texts: officials, although he often appointed their southern Italian peers to represent him in his other realms. Furthermore, having seized large estates on the island in the late 1260s <mask> almost exclusively employed French and Provençal clerics to administer them. Popular stories credited John of ProcidaManfred of Sicily's former chancellorwith staging an international plot against <mask>. Legend says that he visited Constantinople, Sicily and Viterbo in disguise in 1279 and 1280 to convince <mask>, the Sicilian barons and Pope Nicholas III to support a revolt. On the other hand, <mask> would later claim that he "was God's instrument in bringing freedom to the Sicilians" in his memoirs. The Emperor's wealth enabled him to send money to the discontented Sicilian barons. <mask> of Aragon decided to lay claim to the Kingdom of Sicily in late 1280: he did not hide his disdain when he met with <mask>'s son, <mask>, Duke of Salerno, in Toulouse in December 1280.He began to assemble a fleet, ostensibly for another crusade to Tunis. Rioting broke out in Sicily after a burgher of Palermo killed a drunken French soldier who had insulted his wife before the Church of the Holy Spirit on Easter Monday (30March), 1282. When the soldier's comrades attacked the murderer, the mob turned against them and started to massacre all the French in the town. The riot, known since the 16th century as the Sicilian Vespers, developed into an uprising and most of <mask>'s officials were killed or forced to flee the island. <mask> ordered the transfer of soldiers and ships from

masks:
Charles
Charles
Michael VIII
Michael VIII
Peter III
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


type: original

texts:
 Achaea to Sicily, but could not stop the spread of the revolt to Calabria. San Severino also had to return to Italy, accompanied by the major part of the garrison at Acre. Odo Poilechien, who succeeded him in Acre, had limited authority.The burghers of the major Sicilian towns established communes which sent delegates to Pope Martin, asking him to take them under the protection of the Holy See. Instead of accepting their offer, the Pope excommunicated the rebels on 7May. <mask> issued an edict on 10June, accusing his officials of having ignored his instructions on good administration, but he failed to promise fundamental changes. In July he sailed to Sicily and laid siege to Messina. War with Aragon

<mask> of Aragon's envoy, William of Castelnou, started negotiations with the rebels' leaders in Palermo. Realizing that they could not resist without foreign support, they acknowledged Peter and Constance as their king and queen. They appointed envoys to accompany Castelnou to Collo where the Aragonese fleet was assembling.After a short hesitation, Peter decided to intervene on the rebels' behalf and sailed to Sicily. He was declared king of Sicily at Palermo on 4September. Thereafter two realms, each ruled by a monarch styled king (or queen) of Sicily, coexisted for more than a century, with <mask> and his successors ruling in southern Italy (known as the Kingdom of Naples) while Peter and his descendants ruled the island of Sicily. In the face of the Aragonese landing, <mask> was compelled to withdraw from the island, but the Aragonese moved swiftly

masks:
Charles
Peter III
Charles
Charles


texts: and destroyed part of his army and most of his baggage. Peter took control of the whole island and sent troops to Calabria, but they could not prevent <mask> of Salerno from leading an army of 600 French knights to join his father at Reggio Calabria. Further French troops arrived under the command of <mask>'s nephews, <mask> of Artois and Peter of Alençon, in November. In the same month, the Pope excommunicated Peter.Neither Peter nor <mask> could afford to wage a lengthy war. <mask> made an astonishing proposal in late December 1282, challenging Peter to a judicial duel. Peter insisted that the war should be continued, but agreed that a battle between the two kings, each accompanied by 100 knights, should decide the possession of Sicily. The duel was set to take place at Bordeaux on 1June 1283, but they did not fix the hour. <mask> appointed <mask> of Salerno to administer the Regno during his absence. To secure the loyalty of the local lords in Achaea, he made one of their peers, Guy of Dramelay, baillif. Pope Martin declared the war against the Sicilians a crusade on 13January 1283.<mask> met with the Pope in Viterbo on 9 March, but he ignored the Pope's ban on his duel with Peter of Aragon. After visiting Provence and Paris in April, he left for Bordeaux to meet with Peter. The duel turned into a farce; the two kings each arriving at different times on the same day, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing. Skirmishes and raids continued to occur in southern Italy. Aragonese guerillas attacked Catona and killed Peter of

masks:
Charles
Charles
Robert II
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


texts: Alençon in January 1283; the Aragonese seized Reggio Calabria in February; and the Sicilian admiral, Roger of Lauria, annihilated a newly raised Provençal fleet at Malta in April. However, tensions arose between the Aragonese and the Sicilians and in May 1283 one of the leaders of the anti-Angevin rebellion, Walter of Caltagirone, was executed for his secret correspondence with <mask>'s agents. Pope Martin declared the war against Aragon a crusade and conferred the kingdom upon <mask> of France's son, <mask> of Valois, on 2February 1284.<mask> started to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed his son, <mask> of Salerno, to maintain a defensive posture until his return. Roger of Lauria based a small squadron on the island of Nisida to blockade Naples in May 1284. <mask> of Salerno attempted to destroy the squadron, but most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner after a short, sharp fight on 5June. News of the reverse caused a riot in Naples, but the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, crushed it with the assistance of local noblemen. <mask> learnt of the disaster when he landed at Gaeta on 6June. He was furious at <mask> of Salerno and his disobedience. He allegedly stated that "Who loses a fool loses nothing", referring to his son's capture.<mask> left Naples for Calabria on 24June 1284. A large armyreportedly 10,000 mounted warriors and 40,000 foot-soldiersaccompanied him as far as Reggio Calabria. He laid siege to the town by sea and land in late July. His fleet approached the coast of Sicily, but his troops could

masks:
Charles
Philip III
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


texts:
 not land in the island. After Lauria landed troops near Reggio Calabria, <mask> had to lift the siege and retreat from Calabria on 3August. Death

<mask> went to Brindisi and made preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year. He dispatched orders to his officials for the collection of the .However, he fell seriously ill before travelling to Foggia on 30December. He made his last will on 6January 1285, appointing <mask> of Artois regent for his grandson, <mask>, who was to rule his realms until <mask> of Salerno was released. He died in the morning of 7January. He was buried in a marble sepulchre in Naples, but his heart was placed at the Couvent Saint-Jacques in Paris. His corpse was moved to a chapel of the newly built Naples Cathedral in 1296. Family

All records show that <mask> was a faithful husband and a caring father. His first wife, Beatrice of Provence, gave birth to at least six children.According to contemporaneous gossips, she persuaded <mask> to claim the Kingdom of Sicily, because she wanted to wear a crown like her sisters. Before she died in July 1267, she had willed the usufruct of Provence to <mask>. Blanche, the eldest daughter of <mask> and Beatrice, became the wife of Robert of Béthune in 1265, but she died four years later. Beatrice, her younger sister, married Philip, the titular Latin emperor, in 1273. <mask>, <mask>'s eldest son and namesake was granted the Principality of Salerno in 1272. <mask> the Lame (as he was called) and his wife, Maria of Hungary, had fourteen children, which secured the survival of the

masks:
Charles
Charles
Robert II
Charles Martel
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles II
Charles
Charles


texts:
 Capetian House of Anjou. Philip, <mask> and Beatrice's next son, was elected king of Sardinia by the local Guelphs in 1269, but without the pope's consent.He died childless in 1278. Robert, <mask>'s third son, died in 1265. Elisabeth, <mask>'s youngest daughter, was given in marriage to the future Ladislaus IV of Hungary in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her. The widowed <mask> first proposed himself to Margaret of Hungary. However, Margaret, who had been brought up in a Dominican nunnery, did not want to marry. According to legend, she disfigured herself to prevent the marriage. <mask> and his second wife, Margaret of Nevers, had several children, but none survived to adulthood.Legacy

The works of two 13th-century historians, Bartholomaeus of Neocastro and Saba Malaspina, strongly influenced modern views about <mask>, although they were biased. The former described <mask> as a tyrant to justify the Sicilian Vespers, the latter argued for the cancellation of the crusade against Aragon in 1285. <mask> had continued his imperial predecessors' policies in several fields, including coinage, taxation, and the employment of unpopular officials from Amalfi. Nevertheless, the monarchy underwent a "Frenchification" or "Provençalistion" during his reign. He donated estates in the Regno to about 700 noblemen from France or Provence. He did not adopt the rich ceremonial robes, inspired by Byzantine and Islamic art, of earlier Sicilian kings, but dressed like other western European monarchs, or as "a simple knight", as it was observed by the

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


texts: chronicler Thomas Tuscus who visited Naples in 1267. Around 1310, the Florentine historian, Giovanni Villani, stated that <mask> had been the most powerful Christian monarch in the late 1270s.Luchetto Gattilusio, a Genoese poet, compared <mask> directly with Charlemagne. Both reports demonstrate that <mask> was regarded almost as an emperor. Among modern historians, Runciman says that <mask> tried to build an empire in the eastern Mediterraneum; Gérard Sivéry writes that he wanted to dominate the west; and Jean Dunbabin argues that his "agglomeration of lands was in the process of forming an empire". The historian Hiroshi Takayama concludes that <mask>'s dominion "was too large to control". Nevertheless, economic links among his realms strengthened during his reign. Provençal salt was transported to his other lands, grain from the Regno was sold in Achaea, Albania, Acre and Tuscany, and Tuscan merchants settled in Anjou, Maine, Sicily and Naples. His highest-ranking officials were transferred from their homelands to represent him in other territories: his senechals in Provence were from Anjou; French and Provençal noblemen held the highest offices in the Regno; and he chose his vicars in Rome from among southern Italian and Provençal nobles.Although his empire collapsed before his death, his son retained southern Italy and Provence. <mask> always emphasised his royal rank, but did not adopt "imperial rhetoric". His renowned justiciar, Marino de Caramanico, developed a new political theory. Traditional interpretators of Roman law were convinced that

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


texts: the Holy Roman Emperors had a monopoly on law-making. In contrast with them, Caramanico stated that an emperor could not claim sovereignty over a king and emphasized <mask> full competence to issue decrees. To promote legal education <mask> paid high salaries20–50 ounces of gold in a yearto masters of law at the University of Naples. Masters of medicine received similar remunerations, and the university became a principal centre of medical science.<mask>'s personal interest in medicine grew during his life and he borrowed Arabic medical texts from the rulers of Tunis to have them translated. He employed at least one Jewish scholar, Moses of Palermo, who could translate texts from Arabic to Latin. Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's medical encyclopaedia, known as , was one of the books translated at <mask>'s order. <mask> was also a poet, which distinguished him from his Capetian relatives. He composed lovesongs and a  (the latter with Pierre d'Angicourt). He was requested to judge two poetic competitions in his youth, but modern scholars do not esteem his poetry. The Provençal troubadours were mostly critical when writing of <mask>, but French poets were willing to praise him.Bertran d'Alamanon wrote a poem against the salt tax and Raimon de Tors de Marseilha rebuked <mask> for invading the Regno. The trouvère Adam de la Halle dedicated an unfinished epic poem, entitled The King of Sicily, to <mask> and Jean de Meun glorified his victories in the Romance of the Rose. Dante described <mask>"who bears a manly nose"singing peacefully together with his

masks: Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles Charles


texts:
 one-time rival, <mask> of Aragon, in Purgatory. <mask> also showed interest in architecture. He designed a tower in Brindisi, but it soon collapsed. He ordered the erection of the Castel Nuovo in Naples, of which only the palatine chapel survives. He is also credited with the introduction of French-style glassed windows in southern Italy.Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

1227 births
1285 deaths
13th-century monarchs of Naples
Albanian monarchs
Capetian House of Anjou
Characters in The Decameron
Counts of Anjou
Counts of Maine
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Counts of Provence
Princes of Achaea
13th century in the Kingdom of Albania
Christians of the Seventh Crusade
Christians of the Eighth Crusade
Children of Louis VIII of France
Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
Counts of

masks:
Peter III
Charles


texts: <mask> (born November 4, 1946) is an American writer known for his literary journalism, nature and environmental writing, and books and magazine pieces about political and environmental situations and world affairs. He was a staff writer at The New Yorker magazine from 1978 to 1987, a founding contributing editor of Outside magazine and Condé Nast Traveler, and was the senior-most contributing editor to Vanity Fair since its re-inception in 1986 through 2015 before he pseudo retired. He is known for reporting from the most remote corners of the world. <mask> was called "the greatest writer in America" by Donald Trump and "one of our greatest story tellers" by Graydon Carter. Career highlights include Vanity Fair's article about Cornelius Gurlitt who was discovered with hundreds of paintings from art theft and looting during World War II from Nazi plundering; a 1986 article for Vanity Fair magazine about the mountain gorilla advocate Dian Fossey in 1986 in Rwanda which became the film Gorillas in the Mist; one of the first international articles about the Brazilian musician Caetano Veloso in 1984 for The New Yorker; tracing the origin of AIDS for Vanity Fair which became his book African Madness; a profile of the organization Product Red led by U2 front man Bono; and his arrest in 2008 for trespassing at the Bohemian Grove in Monte Rio, California in 2008 that was featured in Page 6 of The New York Post and Vanity Fair about how members of the Grove were attempting to log old-growth redwood trees, but became much more than that after news of his arrest was picked up by news outlets. He has 10 published books and since 2001 has been the editor of a web site, "Dispatches From The Vanishing World", devoted to

masks:
Alexander Shoumatoff
Shoumatoff


texts:
 "documenting and raising awareness about the planet's rapidly disappearing natural and cultural diversity". Hundreds of pages of his writing are posted on the site.His eleventh book, The Wasting of Borneo: Dispatches From A Vanishing World," will be published by Beacon Press in April, 2017. Ethnicity and ancestry
<mask> descends from a family of the Russian nobility he traced back dozens of generations in his 1982 book, Russian Blood. The Schoumatoff family were originally Baltic German Schumacher and had migrated to St. Petersburg and been enobled under Peter the Great. His paternal grandmother, <mask>, was a portrait artist who was painting President Franklin Roosevelt when he collapsed before her with a cerebral hemorrhage and she escorted his mistress Lucy Rutherford away from the scene before the media arrived. Her brother (Shoumatoff's great uncle) Andrey Avinoff, was a "gentleman-in-waiting" to the Tsar at the time of the Soviet Revolution, was an artist, was the world top lepidopterist who was fictionalized by Nabokov in Dar (The Gift), and became the director of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh from 1925 to 1945, and was profiled before his death in 1948 by The New Yorker. His paternal grandfather, <mask>, was the business manager of Igor Sikorsky's aircraft company, which developed the helicopter and the first passenger airplane. His other grandfather was a Colonel in the Empress's cavalry guard.His father <mask> was an engineer who designed many of the paper mills around the world, was an entomologist, and well-known alpine ecologist who wrote the books Europe's Mountain Center and Around the Roof of the World, whose obituary was featured in The New York Times. Childhood and

masks:
Shoumatoff
Elizabeth Shoumatoff
Leo Shoumatoff
Nicholas Shoumatoff


texts:
 education
<mask> was born in Mount Kisco, New York. He grew up in the 1950s in Bedford, New York, an exurban enclave of old-line WASPs that is now mostly inhabited by famous people and  business leaders. He went to the local country-day school, Rippowam School, where he later taught middle-school science in his mid-twenties. Upon his graduation from the eighth grade, the family moved to London and began to spend summers in Switzerland's Bernese Oberland. His father, a passionate mountain climber, took <mask> and his older brother Nick up major peaks in the Alps. When he was four, his parents put him in a summer camp in Gstaad, Switzerland, where he learned to speak French.<mask> did his secondary schooling at St. Paul's School, a then all-boys boarding school in Concord, New Hampshire, where he was at the top of his class and the captain of the squash team and was friends with, and eventually profiled in 1996, John Kerry. When he was 16, impressed with recordings by the South Carolina blues man Pink Anderson, he bought a guitar and wandered to the Folklore Center in Greenwich Village, New York, where Izzy Young sent him to Harlem to take lessons from the Reverend Gary Davis. Davis would have a huge impact on <mask> and would become the subject of Shoumatoff's first published magazine piece. He was admitted to Harvard University. He studied poetry writing with Robert Lowell in a class that included fellow literary journalist Tracy Kidder and was on the Harvard Lampoon. His senior year roommates included Douglas Kenney, founder of National Lampoon and co-scriptor of Animal House and Caddyshack. Early writing and music career
Graduating into the turbulence of the late Vietnam War and with influence from Bob

masks: Shoumatoff Shoumatoff Shoumatoff Shoumatoff


texts: Dylan, Shoumatoff aspired to be a songwriter.After a stint on The Washington Post as a night police reporter, and with a draft classification of I-A, he enlisted into a Marine Corps reserve intelligence unit that trained him to be parachuted behind the Iron Curtain to melt into the local population. He was given Russian Language schooling in Monterey, California. There, however, he fell in with the psychedelic counterculture of the late 1960s. He turned to his New York City guitar teacher, the Reverend Gary Davis with his predicament, and Davis made him a minister in a heated moment in a store-front church in Harlem. This enabled him to get an honorable, IV-D discharge from the Marines (the D standing for Divinity) and bypass having to go to Vietnam. In 1969, rather than returning to the Washington Post and becoming its Moscow correspondent which the newspaper's editor Benjamin Bradlee had offered, <mask> chose to "drop out" with his girlfriend and they moved to an old farm in New Hampshire. He taught French at a local college and drove a school bus and became engrossed in nature.Breaking up with the girl that fall, he drifted to northern California hanging out on a succession of communes and playing music around bonfires and writing more songs. There, he sold his profile of Gary Davis to Rolling Stone and got a song-writing contract with Manny Greenhill, the manager of Joan Baez, Joni Mitchell, Muddy Waters, and Doc Watson. He went to New York City to perform his songs but ended up instead writing for magazines, starting with the Village Voice. He developed a piece on Florida into his first book, Florida Ramble, and married his editor's assistant. The newlyweds lived in the Marsh Sanctuary in Mount Kisco,


texts:
 where he became the resident naturalist. The marriage lasted only two years, and the heartbroken <mask>, after turning in his second book, a natural and cultural history of Westchester County, New York, left for the Amazon Rainforest. There, he spent nine months, getting to a remote Yanomamo village that no one from the outside world had set foot in, and nearly dying of falciparum malaria.His second book on the experience,The Rivers Amazon, was published by Sierra Club Press and was compared by reviewers with the classic exploration books on the Amazon by Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Walter Bates. Returning to Mount Kisco with a Brazilian wife, he learned that his Westchester book had been taken by The New Yorker and joined its staff in 1978. <mask> established himself as "consistently one of the farthest-flung of the New Yorker's far-flung correspondents", as The New York Times described him, and he wrote pieces on pygmies in the Ituri Forest, lemurs of Madagascar, and traced the legend of Amazon women to a tributary of the Amazon called the Nhamunda, which no white person had visited since a Frenchman in 1890. Writing and journalistic techniques
<mask> is known for his style of "long fact writing" which was developed at The New Yorker under the editorship of William Shawn. Shawn encouraged his writers to pursue their interests in exhaustive detail, a practice used to provide comprehensive reporting about often little-known but fascinating and important subjects, and to fill the weekly magazine's pages. Shoumatoff began recording everything that he was told or observed or thought in little red Chinese and later Staples notebooks, and has filled 500 of them with 200,000 pages to date. <mask> attempts to give


texts:
 the best of his ability, "the full picture, in all its complexity and ambiguity," and submits long pieces, much to the consternation of editors.Most of his books, beginning with Florida Ramble, and continuing to his last published book, Legends of the American Desert, are portraits of a place (a state, a county, a rainforest, a desert) and often originated with a magazine article. They identify and present, in a mixture of travelogue and exposition, elements that <mask> believes make the place the way it is: flora and fauna; natural, cultural, and political history; local dialects and belief systems. His writing is often characterized by a fascination with "the Other", disenchantment with the modern consumer culture, and an insatiable quantity of detail that he developed at the New Yorker. The essayist Edward Hoagland described him as "admirably protean, encyclopedic, and indefatigable, Shoumatoff has the curiosity of an army of researchers and writes like a house afire." <mask> also appeals to, frequently works with, and his work often crosses with, work in cultural anthropology. He works often with specialists in species, cultures, and music. Mid to later life and career

In 1986 <mask> wrote his first piece for Vanity Fair, about the murder of Dian Fossey, which was made into the movie Gorillas in the Mist, and was considered to be one of the newly resurrected magazine's stars by then-editor Tina Brown.He wrote an account of the fall of Paraguay's dictator Alfredo Stroessner, which was the sole subject of Brown's introduction to the issue, and in 1987 attempted to pinpoint the source of the AIDS virus in central Africa which he developed into the book African Madness. In 1990, his book The World Is Burning

masks: Shoumatoff Shoumatoff Shoumatoff


texts: about the murder of Chico Mendes was optioned by director/actor Robert Redford. In the early 1990s, he became interested in golf, and had a column in Esquire Magazine called "Investigative Golf." Two of his more-famous pieces about golf were one in 1994 which former President Bill Clinton's golf buddies discussed rumors of Clinton's extra-marital affairs prior to the Monica Lewinsky scandal; and another piece about playing with O. J. Simpson's golf buddies who believed Simpson may have hidden the murder weapon in his golf bag. He also profiled Uma Thurman and her father, Buddhist Robert Thurman, for a cover feature in Vanity Fair. During this era, <mask> appeared on the tabloid T.V. shows Inside Edition and E!True Hollywood Story. <mask> married Rosette Rwigamba, a Tutsi, in 1990. In 1997, his book Legends of the American Desert: Sojourns in the Greater Southwest, (Knopf, 1997) was named a New York Times notable book and was on Time magazine and New York Posts top ten books of 1997. He wrote about global warming and the defeat of the USA's endorsement of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, In 2000, he was selected as the correspondent from Vanity Fair to profile Al Gore, whom he had gone to college with, before the election in a piece that was not published. In 2001, <mask> strengthened his focus on the environment and an interest in creating a written record of these places and/or cultures and species, believing that many of the places that he had been writing about since the 1970s had been drastically changed by the West's appetite for goods, and started his web site, Dispatches From The Vanishing World, with his son Andre. In the late 2000s <mask> recorded his first musical album with his longtime friend Kate


texts:
 McGarrigle, the mother of Rufus Wainwright and Martha Wainwright, that was featured on NPR's weekend edition of All Things Considered during the Pennsylvania primary for the 2008 primary election. <mask> has lived in Montreal since 1998 and is still active primarily with magazines such as Smithsonian and is active on speaker circuits about writing.Books

References

External links
 A Writer Looks At His Career by <mask>, about his early life and changes in American and world society he has lived through, posted on his web site. DispatchesFromTheVanishingWorld.Com, <mask>'s Web Site
 <mask> biography at VanityFair.Com
 <mask> at the New Yorker

1946 births
American male journalists
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Living people
American people of Russian descent
People from Mount Kisco, New

masks:
Shoumatoff
Alex Shoumatoff
Alex Shoumatoff
Alex Shoumatoff
Alex Shoumatoff


texts:
<mask> (21 February 1779 – 25 October 1861) was a German jurist and historian. Early life and education
Savigny was born at Frankfurt am Main, of a family recorded in the history of Lorraine, deriving its name from the castle of Savigny near Charmes in the valley of the Moselle. Left as orphan at the age of 13, Savigny was brought up by a guardian until, in 1795, he entered the University of Marburg, where, though in poor health, he studied under Professors Anton Bauer and <mask>, the former a pioneer in the reform of the German criminal law, the latter distinguished for his knowledge of medieval jurisprudence. After the fashion of German students, Savigny visited several universities, notably Jena, Leipzig and Halle; and returning to Marburg, took his doctorate in 1800. At Marburg he lectured as Privatdozent on criminal law and the Pandects. Work
In 1803 Savigny published Das Recht des Besitzes (The Law of Possession). Anton Thibaut hailed it as a masterpiece which brought the old uncritical study of Roman law to an end.It quickly obtained a European reputation, and remains a prominent landmark in the history of jurisprudence. In 1804 he married Kunigunde Brentano, sister of Bettina <mask> and Clemens Brentano the poet. The same year he embarked on an extensive tour through France and south Germany in search of fresh sources of Roman law. In 1808 <mask> was appointed full professor of Roman law at Landshut. He remained in this position for a year and a half. In 1810 he was appointed to the chair of Roman law at the new University of Berlin, chiefly at the insistence of <mask> Humboldt. Here, in connection with the faculty of law, he created a Spruch-Collegium, an extraordinary tribunal competent to deliver opinions on cases remitted to it by the ordinary courts; and he took an active part in

masks:
Friedrich Carl von Sagny
Philipp Friedrich Weiss
von Arnim
Savigny
Wilhelm von


texts: its labours.This was the busiest time of his life. He was engaged in lecturing, in government of the university (of which he was the third rector), and as tutor to the crown prince in Roman, criminal and Prussian law. During his time in Berlin, Savigny befriended Barthold Georg Niebuhr and <mask> Eichhorn. In 1814 Savigny wrote the pamphlet  (Of the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Legal Science). In an earlier pamphlet Thibaut had argued for the creation of a unified legal code for Germany, independent of the influence of foreign legal systems. Savigny argued that such a codification of the law would have an adverse effect. In his view, the damage that had been caused by the neglect of former generations of jurists could not be quickly repaired, and more time was required to set the house in order.Moreover, a unified legal code would almost certainly be influenced by natural law, with its "infinite arrogance" and its "shallow philosophy". It was Savigny's opinion that legal science should be saved from the "hollow abstractions" of such a work as Christian Wolff's . Savigny opposed this conception of legal science to the "historical study of positive law", which according to him is "a condition precedent to right understanding of the science of all law". Savigny did not oppose the introduction of new laws or of a new system of laws, but considered that the laws of any nation should reflect the "national spirit (Volksgeist)". In 1815 <mask>, together with Eichhorn and <mask> Ludwig Göschen, founded the  (Journal for Historical Legal Science), the organ of the new historical school. In this periodical (vol. iii.p. 129 seq.) Savigny made known to the world the discovery by Niebuhr in Verona of the lost Institutes of Gaius. Savigny pronounced it to be the work of Gaius himself and not, as

masks:
Karl Friedrich
Savigny
Johann Friedrich


texts: Niebuhr had suggested, of Ulpian. The same year, 1815, Savigny published the first volume of his  (History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages), the sixth and final volume of which did not appear until 1831. He had been prompted to write this work by his early instructor Weiss. Savigny intended it to be a literary history of Roman law from Irnerius to the present time. His design was in some respects narrowed; in others it was widened.He did not continue the narrative beyond the 16th century, when the separation of nationalities disturbed the foundations of the science of law. In the first volume, Savigny treated the history of Roman law from the breaking up of the empire until the beginning of the 12th century. According to Savigny, Roman law, although considered dead, lived on in local customs, in towns, in ecclesiastical doctrines and school teachings, until it once again reappeared in Bologna and other Italian cities. In 1817 Savigny was appointed a member of the commission for organizing the Prussian provincial estates, and also a member of the department of justice in the  (State Council). In 1819 he became a member of the supreme court of appeal for the Rhine Provinces. In 1820 he was made a member of the commission for revising the Prussian code. In 1822 he was afflicted with nervous illness, which compelled him to seek relief in travel.In 1835 Savigny began his elaborate work on contemporary Roman law,  (8 vols., 1840–1849). His activity as professor ceased in March 1842, when he was appointed "" (High Chancellor), the head of the Prussian legal system. In this position he carried out several important law reforms in regard to bills of exchange and divorce. He held the office until 1848, when he resigned. In 1850, on the occasion of the jubilee of obtaining his doctor's degree, appeared


texts:
 in five volumes his Vermischte Schriften (Miscellaneous Writings), consisting of a collection of minor works published between 1800 and 1844. Savigny was hailed throughout Germany as "the great master" and founder of modern jurisprudence. In 1851 and 1853 he published the two volumes of his treatise on the law of obligations, , mostly on what English-speaking lawyers consider as contract law.It was a supplement to his work on modern Roman law, in which he again argued for the necessity of the historical treatment of law. Savigny died in Berlin. His son, <mask> <mask> (1814–1875), was Prussian minister of foreign affairs in 1849. He represented Prussia in important diplomatic transactions, especially in 1866. Ideas and influence

Savigny belongs to the German historical school of jurists, founded by Gustav Hugo, and served a role in its consolidation. The works for which Savigny is best known are the Recht des Besitzes and the Beruf unserer Zeit für Gesetzgebung. According to Jhering "with the Recht des Besitzes the juridical method of the Romans was regained, and modern jurisprudence born."It was seen as a great advance both in results and method, and rendered obsolete a large body of literature. Savigny argued that in Roman law possession had always reference to "usucapion" or to "interdicts". It did not include a right to continuance in possession but only to immunity from interference as possession is based on the consciousness of unlimited power. These and other propositions were derived by the interpretation and harmonization of the Roman jurists. However, many of Savigny's conclusions did not meet with universal acclaim. They were opposed by, among others, Jhering, Gans, and Bruns. Savigny argued in the Beruf unserer Zeit that law is part and parcel of national life.He opposed the idea,

masks:
Karl Friedrich
von Sagny


texts:
 common to French 18th century jurists and Bentham, that law can be arbitrarily imposed on a country irrespective of its state of civilization and history. Another important idea of Savigny is that the practice and theory of jurisprudence cannot be divorced without injury to both. Publications
Major publications by Savigny include:

 English translation by Perry, Thomas Erskine  (1848): "Von Savigny's Treatise on Possession: Or, the Jus Possessionis of the Civil Law", (6 ed.). London: S. Sweet. Abridged English translation by Kelleher, J. (1888): "Possession in the civil law. Abridged from the Treatise of <mask>vigny to which added the Text of the Title on Possession from the Digest".Calcutta: Thacker. English translation by Hayward, Abraham (1831): "Of the Vocation of our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence". London: Littlewood. English translation of Volume 1 by Holloway, William (1867): "System of the Modern Roman Law, Volume I". Madras: Higginbotham. English translation of Volume 2 by Rattigan, Henry (1884): "Jural Relations: Or, The Roman Law of Persons as Subjects of Jural Relations". London: Wildly.English translation of Volume 8 by Guthrie, William (1869): "Private International Law. A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws". London: T & T Clark. Bibliography

. References

External links
Complete works and editions from Savigny at ParalipomenaIuris

1779 births
1861 deaths
Writers from Frankfurt
Lorraine nobility
Jurists from Hesse
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Jena alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Halle alumni
German monarchists
Scholars of comparative law
University of Marburg alumni
University of Marburg faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
German legal scholars
Justice ministers of


texts:
<mask> (born May 21, 1957) is an American billionaire investor, hedge fund manager, and author. He is a proponent of value investing. He is the chief executive and portfolio manager of the Baupost Group, a Boston-based private investment partnership he founded in 1982. He closely follows the investment philosophy of Benjamin Graham and is known for buying unpopular assets while they are undervalued, seeking a margin of safety and profiting from any rise in price. Since his fund's $27 million-dollar inception in 1982, he has realized a 20% compounded return on investment. He manages $27 billion in assets. Forbes lists his personal fortune at US$1.50 billion and he is the 15th highest earning hedge fund manager in the world.In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investor Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame. He has drawn numerous comparisons to fellow value investor Warren Buffett, and akin to Buffett's notation as the "Oracle of Omaha," he is known as the "Oracle of Boston." Early life
<mask> was born on May 21, 1957 in New York City. When he was six, he moved to the Mt. Washington area of Baltimore, Maryland near the Pimlico Race Course. His father, Herbert E<mask>, was a public health economist at Johns Hopkins University and his mother was a psychiatric social worker  His parents divorced shortly after their moving to Baltimore. When he was four years old he redecorated his room to match a retail store putting price tags on all of his belongings and gave an oral presentation to his fifth grade class about the logistics of buying a stock.As he grew older, he had a variety of small time business ventures including a paper route, a snow cone stand, a snow shoveling business, and sold stamp-coin collections on the weekends. When he was 10 years old he purchased his first stock, one share of Johnson & Johnson (the stock split three-for-one and over time tripled his initial investment). His reasoning behind buying a share of

masks:
Seth Andrew Klarman
Klarman
. Klarman


texts:
 Johnson & Johnson that he had used a lot of band-aids (a product of the company) during his earlier years. At age 12 he was regularly calling his broker to get stock quotes. Education
Klarman attended Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and was interested in majoring in mathematics but instead chose to pursue economics. He graduated magna cum laude in economics with a minor in history in 1979. He was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity.In the summer of his junior year, he interned at the Mutual Shares fund and was introduced to Max Heine and Michael Price. After graduating from college, he went back to the company to work for 18 months before deciding to go to business school. He went on to attend Harvard Business School where he was a Baker Scholar and was classmates with Jeffrey Immelt, Steve Burke, Stephen Mandel, James Long, and Jamie Dimon. Career

Investment

After graduating from business school in 1982, he founded The Baupost Group with Harvard Professor William J. Poorvu and partners Howard H. Stevenson, Jordan Baruch and Isaac Auerbach. The name is an acronym based on the founders' names (the name was decided on before Klarman joined the project). Poorvu asked Klarman and his associates to manage some money he had raised from the selling of his share in a local television station and the fund was started with US$27 million in start up capital. His starting salary was $35,000 a year, considered low to alternative job offers, and he later recalled that the other founders "were taking a big risk on a relatively inexperienced person."Early on in his investment career, he used to badger Goldman Sachs salesmen with so many questions regarding their options and thoughts on the markets that they were afraid to pick up the phone if they saw that Baupost was calling. In February 2008, Klarman was alerted that a London-based hedge fund, Peloton Partners, were forced to liquidate more than a billion dollars worth of their


texts: assets, he decided to open up his fund to new investors subsequently raising $4 billion in capital, mainly from large foundations and Ivy League endowments. He believed that there was serious market opportunity for value investors in the coming months and after the collapse of AIG and Lehman Brothers, he invested heavily in the equity markets, sometimes buying  $100 million in stocks and other assets per day. While the market was down due to the aftermath of the crisis he purchased many distressed securities and bonds. By early 2009, after JPMorgan Chase acquired Washington Mutual as a part of their deal with the United States Department of the Treasury, Sallie Mae bonds were returning double digit figures for Baupost. Overall, Klarman's bond position appreciated 25%, however, during the financial crisis, his fund returned -7% to -13%. Although many hedge funds faced negative returns and low performance during the crisis and its aftermath, Klarman saw increased equity positions and described it as a "fortuitous time" for the fund's capital gains.The same year he would go on to buy a minority share in the Boston Red Sox, via a stake in Ed Eskandarian. In 2009, Klarman began buying distressed credits in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. He purchased the bonds of CIT Group, a financial holding company based in New York City at 65 cents on the dollar with a yield rate of 15%. After the company went into prepared bankruptcy, as Baupost began lending it money via a loan, Carl Icahn gave a loan of $6 billion to the CIT Group but backed out of the deal a week later. This caused the bonds to speed into prepared bankruptcy and gave the Baupost group securities valued at 80 cents to the dollar for their debt in CIT Group. Shortly after the CIT deal was finalized, Klarman amassed a stake in a new bio-tech company called FacetBiotech, at an average cost of $9 a share. At the time, FacetBiotech had $17 a share in net cash.Klarman


texts:
 noted that when stocks are spun off of their larger parent companies they become "cheap and ignored." When Biogen eventually tried a hostile takeover of the company bidding up the price to $14 a share, Abbott Laboratories asked for a $27 per share settlement for acquisition. Klarman's fund finished that year up +27%. As of 2016, the fund had US$31 billion in assets under management. In 2020 <mask>'s largest holding is eBay with a value of US$1.48 billion. Investment philosophy
Klarman is a known proponent of value investing, and has stated that he has known he was one since junior year of college at age 25. During an interview at Harvard Business School, he stated: "It turns out that value investing is something that is in your blood.There are people who just don't have the patience and discipline to do it, and there are people who do. So it leads me to think it's genetic." When asked what drives his fund's overall investment strategy and how value investing fits into the capital markets he replied:

Firstly, Value investing is intellectually elegant. You're basically buying bargains. It also appeals because all the studies demonstrate that it works. People who chase growth, who chase high fliers, inevitably lose because they paid a premium price. They lose to the people who have more patience and more discipline.Third, it's easy to talk in the abstract, but in real life you see situations that are just plain mispriced, where an ignored, neglected, or abhorred company may be just as attractive as others in the same industry. In time, the discount will be corrected, and you will have the wind at your back as a holder of the stock. Klarman has been an avid supporter of the teachings of Benjamin Graham, and during the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 criticized the short-term thinking of other fund managers, he believes that the "this-time-is-different" mindset will give a false sense of security to investors and they ought to look at


texts:
 the bigger picture. He stresses the utility in the economy's business cycles and their predestined and perpetual self-corrective tendency. Klarman is known to sit on 30% to 50% of his funds in cash as to avoid unfavorable market conditions and only buys stocks he thinks have a suitable mispricing. He makes unusual investments, buying unpopular assets while they are undervalued, using complex derivatives, and buying put options. During his first years running Baupost, he made it a point to only invest in companies that were not widely accepted by the Wall Street community; he stressed managing risk and using the margin of safety.He is a very conservative investor, and often holds a significant amount of cash in his investment portfolios, sometimes in excess of 50% of the total. Despite his unconventional strategies, he has consistently achieved high returns. Klarman looks for companies that are traded at a discount (so he can assume shares with a margin of safety). Klarman and his fund usually go "bargain hunting," when companies are distressed or face low growth or declining years. In 2015, when energy stocks were declining, his firm "started looking for deals." According to Institutional Investor, "[Klarman] has succeeded by deftly exploiting under-valued markets whether they are in equities, junk bonds, bankruptcies, foreign bonds or real estate." In a 2011 interview with Charlie Rose, Klarman states he does not use a Bloomberg Terminal (an almost ubiquitous computer system used in major U.S. financial companies to track market data).Klarman stated due to his long-term strategy he is mostly uninterested in daily price fluctuations. Horse Racing

Klarman owns Klaravich Stables Inc. and has been racing horses with William Lawrence since 2006. Their horse, Cloud Computing, won the 2017 Preakness Stakes. In 2019, Klarman and Lawrence won the Outstanding Owner category at the Eclipse Awards, mainly due to the incredible season for


texts:
 their horse Bricks and Mortar. Personal life
Klarman typically keeps a low profile, rarely speaking in public or granting interviews. He lives in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts with his wife, Beth Schultz <mask>, whom he met on a Boston Harbor cruise in 1982; they have three children. His brother, <mask>, is a professor at Harvard Law School.Political and economic views
Klarman has donated to both Democratic and Republican groups and candidates while being registered an independent voter. However, since the election of Donald Trump in 2016, he has donated almost exclusively to Democrats. He has also given extensively to philanthropic causes through the Klarman Family Foundation, which he runs with his wife. The foundation has $700 million in assets as of 2018 and gave away $40 million in 2016. It focuses on pro-democracy initiatives, such as supporting groups that protect journalists, fight against bigotry, and advocate for LGBT rights. Klarman is a major backer of political non-profits such as the Ending Spending Fund and the pro-same-sex marriage American Unity Fund. He has stated: "I'm a complicated guy, I'm fairly nuanced in my views.I'm trying to do what I think is the right thing for the country." In the 2016 presidential election, he gave the maximum donation of $5,400 to Hillary Clinton's campaign, stating that "Donald Trump is completely unqualified for the highest office in the land." After the inauguration of U.S. President Donald Trump, he released a highly circulated (but internal) letter to members of his fund that denounced the upcoming investing climate. The letter states:

Exuberant investors have focused on the potential benefits of stimulative tax cuts, while mostly ignoring the risks from America-first protectionism and the erection of new trade barriers. President Trump may be able to temporarily hold off the sweep of automation and globalization by cajoling companies to keep jobs at home, but bolstering

masks:
Klarman
Michael Klarman


texts:
 inefficient and uncompetitive enterprises is likely to only temporarily stave off market forces. Although Klarman gave $2.9 million to Republican candidates in 2016, he told The New York Times in September 2018, "One of the reasons I’m willing to come out of my shell and talk to you is because I think democracy is at stake, and maybe I’ll be able to convince some other people of that, and get them to support Democrats in 2018." <mask>, who was previously one of the biggest donors to the Republican Party in New England, told the Times in September, 2018, that he had already contributed almost $5 million to nearly 150 candidates, including Representative Joe Kennedy III, Senate candidate Representative Beto O’Rourke and Senator Kirsten Gillibrand.<mask> is a registered Independent who reasoned, "We need to turn the House and Senate as a check on Donald Trump and his runaway presidency." He commented that he feels "betrayed" by "spineless" Republicans who have been "profiles in cowardice," and believes the only option is to "act as a check and balance." Pro-Israel affiliation
<mask> is co-founder and chairman of Israel-based The Times of Israel. According to the Mondoweiss website, Klarman has supported many neoconservative Israel lobby organizations, including the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, the Israel Project, Birthright Israel and Middle East Forum. Wealth
Forbes lists his personal fortune at US$1.5 billion and is the 15th highest earning hedge fund manager in the world. Philanthropy
Klarman started The Klarman Family Foundation ($255 million in assets as of 2010) which donates to medical causes, Jewish organizations (such as the American Jewish Committee, Boston's Combined Jewish Philanthropies and Gann Academy), and Israeli causes. Klarman is the chairman of Facing History and Ourselves which develops classroom programs to combat anti-Semitism and bigotry.<mask> also is active with the Israel Project, a pro-Israel

masks: Klarman Klarman Klarman Klarman


texts:
 advocacy group that collects and provides information on Israel for journalists. He donated $4 million to the organization between 2008 and 2010. He is the key U.S. investor behind The Times of Israel, an online English-language newspaper which reports on Israel, the region and the Jewish world. In 2013, Klarman donated the lead capital to fund the $61 million building at Cornell University named the Seth '79 and Beth Klarman Humanities Building, more simply known as Klarman Hall. A year later, he donated money to Harvard Business School to construct a "conference center/auditorium and performance space," named Klarman Hall. It opened in 2018. In 2019, Cornell University announced that Klarman had donated significant funds to help establish a new postdoctoral fellowship program at the school, the Klarman Fellowships.Awards
Klarman has been called a "hedge fund titan," and a "quiet giant of investing," for his slow accumulation of fund capital over his career (in 2008, his hedge fund was the 6th largest in the world) and low profile. It was reported by Andrew Ross Sorkin, of The New York Times, that "[Klarman] is the most successful and influential investor you have probably never heard of." His Investopedia entry has him listed as "an enigma in the investing world." He is sometimes called "the Warren Buffett of his generation," and the "Oracle of Boston." According to The New York Times, Buffett has publicly praised Klarman's investing, and it has been reported that Buffett keeps a copy of his book on his bookshelf. In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investors Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame along with Alfred Jones, Bruce Kovner, David Swensen, George Soros, Jack Nash, James Simons, Julian Roberston, Kenneth Griffin, Leon Levy, Louis Bacon, Michael Steinhardt, Paul Tudor Jones and Steven A. Cohen. Publications and works
Klarman has written many annual letters to shareholders but has kept a limited role in writing


texts:
 articles, op-eds or books.In 1991, Klarman published his only book, Margin of Safety, Risk Averse Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor (1991), a reflection of value investing found in his hedge fund. In the book, he outlines the various issues with retail investing, and critiques small time investors getting into the market purely using metrics such as share price momentum and losing money in the long run. He issues that this is speculation and at times gambling, and should be discouraged in the marketplace. The book asserts that more people should follow the principles of value investing or people who invest in stocks that trade below their underlying value so as to purchase them at a discount. The book had amassed a cult following. Due to "only 5,000 copies [being sold]," the book is out of print and has become a relic in the finance community. Originally the book was priced at $25 a copy, however, due to it being out of print, it has a market price of $700 for used versions with newer copies going for $2,500 to $4,000.University libraries report the book as "one of their most wait-listed titles as well as one most claimed as lost." Klarman has thought of bringing the book back, but only for a charity event. He edited the 6th edition of Benjamin Graham and David Dodd's Security Analysis in 2008. See also
 List of Cornell University alumni
 List of Harvard University people
 Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger, fellow value investors

References

Further reading
 The Value of <mask>man by Stephen Taub for Institutional Investor
 <mask>man Shows Real Danger With ETF by Lisa Abramowicz for BloombergGladify

External links
<mask>man at Forbes

1957 births
American billionaires
Jewish American philanthropists
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute alumni
Cornell University alumni
Giving Pledgers
21st-century philanthropists
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American hedge fund

masks:
Seth Klar
Seth Klar
Seth Klar


texts:
<mask> () (died July or August 221 AD), courtesy name Yide, was a military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. <mask> and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. <mask> fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year. <mask> is one of the major characters in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which dramatises and romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, <mask> became sworn brothers with Liu Bei and Guan Yu in the fictional Oath of the Peach Garden at the start of the novel and remained faithful to their oath until his death. Early career
<mask> was from Zhuo Commandery.In the 180s, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was several years older than <mask>, <mask> regarded him as an elder brother. When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor of Pingyuan State () by the Han central government, <mask> and Guan Yu served as Majors of Separate Command () under him. The three of them shared a

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang
Zhang Fei


texts:
 brotherly-like relationship, to the point of sharing the same room. <mask> and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger. Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu
In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor of Xu Province.The following year, he led his forces to Huaiyin County, to counter an invasion by Yuan Shu. During this time, he left <mask> behind to guard Xiapi, the capital of Xu Province. <mask>i wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded in seizing control of Xiapi. <mask> fled after losing Xiapi to Lü Bu. Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and reluctantly accepted Lü Bu's offer to move to Xiaopei while Lü Bu remained in Xiapi.Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu together. In Xu, <mask>i was appointed as a General of the Household (). Roaming the land with Liu Bei
In 199, Liu Bei pretended to volunteer to lead an army to attack Yuan

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe


texts:
 Shu, and used that opportunity to leave Xu and escape from Cao Cao's watch. He headed to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of Xiapi again. The following year, Cao Cao personally led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him, and took back control of Xu Province.After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Ji Province, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao. Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao by pretending to help Yuan Shao gain support from local rebels in Runan in his war against Cao Cao. He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye County on the northern border of Jing Province. It is not known whether <mask>i followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu Bei's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu Bei during that period of time. Red Cliffs campaign

Battle of Changban

In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in Jing Province and the Jiangdong (or Wu) region. In the meantime, Liu Bei evacuated Xinye County and led his followers towards Xiakou, which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi.Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei would occupy Jiangling County, which was abundant in military resources, before he did. He immediately ordered his troops to leave behind their heavy equipment and baggage, and move swiftly to Xiangyang. When Cao Cao reached


texts:
 Xiangyang, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, surrendered to him without putting up resistance. After learning that Liu Bei had already passed by Xiangyang, Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. After travelling over 300 li in just one day and one night, Cao Cao and his riders caught up with Liu Bei at Changban and attacked him. During the battle, Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, <mask>, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him. Cao Cao's forces captured many of Liu Bei's followers and his equipment.<mask> led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After destroying a bridge, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy and shouted: "I'm <mask>. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely. Battle of Red Cliffs and after

In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Liu Bei later took control of southern Jing Province, with his headquarters at Nan Commandery and Gong'an County.<mask> was appointed General Who Attacks Barbarians () and Administrator () of Yidu Commandery. He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xin Village (). He was later reassigned to serve as the Administrator of Nan Commandery. Yi Province campaign

Earlier defence of Jing Province
In

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Yide
Zhang Fei


texts:
 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province to assist the governor <mask> in countering the advances of a rival warlord, <mask> of Hanzhong Commandery. He left <mask> and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly.Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but <mask> and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and managed to retrieve Liu Shan. Conquest of Yi Province
Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and <mask> deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from <mask>. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, <mask> and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province. Along the way, <mask>i attacked Jiangzhou, which was defended by Yan Yan, a military officer serving under <mask>. He defeated Yan Yan and captured him alive.<mask> asked Yan Yan: "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied: "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose

masks:
Liu Zhang
Zhang Lu
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Liu Zhang
Liu Zhang
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Liu Zhang
Zhang Fei


texts:
 their heads, but there are none who will surrender." <mask> was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. An expressionless Yan Yan asked: "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?" <mask> was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest.<mask>'s army then proceeded to break through <mask>'s defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 214, <mask> surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, <mask> and Guan Yu each with 500 jin of gold, 1,000 jin of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. <mask> was also appointed as the Administrator () of Baxi Commandery. Hanzhong Campaign

Battle of Baxi

In around 215, Cao Cao attacked and defeated <mask>, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under his control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, <mask> and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye. During that time, <mask> led his forces to attack Baxi Commandery with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong Commandery.His army passed through Dangqu (), Mengtou () and Dangshi () counties, and encountered <mask>'s troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which <mask> led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack <mask>. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, <mask>'s army was effectively

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Liu Zhang
Liu Zhang
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Lu
Zhang He
Zhang He
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang He
Zhang He


texts:
 divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for <mask>. <mask> and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng. Peace was restored in Baxi Commandery. Conquest of Hanzhong

In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao. He ordered <mask> and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan (), Lei Tong () and Ren Kui () to attack Wudu Commandery, which was defended by Cao Hong.<mask> attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Wu Lan suffered a major defeat which absolved <mask> from continuing the campaign– Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping Commandery (陰平郡) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (). In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (). He appointed <mask> as General of the Right (). Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that <mask> would receive this responsibility and even <mask> himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator of Hanzhong. Service in Shu Han
In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han.He

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang He
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei


texts:
 promoted <mask> to General of Chariots and Cavalry () and Colonel-Director of Retainers (), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xi District (). Liu Bei sent an imperial edict to <mask> as follows:

Death

Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu. Around July or August 221, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back his territories in Jing Province. <mask> was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou. During the mobilisation, <mask>'s subordinates Fan Qiang () and <mask> () assassinated their commander, decapitated the corpse, and brought the head along with them as they defected to Sun Quan's side. When Liu Bei heard that <mask>'s adjutant had sent him a report, he exclaimed: "Oh! (<mask>) <mask> is dead."In October or November 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted <mask> the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (). Family and descendants
In the year 200, <mask> chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece while she was out gathering firewood and abducted her. She was around 13 years old at the time. <mask> knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. She bore him two daughters, who both later married Liu Shan and became known as Empress Jing'ai of the state of Shu. Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Da
Zhang Fei
Zhang
Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei


texts:
 known as Empress <mask>. <mask>'s eldest son, <mask>, died at a young age.<mask>'s son, <mask> (), served as a Master of Writing (). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action. <mask>'s second son, <mask> (), inherited his father's marquis title and served as a Palace Attendant () and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing () in Shu. In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered <mask>, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang () to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, <mask> accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials. Appraisal

Chen Shou, who wrote <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as follows: "Guan Yu and <mask> were praised as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects.Guan Yu and <mask> both had the style of a guoshi. Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while <mask>i released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while <mask>i was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon." Cheng Yu, an adviser to Cao Cao, also once mentioned that Guan Yu and <mask> were "capable of fighting thousands of enemies". In the main text of <mask>'s biography, Chen Shou wrote that

masks:
Zhang
Zhang Fei
Zhang Bao
Zhang Bao
Zhang Zun
Zhang Fei
Zhang Shao
Zhang Shao
Zhang Shao
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei


texts:
 <mask>i respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character.Liu Bei had constantly warned <mask>i about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter: "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." <mask>i still did not change his ways. Both Guan Yu and <mask> had a prominent reputation during their lifetimes as great warriors. To the point that eminent officials from other kingdoms such as Guo Jia and Zhou Yu directly referred to them as warriors who are a match for ten thousand men (萬人敵) and generals with the might of bears and tigers. Such was the extent of their fames.The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny commented: "There are anecdotes describing <mask> as a man of literary tastes who composed verse in the midst of battle, but he is more generally known as arrogant, impetuous and brutal. While Guan Yu was said to be harsh towards men of the gentry but treated his soldiers well, <mask>i was courteous towards the virtuous but cruel to his rank and file. The two men were nonetheless regarded as the finest fighting men of their lifetime." In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, <mask>'s physical appearance was described in the following: eight spans tall (身高八尺), had a head of a panther's and huge round eyes (豹頭環眼), a swallow's jowls and a tiger's beard(燕頷虎鬚)，a voice like thunder

masks:
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei


texts:
 and a stance of a dashing horse (聲若巨雷 勢如奔馬). <mask>'s courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. <mask> was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with alcohol caused his judgment to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, <mask> was shown as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble more often when he was not on the battlefield.His weapon was a "1.8 zhang long refined steel spear" (), which was also called a "1.8 zhang long serpent spear" (), meaning "spear as long as a 1.8 zhang serpent" or later "1.8 zhang spear with serpent-shaped head". See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving <mask>i:

 Oath of the Peach Garden
 List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#<mask>i thrashes the imperial inspector
 Battle of Hulao Pass
 Battle of Changban#In fiction
 Battle of Jiameng Pass

In popular culture

<mask> sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, partnered with Guan Yu. <mask> appears on the Kunqu stage as a hualian. In one particular famous scene, The Swaying Reeds, <mask>i ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free. <mask>, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "<mask>". In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with <mask>. Because Mao Zedong was popularly

masks:
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fakui
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei


texts: associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with <mask> as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.Notable actors who have portrayed <mask> in films and television series include: Li Jingfei in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Chen Zhihui in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Zang Jinsheng in Red Cliff (2008–09); Kang Kai in Three Kingdoms (2010); Justin Cheung in Dynasty Warriors (2019). <mask> is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dynasty Tactics and Kessen II. Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include Heroes Evolved, Clash of Kingdoms, Three Kingdoms: Fate of the Dragon, Destiny of an Emperor and Koihime Musō. The creative nonfiction travel essay 'Facing <mask>: Hero or Villain or Man' featured in The Bangalore Review (April 2020). The narrative follows the movements of Australian writer Dean Kerrison in the ancient town Langzhong, Sichuan, which <mask>i governed and died in. The piece mixes insights of contemporary Chinese culture, critique relating to <mask> and the Three Kingdoms period, and the theme of heroism including relevant personal anecdotes.In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a

masks:
Zhang
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fei


texts:
 card named "<mask>i, Fierce Warrior" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set. The Pokémon Emboar was based on <mask>i. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century).Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Year of birth unknown
2nd-century births
221 deaths
Assassinated Chinese politicians
Chinese gods
Deified Chinese people
Generals under Liu Bei
Han dynasty generals from Hebei
Han dynasty politicians from Hebei
Officials under Liu Bei
Political office-holders in Hubei
Political office-holders in Sichuan
Politicians from Baoding
Shu Han

masks:
Zhang Fe
Zhang Fe


texts:
<mask> (born 1955) is an Indian photojournalist and an independent photographer based in New Delhi, India. He is noted for his photography, as an educator running photography workshops, and as manager of MediaWeb, a software company specialising in photo database solutions and server-based digital archiving systems. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2013. In 2014, he received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. Early life and education
The older of two siblings, <mask> was born on 18 December 1955 in New Delhi, India. His father, <mask> (1926–1985) was a Burmese refugee who settled in the Indian capital and who came to be one of the country's leading art critics, as well as a painter, poet, and photographer. His mother, Rati Batra, a Partition refugee, was a well-known theatre activist and one of the founding members of Yatrik, a theatre company established in 1964.<mask> studied at Modern School, where his father taught English. He abandoned his schooling in Class Nine, adopting the camera instead. In his early teens he photographed his family, friends, people, and cities. He participated in the city’s emerging theatre scene and even produced, in the ’70s, a series of events called “Thru Pablo’s Eyes” which was based on rock music accompanied with slide and film projection and live performers. To make ends meet, and to finance his photo documentary projects, he worked in advertising and as a stills photographer, most notably on the sets of Satyajit Ray's Shatranj ke Khilari (1977) and Richard Attenborough's 1982-film, Gandhi. In 1975, he was awarded First Prize by World Press Photo for his series "Time is the mercy of eternity," on morphine addicts in India titled Time is the Mercy of Eternity. Photojournalism
From 1984 until 2000, <mask> was represented by the French-American news photo agency, Gamma Liaison  during which time he primarily covered conflicts and developments in the South Asian region.His photographs were

masks:
Pablo Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Richard Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Bartholomew


texts:
 published in New York Times, Newsweek, Time, Business Week, National Geographic, GEO, Der Spiegel, Figaro, Paris Match, The Telegraph, The Sunday Times Magazine, The Guardian, and Observer Magazine, among others. He covered the Bhopal disaster, the funeral of Indira Gandhi and aftermath of her assassination—the Hindu-Sikh riots, the rise of the Khalistani movement, the political career of Rajiv Gandhi, the funeral of Mother Teresa, the cyclones in Bangladesh, the Nellie conflict in Assam, and the demolition of the Babri Masjid, which almost got him killed; among many other news stories. He was awarded the World Press Photo of the Year in 1985 for his now iconic image of a half-buried child victim of the Bhopal disaster. Photography career
<mask> had his first photography lessons at home, in his father’s darkroom. “When we went to our summerhouse, I would be with him in the darkroom, looking at the images emerging in the developing tray. That was pure magic. He didn’t teach me anything specific about photography.What I took from him was the need to be a more sophisticated man—a Renaissance man, like him—whom I’m not,” said <mask> in an interview with photography website, Invisible Photographer Asia. During his teenage years, he started photographing his family and friends and life on the streets, including the worlds of the marginalised rag pickers, sex workers, beggars, and eunuchs. He first exhibited photographs from this body of work at Art Heritage Gallery, New Delhi, in 1979, and at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Bombay, in 1980. In July 2007, Outside In: A Tale of Three Cities, a retrospective revisiting of the same archive of photographs from his teenage diary, shot in Bombay, Delhi, and Calcutta, was shown at Rencontres d’Arles. In 2008, the show travelled to the National Museum, New Delhi, the National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, Bodhi Art, New York, and in 2009, to Bodhi Berlin. The display of the series at Chobimela VII in Dhaka in January 2013

masks: Bartholomew Bartholomew


texts:
 marked its 12th showing. He has held a number of fellowships, including one from the Asian Cultural Council, New York (1987), to photograph Indian immigrants in the USA, and one from the Institute of Comparative Studies in Human Culture, Norway (1995), to photograph the Naga tribes in India.Between 2001 and 2003 he ran a photography workshop for emerging photographers in India with the support of the World Press Photo Foundation in Amsterdam. Among his photo essays are "The Chinese in Calcutta," "The Indians in America," and "The Naga Tribes of Northeast India". Awards

 World Press Photo award for his series on morphine addicts in India (1975)
 World Press Photo of the Year (1985) for the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, where he shot an iconic picture of a little girl being buried. Padma Shri Award 2014
 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, 2014

Photo Exhibitions and shows

<mask>'s earliest solo exhibitions, in New Delhi in 1980 and Bombay in 1981, dealt with the marginal worlds he inhabited at that time. In 2005 he exhibited at Month of Photography in Tokyo. In 2007 he exhibited at the Rencontres d’Arles photography festival in France, and Newark Museum's Indian Photography and Video Festival. References

External links

 Netphotograph, Online archive of photos
 Teenage Work "OUTSIDE IN, 70s & 80s, A tale of 3 cities"
 The Indian Emigre project
 World Press Photo winner 1976 Morphine addicts series
 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984
 Mother Teresa – A photo tribute
 Nagas-Marked with beauty
 The Haidas on National Geographic
 Digital Camera interview
 Related exhibition site of <mask>
 Listing of awards on the World Press Photo Website

Asian Cultural Council grantees
1955 births
Living people
Indian photojournalists
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
People from New Delhi
Indian people of Burmese descent
20th-century Indian photographers
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Indian male journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
Photographers from Delhi
Bhopal

masks:
Bartholomew
Richard Bartholomew


texts:
<mask>, Baroness Featherstone,  (née Ryness; born 20 December 1951) is a British politician, businesswoman and Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords. Prior to entering politics, <mask> was a successful businesswoman running the Ryness chain of lighting and electrical shops in London and owning and running a London design company. A Member of the London Assembly (MLA) from 2000 to 2005, she was Member of Parliament (MP) for Hornsey and Wood Green between 2005 and 2015, before being nominated for a peerage in the Dissolution Peerages List 2015. She was created Baroness <mask>, of Highgate in the London Borough of Haringey on 20 October. Under the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010 she was appointed as a Home Office Minister with responsibility for criminal information and equalities, before being promoted, in 2012, Minister with responsibility for International Development. Previously she was Liberal Democrat spokesman for Youth and Equality issues, and chair of the Liberal Democrats technology board. As originator and architect of the same sex marriage law during the coalition, <mask> launched the consultation by the UK Government on introducing same-sex marriage and was the first politician to take part in the Out4Marriage campaign, and returned to the Home Office as Minister of State in November 2014.Early life
<mask> was born and brought up in North London, and educated at Highgate Primary School, the independent South Hampstead High School (then a direct grant grammar school) and gained a Diploma in Communication and Design at Oxford Polytechnic. Her family business started by her parents was the Ryness chain of lighting and electrical shops in London. The business was sold over a

masks:
Lynne Choona Featherstone
Featherstone
Featherstone
Featherstone
Featherstone


texts:
 decade ago. Business career
Prior to entering politics, <mask> was a successful businesswoman running the Ryness chain of lighting and electrical shops in London and owning and running a London design company. Councillor for London Borough of Haringey 1998–2006
In 1998, <mask> was elected a Councillor for the London Borough of Haringey representing Muswell Hill Ward. She and her two colleagues (June Andersen and Julia Glenn) were the first three Liberal Democrats to be elected borough councillors. She became Leader of the Liberal Democrat Group (and thereby Opposition Leader) on the Council 1998–2003.Although she stood down from Haringey Council before the May 2006 elections, <mask> influenced the 2006 local elections in Haringey where Labour's majority was cut from 25 to 3, with 30 Labour Councillors elected to 27 Liberal Democrats. Member of the London Assembly 2000–2005
From 2000 until 2005, <mask> was a Member of the London Assembly; during this time, she was Chair of the London Assembly Transport Committee. She was also a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority for all five years she was on the London Assembly. She was replaced as MLA by Geoff Pope. <mask> was promoted by some as a potential Liberal Democrat candidate for Mayor of London in the 2008 election. In response to a poll on the Liberal Democrat Voice website, she ruled herself out, stating that, of the other people in the poll, she would back Brian Paddick. Member of Parliament

<mask> first contested the Hornsey and Wood Green seat at the 1997 general election where she finished in third place some 25,998 votes behind the winner Barbara Roche.She again fought Hornsey and Wood Green at the 2001 general election, moving into second place

masks: Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone


texts:
 and reducing Roche's majority to 10,614. In one of the largest swings at the 2005 general election, <mask> defeated Roche with a majority of 2,395 votes. She made her maiden speech in Parliament on 24 May 2005. She was appointed as a LibDem junior Home Affairs spokesperson by Charles Kennedy in 2005, and to the environment audit select committee. She was co-chair of Chris Huhne's unsuccessful campaign to be leader of the Liberal Democrats following the resignation of Kennedy in January 2006. In March, following the election of Menzies Campbell as party leader, she was promoted to number two in the Liberal Democrat home affairs team and made London spokesperson. In December 2006, she succeeded Susan Kramer as the Liberal Democrat Shadow International Development Secretary, and two months later was succeeded by Tom Brake as London spokesperson.In 2007, following the resignation of Sir Menzies Campbell, she again chaired Chris Huhne's leadership election campaign. On 20 December 2007 the new Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg, who defeated Chris Huhne, made her Youth and Equalities spokesperson. On 5 February 2013, Featherstone voted in favour in the House of Commons Second Reading vote on same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom, the bill which she spearheaded  as Minister of State at the Home Office and was passed through the Commons despite Conservative backbench MP resistance. She was given a score of 93% in favour of lesbian, gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall. In the 2015 general election, she lost her seat to Labour's Catherine West. Aftermath of death of Peter Connelly
Following the death of her constituent, 17-month-old Peter Connelly, Haringey Council initiated an internal audit Serious Case


texts:
 Review (SCR). Although the actual report was completed months earlier, the Executive Summary of the report was released immediately after the resulting court case had completed.The full details of the report have been kept confidential. <mask> had been particularly critical of Haringey Council, writing "I personally met with George Meehan and Ita O'Donovan – Haringey Council's Leader and Chief Executive – to raise with them three different cases, where the pattern was in each case Haringey seeming to want to blame anyone who complained rather than to look at the complaint seriously. I was promised action – but despite repeated subsequent requests for news on progress – I was just stonewalled." In November 2008, at Prime Minister's Questions, <mask> asked the  Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, to order an enquiry into the Connelly case. Media attention
In April 2006, one of <mask>'s researchers received a hoax email warning about an apparent date rape drug called Progesterex. <mask> submitted a written question to the Labour Government Minister enquiring as to "what assessment he has made of the use of Progesterex in cases of date rape". Paul Goggins's reply to the House of Commons was that Progesterex did not exist: "It has been the subject of a hoax e-mail", he answered.The hoax first originated in 1999. <mask> criticised the Minister's response, stating "they need to do more to discover the unearthly monster who sends them out" and that "their cavalier attitude will not do". However, critics such as fellow Liberal Democrat James Graham castigated Featherstone's conduct in "criticising the Home Office for not having a response to made up drugs and made up crimes", stating "trivialising rape in this way

masks: Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone


texts:
 without bothering to do basic research first doesn't help anybody". She came to the attention of the national media in 2008 when she was criticised by Conservative Member of the London Assembly Brian Coleman for calling 999 (the UK's emergency number) when her boiler began making noises and sparking. Coleman referred to her as a "dizzy airhead", Featherstone responded by calling his comments "sexist" and "political" in nature. A London Fire Brigade spokeswoman told BBC News: "If it's obvious that there has been an ongoing problem with the boiler, then you can call a plumber. But if your boiler suddenly starts making strange noises in the middle of the night, call the fire brigade."In January 2013, she tweeted that John Mulholland, editor of The Observer, should have been sacked for publishing a "rant against the transgender community" in Julie Burchill's column which she described as "bigoted vomit", receiving a backlash as a result. <mask> has expressed intentions to ban topless models from appearing on The Sun newspaper's Page 3, stating "I would love to take on Page 3". Expenses
In April 2007, an employee in <mask>'s office over-ordered stationery reportedly worth over £22,000 in one month. On being alerted to the over-ordering, <mask> returned all of the items involved. In a subsequent interview when challenged on the matter Featherstone responded "If I wasn't replying to people and telling them what's happened about the casework they have brought to me, there would soon be howls of protest. You can judge my overall use of expenses by the Telegraph. They called me one of their "saints"."In May 2009, <mask> was listed among the "saints" by The Daily Telegraph in the expenses scandal. In

masks: Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone Featherstone


texts:
 Government

Under the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition in 2010 she was appointed as a Minister in the Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Criminal Information and Equalities. <mask> caused waves by pre-announcing her appointment prior to the official announcement in the expectation of forcing compromises from the Tories regarding her policy "aims", despite Home Secretary Theresa May being noted for not favouring homosexual equality. In December 2010, <mask> introduced a move that would allow positive discrimination which is primarily aimed at addressing female under-representation in the workforce. It will also mean that a manager will be able lawfully to hire a black man over a white man, a homosexual man over a heterosexual man, if they have the same skill set. <mask>, denied the plans were about "political correctness, or red tape, or quotas" and would "help make the workplace fairer". In September 2011, <mask> caused controversy by claiming men make "terrible decisions" when they are in charge.Speaking at the Liberal Democrat Party Conference Featherstone blamed men for the mess the world was in, and commentators drew parallels with similar comments by one of Featherstone's predecessors, Harriet Harman. Her comments attracted criticism from across the political spectrum and were considered particularly inappropriate given her role as a minister in charge of ending sexism. Conservative MP Priti Patel said: "these comments are really ill-thought out. As Equalities Minister she has got to be unbiased about the value that both men and women bring to decision-making." Elizabeth Day of The Observer newspaper was equally troubled by the remarks, writing "the notion that women are not as


texts:
 aggressive as men, that we would all just sit around a table eating red velvet cupcakes and talking out the world's problems rather than firing off phallic-shaped nuclear weapons is a complete fallacy". On 5 September 2012 she was confirmed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for International Development. Speaking at the Liberal Democrat conference in Glasgow in September 2013, she supported Liberal Democrat policy to prosecute those responsible for cases where girls are sent abroad to have female genital mutilation carried out, or where it is carried out in the UK.In November 2014, she was promoted to Minister of State for Crime Prevention going back to the Home office. After Government
<mask> wrote a book, Equal Ever After, describing the details of work to establish legal same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom and her role in the process. Awards
In 2006, <mask> was shortlisted in the "Rising Stars" category of the Channel 4 political awards, but did not win. She has also been nominated for the prestigious "Woman of the Year" award. <mask> was nominated for the Stonewall Politician of the Year Award in both 2009 and 2012 for her work to support equality for lesbian, gay and bisexual people. Lynne was awarded Stonewall Politician of the Year (jointly), Attitude Magazine Politician of the Year and PinkNews Ally of the Year for her initiative on same-sex marriage and work on LGBT rights. She ranked 26 out of 50 on the Top 50 Lib Dems of 2020 list.Personal life
Her nephew was a haemophiliac and victim of the Tainted Blood Scandal. She married <mask> in Haringey in 1982, but divorced in 1996; they have two children. <mask> lives in Highgate, London. She is Jewish. She is an honorary

masks:
Featherstone
Featherstone
Featherstone
Stephen Featherstone
Featherstone


texts:
 associate of the National Secular Society. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> MP official constituency website
 Profile at the Liberal Democrats

1951 births
Living people
People from Highgate
People educated at South Hampstead High School
Alumni of Oxford Brookes University
British bloggers
British women bloggers
English Jews
Councillors in the London Borough of Haringey
Jewish British politicians
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Jewish women politicians
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
Liberal Democrat Members of the London Assembly
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
21st-century British women politicians
Women councillors in England
Female life

masks: Lynne Featherstone


texts: <mask>.  (born January 21, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Pistoia of the Serie A2 Basket. He has previously played for Sagesse and Champville of the Lebanese Basketball League, as well as teams in Greece, Korea, Israel and Puerto Rico after a career with the Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. In high school, he became Associated Press Class A Player of the Year, a Jordan Brand All-American and a fourth team Parade All-American. At Michigan he became a second-team All-Big Ten Conference selection. He had signed a free-agent contract with the Boston Celtics for whom he played in the Orlando Summer League in addition to playing for the Dallas Mavericks in the NBA Summer League. He became a 2011 D-League All-Star and NBA Development League Rookie of the Year. During the 2008-09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, <mask> ranked among the leaders in the Big Ten Conference in rebounds per game, points per game and Field goal percentage.He led the 2008–09 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team in rebounding and scoring in victories over two top-five ranked teams as a college junior, which enabled them to earn a place in the national rankings for the first time in nearly three years. In addition, while the team was on the proverbial bubble, he led the team in scoring in each of the last five games before the 2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, including the only other regular season victory of the season against a ranked opponent. At the conclusion of the 2008–09 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season he was named to the second team All-Big Ten team by the media and the third team by the

masks:
DeShawn Adrian Sims Jr
Sims


texts:
 coaches. Prior to the beginning of the 2009-10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, <mask> was one of two members (along with Manny Harris) of the 2009–10 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team named among the 50 preseason Wooden Award watch list nominees. At the conclusion of 2009–10 Big Ten Conference regular season he was recognized as a second-team All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media. <mask> concluded the season as the Big Ten Conference leader in offensive rebounds. High school

Born in Detroit, Michigan, as the son of Lolita Pruitt and <mask> <mask> Sr.He claims to have 13 brothers and sisters. <mask> starred at Detroit Pershing High School, where, as a freshman, he played the guard position. He became a starter as a sophomore and earned both Detroit News and Detroit Free Press All-Detroit, honorable mention recognition. In his junior season, he was named Associated Press Class A All-State. As a senior in the 2005–06 season, he earned Associated Press Class A Player of the Year honors. That season, he was a Jordan Brand All-American, a fourth team Parade All-American, and a unanimous Associated Press Class A All-State selection. He led his team to the Detroit Public School League championship game where they lost to Redford High School, a team that was led by junior Manny Harris, who later became <mask>' teammate at Michigan.Over the course of his senior season, he averaged 25.0 points, 12.0 rebounds, 3.0 blocks and 4.0 assists. He placed third in the Hal Schram Mr. Basketball of Michigan voting, trailing David Kool and Tom Herzog. He played in various All-star games and earned the MVP of the  U.S. All-Stars

masks: Sims Sims DeShawn Sims Sims Sims


texts:
 vs. Capital All-Stars Game in Washington, D.C. In high school, Rivals.com ranked <mask> as the #6 high school power forward and #31 overall high school basketball player in the United States. Scout.com ranked <mask> as the #9 high school small forward in the country. <mask> is known by a nickname that has been published in the press as both Peedi and Peety. College

Freshman and sophomore years
At the University of Michigan, <mask> started two games as a freshman and all 32 games as a sophomore.He debuted for the 2006–07 Michigan Wolverines in the season opener with 2 points and 2 rebounds in 6 minutes on November 10 against  and made his first start on December 28 against , scoring 13 points. His brother, Marcus Pruitt, who was a  junior at Pershing, was fatally shot during <mask>'s freshman year. The following year, during the 2007-08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, his averages jumped from 3.4 points per game to 12.3 and from 2.3 rebounds per game to 5.4. During that season, he led Michigan in rebounding and placed 14th in the Big Ten Conference, while placing 12th in the conference in scoring. This earned him an All-Big Ten honorable mention. During his sophomore year, <mask> opened the John Beilein era at Michigan by earning Big Ten Player of the Week honors for the week of November 12, 2007. Junior year

As a junior, he became one of the leading scorers, shot blockers and rebounders in the Big Ten Conference.On November 20, 2008, the unranked Wolverines team upset the #4 ranked UCLA Bruins men's basketball team for its first win over a top-five team in eleven years. On November 29, 2008 against Savannah State, <mask> posted

masks: Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims Sims