texts:
 patent drawings show the prototype of the Typhoon open-heel Surfmaster fin, which appears in the 1956 Skinner's handbook with the caption: "The Fluted Typhoon Swimfin is covered by British Patent No. 746764." GB781597 (published 21 August 1957): Improvements in or relating to Valves for Underwater Breathing Apparatus. The patent drawings show the prototype of the "Typhoon Automatic Valve Assembly" to be fitted as a snorkel tube to a diving mask and featured in the 1956 Skinner's handbook. GB842768 (published 27 July 1960): Improved Sealing Means for an Aperture in an Article  Flexible Sheet Material. The patent drawings show the prototype of the "Typhoon Watertight Closure" used to seal the Typhoon one-piece dry suit, which appears in the 1966 Skinner's handbook.GB932258 (published 24 July 1963): Improved mask for use in underwater swimming and diving. This patent protects a "cushioned face-mask flange" design providing diving mask wearers with a more comfortable fit. British Sub-Aqua Club
To form a national diving club, <mask> tried to merge with Harold Penman's Underwater Explorers Club, but the attempt failed over policy differences: Penman insisted that either he, or <mask>, should own the club and control the finances, while <mask> was adamant that it should be run by the members and their elected committee. <mask> determined that he would need a dedicated and persuasive journalist to cover publicity and public relations. He found the journalist he wanted in Peter Small who had already expressed enormous enthusiasm for

masks: Gugen Gugen Gugen Gugen


type: original

texts:
 science and the sea in articles published in Picture Post, the Daily Herald, New Scientist, the Sunday Times and the News Chronicle. Like <mask>, he had used the aqualung, but only briefly. The two obtained scuba diving training from Trevor Hampton at Warfleet Creek.Gugen had two dives, while Small finished the five-lesson course. In the evenings they worked out BSAC's constitution. The "Sub-Aqua" in its name was likeliest <mask>'s idea, as Penman and Hampton had used "Underwater" in their organizations' titles. Jack Atkinson, an ex-RAF flight sergeant, joined them as Training Officer; he soon after took Trevor Hampton's diving course. <mask> retired from chairing the BSAC in 1958. In the club's magazine Triton, Peter Small paid tribute to <mask>'s service as club chairman: "It is impossible to over-estimate what <mask>ugen has accomplished for the club. He and I started it over a glass of beer, but it was mainly his inspiration (the Club, not the beer) and it was he, rather than any other single person, who has guided the Club from those humble beginnings to its present position of national, even international, authority."According to an article elsewhere in the same issue, <mask> was subsequently elected president of the BSAC London Branch, which is the original branch No.1 of the British Sub-Aqua Club. See also
History of British Sub-Aqua Club. References

English underwater divers
Diving equipment manufacturers
1910 births
1992 deaths
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
French Army personnel of World

masks:
Gugen
Oscar
Gugen
Oscar Gugen
Oscar G
Gugen


texts:
<mask> is a South Korean professional Crazyracing Kartrider player and video game streamer. He plays for Hanwha Life E sports. <mask> announced his retirement from individual competitions after winning the 2020 SKT JUMP Kartrider League season 1. In June 2020, <mask> won a total of 19 awards in the regular league. This include awards for thirteen championships, three runners-up, and three third places. <mask> won 5th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, and the 15th Kartrider League, Dual Race season 1 team competition, three individual competitions, team wins, one individual competition in 2019 season 1, 2020 season 1 team competition, and individual competition. On February 25, 2013, <mask> joined Star Treasures, Kart Rider announced his temporary retirement until the league turned into an individual match.He also participated in the StarCraft II League. In 2015, he collaborated with Jeon Dae-Woong, Kang Seok-in, and Jang Jin-Hyung to return to the KartRider League. In 2020, he teamed with Park Do-Hyun, Choi Young-hoon, Bae Sung-bin, and Lee Eun-taek in the first season of the SKT JUMP KartRider League. Kart League

4th–10th Leagues
In the 4th Kart League, he had advanced to the 1st round final, then collapsed in the 2nd half of the game. He was hit by a retirement in the mine and ended up in 7th place. In the 2nd round, he did not continue to the quarter-final as he was placed 6th in the group. However, he succeeded in winning the third round and was considered a big three with Yoo Im-duk and Cho Hyun-joon, but came in third due to Kang

masks:
Moon Ho Joon
Moon
Moon
Moon Ho Joon
Moon


texts: Jin-woo's performance.In round 5, he won back-to-back prizes in various competitions and took the main position. He won the KeSPA Cup, the National Cyber Sports Festival, and won the first and third rounds of the 5th league, setting a record of winning two of the first three rounds. In the Grand Final, he competed with the same on-game team, Jeong Seon-ho. It seemed difficult to win the 16th mine track, but he won the last two games, winning the first place in the last two consecutive games, and catching up with the 10-point gap. In the next round of the 6th League, <mask>-Jun was the runner-up, as Kang Jin-woo won both rounds for the first time in six consecutive games. In the 7th league, he won the second round and went to the Grand Final as the top overall. In the final, defending champion Kang Jin-woo and bike syndrome Kang Suk-in competed for the championship.In the beginning, all three of them were winning, but they had to watch Kang Jin-woo and Kang Seok-in as they caught up in the middle of the race. Kang Seok-in was third after Kang Jin-woo, who won and finished runner-up. The 8th league went straight to the finals, winning the first-round title over Kang Jin-woo and Kim Jun. He finished third in the second round. In the final, struggling in the cold weather, Kang Jin-woo retires from the ice, chasing Kim Jin-hee, who took first place while Kang Seok-in and Kim Jun were down due to a lack of backing. He caught up with Kim just before the final game and finished first overall, but was runner-up when Kim Jin-hee came back in the


texts: final game. In the preliminary round of the 9th round of the league, Jeong Seon-ho was the next runner-up to the round final, and in the early and mid-half of the round final, he showed his strength, beat Jeong Seon-ho, and won the right to go straight to the final second place after Kang Jin-woo.In the second round qualifying round, Kang Seok-in and Jeon Dae-Woong will be in the same group for four consecutive games before advancing to the round final with first place and succeeding in defeating Kang Jin-woo in the second round final. He swept the top spots in the long-awaited final, widening the gap with runner-up Jang Jin-hyeong to win an overwhelming victory. Since then, <mask>-jun has shown his best skills during the round, but he has escaped from being unable to win and began sweeping the championship title. In the 10th league, he was sluggish in the beginning. In Group A of the first round, Kim Sun-il and Kang Jin-woo won first place, but they were defeated by Jang Jin-Hyung and Yoo Young-hyuk in the first round final and did not even get the right to go directly to the Grand Final. However, he showed outstanding performance throughout the second round and won the second round, and succeeded in advancing to the Grand Final as the top overall. And in the Grand Final, he won an overwhelming victory as he played beyond the last league final and finished in 14 games.He dominated the race by widening the gap with Kang Jin-woo, who collapsed after retiring on the broken ice track and reaped his first and third consecutive wins by renewing


texts:
 his first and second-highest gap titles held by Kang Suk-in in the seventh league with an 18-point gap of 84:66. 11th–17th Leagues
The KartRider League was reopened in May 2010. The 11th League was carried out in double-elimination rather than straight to the final through the previous round championship. In the 11th league qualifying round, he lost to Jeon Dae-Woong for two consecutive times and finished second both times, especially in the first round, when he almost fell to third place behind <mask>-hyuk as well as Jeon Dae-Woong but managed to come from behind to take second place. Finally, he made it to the winner's match in second place in the group. Contrary to expectations that he would show a better performance in the winner's game, he showed signs of uneasiness even in the winner's game. Jeon Dae-Woong not only won first place by himself but also was defeated by Yoo Young-hyuk in third place, showing his regretful appearance as a defending champion.In the final, people expected Jeon Dae-Woong to win the championship, which defeated <mask> for three consecutive games, and <mask> did not seem to be able to perform his old skills with a poor reputation, overturning all expectations and beating Jeon Dae-Woong and Yoo Young-hyuk after the middle of the final to compete against Park in the run-up to the championship. Park In-Jae showed sluggish performance during his pursuit and suffered a crisis to the point where there was only a four-point gap before the final match, but he shook off Park In-Jae's pursuit at the last-minute Norte U

masks:
Park Joon
Moon
Moon


texts: Express and won three consecutive titles. In the 12th league, despite being in the same group as Yoo Young-hyuk in the preliminaries, he recorded perfect again after a long time and won the winner's game, and was given a yellow rider. But in the final, Yoo Young-hyuk was unexpectedly sluggish while playing in five games in the first half. While Jeon Dae-Woong and Yoo Young-hyuk were playing, <mask>-jun continued to fall to the bottom, and while Yoo Young-hyuk clinched the title in 13 games, he competed with Kim Taek-hwan for third place and almost failed to win the prize, let alone win, but he won first place in a row in the last minute, driving out Kim Taek-hwan and taking third place. In the 13th league, Lee Yo-han was ranked first in the first group qualifying round and Lee Yo-han in the second round, but in the first and second overall points, Jeon Dae-Woong, Yoo Young-hyuk, and Lee Jung-sun, who showed terrifying force, were ranked first in the first round. In the final round, the big three were in a close race with Yoo Young-hyuk and Jeon Dae-Woong due to the war.Until the last game, <mask>-Joon, 77 points, Yoo Young-hyuk, 77 points, and Jeon Dae-Woong, 72 points were unknown until the end, but after playing at the beginning of the last map, the bridge of fate, he took the first place and kept the first place to the end without narrowing the gap with the second place, he beat defending champion Yoo Young-hyuk and won five times. In November 2011, Nexon KartRider won six times in the 14th league. <mask>-jun, who entered the emperor

masks:
Moon Ho
Moon Ho
Moon Ho


texts: mode in Group A in the first round of the first round, finished the game in five games in a row and advanced to the winner's competition in the second round. In the second round of the winner's match, the team decided to advance to the final by virtually winning first place, and the winner's game turned into a competition for second place and dragged on in the middle of the game, but it awakened again in the second half and went straight to the first place with a huge gap with runner-up Yoo Young-hyuk. Indeed, in the long-awaited final, he finished in 11 games with six first and four-second-place wins in the 80-point lead method. At that time, the score gap with runner-up Jeon Dae-Woong was 44 points, and the gap between the first and second place was greater than the gap between second and eighth place. In a word, he showed an unprecedented Yanghak show.<mask>-jun's 11 games remain the shortest title of the game to date, with 80 points. This is more than the 14th game of <mask>-jun himself, who won the overwhelming title, and 13 games of Yoo Young-hyuk in the 12th league, while the 44-point gap between the first and second place also far exceeds the 18 points <mask>-jun, who won the overwhelming 10th league. The 15th league of Nexon KartRider opened on February 9, 2012. Yoo Young-hyuk and Jeon Dae-Woong, who made it to the first place in a row in the group preliminaries, finished first and second in the winner's competition, and finished third behind him, but the expectation of winning the Grand Final was that <mask>-jun was the first to

masks:
Moon Ho
Moon Ho
Moon Ho
Moon Ho


texts: win the Grand final, and he made a mistake while recording the final perfect score in the early part of the final, but he made a mistake by himself. While Yoo Young-hyuk, who had been sluggish in the early stages, topped the list for five consecutive games in six to 10 games, he ate only 13 points and the gap narrowed to 63 to 62. Since then, both Yoo Young-hyuk and <mask>-jun have struggled and can't eat a few points, and have won seven times by finishing first in the last reverse lobby. It changed from the 16th league to a two-man game, and came up with a drastic rule revision, which calls for the use of reinforced parts (instead, the use of a carnation body with a set tuning condition) and the abolition of the hot rider.Joining Shin Ha-neul in the 16th League as a team of yawns. As his only competitor, Jeon Dae-Woong, did not play this season due to a wrist injury, there was no immediate problem. At the beginning of the final, <mask>-Joon and Shin Ha-neul were both sluggish, failing to stop Yoo Young-hyuk and Park Hyun-ho from playing, and <mask>-Joon revived in the second half and tried to take care of the team by winning five consecutive first place, but Shin lost the title after suffering a serious slump of only 34 points out of 111 points. On January 10, 2013, he participated in the 17th KartRider League as a team called Mun Myeong-ju and Sailor Moon. In the first round of the second round, he won the first place in the group to advance to the final round but was eliminated in the semi-finals. In an interview, he temporarily retired,


texts:
 saying, "I will play again when my league style changes to an individual match." Evolution League ~ Burning Time League
Nexon KartRider has returned from the League Evolution.In the final, he lost the speed match 4 to 3, and lost to Yoo Young-hyuk by 0.005 seconds in the ace decision game by winning the item match by only 4 to 3, and finished runner-up in the return league in 899 days and about 3 years. The team lost to Hwang Sun-min in a close game from the winner's match to the ace's final match against D.A. Engineering and fell to the loser's revival. The problem is that one of the two players, <mask>-Joon and Yoo Young-hyuk, is on the verge of being eliminated from the group stage of the first round of the finals as they met Yoo Young-hyuk's Alstaz again in the consolation match. In the end, he was eliminated in the first round for the first time since his debut due to the worst shoveling and team kill ever since his debut, and the loss of 3:0 in the speed match and 3:2 in the item match. Dual Race ~ Dual Race 2
In the individual league, he also comfortably advanced to the finals as the No. 1 player in the group, but he played 10 games due to his poor performance in the early stages, and his rival Yoo Young-hyuk and super rookie Yoo Chang-Hyun finished the game after scoring 60 points in nine games.However, <mask>-jun was given a green seed in the best-of-breed league as he advanced to the finals as the third-place finisher in the group, but in the 11th and 15th leagues, he lost in the second round to Jeon Dae-Woong and Yoo Young-hyuk

masks:
Moon Ho
Moon Ho


texts:
 and was expected to show better performance than the preliminary round, but ended up in third place in the final with quite a lot of ups and downs. However, in the 14th league, which was in its heyday in the final of the team competition, he won first place four times out of six games and crushed the one-racing perfectly, and after showing good performance in the item match, he finally lifted the 8th trophy. In the pre-voting for the individual final of the dual race season 2, he was still considered the top favorite, despite his disappointment in the team match and supported by more than a majority of users. However, Kim Seung-tae and Kim Jung-je showed a stormy run at the beginning of the game, widening the gap with the median, and <mask>-Joon himself was also frequently involved in big accidents, which eventually led to the worst performance ever. He must have been very unlucky, but he continued to be involved in accidents and eventually failed to advance to the second round. As a result, <mask>-jun had to embrace the dishonor and dishonor of failing to win his first career in the individual league since his debut. Dual Race 3 ~ Dual Race X
He teamed up with Jeon Dae-Woong, Kang Seok-in, and Choi Young-hoon in the 2018 Dual Race Season 3.The individual team advanced to the final with an overwhelming first place, and the team match won against Penta Xenics led by Yoo Young-hyuk in the quarterfinals, but in the semi-final winner's match, the team was pushed back to the final match by losing 2:4 due to Yoo Young-hyuk's sensation play. In


texts:
 the final match, he finally succeeded in advancing to the final after an unexpected item match against Oz-FANTASTICK. In the individual final, he said he was worried that he didn't practice the individual competition because he was concentrating on the team final, but when he entered the game, he won the 1:1 match against Yoo Young-hyuk, who won the bout 9 in the final three sets after winning the overwhelming first place in both the quarterfinals and the semi-finals. In the team final that followed, he showed overwhelming speed again, winning all sets including speed and item competition, becoming the first-ever Kart League player to win the V10, double-digit title. And for the first time, he won both individual and team titles in the same league. In August 2018, Nexon teamed up with Park Do-Hyun, Bae Sung-bin, and Choi Young-hoon under the name of Afreeca Flame in the event league "Dual Race X," which was held by Nexon himself. At first, Yoo Young-hyuk's team was selected as the winner, but in the team match, he advanced to the final with three wins in three matches, and in the individual quarterfinals, he finished second behind Park In-soo, but advanced to the semi-finals.While Park In-soo swept the top spot with an overwhelming appearance in the semi-finals, <mask>-<mask> himself was eliminated from fourth place with his form jagged throughout the game. 2019 Season 1 and Season 2
In the best-of-five best-of-five match in the second set, Park In-soo was shovel-killed in downtown Dubai and lost the first track, but he won three

masks:
Moon Ho
Joon


texts:
 consecutive games to achieve V11 of glory. In the final match of the team match, he continued his individual performance and made two perfect matches with Yoo Young-hyuk in the speed match, but Choi Young-hoon and Kang Seok-in were sluggish and lost, but he won the item match and went to the ace final round, but unfortunately, he knelt down in front of Park In-soo, who met again in the square Santa secret space, and the two wins in the league failed. He did not make it to the second round in the individual competition and lost to Bae Sung-bin in the final round, finishing fourth. In the team match that followed, the team lost the speed match by 2:4 and lost by 0:4 in the item match, which was called the strongest, and the team game that they wanted so much again suffered a second-place finish. 2020 Season 1
Hanwha Life's winning all four games came in his first place. Although the item match was swept by 0:4, Lee Jae-hyuk, the ace final match in the third set, and Lee Jae-hyuk, the owner of the mine, won the game after a close battle with three laps, and won the victory himself, winning the honorable V13, the team match V3, the second two major wins, and the first victory in the 21st century among professional sports teams sponsored by Hanwha.StarCraft II

He joined StarCraft on February 25, 2013, declaring that Starcraft 2 and KartRider would join him. However, he left Startail in October 2014 and was seen playing KartRiders with Korean players such as Chinese professional gamers and <mask>-sun in association with Jeon Dae-Woong on an


texts:
 internet broadcast. His reason for retirement was clear, so he did not show up in the official league. Retirement
On May 25, he announced his retirement from the individual competition on his personal broadcast. His 15-year career ended with a record of V10 with the end of the first individual event of the 2020 season. References

1997 births
Living people
South Korean esports players
South Korean


texts:
Sir <mask>, 1st of Newmore (1602–1693) was a 17th-century Scottish soldier and member of parliament from the Clan Munro, Ross-shire, Scotland. He was seated at Newmore Castle. Between 1629 and 1634 Munro held command in the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War, and from 1642 in the Scottish Covenanter army during the Irish Confederate Wars before changing his allegiance to the Royalist cause of Charles I in 1648 during the Scottish Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. Lineage

<mask>, 1st of Newmore was the third son of Colonel John Munro, 2nd of Obsdale,
who was in turn a son of <mask>, 1st of Obsdale, who in turn was a younger son of Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis, chief of the Clan Munro. <mask>'s elder brother was Sir Robert Munro, 3rd Baronet of Foulis, who became chief of the Clan Munro in 1651. As a cadet of the Munro of Obsdale family, <mask> is also sometimes referred to as <mask> of Obsdale and as he later owned the lands of Culrain is also sometimes referred to as <mask> of Culrain. Thirty Years' War
Munro grew up a bold, powerful and fearless man, playing a conspicuous part in the history and feuds of his time.He entered the army and accompanied his famous uncle, General Robert Monro (and his great-uncle, chief Robert Munro, 18th Baron of Foulis) to the Continental Thirty Years' War, in which he very rapidly distinguished himself. In 1629 when the war broke out between Sweden and Austria, <mask> gave his services to Gustavus Adolphus and

masks:
George Munro
George Munro
George Munro
George
George
George Munro
George Munro
George Munro


texts:
 served under him with distinction. <mask> commanded the left wing of the Swedish army at the Battle of Lutzen on 6 November 1632 in which the Swedish army was victorious over the Imperialists. However, after Lutzen, arguing ensued amongst many of the officers of the Swedish army and as a result they were defeated at the Battle of Nördlingen. The petty differences on the part of those in command led to no properly defined plan of attack and <mask> was so disgusted with these matters that he returned home to Scotland. Irish Confederate Wars
Munro fought in the Irish Confederate Wars under his uncle Robert Monro who commanded the Scottish Covenanter army. Between 1642 and 1646 <mask> and his uncle Robert were generally successful against their enemies the O'Neils, and during that time the Munros put down a rebellion in Ulster in 1642 and captured Belfast in 1644.In 1644 Robert Monro was recalled to Scotland to oppose the Royalist victories of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, and command of the Scottish Covenanter army in Ireland fell to his nephew <mask>, 1st of Newmore whose principles inclined him to favour the Royalists. General Robert Monro was defeated by the Irish Confederates at the Battle of Benburb in Ireland in 1646 and Carrickfergus Castle was surrendered to the English Parliamentarian <mask> in 1648. As a result, Robert Monro was imprisoned by Oliver Cromwell in the Tower of London. <mask> then returned to Scotland in 1648, where he was appointed

masks:
George Munro
George Munro
George
George Munro
George Monck
George Munro


texts:
 General by Charles I of England, thus becoming a royalist. Civil War in Scotland
<mask> having returned to Scotland with 1200 horse and 2100 foot soldiers was sent to support the royalist James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton. The Scottish royalists were defeated at the Battle of Preston (1648) by the Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell. But before the battle Munro had refused to serve under James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar who was the second in command under the Duke of Hamilton.An argument had ensued, and as a result Munro's involvement in the battle was limited. <mask> had an intense dislike for Callender, and Callendar saw no reason why Munro should be allowed an independent command. The Duke of Hamilton (Earl of Lanark) had raised three regiments of royalist horse, which were now under his command. These, with the accessions of forces which were daily arriving from different parts of the kingdom, were quite sufficient to have put down the insurrection in the west; but instead of marching, Lanark, to everyone's surprise, proceeded through East Lothian towards the eastern borders to meet up with Sir <mask>, who was retiring upon Berwick before the army of Cromwell. The Earl of Lanark declined to attack Covenanter David Leslie, Lord Newark, acting contrary to the advice of <mask> and his other officers. According to Dr Wishart, Lanark's advanced guard, on arriving at Musselburgh, attacked some of Leslie's Covenanter outposts who defended the bridge

masks:
George Munro
George Munro
George Munro
George Munro


texts:
 over the River Esk, and Lanark's advanced guard, though inferior in number, immediately put them in great disorder, and killed some of them without sustaining any loss. This success was reported to the Earl of Lanark, and it was represented to him that by following it up immediately, while the enemy continued in the state of alarm, he might perhaps obtain a bloodless victory, and secure possession of the city of Edinburgh and the town of Leith.However, Edinburgh had already been taken by the Whig party in what was known as the Whiggamore Raid. Ever since the Earl of Lanark's march to the borders to meet Munro, Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll had been busily employed in raising men in his own territory to assist the Covenanters. Shortly afterwards, Munro and his clansmen who acted as the Earl of Lanark's advance force defeated the forces of the Marquess of Argyll at the Battle of Stirling (1648). Munro had moved in on his own initiative and succeeded in entering Stirling before any of Argyll's commanders were aware of his presence. Munro even personally kicked down a postern door to chase out Argyll's men. Argyll lost about 200 men in the battle. After this victory, Munro urged Lanark to continue and attack David Leslie, but he was overruled and in the following weeks the Earl of Lanark made peace with the Marquess of Argyll and with Leslie.Knighthood
In 1649 Munro visited Charles II of England in Holland where he received the honour of knighthood with a


texts:
 new commission from the exiled King. Return to Ireland
In 1649 Munro returned briefly to Ireland where he opposed Cromwell's Irish campaign and supported the royalist siege of Derry. <mask> left the siege on 7 June 1649 and proceeded to Coleraine which he also laid siege to and successfully captured. He then left Coleraine on 17 July 1649 and rejoined the siege of Derry. The besiegers built a fort at the Knock of Ember which they named Fort Charles in recognition of the king. The fort was itself besieged by the Parliamentarians who were repulsed by <mask> and his forces. The siege of Derry however was not successful and Munro was forced into a final return to Scotland in April 1650 as a result of the rout of the Scottish royalist army at the Battle of Lisnagarvey.Royalist rising of 1651 to 1654

After the defeat of the royalists in England, Oliver Cromwell came to occupy Scotland, but many of the Highlanders waged a war against him. The royalist uprising, led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn in support of the exiled King Charles II, began in 1651. General John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton, a veteran of the wars against Cromwell, was appointed commander-in-chief of the royalist forces, and both he and Glencairn agreed to unite their respective forces at Dornoch in Sutherland. Munro served as an officer in General Middleton's force. However, the two factions of the royalist force engaged in petty disputes and quarrels with each other. This eventually

masks:
George Munro
George Munro


texts:
 led to a duel between Munro and the Earl of Glencairn himself, with broadswords (known in Scotland as claymores), in which both were wounded. Soon afterward Glencairn was placed under arrest by the orders of Middleton and his sword was taken from him.However, the following day two junior officers from the two camps had a duel of their own in which one was killed and the other was later arrested and hanged. The royalist rising of the Highlanders and Lowlanders, although having various successes in skirmishes against Cromwell, was not enough and ended by the autumn of 1654. Restoration

The Restoration of King Charles II took place in 1660 and Sir <mask>, 1st of Newmore commanded the King's forces between 1674 and 1677. Member of Parliament

In 1661 <mask> was elected member of Parliament for Ross-shire and continued to represent that constituency until 1663. He represented the county of Sutherland from 1669 until 1674 and was again returned for Ross-shire in 1685 and represented it until 1686. He was elected for the same county in 1689 and continued to represent it until his death in 1693. In 1691, at an advanced age, <mask> was briefly in command of an Independent Highland Company that was to keep order in the Scottish Highlands.<mask> died on 11 July 1693 at his seat Newmore Castle and was succeeded by his eldest son, Hugh Munro, 2nd of Newmore. Family

<mask> married firstly his cousin, Anne Munro daughter of his uncle Major-General Robert Monro and Jean, widow

masks:
George Munro
George Munro
George Munro
George
George


texts:
 of Viscount Montgomery of Ardee, and had one child:
Hugh Munro, 2nd of Newmore. <mask> married secondly in 1649 Christiana Hamilton, daughter of Sir Frederick Hamilton of Manorhamilton and sister of Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne, descended from Mary, eldest daughter of King James II of Scotland. <mask> and Christiana had the following children:
John Munro. (died 1682). <mask>, 1st of Culrain. (From who the present chiefs of the Clan Munro are descended).Ann Munro. (Married first Donald Mackay, Master of Reay - second son of John Mackay, 2nd Lord Reay. She married secondly Lauchlan Mackintosh, 19th of Mackintosh.) Jane Munro. (Married Alexander Sinclair of Brins, in Caithness). Isobel Munro (Married Robert Gray, 6th of Skibo). Lucy Munro.(Married James Sinclair-Sutherland, 2nd of Swinnie.) Helen Munro. (Married firstly Angus, eldest son of Angus Mackay of Bighouse. Married secondly, Captain Andrew Munro of Westertown, second son of Sir John Munro, 4th Baronet). Catherine Munro. (Married <mask> of Lemlair). Florence Munro.(Married Andrew Munro of Logie). See also
 Clan Munro
 John Munro, 4th of Newmore

References

Bibliography

Keltie, John S F.S.A. Scot. (1830). History of the Scottish Highlands, Highland Clans and Scottish Regiments. Mackenzie, Alexander. (1898).History of the Munros of Foulis. Edinburgh. Monroe, Horace (Canon of Southwark). (1926). Foulis Castle and The Monroes of Lower Iveagh. Munro, R.W. (1987).Mapping the Clan Munro. Published by the

masks:
George
George
George Munro
George Munro


texts:
 Clan Munro (Association). Reid, Stuart. (1998). All the King's Armies: a military history of the English Civil War 1642-1651. Staplehurst. Simpson, Peter.(1996). The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760. .
Way, <mask> and Squire, Romily. (1994). Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). 1602 births
1693 deaths
Scottish soldiers
<mask>, 1st of Newmore
Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Scottish people of the Thirty Years' War
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1661–1663
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1669–1674
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1685–1686
Members of the Parliament of Scotland

masks:
George
George Munro


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<mask> (German spelling: <mask>; November 13, 1911 – October 2, 2002) was an Austrian American scientist combining physics and philosophy, and widely attributed as the originator of Second-order cybernetics. He was twice a Guggenheim fellow (1956–57 and 1963–64) and also was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1980. He is well known for his 1960 Doomsday equation formula published in Science predicting future population growth. As a polymath, he wrote nearly two hundred professional papers, gaining renown in fields from computer science and artificial intelligence to epistemology, and researched high-speed electronics and electro-optics switching devices as a physicist, and in biophysics, the study of memory and knowledge. He worked on cognition based on neurophysiology, mathematics, and philosophy and was called "one of the most consequential thinkers in the history of cybernetics". He came to the United States, and stayed after meeting with Warren Sturgis McCulloch, where he received funding from The Pentagon to establish the Biological Computer Laboratory, which built the first parallel computer, the Numa-Rete. Working with William Ross Ashby, one of the original Ratio Club members, and together with Warren McCulloch, Norbert Wiener, <mask> and Lawrence J. Fogel, <mask> was an architect of cybernetics and one of the members of the Macy conferences, eventually becoming editor of its early proceedings alongside Hans-Lukas Teuber and Margaret Mead.Biography
<mask> was born in 1911 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, as <mask> Förster. His paternal grandfather was Austrian architect Emil Ritter <mask>. His maternal grandmother was Marie Lang, an Austrian feminist, theosophist and publisher. He studied physics at the Technical University of Vienna and at the

masks:
Heinz von Foerster
Heinz von Förster
John von Neumann
Heinz von Foerster
Von Foerster
Heinz von
von Foerster


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 University of Breslau, where in 1944 he received a Ph.D. in physics. His relatives included Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Lang and <mask> Hofmannsthal. Ludwig Förster was his great-grandfather. His Jewish roots didn't cause him much troubles while he worked in radar laboratories during the Nazi era, as "he hid his ancestry with the help of an employer who chose not to press him for documents on his family."He moved to the US in 1949, and worked at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a professor of electrical engineering from 1951 to 1975. He also was professor of biophysics (1962–1975) and Director of the Biological Computer Laboratory (1958–1975). Additionally, in 1956–57 and 1963–64 he was a Guggenheim Fellow and also President of the Wenner-Gren-Foundation for anthropological research from 1963 to 1965. He knew well and was in conversation with <mask> Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Humberto Maturana, Francisco Varela, Gordon Pask, Gregory Bateson, Lawrence J. Fogel and Margaret Mead, among many others. He influenced generations of students as a teacher and inclusive, enthusiastic collaborator. He died on October 2, 2002 in Pescadero, California. Work
Von <mask> was influenced by the Vienna Circle and Ludwig Wittgenstein.He worked in the field of cybernetics and is known as the inventor of second-order cybernetics. He made important contributions to constructivism. He is also known for his interest in computer music and magic. The electron tube laboratory
In 1949, <mask> started work at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign at the electron tube laboratory of the Electrical Engineering Department, where he succeeded Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner. With his students he developed many innovative devices, including ultra-high-frequency electronics

He also worked on

masks:
Hugo von
John von
Foerster
von Foerster


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 mathematical models of population dynamics and in 1959 published a model now called the "<mask>er equation", which is derivable from the principles of constant aging and conservation of mass. where: n = n(t,a), t stands for time and a for age. m(a) is the death in function of the population age; n(t,a) is the population density in function of age.When m(a) = 0, we have:

It relates that a population ages, and that fact is the only one that influences change in population density. It is therefore a continuity equation; it can be solved using the method of characteristics. Another way is by similarity solution; and a third is a numerical approach such as finite differences. The gross birth rate is given by the following boundary condition:

The solution is only unique given the initial conditions

which states that the initial population distribution must be given; then it will evolve according to the partial differential equation. Biological Computer Laboratory
In 1958, he formed the Biological Computer Lab, studying similarities in cybernetic systems in biology and electronics. Macy conferences
He was the youngest member of the core group of the Macy conferences on Cybernetics and editor of the five volumes of Cybernetics (1949–1953), a series of conference transcripts that represent important foundational conversations in the field. It was <mask> who suggested that Wiener's coinage "Cybernetics" be applied to this conference series, which had previously been called "Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems".Doomsday equation
A 1960 issue of Science magazine included an article by <mask> and his colleagues P. M. Mora and L. W. Amiot proposing a formula representing a best fit to available historical data on world population; the authors then predicted

masks:
von Foerst
von Foerster
von Foerster


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 future population growth on the basis of this formula. The formula gave 2.7 billion as the 1960 world population and predicted that population growth would become infinite by Friday, November 13, 2026 – <mask>'s 115th birthday anniversary – a prediction that earned it the name "the Doomsday Equation." Based on population data obtained from various sources, <mask> and his students concluded that world population growth over the centuries was faster than an exponential. In such a situation, doubling-time decreases over time. Von Foerster's tongue-in-cheek prediction of Doomsday on November 13, 2026, was based on an extrapolation into the future of doubling-time, with the finding that doubling-time would decrease to zero on that date. Responders to his Doomsday prediction objected on the grounds of the finite human gestation time of 9 months, and the transparent fact that biological systems rarely persist in exponential growth for any substantial length of time. Those who knew <mask>er could see in his rejoinders an evident sense of humor.See also

 Logarithmic timeline
 Das Netz: interview with <mask>er, 2003
 Macy conferences
 Power law: The equation that he derived for the date calculated is one that nowadays is called a power law. List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
 The Dream of Reality by Lynn Segal, 1986. A book summarizing <mask>'s constructivist epistemology. Publications
<mask> authored more than 100 publications. Books, a selection:

 1949, Cybernetics: Transactions of the Sixth Conference, (editor), Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation: New York, 220 pp. 2002, Understanding understanding, a volume of <mask>er's papers, published by Springer-Verlag, 2002. 2010, with Monika Broecker: Part of the World.Fractals of Ethics – A Drama in Three Acts. <mask> <mask>'s most extensive

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von Foerster
von Foerster
von Foerst
von Foerst
von Foerster
Von Foerster
von Foerst
Heinz von
Foerster


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 biography. First published in German in 2002: with Monika Broecker. Teil der Welt. Fraktale einer Ethik – ein Drama in drei Akten. Articles, a selection:
 1958, "Basic Concepts of Homeostasis." In: Homeostatic Mechanisms, Upton, New York, pp.216–242, 1958. 1960, "Doomsday: Friday, November 13, AD 2026," with P. M. Mora und L. W. Amiot, Science 132, pp. 1291–1295, 1960. 1961, "A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems," Part I: Cybernetica 3, pp. 258–300; Part II: Cybernetica 4, pp. 20–55, with Gordon Pask, 1961. 1964, "Biological Computers," with W. Ross Ashby, In: Bioastronautics, K. E. Schaefer, Macmillan Co., New York, pp.333– 360, 1964. 1969, "What is Memory that it may have Hindsight and Foresight"
 1971, "Computing in the Semantic Domain"
 1971, "Technology. What Will It Mean to Librarians?" References

Further reading
 Asaro, Peter M. (2007). "<mask> Foerster and the Bio-Computing Movements of the 1960s," in Albert Müller and Karl H. Müller (eds.) An Unfinished Revolution? <mask> <mask> and the Biological Computer Laboratory | BCL 1958–1976.Vienna, Austria: Edition Echoraum. External links

 Humanities Review Interview at Stanford University
 The <mask> Foerster Page
 Biological Computer Laboratory web site, University of Illinois
 An anthology of Circularity Principles from the <mask> Foerster entry at The Cybernetics Society
 Gooch, Sherwin, & Nordin, Hud,

 "<mask> Foerster Papers at the University of Illinois Archives"

1911 births
2002 deaths
Austrian scientists
Cyberneticists
Systems scientists
Epistemologists
Complex systems scientists
Singularitarians
Scientists from Vienna
TU Wien alumni
University of Breslau alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
People from Pescadero, California
Austrian emigrants to

masks:
Heinz von
Heinz von
Foerster
Heinz von
Heinz von
Heinz Von


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<mask>tz (born December 1, 1988) is an American actress, singer, and model. The daughter of actor-musician Lenny Kravitz and actress Lisa Bonet, she made her acting debut in the romantic comedy film No Reservations (2007), and had her breakthrough portraying Angel Salvadore in the superhero film X-Men: First Class (2011), which earned her nominations for a Teen Choice Award and a Scream Award. She rose to prominence playing Christina in The Divergent Series (2014–2016) and Leta Lestrange in the Fantastic Beasts film series (2016–2018). Kravitz earned acclaim for her lead roles in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies (2017–2019), which earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, and the Hulu romantic comedy series High Fidelity (2020), for which she won a Black Reel Award and received a nomination for a Satellite Award. She voiced Catwoman in The Lego Batman Movie (2017), and will reprise the role in Matt Reeves' DC film The Batman (2022); she additionally provided the voice of Mary Jane Watson in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018). She appeared as Toast the Knowing in Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), and has starred in numerous independent films, including Dope (2015), Adam Green's Aladdin (2016), and Gemini (2017). In addition to acting, Kravitz works as a fashion model and musician.As of 2017, she is the face of YSL Beauté. Kravitz has also starred in campaigns for Tiffany & Co., Vera Wang, Balenciaga, Alexander Wang, Coach New York, Tumi, and Calvin Klein. She fronts the band Lolawolf and released the albums Calm Down in 2014 and Tenderness in 2020. Early life

Kravitz was born in Venice, Los Angeles at the home of


texts:
 her parents, actress Lisa Bonet and musician Lenny Kravitz. Both parents are of mixed African American and Jewish descent (her paternal grandfather was of Russian-Jewish or Ukrainian-Jewish ancestry). Her paternal grandmother, actress Roxie Roker (a first cousin once removed of television weather forecaster Al Roker), and her maternal grandfather, Allen Bonet, were African American, with some of her grandmother's family being from the Bahamas. Her paternal grandfather, NBC television news producer Sy Kravitz, and maternal grandmother, Arlene Litman, were both of Jewish heritage.Kravitz identifies as a secular Jew. <mask>'s parents married in 1987 and divorced six years later, in 1993, when Zoë was 5 years old. She lived with her mother in Topanga Canyon, and then moved to Miami at age 11 to live with her father, spending summers with her mother. Kravitz has a younger half-sister, Lola Iolani Momoa, and a half-brother, Nakoa-Wolf Manakauapo Namakaeha Momoa, from her mother's remarriage to actor Jason Momoa. Her godfather is movie producer Bruce Cohen, and her godmothers are actresses Marisa Tomei and Cree Summer. Kravitz attended Miami Country Day School and Rudolf Steiner School in Manhattan graduating in 2007. Kravitz began studying that year at the acting conservatory under Scott McCrea at the State University of New York at Purchase where her peers included Micah Stock and Jason Ralph.She left college after a year and moved to Brooklyn, New York to work in films. She struggled with anorexia and bulimia throughout high school, until around age 24. Career

Early work and breakthrough (2008–2012)
Kravitz landed her first film


texts: role while in high school, playing a babysitter hired by Catherine Zeta-Jones' character in the 2007 romantic comedy No Reservations. In the same year she also appeared in the action thriller The Brave One. In 2008, Kravitz appeared in the music video for Jay Z's "I Know", and was featured singing in will.i.am's music video for "We Are the Ones", in support of US presidential candidate Barack Obama. That same year she also appeared in the family drama Birds of America and neo noir comedy Assassination of a High School President. She began making music at the age of 16.She fronted the New York/Philadelphia-based band Elevator Fight, which she formed in 2009. The band performed at the South by Southwest music festival and on the main stage of the Roots Picnic in Philadelphia in June 2009, along with The Roots, TV On The Radio, and The Black Keys. Kravitz stated in 2011 that her music is a hobby. She also performed with the cabaret troupe The Citizens Band. In 2009, Kravitz co-starred in the independent ensemble drama The Greatest, in which her character is addicted to grief counseling groups. Also in 2009, she was named the face of Vera Wang's Princess fragrance in 2009, appearing on the website and in advertisements for the brand. In 2010, she appeared in It's Kind of a Funny Story.Also that year, Kravitz appeared in Twelve. <mask> next starred in the romantic comedy Beware the Gonzo as the female lead and love interest of Ezra Miller's eponymous Gonzo. Kravitz was featured in a campaign for fashion designer Alexander Wang in 2010. In 2011, Kravitz appeared in the coming-of-age film Yelling to the Sky. She also appeared in


texts:
 eight episodes of the Showtime television series Californication, in which she portrayed Pearl, the vocalist of the all-female band Queens of Dogtown. That same year she portrayed the comic book character Angel Salvadore in X-Men: First Class. Kravitz filmed her scenes in London and performed wire work for her role, to simulate her character's ability to fly.In late 2011, Kravitz completed work on a film with the working title Treading Water, which was eventually released in 2013, renamed The Boy Who Smells Like Fish. In the same year, she represented Vera Wang's new Preppy Princess fragrance. Rise to prominence and expansion (2013–present)
In 2013, she co-starred in After Earth. In 2013, Kravitz released a jewelry line in collaboration with the Swarovski crystal company. She used ethnic and vintage jewelry, and her birthstone, Turquoise, as inspiration for her designs. In 2014, she portrayed the character Christina in Divergent. Kravitz reprised her role in the sequels Insurgent and Allegiant.Also in 2014, she starred in the independent drama The Road Within and the romantic comedy Pretend We're Kissing. Kravitz started the band Lolawolf while in Los Angeles filming The Road Within. Made up of members from the band Reputante, Lolawolf released an eponymous EP and debuted at the Mercury Lounge in November 2013. The band was named after <mask>' younger siblings, Lola and Nakoa-Wolf. They released their debut album, Calm Down, on October 21, 2014, and supported Lily Allen, Miley Cyrus, and Warpaint on tour in 2014. The band released the five-track EP, Every Fuckin Day, on June 23, 2015. Kravitz appeared in 2014's Good Kill.In


texts: 2015, she appeared in the comedy-drama Dope and in Mad Max: Fury Road. In 2016, she co-starred in the action thriller Vincent N Roxxy and appeared in the independent film Adam Green's Aladdin. Kravitz also had a role in the Harry Potter spin-off Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them as Leta Lestrange. In 2017, Kravitz starred in the mystery thriller Gemini. In the same year, she appeared in the comedy film Rough Night and the animated superhero film The Lego Batman Movie, in which she voiced the comic book character Selina Kyle / Catwoman. She also became the face of Brooklyn-based designer Alexis Bittar's jewelry line in 2015. From 2017 to 2019, Kravitz starred in the HBO drama series Big Little Lies, in which she portrays Bonnie Carlson; for her performance, she earned two Black Reel Award nominations as well as a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Drama Series.Kravitz appeared in the 2018 science fiction action film Kin and reprised her role as Leta Lestrange in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, in a larger capacity. Also in 2018, she appeared on BBC Children in Need with Eddie Redmayne, setting up Alex Jones from The One Show, with the help of children who fed them the answers to the interview questions. <mask> was ranked one of the best dressed women in 2018 by fashion website Net-a-Porter. In the same year, Kravitz was featured on the song "Screwed" on Janelle Monáe's album Dirty Computer. She was also featured on "Anti-Social Smokers Club" on Rae Sremmurd's third album SR3MM. In 2020, Kravitz headlined the romantic comedy web television series High


texts:
 Fidelity, premiering on Valentine's Day on Hulu. She starred as one of the leads in Viena and the Fantomes.Kravitz is set to portray Selina Kyle / Catwoman, now in live action, in director Matt Reeves' The Batman, which is scheduled for release on March 4, 2022. In June 2021, Kravitz announced plans to make her directorial debut in Pussy Island, a film she also co-wrote, and plans to star alongside Channing Tatum. In August 2021, it was announced that Kravitz will star and serve as an executive producer on coming-of-age animated series Phatty Patty, bankrolled by Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith's Westbrook Studios. Personal life
Kravitz lives in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The song "Flowers for Zoë", included on her father's second album Mama Said, was written as a tribute to the two-year-old Zoë. She briefly dated Ezra Miller while they were filming Beware the Gonzo and was in a relationship with actor Penn Badgley from 2011 until 2013. In 2016, Kravitz began a relationship with actor Karl Glusman.Kravitz revealed in an interview published in October 2018 that she became engaged in February of that year. The two were married at <mask>'s father's home in Paris on June 29, 2019. In December 2020, Kravitz filed for divorce from Glusman. The divorce was finalized in August 2021. Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1988 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
African-American actresses
African-American female models
African-American Jews
African-American models
American female models
American film actresses
American people of


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 Bahamian descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
American women in electronic music
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American musicians
Jewish female models
Lenny Kravitz
Living people
People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Secular Jews
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
Miami Country Day School alumni
African-American women


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<mask>, 1st Baronet,  (10 May 1915 – 26 June 2003) was an English businessman and the husband of <mask>, who served as the first female British prime minister from 1979 to 1990; in turn, he became the first male prime ministerial spouse. <mask> was granted the <mask> baronetcy in 1990 and remains the most recent commoner to have been awarded a hereditary title. Early life
<mask> was born in Lewisham, London, as the first child of New Zealand-born British businessman Thomas Herbert "Jack<mask> (15 October 1885 – 24 June 1943) and Lilian Kathleen Bird  At age eight, <mask> entered a preparatory school as a boarder in Bognor Regis, following which he attended the nonconformist public school Mill Hill School in north London. At school he excelled at cricket, being a left-handed batsman. <mask> left Mill Hill at age 18 to join the family paint and preservatives business, Atlas Preservatives. He also studied accountancy to improve his grasp of business, and in 1935 was appointed works manager. He joined the Territorial Army shortly after the Munich crisis, as he was convinced war was imminent a view reinforced by a visit he made to Nazi Germany with his father's business in 1937.War record

During the Second World War, <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 34th Searchlight (Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment) of the Royal Engineers. He transferred to the Royal Artillery on 1 August 1940. During the war he was promoted to war substantive captain and temporary major. He served throughout the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian campaign and was twice mentioned in dispatches, and in 1945 was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). The first mention in dispatches came on 11 January 1945, for service in Italy, and the second on 29 November 1945, again for Italian service. His MBE was gazetted on 20 September 1945, and was awarded for his efforts in initiating and supporting Operation Goldflake, the transfer of I Canadian Corps from

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Sir Denis Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
" Thatcher
Denis
Thatcher
Thatcher


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 Italy to the north-west European theatre of operations. By this time, <mask> was based in Marseille, attached to HQ 203 sub-area.In the recommendation for the MBE (dated 28 March 1945), his commanding officer wrote: "Maj. <mask> set an outstanding example of energy, initiative and drive. He deserves most of the credit for [...] the excellence of the work done." <mask> also received the French approximate equivalent of a mention when he was cited in orders at Corps d'Armée level for his efforts in promoting smooth relations between the Commonwealth military forces and the French civil and military authorities. He was promoted to substantive lieutenant on 11 April 1945. Demobilised in 1946, he returned to run the family business his father having died (aged 57) on 24 June 1943, when <mask> was in Sicily. Because of army commitments, <mask> was unable to attend the funeral. He remained in the Territorial Army reserve of officers until reaching the age limit for service on 10 May 1965, when he retired, retaining the honorary rank of major.On 21 September 1982 he was awarded the Territorial Decoration (TD) for his service. Marriages

<mask> married twice, during wartime to Margot Kempson in 1942 (divorced in 1948), and in 1951 to Margaret Roberts. Margot Kempson
On 28 March 1942, <mask> married Margaret Doris "Margot" Kempson, the daughter of a businessman, at St Mary's Church in Monken Hadley. They met at an officers' dance at Grosvenor House the year before. Although initially very happy, <mask> and his first wife never lived together. Their married life became confined to snatched weekends and irregular leaves as <mask> was often abroad during the war. When <mask> returned to England after being demobilised in 1946, his wife told him she had met someone else and wanted a divorce.<mask> was so traumatised by the event that he completely refused to talk about his first marriage or the separation, even to his daughter, as she states in her 1996 biography of him. <mask>'s

masks: Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher


texts:
 two children found out about his first marriage only in 1976, by which time their mother was Leader of the Opposition, and only when the media revealed it. <mask>

In February 1949, at a Paint Trades Federation function in Dartford, he met Margaret Hilda Roberts, a chemist and newly-selected parliamentary candidate. When she met <mask> for the first time she described him as "not a very attractive creature" and "very reserved but quite nice". They married on 13 December 1951, at Wesley's Chapel in City Road, London; the Robertses were Methodists. <mask> was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 1975 and went on to win the 1979 general election to become the first female prime minister in British history. <mask> became the first husband of a British prime minister.In 1953, they had twin children (Carol and Mark), who were born on 15 August at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, seven weeks premature. <mask> was watching the deciding Test of the 1953 Ashes series at the time of the twins' birth. Not long after the 1964 general election, <mask> suffered a nervous breakdown which put a severe strain on his marriage. The breakdown was probably caused by the increasing pressure of running the family business, caring for his relatives, and his wife's preoccupation with her political career, which left him lonely and exhausted. <mask> sailed to South Africa and stayed there for two months to recuperate. His wife's biographer David Cannadine described it as "the greatest crisis of their marriage", but immediately after, he recovered and returned home, he maintained a happy marriage for the rest of his life. This second marriage for <mask> led to the future prime minister being sometimes referred to as "Mrs <mask>" in such sources as selection minutes, travel itineraries, and society publications such as Queen, even after her election as a Member of Parliament.As Margaret's political career progressed, she preferred to be known only as "Mrs <mask>".

masks:
Margaret Thatcher
Denis
Margaret Thatcher
Denis
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Denis Thatcher
Thatcher


texts:
 According to John Campbell, a biographer of his wife, "their marriage was more a partnership of mutual convenience than a romance", quoting their daughter Carol in her biography of <mask>:

Business career

<mask> was already a wealthy man when he met Margaret and financed her training as a barrister, and a home in Chelsea, London; he also bought a large house in Lamberhurst, Kent, in 1965. His firm employed 200 people by 1957. <mask> became managing director of his family's firm Atlas in 1947 and chairman in 1951, and led its overseas expansion. By the early 1960s he found being in sole control of the family company difficult; this, his wife's political career, and their desire for financial security caused <mask> to sell Atlas to Castrol in 1965 for £530,000 (£ today). He continued to run Atlas and received a seat on Castrol's board; after Burmah Oil took over Castrol in 1966, <mask> became a senior divisional director, managing the planning and control department. He retired from Burmah in June 1975, four months after his wife won the Conservative Party leadership election.In addition to being a director of Burmah Oil, <mask> Hazell from 1968 to 1998, and a consultant to AMEC and CSX. He was also a non-executive director of retail giant Halfords during the 1980s. His wife's biographer Robin Harris concludes:

Public life and perceptions

<mask> refused press interviews and made only brief speeches. When he did speak to the press, he called his wife "The Boss". Margeret <mask> often acknowledged her husband's support. In her autobiography, she wrote: "I could never have been Prime Minister for more than 11 years without <mask> by my side." <mask> saw his role as helping her survive the stress of the job, which he urged her to resign on the tenth anniversary of her becoming prime minister in 1989, sensing that otherwise she would be forced out.In an interview with The Times in October 1970, <mask> said: "I don't pretend that I'm anything but an honest-to-God

masks: Denis Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher Thatcherton Thatcher Thatcher Denis Thatcher Thatcher


texts: right-wingerthose are my views and I don't care who knows 'em." His public image was shaped by the satirical "Dear Bill" columns appearing since 1979 in Private Eye, which portrayed him as a "juniper-sozzled, rightwing, golf-obsessed halfwit", and <mask> found it useful to play along with this image to avoid allegations of unduly influencing his wife in political matters. Given his professional background, <mask> served as an advisor on financial matters, warning Margaret about the poor condition of British Leyland after reviewing its books. He often insisted that she avoid overwork, to little avail, sometimes pleading, "Bed, woman!" They otherwise usually kept their careers separate; an exception was when <mask> accompanied his wife on a 1967 visit to the United States sponsored by the International Visitor Leadership Program. <mask> was consistent in his strong opposition to the death penalty, calling it "absolutely awful" and "barbaric", as well as saying that he was against because of innocent people being wrongly hanged and because juries could also be afraid to convict for fear of making a mistake. Like his wife, <mask> was consistently anti-socialist.He told his daughter in 1995 that he would have banned trade unions altogether in Britain. He had low regard for the BBC, thinking it was biased against his wife and her government, as well as unpatriotic. In his most famous outburst about the corporation, he claimed his wife had been "stitched up by bloody BBC poofs and Trots" when she was questioned by a member of the public about the sinking of the  on Nationwide in 1983. <mask> was reported by New Zealand (NZ) broadcaster and former diplomat Chris Laidlaw—at the time NZ High Commissioner to Zimbabwe—as leaning towards him during a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, asking "So, what do you think the fuzzy wuzzies are up to?" In December 1990, following the resignation of his wife as prime minister, it was announced that <mask> would be created a baronet

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 (the first such creation since 1964). The award was gazetted in February 1991, giving his title as Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet, of Scotney in the County of Kent. Thus his wife was entitled to style herself <mask>, while retaining her seat in the House of Commons; however she made it known that she preferred to remain addressed as "Mrs <mask>", and would not use the style.She was created a life peeress as Baroness <mask> (Lady <mask> in her own right) shortly after she retired from the Commons in 1992. In July 1991, <mask> was created a Commander of the Order of St John; his wife was also made a Dame of the order. <mask>'s baronetcy was a hereditary title that was to be inherited by his son on his death. The first British baronetage to be granted since 1964, there have been no baronetages created thereafter. Illness and death

In the autumn of 1992, <mask> was diagnosed with prostate cancer but it was caught early. He responded well to treatment. On 17 January 2003, <mask> underwent a six-hour heart-bypass operation and aortic valve operation at a Harley Street clinic.He had complained of breathlessness for several weeks before Christmas 2002, and the problem was diagnosed in early January. He left the clinic on 28 January 2003, and after recuperation, appeared to have made a full recovery. <mask> returned home on 14 February and visited his son Mark in South Africa in April, but in early June, he again complained of breathlessness and listlessness. Lady <mask>'s staff also thought he also looked unwell, and on 13 June he was admitted to the Royal Brompton Hospital for further tests. Nothing wrong was found with his heart but terminal pancreatic cancer was diagnosed, along with fluid in his lungs. He was told nothing could be done for him, and after seven days there, on 20 June he was transferred to the Lister Hospital. He lost consciousness on 24 June and never regained it.He died on the morning of 26 June. His funeral service took place on 3 July 2003, at the chapel of

masks:
Denis Thatcher
Lady Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher


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 the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London, followed by a cremation at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, London. On 30 October, a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey. His ashes were buried under a white marble marker just outside the Royal Hospital in Chelsea. His wife's ashes were later buried near his following her death in 2013. Profiles

Married to Maggie
Produced by his daughter Carol, <mask>'s single public interview  was made into a documentary film titled Married to Maggie, broadcast after his death. In it he revealed that the spouses he liked were Raisa Gorbacheva, Nancy Reagan and Barbara Bush.He called his wife's successor, John Major, "a ghastly prime minister", saying that "[i]t would have been a [...] very good thing" had he lost the 1992 general election. He added that he thought his wife was "the best prime minister since Churchill." Below the Parapet
 (1996) is the biography by his daughter Carol. In it he said that politics as a profession or way of life did not appeal to him. World leaders he got on with included George H. W. Bush, F. W. de Klerk, Hussein of Jordan and Mikhail Gorbachev, whilst he disliked Indira Gandhi and Sir Sonny Ramphal. <mask> admitted that he was not sure where the Falkland Islands were until they were invaded in 1982. Medals and honours
<mask> was awarded the following British medals and honours:

References

Works cited

External links

British Army Officers 1939−1945

1915 births
2003 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Mill Hill School
People from Lewisham
Royal Artillery officers
Royal Engineers officers
Spouses of life peers
Spouses of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Burmah-Castrol
English Anglicans
British people of New Zealand descent
Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment officers
Husbands of national leaders
People

masks: Thatcher Thatcher Thatcher


texts:
<mask> (born Felicia Miriam Ursula Herold; 7 June 1915 – 30 December 2003) was an English film actress, popular in the Gainsborough melodramas such as Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945) and The Wicked Lady (1945), though she only made one film in Hollywood, Canyon Passage (1946). She also appeared in Millions Like Us (1943), Jassy (1945), The Brothers (1947) and When the Bough Breaks (1947). She was employed by the studio of J. Arthur Rank, who called her "the archetypal British beauty". She achieved her greatest level of popularity in British films during the Second World War in escapist melodramas for Gainsborough Studios. She did little acting work after the death of her second husband in 1954, making only a few television appearances including the first episode of The Saint. Early life
Born in Hampstead, London, to Felix Herold, a paper merchant, and his wife (or possibly mistress), Miriam (née Angell). In 1922, her half-French mother Miriam married Dutch-Belgian stockbroker, André Magnus Riese, who legally adopted young Felicia and her sister Barbara (1919 - 2016, later the wife of Fred Perry) and she became known as Felicia Riese and didn't discover her adoption until 1949.She was educated at private schools in London and Paris, then was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1937. West End theatre producer Sydney Carroll discovered her and cast her in The Mask of Virtue at the Ambassadors Theatre in London. When Carroll thought Felicia Riese sounded "too foreign" and without character, he suggested she change her name to something short and memorable. As there was then a Rock Film Studios Carroll suggested "<mask>" as a

masks:
Patricia Roc
Rock


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 surname. She agreed but she suggested dropping the "k" to make the surname more memorable and shorter and "<mask>" was the nearest name to "Felicia". Film career
Roc began her career as a stage actress, debuting in the 1938 London production of Nuts in May, in which she was seen by Alexander Korda, who gave her an uncredited bit in The Divorce of Lady X (1938) and then a leading role as a Polish princess in The Rebel Son. She had roles in The Gaunt Stranger (1939), The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939), and The Missing People (1940).She had a bigger part in A Window in London (1940), the comedy Pack Up Your Troubles (1940), Dr. O'Dowd (1940), Three Silent Men (1940), It Happened to One Man (1940), and The Farmer's Wife (1941). Her parts grew bigger: My Wife's Family (1941), Suspected Person (1942), Let the People Sing (1942), and We'll Meet Again (1943) with Vera Lynn. Stardom
<mask> was top-billed in Millions Like Us (1943) from Gainsborough Studios. It was a success, and Gainsborough gave her another lead, as a nun interned by the Germans in Two Thousand Women (1944). According to one writer these movies "established her as a symbol of war's transformative effect upon the status of women." She appeared alongside two of Gainsborough's biggest stars, Margaret Lockwood and Stewart Granger, in Love Story (1944), a big hit. <mask> played the jealous rival of Margaret Lockwood.She later commented that although they were required to slap each other's faces, she and Lockwood were always the best of friends. Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945), with Granger and Phyllis Calvert, was another success. Neither of them, however, did as well as The Wicked Lady

masks: Patricia Roc Roc


texts: (1945), where <mask> played Lockwood's best friend. It was the most successful movie at the British box office in 1946. <mask>'s more overt bisexuality in such films as The Wicked Lady was downplayed for the American market (even her décolletage led US censors to call for retakes to de-emphasise it) and "the Goddess of Odeons", whilst Noël Coward said she was "a phenomenon" and "an unspoiled film star who can act". She was also in Johnny Frenchman (1945). Co-starring in that film was Ralph Michael, who soon after divorced his wife Fay Compton; <mask> was named in proceedings.Her brief move to Hollywood to film Canyon Passage (1946), a Western in Technicolor, was a lend-lease agreement between Rank Pictures and Universal Studios of British in return for American film actors. During filming, <mask> was romantically linked with Ronald Reagan, while her US co-star Susan Hayward stated "that Limey glamour girl is a helluva dame." Despite good reviews and a remarked likeness to Deanna Durbin, she didn’t click with the American filmgoing public. <mask> returned to Britain to make The Brothers (1947), a melodrama that was a commercial disappointment. She was in an expensive British-US co production So Well Remembered (1947), which was a hit in Britain but failed to recoup its cost. Jassy (1947), a melodrama with Lockwood, was a big hit. When the Bough Breaks (1947), another melodrama, performed reasonably well.In 1947 British exhibitors voted <mask> the sixth-most-popular British star in the country. The following year she was 9th. She walked out of London Belongs to Me claiming she was miscast. After making a cameo as herself in Holiday Camp

masks: Roc Roc Roc Roc Roc Roc


texts:
 (1947), <mask> was in One Night with You (1948), a musical comedy with Nino Martini. France
She made two films film in France, Return to Life (1949) and The Man on the Eiffel Tower. She returned to Britain to appear in a comedy The Perfect Woman (1949) then walked out on her contract with Rank in March 1949. In August 1949 she married French cameraman Andre Thomas.In Paris she made Black Jack (1950). She also appeared in Fugitive from Montreal (1951), a French-Canadian co production. <mask> returned to Britain for the first time in 18 months to make Circle of Danger (1951) with Ray Milland. She then returned for Something Money Can't Buy (1952). Later films
<mask>'s later films included The Widow (1955) and The Hypnotist (1957). <mask> returned to Britain later in the decade following the death of husband, André Thomas. She  produced only 3 more films and made a few television appearances (including the first episode of The Saint).Later life and death

In 1964 she married businessman Walter Reif and retired from acting. She was all but forgotten until 1975 when she made the headlines for being fined £25 for shoplifting from Marks & Spencer in Oxford Street. It is thought that this was a means of regaining attention from the public. Soon after, she and her husband retreated to Switzerland, Reif died in 1986, <mask> died 17 years later in 2003. Filmography

References

External links

Photographs of <mask> film.virtual-history.com

1915 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
English adoptees
English film actresses
20th-century English actresses
Actresses from London
People educated at Francis Holland School
Alumni of the Royal Academy

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Roc
Roc
Roc
Roc
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Patricia Roc


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<mask> (born 23 January 1946) is a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 81st president of Nicaragua from 10 January 1997 to 10 January 2002. In 2003, he was convicted of corruption and sentenced to a 20-year prison term; the conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Nicaragua in 2009. Early life
<mask> was born in Managua and received his early education at the La Salle institute in Managua. His father was a prominent lawyer who was an associate of the 1970s Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and served as Somoza's minister of education for a period, and the family owned a large coffee plantation south of Managua. In 1967 he graduated with a law degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León with specializations in regional economic integration and financial law. Between 1968 and 1979, he worked as a lawyer in the commercial and banking world. He became an official in the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle.In 1980 he was arrested by the Sandinista junta, had some of his property seized and spent nine months in prison. The period of his arrest coincided with the death of his father. This kept him from attending his father's funeral. After he was released from prison, he spent some time in the United States. Upon his return to Nicaragua, <mask> became heavily involved in business, political, and academic activities. He was a member of the Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP, 1988–1990), vice-president of the Unión de Productores Agropecuarios de Nicaragua (UPANIC, 1986–1990). He was president of the Asociación de Cafetaleros de Managua (1983–1990); the Unión de Cafetaleros de Nicaragua (UNCAFENIC, 1986–1990); the Federación de Municipios de América Central (1992–1993) and of the Federación Municipal de Ciudades de Centroamérica (1993–1995).He also imparted conferences at Tulane University and at Florida International University in the United States. Political career
In the early 1990s he became mayor of Managua after serving

masks:
José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo
Alemán
Alemán


texts: for two months as a councillor in Managua. He was popular due to his urban renewal projects which helped spruce up the city, severely damaged and never rebuilt after a 1972 earthquake. He became known as "El Gordo" ("The Fat Man"). <mask> became president of the Liberal Alliance and helped to resurrect it. Besides the PLC, other members of this alliance were the Partidos Neoliberal (PALI), Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional (PLIUN) and the Liberal Nacionalista (PLN). On 1 September 1995 he resigned as mayor in order to be able, under Nicaraguan law, to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming presidential election.In 1996 he campaigned for president as the Liberal Alliance's candidate under a strong anti-Sandinista platform. It is reported that unidentified individuals attempted to shoot Alemán, killing one of his bodyguards in the process. He defeated Daniel Ortega, the Sandinista leader, by 48% of the vote to Ortega's 40%. Many claimed widespread election fraud and Ortega refused to concede. <mask> was successful in promoting economic recovery with reduced inflation and growth of GDP. Foreign investment grew during his administration, which helped to improve Nicaragua's infrastructure. Under his slogan of "Obras, no palabras!"("Actions, not words"), <mask> directed a comprehensive reconstruction of the roadway system throughout Nicaragua. In the 1980s roads had deteriorated to the point that many were little more than sparsely paved dirt trails. <mask> also created a program to build schools throughout Nicaragua in some of the poorest regions. He has participated in international conferences and awards given to him include the Orden Nacional al Mérito of the Colombian government and the Orden de Isabel la Católica of the Spanish government. His first wife, Maria Dolores Cardenal Vargas died of cancer in 1989. <mask> has two sons and two daughters by his first wife. On 23 October 1999, ten years after the death of his first wife, he married Maria Fernanda Flores

masks: Alemán Alemán Alemán Alemán Alemán


texts:
 Lanzas, with whom he has two daughters and a son.Electoral history

Elections for mayor of Managua 1990

Managua mayor elected by acclamation of the Managua City Council 26 April 1990. <mask> Aleman Lacayo, a lawyer by profession, was one of the 20 councilors of the National Opposition Union (UNO), elected for a term of six years in general elections and municipals of 25 February 1990, these 20 councilors, 16 belonged for the UNO, and the other 4 the Sandinista National Liberation Front. Subsequently, at its first session, the city council chose from among its members the mayor of Managua in the person of Dr. <mask> Aleman Lacayo and mayor substitute functions of vice mayor, in the person of Roberto Cedeño Borgen engineer. Presidential election results, 20 October 1996

Presidential election results, 6 November 2011

Corruption charges and conviction

<mask>, constitutionally barred from another term, was succeeded by his vice president, Enrique Bolaños. Allegations emerged that <mask> had concealed massive corruption in his administration. At the end of his presidency, public information about alleged corruption committed under his government became available. Bolaños accused <mask> of widespread corruption in the <mask> administration.The scheme was reported to have involved several members of <mask> <mask>'s closest family, including a brother and sister. Ex–ministers and close friends were also charged, some of whom fled the country. However, one of the central figures in the corruption plot, the former chief of the Department of Taxes Byron Jeréz, was imprisoned "on the basis of another charge of corruption. All in all, fourteen persons were charged." Several foreign governments froze <mask>'s bank accounts in their countries and threatened to confiscate the funds. In such cases, his defense has been to claim that the funds were not stolen, but that they came from his coffee plantations. <mask> was formally charged in December 2002, and on 7 December 2003 he was

masks: Arnoldo Arnoldo Alemán Alemán Alemán Alemán Arnoldo Alemán Alemán Alemán


texts: sentenced to a 20-year prison term for a string of crimes including money laundering, embezzlement and corruption.During his trial, prosecutors produced evidence showing that he and his wife had made extremely large charges to government credit cards, "including a $13,755 bill for the Ritz Carlton hotel in Bali and $68,506 for hotel expenses and handicrafts in India." In addition prosecutors allege that on top of the $30,878 he spent at the Taj Mahal Hotel in India during a vacation, in Cairo in 1999, he charged $22,530 at a carpet shop, and in August that year, charged $3,867 at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida, for his engagement party. He also used $25,955 for a honeymoon trip to Italy after his wedding. All of these expenses, along with others, have contributed to the growing concerns about the political corruption scandals in Nicaragua, a nation where the average citizen earns about $430 a year. Because of health problems, he had been serving his prison term under house arrest. He was also barred from entering the United States. In 2004, Transparency International named him the ninth most corrupt leader in recent history, estimating that he had looted the country of $100 million in state funds to Panamanian bank accounts controlled by him and his family and then funneled some of the money to his party's candidates affiliates.Meanwhile, following his presidency, <mask> developed a strategic alliance with Daniel Ortega to rule without effective opposition by offering employment in public offices and other privileges to key members of the Sandinista party, in order to stabilize the country. There are those who claim that the main purpose of this agreement, which led to a constitutional reform, was to distribute the institutions of the state in proportion to the power managed by the two main political parties of the country. On 16 January 2009, Nicaraguan Supreme Court justices and Chief Justice Manuel Martinez overturned the 20-year corruption sentence against


texts:
 former President <mask> <mask>. The decision generated some controversy: "stunned opposition lawmakers immediately suspected a secret deal between Mr. <mask>, ranked one of the world's 10 most corrupt leaders ever by Transparency International, and Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua and leader of the Sandinista Party, who wields considerable influence and control over the courts. "He's handing over the National Assembly in exchange for his personal liberty", said Congressman Enrique Saenz. Mr. <mask>, who denies the allegation, said, "Justice has finally been served"." The following president, Enrique Bolaños, who served under Aleman as his vice president, succeeded him in January, pledging to clean up the corruption in the nation's government, which put him at odds with his predecessor and his administration.On 9 November 2020, the United States Department of State put <mask> on a list of corrupt foreign officials and also barred his family from entering the country. Bibliography
Anderson, Leslie "The Authoritarian Executive? Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in A New Democracy: A Nicaraguan Perspective," Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 48, No. 2 (Summer 2006), 141-69. Close, David and Kalowatie Deonandan. eds.2004. Undoing Democracy: The Politics of Electoral Caudillismo. Lanham: Lexington Books. Kampwirth, Karen. 2003. "<mask> <mask> Takes on the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua" Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 45.No. 2. (Summer). pp. 133–158. McConnell, Shelley A. "Nicaragua's Turning Point," Current History (February 2007), 83-88.References

External links
Biography by CIDOB

Presidents of Nicaragua
1946 births
People from Managua
Living people
Presidents of the National Assembly (Nicaragua)
Nicaraguan money launderers
Nicaraguan prisoners and detainees
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Prisoners and detainees of Nicaragua
Mayors of Managua
Constitutionalist Liberal Party politicians
Nicaraguan politicians

masks: Arnoldo Alemán Alemán Alemán Alemán Arnoldo Alemán


texts: <mask> "Mike" <mask>  (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian scholar, statesman, diplomat, and politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968. Born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now part of Toronto), <mask> pursued a career in the Department of External Affairs. He served as Canadian ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1946 and secretary of state for external affairs from 1948 to 1957 under Liberal Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent. He narrowly lost the bid to become secretary-general of the United Nations in 1953. However, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis, which earned him attention worldwide. After the Liberals' defeat in the 1957 federal election, <mask> easily won the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1958. <mask> suffered two consecutive defeats by Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in 1958 and 1962, only to successfully challenge him for a third time in the 1963 federal election.<mask> would win re-election in 1965. <mask> ran two back-to-back minority governments during his tenure, and the Liberals not having a majority in the House of Commons meant he needed support from the opposition parties. With that support, <mask> launched progressive policies such as universal health care, the Canada Student Loan Program, and the Canada Pension Plan. <mask> also introduced the Order of Canada and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and oversaw the creation of the Maple Leaf flag that was implemented in 1965. His government unified the Canadian Armed Forces and kept Canada out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, Canada became the first country in the world to implement a points-based immigration system. After half a decade in power, <mask> resigned as prime minister and retired from politics.With his government programs and policies, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, which included his role in

masks:
Lester Bowles
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


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 ending the Suez Crisis, <mask> is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest Canadian prime ministers. Early life, family, and education

<mask> was born in Newtonbrook (now a part of Toronto) in the township of York, Ontario, the son of Annie Sarah (née <mask>) and Edwin Arthur <mask>, a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister. <mask> was the brother of Vaughan Whitier <mask> and Marmaduke (Duke<mask>. When <mask> was one month old, his family moved to 1984 Yonge Street. <mask>'s father moved the young family north of Toronto to Aurora, Ontario, where he was the minister at Aurora Methodist Church on Yonge Street. <mask> spent his early years in Aurora and attended the public school on Church Street. The family lived at 39 Catherine Avenue.<mask> was a member of the Aurora Rugby team. <mask> graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later that same year, he entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto, where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. He was later elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social sciences honour society's chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and psychology. Just as Norman Jewison, E. J. Pratt, Northrop Frye and his student Margaret Atwood would, <mask> participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue. After Victoria College, <mask> won a scholarship to study at St John's College, Oxford, from 1921 to 1923. Sporting interests
At the University of Toronto, <mask> became a noted athlete, excelling in rugby union and also playing basketball.He later also played for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at the University of Oxford, a team that won the first Spengler Cup in 1923. <mask> also excelled in baseball and lacrosse as a youth. His baseball talents as an infielder were strong enough for a summer of semi-pro play with the Guelph Maple Leafs of the

masks:
Pearson
Pearson
Bowles
Pearson
Lester
Pearson
) Pearson
Pearson
Lester Pearson
Lester
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


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 Ontario Intercounty Baseball League. <mask> toured North America with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he joined the University of Toronto History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of T's football and hockey teams. He played golf and tennis to high standards as an adult. First World War

During World War I, <mask> volunteered for service as a medical orderly with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit.In 1915, he entered overseas service with the Canadian Army Medical Corps as a stretcher-bearer with the rank of private, and was subsequently promoted to corporal. During this period of service, he spent nearly two years in Southern Europe, being shipped to Egypt and thereafter served on the Salonika Front. He also served alongside the Serbian Army as a medical orderly. On 2 August 1917, <mask> was commissioned a temporary lieutenant. The Royal Canadian Air Force did not exist at that time, so <mask> transferred to Britain's Royal Flying Corps, where he served as a flying officer. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of "Mike", given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "<mask>" was too mild a name for an airman: "That’s a sissy’s name. You’re Mike," the instructor said.Thereafter, <mask> would use the name "<mask>" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family. <mask> learned to fly at an air training school in Hendon, England. He survived an airplane crash during his first flight. In 1918, <mask> was hit by a bus in London during a citywide blackout and he was sent home to recuperate, but then he was discharged from the service. Immediate post-war years
After the war, he returned to school, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1919. He was able to complete his degree after one more term, under a ruling in force at the time, since he had served in the military during the war. He then spent a year working in Hamilton, Ontario, and in Chicago, in the meat-packing industry, which he

masks: Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Lester Pearson Lester Pearson Pearson


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 did not enjoy.Oxford
Upon receiving a scholarship from the Massey Foundation, he studied for two years at St John's College at the University of Oxford, where he received a B.A. degree with Second-Class honours in modern history in 1923, and the M.A. in 1925. After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto. Marriage, family
In 1925, he married Maryon Moody, from Winnipeg, who had been one of his students at the University of Toronto. Together, they had one son, Geoffrey, and one daughter, Patricia. Although Maryon was confident and outspoken, she supported her husband in all his political endeavours.Diplomat, public servant

In 1927, after scoring the top marks on the Canadian foreign service entry exam, he then embarked on a career in the Department of External Affairs. Prime Minister R. B<mask> was a noted talent spotter. He took note of, and encouraged, the young <mask> in the early 1930s, and appointed <mask> to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. <mask> saw that <mask> was recognized with an OBE after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of $1,800, and invited him to a London conference. <mask> was assigned to the High Commission of Canada to the United Kingdom in 1935, and he served there during World War II from 1939 through 1942 as the second-in-command at Canada House, where he coordinated military supply and refugee problems, serving under High Commissioner Vincent Massey. <mask> returned to Ottawa for a few months, where he was an assistant under secretary from 1941 through 1942. In June 1942 he was posted to the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C., as a ministerial counsellor.He served as second-in-command for nearly two years. Promoted minister plenipotentiary in 1944, he became the second Canadian Ambassador to the United States on 1 January 1945. He remained in this position through September 1946. <mask> had an important part in founding both the United Nations and the North

masks:
. Bennett
Lester Pearson
Pearson
Bennett
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson
Pearson


texts:
 Atlantic Treaty Organization. <mask> nearly became the first Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1946, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union. He was also the leading candidate for Secretary-General in the 1953 selection, when the British conducted a vigorous campaign on his behalf. He placed first with 10 out of 11 votes in the Security Council, but the lone negative vote was another Soviet veto.The Security Council instead settled on Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden; all UN Secretaries-General would come from neutral countries for the rest of the Cold War. The Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, tried to recruit <mask> into his government as the war wound down. <mask> felt honoured by King's approach, but he resisted at the time, due to his personal dislike of King's poor personal style and political methods. <mask> did not make the move into politics until a few years later, after King had announced his retirement as the Prime Minister of Canada. Early political career

In 1948, before his retirement, Prime Minister King appointed <mask> secretary of state for external affairs (foreign minister) in the Liberal government. Shortly afterward, <mask> won a seat in the House of Commons, for the federal riding of Algoma East in Northern Ontario. <mask> then served as Secretary of State for External Affairs for Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, until the defeat of the St. Laurent government in 1957.Nobel Peace Prize

In 1957, for his role in resolving the Suez Crisis through the United Nations, <mask> was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The selection committee argued that <mask> had "saved the world", but critics accused him of betraying the motherland and Canada's ties with the UK. <mask> and UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld are considered the fathers of the modern concept of peacekeeping. Together, they were able to organize the United Nations Emergency Force by way of a five-day fly-around in early November 1956. His Nobel medal was on permanent display in the front lobby of the Lester B. Pearson Building, the headquarters of Global

masks: Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson


texts:
 Affairs Canada in Ottawa. Until, in 2017, the medal was loaned to the Canadian Museum of History, to be displayed in the 'Canadian History Hall'. Party leadership

St. Laurent was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under John Diefenbaker in the election of 1957.After just a few months as Leader of the Opposition, St. Laurent retired, and he endorsed <mask> as his successor. <mask> was elected leader of the Liberal Party at its leadership convention of 1958, defeating his chief rival, former cabinet minister Paul Martin Sr.

At his first parliamentary session as opposition leader, <mask> asked Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy backfired when Diefenbaker showed a classified Liberal document saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This contrasted heavily with the Liberals' campaign promises of 1957. Consequently, <mask>'s party was routed in the federal election of 1958. The Liberals lost more than half their seats, while Diefenbaker's Conservatives won the largest majority ever seen in Canada to that point (208 of 265 seats). Furthermore, the election cost the Liberals their stronghold in Quebec.This province had voted largely Liberal in federal elections since the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but Quebec had no favourite son leader, as it had had since 1948. <mask> convened a significant "Thinkers' Conference" at Kingston, Ontario in 1960. This event developed many of the ideas later implemented when he became the Prime Minister. In the federal election of 1962, the Liberals, led by <mask>, and the surprise election of 30 Social Credit MP's, deprived the Tories of their majority. As a consequence, Diefenbaker now had to preside over a minority government. Not long after the election, <mask> capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on accepting American nuclear warheads on Canadian BOMARC missiles. Defence Minister Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet on 4 February 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the

masks: Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson Pearson


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 warheads.On the next day, the government lost two nonconfidence motions on the issue, forcing a national election. In that election, the Liberals took 129 seats to the Tories' 95. Despite winning 41 percent of the vote, the Liberals came up five seats short of a majority largely because of winning just three seats on the Prairies. With the support of six Social Credit MPs from Quebec, <mask> was able to guarantee stable government to the Governor-General, and Diefenbaker resigned, allowing <mask> to form a minority government. He was sworn in as prime minister on 22 April 1963. Prime Minister (1963–1968)

Domestic policy and events
<mask> campaigned during the 1963 election promising "60 Days of Decision" and supported the Bomarc surface-to-air missile program. <mask> never had a majority in the House of Commons, but he brought in many of Canada's major updated social programs, including universal health care (though that credit should be shared with Tommy Douglas, who as premier of Saskatchewan had introduced the country's first medicare system), the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans.<mask> instituted a new national flag, the Maple Leaf flag, after a national debate known as the Great Canadian flag debate. He also instituted the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time, and a new minimum wage for workers in federally-regulated areas. <mask> also started a number of royal commissions, including the Royal Commission on the Status of Women and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. These suggested changes that helped create legal equality for women and brought official bilingualism into being. After <mask>'s term in office, French was made an official language, and the Canadian government provided services in both English and French. <mask> himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for candidates for Prime Minister after <mask> left office. In 1967, <mask>'s government introduced a discrimination-free