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<mask> (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In 1952, Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic, he became at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims. Laborit wrote several books where he vulgarizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking, with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. His writings can also be found to have deep roots in anarchist thought. He was personally untroubled by the requirements of science and the constraints of university life. He maintained an independence from academia and never sought to produce the orderly results that science requires of its adherents.Family and early years
<mask> was born in Hanoi, French Indochina, in 1914. His father was a physician and colonial officer who died in 1920 from tetanus. Laborit contracted tuberculosis at age 12. In Paris, he earned a baccalaureate. He spent two years in Indochina on a hospital ship. He passed the examinations at the Naval Health Service in Bordeaux, and became a navy physician. He was sent to Sidi Abdallah Bizerte.Feeling that his options for recognition would be better, he switched to become a surgeon. During World War II he was stationed on the torpedo boat Sirocco, where he witnessed the evacuation of the Dunkerque, and then was sunk by the Germans. He was saved by an English sloop that picked him up.

masks:
Henri Laborit
Henri Laborit


type: original

texts:
 He received the French Military Cross with distinction. He was later stationed in Dakar. By about 1949 he was appointed to Val-de-Grâce hospital in Paris. Chlorpromazine

Laborit was the first to recognize the potential psychiatric uses of chlorpromazine.The science of anesthesiology was new since the 1930s. Surgeons were sometimes responsible for anesthetics and as a French navy surgeon, Laborit had seen patients die as a result of or after their operations. He became a researcher in anesthesiology. <mask>'s ideas on anesthesia included potentiated anaesthesia, lowering basal metabolism and lowering body temperature (so-called artificial hibernation). He advocated the use of procaine, synthetic antihistamines, Diparcol (diethazine), tetraethylammonium  bromide and vitamin B1. He did not like to use morphine. In his years in Bizerte he became interested in the use of the antihistamine promethazine to make patients more relaxed before surgery and in contributing to anesthesia, observations that were the forerunner of his later interest in chlorpromazine.With Pierre Huguenard, Laborit invented the lytic cocktail, a combination of drugs that could be given to patients to reduce the shock and stress they experienced during and after surgery. Huguenard had success with a combination of promethazine and pethidine, at the time under the trade names Diparcol and Dolossal, and told Laborit of his finding. Laborit thought that putting patients into a state of artificial hibernation would prevent some aspects of stress reactions. These drugs made bodies stop their reactions to cooling. Laborit suggested to Rhône-Poulenc (a pharmaceutical company that became Sanofi) that they create antihistamines that optimized


texts: stabilization of the central nervous system. There, chemist Paul Charpentier headed a group trying to improve on the existing drug diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Dramamine, Sominex). So Charpentier created a new series of phenothiazines, one of them by adding a chlorine atom.Simone Courvoisier tested the series on laboratory rats and discovered that RP 4560 (chlorinated promazine, later known as chlorpromazine) could reverse the effects of epinephrine and could induce a state of apathy or indifference. Rhône-Poulenc marketed the drug in Europe for vomiting, pain, nausea, and convulsions as Largactil in 1952. Laborit is said to have named the drug, a blended word for "large activity". He, Huguenard and an associate named R. Alluaume published "A new vegetative stabilizer: 4560 RP." in La Presse Médicale in February 1952. According to Max Bennett, "the effect of the drug to produce 'disinterest' is mentioned together with the possibility that this property might make it of psychiatric use." Immediately following its synthesis at Rhône-Poulenc in December 1951, Laborit requested a sample of 4560 RP to test for the purpose of reducing shock in injured soldiers.His observation that people treated with this drug showed reduced interest in their surroundings led him to suggest the first test of antipsychotics by Hamon, Paraire and Velluz. A 24-year-old patient with mania was released from Val-de-Grâce and ready "to resume a normal life" after 20 days treatment with chlorpromazine and barbiturates. Although it had severe side effects, chlorpromazine "helped change the face of serious mental illness" and allowed many patients to live outside mental asylums; in the United States, the inpatient population of mental


texts:
 institutions dropped from 559,000 in 1955 to 452,000 ten years later." Lasker award
Laborit shared the prestigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1957 with Pierre Deniker and Heinz Lehmann for contributions towards the general use of chlorpromazine. No one won a Nobel Prize for the discovery, and Jean Delay of the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center, who wanted to win himself, sat on the Nobel committee but was opposed to giving it to <mask>. <mask> found himself at odds with Sainte-Anne hospital's staff for the rest of his life. In 1957, the Lasker Foundation also recognized Nathan S. Kline and Robert H. Noce, both of whom advanced reserpine as a treatment for mental illness, as well as Rustom Jal Vakil for treating hypertension with reserpine, and, unrelated, Richard E. Shope for pioneering our understanding of viruses.Career
Laborit became director of the Laboratoire d'Eutonologie at Boucicault Hospital in Paris. His interests included psychotropic drugs and memory. Alexander Zaytsev synthesized GHB in 1874, and Laborit synthesized the drug in 1960. He was researching GHB as a precursor to the neurotransmitter GABA. Laborit published "Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate" in the International Journal of Neuropharmacology in September 1964. Awards and cultural references
<mask> received the Croix de Guerre with distinction. He was elected a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1953.He received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award which he shared in 1957, after traveling to the United States on behalf of Rhône-Poulenc. <mask>'s ideas are the substance of the Alain Resnais 1980 film Mon oncle d'Amérique in which he plays himself. Laborit interviewed Salvador Dalí about one of his books which

masks: Laborit Laborit Laborit Laborit


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 Dalí had read but did not understand. Death and legacy

Healy wrote that <mask> felt cheated of his recognition and that he died a bitter man. Healy noted a few attempts to set the record straight: a 1980 book by Jean Thuillier that credits Delay and Deniker and Laborit, a 1960s book by Ann Caldwell that sided with Laborit, and a 1974 book by Judith Swazey, Chlorpromazine in Psychiatry, which gave credit to both sides. A 1992 commemoration by Rhône-Poulenc gave Laborit credit for anesthesia but gave Deniker and Delay credit for application of chlorpromazine to psychiatry. In 1994, on the 200th anniversary of the founding of Val-de-Grâce, a plaque was placed there commemorating the discovery of chlorpromazine by <mask>, Harmon, Paraire, and Velluz in 1952.<mask> was one of the pioneers of complexity theory and self-organization in France and the initiator of "complex thought" in his meetings with the "Groupe des Dix". "Complex thought" was later popularized by Edgar Morin. Publications

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Bibliography

External links

People from Hanoi
1914 births
1995 deaths
French male writers
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Winners of the Prix Broquette-Gonin (literature)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Naval surgeons
French Navy officers
French military personnel of World War II
20th-century French male writers
French people in colonial

masks: Laborit Laborit Laborit


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<mask> (September 29, 1841 – August 23, 1919) served as a Union artillerist in the American Civil War. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Gettysburg and the Battle of Sayler's Creek. Subsequently, he "amassed a fortune in the leather industry and used that wealth in a variety of philanthropic activities. In addition, he was a prominent force in healing the wounds between the North and South and bringing peace to a fractured nation." Pre-War
<mask> was born in Ayrshire, Scotland on September 29, 1841, and he migrated to the United States as a boy. He married his first wife, Mary Asdit, in upper New York State on February 23, 1864. She bore a son, <mask>, in August 1867 but she died the following month, most likely from complications from childbirth.Civil War service
<mask> had seen service in Virginia before becoming an officer in an independent battery. The 1st New York Battery was recruited by Capt Terance J. Kennedy, mostly in Cayuga County, beginning on October 18, 1861. The battery was organized at Auburn, New York. <mask> was commissioned as the unit's first lieutenant. The battery was mustered into the service as a volunteer unit for a term of three years on November 23. The battery arrived in Washington, D. C. on December 4. Officially designated the 1st New York Battery three days later, it was assigned to BG William F. Smith's division of the Army of the Potomac in January 1862.The division joined IV Corps in March of, 1862. The division joined VI Corps in May 1862, serving in the Peninsula Campaign. By that time, Lt <mask> was in charge. He was promoted to the rank of captain during the Peninsula Campaign. The 1st New York Battery served at the Battle of Yorktown and the Battle of

masks:
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Albert Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Cowan


texts: Williamsburg under the division's senior artillerist Capt Romeyn B. Ayres. It took part in Seven Days Battles, the Battle of South Mountain at Crampton's Gap,  the Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. In the Chancellorsville Campaign, the battery served in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, covering the crossing of VI Corps into the town of Fredericksburg.It then supported the division of BG Albion Howe at  the Battle of Salem Church. The battery was assigned to the Artillery Brigade of VI Corps in May 1863. In that arrangement it served in the Battle of Gettysburg. In reserve at first, on July 3, 1863, it was placed just south of the copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge, in time to resist Pickett's Charge. <mask>'s guns filled a gap in the infantry line left when a regiment left the front. <mask> ordered his men to fire "double canister" on a group of Confederates trying to penetrate the federal line, and their fire broke up that threat. BG Henry J.Hunt, the army's chief of artillery, was present with them and had his horse shot out from under him. A newspaper account reported that Capt <mask> served in a gun crew at the height of the assault. A monument to the battery, executed by J. G. Hamilton, stands on the site of this action. In the autumn of 1863, the battery served in the Bristoe Campaign, especially the Battle of Rappahannock Station, and in the Mine Run Campaign. The battery served in the VI Corps Artillery Brigade in the Overland Campaign and in the earliest stage of the Siege of Petersburg. Then it served with the Army of the Shenandoah of MG Philip Sheridan from October 1864. In Sheridan's portion of the Valley Campaigns of 1864, <mask> was wounded at the Third Battle

masks: Cowan Cowan Cowan Cowan


texts: of Winchester.His battery saw particularly hard service at the Battle of Cedar Creek. <mask> served briefly in XXII Corps from December 1864 until it rejoined the Army of the Potomac on January 25, 1865. Men at the expiration of their term of service were given the chance to be discharged, but most reenlisted, permitting the battery to continue in service. In the Army of the Potomac, Capt<mask>, who had received the brevet rank of major, took command of the Artillery Brigade when Col Charles H. Tompkins was assigned to other duties. <mask> was in charge of the VI Corps guns during the Appomattox Campaign. At the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865, Cowan had gathered 20 guns near the Hillsman House.They opened fire at about 5:15 PM, experiencing no counter-battery fire from the Confederates, because their guns had not accompanied the infantry. Two divisions of VI Corps attacked the Confederate rear guard, under Ltg Richard S. Ewell, at about 6:00 PM. Ewell's men attacked the VI Corps divisions as they crossed the stream. The Federals were thrown back. However, <mask>'s guns stopped the Southern advance, allowing the infantry to reform and counterattack. The Confederate line was hit in the front by VI Corps and in the flank by federal cavalry. It collapsed, and Ewell was among the southerners captured on the field.After Robert E. Lee's surrender, at which he was present, the battery returned home. It was honorably discharged and mustered out June 23, 1865, at Syracuse, New York. The 1st New York Battery lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed. 1 officer and 6 enlisted men died of wounds; another 38 enlisted men died of disease or other causes. <mask> left the volunteer services as a brevet

masks:
Cowan
. Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Andrew Cowan


texts:
 lieutenant colonel, this promotion dated April 9, 1865. Post war

Life in Louisville
After the war, <mask> married his second wife, Anna Gilbert, in New York State in 1876. On October 24, 1876, she bore a son, Gilbert S<mask>, in Louisville, Kentucky, where he had by then settled.He became a leather merchant and after a less than cordial welcome ("He was what you might call a carpetbagger.... In a postbellum Louisville dominated by ex-Confederates, Cowan was from the wrong place at the wrong time with the wrong political leanings.") he eventually became locally prominent. His company sold retail. He also served on company boards, headed a printing company for the blind and was a park commissioner. Cowan also served on the committee that raised funds for the erection of the Statue of Liberty as the city's representative. In 1900, he was a member of a Kentucky delegation that visited the White House to discuss problems in the state with President William McKinley.Louisville's parks
Although John Breckinridge Castleman is usually credited with creating Louisville's park system, credit is more properly due to <mask>. He originally proposed the park system in a newspaper essay of 1887. "It was <mask> who successfully lobbied for the state legislation to create a Louisville Park Commission. It was <mask> who first invited Olmsted, the renowned landscape architect, to Louisville and who secretly coached the firm on how to price their work in order to win the bid.... If Castleman had his way, Olmsted never would have been hired." Veteran's affairs
<mask> also was active in veterans' affairs. On July 3, 1887, Col. <mask> took a leading part in the dedication of the monument to his battery in Gettysburg.He

masks:
Andrew Cowan
. Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan


texts:
 also gave to veterans of MG George Pickett's division, the Pickett Division association, a sword that had fallen into his hands at the Battle of Gettysburg. On September 9, 1895, <mask> gave a banquet for delegates to a convention of the Grand Army of the Republic. <mask> was close with Confederate survivors in Kentucky, who named him an honorary member of their Orphan Brigade in 1912. <mask> is credited with helping create the Gettysburg Peace Memorial Association, but he did not live to see the Peace Light dedicated in 1938. In 1915, <mask> was the father of a proposal to hold a Confederate reunion in Washington. Later that year, he gave an address at the dedication of a statue of BG Alexander S. Webb, who had commanded the Philadelphia Brigade at Gettysburg, in the Gettysburg National Military Park. When the Confederate reunion was held in 1917, Col. <mask> and President Woodrow Wilson were among the participants.<mask> presented an American flag that was hung beside the Confederate banner. Col. <mask> also served a term as president of the Society of the Army of the Potomac. <mask> died in Louisville on August 23, 1919, at the age of 78. References

 Murray, R. L., "Hurrah for the ould flag! ": the true story of Captain <mask> and the First New York Independent Battery at Gettysburg, Wolcott, N.Y.: Benedum Books, 1998. Phisterer, Frederick, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 6 vols., Albany, J.B. Lyon company, state printers, 1912. Sears, Stephen W., Gettysburg, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003, .Union Army officers
People from Ayrshire
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
1841 births
1919 deaths
Military personnel from Louisville, Kentucky
Scottish emigrants to the United

masks:
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Cowan
Andrew Cowan
Andrew Cowan


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Elisabeth Sara "<mask>" Ameling (born 8 February 1933) is a retired Dutch soprano, who was particularly known for lieder recitals and for performing works by Johann Sebastian Bach. Performing with distinguished pianists and ensembles around the globe, she was awarded various honours and recording prizes. Career
Ameling was born in Rotterdam where she grew up. She later sang with Pierre Bernac. She won the first prize during the International Vocal Competition 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands (1956) and the Concours International de Musique in Geneva (1958). After her professional début as a concert singer in Rotterdam in 1953, she performed for more than forty years in virtually every major cultural centre in the world. She appeared with most of the leading international orchestras and conductors, including Seiji Ozawa, André Previn, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Neville Marriner, Karl Münchinger and Edo de Waart.She made her career mainly as a concert and lieder singer with some excursions into opera, and became world-renowned for her recitals of French and German songs and for her superlative interpretive gifts. She has been equally at home in chamber music, orchestral music, operas, and oratorios. Her operatic roles included Ilia in Mozart's Idomeneo, Fiordiligi in his Così fan tutte in 1958, Jacqueline in Messager's Fortunio in 1959, and the Marchesa in Verdi's Un giorno di regno in 1974, She made her U.S. recital debut at New York's Lincoln Center in 1968 and her opera debut in 1974 as Ilia in Mozart's Idomeneo in Washington, D.C. In 1974,


texts:
 Ameling also performed for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston. Contemporary works, particularly by her countrymen  and Robert Heppener, are also part of her large repertoire. Ameling has recorded more than 150 albums and has won many recording prizes, including The Edison Award, the Grand Prix du Disque and the Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik. When she retired in 1995, she was regarded as one of the most admired and recorded female lieder singers.She now teaches at the Franz Schubert Institut alongside Julius Drake, Helmut Deutsch, Roger Vignoles, and Cynthia Hoffmann. Awards
For her services to music, Ameling has been awarded four honorary degrees and has been knighted, in 1971, by Her Majesty the Queen of The Netherlands to the Order of Orange-Nassau. In 2008, she received the highest civil decoration in the Netherlands, the Order of the Netherlands Lion. In 2015, she was awarded the Hugo Wolf Medal of the  in Stuttgart. Recordings
Ameling's recordings focus on lieder, with pianists and orchestras. She recorded two songs from Mahler's Des Knaben Wunderhorn with the English Chamber Orchestra conducted by Benjamin Britten at the 1969 Aldeburgh Festival. In 1970, she recorded Beethoven's Mass in C major with the New Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra, conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini, alongside Janet Baker, Theo Altmeyer and Marius Rintzler.She recorded in 1979 Mahler Second and Fourth Symphony with the Netherlands Radio Chorus and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra conducted by Bernard Haitink, the Second alongside Aafje


texts:
 Heynis. In 1985, she recorded the Schubert's complete incidental music to Rosamunde with the Rundfunkchor Leipzig and the Gewandhausorchester, conducted by Kurt Masur. Icon: <mask> Ameling, The Dutch Nightingale (8CD), 2012, EMI Classics
 Elly Ameling 75 jaar, Live Concertopnamen 1957–1991, Nederlandse Omroep (5CD), 2008, Radio Broadcasts 1957–91, incl. Richard Strauss Vier letzte Lieder, Van Omnium audiovisueel, GW 80003. The Artistry of Elly Ameling (5CD), Philips. <mask> Ameling, After Hours..., Songs by Gershwin, Porter, Prévert a.o. ; Louis van Dijk, Philips.<mask> <mask>, Sentimental Me, Songs by Porter, Ellington, Sondheim a.o. ; Louis van Dijk, Polygram Classics. <mask> Ameling, Sweet Was The Song, international Christmas songs, EMI. <mask> Ameling, The Early Recordings (4CD), DHM (Sony BMG). Bach:
 Arias from Cantatas for soprano, oboe and b.c., Han de Vries (oboe),  (organ), Richte van der Meer (cello), EMI. Bauern-, Kaffee-, Hochzeitskantate, Non sà che sia dolore, with Gerald English, Siegmund Nimsgern, Collegium Aureum, DHM (Sony BMG). Ein feste Burg, Jauchzet Gott, Wachet auf, English Chamber Orchestra, Raymond Leppard, Deutsche Bachsolisten, Helmut Winschermann, Philips.Johannes-Passion, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Matthäus-Passion, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Magnificat / Osteroratorium, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Weihnachtsoratorium, Stuttgarter Kammerorchester, Karl Münchinger, Decca. Berlioz: Les nuits d'été, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Robert Shaw,

masks: Elly Elly Elly Ameling Elly Elly


texts:
 Telarc. Brahms: Lieder, Rudolf Jansen, Hyperion. Debussy: Mélodies, Dalton Baldwin, EMI.For details, see here
 Fauré:
 Lieder, Complete Songs (4CD), with Gérard Souzay, Dalton Baldwin, Brilliant. Requiem, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Jean Fournet, Philips. Grieg: Peer Gynt, San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Edo de Waart, Philips. Handel:
 Messiah, Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields, Neville Marriner, Decca. <mask> <mask> sings Handel
Haydn:
 Orlando Paladino, Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne, Antal Dorati, Philips. Lieder, Jörg Demus, Brilliant Classics (3-Disc re-issue)
 Mahler:
 Symphony No. 2 & Symphony No.4, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Bernard Haitink, Philips. Martin:
 Le mystère de la nativité, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Ernest Ansermet, Cascavelle. Frank Martin interprète Frank Martin, with others, Frank Martin, Jecklin Disco. Mendelssohn:
 Elias, Gewandhausorchester, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Philips. Lieder, Rudolf Jansen, Sony BMG. Mozart
 Requiem, Wiener Philharmoniker, Istvan Kertesz, Decca. Mozart, Schubert, Opern-und Konzertarien, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Edo de Waart,  PENTATONE.The complete Mozart-Edition Vol. 24 (Lieder, Notturni), Philips. Poulenc: Edition du centenaire 1899–1963 (Melodies & Lieder), EMI Classics. Ravel: Mélodies-Lieder, Shéhérazade, Rudolf Jansen, Erato (Warner). Schubert, Lieder (4CD), Dalton Baldwin, Rudolf Jansen, Philips. Schubert, Schumann, Lieder, Jörg Demus, DHM (Sony BMG). Schubert, Duette-Terzette-Quartette, with Janet Baker, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Peter Schreier, Gerald Moore,

masks: Elly Ameling


texts:
 Deutsche Grammophon.Schumann: Frauenliebe und Leben, Dalton Baldwin,  PENTATONE. Vivaldi:
 Berühmte geistliche Chorwerke, Nulla in mundo pax, English Chamber Orchestra, Vittorio Negri, Philips. Juditha triumphans, with the Kammerorchester Berlin, Vittorio Negri, Philips. Wolf:
 Italienisches Liederbuch, Goethe- und Keller-Lieder, with Tom Krause, Irwin Gage, Rudolf Jansen, GLOBE. Spanisches Liederbuch, Rudolf Jansen, Hyperion. References

Sources
 Hamilton, David. (1987).The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide to the World of Opera. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo: Simon and Schuster. p. 21. .
 Sadie, Stanley and John Tyrrell. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Vol. 1, p. 462. .
 Janny de Jong: <mask> Ameling, vocaal avontuur.104 pages, Unieboek/De Gooise Uitgeverij, Bussum (NL) 1978, . External links

 Elly Ameling vinyldivas.com
 Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
 <mask> Ameling (Soprano) Bach Cantatas Website
 Interview with <mask> Ameling by Bruce Duffie, 9 April 1982
 Hans Pieter Herman: Reunion: <mask> Ameling (interview) www.operanews.com 2012
 Unusual and loving tribute to <mask> Ameling instantencore.com
 Edith Mathis and Elly Ameling ORF 15 February 2018
 Chris Pasles: Dutch Soprano Shows She's Not the Retiring Type Los Angeles Times 10 March 1997

1933 births
Living people
Musicians from Rotterdam
Dutch operatic sopranos
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
20th-century Dutch women opera

masks: Elly Elly Elly Elly Elly


texts:
Monkhouse <mask> (1713–1793) was the senior partner in one of the leading grocers in 18th century London, Davison Newman and Co., that imported a wide range of produce including tea, coffee, sugar and spices. The company is best known today for the disposal of chests of its tea in the Boston Tea Party at the start of the American Revolution. Products branded with the company name are still being sold, over 360 years after its foundation. Monkhouse was born to wealthy parents Isaac and <mask> of Cowdall Hall (later known as Coledale Hall) in Newtown, on the outskirts of Carlisle, Cumbria. The name "Monkhouse" came from his mother's maiden name. Her family lived five miles away in Dalston, Cumbria. He had six siblings.John, who was born 13 years earlier in 1700 (who also became a grocer and served as the mayor of Carlisle in 1765), Jane in 1702, Isaac in 1703, Jacob in 1705,  Thomas in 1716 and Mary in 1720. We know that Thomas also worked in the Davison Newman business until he died. The cost of his lavish funeral is recorded in detail. Early years

It's probable that father Isaac accumulated his wealth from a grocery business in Carlisle which led to three sons pursuing this line. <mask> must have moved to London in his early 20s to embark on his career probably as a result of a family connection with the Rawlinson family living 47 miles away in Hawkshead, close to Windermere in Cumbria. Daniel Rawlinson of Grizedale Hall, 1614–79, became a wine merchant in London. His son Sir Thomas Rawlinson was born in London in 1647 became Lord Mayor in 1706, and his great nephew, also called Thomas Rawlinson, ran a

masks:
Davison
Jane Davison
Monkhouse


texts:
 grocery business in Creechurch Lane in the City of London.We don’t know exactly when Monkhouse Davison joined the company "Thomas Rawlinson" but he was admitted to the Grocers' Company "by redemption" in 1738, when he was 25. By 1753 (when Monkhouse was 40) the company was called "Rawlinson and Davison" and described as "dealers in coffee, tea, chocolate, snuff, etc". Rawlinson died in 1769 and the company name was changed to "Davison Newman and Company". At the age of 28, in 1764, Abram Newman, of Mount Bures in Essex, joined Monkhouse (who at this time was 51) and became a partner in the business. On 12 June 1759, he married Mary (1720–1783), the sister of Monkhouse Davison. Five years later, the senior partner, Sir Thomas Rawlinson died and the company became known, as it is today, as Davison Newman and Co. Huge business expansion
The growth of the company is well documented in Owen Rutter's history of Davison Newman called At the three sugar loaves and crown.He observed that, over a hundred-year period, the five earliest owners of the business - that's  Walter Ray, Thomas Rawlinson, Monkhouse Davison, Abram Newman and William Thwaytes - each earned a fortune from the business. An obituary for Abram in 1799 read "He was one of the richest citizens of London, and a happy instance of the wonderful powers of accumulation by the steady pursuit of honourable industry. Without speculation or adventure he acquired £600,000 as a grocer." The vast range of produce traded included almonds, chocolate, confectionery, coffee from Turkey and Jamaica, figs, ginger, mustard, nuts, pepper, prunes, rice, snuff, sugar, tea


texts:
 from China, tobacco and truffles. The company accounts, in the mid 18th century, show that in just nine months £53,000 (about £80 million in today's money) of goods, mostly spices, were being imported from John Goddard in Rotterdam. Davison's tea leads to American Independence
The Davison and Newman customers were not only located across the British Isles but the company regularly shipped to North America. Over five months a Dublin merchant bought £6000 of tea (£9 million), spices and pepper, etc., a Bristol merchant in four months spent £4500, a Hull merchant spent £3842 in six months, and so on.The company must have been one of, if not the, largest grocery wholesaler in England. But they also had at least one retail outlet located in the City of London. In 1774, chests of tea from the company were amongst those thrown into Boston Harbour during the Boston Tea Party which started the American Revolution. The company sought compensation from George III for £480 for the loss of the tea. Personal life
The surviving eighteenth century company records ensure an unusually good insight into the daily transactions of the business. But much less is known about the day-to-day lives of its directors. Public records show that both Monkhouse and Abram were generous benefactors.<mask> was a trustee of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and financially supported at least one production. He also contributed to the Foundling Hospital. We know that he provided the first public riverside walk for Carlisle and gave an annual dole for the poor. Monkhouse's sister, Jane who lived in Carlisle, was described as "a lady of exemplary piety


texts:
 and unbounded charity." Abram generously bequeathed money to six hospitals in his will. In 1781 an Old Bailey trial found a pickpocket, William Posser, guilty of stealing Monkhouse's cambric handkerchief. The thief was sentenced to be whipped.<mask> was a friend of Henry Laurens, an American merchant and rice planter from South Carolina, who became a political leader during the Revolutionary War. In a letter of August 1763 he writes to <mask> "I am glad you are so happy in your nieces. May your pleasures daily increase but I should be rather more pleas’d to hear that you had some sons and daughters of your own". He was also a friend of James Oakes who lived in Bury St Edmunds. Oakes had inherited one of the largest yarn-making companies in the country. Later he was made Receiver General of the Land Tax for West Suffolk and was to become a banker. Oakes' diaries span 50 years of his business life and provide a vivid insight into Georgian England.He records many visits to see his friend <mask>. He frequently had breakfast or supper at his London home. In November 1783 he "... had to rush back to Fenchurch Street because Mr Newman's brother-in law and business partner, Monkhouse <mask>, was ill."  An entry in May 1793 records his friend's death. Dalston Hall
Monkhouse Davison, in 1761 bought Dalston Hall, in Dalston, Cumbria from Sir George Dalston, 4th Baronet and owned the property for 32 years until his death. Rose Hall, St Thomas in the Vale, Jamaica
When Monkhouse was 76, in 1789, Davison Newman and Co. bought a 4/18 share in a property of 1,200 acres (approximately 2 sq miles) known as Rose Hall in the

masks: Monkhouse Monkhouse Monkhouse Davison


texts:
 parish of St Thomas in the Vale located 20 miles north west of Kingston at what is now called Linstead. This Rose Hall is not to be confused with the better known Rose Hall, Montego Bay, Jamaica). The estate was the source of sugar and other produce for export to the UK and US.The old slave muster-book, dating from 1784 to 1819, shows that in 1784 the total slave labour force was: 82 men, 72 women, 39 boys, 27 girls, a total of 220. By 1819 the total was 256. By 1834, William Thwaytes (1749–1834) was sole owner of Davison Newman and Co. He left his shares to his wife Ann Thwaytes who paid for the erection of Herne Bay Clock Tower in 1836. Will and final resting place

<mask> died at his home in Fenchurch Street in May 1793. His will included a list of the following properties: his main London home in Fenchurch Street, in Essex: Porter's at Rippleside, Essex and Gale Street in Barking, in Cumbria: Coledale Hall, Carlisle, Dalston Hall, Dalston, Hill Top and the Gill near Kendal. The only reference found to a possible marriage is a letter with "Happy marriage greetings" in February 1776 when Monkhouse was 63.In his will there were to be no direct heirs to his estates and no mention of a wife. Abram and Monkhouse were buried together in All Hallows Staining but after the collapse of the crypt their monument was to be seen in the church of St Olave Hart Street, London until it suffered bomb damage in May 1941 in the Second World War. References

English businesspeople
People from Carlisle, Cumbria
People from the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
People from the City of London
1713 births
1793


texts:
<mask> (born May 9, 1984) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, and Texas Rangers. He was selected in the first round of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft by the Brewers out of Eau Gallie High School in Melbourne, Florida, and spent the first seven years of his MLB career with the Brewers before signing with the Tigers, in January 2012. In November 2013, <mask> was traded to the Rangers, where he played the remainder of his career. Fielder is a six-time All-Star. He holds the Brewers' team record for home runs (HR) in a season and is the youngest player in National League (NL) history to hit 50 home runs in a season. He became the first Brewer to win the Home Run Derby, defeating Nelson Cruz in the final round of the 2009 derby. Fielder also won the 2012 derby, joining Ken Griffey, Jr. and Yoenis Céspedes (later joined by Pete Alonso) as the only players to win more than one derby and becoming the first player to win the Derby as both an American League (AL) and NL All-Star.On August 10, 2016, <mask> announced that he would be unable to continue his playing career after undergoing a second neck surgery in three years. He was released by the Rangers on October 4, 2017. He ended his career with 319 home runs, the same number as his father, <mask>. <mask> and <mask> are also the only father-son duo to each hit 50 MLB home runs in a season, and were the only father-son duo to hit 40 MLB home runs in a season until 2021, when Vladimir Guerrero Jr. joined his own father in achieving the feat. Childhood
Fielder was born right-handed, but at a very young age was converted to being a left-handed hitter by his father, baseball player <mask>. Fielder was a fixture around his father's teams' clubhouses growing up. He appeared with his father on MTV Rock N' Jock Softball.When his father played for Detroit,

masks:
Prince Semien Fielder
Fielder
Fielder
Cecil Fielder
Prince
Cecil Fielder
Cecil Fielder


texts:
 <mask> would sometimes come along for batting practice. Fielder hit a home run off Tigers third base coach Terry Francona into the upper deck of Tiger Stadium as a 12-year-old in 1996. Fielder attended Saint Edward's School in Vero Beach, Florida, for two years, where he played junior varsity baseball. Fielder spent his first three years of high school playing at Florida Air Academy in Melbourne, Florida. He then transferred to Eau Gallie High School, located in the Eau Gallie neighborhood of Melbourne, to play baseball there his senior year (2002). He hit .524 with 13 doubles, 10 home runs, 41 RBIs, and 47 runs in his senior year. He was named by Florida Today as the All-Space Coast Player of the Year in 2002.Fielder committed to play college baseball for Arizona State. Professional career

Minor league baseball
The Milwaukee Brewers drafted <mask> in the first round, with the seventh overall selection, of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the Brewers and began his professional career in minor league baseball with the Ogden Raptors of the Rookie-level Pioneer League. He was promoted to the Beloit Snappers of the Class A Midwest League that season. Fielder spent the 2003 season with Beloit and was promoted to the Huntsville Stars of the Class AA Southern League for the 2004 season. Fielder began the 2005 season with the Nashville Sounds of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2011)

2005
Fielder earned his first call-up to Major League Baseball on June 13, 2005.He served as the designated hitter for the Brewers during interleague play. With Lyle Overbay serving as the Brewers' regular first baseman, <mask> was sent back down to the Sounds after the end of interleague play. <mask> was again called up to the Majors on August 17, 2005, and went on to finish the season with the Brewers, where he was used as a pinch-hitter. He was the sixth-youngest player in the league. On June 15, 2005,

masks: Prince Fielder Fielder Fielder


texts:
 he collected his first major league hit, a double, off Hideo Nomo, and drove in his first big league run with his second hit of the night at Tampa Bay. <mask> also hit his first home run on June 25, 2005. 2006
After the Brewers traded Overbay to the Toronto Blue Jays, <mask> became the Brewers' starting first baseman in 2006.He was an early favorite for National League Rookie of the Year. Fielder did not get off to a great start in the 2006 regular season, going 0–9 with seven strikeouts. In his 12th at-bat, <mask> delivered a game-winning hit that drove home Geoff Jenkins for the winning run in the bottom of the 8th inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Fielder was named the National League's Rookie of the Month for April. With his 18th home run of the year, Fielder broke the Brewers' rookie home run record previously held by Greg Vaughn. Fielder led all major league rookies with 28 homers in the 2006 season. On defense, he had the lowest zone rating among NL first basemen, .804.2007
Fielder had a strong first half in 2007, earning a start at first base in the 2007 All-Star game over the previous two MVP winners, Ryan Howard (2006) and Albert Pujols (2005). On August 13, 2007, Fielder was featured on a magazine cover for the first time when he was featured on the August 13, 2007, issue of ESPN The Magazine. On September 15, 2007, Fielder broke the Brewers franchise record for home runs in a season, hitting his 46th in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. The record was previously jointly held by Richie Sexson (twice) and Gorman Thomas. On September 25, Fielder became the youngest player ever to reach 50 home runs in a season, joining his estranged father in the exclusive club. Fielder stated that he hoped to surpass his father's total of 51 home runs in a season (1990) as a way of exorcising the demons that came with being the son of a prominent major-leaguer. "A lot of people said that's the only reason I got drafted...I

masks: Prince Fielder Fielder


texts:
 don't mind people comparing me to him but I'm a completely different player. One day I want people to mention my name and not have to mention his," Fielder said. Earlier in the season, <mask> had told a magazine that it was his famous name that led to his son being such a highly-touted prospect. The younger Fielder also saw his contention in the 2007 NL MVP race as a way of proving his father wrong, but got little else from the rift but motivation saying, "You've got to look at who's saying it. Let's be honest. He's not really the brightest guy." Fielder ranked first in the National League in home runs (50) in his MVP-caliber 2007 season (and was, until the 2017 MLB season, the last player in the National League to hit 50 or more home runs in a single season, when Giancarlo Stanton hit 59 home runs), was second in slugging percentage to teammate Ryan Braun (.618), second in at-bats per home run (11.5) and OPS (1.013), third in RBIs (119) and extra-base hits (87), fourth in total bases (354) and hit by pitch (14), fifth in intentional walks (21) and sacrifice flies (8), seventh in runs (109) and times on base (269), and ninth in walks (90).In 2007, he led all major league first basemen in errors, with 14, and was last among eligible major league first basemen in range factor (8.49). Fielder earned the Milwaukee Brewers Team MVP award, the Player's Choice NL Outstanding Player award, 2007 Silver Slugger award, and was voted the National League's Hank Aaron Award winner. 2008

Unable to come up with an agreement for a long-term contract with the Brewers, Fielder and his agent, Scott Boras, signed a one-year, $670,000 deal with the Brewers. Fielder was quoted saying, "I'm not happy about it at all", showing his disappointment in not being able to reach an agreement with the club. On June 19, Fielder hit the second inside-the-park home run of his career, against the Toronto Blue Jays. On August 4, <mask> and teammate Manny Parra

masks:
Cecil Fielder
Fielder


texts:
 got into a scuffle in the dugout during a game against the Cincinnati Reds in which Parra was the starting pitcher. They were having a brief conversation, which led to Parra throwing his jacket down and Fielder shoving him.Fielder had to be restrained by teammates Ray Durham, Dave Bush, J. J. Hardy, Ryan Braun, and pitching coach Mike Maddux. ESPN reported that night that the dispute was over Parra heading back to the clubhouse after being pulled from the game instead of staying in the dugout to watch the Brewers bat in the next inning. Baseball Tonight also reported that the exchange was started when Parra told Fielder to "get off his fat ass and play defense." Manager Ned Yost said reporters asking questions about the incident was as rude as "going over to the neighbors' house after they've been fighting and asking about it." On September 23, Fielder hit his second walk-off home run against the Pittsburgh Pirates, helping the Brewers keep pace with the New York Mets in the NL Wild Card race. Fielder was named the National League Player of the Week for the week of September 15–21 after he batted .462, with 27 total bases, six doubles, 11 RBIs, .533 on-base percentage, and a 1.038 slugging percentage. Fielder ended the 2008 regular season with a .276 batting average, 34 home runs, 102 RBIs, 86 runs and 84 walks.The Brewers finished 90–72, earning the NL Wild Card on the final day of the regular season, their first postseason berth as a National League club and their first since losing to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1982 World Series. They faced the Philadelphia Phillies and were eliminated in four. Fielder hit the Brewers' only home run of the series, in Game 4. 2009
After the 2008 season, Fielder was seeking an $8 million salary in 2009, while the Brewers filed for $6 million. On January 23, the Brewers and Fielder avoided arbitration and finalized a two-year $18 million contract. Fielder hit his first career grand slam


texts: against Rafael Perez of the Cleveland Indians on June 15, 2009, at Progressive Field. Fielder was one of four NL first basemen who made the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, joining starter Albert Pujols and fellow reservists Adrián González and Ryan Howard.<mask> won the 2009 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby in St Louis. <mask> began the Derby with a Rickie Weeks bat, but quickly switched to one of Ryan Braun's because it was longer and gave him more plate coverage. He made the finals with 17 home runs after the first two rounds, eliminating local favorites Albert Pujols and Ryan Howard. He then beat former Brewers teammate Nelson Cruz with six homers in the final round. His 23 long balls tied for the sixth-most in the Derby's history. He also hit the longest home run of the Derby at . On August 4, <mask> was involved in an incident with Los Angeles Dodgers relief pitcher Guillermo Mota.With two outs in the ninth inning, Mota hit <mask> with a pitch on the leg, apparently in retaliation for Mota's teammate Manny Ramirez being hit in the hand by Brewers pitcher Chris Smith. Mota was ejected. After the 17–4 Dodgers victory, <mask> went to the Dodgers clubhouse in an effort to confront Mota. The Dodgers security guards stopped <mask> from entering, though the incident was captured by a television crew. Both Mota and <mask> were fined by Major League Baseball for their roles in the incident. <mask> had a good September. While playing the San Francisco Giants on September 6, Fielder hit his third career walk-off home run in the 12th inning.The Brewers' subsequent home plate celebration sparked a minor controversy due to its unusual style. Then, on September 19, <mask> set the Brewers' single-season record for RBIs at 127, beating Cecil Cooper's 1983 record of 126. He set this record during a game against the Houston Astros — the team Cooper was managing at the time. The record-breaking RBI was a sacrifice fly, scoring

masks: Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder


texts:
 Mike Cameron. He finished the season with 141 RBIs, which surpassed his father's career high of 133 in 1991. <mask> finished tied for first in the National League in RBIs with Ryan Howard, and second in home runs with 46. He is one of three players in Brewers franchise history to have 100 or more RBIs in three consecutive seasons, along with Richie Sexson (2001–03) and Ryan Braun (2008–10).2011
On January 18, <mask> and the Brewers agreed on a one-year, $15.5 million contract. <mask> was named MVP of the 82nd All Star Game, in which he hit a 3-run home run. Along with <mask>, Braun also hit 30 home runs on the season, marking the 4th time the duo each hit at least 30 home runs in a season. Only 6 other duos have done this in major league history. <mask> became one of three Brewers who have had four 100-RBI seasons, along with Cecil Cooper and Braun. On September 27 in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Fielder went 3-for-3 with three home runs and a walk, and 5 RBIs. It was his first career three-home run game.In 2011, Fielder batted .299, led the National League in intentional walks (32, a Brewers record), was second in the league in home runs (38), and was third in slugging percentage (.566). On defense, he led the majors in errors committed by a first baseman (15) and had the lowest fielding percentage of all first basemen (.990). Through 2011, he had the second-highest career slugging percentage (.540) and OPS (.929) of any player in Brewers history, behind Braun, and was second in career home runs (230) to Robin Yount. Fielder came in third in the voting for the 2011 National League Most Valuable Player Award, behind winner and teammate Ryan Braun and Matt Kemp. Detroit Tigers (2012–2013)

2012

Following the 2011 World Series, Fielder became a free agent. On January 26, 2012, Fielder agreed to a nine-year, $214 million contract with the Detroit Tigers to play first base and bat clean-up in the Tigers batting order.

masks: Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder


texts: It was the largest contract in the history of the Tigers, surpassing Miguel Cabrera's contract of $185.3 million over eight years.The Tigers acquired <mask> to replace the bat of an injured Víctor Martínez, the everyday designated hitter in 2011. The acquisition of <mask>, who had only played first base in his career, required 2008–2011 first baseman Miguel Cabrera to move to third, which Cabrera was notably happy to do. On April 5, 2012, <mask> made his debut with the Tigers and singled in his first at bat. <mask> hit his first two home runs as a Tiger on April 7, 2012, in a 10–0 victory over the Boston Red Sox. In his first season in the American League, he was voted to the 2012 All-Star team as a starter. It is his fourth All-Star appearance overall. Fielder was also selected by American League captain, Robinson Canó, to participate in the 2012 Home Run Derby.On July 9, 2012, <mask> became the 2012 Home Run Derby champion, hitting 12 home runs in the third and final round over José Bautista of the Toronto Blue Jays. This is <mask>'s second win in the derby, his first coming in 2009. <mask> became the first participant to win for both the National and American League, and joined Ken Griffey, Jr. as the only two players to win multiple Derbies. <mask> finished the 2012 regular season with a career-best .313 batting average. He hit 30 home runs, giving him six straight seasons with at least 30 long balls, and drove in 108 runs for his fifth career 100-plus RBI season. He also had an on-base percentage of .412, his fourth straight season with an on-base percentage above .400. He played in all 162 games for Detroit, his third such season in his career, and he led the American League in being hit by pitches (17).Some in the sports media have given <mask> at least partial credit for teammate Cabrera winning the Triple Crown of batting in 2012. With <mask> hitting behind him in the Tiger order, Cabrera's walks declined from 108 the

masks: Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder


texts:
 previous season to just 66, giving him more opportunities to hit home runs and drive in runs. Cabrera would later confirm in a June 2013 Sports Illustrated article: "You can see a difference. They pitch to me more...I see a lot of good pitches." The 2012 World Series was <mask>'s first career trip to the World Series. He compiled only a .071 batting average (1-for-14) during the World Series as the Tigers were swept in four games at the hands of the San Francisco Giants. In Game 2 of the series, <mask> was hit on the shoulder by a pitch from Giants starting pitcher Madison Bumgarner.After Delmon Young hit a double down the left-field line, <mask> attempted to score. However, a relay throw from Gregor Blanco to Marco Scutaro to Buster Posey tagged Fielder out as he was sliding home. This became the first-ever 7-4-2 putout in a World Series. 2013
<mask> was named AL Player of the Week for April 8–14. He hit .632 during the week (12-for-19) with 11 RBIs and 22 total bases. He finished the month of April with a .301 batting average, 7 home runs, and 27 RBIs. On July 1, Fielder was voted in as a reserve infielder in the AL player balloting for the 2013 Major League All-Star Game.It was his fifth career All-Star selection. During the All-Star Game, he hit a lead-off triple in the ninth inning off of Jason Grilli. He did not score but the American League still won the game 3–0. Fielder hit .279 during the 2013 regular season, and his 25 home runs was the lowest total in any of his eight full major league seasons until he hit only 23 in 2015. He did, however, drive in 106 runs, marking the sixth time he topped 100 in his career. Fielder also played all 162 games for the third straight season, and played in his 500th consecutive game on September 24. This followed a 327-game streak that was broken in September 2010, when he played for the Brewers.(He missed one game due to severe flu symptoms.) By the end of the 2013 season, he had

masks: Fielder Fielder Prince Fielder


texts:
 played in 831 of his last 832 regular-season games. Fielder batted .278 in the ALDS against Oakland, registering 5 hits and no RBIs. In the 2013 ALCS he declined further, registering a .182 average with only 4 hits and no RBIs. Texas Rangers (2014–2017)

2014
On November 20, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Texas Rangers for second baseman Ian Kinsler and $30 million. In June 2014 Fielder underwent season ending neck surgery. At the time of his mid-season departure, he was batting .247 with 3 home runs and 16 RBI in 42 games.<mask>'s then league-leading streak of 547 consecutive games started was ended. 2015
Nearly halfway through the season Fielder led the AL in batting average and was selected as a reserve designated hitter for the MLB All Star Game in Cincinnati. It was <mask>'s sixth appearance in the All-Star Game and his fourth selection in five seasons. He finished the 2015 season with a .305 batting average, 23 home runs, and 98 RBIs. He had to be very patient with his power, but he said "the way I'm hitting this year, I'm fine with it." 2016
On April 29, 2016, in a game against the Los Angeles Angels in the bottom of the 6th inning, <mask> hit a sharp single through the shift to score Rougned Odor, making him and his father <mask> the 2nd father-son combo to both record 1,000 RBIs. On July 20, it was revealed that <mask> was diagnosed with C4-C5 herniations in his neck, putting his career in jeopardy.In a press conference on August 10, <mask> announced that he would not be able to continue playing professional baseball due to his injuries. In 89 games of 2016, Fielder finished his injury-shortened season with a .212 batting average, 16 doubles, 8 home runs, and 44 RBIs. 2017
On October 5, 2017, the Rangers released Fielder, citing financial considerations. Although Fielder was not completely retired at the point he was released, the Rangers decided to release him anyway. Career statistics
In 1611 games over 12 seasons,

masks:
Fielder
Fielder
Fielder
Fielder
Cecil Fielder
Fielder
Fielder


texts:
 Fielder posted a .283 batting average (1645-for-5821) with 862 runs, 321 doubles, 10 triples, 319 home runs, 1028 RBI, 18 stolen bases, 847 bases on balls, .382 on-base percentage and .506 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .992 fielding percentage playing every inning at first base. In 44 postseason games, he batted only .189 (31-for-164) with 13 runs, 5 doubles, 5 home runs, 12 RBI and 15 walks.<mask> was included on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame class of  when it was announced on November 22, 2021, but after ballots were counted, he became ineligible for future balloting, due to receiving less than 5% of the total. Personal life
<mask> was named after his grandfather. He married his wife Chanel in 2005 during the Triple-A All-Star break while playing for the Nashville Sounds. They have two sons. <mask> filed for divorce in May 2013, but by March 2014, he and his wife had reconciled. They reside in Melbourne Beach, Florida. <mask> has a tattoo on the left side of his neck that reads, "왕자", Korean for "<mask>".See also

 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

References

External links

1984 births
African-American baseball players
American expatriates in Japan
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from California
Beloit Snappers players
Detroit Tigers players
Huntsville Stars players
Living people
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball first basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
National League All-Stars
National League home run champions
National League RBI champions
Ogden Raptors players
People from Melbourne, Florida
People from Ontario, California
Peoria Javelinas players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Sportspeople from San Bernardino County, California
Texas Rangers players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
People from Vero Beach, Florida
20th-century

masks: Fielder Fielder Fielder Fielder Prince


texts:
<mask> "R. J.<mask> ( 1943 – 8 November 1997), was a leading Northern Irish loyalist. He served as the commander of the Portadown battalion of the Ulster Defence Association's Mid-Ulster Brigade. Along with the Mid-Ulster Ulster Volunteer Force's brigadier Robin Jackson, <mask> was implicated in the killing of Catholic chemist William Strathearn. Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Patrol Group officers <mask> and Billy McCaughey named him as one of their accomplice; however, neither <mask> nor Jackson were questioned by police or brought before the court, for "reasons of operational strategy". Weir and McCaughey were convicted of Strathearn's killing.<mask> was alleged to have been a member of the Glenanne gang, in which Jackson was a key figure. This gang of loyalist extremists was a loose alliance of loyalist paramilitaries and rogue members of the security forces who carried out a series of sectarian attacks in south County Armagh in the 1970s against local Catholics. <mask> was killed in mysterious circumstances; his charred body was found near a burnt-out boat that had exploded as it was being towed on a trailer on the main Newry to Warrenpoint road. Ulster Defence Association
<mask> <mask> was born into a Protestant family in Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland in about 1943. He joined the loyalist paramilitary organisation, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), shortly after its formation in Belfast in September 1971. It was an umbrella organisation of local vigilante groups that were set up following the outbreak of violent religious and political conflict known as the Troubles in the late 1960s, ostensibly for the defence of Protestant communities from nationalist gangs. At some stage he became the commander of the Portadown battalion of the UDA's Mid-Ulster Brigade.On 9 September 1972 he was charged with possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances in

masks:
Robert John
" Kerr
Kerr
John Weir
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Robert John
Kerr


texts:
 Lurgan. Miami Showband bomber Harris Boyle was one of those arrested with him. <mask> was later found guilty of having participated in an armed robbery on 10 March 1973. The following year, on 29 January 1974, he was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment for assaulting and intimidating two men seven months before. William Strathearn killing
<mask> was named by RUC Special Patrol Group (SPG) officer <mask> as having been one of the two gunmen who shot Catholic chemist William Strathearn to death at his home in Ahoghill, County Antrim on 19 April 1977. Strathearn, who lived above his chemist shop, was shot dead at 2.00 am by a loyalist hit squad. They gunned him down when he opened the front door after the men used a ruse of needing medicine for a sick child.Weir alleged that the actual trigger man was Robin Jackson, brigadier of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade, and <mask> was his accomplice. After the killing, Jackson and <mask> went away in the former's poultry lorry to deliver a load of chickens. Jackson made a living delivering chickens all over Ireland and <mask> worked as his lorry helper, assisting him in loading and unloading the chickens. Weir and fellow SPG officer Billy McCaughey were later convicted of the killing, although they maintained that they had waited in Weir's car throughout the entire operation. Although Weir and McCaughey named <mask> and Jackson as the gunmen, the two men were never questioned about the attack, and an RUC officer stated that neither <mask> nor Jackson were brought before the court for "reasons of operational strategy". Weir had offered to testify against <mask> and Jackson, but only on the condition that the murder charge against him was withdrawn. Weir's offer was refused by the Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions who said:

<mask> and Jackson have not been interviewed by the police because the police state they are virtually immune to interrogation

masks:
Kerr
Kerr
John Weir
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr


texts:
 and the common police consensus is that to arrest and interview either man is a waste of time.Both men are known to police to be very active and notorious UVF murderers. Nevertheless the police do not recommend consideration of withdrawal of charges against Weir. I agree with this view. Weir and McCaughey must be proceeded against. When proceedings against them are terminated the position may be reviewed in respect of Jackson and <mask>.In Mid-Ulster membership of the UVF and UDA was often interchangeable. [Ref:"Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s"

The Derry-based human rights group, the Pat Finucane Centre, asked Professor Douglass Cassel (formerly of the Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago) to convene an international panel of inquiry to investigate collusion by members of the security forces and loyalist paramilitaries in sectarian killings in Northern Ireland. This panel, in their 2006 report, named <mask> as one of the members of the notorious Glenanne gang, of which Robin Jackson was a key figure.The gang was a loose alliance of loyalist extremists who carried out a series of sectarian attacks and killings against Catholics/nationalists in the South Armagh area in the 1970s. The gang comprised loyalist paramilitaries and rogue members of the security forces, including the RUC and Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). It was allegedly directed by British Military Intelligence and/or the RUC Special Branch. The same report also described <mask> as a local UDA commander. <mask> stated in his affidavit, which was published in a judiciary inquiry commissioned by Irish Supreme Court Justice Henry Barron into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, that he had first met <mask> in the company of Robin Jackson in 1974. Weir had gone to a pub in Moira, County Armagh with a girlfriend and there had been introduced to <mask> and Jackson. Jackson was implicated by Weir

masks:
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
John Weir
Kerr
Kerr


texts:
 as one of the leaders of the two UVF gangs that exploded three car bombs in Dublin's city centre on 17 May 1974, leaving 26 people dead.<mask> was not implicated, however. Weir made his affidavit in 1999 when both <mask> and Jackson were already dead. The 2003 Barron Report notes that Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland <mask> was aware of <mask> and Jackson's involvement in the Strathearn killing, and that they were not prosecuted for "operational reasons". Mr. Justice Barron was highly critical of the RUC's failure to properly investigate <mask> and Jackson. Subsequent activity
According to Sean McPhilemy, <mask> was one of three loyalist gunmen responsible for the attempted killing of Catholic civilian Paschal Mulholland in Portadown on 11 February 1984. McPhilemy claimed that <mask> and the other gunmen, Philip "Silly" Silcock and Ernest McCreanor, had been drinking with a local Portadown solicitor when they concocted the plan to "kill a Taig". McPhilemy also stated that <mask> had been part of the hit team responsible for the murder of RUC Sergeant Joseph Campbell in Cushendall on 25 February 1977.Journalist and author Paul Larkin maintained that <mask> had first coined the nickname "King Rat" for the notorious Billy Wright, leader and founder of the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). It came about as a form of pub bantering. <mask> was sitting inside a pub and jokingly bestowed a nickname upon every patron as they entered. When Wright walked through the door, <mask> dubbed him "King Rat", as Wright and his unit called themselves "The Brat Pack". Sunday World journalist Martin O'Hagan picked up on it and the name was introduced to the media at large, much to Wright's fury. Death
On 8 November 1997, he was killed in mysterious circumstances. His charred body was found on wasteground 20 yards from a burnt-out boat that had blown up as he was towing it on a trailer.Police and firemen

masks:
Kerr
Kerr
Robert Lowry
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr
Kerr


texts:
 made the discovery after rushing to the scene of the explosion and subsequent fireball which had consumed the craft. This occurred on the main Newry to Warrenpoint road. <mask> was 54 years old at the time of his death, and his body was so badly damaged by the flames that he had to be identified by the documents in his wallet. According to McPhilemy he had made loose arrangements to meet <mask> immediately prior to his death. By that time he had become disillusioned with loyalism. A post mortem revealed that he had died in a "vapour explosion". Police believe he had been towing the boat on a trailer; when he climbed on the deck, his cigarette ignited the gas, causing a fireball.His death was ruled accidental. A petrol bomb attack was carried out the previous August by the LVF against the home <mask> shared in Glandore Terrace, Portadown with his common-law wife, Muriel Richardson. Richardson was hospitalised for smoke inhalation. This attack was followed by a death threat against <mask>. Richardson later testified before a Crown Court jury at Newry that <mask> had lived in fear of the Wright-led LVF after he had accused them of extortion and intimidation. She was a witness for the prosecution at the trial of James Alexander Gribben who was facing charges of conspiring with <mask> to destroy his 36 ft motor cruiser the "Lorna Doon" between 24 March and 8 November 1997 in order to claim compensation from an insurance company. Gribben was found guilty and sentenced to a jail term.LVF leader Billy Wright was shot dead by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in an ambush at the Maze Prison in December 1997 while being transported to the prison's visitors' block. <mask> was posthumously described by Mike Browne in The People as a former Mid-Ulster UDA brigadier. Notes

References

1943 births
1997 deaths
Ulster Defence Association members
Accidental deaths in Northern Ireland
People from

masks: Kerr Kerr Kerr Kerr Kerr Kerr Kerr


texts:
<mask> (13 April 1948 – 3 December 2019); also known by the names <mask> and A. R<mask>) was a Tamil activist and former revolutionary from Jaffna who had a part in forming the group Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students (EROS) in January 1975 in Wandsworth, England during the Tamil independence movements to secure an independent Tamil Eelam. He later left the conflict, after work as an independent peace negotiator between the two sides of the civil war. At the time of his death, he headed the Global Sustainability Initiative in the United Kingdom. He was also the father of the musician M.I.A. and the jewellery designer <mask>. Life

Education
<mask> graduated from the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in Moscow with a degree in Engineering. Politics
Having created EROS in 1975 in Wandsworth, England the group staged demonstrations at the inaugural Cricket World Cup that year, prompting clashes between Tamil and Sinhalese cricket supporters, and bringing the conflict in Sri Lanka to international attention for the first time.In March 1976, he moved to Vavuniya and was one of three EROS members selected to train for six months in Lebanon with Palestinian militants associated with the Fatah wing of the PLO. He left after three months of training, returning to Jaffna, Northern Sri Lanka with his family. <mask> moved back to Vavuniya in late 1976 and from 1978 – 1986, he lived and worked in Tamil Nadu where India, through its intelligence agency supported and trained EROS, one of six Tamil revolutionary groups against the Sri Lankan state. He made sporadic visits to Jaffna where his

masks:
Arulappu Richard Arulpragasam
Arular
. Arulpragasam
Kali Arulpragasam
Arulpragasam
Arulpragasam


texts:
 family lived, introducing himself to his children as their uncle. Although never himself a member of the LTTE, <mask> was an old friend of the group's military leader Vellupillai Prabhakaran during the early years of the Tamil rebellion. His wife and three children left Jaffna in the late 80s and were granted political asylum in the United Kingdom, while he remained behind. <mask> <mask> left his group EROS and the conflict in 1987, becoming an independent peace mediator between the two sides of the civil war, and he was instrumental in bringing in more direct Indian intervention to the conflict in 1987, ultimately ending in failure.M.I.A. has stated in interviews her father shared revolutionary ideals, and that he was a politician, although she had no contact with him since the early 1990s. Rarely speaking about her father publicly, in an interview with The Guardian in 2005, M.I.A. stated "He never had a practical, physical influence" in her family's life. On his involvement in the war and some writers referring to him as a former Tiger rebel, she has said "People write it because it's easy. The Tigers were big in numbers but my dad was too selective. The Tigers had machetes and said, 'They killed my mum so I'm going to fucking fight them.'And my dad was like, 'No no no no, read this amazing book about revolution. Let's sit down and draw up a manifesto." Later years
In 1997, he set up an Institute of Sustainability Development at Trincomalee on the Eastern Province's coast. The same year, he wrote a seminal book on Tamil history, and was based in the island's north east and Tamil Nadu until the

masks: Arulpragasam Arul Pragasam


texts:
 mid-2000s. He contacted his daughter following the release of her debut album, named Arular after him, in 2005, telling her to change its name, however she refused. His house was flooded after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. <mask> moved to Britain and, at the time of his death, headed the Britain-based Global Sustainability Initiative, which has overseen inventions such as a redesigned bullock cart, a motorised wheelbarrow and a car that consumes less petrol.<mask> explained "GSI's mission is to develop a program with a global perspective." <mask> died on 3 December 2019, aged 71. Family
<mask> <mask> was the father of jewellery designer <mask>, musician/filmmaker/visual artist Mathangi "Maya" <mask> (better known by her stage name, M.I.A. ), and Sugu <mask>. His family moved back to Sri Lanka when Maya was six months old. M.I.A. named her 2005 debut album Arular after her father, partly for him to get in contact with her."Arular" was his nom de guerre during the civil war. M.I.A. said of her upbringing: "I only had my mum. I never grew up with my dad so I don’t know what he’s like. I think I’m a mixture of both. My mum’s really passive, quiet and she’s not feisty. She cared about bringing in food and getting us to school and stuff but that’s as far as it went.Growing up without a dad, I was going to school and turning up at parents' meetings on my own. At the time everyone was like, "Oh if you had a dad he’d pay for your school and you’d have a better future". At the time, my mom was bringing us up and she was like, "The only thing your father gave you was a name". So that's why I

masks:
Arulpragasam
Arulpragasam
Pragasam
Arul
Pragasam
Kali Arulpragasam
Arulpragasam
Arulpragasam


texts:
 used [his name "<mask>"] on my album to turn it into a statement that my mom always made. If the only thing he's going to give me is a name, then that's what I'm going to use." In 2005, M.I.A. told EGO Magazine that despite her father's involvement in the conflict, she felt no affiliation to either armed party in the war, noting her work to be the voice of "civilians and refugees that get caught up in the cross fire of politics" and shocking enough to invoke discussion in young people that felt they had no right to talk.Following the end of the armed conflict in 2009, M.I.A. condemned the Government of Sri Lanka for engaging in systematic genocide against Tamils. In a 2010 feature for The Fader, she stated of the US and Sri Lankan government's behaviour towards her following her rise in prominence: "He negotiated peace processes, brought in the new army, and when he goes to Sri Lanka, it’s the government who gives him security against the Tigers", she explains. "They used it the other way and told the world my dad’s a Tiger which got me to this point. It’s like, 'Wow I didn’t know this guy, and this guy has been working for you for 20 fucking years, and when you feel like it you want to use my own dad against me to discredit what I do.'" References

Further reading
<mask>, Maya (2002). M.I.A.No. 10 (Paperback ed.). Pocko Editions. 1948 births
2019 deaths
Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students militants
People from Jaffna
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
Sri Lankan revolutionaries
Sri Lankan Tamil rebels
Sri Lankan Hindus
Sri Lankan expatriates in the United Kingdom
M.I.A.

masks: Arular Arulpragasam


texts:
<mask> (3 February 1914 – 3 July 1994) was a New Zealand-born graphic designer, painter, stage designer, interior designer, and illustrator who lived the majority of his life in the United Kingdom. He sometimes signed his illustration and cartoon work Fix. Early life
Born in Auckland, New Zealand, <mask> was the second son of <mask>, a prosperous engineer, and his much younger wife, Hortense <mask> née Runcie. <mask> attended King's College but was mostly home-schooled in his younger years. He trained as a graphic artist and designer and also sold the occasional cartoon. His father went bankrupt in 1933 and his mother left him to live in England. <mask> left New Zealand in 1935 and joined his mother in London.He never returned to New Zealand. In London <mask> was soon employed as a graphic designer at Lintas, the advertising wing of Unilever. At the outbreak of the Second World War he enlisted in the Royal Air Force where he became a navigating officer. In 1943 he suffered a severe illness that ended his active service and resulted in <mask> focussing on his painting. Artistic career
<mask>'s paintings were influenced by the Surrealists. His specialisation in domestic architecture and regular commissions saw him develop a romantic style that found more favour with his clientele and often included a number of recurring motifs such as red and white striped deckchairs, and items of mechanical engineering such as hot air balloons, paddle steamers, railways, trains, trams, and lighting fixtures. His paintings were meticulously executed.Houses were painted to an architecturally accurate standard but often contrasted with an untamed, almost sinister landscape. <mask>'s first one-man show was in 1943 at the Lefevre Gallery. This was a success. Herbert Read, the writer and art critic, bought a painting and invited <mask> to illustrate the second edition of his short novel, The Green Child. <mask> accepted the commission. Read returned the favour by writing the introduction to the book Paintings by <mask> published in 1946 by Falcon Press. In 1944 a larger exhibition of <mask>'s works opened at the

masks:
Felix Runcie Kelly
Kelly
Felix Vincent Kelly
Agnes Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Felix Kelly
Kelly


texts: same gallery with works by Lucian Freud and Julian Trevelyan in adjoining rooms.<mask> accepted numerous commissions for paintings, murals and for illustration work. His commissions led him to visit and stay at many of the grandest country houses in the United Kingdom. His personality, wit, and charm ensured he was often invited back by his wealthy clients and, in some cases, developed into lifelong friendships. In 1947 he was invited to the United States by the New York gallery Portraits, Inc. Condé Nast Publications commissioned him to paint a number of important American houses and the publication of these works led to more commissions in the United States. The same year he also illustrated for the Lilliput magazine. He fulfilled commissions in the UK, United States, Russia, North Africa, the Far East, and the Caribbean. In addition to painting he was often in demand as a muralist and interior designer.His own apartment was photographed and featured in magazines a number of times. He completed a mural for the banqueting hall of the Royal Palace, Kathmundu, Nepal, murals in a number of Union Castle and Cunard liners, but probably his most well known commission was the four murals painted in the Garden Hall at Castle Howard in 1982. These murals were commissioned by George Howard and paid for with the location fee from the Brideshead Revisited television production. <mask> also designed the <mask> car at Castle Howard, a little fairground-style train for conveying visitors round the grounds. <mask> also worked on developing architectural ideas for his clientele. He produced an artist's impression of a Palladian temple for Sebastian de Ferranti, who then worked with various architects to realise the design. de Ferranti chose Julian Bicknell to build the house which was completed in 1986 Later <mask> worked on the Cave, a modern grotto, at Henbury Hall.<mask> remodelled the house of Sir Michael Blake at Cornhill-on-Tweed and designed it as a Gothic dowerhouse. On the request of Charles, Prince of Wales <mask> produced an artist's impression of an improved design of the Prince of Wales'

masks: Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly


texts:
 residence Highgrove House in Gloucestershire. This became the inspiration of the remodelling of Highgrove. <mask> also produced set designs for a number of theatre productions including:
 Production: A Day by the Sea, 1953, the Haymarket. This production starred Sybil Thorndike and John Gielgud
 Production: World premier of the Opera Nelson, 1954, Sadler's Wells Theatre
 Production: The Merchant of Venice, 1960–61, the Old Vic
 Production: The Last Joke, 1960, the Phoenix

<mask> illustrated a number of books including a very successful collaboration his friend Elizabeth Burton whose four-volume series on the domestic interiors and furnishings of Elizabethans, Jacobeans, Georgians and early Victorians ideally fit <mask>'s aesthetic. His tendency towards the surreal and sinister was reflected in the dust jacket work he did for Faber and Faber's Best of series including Best Horror Stories (1957), Best Detective Stories (1959), and Best Tales of Terror (1962), as well as a beautiful wrap-around dust jacket for Haunted Houses (1956) by Joseph Braddock. He also illustrated
 Twilight Stories (1947) by Rhoda Broughton
 A Strange Adventure in the Life of Miss Laura Mildmay (1947) by J Sheridan Le Fanu
 The Desperate Art: a novel (1955) by John Rosenberg
 Pilgrim's pleasure: the West Country (1959) by Alan Ivimey
 London (1960) by Ivor Brown
 Castle Howard (1972) by George Howard
 Lincolnshire churches: Their past and their future edited by Henry Thorold

Death
<mask> was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1992 and died in Devon in 1994.His partner, the garden designer Vernon Russell-Smith inherited his estate. Work in Public collections
 <mask>'s archive of sketches, photographs and papers is held by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, who also own 2 paintings
The RW Norton Art Foundation owns 23 paintings
Hawke's Bay Museum and Art Gallery owns 8 paintings
Various British public institutions own 7 paintings

References

1914 births
1994 deaths
New Zealand painters
New Zealand interior designers
New Zealand illustrators
New Zealand surrealist artists
New Zealand expatriates in the

masks: Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly Kelly


texts:
<mask> (梅連羨 méi lián xiàn) (1931 in Taishan county, Guangdong – June 6, 1998, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) was a Taoist monk, teacher and T'ai chi instructor who founded The Taoist Tai Chi Society (道教太極拳社), the Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism and the Gei Pang Lok Hup Academy. Early life
As a sickly youth Moy was sent to a Taoist monastery. There he was trained in the teachings of the Earlier Heaven Wu-chi sect of the Hua Shan School of Taoism and regained his health. Moy reported that he studied the religious and philosophical side of Taoism and that he had acquired knowledge and skills in Chinese martial arts. Ahead of the Communist Revolution of 1949 Moy moved to Hong Kong. There he joined the Yuen Yuen Institute, in Tsuen Wan district in the New Territories, continued his education and became a Taoist monk. The Yuen Yuen Institute was established in 1950 by monks from Sanyuan Gong (Three Originals Palace) in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, which in turn traces its lineage to the Longmen (Dragon Gate) sect of Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) Taoism.The Yuen Yuen Institute is dedicated to Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. In 1968, Moy co-founded, together with Taoist Masters Mui Ming-to and  Tang Yuen Mei, the temple for the Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism (FLK; Penglai ge, 蓬萊閣) on the grounds of the Yuen Yuen Institute. In addition to his studies and education in Taoism <mask> Lin-shin learned a range of internal martial arts including Liuhebafa (Lok Hup Ba Fa, 六合八法 liùhé bā fǎ), T'ai Chi Ch'uan (太極拳 tàijí quán), Hsing I Ch'uan (形意拳 xíng Yì Quán), Bagua (Baguazhang, 八卦掌 bà guà zhǎng) and Taoist  Qigong (chi kung, chi gung, 氣功 qìgōng). Moy's main teacher was Yang Liu (杨六)

masks:
Moy Lin shin
Moy


texts:
 (Cantonese: Yeung Luk), a Daoist hermit teaching Qigong and Tai Chi. Moy was the most senior disciple (of only 5 disciples) of Yang Liu. The second disciple was Ng Pak Shing, who opened a school in Canada after Moy died but has gone back to China since. Another one of Moy's main teachers in Hong Kong was Leung Ji Pang (Liang Zi Peng, or Leung Ji Pang, 梁子鵬) (1900–1974), an instructor in Liuhebafa and other arts, who was in turn a student of Wu Yi Hui.Moy was taught Liuhebafa in Hong Kong by Liang Zipeng. Moy also trained in Hong Kong with Sun Di, a fellow student of Liang Zhi Peng, who Moy said had developed skills in Hsing I Chuan and Push hands (押手 Yāshǒu). After 1975, Moy would travel back to Hong Kong on an annual basis to keep learning from Yang Liu and Sun Di. He would bring some of his senior students along on occasion. Move to Canada
Moy went overseas with a mission of spreading the understanding of Taoism and its practices. After some travel, he settled in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and in 1970 began teaching a small group of dedicated students. In those early days, Moy taught both the health and martial arts aspects of Tai Chi.Upon moving to one of Toronto's "Chinatowns" a few years later, he changed his focus, emphasising mainly the health promoting and personal development aspects of tai chi, although Moy still did place strong emphasis on tai chi push hands practice and sometimes demonstrated other self-defense aspects of tai chi as well. Moy started with a standard Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan form, also saying he had mixed in elements of other internal arts, and taught it to condition students to learn Lok Hup Ba Fa later. Moy called this modified form Taoist


texts:
 Tai Chi. Moy emphasized the non-competitive nature of his style of teaching and of the form (see explanation in here). A teacher of Taoist Tai Chi is asked to conform to and live by what Moy called, "Eight Heavenly Virtues":

 Sense of Shame
 Honor
 Sacrifice
 Propriety
 Trustworthiness
 Dedication
 Sibling Harmony
 Filial piety

In accordance with these virtues, Taoist Tai Chi is a form that is taught by volunteers. Organizations
To promote his understanding of the Taoist foundations of Tai Chi and to facilitate understanding between eastern and western cultures, Moy helped to set up a number of organizations. Initially he established the Toronto Tai Chi Association, which, after Taoist Tai Chi chapters were formed across Canada, became the Taoist Tai Chi Society (道教太極拳社) of Canada.After expansion into the United States and later into Europe, New Zealand and Australia the International Taoist Tai Chi Society was established in 1990. In 1981 <mask> Lin-shin and Mui Ming-to established a Canadian branch of the Hong Kong-based Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism, which became the religious arm of the Taoist Tai Chi Society. This occurred with the opening of a Fung Loy Kok high shrine at the Society's Bathurst Street location in Toronto. They subsequently established other branches of Fung Loy Kok in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. This Institute maintains altars to the Taoist deities, i.e., the Jade Emperor (Chinese: 玉皇大帝, or Emperor in Heaven), Guanyin (Chinese: 観音. One of the mythological female deities in Buddhism), and Lü Dongbin (Chinese: 呂洞賓. One of the eight Chinese mythological "Transcendants", who became Immortals via "Inner Alchemy").Initially


texts:
 <mask> concentrated on teaching just Tai Chi forms and later emphasized other internal arts. In 1988 <mask> established the Gei Pang Lok Hup Academy, which is dedicated to the memory of his teacher Liang Zipeng. It was established with the intent to teach the internal martial arts other than Tai Chi, mainly Liu He Ba Fa. Over the years, <mask> Linshin not only taught Tai Chi and Liu He Ba Fa but also Daoist Meditation, Yiquan Zhan Zhuang and Qigong, a Hybrid Xingyiquan-Yiquan form from Sun Di, Yang Style Tai Chi Sword and Yang Style Tai Chi Saber, a long list of Foundation exercises (Jibengong) and some Baguazhang. The organizations since his death
Since the death of <mask> Lin-shin in 1998 the three organizations he founded have been amalgamated, with the Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism as the main organization and the Taoist Tai Chi Society and the Gei Pang Lok Hup Academy  as part of the Institute. This brought together the financial and administrative management of the three organizations. In order to broaden the emphasis on health and vitality, the Taoist Tai Chi Health Recovery Centre was established in 1997 near Toronto, at Orangeville, Ontario.On the same grounds a Taoist Cultivation Centre was built between 2005–2006. Criticism
<mask> Lin Shin has been criticized for being unqualified and for teaching a version of Tai Chi that is "not generally recognised as an authentic style of Tai Chi" although even critics have admitted that his efforts "did a great deal to introduce thousands to tai chi". References

Canadian tai chi practitioners
Chinese tai chi practitioners
Republic of China Taoists
People's Republic of China Taoists
Canadian Taoists
1931 births
1998

masks: Moy Moy Moy Moy Moy


texts:
<mask>, Ph.D., (February 17, 1926 - September 13, 2008) was a 20th-century, Danish-born Romance philologist, author, and professor of French. Author of 17 books and over 60 articles, he was widely respected by the romance philology community and recognized as an expert in the field. He is highly esteemed for his detailed and thorough publications on the grammar of Old Occitan (also referred to as Provençal) and has been referred to endearingly as "the 'Grevisse' of old Occitan". <mask> is also considered an expert on Sicilian poetry. His English translation and analysis of previously untranslated Sicilian poems have been honorably referred to as one of the codices optimi on the subject, dating from Dante forward. An extraordinary linguist, <mask> was fluent in eight languages with a remarkable command of medieval/ancient Romance languages. His publications include
works on vulgar and classical Latin, old Italian, old Spanish, medieval Occitan, old French, and old Portuguese.Life

<mask> <mask> was born on February 17, 1926 to <mask> and Jenny Kirstine Martinusen in Taarup, Auning county, in the Midtjylland region of Denmark. He spent his first years on a sizable family homestead and was raised by his two loving parents. Frede was the second of three children born to the <mask> family. The property was home to a lovely forest where oak, pine, and beech trees grew. These early surroundings were likely the mold where Frede's great sensibility to nature was formed. The great depression arrived with its share of sufferings and soon the family had to  relocate to a smaller house in the nearby small village of Trojstrup.

masks:
Frede Jensen
Jensen
Jensen
Frede
Jensen
Hans Jensen
Jensen


texts: Frede lived there with his family until he graduated from the Randers Stattskole in 1945.When he was a young teenager, he loved collecting and drying flowers from the countryside. His collection later ended up in the hands of the  Museum of the Botanical Garden of Copenhagen, which they still preserve today. In 1945, <mask> went to the University of Copenhagen and completed his undergraduate studies in 1949. <mask> then attended the Université de Grenoble in France on a scholarship where he received a degree in French grammar and Philology (Certificat de Grammaire et de Philologie Francaises) in 1950. While in Grenoble he joined a mountaineering club. For him it was the door opened to the undulating slopes of wildflowers, before setting his sights on higher summits later in his life. <mask> returned to Denmark to serve his mandatory 9-month military service from 1950 to 1951 where he served as a telex operator.<mask> then returned to the University of Copenhagen where he received his master's degree, with distinction, in 1953 in French with a minor in English. He spent the summer of 1953 studying at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, then went on to attend the University of Salamanca, Spain where he received a Spanish Philology degree in 1955 (Diplomado de Filologia Hispánica). It was here that he met his future wife, whom he later wed in the United States in 1968. In 1956, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, California in the United States on a Fulbright grant and subsequently earned his Ph.D. from U.C.L.A. in 1961, in Romance Languages and Literatures with an emphasis in Philology (French, Spanish, and

masks: Jensen Jensen Jensen Jensen Jensen


texts:
 Italian). Over the next 6 years, <mask> held a number of teaching positions, first at the University of Calgary, Canada and then at U.C.L.A., before settling in Boulder, Colorado to take on a professorship position at the University of Colorado in 1967. <mask> was Professor of French at the University of Colorado at Boulder until his retirement on June 19, 1996.<mask> was the recipient of numerous awards for scholarly achievements throughout his career. He also served as the President of the Centre de Guillaume IX, a center for research in Troubadour studies, and was a member of the editorial board of Semasia (a romance philology publication). He was also an avid mountaineer who summitted hundreds of peaks in Canada, Mexico, Morocco, Europe and the United States, and he climbed all fifty three of Colorado's 14,000-foot peaks within two summers. He continued to hike regularly up until his death in September 2008, in Boulder, Colorado, at the age of 82. Education

Middle school, a private school in Allingaabro, Denmark
High school studies at Randers Stattskole in Randers, Denmark, graduating in June, 1945
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 1949 (B.A.) Université de Grenoble, France, 1950, Certificat de Grammaire et de Philologie Françaises
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 1953, M.A. (with distinction) with major in French and a minor in English
University of Salamanca, Spain, 1955, Diplomado de Filologia Hispánica
U.C.L.A., California, U.S.A.1961, Ph.D. in Romance Languages and Literatures, with major emphasis on Philology (French, Spanish, Italian)

Professional career

University of Washington at Seattle,

masks: Jensen Jensen Jensen


texts:
 1956–57, Teaching Assistant, Department of Romance Languages.U.C.L.A, 1957-60, Teaching Assistant, Department of French. Katedralskole, Nykøbing (Falster), Denmark, 1960-1961, Acting Instructor in French and English. University of Calgary, 1961-64, Assistant Professor of Modern Languages. U.C.L.A., 1964-67, Assistant Professor of French and Romance Philology. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1967-73, Associate Professor of French and Linguistics. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1973-77, Professor of French and Linguistics. University of Colorado at Boulder, 1977-1996, Professor of French.Publications

Books

1. The Italian Verb, A Morphological Study, University of North Carolina Press, Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, No. 107, 1971. 97 pp. 2. From Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal. University of North Carolina Press, Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, No.120, 1972. 97 pp. 3. F<mask> and T. Lathrop:  The Syntax of the Old Spanish Subjunctive. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, Janua Linguarum Series, 1973. 92 pp. 4.The Syntax of the Old French Subjunctive. The Hague:  Mouton Publishers, Janua Lunguarum Series,1974. 134 pp. 5. The Old Provençal Noun and Adjective Declension. Odense University Press, Études romanes de l'Université d'Odense, Vol. 9, 1976.177 pp. 6. The Earliest Portuguese Lyrics. Odense University Press, Études romanes de l'Université d'Odense, Vol. 11, 1978. 308 pp. 7.Provençal Philology and the Poetry of Guillaume of Poitiers. Odense University Press, Études romanes de l'Université d'Odense, Vol. 13, 1983. 374 pp. 8. The Poetry of the Sicilian School. New York and London:


texts:
  Garland Publishing, Inc., Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Series A, Vol.22, 1986. I-LXXIII. 250pp
9. The Syntax of Medieval Occitan. Tübingen/West Germany:  Max Niemeyer Verlag, Beihefte zur Zeitschirft für romanische Philologie, Vol. 208, 1986. I-VII.431 pp. 10. Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax. Tübingen/West Germany: Max Niemeyer Verlag, Beihefte zur Zeitschirft für romanische Philologie, Vol. 232, 1990. I-XI. 590 pp.11. Medieval Galician-Portuguese Poetry. An Anthology. New York and London:  Garland Publishing, Inc., Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Series A, Vol. 87 1992. I-CXXXVIII. 624 pp.(see review)
12. Syntaxe de l'ancien occitan. Tübingen/West Germany:  Max Niemeyer Verlag, Beihefte zur Zeitschift für romanische Philologie, Vol. 257, 1994. 404 pp. 13. Tuscan Poetry of the Duecento.New York and London:  Garland Publishing, Inc., Garland Library of Medieval Literature, Series A, Vol. 99, 1994, I-XLV, 335 pp. 14. Troubadour Lyrics. A Bilingual Anthology. New York:  Peter Lang Publishing, Studies in the Humanities, vol. 39, 1998, 593 pp.15. A Comparative Study of Romance. New York:  Peter Lang Publishing, Studies in the Humanities, vol. 46, 1999, 446 pp. 16. La Vie de Saint Eustace. Introduction to Old French.Philological Commentary by <mask> <mask>. Edition and Introduction by Tom Lathrop. Newark/Delaware:  LinguaText, Ltd., 2000, 208 pp. 17. The language of the eleventh century "Vie de St. Alexis". Edition by Tom Lathrop. Newark/Delaware:  LinguaText, Ltd., 2003, 367 pp.References

External links
Books listed at WorldCat

Philologists
University of Salamanca alumni
Historical

masks: Frede Jensen


texts:
<mask>han is a former Hong Kong actress, who is best known for her work with Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), and to an extent, for her film work and singing career. She also holds the Miss Hong Kong 2004 title. In December 2019, she announced her retirement from the entertainment industry with plans of moving to Europe. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Hong Kong. Her father is a businessman and her mother is a homemaker. Prior to winning her beauty queen title, <mask> had originally aspired to become a professional dancer. She had begun practicing ballet since the age of 4, but was forced to quit when she was 11, due to an injury on her right ankle.At the age of 14, she had begun to practice Jazz dance, Salsa, and Argentina Tango. She was educated at Kiangsu-Chekiang College (Shatin) and eventually graduated from the University of California, Davis, majoring in Japanese, minoring in Spanish and marketing. After completing her degree, she had returned to Hong Kong and worked as a translator and project coordinator. She had previously worked at an engineering firm. In 2004, she entered the Miss Hong Kong beauty pageant and was crowned the winner along with the titles of Miss Photogenic, Miss International Goodwill, and the Slimming Beauty Award. After the pageant, she signed with TVB and began her career as an actress. TV career
Following guest roles in The Zone and When Rules Turn Loose in 2005, <mask> made her official TV debut in TVB series, La Femme Desperado in 2006.Professional Taiwanese film critic, Mai Ruoyu, while critiquing <mask>'s film performance, had said that <mask> had demonstrated strong charisma and had effectively held her own in La Femme Desperado, even while starring alongside veteran actresses, Sheren Tang and Melissa Ng. Her role as Ida in the series was also nominated in the Best Supporting Actress category, as well

masks:
Kate Tsui Tsz s
Kate
Tsui
Tsui
Tsui
Tsui


texts: as the Favourite Female Character category, in the TVB Anniversary Awards 2006. In 2007, <mask> had three TVB series released, including The Brink of Law, On the First Beat, and Steps. The roles cumulatively earned her the Most Improved Female Artist award from the TVB Anniversary Awards 2007. Her role in Steps also earned her nominations in the Best Actress category, as well Favourite Female Character category for the same awards show. In 2008, <mask> took on her first villain role in Moonlight Resonance, and the role had earned her a Top 5 position in the Best Supporting Actress category of the TVB Anniversary Awards 2008. On the other hand, her leading role in Speech of Silence, in which she played a deaf character, had earned her a Top 10 position in the Best Actress category of the aforementioned awards show.While <mask>'s TV career quieted down during 2009 to 2010, due to her focus on her film career, 2011 proved to be fruitful for <mask>, with six of her TV dramas airing on TVB. Of the six roles, Paris Yiu from Lives of Omission had garnered the most attention. For the role, <mask> was awarded a My Favourite TVB Female TV Character award from the StarHub TVB Awards, nominations in the Best Actress and Favourite Female Character categories for the TVB Anniversary Awards 2011, as well as a nomination for Outstanding Actress in Television by the Ming Pao Anniversary Award. Additionally, in 2011, with the high turnover rate in contracted TVB artists, TVB executive, Virginia Lok, appointed <mask>, Myolie Wu, Linda Chung, and Fala Chen, as the new Top 4 "Fa Dans" (a Cantonese term that is used for actresses with high popularity and status in TVB), with their predecessors being Flora Chan, Ada Choi, Kenix Kwok, and Jessica Hsuan. 2012 is arguably Tsui's peak year in her TV career. In Highs and Lows, <mask> portrays an extremely tragic character that

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