>", McMaster University</ref> He is the author of seven books of poetry, editor of nine books of experimental writing in Canada, and author of the monograph Avant-Garde Canadian Literature: The Early Manifestations (University of Toronto Press, 2013). He was named the Chancellor's Chair for Research Excellence at Brock University in 2014  and the Craig Dobbin Professor of Canadian Studies at University College Dublin in 2018. In 2020, he became the President of the Association of Canadian College and University Teachers of English, the largest literary association for the study of English in Canada. Life and work

<mask> was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, but was raised in Toronto, Ontario. He graduated from Queen's University with a BA in English in 1998.He studied with Stephen Scobie, Misao Dean, Smaro Kamboureli, and George Bowering at the University of Victoria, where he graduated with an MA in 2000. Betts received his PhD in English literature from York University, supervised by John Lennox, Steve McCaffery, and Ray Ellenwood. He is a Professor at Brock University  with a speciality in Canadian and Avant-Garde Literature.http://hpcanpub.mcmaster.ca/users/gbetts
He is the author of seven books of poetry, editor of nine books of experimental writing in Canada, and author of the monograph

masks:
Gregory Betts
Gregory Betts
Betts


texts:
 Avant-Garde Canadian Literature: The Early Manifestations (University of Toronto Press, 2013).<mask>, Electronic Poetry Center He writes for The Canadian Encyclopaedia and his work is included in the anthologies Against Expression: An Anthology of Conceptual Writing (2011), The Sonnets: Translating & Rewriting Shakespeare (2012), Concrete & Constraint (2018), amongst others. "Larissa Lai", The Canadian Encyclopaedia In addition to his books, Betts is the author of chapbooks and text collaborations with visual artists, including Matt Donovan and Hallie Siegel, and Neil Hennessy. "Interview with <mask>" Canadian Literature Symposium, 2008 His most recent work is the co-edited collection Avant Canada: Poets, Prophets, Revolutionaries (co-edited with Christian Bök, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2019), a collection of 28 leading scholars and poets of the Canadian avant-garde. He lives in St. Catharines, Ontario with his wife and two children and directs The Centre for Canadian Studies at Brock University. Reception

The University of Toronto Quarterly wrote, "Betts has created not only an invaluable archive of what it means to be 'modern' in Canada - the writings read like a cross-section of compacted layers social, material, and spiritual crisis in urban and rural Canada...but to the wider context of aesthetic, political, and spiritual fault lines of modern culture in English Canada."In 2014, <mask> was named the Chancellor's Chair for Research Excellence at Brock University. In 2017, he received a City of St. Catharines Arts Award ("Jury's Pick") and in 2018, he was named the Craig Dobbin Professor of Canadian


texts:
 Studies at the University College of Dublin, Ireland. Works Finding Nothing: The VanGardes, 1959-1975. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021.Avant-Garde Canadian Literature: The Early Manifestations. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. Poetry books Foundry. Achill Island, Ireland: RedFoxPress, 2021.Sweet Forme: Shake-Speare's Perfect Sonnets. Sidney, Australia: Apothecary Press, 2020. Boycott. Los Angeles: Make Now Press, 2014.This Is Importance: A Student’s Guide to Literature. Hamilton: Wolsak and Wynn, 2013.The Obvious Flap. Co-written with Gary Barwin. Toronto: BookThug, 2011.Psychic Geographies and Other Topics.Toronto: Quattro Press, 2010.The Others Raisd in Me. Toronto: Pedlar Press, 2009.Haikube. Produced in collaboration with Matt Donovan and Hallie Siegal. Toronto: BookThug, 2006. If Language. Toronto: BookThug, 2005. As editor

Editor and Introduction.They Have Bodies: A Realistic Novel in Five Acts. By Barney Allen. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2020. Co-Editor and Introduction with Christian Bök. Avant Canada: Poets, Prophets, Reovlutionaries. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2019. Editor and Introduction.Space Between Her Lips: The Poetry of Margaret Christakos. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2017. Co-Editor and Introduction with Paul Hjartarson and Kristine Smitka. Counterblasting Canada: Marshall McLuhan, Wyndham Lewis, Wilfred Watson, and Sheila Watson. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2016. Co-Editor with Derek Beaulieu. Avant Canada: More Useful Knowledge.An anthology of contemporary Canadian experimental writing. Calgary: NO Press, 2014.


texts:
 Co-Editor and Afterword with Derek Beaulieu. RUSH: What Fuckan Theory; A Study uv Langwage. By bill bissett. Toronto: BookThug, 2012. Editor and Introduction.Lawren Harris In the Ward: His Poetry and Painting. Toronto: Exile Editions, 2007. Second edition modified to Contrasts: Lawren Harris In the Ward: A Book of Poetry and Paintings, 2012. Editor and introduction. After Exile: A Raymond Knister Poetry Reader. Toronto: Exile Editions, 2003. Second edition 2011.Editor and introduction. The Wrong World: Bertram Brooker’s Stories and Essays. Ottawa: The University of Ottawa Press, 2009. Assistant Editor. W.W.E. Ross: Irrealities, Sonnets & Laconics. Editor Barry Callaghan.Toronto: Exile Editions, 2003. Artworks and Exhibitions

Haikube with Matt Donovan and Hallie Siegel. Olga Korper Gallery, Toronto 2007. Petits Genres with Matt Donovan and Hallie Siegel, Vanessa Place, and Christian Bök. Olga Korper Gallery, Toronto 2012. Exquisite Corp. Art Under Glass, St. Catharines 2011. The Twelve Trials of Jason Chimera with Neil Hennessy.Niagara Artists Centre, St. Catharines 2009. Signs of Our Discontent. With Arnold McBay. In the Soil Arts Festival, St. Catharines 2018. References

 External links

<mask> at Brock University. Profile  at the Electronic Poetry Centre
<mask> at Open Book Toronto
<mask> at GEIST.com
Reviews of <mask>' work at Influency Salon,  Issue 4: Giving It Up''

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian poets
Canadian academics of English literature
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Brock University faculty
Writers from Toronto
Writers from Vancouver
Canadian male poets
21st-century

masks:
Gregory Betts
Gregory Betts
Gregory Betts
Betts


texts: <mask> (February 11, 1971 – September 5, 2008) was an American professional mixed martial arts fighter, writer, traveler and adventurer. He was a former UFC Middleweight Champion and was the first American to win the Pancrase Neo-Blood tournament in Tokyo, Japan. <mask> won the UFC Middleweight Championship at UFC 51, stopping David Terrell with strikes in the first round. He is considered a pioneer in the sport of MMA and one of the first fighters to use elbows as an effective striking method in the ground and pound position. <mask> is considered to be somewhat of an anomaly in MMA as he began his professional career with a large degree of success despite primarily learning the sport via instructional videotape. He was also one of the first MMA fighters to use social media as a platform to connect with fans. <mask> earned notable career victories over former UFC Welterweight Champion Robbie Lawler, former King of Pancrase Middleweight and Welterweight Champion Kiuma Kunioku, Heath Herring, Paul Buentello, Phil Baroni (x2) and Ikuhisa Minowa, among others.<mask> was born in Amarillo, Texas and graduated in 1989 from Caprock High School, where he won the Texas state championship in wrestling as a junior and senior despite only entering the sport in his second year of high school. He attended Simpson College in Iowa, but dropped out when he was 19. He worked various jobs around the country as a bouncer, cable television contractor, framer building beach houses, dishwasher, baker, ditch digger and slaughterhouse worker. He attended the University of Oklahoma for one semester before returning to Amarillo, where he entered a mixed martial arts tournament. During his UFC career, <mask> lived in Portland, Oregon and

masks:
Evan Lloyd Tanner
Tanner
Tanner
Tanner
Background Tanner
Tanner


texts:
 Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2008, he relocated to Oceanside, California. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask>, with a wrestling background, began fighting in 1997 when he was convinced by friends to enter a local MMA tournament hosted by the now defunct Unified Shoot Wrestling Federation.He won the tournament by defeating three fighters in one night, including future UFC heavyweight contender Paul Buentello. After his initial success, <mask> taught himself submission and grappling techniques using instructional videos created by the famous Gracie family. He continued to fight in local shows and tournaments in Texas and Iowa before traveling to Japan to compete in the Pancrase organization. He won five fights overseas and competed in the USWF once more before being asked to join the UFC. <mask> made his UFC debut in 1999 at UFC 18, submitting fellow Amarillo native Darrell Gholar by rear naked choke in the first round. His next UFC fight was at UFC 19 against Valerie Ignatov, who was known for leg submissions. Because of this, <mask> decided to fight barefoot for the first time in his career.<mask> fought once more in Pancrase and defended his title two more times in the USWF before deciding to take the first of multiple breaks from fighting in his career. He returned in July 2000 and remained undefeated in the USWF, successfully defending his heavyweight belt with wins against Raoul Romero and Vinny Nixon. His next appearance was at UFC 29, where he defeated Lance Gibson by TKO. A new outlook on fighting
With three victories in the UFC, <mask> received a title shot against UFC light heavyweight champion Tito Ortiz at UFC 30. He was knocked unconscious 32 seconds into the first round by a high level slam by

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts:
 Ortiz. <mask> was invited to compete in the −88 kg division at the 2001 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship April 11–13, 2001 at the Abu Dhabi Combat Club in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He was defeated by Sanae Kikuta on points (6–0) in the first round.<mask> began training with Oregon-based Team Quest. He returned to the Octagon at UFC 34, defeating Homer Moore in the second round with an armbar. At UFC 36, he defeated Elvis Sinosic by TKO (cut). At UFC 38, he won a unanimous decision over Chris Haseman in an undercard bout. At UFC 42, he lost to Rich Franklin by TKO (strikes) in the first round. After his defeat by Franklin, <mask> moved to the middleweight division, where he would be more physically imposing than many of the opponents. Baroni I and II
<mask> faced Phil Baroni in consecutive fights at UFC 45 and UFC 48.In the early minutes of their fight at UFC 45, Baroni was in control, but <mask> took Baroni to the ground and landed a series of unanswered punches and elbows. After a brief verbal exchange between Baroni and referee Larry Landless, the fight was stopped and <mask> was awarded the victory. Immediately after the fight, Baroni contended that he did not submit and in the confusion struck Landless twice in the face. Baroni maintained that it was a verbal miscommunication and he never asked for the fight to be stopped. To quell the controversy, the UFC agreed to give Baroni a rematch at UFC 48, which <mask> won. Road to the UFC Middleweight title
<mask> defeated Robbie Lawler at UFC 50 in October 2004, submitting Lawler with a triangle choke. Afterwards, <mask> began training on his own.He fought for the vacant UFC middleweight championship against David Terrell at UFC 51 in February

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts:
 2005. He defeated Terrell to become the first UFC middleweight champion since Murilo Bustamante held the title before leaving for PRIDE Fighting Championships in 2002. <mask> fought Franklin again at UFC 53 in June 2005. Franklin won when the fight was stopped by the ringside doctor due to multiple cuts and swelling on <mask>'s face. With the win, Franklin was named as a coach for The Ultimate Fighter 2 reality television show, along with then UFC Welterweight champion Matt Hughes. While Franklin and Hughes did not fight at the conclusion of the show, Hughes said he would have challenged <mask> for the UFC middleweight title if <mask> had been a coach on the show. After losing the title, <mask> began training with American Top Team, but lost his next fight to David Loiseau at Ultimate Fight Night 2 in October 2005.<mask> was ahead on points until the fight was stopped in the second round due to a cut received from a Loiseau elbow. Shortly after this fight, <mask> appeared as himself on an episode of Beyond the Glory on  FOX Sports  that chronicled the history of the UFC. He also became a member of the Chute Boxe team. <mask> returned to the UFC in April 2006 at UFC 59, defeating Justin Levens in what was <mask>'s last victory in MMA. Levens was a late replacement for Jeremy Horn, who was forced to withdraw after a training injury. 2006–08
On December 29, 2006, <mask> unveiled plans to set up a mixed martial arts training camp at his house in Gresham, Oregon for disadvantaged athletes and young men at risk. In February 2007, he announced that 12 athletes would reside in the house from six different weight classes.In a March 2007 interview with MMA Weekly, <mask> was asked about the possibility of fighting again,

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts:
 but said he wanted to focus on developing his foundation. He said he would be training year-round with the athletes he was coaching and that it might only be a matter of time before he returned. UFC president Dana White was interviewed by CBS Sportsline one week later and said <mask> would be welcomed back whenever he was ready. On May 11, 2007, further foundation development was put on hold by <mask>, citing his own training and a bad experience with the first fighter that was invited to the house. <mask> announced through his official website that he would return to active competition and attempt to regain the UFC middleweight title. Speculation arose that <mask> would return to the UFC in December 2007 at UFC 79 against Dean Lister. <mask> dismissed the report as he was battling an alcohol addiction.He left Chute Boxe and began training at Hard Knocks Kickboxing in Las Vegas. On November 8, 2007, <mask> announced the signing of a four-fight deal with the UFC. He chose to accept no corporate sponsorships and instead started "Team Tanner," an exclusive fan club for his upcoming fights. His first fight back in the UFC was at UFC 82, where he lost to Japanese fighter Yushin Okami by knockout in the second round. In what would be his final fight, <mask> lost to Kendall Grove in a split decision at The Ultimate Fighter 7 Finale on June 21, 2008, the fifth loss in his last ten fights. In a post-match interview, he said he felt "flat" throughout the fight and that he had begun wondering if his two years of serious alcohol abuse had damaged his body past the point of which he could compete at the level he once had. Death
In the summer of 2008, <mask> announced plans for a solo trip to the Imperial County, California

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts: desert.After concerns were raised, he responded on August 27, 2008. "It seems some MMA (Mixed Martial Arts) websites have reported on the story, posting up that I might die out in the desert, or that it might be my greatest opponent yet, etc. Come on, guys. It's really common down in Southern California to go out to the off-road recreation areas in the desert about an hour away from LA and San Diego. So my plan is to go out to the desert, do some camping, ride the motorcycle, and shoot some guns. Sounds like a lot of fun to me. A lot of people do it.This isn't a version of 'Into the Wild.'" He purchased a dirt bike and on September 3, 2008 rode into the desert region west of Palo Verde, California to go camping. According to his manager, John Hayner, <mask> called that afternoon to say that his bike had run out of gas and that he would walk back to his camp. This conflicted with a later report that his bike was found at his camp. He reportedly intended to refill his water bottles at Clapp Spring before heading back to his campsite, but was unaware that the spring was usually dry. Temperatures that day reached 118 °F (48 °C), but in a text message to a friend, he said he thought he could make it back to his camp if he traveled during the later hours of the evening. He told friends to contact authorities if they did not hear from him by the following morning.When friends did not hear from him the next morning, they reported <mask> missing and a search was begun. His body was discovered near Clapp Spring with empty water bottles by a Marine helicopter on September 8, 2008. The Imperial County coroner determined the time of death to be between late September 4 and early September 5, but the legal date of death was

masks: Tanner Tanner


texts:
 recorded as September 8, 2008. According to a military article, <mask>'s motorcycle was at his camp and within his provisions were ample supplies of water. The Imperial County sheriff's office gave an official cause of death as heat exposure. Aftermath

A celebration of life service was held in Amarillo, Texas on September 27. An informal gathering was held at a friend's house in Oceanside and attended by <mask>'s sister and close friends.At dusk, a candlelight vigil was held. The UFC honored <mask> during the Spike TV broadcast of UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Neer on September 17, 2008. Pancrase paid tribute to <mask> with a special ceremony during their 15th Anniversary Show on October 1, 2008. Shark Fights also honored <mask> during their inaugural event at the Amarillo National Center on October 24, 2008. The 2008 World MMA Awards show on December 31, 2008 in Las Vegas was dedicated to <mask>'s memory. A documentary about <mask>'s life, travels and philosophy, "Once I Was A Champion," was directed by Gerard Roxburgh and premiered in competition at the 2011 Los Angeles Film Festival as an official selection. It was nominated for "Best Documentary Feature" .The film was also an official selection at the 2011 Dallas Video Festival and the inaugural Arclight Documentary Film Festival in November 2011. It won the "Best Documentary Audience Award" at the 2011 Bel Air Film Festival. In March 2014, English film director and producer Bobby Razak released a documentary about <mask> titled "1" which looked at the circumstances surrounding <mask>'s death. On June 19, 2019, Variety reported that a biopic about <mask>'s life and career titled "The Power of 1" was in the works, slated to go into pre-production at the end of

masks: Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner Tanner


texts:
 2019 with principal photography planned for early 2020. David Terrell
 ESPN
A look at 100 memorable UFC fights | #41: <mask> vs. David Terrell
A look at 100 memorable UFC fights | #44: Rich Franklin vs. <mask>
A look at 100 memorable UFC fights | #58: Tito Ortiz vs. <mask>
 Yahoo Sports
UFC’s 20 greatest fighters a mix of old and new | #18: <mask>

 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
1998 Rookie of the Year Nominee
1998 Shooter of the Year Nominee
 Fight Matrix
All-Time MMA Rankings | #22 (Middleweight): <mask>

Amateur Wrestling
  Texas University Interscholastic League
 1988 UIL State Champion (167 lbs)
 1989 UIL State Champion (167 lbs)

Submission Grappling
  ADCC
 Competed in the −88 kg division at the 2001 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship

Mixed martial arts record

| Loss
| align=center| 32–8
| Kendall Grove
| Decision (split)
| The Ultimate Fighter: Team Rampage vs. myspace.com. Retrieved on November 28, 2006.<mask>'s fight record courtesy of Sherdog. Sherdog.com. Retrieved on November 28, 2006. <mask> Fighter Info. MMAforum.com. Retrieved on November 28, 2006. <mask> Interview 6/30/06.MMA365. Retrieved on November 28, 2006. UFC Fighter Page UFC.com. Retrieved November 28, 2006. <mask> Fighter Profile. Ultimate-fighter.ca. Retrieved on November 28, 2006.<mask> Interview. ufighting.com. Retrieved on November 28, 2006. Team Quest: As Iron Sharpens Iron. Boxing Insider. Retrieved on December 3, 2006. Postal Connections: The Reason <mask> Left Team Quest.Real Fight Gear. Retrieved on December 3, 2006. <mask> Post-UFC 59 Video Interview. Sherdog. Retrieved on December 3, 2006. Sherdog.com Preview: UFC 59 "Reality Check" Part I Sherdog. Retrieved on December 3, 2006.<mask> Pays Dues to Rake in

masks:
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Evan Tanner
Tanner


texts:
 Profits Sherdog. Retrieved on December 3, 2006. From Common Competitor to Middleweight Monarch Sherdog. Retrieved on December 3, 2006. Jeff Cain. Breaking The Silence MMA Weekly. Retrieved on December 3, 2006.Marc Wickert This Fight is Wide Open Knuckle Pit. Retrieved on December 18, 2006. Marc Wickert The Desert Warrior Knuckle Pit. Retrieved on December 18, 2006. Marc Wickert UFC's Lone Wolf Knuckle Pit. Retrieved on December 18, 2006. Mick Hammond <mask> Returns With A New Vision MMA Weekly.Retrieved on March 18, 2007. Sam Caplan Five Ounces of Pain CBS Sportsline. Retrieved on March 18, 2007. Kenny and Ozone Show. Retrieved on November 8, 2007. External links
 Official Site
 Official Blog
 MySpace
 Obituary
 Official site of documentary on <mask>'s life

Accidental deaths in California
American male mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Amarillo, Texas
Sportspeople from Gresham, Oregon
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions
American male sport wrestlers
Amateur wrestlers
Deaths from hyperthermia
1971 births
2008

masks:
Evan Tanner
Tanner


texts:
Robert P<mask> (born July 27, 1951) is an American former prosecutor who was the American Prosecuting Attorney for St. Louis County, Missouri, a post he held from 1991 until 2019. A Democrat, he historically had bipartisan support as a prosecutor and won re-election in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014, often unopposed, but by wide margins when he had an opponent. <mask> held the highest paid position within St. Louis County government with an annual salary of $160,000. In 2018, he lost his bid for re-election in the Democratic primary to reformist challenger Wesley Bell by a 13.24% margin. <mask> was the chief prosecutor in office overseeing the case related to the shooting of Michael Brown, which attracted considerable controversy and media attention, both nationally and internationally. Education and early career
After attending law school at Saint Louis University, McCulloch served as a clerk for Missouri Appeals Court judge Joseph G. Stewart. McCulloch was an  Assistant Prosecuting Attorney from 1978 to 1985.He worked in private practice until 1991, when he was elected to the post of Prosecuting Attorney. <mask> was president of the Missouri Association of Prosecuting Attorneys and a board member of the National District Attorneys Association. Tenure as P.A. Just after he first took office in the early 1990s, <mask> prosecuted Axl Rose of the band Guns N’ Roses on charges related to the Riverport Riot in which 40 concert attendees and 25 police officers were injured. <mask> charged Rose with misdemeanor assault and property damage for allegedly hitting a security guard, hurting three concertgoers and damaging a dressing room at Riverport Amphitheatre. <mask> made headlines when he pursued Rose across the country to serve an arrest warrant in the case before Rose finally turned himself in and agreed to a plea deal. In 2000, in the so-called "Jack in the Box" case, two undercover officers, a police officer and a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) officer, shot and

masks:
. McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch
McCulloch


texts: killed two unarmed black men in the parking lot of a Jack in the Box fast-food restaurant in Berkeley, Missouri.In 2001, the officers told a grand jury convened by McCulloch that the suspects tried to escape arrest and then drove toward them; the jury declined to indict. <mask> told the public that every witness had testified to confirm this version, but St. Louis Post-Dispatch journalist Michael Sorkin reviewed the previously secret grand jury tapes, released to him by <mask>, and found that <mask>'s statement was untrue: only three of 13 officers testified that the car was moving forward. A subsequent federal investigation found that the men were unarmed and that their car had not moved forward when the officers fired 21 shots; nevertheless, federal investigators decided that the shooting was justified because the officers feared for their safety. <mask> also drew controversy when he said of the victims: "These guys were bums." The two men killed,  Earl Murray and Ronald Beasley, had prior felony convictions on drug and assault charges. In 2013, <mask> publicly switched his longtime allegiance from fellow Democrat and St. Louis County Executive Charlie Dooley to support Dooley's challenger in the Democratic primary for county executive, Steve Stenger, stating that Dooley oversaw too much corruption in the county. Stenger won over Dooley in the Aug. 5, 2014 primary by a landslide.As of July 2017, <mask> still refuses to enforce fare evasion tickets issued for non-paying riders on MetroLink (St. Louis), despite growing concerns over safety and security on MetroLink and MetroBus facilities. According to <mask>, “Only peace officers are capable of writing a summons or making an arrest for a misdemeanor violation, and the MetroLink employees, no matter what they call them, are not and cannot be peace officers.” At the time it was reported that St. Louis County officers, whose tickets McCulloch would presumably enforce, had been caught neglecting assigned MetroLink patrols. In May

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts:
 2018, <mask>'s office filed charges on a dismissed restraining order that was filed against a woman protesting a city police officer who she claimed had raped her. In the Democratic primary on August 7, <mask> in an upset lost handily to Wesley Bell who ran on a criminal justice reform platform. During that campaign, <mask> claimed that his office does not file bail bonds for misdemeanors; however, an ACLU of Missouri report showed this to be false. On August 16, <mask> as an invited speaker at an Oregon prosecutors conference made several remarks considered so unprofessional and characterized by some as "racially insensitive" that several walked out and subsequently boycotted a later keynote speech, including the entire staff of one district attorney office. Michael Brown case

After the August 9, 2014 shooting of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri police officer Darren Wilson, <mask> announced that rather than making a decision about whether to arrest Wilson, he would bring the case before a grand jury, leaving to jurors the decision of what charges might be brought, if any.His spokesman acknowledged that it was unusual that the prosecutor was not asking the grand jury to endorse a specific charge. It was also unusual to present a case to a grand jury before the police investigation was over. Cornell Brooks, the president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), called for a special prosecutor to replace <mask> in the case, saying that was needed to restore credibility with Ferguson's black community. On , <mask> reported in a press conference that the grand jury reached a decision in the case and elected "not to indict Wilson". Immediately after the announcement, <mask> said that he appointed prosecutors in his office to handle the case, rather than himself, because "he was 'fully aware of unfounded but growing concern that the investigation might not be fair.'" In his 23 years on the job, this was the fifth time <mask> presented evidence

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts:
 to a grand jury in a shooting by police; in each case, the grand jury came back without an indictment. Post-case analysis
Following the grand jury result, criticism was directed at <mask> over the handling, result, and other aspects of the grand jury process, while other analysts defended his handling of the matter.Former Supreme Court clerk Eric Citron wrote on SCOTUSblog, that the grand jury investigation was atypical. Citron argues that, based on case law – a question raised in United States v. Williams – prosecutors can withhold "substantial exculpatory evidence" in order to obtain an indictment, as the role of the grand jury is not to determine guilt, but rather to decide whether there is enough evidence of a crime; exculpatory evidence can be presented at trial. Citron presented the dissent from Justice Stevens, who said that the prosecutor need not "ferret out and present all evidence that could be used at trial to create a reasonable doubt as to defendant's guilt." Citron then asserts that when a prosecutor wants an indictment, a grand jury process like what happened in Wilson's case would not be expected. Other legal experts asserted that McCulloch deflected responsibility for failing to indict Wilson, and created conditions in which the grand jury would not indict him either. Ronald S. Sullivan Jr., director of the Harvard Criminal Justice Institute at Harvard University, said that "As a strategic move, it was smart; he got what he wanted without being seen as directly responsible for the result," and called the case "the most unusual marshaling of a grand jury's resources I've seen in my 25 years as a lawyer and scholar." The New Yorker'''s legal analyst, attorney Jeffrey Toobin, criticized McCulloch for implementing "a document dump, an approach that is virtually without precedent in the law of Missouri or anywhere else", and stated that despite the effort to represent the process as "an independent evaluation of the evidence", McCulloch remained in control of the


texts:
 process.Toobin wrote  that in the presentation of the grand jury decision, <mask> cherry-picked the evidence that was most exculpatory of Wilson, and asserted that <mask> "gave Wilson's case special treatment". Radio talk show host and attorney Michael Smerconish wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that <mask> was in a no-win position and gave the case to the grand jury, despite a lack of evidence, to prove probable cause because the public would not accept a unilateral decision by <mask>. Smerconish said the grand jury proceedings were atypical because they presented all the evidence and included testimony by the subject of the investigation, Darren Wilson. Smerconish said conflicting witness statements which could support indictments were not backed up by the forensic evidence. Former United States federal judge Paul G. Cassell, writing for the Volokh Conspiracy'' blog, said that "Contrary to the complaints of some critics, the grand jury process was clearly fair." Cassell countered critics by saying that the grand jury did not deviate from the normal process, except for the prosecutor not making any particular recommendation for charges. Cassell said objections that the grand jury took too long were silent on the parallel federal investigation being run.The argument that too much evidence was presented in to the grand jury, compromising the process, was described by Cassell as an attempt to manufacture a weakness. Personal life
<mask> is the son of a St. Louis City K-9 police officer who was killed in the line of duty while searching for a fleeing kidnapper in the Pruitt-Igoe Housing Complex when <mask> was 12 years old. When he was in high school at Augustinian Academy, <mask> lost a leg to cancer. <mask> and his wife Carolyn have four children. References

Living people
Politicians from St. Louis County, Missouri
Saint Louis University School of Law alumni
Lawyers from St. Louis
Shooting of Michael Brown
Missouri Democrats
Missouri lawyers
District attorneys
1951 births
Axl

masks: McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch McCulloch


texts:
<mask> (, Pinyin: Yáng Shàohóu; 1862-1930) was a Chinese martial arts master who, along with <mask> (楊澄甫; 1883-1936), represents the third generation of Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan. Grandmaster of his generation and known for his compact "small frame" techniques, he was a ferocious fighter and a demanding teacher. Early life
<mask> began learning t'ai chi ch'uan at age 7, in Beijing under his father <mask>, his uncle <mask> (who formally adopted him), and his grandfather — the founder of Yang-style t'ai chi — <mask>. His name at birth was <mask> (楊兆熊, Pinyin: Yáng Zhàoxióng). But as was common in the era, as he reached adulthood he took the courtesy name <mask>ng (楊梦祥, Pinyin: Yáng Mèngxiáng), and after he earned a reputation he changed it to <mask>. Shaohou can be translated as "young noble", and makes use of the "hou" (侯) character from his father's and uncle's names in a reflection of respect for his lineage and his status as grandmaster of his generation. Career
Many of his contemporaries called him "Mr. Big" (大先生, Pinyin: dà xiānshēng), which can also be translated as "Mr. Eldest" or "Mr. Great" — a play on words as he was the eldest brother in his family, the senior disciple and grandmaster of his t'ai chi generation, and a great fighter who loomed large in the fears of many — while others called him "Thousand Hands Guanyin" (千手觀音, Pinyin: Qiānshǒu Guānyīn) or "Holy Hands Guanyin" (聖手觀音, Shèngshǒu Guānyīn), which was in praise of his pushing hands techniques, as unlike that deity he

masks:
Yang Shaohou
Yang Chengfu
Yang
Yang Jianhou
Yang Banhou
Yang Luchan
Yang Zhaoxiong
Yang Mengxia
Yang Shaohou