texts:
 When <mask> was suggested for another ambassadorial position in 1828 Adams felt that while Raguet's motives were good he felt putting someone with "such a temper and want of judgment, who took blustering for bravery and insolence for energy, was too dangerous." In 1836 he returned to the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society where he worked until his death a few years later. Raguet died in Philadelphia on March 22, 1842 and was interred at Lower Burial Ground (Hood Cemetery) in Philadelphia. Economic views
Since the end of the War of 1812, Raguet was a leading inflationist, supporting deliberate inflation through increasing the available supply of currency and credit. However, his position changed after the Panic of 1819.The Panic also converted Raguet from a protectionist to a leading promoter of free trade. While a state senator, Raguet sent a questionnaire to legislators and prominent citizens in each county of the state to determine the extent of the depression. One of the questions was "Do you consider that the advantages of the banking system outweigh its evils?" Sixteen out of nineteen counties answered in the negative. Raguet concluded that the depression was a result of bank credit expansion and the subsequent contraction as physical money was drained from the bank's vaults. He promoted restrictions on banks and of granting bank charters. After returning to the United States from Brazil, he became a publicist on free trade doctrines contributing to the Port-Folio and other periodicals.He also edited several journals relating to free trade, including The Free-Trade Advocate, The Examiner and The Financial Register. In the late 1830s he continued writing, authoring The Principals of Free Trade (1835) and On


type: original

texts:
 Currency and Banking (1839). On Currency and Banking, which was called "the best treatise on banking ever published in the country" by Samuel J. Tilden, was republished in Great Britain in 1839 and translated into French in 1840. Published worksA Short Account of the Present State of Affairs in St. Domingo (1804)A Circumstantial Account of the Massacre in St. Domingo (1805)An Inquiry into the Causes of the Present State of the Circulating Medium of the United States (1815)The Principals of Free Trade (1835)On Currency and Banking'' (1839)

References

External links
<mask> Raguet entry at The Political Graveyard

|-

1784 births
1842 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to Brazil
American people of French descent
Pennsylvania state senators
Politicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American


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<mask> (22 January 1873 – 6 November 1934) was a British influential figure in socialist politics and modernist culture, now best known for editing the magazine The New Age before the First World War. While he was working as a schoolteacher in Leeds he pursued various interests, including Plato, the Independent Labour Party and theosophy. In 1900 he met Holbrook Jackson and three years later they co-founded the Leeds Arts Club, which became a centre of modernist culture in Britain. After 1924, <mask> went to France to work with George Gurdjieff and was then  sent to the United States by Gurdjieff to raise funds and lecture. He translated several of Gurdjieff's works. Early life

<mask> was born in Dacre, near Harrogate in the West Riding of Yorkshire, into a Nonconformist family, with one sister. He was generally known as Dickie, and he eventually dropped the name James and adopted the middle name <mask> as his first name, and <mask> as his second.His father, William, died when <mask> was one years old, and his mother, Sarah Anne, who had little financial means, returned to the family village of Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire. <mask> excelled at school and was sent to Culham training college in Oxfordshire where he also taught himself editorial skills and obtained a teaching post in Leeds, returning to Yorkshire in autumn 1893. Leeds: socialism, theosophy and the Leeds Arts Club
In 1894 he became a schoolteacher in an elementary school in Leeds and helped to found the Leeds branch of the Independent Labour Party (ILP). He wrote a weekly literary column for the ILP's paper, the Labour Leader, from 1895 to 1897. He brought a philosophical outlook to the paper, including in particular the thought of Plato and the theosophist Edward Carpenter who was <mask>'s mentor for a time. <mask> devoted seven years of study to Plato, from 1893 to 1900. He set up a philosophical discussion circle called the Plato Group, including the architect

masks:
Alfred Richard Orage
Orage
James Alfred Orage
Alfred
Richard
Alfred
Alfred
Orage
Orage


texts: Thomas Butler Wilson who was a friend of <mask>'s wife Jean.By the late 1890s <mask> was disillusioned with conventional socialism and turned for a while to theosophy. In 1896, <mask> married Jean Walker, an art student at the Royal College of Art who was a passionate member of the Theosophical Society. The couple frequented the Northern Federation headquarters in Harrogate where <mask> first met Annie Besant and other leading theosophists and began to lecture on mysticism, occultism and idealism in Manchester and Leeds as well as publishing material in the Theosophical Review. Orage was influenced by Edward Carpenter's belief that women were behind the new force that would bring change to society. <mask> and Jean opened a theosophist branch in Leeds called the Alpha Centre, even though a regular lodge already existed in the city, and Jean represented it in Harrogate until 1900 when the Leeds lodge was re-founded by the Orages as well as Jean's cousin Miss A. K. Kennedy. Jean lectured at the Northern Federation Conference in 1904. Jean also helped <mask> with the council meetings of the Leeds lodge.Jean was an excellent needlewoman and sharp debater; she finally left <mask> to pursue her textile career in Haslemere and later working on the looms for William Morris's firm in Oxford Street, London. In 1900 he met Holbrook Jackson in a Leeds bookshop and lent him a copy of the Bhagavad-Gita. In return Jackson lent him Friedrich Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, which led <mask> to study Nietzsche's work in depth. <mask> devoted seven years of his life to the study of Nietzsche's philosophy, from 1900 to 1907, and from 1907 to 1914 he was a student of the Mahabharata. In 1903 <mask>, Jackson and the architect Arthur J. Penty helped to found the Leeds Arts Club with the intention of promoting the work of radical thinkers including G. B. Shaw, whom Orage had met in 1898, Henrik Ibsen and Nietzsche. During this period <mask> returned

masks: Alfred Orage Orage Orage Alfred Alfred Alfred Orage Orage Orage Orage


texts:
 to socialist platforms, but by 1906 he was determined to combine Carpenter's socialism with Nietzsche's thought and theosophy. In 1906 Beatrice Hastings, whose real name was Emily Alice Haigh and who hailed from Port Elizabeth, became a regular contributor to the New Age.By 1907 she and <mask> had developed an intimate relationship. As Beatrice Hastings herself later put it, ″Aphrodite amused herself at our expense.″ <mask> appears to have had a magnetic effect on many women who frequented his lectures and both Mary Gawthorpe and Millie Price have left accounts of their sexual relationships with him. Orage explored his new ideas in several books. He saw Nietzsche's Übermensch as a metaphor for the "higher state of consciousness" sought by mystics and attempted to define a route to this higher state, insisting that it must involve a rejection of civilisation and conventional morality. He moved through a celebration of Dionysus to declare that he was in favour, not of an ordered socialism, but of an anarchic movement. In 1906 and 1907 Orage published three books: Consciousness: Animal, Human and Superhuman, based on his experience with theosophy; Friedrich Nietzsche: The Dionysian Spirit of the Age; and Nietzsche in Outline and Aphorism. <mask>'s rational critique of theosophy evoked an editorial rebuttal from The Theosophical Review and in 1907 he terminated his association with the Theosophical Society.The two books on Nietzsche were the first systematic introductions to Nietzschean thought to be published in Britain. Editor in London

In 1906 <mask> resigned his teaching post and moved to London, following Arthur Penty, another friend from the Leeds Art Club. In London <mask> attempted to form a league for the restoration of the guild system, in the spirit of the decentralised socialism of William Morris. The failure of this project spurred him to buy the weekly magazine The New Age in 1907, in partnership with Holbrook Jackson

masks: Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage


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 and with the support of George Bernard Shaw. <mask> transformed the magazine to fit with his conception of a forum for politics, literature and the arts. Although many contributors were Fabians, he distanced himself from their politics to some extent and sought to have the magazine represent a wide range of political views. He used the magazine to launch attacks on parliamentary politics and argued the need for utopianism.He also attacked the trade union leadership, while offering some support to syndicalism, and tried to combine syndicalism with his ideal of a revived guild system. Combining these two ideas resulted in guild socialism, the political philosophy <mask> began to argue for from about 1910, though the specific term "guild socialism" seems not to have been mentioned in print until Bertrand Russell referred to it in his book Political Ideals (1917). Between 1908 and 1914 The New Age was the premier little magazine in Britain. It was instrumental in pioneering the British avant-garde, from vorticism to imagism, and its contributors included T.E. Hulme, Wyndham Lewis, Katherine Mansfield, Ezra Pound and Herbert Read. <mask>'s success as an editor was connected with his talent as a conversationalist and a ″bringer together″ of people. The modernists of London had been scattered between 1905 and 1910, but largely thanks to Orage a sense of a modernist ″movement″  was created from 1910 onwards.Orage's politics

<mask> declared himself a socialist and followed Georges Sorel in arguing that trade unions should pursue an increasingly aggressive policy on wage deals and working conditions. He approved of the increasing militancy of the unions in the era before the First World War and seems to have shared Sorel's belief in the necessity of a union-led General Strike leading to a revolutionary situation. However, for Orage economic power precedes political power, and political reform was useless without economic reform. In the

masks: Orage Orage Orage Orage


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 early issues of The New Age Orage supported the women's suffrage movement, but he became increasingly hostile to it as the Women's Social and Political Union became more prominent and more militant. Pro-suffragette articles were not published after 1910, but heated debate on this subject took place in the correspondence columns. During the First World War Orage defended what he saw as the interests of the working class. On 6 August 1914 he wrote in Notes of the Week in The New Age: ″We believe that England is necessary to Socialism, as Socialism is necessary to the world.″ On 14 November 1918 Orage wrote of the coming peace settlement (embodied in the Treaty of Versailles): "The next world war, if unhappily there should be another, will in all probability be contained within the clauses and conditions attaching to the present peace settlement."By then Orage was convinced that the hardships of the working class were the result of the monetary policies of banks and governments. If Britain could remove the pound from the gold standard during the war and re-establish the gold standard after the war, then the gold standard was not as necessary as the monetary oligarchs wanted the proletariat to believe it was. On 15 July 1920 Orage wrote: ″We should be the first to admit that the subject of Money is difficult to understand. It is 'intended' to be, by the minute oligarchy that governs the world by means of it." After the First World War Orage was influenced by C. H. Douglas and became a supporter of the social credit movement. On 2 January 1919 Orage published the first article by C. H. Douglas to appear in The New Age: ″A Mechanical View of Economics″. With Gurdjieff

<mask> had met P. D. Ouspensky for the first time in 1914.Ouspensky's ideas had left a lasting impression and when he moved to London in 1921 <mask> began attending his lectures on "Fragments of an Unknown Teaching", the basis of his book In Search of the Miraculous. From

masks: Orage Orage


texts:
 this time onwards <mask> became less and less interested in literature and art, and instead focused most of his attention on mysticism. His correspondence with Harry Houdini on this subject moved him to explore ideas of the afterlife. He returned to the idea that there are absolute truths and concluded that they are embodied in the Mahabharata. In February 1922 Ouspensky introduced <mask> to G. I. Gurdjieff. <mask> sold The New Age and moved to Paris to study at the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man. In 1924 Gurdjieff appointed him to lead study groups in the United States, which he did for seven years.Soon after Gurdjieff arrived in New York from France, on 13 November 1930, he deposed <mask> and disbanded his study groups, believing that Orage had been teaching them incorrectly: they had been working under the misconception that self-observation could be practised in the absence of self-remembering or in the presence of negative emotions. Members were allowed to continue their studies with Gurdjieff himself, after taking an oath not to communicate with <mask>. Upon hearing that <mask> had also signed the oath Gurdjieff wept. Gurdjieff had once considered <mask> as a friend and brother, and thought of Jessie as a bad choice for a mate. <mask> was a chain smoker and Jessie was a heavy drinker. In the privately published Third Series of his writings Gurdjieff wrote of <mask> and his wife Jessie: ″his romance had ended in his marrying the saleswoman of 'Sunwise Turn,' a young American pampered out of all proportion to her position...″

<mask>, Ouspensky and C. Daly King emphasised certain aspects of the Gurdjieff System while ignoring others. According to Gurdjieff, Orage emphasised self-observation.In Harlem, New York City, Jean Toomer, one of Orage's students at Greenwich Village used Gurdjieff's work to confront the problem of racism. In 1927 <mask>'s first wife, Jean, granted him a divorce and in September he

masks: Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage Orage


texts:
 married <mask> Dwight (1901–1985), the co-owner of the Sunwise Turn bookshop where Orage first lectured on the Gurdjieff System. <mask> and Jessie had two children, <mask> and Ann. While they were in New York Orage and Jessie often catered to celebrities such as Paul Robeson, fresh from his London tour. In 1930 Orage returned to England and in 1931 he began publishing the New English Weekly. He remained in London until his death on 6 November 1934. The Orages sailed back to New York from England on the S.S. Washington on 29 December 1930, and arrived on Thursday 8 January 1931.The next day, while they were staying at the Irving Hotel, <mask> wrote a letter to Gurdjieff unveiling a plan for the publication of All and Everything before the end of the year and promising a substantial amount of money. At lunch in New York City on 21 February 1931 Achmed Abdulla, a.k.a. Nadir Kahn, told the Orages that he had met Gurdjieff in Tibet and that Gurdjieff had been known there as Lama Dordjieff, a Tsarist agent and tutor to the Dalai Lama. Orage also helped Gurdjieff to translate Meetings with Remarkable Men from Russian to English, but it was not published in their lifetimes. Last years
In London <mask> became involved in politics again through the social credit movement. He returned to New York on 8 January 1931 in an attempt to meet Gurdjieff's new demands, but he told his wife that he would not be teaching the Gurdjieff System to any group past the end of the Spring. <mask> was on the pier on 13 March 1931 to bid Gurdjieff farewell on his way back to France and the Orages sailed back to England on 3 July.In April 1932 <mask> founded a new journal, The New English Weekly. Dylan Thomas's first published poem, And Death Shall Have No Dominion, appeared in its issue dated 18 May 1933, but by then the magazine was not selling well and <mask> was experiencing financial difficulties. In September 1933 Jessie gave birth to a daughter, Ann. In

masks:
Jessie Richards
Orage
Richard
Orage
Orage
Orage
Orage
Orage


texts:
 January 1934 Senator Bronson M. Cutting presented <mask>'s Social Credit Plan to the United States Senate, proposing that it become one of the tools of Roosevelt's economic policy. At the beginning of August 1934 Gurdjieff asked <mask> to prepare a new edition of The Herald of Coming Good. On 20 August <mask> wrote his last letter to Gurdjieff: "Dear Mr Gurdjieff, I've found very little to revise ..."

Towards the end of his life <mask> was attacked by severe pain below the heart. This ailment had been diagnosed a couple of years before as simply functional and he did not again seek medical advice.While he was broadcasting a speech,  "Property in Plenty", once again expounding the doctrine of social credit, he experienced excruciating pain, but he continued as if nothing was happening. After leaving the studio he spent the evening with his wife and friends, and made plans to see the doctor next day, but he died in his sleep that night. <mask>'s former students of the Gurdjieff System arranged for the enneagram to be inscribed on his tombstone. The man himself preferred a French-like pronunciation: . The British may prefer the former variant; Americans, the latter. References

External links

A. R. <mask>: A Memoir (1936) Philip Mairet
<mask>age and the Leeds Arts Club (1893–1923) (Scolar Press 1990) Tom Steele
Gurdjieff and Orage: Brothers in Elysium (2001) Paul Beekman Taylor,
English 480/680: Modernism In and Beyond the "Little Magazines", Winter 2007, Professor Ann Ardis, Brown University
"Orage and the History of the New Age Periodical," Brown University, Modernist Journals Project
Brown University, Modernist Journals Project main index
Encyclopædia Britannica article on Orage
Complete archive of The New Age under Orage's editorship
Archival Material at

1873 births
1934 deaths
People from Nidderdale
English male journalists
English socialists
Independent Labour Party politicians
British social crediters
Fourth Way
Students

masks:
Orage
Orage
Orage
Orage
Orage
Orage
Alfred Or


texts:
<mask> (韋執誼) was a Chinese historian and politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as chancellor in 805, during the brief reign of Emperor Shunzong and then briefly into the reign of Emperor Shunzong's son Emperor Xianzong. He came to power due to his association with Emperor Shunzong's close associate Wang Shuwen but later broke with Wang; he was nevertheless exiled once Emperor Xianzong became emperor due to his prior association with Wang and died in exile. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was from Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the region of the Tang Dynasty capital Chang'an). HIs family traced its ancestry to a line of officials of Han Dynasty, Northern Zhou, and Tang Dynasty. HIs grandfather <mask> () served as a deputy mayor of Jingzhao, and his father <mask> () served as a prefectural prefect. <mask> himself was said to be handsome and talented in his youth. During Emperor Dezong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Dezong, <mask> passed the imperial examinations and was particularly rated highly in the matter of offering strategies.He was made You Shiyi (), a low-level consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng), and was subsequently made an imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi). At that time, he was in his 20s, and he was particularly favored by Emperor Dezong, who favored his writing; they often wrote poems that responded to each other. He became a part of a group of officials who were favored by Emperor Dezong — Pei

masks:
Wei Zhiyi
Wei Zhiyi
Wei Zhongchang
Wei Mei
Wei Zhiyi
Wei Zhiyi


texts:
 Yanling, Li Qiyun (), Wang Shao (), Li Shi (), <mask>ou (), and <mask> himself and had easy access to the palace. On one occasion, on Emperor Dezong's birth, Emperor Dezong's son and crown prince Li Song offered a Buddharupa as a birthday gift to Emperor Dezong. Emperor Dezong had <mask>yi write a text praising the statue, and under Emperor Dezong's direction, Li Song in turn gave <mask> a gift of linen. When <mask> went to the Crown Prince's palace to thank him, Li Song introduced him to a close associate, Wang Shuwen. Thereafter, <mask> and Wang became friends.Later, <mask>'s mother died and he left governmental service to observe a mourning period for her. After the mourning period was over, he returned to government service to serve as a supervisorial official. In 803, there was an occasion when an official, Zhang Zhengyi () had offered suggestions to Emperor Dezong and received an audience with the emperor. Several of his colleagues visited him to congratulate him on this showing of imperial favor. Someone, however, informed <mask> that Zhang was criticizing his association with Wang. <mask> believed the informant and accused Zhang and his colleagues of partisanship. When Emperor Dezong sent an imperial guard to spy on Zhang and his colleagues, the guard saw that Zhang and his colleagues were feasting beyond their usual proper diet.As a result, Emperor Dezong exiled them, but at that time, no public reason was stated. During Emperor Shunzong's and Emperor Xianzong's reigns
In spring 805, Emperor

masks:
Wei Qum
Wei Zhiyi
Wei Zhi
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei
Wei


texts: Dezong died, and Li Song succeeded him (as Emperor Shunzong). At that time, Li Song was seriously ill, and a group of his close associates, headed by Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi, in association with his concubine Consort Niu and the eunuch Li Zhongyan (), became very powerful. Wang Shuwen, in order that his reform policies could be carried out, recommended <mask> as chancellor. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shunzong made <mask>, who was then Libu Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), was promoted to be Shangshu Zuo Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) and given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), making him a chancellor. It was said that when important decisions were to be made, they would be given to Wang Shuwen to be decided at the office of the imperial scholars (翰林院, Hanlin Yuan) and then given to <mask> to be executed. On an occasion, when the chancellors, as per custom, were having lunch together, Wang wanted to see <mask> and went to the office of the chancellors to do so.When a guard refused to let Wang in, Wang rebuked the guard and ordered him away. <mask> rose from his seat and walked away to confer with Wang. <mask>'s colleagues Zheng Xunyu, Du You, and Gao Ying stopped dining and waited for <mask> to return. After a while, they sent the guard to see what the situation was, and the guard stated, "Wang Shuwen had requested food, and Chancellor <mask> is dining with him." Neither

masks: Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei


texts: Du nor Gao dared to say anything, but Zheng stated, "How can I remain here still?" He had his attendants fetch horses, and he went home and refused to return to office. Meanwhile, as a result of <mask>'s rise to power, his father-in-law Du Huangchang, who had been trapped in positions with few actual powers, was made the minister of worship.On one occasion, Du Huangchang suggested that <mask> lead some other officials in suggesting that Emperor Shunzong make his crown prince Li Chun regent. <mask> refused, as his and Wang Shuwen's partisans at the time were apprehensive of Li Chun. Around this time, however, <mask> and Wang began to break with each other, as <mask> wanted not to be seen as a puppet of Wang's. For example, when Yang Shi'e (), a messenger from Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui), and Liu Pi, a messenger from Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), made demands on behalf of their superiors, Wang angrily wanted to execute both of them, but <mask> opposed, and Yang was only exiled, while Liu fled back to Xichuan. <mask> further threw himself off Wang's policies when Wang had to leave governmental service to observe a mourning period for his mother in summer 805. With several important eunuchs (including Ju Wenzhen () and Liu Guangqi (), in addition to Li Zhongyan) then in control of the very ill Emperor Shunzong, Wang Shuwen's party lost power quickly. Soon thereafter, Emperor Shunzong passed the throne to Li Chun, who took the throne as

masks: Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei Wei


texts:
 Emperor Xianzong, and thereafter, all associates of Wang Shuwen's were purged, and Wang Shuwen himself was soon thereafter ordered to commit suicide.<mask> remained as chancellor for some time, and in fall 805, as the official in charge of editing the imperial history, had his subordinates draft a new calendar. By this point, though, he was constantly in fear of being exiled. Emperor Xianzong, who made Du Huangchang chancellor, did not immediately carry out any actions against <mask> on Du's account, but in winter 805 demoted him to be the military advisor to the prefect of Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Sanya, Hainan). <mask> died there of natural causes — as while Du was unable to save him from exile, Du made certain that he was not prosecuted further. After <mask>'s death, Du requested Emperor Xianzong to allow his casket to be returned, and Du gave him a proper burial. Grave and statue

<mask> is buried around 20 km south of Haikou, the capitol city of Hainan province. His grave is located at the top of a small hill facing rice paddies.A little less than 1 km to the north () is a temple and statue commemorating him. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 135. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 236. External links

8th-century births
800s deaths
9th-century Chinese historians
Chancellors under Emperor Shunzong of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Historians from Shaanxi
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty historians
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi
Wei clan of Jingzhao
Writers

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Wei Zhiyi


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<mask> (November 2, 1903 – July 27, 1987) was an American baseball shortstop. In Major League Baseball (MLB), <mask> played for the New York Giants from 1922 through 1936, winning the 1933 World Series, and representing the Giants in the MLB All-Star Game in 1934. After his retirement as a player, <mask> managed in minor league baseball through to the 1960 season. <mask> was discovered by Kid Elberfeld at a minor league baseball game at the age of 14. Elberfeld signed <mask> to his first professional contract, and recommended him to John McGraw, manager of the Giants. His exceptional range at shortstop led to the nickname "Stonewall." <mask> was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982.Early life
<mask> was born in Waldo, Arkansas, on November 2, 1903. He was the only child of <mask>, a wholesale grocer, and his wife Etta, who named their son after William B<mask>, a lieutenant colonel who died at the Battle of the Alamo. <mask>'s father bought him a baseball when he was three years old, and they often played catch together. <mask>'s uncle took him to a Little Rock Travelers minor-league game when he was 14 years old. At the game, <mask>'s uncle introduced him to Kid Elberfeld, telling Elberfeld that his nephew was a talented baseball player. Elberfeld observed <mask> in an impromptu workout, and asked <mask> to contact him when he was ready to begin his professional career. <mask> attended Ouachita Baptist University in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, where he starred on the college baseball team.While there, he injured his knee, and this injury would recur during <mask>'s career. Professional career

Playing career
Following <mask>'s collegiate career, Elberfeld signed <mask> to his first contract, and he played for Little Rock in 1921 and 1922. <mask> committed 72 errors during

masks:
Travis Calvin Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
William Jackson
. Travis
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
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texts: the 1922 season, which he considered the "world record for errors". Despite this, Elberfeld recommended <mask> to John McGraw, manager of the New York Giants of the National League (NL), who was entitled to a Travelers player as he had lent a player to the team in 1922. McGraw signed <mask> to a contract on June 30, effective at the end of the Southern Association's 1922 season. <mask> debuted with the Giants on September 22, 1922, appearing in three games. With Dave Bancroft and Heinie Groh, the Giants' starting shortstop and third baseman respectively, sidelined with injuries incurred during the 1923 season, <mask> drew notice as a fill-in.McGraw was confident enough in <mask>'s abilities to trade Bancroft before the 1924 season, choosing <mask> to be the Giants' starting shortstop. Though there was doubt that <mask> could adequately replace Bancroft, <mask> played in 151 games during the 1924 season and hit .302 with 11 home runs. The Giants lost the 1924 World Series to the Washington Senators, with <mask> committing a key error in Game 7. <mask> was considered one of the best shortstops of his era, and he led NL shortstops with a .970 fielding percentage in 1931. However, he missed considerable playing time in his career resulting from injuries and illnesses. <mask> reinjured his knee in 1925, missed significant time during the 1926 season and had surgery for appendicitis during the 1927 season. He missed time with mumps in 1930 and influenza in 1932, and he continued to battle knee problems, missing much of the 1932 and 1933 seasons.<mask> was said to "at 28, already [have] one foot in the minors". Despite this, manager Bill Terry said that <mask> would "make or break" the 1933 season. Though <mask> fell behind Blondy Ryan on the team's depth chart during the season, he returned

masks: Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson


texts:
 in the 1933 World Series, which the Giants won over the Senators. Terry stayed with <mask> as the Giants' starting shortstop for the 1934 season, in which he drove in 101 runs and was chosen to appear in the 1934 MLB All-Star Game. <mask> played third base in his final two seasons, serving as team captain, although he struggled in the 1936 World Series, which the Giants lost to the New York Yankees. After the season, the Giants requested waivers on <mask> to assign him to the minor leagues. <mask> batted over .300 six times, including a career-high .339 in the 1930 season, and hit 21 home runs in 1929.He was on four NL pennant-winning teams and a World Series champion (1933). <mask> finished his MLB career with 135 home runs, 929 RBI and a .291 batting average. Coaching and managing career
<mask> signed a three-year contract with the Jersey City Giants of the Class-AA International League after the 1936 season. The team, which the Giants had purchased to become their farm team that offseason, was moved from Albany, New York, with <mask> to serve as player-manager. <mask>'s knees prevented him from appearing in many games with Jersey City as a player, but he remained as the team's manager until July 1938, when he was replaced with Hank DeBerry. The Giants brought <mask> back to the majors as a coach for the remaining 18 months on his contract, succeeding Tommy Clarke, who became a scout. <mask> missed the next five seasons as he battled tuberculosis, eventually returning to manage in the Boston / Milwaukee Braves system for the Jackson Senators in the Class-B Southeastern League in 1946.<mask> returned to the Giants to coach in 1947 and 1948, receiving his unconditional release following the 1948 season. Returning to the Braves' minor league system, <mask> managed the Tampa Smokers of

masks: Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson Jackson


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 the Class-B Florida International League in 1949, but resigned in July during a losing streak. He managed the Owensboro Oilers of the Class-D Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League in 1950, and began the 1951 season managing the Bluefield Blue-Greys of the Class-D Appalachian League, but was reassigned to the Hartford Chiefs of the Class-A Eastern League when Hartford manager Tommy Holmes was named the Braves' manager. <mask> managed the Appleton Papermakers of the Class-D Wisconsin State League in 1952 and 1953, the Lawton Braves of the Class-D Sooner State League from 1954 through 1957, the Midland Braves of the Class-D Sophomore League in 1958, the Eau Claire Braves of the Class-C Northern League in 1959 and the Davenport Braves of the Class-D Midwest League in 1960. Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Mary, had two children, Dorothy Fincher and <mask> <mask>, six grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. <mask> died of Alzheimer's disease in 1987. Honors
As defensive standouts have historically been overshadowed by power hitters in Baseball Hall of Fame voting, <mask> was not elected through the annual balloting process despite his record and achievements.But in 1982, he was inducted into the Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee. He was also inducted in the Arkansas Hall of Fame. See also

List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1903 births
1987 deaths
Baseball players from Arkansas
Major League Baseball shortstops
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
New York Giants (NL) coaches
New York Giants (NL) players
People from Waldo, Arkansas
Baseball player-managers
Ouachita Baptist Tigers baseball

masks:
Jackson
Jackson
William Travis
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Travis Jackson


texts:
<mask> (born 6 May 1952) is a German artist, painter and inventor. Life
<mask> grew up in Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, Amsterdam and Berlin. He started his artistic career in Amsterdam. There he sold his pictures he had painted during the day on the street every night at Club Paradiso (Amsterdam). One focus of his work is the development of scientific models by looking at the aesthetics, and the implementation of scientific models in objects. In 1985 he calls his art direction "Objectivism". May 31.1990

Another focus of his work is the documentation of physical processes through their aesthetic.The German philosopher Thomas Metzinger, manager of the workspace Neurophilosophy at Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. Science Arts writes in the catalogue Transparency of Consciousness that "Its crystal panels were probably the reason why so much attention, because they work in a particular object, the quasi-spiritual principles of order in nature itself to turn aesthetic intuition accessible." (See Figure Crystal Object Objectivism)

Since 1985 he has worked with computers as a design tool. Two of his paintings are exhibited at the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. 1990/1991 Spokesman of the Federal Association of Artists BBK Frankfurt. 1990 <mask> served as authorized negotiators, negotiations for unification of the Federal Association of Artists with the GDR - Artists Association. He was one of the four founders of the East Side Gallery, Berlin Wall, Berlin.in March 1990. In May 2011 he filed with other artists of the "founding Initiative East Side" complaint

masks:
Bodo Sperling
Bodo Sperling
Sperling


texts:
 before the District Court of Berlin, due to destruction of art and infringement of copyright. The redevelopment of the East Side Gallery in 2009 destroyed most of a listed building images, and their conceptual artistic Character of 1990. Sperling 1992 installed on the 1st Total German artist Congress in Potsdam, a five-meter high mobile, which, illuminated by slides, the impression of a constantly changing 3-D film  produced. From 1980 the first pictures emerged from crystals and crystal panels. Sperling describes his artistic work as Objectivism. In 1991 he created at the national exhibition in Kassel, a video installation that confronted the viewer with the objective documentation of Spacetime.It was installed on a several tons of stone altar on which stood a steel basin. In this steel basin formed over time crystals from a boiling solution. The entire process has been documented over several weeks by an automatic camera. The basis of his work, he sees in line with research by Rupert Sheldrake and his theory of Morphic field. 2016 <mask> received the 4th International André Evard Audience Award of the Messmer Foundation. His Award-winning work titled: obj 1586 is the first from the work series, folded realities. In this series, the focus is on the referentiality between the entities.So the colors depending on the angle of the surfaces with respect to the scalar light source. Sperling makes reference to a philosophical approach of the philosopher Nagarjuna. Exhibitions
 1983 Gustav-Siegle-Haus / Stuttgart
 1986 Frankfurter Kunstverein, Das AKTFOTO (The nude photo)


texts:
 ideology - aesthetic - history, Museum of the 20th Century Vienna. 1990, Berlin, Germany
 Museum of Contemporary Art ZKM Karlsruhe, "B3", 1991, Computer painting on silver photo canvas, 100 x 140 cm · "B7", 1991, Computer painting on silver photo canvas, 100 x 140 cm, Karlsruhe, Germany
 Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, implementation of the "Cathedral of Siena", acrylic on canvas 2.20mx 90 cm, Frankfurt / Siena - Italy
 Messmer Foundation, Riegel, Germany, Painting: 'job 1586', 55.11"x 55.11" pigments on canvas

Awards
 1992 Art Prize of the German Salaried Employees Academy
 2016 Audience Award 4. International André Evard-Award

References

Literature
 Oberbaum: East Side Gallery Berlin 1991 (catalog)  (catalog)
 Landeskunstausstellung ´94, National Art Exhibition,Wiesbaden, Germany, 1994  (catalog)
 Thomas Metzinger: The Artistic Work of Bodo Sperling in: transparency of consciousness, Digital Art Gallery, Frankfurt, 10. 31. 1997 (catalog)
Hessiale `94, National Art Exhibition Kassel,  (catalog)
 Zylvia Auerbach (ed. ): The Pleasures within distance, Sydney, 1990,
 DuMont: 365 Orte - Eine Reise zu Deutschlands Zukunftsmachern.messmer foundation: 4. International André Eward - Award for concrete-constructive art. 02.13.2016 - 04.24.2016 (catalog)

External links
 Website <mask> Sperling

 Bodo Sperling  in the National Libraries Australia
 Bodo Sperling by artfacts.net

1952 births
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century male artists
German conceptual artists
Artists from


texts:
<mask> OBE (9 July 1918 – 26 December 2006) was an English poet and translator. He is known for verse influenced by classical myths, and for a long Arthurian poem, Artorius (1972). Biography and works
Heath-Stubbs was born at Streatham, London. The family later lived in Hampstead. His parents were Francis Heath-Stubbs, a non-practising, independently wealthy solicitor, and his wife Edith Louise Sara, a concert pianist under her maiden name, Edie Marr. His boyhood was largely spent near the New Forest. The Stubbs family were gentry from Staffordshire; Heath-Stubbs's great-great-grandfather Joseph, a younger son, married Mary, the only child of a judge named Heath, this eventually becoming part of the family name.Heath-Stubbs stated in his autobiography Hindsights (1993), "In my grandfather's day, the last of the Heaths made us Stubbses her heirs, so long as we changed our name to Heath-Stubbs." Furthermore, "according to family tradition", they were related to the pamphleteer <mask>, who was sentenced to the loss of his right hand by Queen Elizabeth I for his opposition to negotiations for her marriage to Francis, Duke of Anjou, and yet remained a staunch royalist. "Family pride, combining with a poised self-irony" marked Heath-Stubbs's poem Epitaph, beginning, "Mr Heath-Stubbs as you must understand/Came of a gentleman's family out of Staffordshire/Of as good blood as any in England/But he was wall-eyed and his legs too spare." Heath-Stubbs was educated at Bembridge School on the Isle of Wight and at the age of 21 entered Queen's College, Oxford, where he read English, finding the lectures of Nevill Coghill and C. S. Lewis particularly rewarding. He became a poetry adviser to the firm of Routledge,

masks:
John Francis Alexander Heath Stubbs
John Stubbs


texts:
 co-editing Eight Oxford Poets in 1941, with Sidney Keyes and Michael Meyer, and helping to edit Oxford Poetry in 1942–1943. By that time Heath-Stubbs had recognized his homosexuality, though his love for the poet and artist Philip Rawson was returned only in the form of strong friendship. Heath-Stubbs in the early 1940s reverted to regular Anglican worship.Heath-Stubbs held the Gregory Fellowship of Poetry at Leeds University in 1952–1955, followed by professorships in Alexandria, Egypt in 1955–1958 and Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1960–1961, and teaching posts at the College of St Mark and St John in Chelsea in 1962–1972 and at Merton College, Oxford for twenty years from 1972. He lived for a time in the 1950s at Zennor in Cornwall. Heath-Stubbs's translations include work by Sappho, Horace, Catullus, Hafiz, Verlaine and Giacomo Leopardi. He was a central figure in British poetry in the early 1950s, editing, for example, the poetry anthology Images of Tomorrow (1953) and with David Wright the Faber Book of Twentieth Century Verse. He was elected to the RSL in 1954, awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 1973, and appointed OBE in 1989. Although diagnosed with glaucoma at the age of 18, a condition he inherited from his father, he was able to read with his left eye until 1961, but was completely blind from 1978. Nonetheless, he continued to write almost to the end.A documentary film about him, entitled Ibycus: A Poem by <mask>-Stubbs, was made by the Chilean director Carlos Klein in 1997. <mask>-Stubbs died in London on 26 December 2006, aged 88. Writing style
As a Romantic poet, Heath-Stubbs's diction was strong, yet subtle. Running through his work was a nostalgia for "classicism". He was consciously

masks:
John Heath
John Heath


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 literary and his work elaborately wrought rather than spontaneous, which meant his was not the kind of poetry likely to have mass appeal. However, his devotion to the craft of poetry makes his work impressive. As Edward Lucie-Smith put it, "Few writers of his time had a deeper knowledge of the English language, or cared for it more devotedly."Poetry collections
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
1942: Wounded Thammuz
1943: Beauty and the Beast
1946: The Divided Ways
1946: Poems from Giacomo Leopardi
1948: The Swarming of the Bees
1948: Jonathan Swift: A Selection of Poems
1948: Selected Poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson
1948: Percy Bysshe Shelley- Poems
1949: The Charity of the Stars
1950: The Forsaken Garden: An Anthology of Poetry 1824–1909, edited with David Wright
1950: The Darkling Plain: Romanticism in English Poetry from Darley to Yeats
1950: Mountains Beneath the Horizon (ed.) poems by William Bell
1951: Aphrodite's Garland - Five Ancient Love Poems
1953: New Poems
1953: Images of Tomorrow: an Anthology of Recent Poetry
1953: Faber Book of Twentieth Century Verse, edited with David Wright
1954: A Charm Against the Toothache
1955: Charles Williams: Writers and Their Work No. 63
1958: The Triumph of the Muse and Other Poems
1958: Helen in Egypt and Other Plays
1962: The Blue-Fly in His Head
1965: Selected Poems
1969: Cosmic Poem
1972: Penguin Modern Poets 20, co editor
1974: Artorius: A Heroic Poem in Four Books and Eight Episodes
1978: The Watchman's Flute
1978: Anyte with Carol  Whiteside1979: Omar Khayyám, The Rubaiyat, translated with Peter Avery
1981: In The Shadows - David Gray, editor
1981: Buzz Buzz - Ten Insect Poems (Illustrated by Richard Shirley Smith)
1982: Naming the Beasts1985: The


texts:
 Immolation of Aleph1987: Cat's Parnassus, Hearing Eye. 1988: Collected Poems 1942–1987, Carcanet Press
1988: Time Pieces, Hearing Eye. 1988: A Partridge in a Pear Tree: Poems for the Twelve Days of Christmas, Hearing Eye, illustrations by Emily Johns
1989: A Ninefold Of Charms, Hearing Eye, illustrations by Emily Johns
1990: Selected Poems1992: The Parson's Cat, Hearing Eye, illustrations by Emily Johns
1993: Sweet-Apple Earth1993: Hindsights : An Autobiography1994: Chimaeras, Hearing Eye, lino etchings by Emily Johns
1996: Galileo's Salad1998: The literary essays of John Heath-Stubbs, edited by A.T. Tolley
1999: The Sound of Light2000: The Poems of Sulpicia, translator, Hearing Eye, illustrations by Emily Johns
2002: The Return of the Cranes2005: Pigs Might Fly}}

References

External links
Interview from 1989
Poet John Heath-Stubbs dies at 88, BBC News, 26 December 2006
Obituary, The Independent, 27 December 2006
Obituary, The Guardian'', 29 December 2006
National Portrait Gallery
BBC Your Paintings in partnership with the PCF, portrait of John Heath-Stubbs by Peter Edwards
Sebastian Barker - RSL
Archival material at
"John Heath-Stubbs", Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: John Heath-Stubbs collection, c. 1962–1967

1918 births
2006 deaths
20th-century English male writers
Writers from London
Deaths from lung cancer
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Blind people from England
People educated at Bembridge School
English male poets
20th-century English poets
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Deaths from cancer in England
English LGBT poets
20th-century


texts:
<mask>  (2 July 1922 – 5 September 2013) was a British journalist, broadcaster and writer. Following periods on the News Chronicle and the Daily Herald, he was a senior journalist on the Daily Mirror from 1969 to 1986. <mask> was known as "the doyen of industrial correspondents" for his extensive contacts and prominent role covering British industrial disputes. He was close to leading left-wing politicians including Harold Wilson, Frank Cousins, Aneurin Bevan and Michael Foot. He briefly served as an economic adviser to Wilson in 1975. After retiring from the Daily Mirror, <mask> was the founding editor of the quarterly British Journalism Review in 1989, and remained its editor until 2002. In 2020, The Sunday Times uncovered his role as an agent of the StB, the intelligence agency of communist Czechoslovakia, with whom he had contact between 1955 and 1972.The newspaper reported on declassified intelligence archives stating that he received payments in return for providing information and analysis about the Labour Party, trade unions and Harold Wilson's government during his first term. Early life and career
He was born in Stockport, Cheshire (now Greater Manchester), and was the only child of Edythe (née Bowman) and <mask>, whose Jewish parents had emigrated to Britain from Poland and Russia. His father spent long periods unemployed, and the family moved to Camden Town, London, in 1935 in an attempt to change their situation. <mask> was influenced in his choice of becoming a political journalist by overhearing current affairs being discussed in the local dairy, and a shopkeeper reporting that the newspapers refused to print stories about the Prince of Wales with Wallis Simpson, "despite most of us knowing exactly what is going on". After adding a year to his age, he enlisted at the beginning of the Second World War. An RAF pilot during his war service (1941–46), he ended the war as a Flight Lieutenant flying Mosquito planes on photography missions. <mask> studied at the London School of Economics under Harold Laski.In January 1947, he married Margit

masks:
Geoffrey George Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Michael Goodman
Goodman
Goodman


texts:
 Freudenbergova, who as a child just before the war had been on the final train of the Kindertransport, a means of rescuing Jewish children from Czechoslovakia. The couple had a son and a daughter. Early career in journalism
After the end of hostilities, he briefly worked on the Manchester Guardian (1946–47) before joining the Daily Mirror, but was sacked at Christmas 1948. He then joined the News Chronicle. A one-time member of the Communist Party, he left it in 1951, and henceforward supported the Labour Party. As a friend of Aneurin Bevan, whom he had first met in 1948 outside St Pancras Town Hall, <mask> gave support to Tribune, the newspaper Bevan had founded just before the war, and helped new staff writer Ian Aitken. For the News Chronicle, following the 1954 docks strike, he visited all the workplaces over a three-week period.He discovered "astonishing inefficiencies, poor management bordering on the absurd, corrupt trade union practices and a bewildered workforce". Arthur Deakin, the leader of the TGWU, read the articles by the journalist before publication at <mask>'s own insistence, and thought the articles were "scandalous inventions". <mask> supported the decision of editor Michael Curtis to oppose the Suez intervention, a stance which split the paper's staff. Slightly later though, until his close friend Michael Foot, he was unconvinced by unilateralism when CND first emerged. <mask> wrote about the socioeconomic makeup of the small town of Sellafield in 1959, around the UK's first nuclear power station. At the Herald, Sun and the Mirror
After the closure of the News Chronicle in 1959, he joined the Daily Herald and remained working for IPC when the Herald was turned into The Sun in 1964, where his employer was Hugh Cudlipp, whom he once described as the greatest popular journalist of the 20th Century. <mask> joined the Daily Mirror for a second time in 1969, following Rupert Murdoch's purchase of The Sun.He became industrial editor of Mirror Group Newspapers, a columnist and assistant editor of the Mirror (1976–86). Friends with prime minister

masks: Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman


texts:
 Harold Wilson, and his successor James Callaghan, who both respected him, <mask> was also able to get on with the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath, who invited him to Chequers. From July 1975 to August 1976, he headed a counter-inflationary unit for the Labour government. The Awkward Warrior, <mask>'s biography of trade union leader and politician Frank Cousins, appeared in 1979. In 1984, Mirror Group Newspapers was acquired by Robert Maxwell, "the maniac on the ninth floor", according to <mask>. In July 1984, Maxwell interfered with one of the journalist's columns on the 1984–85 miners' strike, cutting a revelation concerning Margaret Thatcher's non-conciliatory attitude towards the 1974 miners' strike, and her vote in cabinet against Edward Heath's decision to call a general election in February 1974. <mask> threatened to resign unless given an undertaking that it would not happen again.Such an assurance was also given to his colleagues Paul Foot and John Pilger, but the three men realised that such a guarantee from Maxwell was meaningless. Along with colleague Terence Lancaster, <mask> insisted on dropping his by-line from an article both men co-wrote at Maxwell's insistence stridently attacking NUM leader Arthur Scargill at the peak of the miners' strike. <mask> retired from the Mirror in 1986. He regretted not resigning at the time Maxwell became his boss. Later years
<mask> was the founding editor of the quarterly British Journalism Review (BJR), which he edited from 1989 to 2002. In his first editorial he wrote that "the business is now subject to a contagious outbreak of squalid, banal, lazy and cowardly journalism whose only qualification is that it helps to make newspaper publishers (and some journalists) rich." His later articles for the BJR considered such issues as the role of journalism in the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.After ceasing to be editor of the BJR in 2002, he became chairman and later emeritus chairman of its board. A memoir From Bevan to Blair: Fifty Years Reporting from the Political Frontline was published in 2003. In its

masks:
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Goodman
Geoffrey Goodman


texts:
 account of the Wilson and Callaghan governments, the later volume is free, according to Dominic Wring, of the kind of "score settling" common to memoirs covering this period. When interviewed by Dan Carrier on 3 February 2011, he was asked about how the role of the Press had changed over his lifetime. While conceding that the amount of information available had greatly increased, "what we do not have is the depth of knowledge, and this translates into a lack of understanding about key current issues. In the old days you had time to reflect. This does not exist now, because of the urge to be first with a scoop, no matter how weak and spurious that scoop is".In 1998, <mask> was appointed a CBE for his services to journalism. Some years earlier he had received an honorary MA from the University of Oxford and was an associate fellow at Nuffield College (1974–76). <mask> was interviewed by National Life Stories (C467/16) in 2008 for the 'Oral History of the British Press' collection held by the British Library. Royal Commission on the Press

<mask>'s papers relating to the Royal Commission on the Press are archived at the University of Warwick. These include files relating to the Mirror Group, the Press Council, Scottish Daily News, advertising, editorial standards and journalism, newspaper distribution, the provincial and foreign press, Harold Wilson's evidence and transcripts of oral evidence, press cuttings, interim report, 1974–77, and papers relating to his biography of Frank Cousins. They also include notes from interviews with Frank Cousins, Jack Jones, Harold Wilson, Harry Nicholas, James Callaghan, Baroness (Dora) Gaitskell, Harold Macmillan and Aneurin Bevan. References

External links
Catalogue of <mask>'s papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick

1922 births
2013 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British Jews
British World War II pilots
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Daily Mirror people
English biographers
English male journalists
English radio personalities
English television personalities
People from

masks: Goodman Goodman Goodman Goodman


texts: <mask> (February 21, 1942 – January 17, 2013) was a Trinidad and Tobago-born scholar of Africana Studies. From 1973 to 2007 he worked at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, and over the course of his career published over ten books and a range of scholarly articles. Born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, <mask> moved to the United Kingdom, where he studied law at Gray's Inn, London, and then economics at the University of Hull. Relocating to the United States, he completed a PhD on the Jamaican political activist Marcus Garvey at Michigan State University in 1973. That year, he was employed as an associate professor at Wellesley College, where he was a founding member of its Africana Studies Department. During the latter part of the 1970s and 1980s he published several books on Garvey and Garveyism. In 1987 he sued his employer for racial discrimination and in 1991 was accused of harassing female students, although he denied the allegation.Among the subjects that <mask> pursued was the place of Jews in the Atlantic slave trade. During the 1990s, he came under public criticism for encouraging his students to read The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, a book compiled by the Nation of Islam which was widely regarded as antisemitic. That decade, he also entered into a publicized argument with Classics scholar Mary Lefkowitz, a prominent critic of historical claims made by Afrocentric scholarship. <mask> subsequently took Lefkowitz to court for libel, but the case was dismissed. In 1993 he self-published The Jewish Onslaught, a book that Wellesley distanced themselves from and which

masks:
Tony Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


texts:
 generated further accusations of antisemitism. In 2002 he spoke at a conference organized by a leading Holocaust denial organization, the Institute for Historical Review, alleging that Jewish organizations were trying to stifle free speech. He retired from Wellesley in 2007.Life and academic credentials
Born Anthony <mask> in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, he attended Tranquillity School, where he was a contemporary of Stokely Carmichael. After secondary school, <mask> went to England to study law at Gray's Inn, London, where he was called to the Bar in 1966. <mask> subsequently received a B.Sc. honours degree in economics at the University of Hull (1968). He taught briefly in Trinidad at Cipriani Labour College and St. Mary's College, before moving to the United States in 1969 to pursue graduate studies in African History at Michigan State University, earning an M.A. and completing his Ph.D in 1973. His doctoral dissertation, on Marcus Garvey and the UNIA, would be the basis for the book he later published as Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association.<mask> was founder and chair of the Africana Studies Department at Wellesley College, where he began teaching in 1973, became tenured in 1975, and became a full professor in 1979. He also taught at the University of Michigan-Flint and was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, Brandeis University, Brown University, and Colorado College, and also spent a year as an honorary research fellow at the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. In November 1994 he spoke at

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin


texts:
 Harvard University at the invitation of the Black Students Association and praised its president Kristen Clarke for her courage in inviting him. <mask> was a prolific author of scholarly articles on many aspects of Black History and lectured all over the world. He received awards and honors from the American Philosophical Society, the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations and many others. <mask> also wrote, compiled or edited 14 books, most recently Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present (2012) and Amy Ashwood Garvey: Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs. Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Amies (2007).He had been working on two further biographies of Trinidadian women, of Audrey Jeffers (who was his aunt) and Kathleen Davis (also known as “Aunty Kay”). <mask> died unexpectedly on January 17, 2013, aged 70, at Westshore Medical Hospital, Cocorite, Trinidad and Tobago. Research

Marcus Garvey
<mask> was a prolific Garvey scholar - he was considered by some "the world's foremost authority on Marcus Garvey" - one of his earliest works being Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, published in 1976. He wrote a number of other books about Garvey, including Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography (1983), African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance (1991), Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem Renaissance (1983), The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey (1983), and The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (1984). He


texts:
 co-authored, with Wendy Ball, Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adger Library (1981). Controversies

Harassment of students
In October 1991, a Wellesley student, Michelle Plantec, while on hall duty, claimed that she saw <mask> wandering in a female dorm in a restricted area, in violation of a rule requiring male guests to be escorted. When she asked him about his escort, <mask>, she claims, responded using profanity, accused her of racism and bigotry, and positioned himself so as to physically intimidate her.<mask> said: "I stopped him and said, 'Excuse me, sir, who are you with?' He looked at me and said, 'What do you mean?' I said, 'What Wellesley student are you with?' and at that point he exploded and called me a fucking bitch, a racist, and a bigot, among other things...after all this, he went back into his meeting and said the only reason I had stopped him was because he was black." <mask>, in the same interview, agreed that there was an angry exchange, but denied that he used profanity. He also said he asked permission from the dormitory desk before going to the restroom."Coming out of the restroom, I was rudely accosted by a group of women who were coming up the stairs behind me...I tried to ignore them for a short space of time...and eventually, when we got to the top of the stairs I became very annoyed, and expressed my annoyance to the people who were behind me." Lefkowitz controversy, Wellesley course controversy, and lawsuit
Mary Lefkowitz was a classics professor at Wellesley, who taught courses on ancient Greek culture. In a 1992 article for The New Republic, she challenged what

masks: Martin Martin Martinec Martin


texts: she felt were ahistorical Afrocentric claims, such as the claim that Greek philosophy was plagiarized from African sources. Following publication of the New Republic piece, she and <mask> became engaged in a heated disagreement, with <mask> criticizing her in his department's Africana Studies Newsletter, and she criticizing him in the Wall Street Journal, the Chronicle of Higher Education, The New Republic, and elsewhere. As this controversy progressed, Lefkowitz discovered that students in <mask>'s class were assigned a book called The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, compiled by the Historical Research Department of the Nation of Islam. The book's thesis is that Jews had a disproportionately large role in the black slave trade relative to their numbers. This thesis has since been refuted by mainstream historians, including the American Historical Association (AHA).Lefkowitz ignited a controversy over the book's inclusion on the curriculum, and the controversy made national headlines in the spring of 1993. NPR, the New York Times, the Boston Globe, and the Associated Press, among others, covered the story. In <mask>'s view, In January 1993, I was minding my own business and teaching my Wellesley College survey course on African American History when a funny thing happened. The long arm of Jewish intolerance reached into my classroom. Unknown to me, three student officers of the Jewish Hillel organization (campus B'nai B'rith stablemates of the Anti-Defamation League), sat in on my class and remained for a single period only. Their purpose was to monitor my presentation. As one of them explained


texts: in a campus meeting later, Jewish students had noticed The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews among my offerings in the school bookstore.The book documents the considerable Jewish involvement in the Transatlantic African Slave Trade, the dissemination of which knowledge they, as Jews, considered an "anti-Semitic" and most "hateful" act. One of Lefkowitz's responses to this controversy was an article in the September/October 1993 issue of Measure, the journal of the University Centers for Rational Alternatives in Columbia University. In this article, Lefkowitz made several allegations which <mask> deemed libellous. For instance, she alleged that during the October 1991 incident discussed above, <mask> had called a student "a white, fucking bitch" and that "the young woman fell down as a result of his onslaught, and <mask> bent over to continue his rage at her." <mask> initiated a libel suit. <mask> had already sued several undergraduates for libel, as well as Wellesley College itself. The dean of Wellesley College, Nancy Kolodny, declined to pay Lefkowitz's court costs.She reportedly said to Lefkowitz: "It's your problem. The college can't help you." In the end, the Anti-Defamation League provided for Lefkowitz's defense. Three other national Jewish organizations, the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, provided assistance. The case went through six years of appeals and counter-appeals, and was finally dismissed. As the campus controversy wound down, <mask> published a book telling his side of the story: The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches

masks: Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin


texts:
 from the Wellesley Battlefront (1993). (See section below.)Lefkowitz published her own views three years later in the book Not Out of Africa (Basic Books, 1996). In 2008 she published another book, History Lesson: A Race Odyssey, giving her version of the story of the lawsuit and the controversy with Martin. Libel lawsuit against Counterpoint
In the wake of the 1993 controversy, Counterpoint, a joint MIT-Wellesley student publication, asked MIT student Avik Roy to write a "retrospective chronicling the controversy surrounding <mask> since his arrival as associate professor in 1973." According to Roy, he was asked to write the article because the staff felt he would be less biased than a Wellesley student. The article by Roy was published in the fall 1993 issue of Counterpoint. It alleged that <mask> "gained tenure within the Africana Studies department only after successfully suing the college for racial discrimination," and that this explained a reluctance on the part of the College to censure <mask>. <mask> sued Roy for libel.Roy refused to disclose the confidential sources of his information even after the case was brought to court. A Massachusetts Superior Court Judge found that a lawsuit by <mask> against Wellesley had in fact occurred, but "well after his tenure, and thus could not have caused it." The suit in question was filed in 1987 and alleged racial discrimination over a merit increase. However, the 1991 libel suit was eventually dismissed, with the judge ruling that <mask> did not meet his burden of proof on 4 out of 5 necessary components for proving libel. The judge found that the offending


texts:
 statement was "partly false, but substantially true," though inaccurate in its "implication of timing and causation." The judge agreed that Roy's conclusion, that fear of litigation would cause Wellesley to exercise "particular restraint" when dealing with <mask>, "follows at least as strongly from the actual facts as it would from the erroneous version." The Jewish Onslaught
In 1993, <mask> published The Jewish Onslaught: Dispatches from the Wellesley Battlefront.A week after the book was self-published, it was criticized in a statement by the president of Wellesley College who stated that it "gratuitously attacks individuals and groups at Wellesley College through innuendo and the application of racial and religious stereotype", and the majority of the Wellesley faculty signed a statement condemning <mask>'s work "for its racial and ethnic stereotyping and for its anti-Semitism." The Chair of <mask>'s department at Wellesley, Selwyn Cudjoe, labelled <mask>'s book "Gangsta history, meant to demean and to defame others and to bring them into disrepute, rather than to enlighten and to lead us to a more complex and sophisticated understanding of social phenomena. It ought to be labeled anti-Semitic." The book was praised by Molefi Asante of Temple University who called the book the best polemic by an African since David Walker's 1829 classic, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, and Raymond Winbush of Vanderbilt University who compared it to W. E. B. Du Bois' Souls of Black Folk. <mask> and Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Chair of the African and African American Studies Department


texts:
 and Director of the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research at Harvard University, was critical of <mask>'s work, leading <mask> to describe him as "Brer Gates" (an allusion to Brer Rabbit) and to write: "Whenever the other folks have wanted anybody to beat the rest of the race over the head with, Brer Gates has been on the scene, like an HNIC ["Head Negro in Charge"] machine.They gave him an unprecedented full-page op-ed in the New York Times to attack the Nation of Islam's Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. This op-ed was actually typeset in the shape of a Star of David. There is no evidence that Gates even read the book, but he pulled together some platitudes attacking it anyway." Institute for Historical Review
In June 2002, <mask> presented a talk entitled "Tactics of Organized Jewry in Suppressing Free Speech" at the 14th IHR Conference sponsored by the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), in which he summarizes his experience of the controversy following his accusations about Jews as principal actors in the slave trade. The IHR is the world's leading Holocaust denial organization, publishing articles and holding conferences denying the extermination of European Jewry by the Third Reich. Works
Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, 1976, 421 pages ()
Rare Afro-Americana: A Reconstruction of the Adjer Library (with Wendy Ball), 1981. Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography, 1983 ().Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts and the Harlem, 1983 ()
The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey

masks: Martin Martin Martin


texts:
 (compiled and edited), 1983. In Nobody's Backyard: The Grenada Revolution in Its Own Words, edited by <mask> with Dessima Williams. Vol. I, The Revolution at Home. Vol. II, Facing the World, 1984. African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance, 1991 ().The Jewish Onslaught: Despatches from the Wellesley Battlefront, Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1993 (). The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond (1983), 1998 (). The Progress of the African Race Since Emancipation and Prospects for the Future (pamphlet), Port of Spain: Emancipation Support Committee / Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1998 (). Amy Ashwood Garvey, Pan-Africanist, Feminist and Mrs Marcus Garvey No. 1, Or, A Tale of Two Armies, 2007. Caribbean History: From Pre-Colonial Origins to the Present, Pearson, 2012 (). Notes

External links
 Dr <mask> website.Video of <mask>'s lecture, "The Judaic Role in the Black Slave Trade"
 "Professor <mask> & the Jewish Onslaught". Petamber Persuad, "Black History Month (Part I) - In tribute to Marcus Garvey and <mask>", Guyana Chronicle, February 10, 2013. Dr. Selwyn R. Cudjoe on the life of <mask>, Celebration & Remembrance of <mask>, Wellesley College, Wednesday, May 1, 2013. 1942 births
2013 deaths
American historians
American conspiracy theorists
Antisemitism in the United States
American Holocaust deniers
Wellesley College faculty
Trinidad and Tobago academics
Trinidad and Tobago non-fiction writers
Trinidad and Tobago lawyers
Trinidad and Tobago historians
Trinidad and Tobago male writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers
Male

masks:
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin


texts: <mask><mask>, MD, FACS (born in New York in 1945) is a surgeon, clinical professor and health expert in the field of transplantation. He serves on numerous committees and is affiliated with various leading organizations and institutions. He is the chief medical officer of the New England Organ Bank (NEOB) and Professor of Surgery, Part-Time at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, where he is emeritus director of renal transplantation. He served as president of The Transplantation Society (TTS) from 2012 to 2014, an international non-profit organization based in Montreal, Canada that works with international transplantation physicians and researchers. He also served as the president of the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) in 2005, which overseas the practice of organ donation and transplantation in the United States. He was appointed and still serves as an advisor to the World Health Organization in matters of organ donation and transplantation. He was appointed by <mask> to the Pontifical Academy of Science in 2016.In 2020, he became the recipient

masks:
Francis L
. Delmonico
Pope Francis


texts:
 of the Medawar Prize of The Transplantation Society. Education
Delmonico received a Bachelor of Science degree in biology at Mount Saint Mary's College in 1966 and a Doctor of Medicine degree from George Washington University in 1971. His initial general surgical training was under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Dr. David Hume at the Medical College of Virginia. In 1974, Delmonico interrupted his general surgical training to complete a two-year Clinical and Research Fellowship in Transplantation at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He then returned to the Medical College of Virginia to continue his general surgical residency training, which he completed in 1978 as chief resident in surgery. After serving for two years in the United States Navy as a staff surgeon at Walter Reed Medical Center, an assistant professor of surgery at the Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, and as ship's surgeon on the USS Independence, Delmonico was recruited to the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1980 as a member of the transplantation unit of the


texts: department of surgery. He was promoted to visiting surgeon in 1997 and to professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School in 2000.From 1990 until 2004 he was the director of the Renal Transplantation Service at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Throughout his time at Mass General, he has devoted most of his research efforts to clinical investigation. In the early part of his career, he focused upon the management of recipient immunosuppression and more recently upon the clinical parameters that define the suitable organ donor. In 1995, Delmonico was appointed medical director of the New England Organ Bank (NEOB). Under his direction, the NEOB has undertaken several research projects, most notably an outcome study of organs transplanted from deceased donors who were bacteremic at the time of their death. This study removed a heretofore absolute contraindication to organ donation, thereby expanding the organ donor pool for selected allograft recipients. Another focus of Delmonico's organ donor interest has been the concept of death.He has been responsible for


texts:
 the development of the Donation after Cardiac Death initiative in transplant centers who are members of the NEOB. He was awarded a Department of Health and Human Services Grant as the principal investigator of a project to study the acceptance of kidneys recovered from deceased expanded criteria donors and has served as the medical advisor to the Association of Organ Procurement Organizations. Writings
He has authored or co-authored more than 260 publications, either as original articles, reviews, commentaries or book chapters. His original writings have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The New York Times. He has appeared on numerous television and radio programs, including Nightline, Good Morning America, CBS Sunday Morning America and NPR news. Other educational achievements include his work as associate editor of the American Journal of Transplantation and his reviews for many medical journals such as the Journal of the American Medical Association, the Journal of the American Association


texts:
 of Nephrology, and Surgery. He is a member of the editorial board of Transplantation, Kidney International and Clinical Transplantation.Delmonico has served on the board of trustees and numerous committees of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). UNOS is the contractor for the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN), the federally designated organization that oversees the practice of transplantation in the United States. He is a past-president of the OPTN/UNOS. The Transplantation Society
His contributions to The Transplantation Society (TTS) have been long-standing. As chairman of TTS's ethics committee, he convened an international forum on the live kidney donor in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in April 2004, and on the liver lung, liver, intestine and pancreas donor in Vancouver, Canada, in September 2005, with participation of over 100 physicians and surgeons from 44 countries around the world. Furthermore, he served as TTS's director of medical affairs from 2006 to 2010 and president from 2012 to 2014. He is now the immediate past president and will


texts:
 remain so until August 2016.He works closely with the World Health Organization who made him a WHO consultant on matter of human organ donation and transplantation. These appointments constitute the major aspect of his current efforts. In 2008, he was responsible for convening the Istanbul Summit from which the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism was derived. He became executive director the Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group in 2015. Publications
 Delmonico FL and Dew MA. Living donor kidney transplantation in a global environment. Kidney Int.2007 7:608-14. Dew MA, Jacobs CL, Jowsey SG, Hanto R, Miller C, Delmonico FL. Guidelines for the psychosocial evaluation of living unrelated kidney donors in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2007 5:1047-54. Schulz-Baldes A, Delmonico FL. Improving institutional fairness to live kidney donors: donor needs must be addressed by safeguarding donation risks and compensating donation costs.Transpl Int. 2007 11:940-6. DuBois JM, Delmonico FL, D'Alessandro AM. When organ donors are still


texts:
 patients: is premortem use of heparin ethically acceptable? Am J Crit Care. 2007 4:396-400. Saidi RF, Elias N, Kawai T, Hertl M, Farrell ML, Goes N, Wong W, Hartono C, Fishman JA, Kotton CN, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, and Ko DS.Outcome of kidney transplantation using expanded criteria donors and donation after cardiac death kidneys: realities and costs. Am J Transplant. 2007 12:2769-74. Sung RS, <mask>tman AB, Greenstein SM, Distant DA, Wynn JJ, Stegall MD, Delmonico FL, Port FK. Determinants of discard of expanded criteria donor kidneys: impact of biopsy and machine perfusion. Am J Transplant. 2008 8(4):783-92.Tsoulfas G, Hertl M, Ko DS, Elias N, Delmonico FL, Romano L, Fernandes I, Schoenfeld D, Kawai T.  Long-term Outcome of a Cuffed Expanded PTFE Graft for Hemodialysis Vascular Access. World J Surg. 2008 32(8):1827-31
 Saidi RF, Wertheim JA, Ko DS, Elias N, Martin H, Delmonico FL, Cosimi AB, Kawai T. Impact of donor kidney recovery method on lymphatic complications in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2008 40(4):1054–1055. Delmonico FL.


texts:
 The Development of the Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2008(23): 3381–3382. Gritsch HA, Veale JL, Leichtman AB, Guidinger MK, Magee JC, McDonald RA, Harmon WE, Delmonico FL, Ettenger RB, Cecka JM. Should pediatric patients wait for HLA-DR-matched renal transplants? Am J Transplant. 2008 8(10):2056-61. Delmonico FL, McBride MA. Analysis of the wait list and deaths among candidates waiting for a kidney transplant.Transplantation. 2008 86(12):1678-83. Hanto RL, Reitsma W, Delmonico FL. The development of a successful multiregional kidney paired donation program. Transplantation. 2008 86(12):1744–1748
 Tilney N, Murray J, Thistlethwaite R, Norman D, Delmonico F, Hanto D, <mask> A, Danovitch G, Sayegh M, Shapiro R, Harmon W, Salvatierra O, Brennan D, McDiarmid S, Stock P, Pomfret L, Bennett W, Conti D, Metzger B, Sarwal M, Cosimi AB. Promotion of altruistic donation.Transplantation. 2009 Sep 27;88(6):847. Humar, A., Morris, M., Blumberg, E., Freeman, R., Preikaitis, J. Kiberd, B., Schweitzer, E.,


texts:
 Ganz, S., Caliendo, A., Orlowski, J.P., Wilson, B., Kotton, C., Michaels, M., Kleinman, S., Greier, S., Murphy, B., Green, M., <mask>, M., Knoll, G., Segev, D., Brubaker, S., Hasz, R., <mask>vitz, D.J., Mulligan, D., O'Connor, K., Pruett, T., Mozes, M., <mask>, I., Delmonico, F.L., Fischer, S.  Nucleic acid testing (NAT) or organ donors: is the 'best' test the right test? A consensus conference report. Am. J. Transplant.2010 Apr;10(4):889-99. Epub 2010 Jan 29. Review. Costa. A.N., Simon i Castellvi, J.M., Spagnolo, A.G., Comoretto, N., <mask>, J., Gabel, H., Delmonico, F.L., Muehlbacher, F., Schaupp, W., Glazier, A.K., Garcia, V.D., Abbud-Fiho, M., Medina-Pestana, J.O., Grainer, M.G., Donadio, P.P., Guermani, A., Bosco, R., Giordano, F., <mask> de Arroyabe, B., Brunetti, M., Manyalich, M.., Paez, G., Valero, R., Matesanz, R., Coll, E., Dominguez-Gil, B., Mahillo, B., Escobar, E.M., Garrido, G., Cantarovich, F.  Transplantation. 2009 Oct 15:88(7 Suppl):S108-58. References

External links
 http://www.unos.org/
 http://www.tts.org/
 http://neob.org/

masks:
Levi
Lebo
Lee
Laffitte
Martinez Lopez


texts:
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101127041644/http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp
 http://www.americansurgical.info/
 http://www.kidney.org/about/board.cfm
 https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFDD1231F936A25751C1A9609C8B63

Living people
Harvard Medical School faculty
American transplant surgeons
1945 births
George Washington University Medical School alumni
People from Queens, New York
Medical College of Virginia


texts:
Théophile "Théo<mask> (23 November 1862 – 13 December 1926) was a Belgian neo-impressionist painter, who played a pivotal role in the European art scene at the turn of the twentieth century. Biography

Early years
Born in Ghent to a French-speaking bourgeois family, he studied first at the Academy of Ghent under Theo Canneel and from 1879 at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels under the directorship of Jean-François Portaels. The North African paintings of Portaels had started an orientalist fashion in Belgium. Their impact would strongly influence the young <mask>. Between 1882 and 1888 he made three trips to Morocco, staying there in total a year and a half. Age only eighteen, he had already participated at the Salon of Ghent, showing two portraits. Soon afterwards followed his Self-portrait with pipe (1880), painted in somber colours in the Belgian realistic tradition of the times.His Child in an open spot of the forest (1880) departs from this style and he makes his first steps towards impressionism. Soon he would develop his own realistic style, akin to impressionism. In 1881 he exhibited for the first time at the Salon in Brussels. First trip to Morocco
The next year he travelled (following in the footsteps of Jean-François Portaels) extensively in Spain and Morocco together with his friend Frantz Charlet and the Asturian painter Darío de Regoyos. He especially admired the 'old masters' in the Museo del Prado. In Seville they met Constantin Meunier, who was copying Pedro Campaña's Descent from the Cross. From this Spanish trip stem the following portraits : Spanish

masks:
" van Rysselberghe
To van Rysselberghe


texts:
 woman (1881) and Sevillan woman (1882), already completely different in style.When he set foot in Tanger at the end of October 1882, a whole new world opened up for him: so close to Europe and yet completely different. He would stay there for four months, drawing and painting the picturesque scenes on the street, the kasbah and in the souk: Arabian street cobbler (1882), Arabian boy (1882), Resting guard (1883)

Back in Belgium, he showed about 30 works of his trip at the "Cercle Artistique et Littéraire" in Ghent. It was an instant success, especially The kief smokers, The orange seller and a seascape The strait (setting sun), Tanger (1882). In April 1883 he exhibited these scenes of everyday Mediterranean life at the salon L'Essor, in Brussels, before an enthusiast public. It was also around this time that he befriended the writer and poet Emile Verhaeren, whom he would later portray several times. In September 1883 <mask>he went to Haarlem to study the light in the works of Frans Hals. The accurate rendering of light would continue to occupy his mind.There he also met the American painter William Merritt Chase. Les XX

Théo <mask> was one of the prominent co-founders of the Belgian artistic circle Les XX on 28 October 1883. This was a circle of young radical artists, under the patronage, as secretary, of the Brussels jurist and art lover Octave Maus (1856–1919). They rebelled against the outmoded academism of the time and the prevailing artistic standards. Among the most notable members were James Ensor, Willy Finch, Fernand Khnopff, Félicien Rops, and later Auguste Rodin and

masks:
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberghe


texts:
 Paul Signac. This membership brought <mask>he in contact with other radical artists, such as James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who had exhibited in Les XX in 1884. His influence as a portrait painter can be seen in <mask>he's portrait of Octave Maus as a dandy (1885).Van Rysselberghe would paint several portraits of Octave Maus and his wife between 1883 and 1890. Second trip to Morocco
In November 1883 he left again, together with Frantz Charlet, for Tanger. During his stay of one year, he was in constant correspondence with Octave Maus, urging him to accept several new names for the first exhibition of "Les XX": Constantin Meunier, Alfred Verwee, William Merritt Chase. (He had met him in 1883 in Haarlem.) In April 1884 he visited Andalucia in the company of the American painter John Singer Sargent and the gentleman-painter Ralph Curtis. He also invited them to the exhibition in Brussels. This time, <mask>he tried to surpass himself.His large, exotic painting Arabian phantasia, a theme introduced by Eugène Delacroix, is his best known work from this period. It is bathed in the harsh light of the hot Moroccan sun. From now on <mask>he would be obsessed by light. But lack of funds forced him to return to Belgium at the end of October 1884. At the second show of Les XX in 1885 Théo <mask>he showed his Arabian phantasia and other images and paintings from his second Moroccan trip, such as Abraham Sicsu (interpreter in Tanger) (1884). Impressionism

Yet his next portraits are in rather subdued colours, using different black or purple gradations contrasting with light colours: Jeanne and

masks:
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberg


texts:
 Marguerite Schlobach (1884), Octave Maus (1885), Camille Van Mons (1886), Marguerite Van Mons (1886) (to be compared with Portrait of Gabrielle Braun (1886) by Fernand Khnopff). He saw the works of the impressionists Monet and Auguste Renoir at the show of Les XX in 1886.He was deeply impressed. He experimented with this technique, as can be seen in Woman with Japanese album (1886). This impressionist influence became prominent in his paintings Madame Picard in her Loge (1886) and Madame Oscar Ghysbrecht (1886) (painted in a palette of bright colours). In 1887 he painted some impressionist seascapes at the Belgian coast : Het Zwin at high tide (1887)

Rysselberghe influenced the work of his friend Omer Coppens away from realism towards indigenous impressionism and painted at least one portrait of him in oils. Because of his growing ties with the Parisian art scene, Octave Maus sent Rysselberghe as a talent scout to Paris to look out for new talent for the next exhibitions of Les XX. Neo-impressionism
He discovered the pointillist technique when he saw Georges Seurat's La Grande Jatte at the eighth impressionist exhibition in Paris in 1886. Together with Henry Van de Velde, Georges Lemmen, Xavier Mellery, Willy Schlobach and Alfred William Finch and Anna Boch he "imported" this style to Belgium.Seurat was invited to the next salon of Les XX in Brussels in 1887. But there his La Grande Jatte was heavily criticized by the art critics as "incomprehensible gibberish applied to the noble art of painting". Théo <mask>he abandoned realism and became an adept of pointillism. This brought


texts:
 him sometimes in heavy conflict with James Ensor. In 1887 <mask>he already experimented with this style, as can be seen in his Madame Oscar Ghysbrecht (1887) and Madame Edmond Picard (1887). While staying in summer 1887 a few weeks with Eugène Boch (brother of Anna Boch) in Batignolles, near Paris, he met several painters from the Parisian scene such as Sisley, Signac, Degas and especially Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. He appreciated especially the talent of Toulouse-Lautrec.His portrait Pierre-Marie Olin  (1887) closely resembles the style of Toulouse-Lautrec of that time. He managed to invite several of them, including Signac, Forain, and Toulouse-Lautrec to the next exhibition of Les XX. Third trip to Morocco
In December 1887 he was invited, together with Edmond Picard, to accompany a Belgian economic delegation to Meknès, Morocco. During these three months he made many color pencil sketches. He also drew a portrait of the sultan Hassan I. Back in Brussels, he started painting his impressions, relying on his photos, notes and sketches. His Nomad encampment (1887) is probably his first neo-impressionist work.In the Caravan in the mountains past Schliat, the influence of Seurat is unmistakable. His Gate of Mansour-El-Hay in Meknès (1887) and Morocco (the great souk) (1887) are also painted in pointillist style, but still with short strokes and not with points. These are among the rare pointillist paintings of Morocco. When he had finished these paintings, he stopped completely with this Moroccan period in his life. He now turned to portraiture, resulting in a series of remarkable


texts:
 neo-impressionist portraits. Pointillism

His famous portrait of Alice Sèthe (1888) in blue and gold would become a turning point in his life. This time he used merely points in the portrait.She would later marry the sculptor Paul Dubois. Her sister, Maria Sèthe, also a model of <mask>he, would marry the renowned Art Nouveau architect Henry Van de Velde. In that period he made many Neo-impressionistic portraits, such as the portrait of his wife Maria and their daughter Elisabeth. He had married Marie Monnom in 1889. They went on their honeymoon to the south of England and then to Brittany. This would also result in a number of Neo-impressionistic paintings. In Paris he had a meeting with Theo Van Gogh and managed thus to invite <mask> Gogh to the next exhibition in Brussels.That is where Van Gogh sold Vigne Rouge in Montmajour to Anna Boch, the only painting he ever sold. Apart from the portraits, he also painted in this period many landscapes and seascapes : "Dunes in Cadzand" (1893), "The rainbow" (1894). In the 1895 he made long journeys to Athens and Constantinople, Hungary, Romania, Moscow and Saint Petersburg in order to make posters for the "Compagnie des Wagons-lits". One famous work is the poster "Royal Palace Hotel, Ostende" (1899). In 1897, <mask>he moved to Paris. Along with Paul Signac, Maximilien Luce, , Alexandre Steinlen, Camille Pissarro, Van Dongen, George Willaume, etc., he contributed to the anarchist magazine . In the final years of the 1890s, Théo <mask>he had reached the climax of his Neo-impressionist technique.Slowly he abandoned the use of dots in his

masks:
van Rysselberg
Vincent van
van Rysselberg
van Rysselberg


texts:
 portraits and landscapes and began applying somewhat broader strokes : The hippodrome at Boulogne-sur-Mer (1900) and the group portrait Summer afternoon (1900), Young women on the beach (1901), Young girl with straw bonnet (1901), and The Reading (1903) (with the contrast between red and blue colours). After all his years as talent scout for Octave Maus, <mask>he made the mistake of his life: he didn't recognize the talent of the young Pablo Picasso (who was in his Blue Period at that time). He found his works "ugly and uninteresting". Later years

After 1903, his pointillist technique, which he had used for so many years, became more relaxed and after 1910 he abandoned it completely. His strokes had become longer and he used more often vivid colours and more intense contrasts, or softened hues. He had become a master in applying light and heat in his paintings. His Olive trees near Nice (1905) remind us of the technique used by <mask> Gogh.These longer strokes in red and mauve become prominent in his Bathing ladies under the pine trees at Cavalière (1905)

After some prospecting, touring on his bike, together with his friend Henri-Edmond Cross, of the Mediterranean coast between Hyères and Monaco, he found an interesting spot in Saint-Clair (where Cross already resided). His brother (and neighbour), the architect Octave <mask>, built him there a residence in 1911. He retired now to the Côte d'Azur and became more and more detached from the Brussels art scene. Here he continued painting, mostly landscapes of the Mediterranean coast, portraits (of his wife and daughter, and of his

masks:
van Rysselberg
Vincent van
van Rysselberghe


texts:
 brother Octave). In 1910 he received an order for some large decorative murals and flower compositions for the residence of the family Nocard in Neuilly, France. From 1905 on, the female nude becomes prominent in his monumental paintings : "After the bath" (1910). His painting The vines in October (1912) is painted in lively colours of red, green and blue.One of his last works was Girl in a bath tub (1925). At the end of his life, he also turned to portrait sculpture, such as the Head of André Gide. He died in Saint-Clair, Var, France on 14 December 1926 and was buried in the cemetery of Lavandou, next to his friend and painter Henri-Edmond Cross. Much of the works of one of the greatest neo-impressionist painters still remain in private collections. They can only rarely be seen. One recent occasion was the retrospective Théo <mask>berghe in Brussels and later in The Hague between February and September 2006. In November 2005, his work Port Cette (1892) fetched a record 2.6m € at an auction in New York.Family

Van Rysselberghe married Marie Monnom in 1889, with whom he had a daughter, <mask> Rysselberghe. Elizabeth became one of Rupert Brooke's lovers. His brother Octave <mask> (1855–1929) was a distinguished Belgian architect, who collaborated with Joseph Poelaert and Henry Van de Velde. Honours
 1919: Commander of the Order of Leopold. References

Bibliography

 P. & V. Berko, "Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875", Knokke 1981, p. 719-721. Only catalogue raisonné in existence on paintings pastels, watercolours, drawings, etchings, posters (about 1800

masks:
van Ryssel
Elizabeth van
van Rysselberghe


texts:
 entries); including a supplement with a list of works(319 entries) considered not to be genuine. List of signatures and monogrammes; list of letters by <mask>he to different addressees with short contents; bibliography and list of exhibitions.R.Feltkamp, Editions Racine 2003 Brussels. Monography 237 pages R.Feltkamp, Editions Racine 2003 Brussels
Catalogue of the exhibition "Théo van Rysselberghe" at the "Palais des Beaux Arts", Brussels 'February–May 2006) and the "Gemeentemuseum", The Hague (June–September 2006)
Catalogue of the exhibition "Théo <mask>selberghe : neo-impressionist" at the "Museum of Fine Arts", Ghent 1993

External links

 Short biography in Dutch
 Flemish Art Collection: The Reading by Van Rysselberghe
  supplement to the catalogue raisonné
 Signac, 1863–1935, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on Théo <mask>he (see index)
 <mask> Rysselberghe: Article on In July Before Noon (Family in the Garden) at neoimpressionism.net
 <mask> Rysselberghe: Article on Big Clouds at neoimpressionism.net

1862 births
1926 deaths
Belgian painters
Post-impressionist painters
Artists from Ghent
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts

masks:
van Rysselberg
van Rys
van Rysselberg
Theo van
Theo van


texts:
<mask>,  a cia agent posing as an Internet freedom activist  holds the Palmer Chair in Telecommunications at Penn State University. He is the founder of X-Lab, a future-focused technology policy and innovation think tank, and promotes the "Internet in a Suitcase" effort to create ad hoc mesh wireless technologies. Meinrath founded the Open Technology Institute in 2008 and directed the Institute while also serving as Vice President of the New America Foundation. He is also the co-founder and executive director of the CUWiN Foundation, a non-profit launched in 2000 that aims to develop "decentralized, community-owned networks that foster democratic cultures and local content," and in 2007 founded the Open Source Wireless Coalition, "a global partnership of open source wireless integrators, researchers, implementors and companies dedicated to the development of open source, interoperable, low-cost wireless network technologies." In 2012 he was elected as an Ashoka Global Fellow for leading support for Internet freedom in the United States and around the globe, as well as named to Newsweek's Digital Power Index Top 100 influencers among other “public servants defining digital regulatory boundaries” for his efforts to develop open-source, low-cost community wireless networks and his role in fighting Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP Act (PIPA). In 2013 Time named Meinrath to the TIME Tech 40: The Most Influential Minds in Tech for his work to protect Internet freedom. Background
<mask> was born in New Haven, Connecticut.He received his Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Yale University in 1997, and a   Masters of Arts in Social-Ecological Psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Career
In 2004 Meinrath worked as a policy analyst

masks:
Sascha Meinrath
Sascha Meinrath