texts:
 where he was chairman for a number of years. Charles Williams commented that, "[b]usiness was excluded on medical grounds, [so] the only sensible alternative was a career in the administration of the game which he loved and to which he had given most of his active life". Bradman was honoured at a number of cricket grounds, notably when his portrait was hung in the Long Room at Lord's; until Shane Warne's portrait was added in 2005, Bradman was one of just three Australians to be honoured in this way. Bradman inaugurated a "Bradman Stand" at the Sydney Cricket Ground in January 1974; the Adelaide Oval also opened a Bradman Stand in 1990, which housed new media and corporate facilities. The Oval's Bradman Stand was demolished in 2013 as the stadium underwent an extensive re-development. Later in 1974, he attended a Lord's Taverners function in London where he experienced heart problems, which forced him to limit his public appearances to select occasions only.With his wife, Bradman returned to Bowral in 1976, where the new cricket ground was named in his honour. He gave the keynote speech at the historic Centenary Test at Melbourne in 1977. On 16 June 1979, the Australian government awarded Bradman the nation's second-highest civilian honour at that time, Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "in recognition of service to the sport of cricket and cricket administration". In 1980, he resigned from the ACB, to lead a more secluded life. Administrative career

In addition to acting as one of South Australia's delegates to the Board of Control from 1945 to 1980, <mask> was a committee member of the SACA between 1935


type: original

texts:
 and 1986. It is estimated that he attended 1,713 SACA meetings during this half century of service. Aside from two years in the early 1950s, he filled a selector's berth for the Test team between 1936 and 1971.Cricket saw an increase in defensive play during the 1950s. As a selector, Bradman favoured attacking, positive cricketers who entertained the paying public. He formed an alliance with Australian captain Richie Benaud, seeking more attractive play, with some success. He served two high-profile periods as chairman of the board of Control, in 1960–63 and 1969–72. During the first, he dealt with the growing prevalence of illegal bowling actions in the game, a problem that he adjudged "the most complex I have known in cricket, because it is not a matter of fact but of opinion". The major controversy of his second stint was a proposed tour of Australia by South Africa in 1971–72. On Bradman's recommendation, the series was cancelled.Cricket journalist Michael Coward said of Bradman as an administrator:

In the late 1970s, Bradman played an important role during the World Series Cricket schism as a member of a special Australian Cricket Board committee formed to handle the crisis. He was criticised for not airing an opinion, but he dealt with World Series Cricket far more pragmatically than other administrators. Richie Benaud described Bradman as "a brilliant administrator and businessman", warning that he was not to be underestimated. As Australian captain, Ian Chappell fought with Bradman over the issue of player remuneration in the early 1970s and has suggested that Bradman was parsimonious:

Later years and


texts:
 death
After his wife's death in 1997, Bradman suffered "a discernible and not unexpected wilting of spirit". The next year, on his 90th birthday, he hosted a meeting with his two favourite modern players, Shane Warne and Sachin Tendulkar, but he was not seen in his familiar place at the Adelaide Oval again. Hospitalised with pneumonia in December 2000, he returned home in the New Year and died there on 25 February 2001, aged 92. A memorial service to mark Bradman's life was held on 25 March 2001 at St Peter's Anglican Cathedral, Adelaide.The service was attended by a host of former and current Test cricketers, as well as Australia's then prime minister, John Howard, leader of the opposition Kim Beazley and former prime minister Bob Hawke. Eulogies were given by Richie Benaud and Governor-General Sir William Deane. The service was broadcast live on ABC Television to a viewing audience of 1.45 million. A private service for family and friends was earlier held at the Centennial Park Cemetery in the suburb of Pasadena, with many people lining both Greenhill and Goodwood Roads to pay their respects as his funeral motorcade passed by. Legacy
Cricket writer David Frith summed up the paradox of the continuing fascination with Bradman:

As early as 1939, Bradman had a Royal Navy ship named after him. Built as a fishing trawler in 1936,  was taken over by the Admiralty in 1939, but was sunk by German aircraft the following year. In the 1963 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, Bradman was selected by Neville Cardus as one of the Six Giants of the Wisden Century.This was a special commemorative selection requested by


texts:
 Wisden for its 100th edition. The other five players chosen were: Sydney Barnes, W. G. Grace, Jack Hobbs, Tom Richardson and Victor Trumper. On 10 December 1985, <mask> was the first of 120 inaugural inductees into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. He spoke of his philosophy for considering the stature of athletes:

Although modest about his own abilities and generous in his praise of other cricketers, Bradman was fully aware of the talents he possessed as a player; there is some evidence that he sought to influence his legacy. During the 1980s and 1990s, Bradman carefully selected the people to whom he gave interviews, assisting Michael Page, Roland Perry and Charles Williams, who all produced biographical works about him. Bradman also agreed to an extensive interview for ABC radio, broadcast as Bradman: The <mask> Declares in eight 55-minute episodes during 1988. The most significant of these legacy projects was the Bradman Museum, opened in 1989 at the Bradman Oval in Bowral.This organisation was reformed in 1993 as a non-profit charitable Trust, called the Bradman Foundation. In 2010, it was expanded and rebranded as the International Cricket Hall of Fame. When the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame was created in Melbourne in 1996, <mask> was made one of its 10 inaugural members. In 2000, Bradman was selected by cricket experts as one of five Wisden Cricketers of the Century. Each of the 100 members of the panel were able to select five cricketers: all 100 voted for Bradman. The ICC Cricket Hall of Fame inducted him on 19 November 2009. Bradman's life and achievements were recognised in Australia with two

masks: Bradman Don Bradman


texts:
 notable issues.Three years before he died, he became the first living Australian to be featured on an Australian postage stamp. After his death, the Australian Government produced a 20-cent coin to commemorate his life. On 27 August 2018, to celebrate 110 years since his birth, Bradman was commemorated with a Google Doodle. To mark 150 years of the Cricketers' Almanack, Wisden named him as captain of an all-time Test World XI. In 1999, Bradman was named in the six man shortlist for BBC Sports Personality of the Century. Asteroid 2472 Bradman discovered by Luboš Kohoutek is named in his honour. Family life

Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family, to be closer to school in Bowral.The couple married at St Paul's Anglican Church at Burwood, Sydney on 30 April 1932. The two had an impeccable marriage and were devoted to each other. During their 65-year marriage, Jessie was "shrewd, reliable, selfless, and above all, uncomplicated...she was the perfect foil to his concentrated, and occasionally mercurial character". Bradman paid tribute to his wife numerous times, once saying succinctly, "I would never have achieved what I achieved without Jessie". The Bradmans lived in the same modest, suburban house in Holden Street, Kensington Park in Adelaide for all but the first three years of their married life. They experienced personal tragedy in raising their children: their first-born son died as an infant in 1936, their second son, John (born in 1939) contracted polio, and their daughter, Shirley, born in 1941, had cerebral palsy from birth. His family name proved a burden for


texts:
 <mask>; he legally changed his last name to Bradsen in 1972.Although claims were made that he became estranged from his father, it was more a matter of "the pair inhabit[ing] different worlds", and the two remained in contact through the years. After the cricketer's death, a collection of personal letters written by Bradman to his close friend Rohan Rivett between 1953 and 1977 was released and gave researchers new insights into Bradman's family life, including the strain between father and son. <mask>'s reclusiveness in later life is partly attributable to the ongoing health problems of his wife, particularly following the open-heart surgery Jessie underwent in her 60s. Lady <mask> died in 1997, aged 88, from cancer. This had a dispiriting effect on Bradman, but the relationship with his son improved, to the extent that John resolved to change his name back to <mask>. Since his father's death, <mask> has become the spokesperson for the family and has been involved in defending the Bradman legacy in a number of disputes. The relationship between Bradman and his wider family is less clear, although nine months after <mask>'s death, his nephew Paul Bradman criticised him as a "snob" and a "loner" who forgot his connections in Bowral and who failed to attend the funerals of Paul's mother and father.The operatic soprano Greta Bradman is his granddaughter. In popular culture

<mask>'s name has become an archetypal name for outstanding excellence, both within cricket and in the wider world. The term Bradmanesque has been coined and is used both within and outside cricketing circles. Steve Waugh described Sri Lankan

masks:
John Bradman
Bradman
Bradman
Bradman
John Bradman
Bradman
Bradman


texts:
 Muttiah Muralitharan as "the <mask>man of bowling". Bradman has been the subject of more biographies than any other Australian, apart from the bushranger Ned Kelly. <mask> himself wrote four books: <mask>'s Book–The Story of My Cricketing Life with Hints on Batting, Bowling and Fielding (1930), My Cricketing Life (1938), Farewell to Cricket (1950) and The Art of Cricket (1958). The story of the Bodyline series was retold in a 1984 television mini-series, with Gary Sweet portraying Bradman.Bradman is immortalised in three popular songs from different eras, "Our Don Bradman" (1930s, by Jack O'Hagan), "Bradman" (1980s, by Paul Kelly), and "Sir <mask>", (a tribute by John Williamson performed at Bradman's memorial service). Bradman recorded several songs accompanying himself and others on piano in the early 1930s, including "Every Day Is A Rainbow Day For Me", with Jack Lumsdaine. In 2000, the Australian Government made it illegal for the names of corporations to suggest a link to "Sir <mask>man", if such a link does not in fact exist. Other entities with similar protection are the Australian and foreign governments, Saint Mary MacKillop, the Royal Family and the Returned and Services League of Australia. Bibliography
 How to Play Cricket (2013) by <mask>, Orient Paperbacks,

See also

 List of Test cricket records
 ICC Player Rankings

References

Sources

 Baldwin, Mark (2005): The Ashes' Strangest Moments: Extraordinary But True Tales from Over a Century of the Ashes, Franz Steiner Verlag. .
 <mask>, <mask> (1950): Farewell to Cricket, 1988 Pavilion Library reprint. .
 Cashman, Richard et al. – editors (1996): The

masks:
Don Brad
Bradman
Don Bradman
Don
Donald Brad
Don Bradman
Bradman
Don


texts:
 Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket, Oxford University Press. .
 Coleman, Robert (1993): Seasons in the Sun: the Story of the Victorian Cricket Association, Hargreen Publishing Company. .
 Davis, Charles (2000): The Best Of the Best: A New Look at the Great Cricketers and Changing Times, ABC Books. .
 Dunstan, Keith (1988, rev. ed.): The Paddock That Grew, Hutchinson Australia. .
 Eason, Alan (2004): The A-Z of Bradman, ABC Books. .
 Fingleton, Jack (1949): Brightly Fades the Don, 1985 Pavilion Library reprint. .
 Frith, David (2002): Bodyline Autopsy, ABC Books. .
 Gibbs, Barry (2001): My Cricket Journey, Wakefield Press. .
 Harte, Chris (1993): A History of Australian Cricket, André Deutsch. .
 Haigh, Gideon. "Sir <mask>man at 100." The Monthly, August 2008. Haigh, Gideon (1993): The Cricket War – the Inside Story of Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket, Text Publishing Company. .
 Hutchins, Brett (2002): <mask>: Challenging the Myth, Cambridge University Press. .
 O'Reilly, Bill (1985): Tiger – 60 Years of Cricket, William Collins. .
 McGilvray, Alan & Tasker, Norman (1985): The Game Is Not the Same, ABC Books. . Page, Michael (1983): <mask> – The Illustrated Biography, Macmillan Australia. .
 Perry, Roland (1995): The Don – A Biography of Sir <mask>, Macmillan. .
 Robinson, Ray (1981 rev.

masks:
Donald Brad
Don Bradman
Bradman
Donald Bradman


texts:
<mask> (born 1946, Subiaco, Western Australia) is a composer and musician whose work is focused on ruined pianos. His recordings are available on Emanem (London), Pogus (New York), New Albion (San Francisco) and Tall Poppies (Sydney), as well as on his WARPS (World Association for Ruined Piano Studies) label. Career

Music
<mask> studied the music theory as well as its history and composition at the University of Western Australia between 1964 and 1967. This fired his interest in the music of composers such as Webern, Boulez and Cage. After playing the piano for six years at the Parmelia Hilton, he explored non-conventional timbral and rhythmic possibilities of the prepared piano and released a cassette, The Temple of Joyous Bones, which featured the piano. Bolleter found inspiration in the eighties playing and recording improvised music with flautist Tos Mahoney and double bassist, Ryszard Ratajczak. Over the past thirty years Bolleter has explored the timbral possibilities of ruined pianos, as quoted: old pianos that have been exposed to the elements of time and weather thus acquiring novel and unexpected musical possibilities.A piano is ruined (rather than neglected or devastated) when it has been abandoned to all weathers and has become a decaying box of unpredictable dongs, tonks and dedoomps. The notes that do not work are at least as interesting as those that do. <mask> has five ruined pianos in his kitchen including the original ruined piano from Nallan Sheep Station, near Cue, 800 km north east of Perth, Western Australia. At Kim Hack's and Penny Mossops's olive farm, Wambyn, near York, Western Australia, Kim Hack and Bolleter developed the Ruined Piano Sanctuary, where some forty pianos are ruining in their own ways,

masks:
Ross Bolleter
Bolleter
Ross Bolleter


texts:
 and at their own pace, variously under trees, in dams, and on roofs. Bolleter's recent CD Frontier Piano, which represents the best of his work from 2007–2014, is almost entirely devoted to recordings of these dying pianos. Each piano in decay is a long-running composition. Death comes to every piano, and dying, each sings a different kind of song.In 1989 <mask> set up the Synchronicity Project where he devised a series of intuitive pieces where musicians improvised simultaneously but in different centres in Australia and across the world. In several instances these pieces were set up to cast a net for synchronistic events, especially musical synchronicities. The Synchronicity Project produced a series of radiophonic works. The first of these works was Simulplay 1 (September 1989) had Jim Denley playing flute to a live audience at the B rucknerhaus in the Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria – with <mask> playing piano and accordion, together with Carol Henning playing plastic trombone, in the ABC radio studios, Perth. The second work, That Time/Simulplay 2 – an intuitive piece for two musicians on opposite sides of a continent, playing at precisely the same time but unable to hear each other, while a radio audience hears both of them – involved Ryszard Ratajczak playing double bass in Studio 210 of ABC FM Sydney with Bolleter playing both pianos in separate recordings in ABC's Studio 621, Perth. That Time/Simulplay 2 was released on the Pogus label, New York, as part of the album Crow Country in 2000. <<mask> and Rowan Hammond:“Improvising with synchronistic experiences” in NMA 9, Melbourne, 1991>

Another radiophonic piece Pocket Sky: a worldwide link up between Jim Denley (Radio ORF Vienna), Stevie Wishart (BBC London), David

masks:
Bolleter
Bolleter
Ross Bolleter


texts: Moss (SFR Berlin), Jon Rose (ABC Sydney), Simone de Haan (ABC Melbourne), and <mask> (ABC Perth), took place on 21 October 1991.It was released as the CD Pocket Sky (2004) (WARPS W08). <mask>'s 1996 piece Left Hand of the Universe CD (WARPS W02) linked up Michal Murin and other Slovak and Czech musicians in Bratislava, and Stephen Scott and various musicians at Colorado College, without recourse to radio. All the musicians were playing ruined instruments, or were in the process of ruining them. Left Hand of the Universe was released on CD in 1997 as WARPS W02. <mask>'s output also includes two CDs of café music: Paradise Café and Café Sophia which feature him playing the accordion, his film music, and his songs. <mask>'s songs, sung by Anthony Cormican, are also featured on their CD Songs from the Third Watch. This CD includes <mask>'s setting of Kenneth Slessor's 1937 poem Five Bells and Cormican's setting of Billy Strayhorn's Lush Life.Bolleter has released more than twenty CDs, primarily of ruined piano compositions and improvisations. His CD Crow Country, released on the Pogus label as Pogus 7 6034-21021-2 (New York, 2000. ), was nominated as one of the 10 best albums of 1999 by Cadence Magazine (New York) and constitutes the best of his work from 1988 to 1999. Secret Sandhills and Satellites, released on the Emanem label, London, UK (2006), was voted best CD of September 2006 by Blow Up magazine (Italy), and number two CD of the year by dMute Magazine (Jazz and Improvised Music), France. Secret Sandhills and Satellites presents the best of Bolleter's work from 2001 to 2006. Bolleter has performed with a variety of artists including Kavisha Mazzella, Tos Mahoney, Ryszard Ratajczak, Mark Cain, K.K.Null, Jim Denley, Jon

masks: Bolleter Bolleter Bolleter Bolleter Bolleter


texts:
 Rose, David Moss, Simone de Haan, Michal Murin, Zdenek Plachy, Milan Adanciak, Stephen Scott, David Kotlowy, and Richard Lynn – as well as with bands such as the Black Eyed Susans. From 2000 to 2016, he has worked with producer/composer Anthony Cormican in a collaboration uniting Anthony's work with the music editing program Pro Tools with his own ultra-low tech ruined pianos.Since 2010, <mask> has collaborated with the visual artist and composer Antoinette Carrier in work which includes her woven pianos as well as her creation of the first urban Piano Sanctuary in Bedford, Western Australia. Carrier's CD Nothing as a Thing was released on the WARPS label. Bolleter performed as an accordionist/story teller at the Adelaide Festival of 1998, and on ruined piano(s) at the Australian National Academy of Music (ANAM) in "Piano!" (2009), in the Ten Days on the Island Festival, where he created the project "Ruined" (2008) and in various of Tura New Music's Totally Huge New Music Festivals under the artistic direction of Tos Mahoney, beginning with the Ruined Piano Convergence of 2005. Bolleter's work is regularly featured on ABC's Radio National and ABC FM. Film maker Robert Castiglione has made a film of Bolleter's work with ruined pianos entitled Invitation to Ruin. It was shown in Tura's Totally Huge New Music Festival of 2015.Andrew Ford, in his book In Defence of Classical Music<ABC Books><Sydney, 2005> has a chapter on <mask>'s work entitled Things fall apart in the music of <mask>. Zen Teacher
<mask> is an Australian Zen Buddhist teacher in the Diamond Sangha lineage. He trained with Robert Aitken and John Tarrant from 1982 to 1992. In 1992 he was authorized to teach by John Tarrant, and received transmission from Robert

masks:
Bolleter
Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter


texts:
 Aitken and John Tarrant in 1997. He teaches primarily in the Zen Group of Western Australia, but has also taught extensively elsewhere in Australia, and in New Zealand. His successors are: Mary Jaksch, Susan Murphy, Bob Joyner, Ian Sweetman, Glenn Wallis, Arthur Wells and Mari Rhydwen. <mask>'s book The Five Ranks of Dongshan: Keys to Enlightenment was published by Wisdom Publications in 2014.His second book: "The Crow Flies Backwards and Other New Zen Koans" was published by Wisdom Publications in 2018. The koans in the Crow have as their themes: love, relationships, childbirth, work, and creativity, amongst others. For a selection of Bolleter's talks and reviews of his Five Ranks book see http://bolleterzen.com See also http://www.zgwa.org.au for information on the Zen Group of Western Australia, and other Bolleter podcasts. References:
<<mask>ter: The Five Ranks of Dongshan: Keys to Enlightenment (Wisdom Publications, Massachusetts, 2014)>

<<mask>ter: The Crow Flies Backwards and Other New Zen Koans (Wisdom Publications, Massachusetts, 2018)>

Poetry
Fremantle Press published a volume of Bolleter's poems, Piano Hill in 2010. His earlier book of poems All the Iron Night was published by Smokebush Press in 2004. His book Average Human Heart, which includes sixty-odd "left hand" stories as well as prose poems, was finished in June 2016, as was his most recent volume of poems, Track me Down. Discography

1990s
Country of Here Below, Tall Poppies TP045, Sydney, 1993

W08Ross Bolleter & Rob Muir: The Night Moves on Little Feet (1997) WARPS W03

Left Hand of the Universe (1997) WARPS W02

2000s
Crow Country, Pogus, New York, P21021-2,2000

Satellites (2002) WARPS W06

Secret Sandhills (2002) WARPS W05

<mask>ter: Paradise Café

masks:
Bolleter
Ross Bolle
Ross Bolle
Ross Bolle


texts:
 (2004) Sunset Ostrich S01

Pocket Sky (2004, 1991) WARPS

Secret Sandhills and satellites, Emanem 4128 (London), 2006

Ross Bolleter: Café Sophia (2008) Sunset Ostrich S02

Five by Five (2009) WARPS W11 DVD of 5 pieces in 5.1 Surround.Intimate Ruins (2009) WARPS W10

2010s
Night Kitchen, Emanem 5008, London, 2010

Gust (2011) WARPS W15

Piano Dreaming (2nd edition) (2011) WARPS W12

<mask> & Anthony Cormican Spring in Iraq (2nd edition) (2011) WARPS W13

Solitary Light (2011) WARPS W14

Music of Chance WARPS W16 (2011, 2013)

<mask>ter & Anthony Cormican Concertino Latino (2012)–including Concertino Latino by Anthony Cormican & <mask>,
performed by Anthony and <mask> & Alone Together by <mask>, performed by Tos Mahoney & <mask>. Sunset Ostrich SO3

<mask> and David Kotlowy Vault (2012) (a WARPS MyoOn co-production)

High Rise Piano (2013) WARPS W19

<mask> and Anthony Cormican Songs from the Third Watch (2013) WARPS W18

Frontier Piano (2014) WARPS W20

Music of Chance (2nd edition) (2014) WARPS W 21

While my coffee cools (2015) WARPS W22 – Bolleter's poems in a musical setting

<mask> & Anthony Cormican Quarry Music (2017) WARPS W23 – ruined pianos & stories in 5.1 surround, and stereo

<mask> & Martin Seddon Inland Sea (2017) WARPS W25 – two solo improvisations on two or more ruined pianos, including stories

<mask> & Anthony Cormican (2019) Beloved on this Earth: a song cycle WARPS W28

---TOTAL PIANO PROJECT---
Night is a world lit by itself (2017) WARPS W26 –solo improvisations for prepared piano. Total Piano, volume 1
Speak Love (2018) WARPS W27 – solo improvisations on ruined pianos and pianos at the edge of ruin. Total Piano, volume 2
Heard from Earth (2019) WARPS W28 - an angular approach to The Lounge Room Piano.

masks:
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolle
Ross Bolleter
Ross
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter
Ross Bolleter


texts:
 Total Piano, volume 3
Terra Incognita (2020) WARPS W29 - three pieces for multiple ruined pianos in 360 surround. Total Piano, volume 4

2020s----
International release:
Total Piano, volumes 1-4 was released by Vincent Capes's Thödol Music, France, in July 2021.It features a booklet of Antoinette Carrier's
subtle and lovely photographs of ruined pianos. Ross Bolleter & Sylvain Roux (2021) Closer than Breathing: a synchronous creation WARPS W30

Ross Bolleter & Antoinette Carrier (2021) Compound Fracture: a synchronous creation WARPS W31

Café Antoinette (2019) Sunset Ostrich S04

Compilations
Ross Bolleter's "Hymn to Ruin" on Margaret Leng Tan's She Herself Alone, Mode 221, New York.<mask>'s “Nallan Void” on Austral Voices New Albion NA028CD, San Francisco, (1990). Books
- The Crow Flies Backwards and Other New Zen Koans (Wisdom Publications, Massachusetts, 2018). - 'Du piano-épave / The Well Weathered Piano'' (Lenka lente, 2017). - The Five Ranks of Dongshan: Keys to Enlightenment (Wisdom Publications, Massachusetts, 2014). - Piano Hill (Fremantle Press, 2008) Poems inspired by pianos, ruined and otherwise. - All the Iron Night (Smokebush Press, 2004) Poems of love and death. - Fostering Creative Improvisation at the Keyboard: A Handbook for Piano Teachers (1979)

References

</Andrew Ford, In Defence of Classical Music, ABC Books, Sydney, 2005>

External links
WARPS music (link outdated), the label co-founded by <mask> and Stephen Scott specialises in ruined piano music.WARPS? World association for Ruined Piano Studies. An artistic history of Bolleter (outdated)

Australian male composers
Australian composers
1946 births
Living people
People from Perth, Western Australia
Zen Buddhist spiritual teachers
Australian Zen

masks:
Ross Bolleter
Bolleter


texts:
<mask> (born Isidore Hochberg; April 8, 1896 – March 5, 1981) was an American popular song lyricist and librettist who worked with many well-known composers. He wrote the lyrics to the standards "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (with Jay Gorney), "April in Paris", and "It's Only a Paper Moon", as well as all of the songs for the film The Wizard of Oz, including "Over the Rainbow". He was known for the social commentary of his lyrics, as well as his liberal sensibilities. He championed racial and gender equality and union politics. He also was an ardent critic of religion. Early life and career
<mask>, the youngest of four surviving children (out of ten), was born Isidore Hochberg on the Lower East Side of New York City on April 8, 1896.His parents, Lewis Hochberg and Mary Ricing, were Yiddish-speaking Orthodox Jews who had emigrated from Russia. He later adopted the name <mask>, and came to be best known as Edgar "<mask>" <mask>. He attended Townsend Harris High School, where he and Ira Gershwin, who bonded over a shared fondness for Gilbert and Sullivan, worked on the school paper and became lifelong friends. According to his son <mask>, Gilbert and Irish dramatist George Bernard Shaw taught his father, a "democratic socialist, [and] sworn challenger of all tyranny against the people, that 'humor is an act of courage' and dissent". After World War I, Harburg returned to New York and graduated from City

masks:
Edgar Yipsel Harburg
Harburg
Edgar Harburg
Yip
Harburg
Ernie Harburg


texts:
 College (later part of the City University of New York), which Ira Gershwin had initially attended with him, in 1921. After Harburg married and had two children, he started writing light verse for local newspapers. He became a co-owner of Consolidated Electrical Appliance Company, but the company went bankrupt following the crash of 1929, leaving Harburg "anywhere from $50,000 – $70,000 in debt," which he insisted on paying back over the course of the next few decades.At this point, <mask> and Ira Gershwin agreed that Harburg should start writing song lyrics. Gershwin introduced Harburg to Jay Gorney, who collaborated with him on songs for an Earl Carroll Broadway review (Earl Carroll's Sketchbook): the show was successful and Harburg was engaged as lyricist for a series of successful revues, including Americana in 1932, for which he wrote the lyrics of "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" to the tune of a lullaby Gorney had learned as a child in Russia. This song swept the nation, becoming an anthem of the Great Depression. Harburg was a staunch critic of religion. He wrote a poem entitled "Atheist" that summarized his views on God. Hollywood and Broadway
Harburg and Gorney were offered a contract with Paramount: in Hollywood, Harburg worked with composers Harold Arlen, Vernon Duke, Jerome Kern, Jule Styne, and Burton Lane, and later wrote the lyrics for The Wizard of Oz, one of the earliest known


texts:
 "integrated musicals," for which he won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song for "Over the Rainbow."Of his work on The Wizard of Oz, his son (and biographer) <mask> has said:

Working in Hollywood did not stop <mask>'s career on Broadway. In the 1940s, he wrote a series of "book" musicals with social messages, including the successful Bloomer Girl (1944), set during the Civil War, which was about temperance and  women's rights activist Amelia Bloomer, and which celebrated equality for women, Abolitionism, and the Underground Railroad. <mask>'s best known Broadway show, Finian's Rainbow (1947) was, in its original production, possibly the first Broadway musical with a racially integrated chorus line, and features his "When the Idle Poor Become the Idle Rich." Its plot satirized American financial practices and criticized reactionist politicians, mistreatment of the working classes as well as racism and the Jim Crow laws. It was made into a film in 1968 starring Fred Astaire and Petula Clark, directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Blacklisting
Although never a member of the Communist Party (he was a member of the Socialist Party, and joked that "Yip" referred to the Young People's Socialist League, nicknamed the "Yipsels") he had been involved in radical groups, and he was blacklisted. Harburg was named in a pamphlet Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television; his

masks:
Ernie Harburg
Harburg
Harburg


texts:
 involvement with the Hollywood Democratic Committee, and his refusal to identify reputed communists, led to him being blocked from working in Hollywood films, television, and radio for twelve full years, from 1950 to 1962."As the writer of the lyric of the song 'God's Country', I am outraged by the suggestion that somehow I am connected with, believe in, or am sympathetic with Communist or totalitarian philosophy", he wrote to the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1950. He was unable to travel abroad during this period, as his passport had been revoked. With a score by Sammy Fain and Harburg's lyrics, the musical Flahooley (1951) satirized the country's anti-communist sentiment, but it closed after forty performances at the Broadhurst Theatre on Broadway. The New York critics were dismissive of the show, although it had been a success during its earlier pre-Broadway run in Philadelphia. Later career
In 1966, songwriter Earl Robinson sought Harburg's help for the song "Hurry Sundown"; the two collaborated on the song and are credited as co-writers. The song was intended for the film Hurry Sundown, but was not used in the film. It was, however, recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary for their 1966 album The Peter, Paul and Mary Album.The song was released as a single in 1967, and reached No. 37 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart. It was also nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording.


texts:
 <mask> died while driving on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, on March 5, 1981. While he was initially reported to have been killed in a traffic accident, it was later determined that he suffered a heart attack while stopped at a red light. Awards and recognition
In 1940 <mask> won an Oscar, shared with Harold Arlen, for Best Music, Original Song
for The Wizard of Oz (1939). In addition, he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Music, Original Song, along with Arlen,
for Cabin in the Sky, (1943) and Best Music, Original Song
for Can't Help Singing, shared with Jerome Kern in (1944).<mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972. On March 7, 2001, the results of a poll conducted by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Humanities ranked Judy Garland's rendition of "Over the Rainbow" as the Number One recording of the 20th century. On June 22, 2004, the American Film Institute broadcast AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs, a TV special announcing the 100 greatest film songs. "Over the Rainbow" was Number One, and "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" was Number 82. In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing Harburg's accomplishments. The stamp was drawn from a portrait taken by photographer Barbara Bordnick in 1978 along with a rainbow and lyric from "Over the Rainbow".The first day ceremony was held at

masks:
Death Harburg
Harburg
Harburg


texts:
 the 92nd Street Y in New York. Songs
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" with composer Jay Gorney (1932)
"Riddle Me This" with composer Lewis Gensler (from the revue, "Ballyhoo of 1932", 1932)
"How Do You Do It? with composer Lewis Gensler (as above, 1932)
"April in Paris" with Vernon Duke (1932)
"It's Only a Paper Moon" with Harold Arlen (1933)
"Then I'll Be Tired of You" with Arthur Schwartz (1934)
"Last Night When We Were Young" with composer Harold Arlen (1935)
"Down with Love" with Harold Arlen (1937)
"Over the Rainbow" with Harold Arlen (1939)
"We're Off to See the Wizard" with Harold Arlen (1939)
"Lydia the Tattooed Lady" with Harold Arlen (1939)
"Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe" with Harold Arlen (1943)
"Salome" with Roger Edens (1943) (for the movie Du Barry Was a Lady)
"The Eagle and Me" with Harold Arlen (1944)
"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?" with Burton Lane (1946)
"Old Devil Moon" with Burton Lane (1947)
"When the Idle Poor Become the Idle Rich" with Burton Lane  (1947)
"Free and Equal Blues" performed by Josh White
"And Russia Was Her Name" with Jerome Kern (1943)

Broadway revues
Earl Carroll's Sketchbook of 1929 (1929) - co-composer and co-lyricist with Jay Gorney
Garrick Gaieties (1930) - contributing lyricist
Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1930 (1930) - contributing songwriter
The Vanderbilt Revue (1930) - contributing lyricist
Ziegfeld Follies of 1931 (1931) - featured lyricist for


texts:
 "Mailu"
Shoot the Works (1931) - contributing composer and lyricist
Ballyhoo of 1932 (1932) - lyricist
Americana (1932) - lyricist. The Revue include "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" Walk A Little Faster (1932) - lyricist
Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 (1934) - primary lyricist (for about half of the numbers)
Life Begins at 8:40 (1934) - co-lyricist with Ira Gershwin
The Show is On (1936) - featured lyricist
Blue Holiday (1945) - all-Black cast - contributing composer and lyricist
At Home With Ethel Waters (1953) - featured lyricist for "Happiness is a Thing Called Joe"

Post-retirement or posthumous credits:
A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine (1980) - featured lyricist for Over the Rainbow
Jerome Kern Goes to Hollywood (1986) - featured lyricist to music by Jerome Kern
Mostly Sondheim (2002) - featured lyricist

Broadway musicals
Hooray for What!(1937) - lyricist and originator
Hold On to Your Hats (1940) - lyricist
Bloomer Girl (1944) - lyricist, originator and director for musical numbers
Finian's Rainbow (1947) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter
Revived in 1955, 1960, 2009
Flahooley (1951) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter
Jamaica (1957) - lyricist, originator and co-bookwriter - Tony Nomination for Best Musical
The Happiest Girl in the World (1961) - originator and lyricist to music by Jacques Offenbach and originator of the story, based on Lysistrata by Aristophanes
Darling of the


texts:
 Day (1968) - lyricist

Films
Moonlight and Pretzels (1933)
The Singing Kid (1936)
Gold Diggers of 1937 (1936)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
At the Circus (1939)
Babes on Broadway (1941)
Ship Ahoy (1942)
Cabin in the Sky (1943) (Harburg's song "Aint It The Truth", expressing religious skepticism, was removed)
Can't Help Singing (1944)
Gay Purr-ee (1962)
Finian's Rainbow (1968)

Books
Rhymes for the Irreverent (1965)
At This Point in Rhyme (1976)

References

Further reading

Meyerson, Harold and Ernie Harburg. Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz: <mask> <mask>, Lyricist, University of Michigan Press, (1993). Alonso, Harriet. "<mask> Harburg: Legendary Lyricist and Human Rights Activist," Wesleyan University Press (2012). External links

The Yip Harburg Foundation website
Biography of Harburg from USPS
"A Tribute to <mask> Harburg: The Man Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz", a Democracy Now! special, including audio/video clips of Yip Harburg, and an extended interview with his son and biographer, Ernie Harburg (video, audio, and print transcript)

E. Y. Harburg papers (first installment) and E. Y. Harburg papers (second installment) held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
E. Y. Harburg scores (his personal collection), held in the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Celebrated Lyricist Yip Harburg's Rhymes For The

masks: Yip Harburg Yip Yip


texts:
 Irreverent Released February 2, 2006, article on The Freedom From Religion Foundation's website
April 29, 2006 - Somewhere Over the Rainbow . . . Rhymes for the Irreverent Freedom From Religion Foundation's Podcast
Over The Rainbow With Yip Harburg (BBC Radio 4 programme)
The Man Who Put the Rainbow in The Wizard of Oz by Amy Goodman
1920 passport photo of Yip Harburg(courtesy of the puzzlemaster, flickr.com)
Yip Harburg - Over The Rainbow
Yip Harburg - Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?E. Y. Harburg recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1896 births
1981 deaths
American musical theatre lyricists
Broadway composers and lyricists
Jewish American songwriters
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
20th-century American musicians
Jewish American writers
Hollywood blacklist
American socialists
Jewish socialists
Jewish American atheists
City College of New York alumni
Townsend Harris High School alumni
People from the Lower East Side
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Accidental deaths in California
Road incident deaths in California
Burials at


texts:
<mask> (born 29 June 1993) is an English street dancer, television presenter, singer, and actor. He won the second series of Britain's Got Talent on 31 May 2008 at the age of 14. He is an official ambassador of the United Dance Organisation. Career

Britain's Got Talent

2007 series
In 2007, dance teacher Dominic Chambers told <mask> that there were auditions in the area that would be right up his alley. He discovered he'd be auditioning for the first series of Britain's Got Talent only when he arrived. In his audition, he danced to "Drop" (Timbaland featuring Magoo & Fatman Scoop), receiving a yes vote from all three judges. However, despite Simon Cowell's enthusiasm, he was unable to convince the other two judges, Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan, to let <mask> proceed to the live semi-finals.This experience made <mask> determined to re-audition the following year and prove Holden and Morgan wrong. In the intervening time, he continued dancing on the streets of Manchester to improve his technique, and to raise money for his family. 2008 series
In 2008, <mask> successfully got through the first round of Britain's Got Talent series 2 auditions by dancing to "Rock This Party (Everybody Dance Now)". He then came top in the audience's vote in his semi-final with his arrangement of Mint Royale's big beat remix of "Singin' in the Rain", complete with an artificial rain machine on-stage, a formula that had previously been produced in a television advertisement for the Volkswagen Golf GTI. He subsequently won the audience's vote in the final, beating dance duo Signature (second place) and Andrew Johnston (third place). He broke into tears when his win was announced. <mask> was due to perform a different routine for the final, to a track by the Bee Gees, which he described as involving "a lot of movement without me actually doing anything".An hour before the final started he changed his mind and, after consulting Simon Cowell, opted to re-perform his winning act from

masks:
George William Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
George Sampson
George Sampson


texts:
 the semi-final. The Mint Royale version of "Singin' in the Rain" went to number 1 in the UK on download sales alone in the week following <mask>'s performance and Cowell's label Syco had several requests for a video. In an interview the day after the final, <mask> told of his return to normality the Monday after the event. After Britain's Got Talent
On 20 July 2008, <mask> was a guest on stage at the T4 on the Beach music festival at Weston-super-Mare beach teaching presenters Steve Jones and Rick Edwards how to dance. On 4 August 2008, <mask> made his stage debut in the West End hip-hop musical Into the Hoods. With some exceptions, he appeared in the show until it closed on 30 August. Of his new role, he said: "This year is getting better and better - Into the Hoods show is funky and young and I love the music in it – I can't wait to get dancing on that stage!"Into the Hoods played at the Novello Theatre in London and features music from popular artists such as Gorillaz, Massive Attack, Basement Jaxx and many more. <mask> appeared as one of the lost boys. On 18 November 2008, it was announced that Cowell's record company and Bebo would work together to make an online television show called Follow My Lead, which would include some dance move tutorials by <mask>, but also a behind-the-scenes view of events and rehearsals. They previously worked together to create a similar show with Leon Jackson. Simon Cowell initially planned to release only dance videos, but he wanted to do more. He asked the agent of Take That if he could get <mask> to sing, but it turned out he already liked to sing from a young age. His debut double a-side single entitled "Get Up on the Dance Floor/Headz Up" was released on 24 November 2008, with the proceeds going to Great Ormond Street Hospital.After an early fault that meant the single couldn't be downloaded from iTunes for two days, the single finally debuted at number 30 in the UK Singles Chart and remained listed for 4 weeks. The

masks:
Sampson
George Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson
Sampson


texts: single's position in the charts gradually lowered during that time. On 1 December 2008, his dance DVD Access 2 All Areas was released. The one-hour DVD contains a documentary about his rise to stardom, four music videos in which <mask> sings as well as dances, and a behind-the-scenes look at those videos, dance tutorials and a set of photographs. On 23 January 2009, <mask> helped to promote the new Nokia 5800 phone in London's Regent Street. He handed over the first Nokia 5800 sold and performed a live dance routine to "Pump Up The Jam" by Technotronic which he choreographed to go with a touch-sensitive dance floor. On 29 January, he launched the game Battle Strikers at Toy Fair 09.He also designed a plate for Blue Peter's Mission Nutrition appeal. On 7 and 14 March, he hosted a 'Street Dance Weekend' at the Alton Towers Resort as part of their new family-themed weekends, alongside street crew Flava. Fans could attend workshops to learn one of his routines and dance alongside him. On 28 May, <mask> was the guest star at the third Britain's Got Talent semi-final and performed before the results were announced. He also was a guest star in Britain's Got Talent: the Live Tour 2009 and he said that Nottingham was his favourite on 20 June 2009. On 26 June 2009, <mask> became a Patron of Dance Aid organised by the UK registered charity Hope and Homes for Children. He danced before the Rugby league match between Crusaders and Salford City Reds at Brewery Field on Saturday 11 July from around 5pm.The kick-off for the match was at 6pm. He also danced at half-time. He was also scheduled to make an appearance in Legoland Windsor on 18 July as part of "Legoland Live." In September 2009, <mask> and Cowell reached an amicable agreement to cease their professional relationship. Also in September, he starred in the first all-British 3D feature film StreetDance 3D (alongside dance groups Diversity and Flawless), in which he plays a character called Eddie, released May 2010. On

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson


texts:
 16 November, <mask> was featured in the CBBC Newsround special Whose Side Are You On? as part of the BBC's anti-bullying campaign.He spoke about how he was bullied when he was younger. Other stars who appeared in the programme were Joe Calzaghe, Aston Merrygold, Patsy Palmer and Gemma Hunt. On 5 June 2010, he appeared on Star King, a South Korean television show which features a variety of talented performers. In January 2019, he appeared on the fourth series of Celebrity Coach Trip alongside Roxanne Pallett. In September 2019, <mask> returned to Britain's Got Talent as a contestant in Britain's Got Talent: The Champions. He participated in the 4th semi final but did not receive enough votes to progress to the final. Acting career

Appears in Series 3 Episode 14 of Waterloo Road

On 2 February 2011, <mask> joined the cast of the BBC drama series Waterloo Road.His character, a 17-year-old student named Kyle Stack, first appeared in the second half of the sixth series in February 2011. In 2012 he joined the cast of Mount Pleasant in its second series. He also starred in the feature film StreetDance 2 as Eddie. He has also appeared in Friday Download (series 3, episode 1). <mask> appeared in the Pantomime Peter Pan, as the lead role of Peter Pan, performed in Derby from 5 December until 6 January. In 2013 <mask> returned to Waterloo Road as now 19-year-old Kyle Stack in episode 30. Kyle was last seen when character Simon Lowsley took him away from the roof he was about to jump from, so it was unknown what had happened to Kyle.He had a minor role in a 28th-season episode of the TV series Casualty. He danced in the documentary The Nation's Favourite Dance Moment, a television film which aired in June. <mask> also starred in a pantomime, as Jack, in Jack and the Beanstalk at The Playhouse Theatre in Weston-super-Mare. <mask> continued his television career by acting in Season 2, Episode 5 of The Dumping Ground on CBBC in 2014. He acted again in season four of

masks: Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson Sampson George Sampson


texts:
 Mount Pleasant but later left the role. He joined the cast of Emmerdale in January 2016 and made his on screen debut the following month, when he played a character named Ryan who became involved in Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller)'s child sex abuse storyline. <mask> appeared as the character Reecey in the 2018 tour of Our House (musical).He is currently playing the role of Dean in Everybody's Talking About Jamie. Works

Singles

Television

DVDs

Filmography

Personal life
<mask> suffers from a condition called Scheuermann's disease, which affects developing bones in children and teenagers and can cause an abnormal curvature of the spine. "There's no way I'd ever give up dancing. Nothing would stop me," he told the paper. However, since the revelation <mask> said "It's not that bad." and claims that his doctor has said he's allowed to dance. A fan of the game RuneScape, <mask> was invited to Jagex to record a dance emote for the game.Awards and prizes
<mask> won the under-16 category in the United Dance Organisation's 2007 World Street Dance championships. Following his win of Britain's Got Talent, he returned to the 2008 championships at the Blackpool Winter Gardens to give a performance together with his dance group A2AA (Access 2 All Areas) and to accept an award for his contributions to raising the profile of street dance from UDO chairman Simon Dibley. In the summer of 2008 he was one of 11 celebrities to receive an honorary scout badge to celebrate the 101st birthday of the Scouting Movement. He received an award for 'Favourite Winner' at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards where he performed his signature dance Singin' in the Rain. References

External links
 ITV's official Britain's Got Talent website

1993 births
Living people
Britain's Got Talent contestants
Got Talent winners
British male dancers
British breakdancers
British hip hop dancers
English male television actors
People from Warrington
21st-century British dancers
21st-century British male


texts:
<mask> (born 27 June 1963) is a retired Scottish politician and the former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Paisley North. She held various Scottish Government cabinet posts and was the Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland from 2007 to 2008. In 2010–2011 she convened the Scotland Bill Committee on financial powers of the Scottish Parliament. After leaving politics, she was appointed Associate Dean of Global Business and Associate Dean for Degree Programmes and Career Services at the London Business School, and in April 2015 was appointed as Vice-Principal (International) by the University of Dundee. In March 2016 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for her work for the university sector. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 27 June 1963 in Glasgow to Dr Joyce O<mask> and Reverend Douglas N<mask>. <mask> attended Park Mains High School in Erskine and won a scholarship to Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific in British Columbia before studying at the University of Glasgow, where she graduated with a First Class MA (Hons) in Economic and Modern History.She later gained a postgraduate MA in Industrial Relations from the University of Warwick, and an MBA from INSEAD. She was awarded an honorary degree from Strathclyde University in 2007. Early career
After her MBA <mask> worked for Booz & Co., an international management consultancy, undertaking assignments in Europe, Asia, North America and Australasia. Adviser to Donald Dewar
Following Labour's landslide victory at the 1997 general election, <mask> was appointed Special Adviser to Donald Dewar when he became Secretary of State for Scotland. She was deeply involved in the preparation of the White Paper on devolution, the Scotland Act 1998 and preparations for the establishment of the

masks:
Wendy Alexander
Alexander
. Alexander
. Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


texts:
 Scottish Parliament, all matters she had published on during the 1990s. Member of Scottish Parliament
<mask> served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from its creation in 1999 until 2011. Ministerial career
From 1999 to 2002 <mask> was a Scottish Government minister, first serving as Minister for Communities, then as Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning, and subsequently as Minister for Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning.As Communities Minister she launched the free central heating installation programme for all pensioners without a system. She oversaw the creation of the first social justice report, "A Scotland where everyone matters – our vision for Social Justice", setting ambitious new targets for delivering social justice and defeating child poverty in Scotland, and an Annual Scottish Social Justice Report to measure progress towards those targets. She set up the Homelessness Task Force, which led to radical homelessness legislation and she championed the community ownership of housing by tenants including the removal of £1.6bn of Glasgow debt. The tenants subsequently voted in a referendum 2:1 in favour of transfer – the largest of its kind in the UK, involving 89,000 homes. As Communities Minister, <mask> fought hard to bring about the repeal of Section 28 to contribute to social acceptance and greater equality for the LGBT community by removing a ban on the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities. in the face of a sustained campaign by Stagecoach millionaire and later SNP donor Brian Souter to keep the legislation. In the end the repeal, contained in the  ethical Standards in Public Life (Scotland) Bill was passed by 99 votes to 17.During the final debate, <mask> said, "Repeal is not, and never has been, about the promotion of homosexuality in our

masks:
Wendy Alexander
Wendy Alexander
Alexander
Alexander


texts: schools. It is not about political correctness or, even less, about marriage. It is about building a tolerant Scotland. We know that teachers are confused about the meaning of section 2A, we know that bullying exists in our schools and elsewhere, and we know that children's organisations overwhelmingly back repeal." <mask> oversaw the Scottish Executive's response to the recommendations of the McIntosh Commission into the future of local government in Scotland, introducing a package of measures for local government including giving local authorities the lead role in developing Community Planning, creating a formal Power of Community Initiative (later known as a power of well-being) and establishing the Renewing Local Democracy (Kerley) Working Party on electoral systems. Building on the work of the Best Value Taskforce, she also announced plans for a statutory duty to secure Best Value in local government services. She also published the first Equality Statement to Parliament, established the Executive's Equalities Unit, announced the first Scottish-wide fund to tackle violence against women – the Domestic Abuse Service Development Fund – and the first national loan fund, administered by a new organisation – Social Investment Scotland – to invest in emerging social enterprises and "make it easier for the voluntary sector to emerge as an effective third force, alongside the traditional public and private sectors".As Enterprise Minister <mask> launched Smart, Successful Scotland, a widely welcomed new economic strategy for Scotland supporting high-skill, high-value investment such as that by Rolls-Royce. She launched Scotland's first ever Science strategy and developed a better pipeline to get ideas out of labs and into businesses, including the Proof of Concept Fund and the Scottish Co-Investment

masks: Alexander Alexander


texts: Fund to stimulate private venture capital investment in emerging businesses. She also championed the first broadband strategy for Scotland and took action to tackle the 'digital divide'. <mask> promoted a "learning, earning" nation including the doubling of the number of Modern Apprenticeships, jointly leading the Clyde Shipyards Taskforce to help modernise shipbuilding on the Clyde through investment in skills, and in the face of the global downturn in electronics hitting companies such as Motorola launched what became the PACE (Partnership for Continuing Employment) initiative to help those made redundant find work quickly. As Minister with responsibility for skills and lifelong learning she promoted higher education enterprise links and championed research, modernising management and widening access to universities by those previously excluded. She also extended Educational Maintenance Allowances to support pupils from low income families to complete their schooling. <mask> launched a new international economic strategy for Scotland called Global Connections realigning Scotland's international economic effort with the Smart Successful Scotland strategy, bringing together Scotland's previously separate inward investment and export agencies into one organisation, Scotland Development International and created the Globalscot network to develop and expand Scotland's standing in the global business community.<mask> resigned from ministerial office on 4 May 2002. After her resignation from Jack McConnell's Cabinet she became a visiting professor at the Strathclyde Business School and became a member, and subsequently Chair of the Scottish Parliament's Finance Committee. She inspired and led the Allander Series of seminars which had the aim of encouraging fresh thinking on Scotland's economic

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander


texts:
 future. The seminars brought William Baumol, Ed Glaeser and Nobel laureates James Heckman and Paul Krugman from across the spectrum of political economy to Scotland to reflect on issues such as the returns to early intervention, supporting innovation and cities as future growth engines. She also authored Chasing the Tartan Tiger: Lessons from a Celtic Cousin? (2003), co-edited (with Diane Coyle and Brian Ashcroft) New Wealth for Old Nations: Scotland’s Economic Prospects (2005), edited an anthology of essays on the life of the late First Minister, Donald Dewar: Scotland's first First Minister (2005) and wrote a non-political column for young mums in the Daily Record. Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland

Election
Following the Scottish Parliament elections in May 2007, <mask> became Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth.Following Jack McConnell's resignation in August 2007, she announced her candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland. <mask> laid out her vision to "Renew the party organisation, reform the policies, and reconnect the Labour Party in Scotland with its electorate". Other contenders ruled themselves out and she was elected unopposed by Labour MSPs on 14 September 2007. As the leader of the Labour Party in Scotland, <mask> believed that "the people of Scotland told us loud and clear they wanted change. They didn't whisper – they shouted it. So change we must!" She argued that Labour must offer radical change to regain the trust of voters, a vision spelt out in Scottish Labour New Directions: Change is what we do, a publication outlining her views on the future policy direction for the Labour Party in Scotland.Addressing Labour's Scottish Conference as Leader she spoke of the need for Labour to be the progressive party of Scotland. <mask> argued:

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


texts:
 "'Scotland' is not a political philosophy. 'Scotland' can just as easily be Adam Smith as it can be John Smith. The world over, politics comes down to a choice: right versus left, conservatives versus progressives, nationalists versus internationalists". Organisationally, she called for a new approach to candidate selection, including primary systems to give all Labour supporters a chance to be involved in choosing their local member. Policy initiatives included establishing a Literacy Commission with Rhona Brankin to investigate child literacy standards in Scottish schools (subsequently embraced by all parties in the Parliament), supporting investment in the early years, including nursery places for all vulnerable 2-year-olds, more one-on-one tuition in schools, personalised care plans for those with chronic conditions and legislation providing for a modern apprenticeship for every qualified school leaver who sought one. Calman Commission

<mask> made a speech at the University of Edinburgh on St Andrew's Day 2007 in which she set out the case for a wide-ranging review of the devolution settlement, with a view to identifying possible areas for reform.The speech laid out her proposals for "a more balanced home rule package" including greater financial accountability and new tax powers for the Scottish Parliament (a cause that she had first championed when she led the Allander Series) in order that the "Union become a more comfortable home for all its members". She said "Scotland wants to see a future that allows her to walk taller within the UK without walking out" and called for a new "expert-led and independent" Scottish constitutional commission. As the leader of the Labour Party in Scotland, she set this in motion by working with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat leaders to set up the


texts:
 Commission on Scottish Devolution (aka the Calman Commission) in a "bold cross-party, cross-border initiative". The review was established by a vote of the Scottish Parliament. The Calman Commission became a unique Scottish Parliament-UK Government joint venture which reported back to the Parliament in June 2009 proposing wide-ranging changes in the financing of the Scottish Parliament. <mask> wrote then "history teaches that constitutional reform has never been gifted to Scotland. It has to be fought and argued for... Calman will shape the next phase of Scotland's journey…[with] a range of common sense measures to improve relationships".On St. Andrew's Day 2010, three years to the day after <mask>'s call for a Commission, the UK Government introduced a new Scotland Bill. The proposals in the bill closely followed the commission's recommendations and proposed major new financial powers worth £12 billion, giving Holyrood control of a third of its budget. Under the legislation, Holyrood will set a Scottish income tax rate each year from 2015, applying equally to the basic, high and additional rates. The UK Government called it the "biggest transfer of fiscal powers to Scotland since the creation of the Union." In December 2010 <mask> was appointed convener of the Scottish Parliament's Committee to report on the bill. Scottish independence referendum

During a TV interview on 4 May 2008, <mask> suggested that she would be willing to support a referendum on Scottish Independence saying "Bring it on!". It was a bold move, but led to suggestions of a rift between her and the Prime Minister, who did not overtly back her.On 7 May, at Prime Minister's Questions, Prime Minister, Gordon Brown stated that she was not, in fact, offering Labour's support for an immediate referendum. During First Minister's

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Alexander
Wendy Alexander


texts:
 Questions in the Scottish Parliament, on 8 May, <mask> asked Alex Salmond to bring forward a referendum bill at the first opportunity. Alex Salmond declined the offer of Labour support for a referendum, preferring to delay by at least a further year, saying "We will stick to what was laid out in pages 8 and 15 of the SNP manifesto". Resignation over foreign donation

In 2007, a controversy developed after it emerged that <mask>'s campaign team had accepted a £950 impermissible donation from Paul Green, a property magnate, a matter that was investigated by the Electoral Commission and Strathclyde Police. When it emerged that the donation of £950 had come from a personal account, and not a business account, the money was immediately forfeited. Further newspaper reports on 30 November indicated <mask> was aware of the identity of the donor, after having sent a personal letter of gratitude to Mr Green (at his home in Jersey) concerning the donation. As Mr Green was not registered as an elector in the United Kingdom this barred him from donating to a UK-based party.However, the Electoral Commission concluded in February 2008 that <mask> had taken 'significant steps' to comply with funding regulations and decided there was no basis for further action. As part of the Electoral Commission ruling, they also stated that <mask> "did not take all reasonable steps" and that "there is not sufficient evidence to establish that an offence has been committed". These mixed messages have resulted in a number of people questioning the decision, including Alex Salmond the head of the Scottish Government who likened the result to a not proven verdict. In a separate development, a few days earlier in February 2008, the Scottish Parliament standards watchdog reported <mask> to the procurator fiscal for failing to

masks: Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander Alexander


texts:
 declare as gifts the donations that were made to the fund for her campaign for the leadership of the Labour Party in Scotland. <mask> had been told by the parliamentary authorities that there was no need to declare these donations as gifts. In previous leadership campaigns, campaign donations were not treated as gifts. Again the subsequent investigation led to a decision by the Crown Office to take no further action.Despite this ruling, on 26 June 2008, on the eve of the Parliamentary summer recess, the SNP-led Standards Committee of the Parliament voted 4 to 3 to propose a one-day ban from the Scottish Parliament as a sanction for not declaring leadership campaign donations as gifts on the Parliament's register of interests. The proposed ban was overwhelmingly rejected by the Parliament in a subsequent vote in September 2008. However, with Holyrood going into summer recess at the time, <mask> would have had to wait until September for all MSPs to vote on the recommendation. So, rather than having the issue hanging over her – and her party – <mask> announced her resignation as leader on 28 June 2008. She subsequently stated it had been a mistake for her to take on the leadership of the Labour Party in Scotland while her children were so young. Parliamentary career
From 2008 to 2011 <mask> served as a member of the Scottish Parliament's Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee. She was also convenor of the Scotland Bill Committee, which produced the report for the Scottish Parliament and UK Government in March 2011 proposing new powers for the Scottish Parliament.Many of these proposals recommend greater fiscal autonomy for Scotland, including improved borrowing powers, the ability to issue bonds and further tax devolution. Despite the Scottish Government's initial opposition to the bill they


texts:
 supported the Scotland Bill Committee's recommendations, with parliament voting 121:3 in favour. In her valedictory speech on the Scotland Bill, <mask> said: "This initiative has from beginning to end been cross-party, consensual and co-operative among the participating parties. [...] The bill will deliver the most far-reaching transfer of financial powers from London since the creation of the union. [...] In the future, all Scottish political parties will have to make decisions about raising money as well as about spending it. [...] The bill serves Scotland better [...] It is, quite simply, in the national interest." She stood down from Parliament in May 2011 to seek a new life outside active politics.<mask> also serves as a member of the Social Market Foundation's Advisory Board and Reform Scotland's Political Advisory Board. Personal life and family
<mask> is married to Professor Elizabeth Ashcroft and has fraternal twin children. <mask>'s brother is the former Labour politician Douglas. See also
 List of Scottish Executive Ministerial Teams
 Scotland Bill 2010-11

References

External links

<mask> MSP

|-

|-

|-

|-

1963 births
Living people
Labour MSPs
Leaders of Scottish Labour
Scottish columnists
Scottish special advisers
Labour Party (UK) officials
British consultants
Politicians from Glasgow
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
People educated at a United World College
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Warwick
INSEAD alumni
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
People educated at Park Mains High School
People associated with the University of Dundee
Ministers of the Scottish Government
Women members of the Scottish Government
20th-century Scottish women

masks:
Alexander
Alexander
Wendy Alexander
Alexander
Wendy Alexander


texts:
<mask> (born 3 August 1990) is a British model. She was discovered in Hammersmith Primark in 2006 and signed to The Squad Management in London. She began appearing on international runways in early 2007. In February 2008, she was the first black model to walk a Prada runway in over a decade. In April 2014, it was announced that <mask> was signed as the new face of Maybelline New York. As of July 2014, she was declared an icon by models.com. <mask> is considered to be one of her generation's supermodels.Early life and discovery
<mask> <mask> was born in Brent, London, and grew up in nearby Greenford with her mother. She attended Elthorne Park High School in Hanwell. <mask> is of Jamaican, Grenadian, and Syrian-Lebanese descent. She admitted to being self-conscious as a teenager, due to her height and weight. She stated growing up, people would often tell her she should become a model, but she was apprehensive as she was not really sure what a model did. She commented that shows like America's Next Top Model intrigued her, as they gave her a new perspective of the job. In early 2006, at the age of 15, she was scouted by an agent from Storm Management, while accompanying a friend in a London Primark.Personal life
She has a son born in 2009 named Riley. On 1 February 2020, <mask> became engaged to rapper Dion Hamilton. Career
At the age of 16, <mask> made her runway debut in the New York shows in the autumn of 2007, walking in shows for Marc Jacobs and Polo Ralph Lauren, among others. Soon after, she quickly rose to prominence within the industry. In 2007, she was featured on British Vogue as a "new star," and in 2008 Style.com listed her as one of the top 10 newcomers. She also walked 75 shows during the spring/summer 2008 season, including Louis Vuitton and Valentino. <mask> has since become a major

masks:
Jourdan Sherise Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Jourdan
Dunn
Jourdan
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn


texts: fixture on runways, having walked for the industry's biggest designers.She was often distinguished for being the only black model in shows, for which she later condemned designers. She has garnered attention for her legs and for her walk which she says she practises frequently with very tall heels, walking over 60 shows during the spring 2009 season. In July 2008, Steven Meisel selected <mask> to appear on the cover of the Vogue Italia issue devoted entirely to black models. She featured as a 'Face of the Moment' in May 2009's US Vogue. She has also been featured on the cover of American Vogue, British Vogue, Vogue Turkey, Vogue Japan, Vogue Brazil and Teen Vogue, Miss Vogue, Vogue Girl Korea, W Magazine, Glamour Magazine UK, Elle (France, UK, South Africa, Japan, Brazil), Wonderland, Manifesto,  Fashion Magazine Canada, Madame Figaro, Pop, Russh, Muse, The Sunday Times Style, Ponystep, Antidote, Luella, and covering i-D magazine eight times. She has been in campaigns for Ann Taylor, Burberry, Balmain, Calvin Klein, Yves Saint Laurent, DKNY, Michael Kors, John Galliano, Victoria's Secret, Tommy Hilfiger, Topshop, Kate Spade, Express, Jaeger, Rag & Bone, Gap, Aldo, Shiatzy Chen, Benetton, H&M, Banana Republic, Zalando, Free People, Selfridges, Neiman Marcus, Pepe Jeans, Liu Jo and Saks Fifth Avenue, and was the face of Rihanna's collections for River Island. She has appeared in editorials for the American, Italian, French, British, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Japanese, Brazilian editions of Vogue, Elle, i-D, Dazed & Confused, W, Pop, Centrefold and V, among others.In Teen Vogues November 2009 issue where she appeared alongside Chanel Iman, she discussed her and Chanel's previous competitive relationship, as well as the challenges they faced being black models in the fashion world. The issue sparked


texts:
 controversy as <mask>; who was 18 at the time, announced her pregnancy. Teen Vogue faced backlash from the media, who accused them of glorifying teenage pregnancy. She continued to model until she was six months pregnant and couldn't fit into any of the clothes, notably walking the catwalk for the Spring 2010 Jean Paul Gaultier show, with a baby bump. At the age of 19, ten weeks after giving birth, <mask> returned to the runway at London Fashion Week for the Winter 2010 season. For returning to work so quickly, she said her motivation was her son:

More than anything, having a son has made me realise I have to make shit work: I'm his voice, I'm his lifeline, I have to be driven. I think he pushed me in the right direction.I've always been ambitious, but now I have more focus. I'm more hardworking. During the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, <mask> was one of the British models wearing bespoke fashions created by British designers specifically for the event. The other models were Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, David Gandy, Karen Elson, Lily Donaldson, Lily Cole, Georgia May Jagger and Stella Tennant. She wore a gold and white gown by Jonathan Saunders with feathered headdress by Stephen Jones. She also made her Victoria's Secret Fashion Show debut for the 2012 show. In March 2013, <mask> appeared as the cover story in Net-a-Porter's "The Edit."In it she spoke of encountering discrimination telling the magazine that casting agents would say clients "didn't want any more black girls". In July 2013, she received media attention for tweeting that she had been cancelled from a Dior haute couture show, "for her boobs"; rather than her skin colour – which she noted, "usually happens". In April 2014, it was announced that Maybelline New York had signed her to join the brand. Her first role for the

masks: Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts:
 cosmetic company will be fronting the brand's Go Extreme Mascara, accompanied with print and television ads. Forbes listed <mask> in their 2014 top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $US4 million in one year. She appeared on the 2015 list having earned $US3.5million. She is pictured in the September 2015 issue of Vogue modelling a J. Mendel fox fur boa.<mask> signed a deal with British multinational retailer Marks & Spencer to design a kidswear clothing collection. The collection; called "Lil' LonDunn by <mask> <mask>", debuted in April 2016. A collaboration between Jourdan and British fashion retailer Missguided was launched in April 2017, featuring athletic wear. Revenue for the company increased by 75%, with international sales increasing by 130%, whilst the campaign with <mask> was active. She appeared in a music video for Nicki Minaj entitled "Regret In Your Tears", directed by Mert and Marcus in May 2017. Accolades
In February 2008, <mask> became the first Black model to walk in a Prada fashion show during the 21st Century. In November 2008, <mask> was named "Model of the Year" at the British Fashion Awards.In November 2013, she won "Model of the Year" at the Harper's Bazaar Women of the Year Awards. As of July 2014, she was declared an icon by models.com after appearing on their "Top 50 Models Women" list for seven consecutive years. As of May 2015, models.com declared her a "New Super", a selection of models who are recognised as modern day supermodels; having transcended the fashion industry and established themselves as brands and celebrities. She won the "Inspiration Award" at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards 2015, for her philanthropic work raising awareness for Sickle-cell disease and her consistent activism for diversity within the modeling industry. In November 2015,

masks: Dunn Dunn Jourdan Dunn Dunn Dunn Dunn


texts:
 she won "Model of the Year" at the British Fashion Awards, for the second time. In 2014, Forbes listed <mask> in their top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $US4 million in one year. She was the first Black British model to make the list.She appeared on the February cover of British Vogue in 2015, becoming the first solo Black model to grace the cover in 12 years. Media and appearances
<mask> appeared in the music videos for "Yoncé" and "XO" from Beyoncé's fifth self-titled studio album which is widely described as a "visual album" due to every song being accompanied by a music video. The videos were shot in Brooklyn and Coney Island, New York, respectively. The "Yoncé" video was directed by Ricky Saiz and features fellow models Joan Smalls and Chanel Iman. The video was inspired by the 1990 David Fincher video for "Freedom" by George Michael, which also featured models, such as Naomi Campbell. The "XO" video was directed by Terry Richardson and features <mask> alongside Jessica White and Diandra Forres. <mask> currently hosts a cooking show entitled <mask>, on Jay Z's Life+Times YouTube channel.The web show has featured celebrity guest co-chefs, such as 2 Chainz, Wale, Karlie Kloss, Chanel Iman, Cara Delevingne and Joan Smalls. She was a guest on The Jonathan Ross Show in March 2013 and later again in 2019, to discuss her career. She appeared in the 2012, 2013 and 2014 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Awards and nominations

Filmography

Films

Television

Music video appearances

References

External links

Style.com Photos of <mask> <mask>
Harper's Bazaar interview with <mask> <mask>

1990 births
Living people
English female models
Black British fashion people
English people of Grenadian descent
English people of Jamaican descent
English people of Syrian descent
English people of

masks:
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Dunn
Well Dunn
Jourdan
Dunn
Jourdan
Dunn


texts:
Charles Wilber "<mask>" <mask>, also known as "<mask>" (July 28, 1893 – March 4, 1967), was an American pitcher, outfielder, and manager for the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro baseball leagues from 1920 to 1938. Renowned as a two-way player who could both hit and pitch successfully, one statistical compilation shows <mask> winning more games than any other pitcher in Negro leagues history and ranking fourth highest in career batting average. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in  1998. <mask>'s early baseball career took place in the U.S. Army, where he played for a famous team in the all-black 25th Infantry. After joining the Kansas City Monarchs, he was the top pitcher and one of the best hitters on a team that won three pennants from 1923 to 1925 and the 1924 Colored World Series. He became a playing manager in 1926 and led his team to another league title in 1929. "Charleston was everything—but Rogan was more", said William "Big C" Johnson, one of <mask>'s Army teammates."<mask> could do everything, everywhere." "He was the onliest pitcher I ever saw, I ever heard of in my life, was pitching and hitting in the cleanup place", said Satchel Paige. According to <mask>'s longtime catcher Frank Duncan, "If you had to choose between <mask> and Paige, you'd pick <mask>, because he could hit. The pitching, you'd as soon have Satchel as <mask>, understand? But <mask>'s hitting was so terrific. Get my point?" Casey Stengel called <mask> "one of the best—if not the best—pitcher that ever lived."Early life
Wilber <mask> was born in Oklahoma City,

masks:
Bullet
Rogan
Bullet Joe
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan


texts:
 Oklahoma. After the death of his mother and his father's remarriage in 1908, he moved with his family to Kansas City, Kansas where he attended Sumner High School. He began his baseball career there in 1911 as a catcher with Fred Palace's Colts, a semipro team composed mostly of teenagers. Also joining the Colts that season was Dick Whitworth, who would, like <mask>, go on to pitch for many years in the Negro leagues. Friction with his stepmother and unhappiness with the segregated high school he attended led <mask> to drop out of school before graduation and enlist in the Army on October 19, 1911. He lied about his age to do so. This would cause later confusion about <mask>'s age, as some records (along with his Hall of Fame plaque) give his birth year as 1889, others as 1893; recent histories, such as Phil Dixon's, conclude that the latter date is correct.U.S. Army and the 25th Infantry Wreckers
<mask> served in the Philippines during American colonization with the 24th Infantry Regiment , an all-black regiment, for three years. He was honorably discharged in 1914. Before returning to the United States, <mask> reenlisted, this time with the 25th Infantry, another African American unit, at that time stationed at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. He was specifically recruited to play for the regiment's famous baseball team, known as the "Wreckers." He made his debut with the Wreckers on July 4, 1915. His Army teammates included a number of later Negro league stars, such as Dobie Moore, Heavy Johnson, Bob Fagan, Lemuel Hawkins, and William "Big C" Johnson.

masks: Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan


texts:
 Over the next three seasons, the Wreckers won the Post League championship, the United States Army Series, and the Oahu League.In February 1917 <mask> twice defeated the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League, who were visiting the islands for spring training. On furlough for several months in 1917, <mask> played professionally for the Los Angeles White Sox, the Kansas City, Kansas, Giants, and J. L. Wilkinson's All Nations Club, but returned to the army for three more years. In August 1918 <mask> and the rest of the 25th Infantry were moved to Camp Stephen D. Little in Nogales, Arizona. Researchers John Holway and James Riley report that in 1919, Casey Stengel played against <mask> in Arizona, and subsequently recommended him to Wilkinson for his new Negro National League team, the Kansas City Monarchs. However, <mask> had already played in the California Winter League and for Wilkinson's All-Nations team in 1917, and had already been noted by African American newspapers as early as 1916. Professional career

In July 1920, <mask> and Dobie Moore joined the Monarchs. <mask> quickly became the premier pitcher and biggest box-office draw in the young league.By his third season with the Monarchs, 1922, he hit .390, and his 13 home runs were good for second in the league. On August 6, 1923, <mask> combined with teammate and manager José Méndez to pitch a no-hitter against the Milwaukee Bears, Méndez pitching the first five innings and <mask> the last four. That season he hit .364 with a league-leading 16 wins and 151 strikeouts to lead the Monarchs to

masks: Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan


texts: their first pennant. In 1924 <mask> hit .395 while compiling an 18–6 record and leading the Monarchs to their second league title. He starred in the first Black World Series, leading the Monarchs with 13 hits and winning two games as Kansas City defeated the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldales. That winter he led the 1924/25 Cuban League with nine victories for the champion Almendares club. <mask> may have reached his peak in 1925, leading Kansas City to its third straight league championship with a 17–2 record and a .381 batting average.In the playoffs against the St. Louis Stars he hit .450 and won three more games, including one shutout. However, before the World Series rematch with Hilldale, <mask> suffered a knee injury while playing with his young son. Forced to undergo surgery, he missed the series. Without their star, the Monarchs were defeated in six games. The following season, <mask> took over from José Méndez as manager of the Kansas City Monarchs. In that season's NNL playoffs against the Chicago American Giants, he pitched and lost both games of a series-deciding doubleheader to the younger Bill Foster. As late as 1928 at the age of 34, <mask> <mask> was the best hitter (.358) and arguably the best pitcher (10–2) on the Monarchs.That year he slammed three home runs in a game against the Detroit Stars. <mask> continued at the Monarchs' helm in 1929 when they won their fourth NNL championship and recorded the best record (62–17) in the history of the league. On April 29, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma, <mask> played for the Monarchs in

masks: Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Bullet Rogan Rogan Rogan


texts:
 baseball's first night game. In August he was hospitalized with an undisclosed illness. He remained out of the lineup for more than a year, finally returning on September 28, 1931. When Wilkinson did not organize a Kansas City Monarchs team for 1932, <mask> joined a white independent team in Jamestown, North Dakota, where he played until August. He batted .315 and went 20–3 as a pitcher before returning to the reorganized Monarchs in September.In the winter of 1933 and 1934, <mask> returned to Hawaii and the Philippines as a member of the Philadelphia Royal Giants, a black all-star team. The Royal Giants toured Japan and China as well. In 1936, at the age of 43, <mask> appeared in the East-West All-Star Game. <mask> as player and manager
Relatively small (5 foot 7, 160 pounds (72.6 kg)), <mask> was solidly built and strong, with thin legs and a narrow waist but broad shoulders. He threw and batted right-handed, and used an unusually heavy bat. "You saw Ernie Banks hit in his prime, then you saw Rogan", said Buck O'Neil. "He could hit that ball...He was the type of guy that stood a long way from the plate.Not too close, because they'd jam you." According to his longtime teammate Frank Duncan, "<mask> was one of the best low-ball hitters I ever saw, and one of the best curve-ball hitters. <mask> taught Bob and Irish Meusel how to hit curve balls." While not extremely fast, he ran the bases well and stole when necessary. As a pitcher, <mask> used a no-windup delivery and both overhand and sidearm motions, and relied on an array of curveballs, a spitball, a

masks: Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan Rogan


texts:
 palmball, a forkball, and the fastball that gave him his nickname. According to the sportswriter A.S. "Doc" Young, "<mask> possessed as much natural ability as Smokey Joe or Satch, but his control was not up to theirs." Frank Duncan, who caught both Paige and <mask>, said,
Satchel was easier to catch.He could throw it in a quart cup. But <mask> was all over the plate—high, low, inside, outside. He'd walk five-six men, but he didn't give up many runs. Bullet had a little more steam on the ball than Paige—and he had a better-breaking curve. The batters thought it was a fastball heading for them and they would jump back from the plate and all of a sudden, it would break sharply for a strike. I would rank him with today's best. I have never seen a pitcher like him, and I have caught some of the best pitchers in the business.Another Monarchs teammate, George Carr, said,
<mask> was the greatest pitcher that ever threw a ball. He had not only an arm to pitch with but a head to think with. <mask> was a smart pitcher with a wonderful memory. Once <mask> pitched to a batter, he never forgot that batter's weaknesses and strong points. And don't think <mask> was nicknamed "Bullet" for nothing. That guy had a ball that was almost too fast to catch. He would really burn 'em in there.As a manager, he was a strict disciplinarian, possibly a result of his military background. Carroll "Dink" Mothell maintained that "<mask> wanted to run the ball club like they did it in the army. He liked to give orders too much, even before he was managing. He used to bawl players out

masks:
Joe Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan
Rogan


texts:
 for different things. I could take it, but we had ball players, when he'd get on them, they'd go into a shell, resented it, and didn't give him their best." Another Monarchs pitcher, Chet Brewer, said that "<mask> wasn't the best manager because he was such a great ball player himself. He couldn't teach pitchers much, because he'd say, 'All you have to do is go out and throw the man what I threw'."According to historian Phil Dixon, "In <mask>'s first few years as manager he was reluctant to pinch-hit for many of the veterans on his roster because they were his friends." He did not trust younger players, often inserting himself to pitch or pinch-hit for them. He sometimes treated rookies harshly. Eventually <mask> "discarded his distant approach" and became increasingly known for teaching and developing less experienced players. Personal life
On October 22, 1922, Wilber <mask> married Kathrine McWilliams, a Colorado farm girl. Their son Wilber <mask>, Jr., was born right after the 1924 World Series. Between the 1923 and 1924 seasons, it was reported that <mask> spent the winter writing life insurance.After his retirement as a player, <mask> became an umpire in the Negro American League until 1946, then worked in the post office. He died in Kansas City, Missouri on March 4, 1967, at age 73. The Baseball Hall of Fame first admitted Negro league players in the 1970s, but did not honor <mask> until 1998, 31 years after his death. Career statistics

Negro leagues

California Winter League

Batting

Pitching

<mask> spent five seasons in the integrated


texts:
 California Winter League between 1920 and 1930 against teams of white major and minor leaguers. <mask>'s team won the championship every year. Cuban (Winter) League

Source:

Against all competition
Historian Phil Dixon puts <mask>'s lifetime totals against all competition, including semipro and Army teams, at more than 350 games won, 2000 strikeouts, 2500 hits, 350 home runs, and 500 stolen bases. Notes

References

External links

 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads
BaseballLibrary – biography

1893 births
1967 deaths
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
Baseball players from Oklahoma
Negro league baseball managers
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
All Nations players
Kansas City Monarchs players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
United States Army

masks: Rogan Rogan


texts:
<mask> (born Hatillo, Puerto Rico), more commonly known as <mask>, is an attorney and former Chief Operating Officer of the Hispanic National Bar Association (2006–2008). He is the founder and principal attorney of the Arocho Law Office. He is a member of the District of Columbia and U.S. Virgin Islands bars. He is also admitted to practice before the U.S. Court of International Trade, and U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Education

<mask> has degrees from Seton Hall University School of Law (Juris Doctor) and Rider College (now Rider University) (Bachelor of Science in Commerce in Business Administration). While in high school he took college courses at Mercer County Community College. As a freshman at Rider College, he was instrumental in resurrecting the La Tropicana Club, the predecessor to the Latin American Student Organization (LASO), and in transforming the club into a Latino/Hispanic student union organization.La Tropicana Club was founded as a social club at Rider College in the 1930s by Cuban and Puerto Rican students who named their club after a famous venue in Havana, Cuba. While serving as President of the La Tropicana Club, Latino students at Rider College began to serve as tutors for Latino students at Trenton High School. Also he was instrumental in increasing the recruitment and retention of Latino/Hispanic students. During his junior year, <mask> presented a proposal to the Rider College president and administration for a minor program in Hispanic/Latino studies. He also organized voter registration drives focusing primarily on registering poor citizens in Trenton, New Jersey. In his senior year, he unsuccessfully attempted to create a statewide association of Hispanic/Latino college organizations. [add citations] He was elected as Senator in the Rider

masks:
Antonio Arocho
Tony Arocho
Arocho
Arocho


texts:
 College Student Government Association.While in law school he served as student attorney for the Essex-Newark Legal Services legal clinic program. Public service

<mask> v. Farrelly (a 1993 Territorial Court of the U.S. Virgin Islands decision), which set forth the medical standards that requires two EEG tests be performed within a 24-hour period to confirm the absence of brain activity and that neurological tests be performed by two neurologists. See, e.g., 28 V.I.90 (Territorial Court of the Virgin Islands, 1993). While a student at Rider College, he was appointed by the Mercer County Board of Freeholders to serve on the Mercer County Office of Training & Employment Services Advisory Board. On September 12, 2000, he was appointed by the Honorable Parris N. Glendening, Governor of the State of Maryland, to serve as a Commissioner on the Governor's Commission of Hispanic Affairs the remainder of a term of three years from January 1, 2000. He served as an officer in the Maryland state reserve of the Maryland Military Department that is called Maryland Defense Force. Nonprofit Sector

<mask>'s experience includes working with many nonprofit organizations as counsel, board member, and part of the management team. He served as Interim Executive Director of the Hispanic National Bar Association  from 2012-2013 and served as Executive Director from 2006-2008 . From 2008–2009, upon the request of Nilda I. Ruiz, President/C.E.O.of Asociacion Puertorriquenos en Marcha, Inc.(APM), he provided technical and managerial assistance to APM including serving as Special Assistance to the President, Interim Vice-President for Health and Human Services and as Interim Vice-President for Human Service programs. Earlier efforts included implementing membership objectives and advocacy efforts as a

masks: Arochoella Arocho


texts:
 Vice-President at the National Community Reinvestment Coalition . He provided technical assistance to Hispanic community-based organizations and community development corporations around the nation while at the National Council of La Raza.. He served as the Pennsylvania Association of Latino Organizations, Inc.'s (PALO) first chief operating officer. <mask> has successfully raised funds for diverse causes from private sources, private foundations, individuals, and government grants. In addition, he has provided legal representation to migrant and seasonal farmworkers, the poorest group of working people in the United States. During his college years he served on the executive boards of the Puerto Rican Congress of New Jersey and Puerto Rican Action Committee of Mercer County.He began working with nonprofits while in high school (Summer 1975) where he created and supervised a Hispanic Needs Assessment Survey for the Hightstown-East Windsor Community Action Service Center. Native American/Amerindian/Indigenous Involvement

In the 1990s, <mask> served as an advisor to the Hon. Hilary Frederik who was the Chief of the Carib Territory of the Carib people (Kalinago) on the island of Dominica. He arranged several official visits and presentations by Chief Frederick to the mainland United States and U.S. Virgin Islands. Also <mask> has provided advise to several unrecognized and state recognized tribes in the United States. Philanthropy

<mask> donated his extensive Native American book collection to the Nanticoke Indian Museum & Library of the Nanticoke Indian Association in Delaware. In addition, in honor of his parents, <mask> made a generous gift of over one hundred philosophy, religious and theological books and material to the new library of Philadelphia's Esperanza College of Eastern

masks: Arocho Arocho Arocho Arocho Arocho


texts:
 University (United States).Archives

<mask>'s archives, materials and photographs are housed in the Puerto Rican Community Archives, New Jersey Hispanic and Research Information Center of the Newark Public Library. Publications

En rest af dansk ret bliver stadig brut pa de Dansk-vestindiske Oer/Vol 6 Juristen (1998)-Danish Economist & Lawyer Journal. The Danish National Archives web page on law in the Virgin Islands cited this article. Conciliation of Civil Disputes in the Territorial Court of the USVI: A Vestige of Danish Jurisprudence in the Caribbean-

Recognitions & Community Activities

Joint Legislative Resolution of NJ Senate and Legislature (July 1999) recognized <mask>'s contributions to farmworkers in New Jersey, Camden Regional Legal Services, and community. <mask> donated his extensive Native American book collection to the Nanticoke Indian Museum & Library of the Nanticoke Indian Tribe in Delaware. <mask> New HNBA Executive Director </ref

<mask>, Vice-President, National Community Reinvestment Coalition

D.C. Attorney donates American Indian book collection [http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28397559.html

References

Living people
People from Hatillo, Puerto Rico
Year of birth missing (living people)
Puerto Rican lawyers
Rider University alumni
Seton Hall University School of Law alumni
American chief operating

masks:
Antonio Arocho
Antonio Arocho
Arocho
Antonio Arocho
Antonio Arocho


texts:
<mask> (; born June 13, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician, serving as the U.S. representative for  since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he is in his 15th term in Congress. He was originally elected to represent the state's 17th congressional district (1992–1993), which was renumbered the 8th congressional district (1993–2013) and now is the 10th congressional district. <mask> has chaired the House Judiciary Committee since 2019. The 10th congressional district includes Manhattan's west side, from the Upper West Side down to Battery Park, including the World Trade Center; the Manhattan neighborhoods of Chelsea, Hell's Kitchen, and Greenwich Village; and parts of Brooklyn, such as Coney Island, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, and Bay Ridge. It includes many of New York City's most popular tourist attractions, including the Statue of Liberty, New York Stock Exchange, Brooklyn Bridge, and Central Park. <mask> is the dean of New York's delegation to the House of Representatives.Early life, education, and early political career

<mask> was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Miriam (née Schreiber) and Emanuel "Max" <mask>. <mask> described his father as a "dyed-in-the-wool Democrat" who lost his poultry farm in New Jersey when the younger <mask> was seven. In his youth, he attended Crown Heights Yeshiva; he is the only member of Congress with a yeshiva education. He graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1965 (where his debate team partner was the future philosopher of science Alexander Rosenberg, and Dick Morris managed his successful campaign for student government president). <mask> received his B.A. in 1969 from Columbia University, where he became a brother of Alpha Epsilon Pi. After graduating from Columbia, <mask> worked as a legal assistant and clerk, first with Corporation Trust Company in 1970, then the Morris, Levin and Shein law firm in 1971.In 1972, <mask> was a legislative assistant in the New York State Assembly before becoming

masks:
Jerrold Lewis Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler
Nadler