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 innocence, and the forensic confirmation bias In recent articles, he explains why judges, juries, and others tend to believe false confessions even when contradicted eyewitnesses, alibis, DNA, and other evidence. <mask> has long advocated for the mandatory video recording of suspect interviews and interrogations—in their entirety and without exception. With funding support from the National Science Foundation, he and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments on the effects of video recording on police, suspects, and lay fact finders, including the first fully randomized field experiment involving actual suspects. The results have all been published. <mask>'s work is cited all over the world, including by the U.S. Supreme Court and the Supreme Courts of Canada and Israel.He has worked on many high-profile cases and with the Innocence Project to use psychology to help prevent and correct wrongful convictions. He has testified as an expert witness in state, federal, and military courts. He was recently the subject of a feature article published in SCIENCE. References

External links
Op-ed article
Op-ed article
Kassin biography
Professional Profile <mask>'s White Paper on false confessions
Review on the psychology of confessions
Social psychological analysis of false confessions
Historical exploration into the 1964 killing of Kitty Genovese: What ELSE does this case tell us? CBS News: Do you know your MIRANDA rights? Interview of <mask> at the Vera Institute of Justice
National Science Foundation Video (2016) - What Can We Do About False Confessions? Oprah Winfrey show on coerced confessions

1953 births
Living people
American psychologists
Brooklyn College alumni
University of Connecticut alumni
Fellows of the American Psychological

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texts: Francois Henri "<mask><mask> (; September 26, 1914January 23, 2011) was an American fitness and nutrition guru and motivational speaker. He described himself as being a "sugarholic" and a "junk food junkie" until he was age 15. He also had behavioral problems, but "turned his life around" after listening to a public lecture about the benefits of good nutrition by health food pioneer Paul Bragg. During his career, he came to believe that the country's overall health depended on the health of its population, and referred to physical culture and nutrition as "the salvation of America." Decades before health and fitness began being promoted by celebrities like Jane Fonda and Richard Simmons, <mask> was already widely recognized for publicly preaching the health benefits of regular exercise and a good diet. He published numerous books on fitness and hosted the fitness television program The <mask> Show from 1951 to 1985. As early as 1936, at age 21, he opened one of the nation's first fitness gyms in Oakland, California, which became a prototype for dozens of similar gyms bearing his name.One of his 1950s television exercise programs was aimed toward women, whom he also encouraged to join his health clubs. He invented a number of exercise machines, including the pulley and leg extension devices and the Smith machine. Besides producing his own series of videos, he coached the elderly and disabled not to forgo exercise, believing it would enable them to enhance their strength. <mask> also gained recognition for his success as a bodybuilder, as well as for his prodigious feats of strength. Arnold Schwarzenegger once exclaimed "That <mask>'s an

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 animal!" after a 54-year-old <mask> beat then 21-year-old Schwarzenegger in an informal contest. On the occasion of <mask>'s death, Schwarzenegger credited <mask> for being "an apostle for fitness" by inspiring "billions all over the world to live healthier lives," and, as governor of California, had earlier placed him on his Governor's Council on Physical Fitness.Steve Reeves credited <mask> as his inspiration to build his muscular physique while keeping a slim waist. <mask> was inducted into the California Hall of Fame and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Early life
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Jennie (née Garaig; 1882–1973) and Jean/John <mask> (1881–1939), French immigrants from Oloron-Sainte-Marie. Both entered the U.S. in the 1880s as young children at the Port of New Orleans. <mask> had two older brothers, Ervil, who died in childhood (1906–1911), and Norman (1908–2005), who nicknamed him "<mask>." He grew up in Bakersfield, California and later moved with his family to Berkeley, California circa 1928. In 1939, his father died at the age of 58 in a San Francisco hospital, which <mask> attributed to "coronary thrombosis and cirrhosis of the liver."In his book The <mask> Way to Vibrant Health, <mask> wrote that as a boy he was addicted to sugar and junk food. He had violent episodes directed against himself and others, describing himself as "a miserable kid ... it was like hell." Besides having a bad temper, <mask> also suffered from headaches and bulimia, and temporarily dropped out of high school at age 14. The following year, at age 15, he heard health food pioneer Paul Bragg give a talk on

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 health and nutrition, focusing on the "evils of meat and sugar." Bragg's message had a powerful influence on <mask>, who then changed his life and started focusing on his diet and exercise. In his own words, he was "born again," and besides his new focus on nutrition, he began working out daily (although while serving during World War II as a Pharmacist Mate First Class at the Sun Valley Naval Convalescent Hospital, <mask> stated that he started in bodybuilding at "age 13"). Describing his change of diet, <mask> stated, "I had to take my lunch alone to the football field to eat so no one would see me eat my raw veggies, whole bread, raisins and nuts.You don't know the crap I went through." Writer Hal Reynolds, who interviewed <mask> in 2008, notes that he became an avid swimmer and trained with weights; he described his introduction to weight lifting thus:

<mask> went back to school, where he made the high school football team, and later went on to college in San Francisco where he earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. He studied Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body and concentrated on bodybuilding and weightlifting. Fitness career

Health clubs
In 1936, he opened the nation's first health and fitness club in Oakland, California, where he offered supervised weight and exercise training and gave nutritional advice. His primary goal was to encourage and motivate his clients to improve their overall health. Doctors, however, advised their patients to stay away from his health club, a business totally unheard of at the time, and warned their patients that "<mask> was an exercise 'nut,' whose programs would make them 'muscle-bound' and

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 cause severe medical problems." <mask> recalls the initial reaction of doctors to his promotion of weight-lifting:

<mask> designed the first leg extension machines, pulley machines using cables, and the weight selectors that are now standard in the fitness industry.He invented the original model of what became the Smith machine. <mask> encouraged women to lift weights (though at the time it was thought this would make women look masculine and unattractive). By the 1980s, <mask>'s European Health Spas numbered more than 200. He eventually licensed all his health clubs to the Bally company, now known as Bally Total Fitness. Though not associated with any gym, <mask> continued to lift weights until his death. <mask>'s gym ownership led to a brief professional wrestling career in 1938. Wrestlers were among the few athletes who embraced weight training, and they frequented his health club.<mask> wrestled in the Bay Area for only a few months. He was well respected enough that he was booked to wrestle to a draw against some big name opponents rather than lose, despite his lack of experience. According to Ad Santel's grandson David Ad Santel, <mask> wanted to be a champion from the start, but did not have the wrestling skills to do so. <mask> was also friendly with such performers as Lou Thesz and Strangler Lewis. Books, television and other media

<mask> presented fitness and exercise advice on television for 34 years. The <mask> Show was the longest-running television exercise program. According to the SF Chronicle TV program archives, it first began on 28 September 1953 as a 15-minute local morning program (sandwiched between the morning

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texts: news and a cooking show) on San Francisco's ABC television station, KGO-TV, with <mask> paying for the airtime himself as a way to promote his gym and related health products.<mask> also met his wife Elaine while she was working for the local station. In 1959, the show was picked up for nationwide syndication, and continued until 1985. The show was noted for its minimalist set, where <mask> inspired his viewers to use basic home objects, such as a chair, to perform their exercises along with him. Wearing his standard jumpsuit, he urged his audience "with the enthusiasm of an evangelist," to get off their couch and copy his basic movements, a manner considered the forerunner of today's fitness videos. In 1959, <mask> recorded Glamour Stretcher Time, a workout album that provided phonograph-based instruction for exercising with an elastic cord called the Glamour Stretcher. As a daytime show, much of <mask>'s audience were stay-at-home mothers. Wife <mask> was part of the show to demonstrate the exercises, as well as the fact that doing them would not ruin their figures or musculature.<mask> also included his dog Happy as a way to attract children to the show. Later in the run, another dog named Walter was used, with <mask> claiming "Walter" stood for "We All Love To Exercise Regularly." <mask> published several books and videos on fitness and nutrition, appeared in movies, and recorded a song with Connie Haines. He marketed exercise equipment, a range of vitamin supplements, and two models of electric juicers. These include the "Juice Tiger," as seen on Amazing Discoveries with Mike Levey, and "<mask>'s Power Juicer." It was on the show

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 that <mask> introduced the phrase "That's the power of the juice!" However, in March 1996, 70,000 Juice Tiger juicers, 9% of its models, were recalled after 14 injury incidents were reported.The Power Juicer is still sold in five models. <mask> celebrated his 95th birthday with the release of a new book titled, Live Young Forever. In the book, he discussed how he maintained his health and activeness well into his advanced age. Personal health routine

Diet
<mask> blamed overly processed foods for many health problems. For most of his life, <mask> was mostly vegetarian while including fish in his evening meal. In his later years, he appeared to advocate a mostly meatless diet that included fish, and took vitamin supplements. He ate two meals a day and avoided snacks.His breakfast, after working out for two hours, consisted of hard-boiled egg whites, a cup of broth, oatmeal with soy milk, and seasonal fruit. For dinner, he and his wife typically ate raw vegetables, egg whites, and fish. He did not drink coffee. Exercise
When exercising, <mask> worked out repetitively with weights until he experienced "muscle fatigue" in whatever muscle groups he was exercising, or when it became impossible for him to go on with a particular routine; this is most often referred to as "training to failure." <mask> moved from exercise to exercise without stopping. To contradict critics who thought this would leave him tightly musclebound and uncoordinated, <mask> liked to demonstrate one-handed balancing. His home contained two gyms and a pool that he used daily.He continued with his two-hour workouts into his 90s, which also included walking. He stated, "If

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 I died, people would say 'Oh look, <mask> died. He didn't practice what he preached.'" When asked about sex, <mask> had a standard joke, saying that despite their advanced age, he and his wife still made love almost every night: "Almost on Monday, almost on Tuesday, almost on Wednesday..."

He added, "I know so many people in their 80s who have Alzheimer's or are in a wheelchair or whatever. And I say to myself 'I don't want to live like that. I don't want to be a burden on my family. I need to live life.And I'd hate dying—it would ruin my image.'" <mask> summed up his philosophy about good nutrition and exercise:

Views on food additives and drugs

<mask> often stressed that artificial food additives, drugs, and processed foods contributed to making people mentally and physically ill. As a result, he writes, many people turn to alcohol and drugs to deal with symptoms of ailments, noting that "a stream of aches and pains seems to encompass us as we get older." He refers to the human bloodstream as a "River of Life," which is "polluted" by "junk foods" loaded with "preservatives, salt, sugar, and artificial flavorings." Relying on evidence from The President's Council on Physical Fitness, he also agreed that "many of our aches and pains come from lack of physical activity." As an immediate remedy for symptoms such as constipation, insomnia, tiredness, anxiety, shortness of breath, or high blood pressure, <mask> states that people will resort to various drugs: "We look for crutches such as sleeping pills, pep pills, alcohol, cigarettes, and so on." Family
<mask> was married to his second wife, Elaine Doyle <mask>, for over five decades.

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 They had three children: a daughter named <mask> from his first marriage, a son named Dan Doyle from Elaine's first marriage, and a son named <mask> together.Yvonne is a chiropractor in California; Dan and Jon are involved in the family business, BeFit Enterprises, which they and their mother and sister plan to continue. Another daughter from Elaine's first marriage, Janet Doyle, died in a car accident at age 21 in 1974. Death
<mask> died of respiratory failure due to pneumonia at his home on January 23, 2011. He was 96. According to his family, he had been sick for a week, but refused to see a doctor. They added that he had been performing his daily workout routine the day before his death. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, California.<mask>'s feats

(As reported on <mask>'s website)  These accounts are not necessarily entirely accurate descriptions of what <mask> actually did. See the 1974 Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf swim (below) for an illustration of the difference between the website account and objective reporting of the same event. 1954 (age 40)Swam the entire  length of the Golden Gate in San Francisco, under water, with  of air tanks and other equipment strapped to his body; a world record. 1955 (age 41)Swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco while handcuffed. When interviewed afterwards, he was quoted as saying that the worst thing about the ordeal was being handcuffed, which significantly reduced his ability to do a jumping jack. 1956 (age 42)Set what was claimed as a world record of 1,033 push-ups in 23 minutes on You Asked For It,  a television program hosted by

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texts: Art Baker. 1957 (age 43)Swam the Golden Gate channel while towing a  cabin cruiser.The swift ocean currents turned this one-mile (1.6 km) swim into a swimming distance of . 1958 (age 44)Maneuvered a paddleboard nonstop from Farallon Islands to the San Francisco shore. The  trip took 9.5 hours. 1959 (age 45)Did 1,000 push ups and 1,000 chin-ups in 1 hour, 22 minutes, to promote The <mask> Show going nationwide. <mask> said this was the most difficult of his stunts, but only because the skin on his hands started ripping off during the chin-ups. He felt he couldn't stop, because it would be seen as a public failure. 1974 (age 60)For the second time, he swam from Alcatraz Island to Fisherman's Wharf.Again, he was handcuffed, but this time he was also shackled and towed a  boat, according to his obituary in Los Angeles Times in 2011 and his website. However, according to an account of this event published the day after it occurred in the Los Angeles Times, written by Philip Hager, a Times staff writer, <mask> was neither handcuffed nor shackled if each of those terms has the conventional meaning of "tightly binding the wrists or ankles together with a pair of metal fasteners." Hager says that <mask> "had his hands and feet bound with cords that allowed minimal freedom." But "minimal" clearly did not mean "no" freedom, since elsewhere in the article Hager describes <mask>'s method of propulsion through the water as "half-breast-stroke, half-dog paddle" which is how you swim with your hands tied. 1975 (age 61)Repeating his performance of 21 years earlier, he again swam the entire length of the Golden Gate Bridge, underwater and handcuffed, but

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 this time he was shackled and towed a  boat. 1976 (age 62)To commemorate the "Spirit of '76," United States Bicentennial, he swam one mile (1.6 km) in Long Beach Harbor. He was handcuffed and shackled, and he towed 13 boats (representing the 13 original colonies) containing 76 people.1979 (age 65)Towed 65 boats in Lake Ashinoko, near Tokyo, Japan. He was handcuffed and shackled, and the boats were filled with  of Louisiana Pacific wood pulp. 1980 (age 66)Towed 10 boats in North Miami, Florida. The boats carried 77 people, and he towed them for over one mile (1.6 km) in less than one hour. 1984 (age 70)He towed 70 rowboats, one with several guests, from the Queen's Way Bridge in the Long Beach Harbor to the Queen Mary, 1 mile. Awards and honors

On June 10, 2005, then governor Arnold Schwarzenegger launched  the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sport. In his address, Schwarzenegger paid special tribute to <mask>, who he credited with demonstrating the benefits of fitness and a healthy lifestyle for 75 years.In 2008, he inducted <mask> into the California Hall of Fame and personally gave him an inscribed plaque at a special ceremony. In 2007, <mask> was awarded The President's Council's Lifetime Achievement Award. The award is given to "individuals whose careers have greatly contributed to the advancement or promotion of physical activity, fitness, or sports nationwide." Winners are chosen based on the "individual's career, the estimated number of lives the individual has touched through his or her work, the legacy of the individual's work, and additional awards or honors received over the course of his or her career."

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 Other honors
 1963: Founding member of President's Council on Physical Fitness under President Kennedy
 President's Council of Physical Fitness Silver Anniversary Award
 Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award
 The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans
 American Academy of Achievement
 American Cancer Society
 American Heart Association
 American Medical Association
 WBBG Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
 APFC Pioneer of Fitness Hall of Fame
 Patriarch Society of Chiropractors
 NFLAHealthy American Fitness Award
 Received an Award from the Oscar Heidenstam Foundation Hall of Fame
 Received National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Gold Circle Award commemorating over 50 years in the Television Industry
 IHRSA Person of the Year Award
 <mask> Award from the Los Angeles Police Historical Society
 Interglobal's International Infomercial Award
 The Freddie, Medical Media Public Service Award
 Freedom Forum Al Neuharth Free Spirit Honoree
 Lifetime Achievement Award from Club Industry
 1992 (age 78): The Academy of Body Building and Fitness Award
 1994 (age 80): The State of California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Lifetime Achievement Award
 1996 (age 82): The Dwight D. Eisenhower Fitness Award
 1999 (age 85): The Spirit of Muscle Beach Award
 2002 (age 88): A star on the Hollywood Boulevard Walk of Fame. At his induction ceremony, LaLanne did pushups on the top of his star. 2005 (age 91): The <mask> Webb Award from the Los Angeles Police Department Historical Society; the Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award; the Interglobal's International Infomercial Award;

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 the Freddie Award; the Medical Media Public Service Award; Free Spirit honoree at Al Neuharth's Freedom Forum; Inaugural Inductee into the National Fitness Hall of Fame
 2008 (age 94): Inducted by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (fellow 2005 inductee of the National Fitness Hall of Fame) and Maria Shriver into the California Hall of Fame

Filmography

LaLanne appeared as himself in the following films and television shows:
 You Bet Your Life (1961)
 Peter Gunn (1960) - LaLanne appeared in an episode with Craig Stevens.Mister Ed (1961), episode "Psychoanalyst Show" (as "Instructor"), (1963), episode "Doctor Ed"
 The Addams Family (Season 2, 1966), episode "Fester Goes on a Diet"
 Batman (man on roof with girls, uncredited cameo) (1966)
 Here's Lucy (Season 2, 1969), episode "Lucy and the Bogie Affair"
 Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (Episode #5.14, 1971), Guest Performer
 Fit & Fun Time (kids TV pilot) (1972)
 The Chevy Chase Show
 Amazing Discoveries (1991)
 The Simpsons (Season 10, 1999), episode "The Old Man and the 'C' Student"
 Beefcake (1999)
 Hollywood's Magical Island: Catalina (2003)
 "Mostly True Stories: Urban Legends Revealed" (2004)
 Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (Season 2, 2004)
 The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006), Hercules

References

External links

Official

Media and publications
 , video, 31 January 2011

 <mask>'s book Live Young Forever. Interviews
 Interview with <mask> on his 93rd birthday
 Interview with <mask>
 Interview by Donald Katz
 Interview by Dennis Hughes of Share Guide
 Taped interview with Dr. McDougall 02 July, 1994
 <mask> interview at Archive of American Television12 September

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 2003
Miscellaneous
 CPSC Tiger Juicer Recall Page
 Official <mask> Power Juicer page
 <mask> Power Juicer manual
 <mask> interviewed by Janice Hughes and Dennis Hughes

Memorials and retrospectives
 Life Magazine remembers <mask>anneslideshow
 Chicago Tribune photo gallery of <mask> |1914-2011

1914 births
2011 deaths
American bodybuilders
American chiropractors
American exercise and fitness writers
American exercise instructors
American health and wellness writers
American nutritionists
American people of French descent
Television personalities from San Francisco
Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Diet food advocates
People associated with physical culture
People from Morro Bay, California
Writers from San Francisco
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Deaths from respiratory

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Anna Rose "<mask>" Napravnik (born February 9, 1988) is a former  American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey and two-time winner of the Kentucky Oaks. Beginning her career in 2005, she was regularly ranked among the top jockeys in North America in both earnings and total races won. By 2014 she had been in the top 10 by earnings three years in a row and was the highest-ranked woman jockey in North America. In 2011, she won the Louisiana Derby for her first time and was ninth in the 2011 Kentucky Derby with the horse Pants on Fire. In 2012 she broke the total wins and earnings record for a woman jockey previously held by Julie Krone, and became the first woman rider to win the Kentucky Oaks, riding Believe You Can. She won the Oaks for a second time in 2014 on Untapable. She is only the second woman jockey to win a Breeders' Cup race and the first to win more than one, having won the 2012 Breeders' Cup Juvenile on Shanghai Bobby and the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff on Untapable.Napravnik's fifth-place finish in the 2013 Kentucky Derby and third in the 2013 Preakness Stakes on Mylute are the best finishes for a woman jockey in those two Triple Crown races to date, and she is the only woman to have ridden in all three Triple Crown races. A native of New Jersey, she and her horse trainer husband, Joe Sharp, have homes in Louisville, Kentucky and New Orleans, Louisiana. She was the leading rider at the Fair Grounds Race Course every year from 2011 through 2014 and leading rider at Keeneland Race Course in 2013 and 2014. After her win in the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff, Napravnik announced she was seven weeks pregnant and taking a "retirement" of "indefinite" duration from race riding following the 2014 Breeders' Cup. She continues to assist Sharp in training race horses, including 2017 Kentucky Derby contender Girvin. Background
Napravnik was born in her grandmother's home in Mendham, New Jersey, on February 9, 1988.


texts: Shortly after she was born, she was sent to a hospital in Morristown, New Jersey, which is often mistakenly listed as her location of birth.Her father Charles is a farrier and her mother Cindy ran a boarding and training stable, plus trained event horses. She has one older sister, Jasmine (known as "Jazz"), and a brother, Colt. Napravnik began working with horses at a very young age. Her first horse-related injury was a broken arm that occurred when she fell off a pony at age four. By the age of seven, she began to ride in pony races, and, inspired by the documentary Jewels of the Triple Crown, she decided that year to become a jockey who rode Triple Crown races. She spent most of her childhood in New Jersey, but lived briefly in Vermont with her mother after the divorce of her parents, though she spent summers with her sister Jazz, who was living in Maryland and Pennsylvania. In early adolescence, Napravnik, along with her sister, went to work for trainers Lilith Boucher, Bruce Miller and Jack Fisher.By age 13, she worked for steeplechase trainer Jonathan Sheppard. At 15, she decided to take a year off from employment in the horse industry to spend time with friends and to be an ordinary teen. But at 16, Napravnik went to live with her sister at the farm of trainer Holly Robinson in Maryland, and Robinson sent her to work for trainer Richard "Dickie" Small. Small had a good reputation for mentoring young riders and had helped several other women jockeys get started in their careers. Napravnik began exercising Small's race horses in 2004. That year, she attended both Hereford High School and night school, but left school before her senior year to begin racing as a professional jockey. She later passed her high school equivalency GED test.Napravnik is  tall, and as a jockey rode at about . In addition to racing, she is very active in efforts to rehome and provide aftercare to retired race horses. In 2014,


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 she began to show her own off-track Thoroughbred Old Ironsides, nicknamed Sugar, in Eventing. Interviewed for Vogue magazine, she explained how she felt about riding in the American classic horse races, "When you're riding in the Derby, you see all those iconic silks in the same race and it gives it a special feel, like you're part of history." Joe Sharp and family

Napravnik married Joe Sharp in October 2011. He is three years older than Napravnik, and has a daughter, Aiyana, born in 2005, whose mother is jockey Chamisa Goodwin. Napravnik and Sharp have two sons together, Carson, born in 2015 and Tucker, born 2016.Horse owner Ken Ramsey, who knows <mask> and Sharp well, says the couple are likable and well-respected, saying "They go together like ham and eggs." Sharp had <mask> ride a horse for him at Penn National Race Course in 2009, and they began dating a few months later,  becoming engaged in 2011. Sharp, a horse trainer, was born in Martinsburg, West Virginia. He is an only child and grew up around horses. His father, Marc Sharp, is a trainer who also owns a horse farm near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. His mother, Sara Escudero, was an exercise rider. The pair divorced and Sharp split his time between them, growing up in Kentucky and West Virginia.Sharp was a jockey from 2004 to 2005, riding mostly at Canterbury Park in Minnesota, but also in West Virginia and Maryland. Sharp was an assistant trainer to Michael Stidham for four years, and then for three years an assistant to Mike Maker, where he ran Maker's operations in New York, Kentucky and New Orleans. Napravnik and Sharp sometimes competed against each other when a horse Sharp trained was running against one Napravnik was riding, but the two were a trainer-rider team for Ramsey's three-year-old colt, Vicar's In Trouble, who won the Louisiana Derby and contested the 2014 Kentucky Derby. In August 2014, Sharp left Maker's barn to begin an

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 independent horse training stable, with the full support of both Maker and Napravnik. He scored his first graded stakes win on May 16, 2015 on the Preakness undercard with the Ramsey's horse Sandbar in the Grade III Maryland Sprint Handicap. In 2017, Sharp won the Louisiana Derby with Girvin, a colt who was Sharp's first starter in the 2017 Kentucky Derby. Napravnik was the exercise rider for the colt at Sharp's training stable, and commented, "I thought about putting out something on Twitter .. . saying I was going to ride Girvin, as an April Fool’s joke, but I was worried people might take it seriously." Of the couple's relationship, Sharp has stated, "Some guys might think being married to someone as famous as <mask> is a tough position, but I don't, I'm very proud of her." Sharp and Napravnik split their time between homes in Louisville and New Orleans. Besides working with horses, the pair also provide foster care to rescue dogs. Career

Napravnik obtained her jockey license in 2005 at Pimlico Race Course. She won her first race as a licensed jockey on June 9 of that year, riding Small's horse, Ringofdiamonds. She initially rode under the name "A.R.Napravnik" to conceal her gender. In November 2005, she broke her left collarbone and was sidelined for almost six weeks. The horse in front of her fell and her horse was unable to avoid a collision, creating a four-horse chain reaction that sent Napravnik and one of the other riders to the hospital. At the time of the accident she was the leading jockey at Laurel Park Racecourse. Napravnik established herself as a top-ranked jockey in 2006 when she finished 30th in national earnings and fifth in total wins with 300 victories on 1,465 mounts and purse winnings of $6,395,075. That year at Laurel Park, she won her first stakes race. One of her highest profile wins was in a race that was on the undercard for the 2006 Preakness.She won riding titles in 2006 at


texts: all four meets at the major Maryland tracks, one at the annual meet at Pimlico, and the other three at Laurel Park. Napravnik was runner-up to Julien Leparoux for the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Apprentice Jockey that year. When a horse fell with her in a January 2007 race at Laurel Park, Napravnik suffered three compression fractures of her thoracic vertebrae and was out for several weeks to recuperate. In July, after recovering from the Laurel Park injuries, she had another fall that resulted in a major break to her wrist, subsequently repaired with a plate. In spite of her injuries and layoff, she still rode 507 races with 89 winners in 2007. In 2008, Napravnik was the most successful rider in Maryland with 101 wins. Riding a total of 893 races with 176 wins, she finished 62nd in earnings for the year, even though she broke her tibia and fibula in a racing accident at Delaware Park Racetrack in August, resulting in a three-month layoff.She moved to Aqueduct Racetrack in New York in November 2008, and in 2009 finished 38th in national earnings with 184 victories out of 1,109 mounts and with earnings of $5,176,563. In 2010, Napravnik began riding at Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana. Initially, she faced some of the most significant problems in her career with intimidation by the male jockeys, but overcame the challenge by refusing to give ground. Eventually she earned the respect of her male colleagues, and that year, she won her first graded stakes race, the Grade III Cicada Stakes at Aqueduct. By 2013 Napravnik was viewed as one of the most popular jockeys at the Fair Grounds. She finished the year with no major injuries and was ranked 30th in earnings. Napravnik began 2011 with a win in the Louisiana Derby, riding Pants on Fire, becoming the first woman to win that race.When she was named the leading rider at that track in 2011, with 110 wins, she was also the first woman rider to


texts: win the title. She then became only the sixth woman to ride in the Kentucky Derby. riding Pants on Fire to a 9th place finish, the best placing for a woman rider in the history of the Derby to that date. She also was second in the 2011 Kentucky Oaks, riding a longshot filly named St. John's River. In July of that year, Napravnik fractured her arm again when the horse she was riding broke down on the track and fell. This time the fracture was just above the plate in her wrist that had repaired her first break, an injury that required a three-hour surgery and replacement of the wrist plate with a larger one. In 2012 Napravnik became the first woman jockey to win the Kentucky Oaks, riding Believe You Can.The race was also her first Grade I win. She then rode in the Belmont Stakes for the first time, finishing fifth aboard Five Sixteen. Later that year, she won the Breeders' Cup Juvenile aboard Shanghai Bobby, becoming only the second woman jockey to win a Breeder's Cup race. She received one minor injury in 2012: a non-displaced fracture of her toe, obtained when her horse hit the side of the starting gate at Saratoga. She finished the race and returned to ride the next day. She ended the year ranked 8th in national earnings, winning $12,451,713, which surpassed the earnings and national placing record for a female jockey previously held by Julie Krone. As a result, sports analysts viewed her as the most successful woman jockey since Krone.Early in 2013, <mask> once again won the leading rider title at the Fair Grounds, making it three years in a row that she had won the award. She had hopes of riding Shanghai Bobby, who was undefeated in five races, in the 2013 Kentucky Derby, but he suffered a pelvic fracture at the Florida Derby and missed the Triple Crown races. She was able to pick up another horse for the Derby, Mylute, with whom she broke her previous Kentucky Derby finish record, taking fifth.


texts: Napravnik rode in the Preakness Stakes for the first time in 2013, finishing third, again on Mylute. In doing so, she was only the third woman to ever ride in the Preakness, the first since 1994, and had the highest-placed finish for any woman jockey in that race. Adding the Preakness to her 2011 Kentucky Derby and 2012 Belmont races, she also became the first woman ever to have ridden in all three Triple Crown races. She then rode the filly Unlimited Budget to a 6th place finish in the 2013 Belmont, becoming the first woman to ride all three Triple Crown races in the same year.Napravnik also broke a record previously held by Donna Barton Brothers when she rode 45 winners at Churchill Downs' spring meet. That summer, Napravnik also was named captain of the three member "Girls' Team" for the Shergar Cup jockey competition at Ascot Racecourse in the United Kingdom where she was the leading female rider of the team. In October, she became the first woman to win the leading rider title at Keeneland Race Course. She rode the two-year-old filly Untapable to a win in the Pocahontas Stakes, and then competed in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies, but finished eighth, having to check the filly to avoid another horse that fell during the race. She finished the year eighth in earnings at $13,242,202, breaking her own record from 2012, and was fifth in total wins. She began 2014 being named the leading rider at the Fair Grounds Race Course for the fourth consecutive year. She won the 2014 Lecomte Stakes and the Louisiana Derby on the three-year-old colt Vicar's In Trouble, trained by Sharp while he was an assistant to Maker, and owned by Ken and Sarah Ramsey.Of Napravnik's ride in the Louisiana Derby, veteran hall of fame jockey Mike Smith, who rode the favorite but finished second, said, "She rode a great race. A brilliant race actually." Napravnik also teamed up again with Untapable, now a three-year-old, first


texts: winning the Rachel Alexandra Stakes and the Fair Grounds Oaks, and then to the jockey's second victory in the Kentucky Oaks, winning the 2014 race by 4-1/2 lengths. Prior to the Oaks, Napravnik told reporters, "I own this race." Napravnik's win on Untapable and a victory in the Humana Distaff Handicap, on the undercard on Derby day, brought her ranking up to second in the nation for jockey earnings and wins during the early weeks of May 2014. With mounts on  Vicar's In Trouble in the Derby, Bayern in the 2014 Preakness Stakes, and General a Rod in the Belmont, for the second year in a row, she rode horses in all three Triple Crown races. She was in contention for leading jockey at Churchill Downs' spring meet, in second place with 31 winners, including a single day where she won five races, setting yet another record for a woman rider.But on June 15, the day after she had a major win on Tapiture, she had another significant injury: a separation of her clavicle and left shoulder joint that occurred when a horse she was working in the morning broke its leg and fell. While Napravnik did not require surgery, she was sidelined for a few weeks. Even though she missed the end of the Churchill meet, she still tied for second place in leading rider standings at that track. By July 5 she was working horses. She returned to racing on July 18 for the opening day of the Saratoga meet. In October, she repeated as leading rider at Keenland's fall meet. After her win in the 2014 Breeders' Cup Distaff aboard Untapable, Napravnik announced that she was seven weeks pregnant and announced a "retirement" from race riding.When asked if her retirement was "permanent", she replied, "It's indefinite—I mean, I'm not thinking about a comeback in 10 months, but I can't promise to stay off a horse forever." She further explained that she intended to assist Sharp with his training business and intended to remain "very much involved


texts:
 with racing." At the time of her announcement, she ranked sixth in the nation for 2014 in earnings and fifth by number of wins. In spite of losing time due to injury and retiring with two months left in the year, Napravnik closed out 2014 seventh in the nation for earnings, bringing her lifetime total to $71,396,717. Following her retirement announcement, Napravnik became Sharp's assistant trainer, continuing to ride regularly. After initially exercising the stable's race horses in the early months of her pregnancy, she moved over to ponying and other activities. , she and Sharp hoped to have two children fairly close together, and after that, Napravnik has not ruled out a return to race riding but has not made any firm decisions.As she explained in February 2015, "I'm satisfied with the accomplishments that I've made. If I feel like I really want to come back in a few years then I can do it. The greatest thing is I don't have to." On being a woman jockey

Napravnik's success has come in a sport where only 10% of all jockeys are women, even though they have been licensed as jockeys in pari-mutuel races since 1969. She initially was uncomfortable finding herself viewed as a role model for girls, preferring to simply be noticed as a top jockey. She became aware that she could have a positive impact on others and that helped her be more comfortable with her prominence. She still prefers to emphasize her riding prowess, she broke the total wins and earnings record for a woman jockey previously held by Julie Krone,  and stated in 2014, "If you show your work ethic and professionalism and obvious skill and ability, that is what is going to win somebody over."Like many other women jockeys, she views the primary challenge to be the difficulty of horse racing itself. She describes races as "every man for himself (sic)." She does not ask for any breaks from male jockeys, and has explained that horse racing is a


texts:
 sport where women simply have to be just as good as men. She speaks well of other successful women jockeys, and expresses a lot of respect in particular for Julie Krone, to whom she is often compared. But she also said in a 2011 interview, "a lot of young female riders are just girls who love horses, but they just don't have the strength and toughness, and they're not cut out to be jockeys. You've got to deliver the goods to get over that hump." She acknowledges the struggles for equality that women riders in earlier generations had to face were greater than her own, but notes that women jockeys still "fight a battle."In her early career, she simply tried to "blend in" with the male riders, but nonetheless encountered some owners and trainers who refused to hire a female jockey. She later said, "I was very conscious when I raced against their horses—and when I beat them." Napravnik has encountered harassment from male jockeys on the track when other riders would deliberately bump her or pen in her horse from all sides. In a 2013 interview with 60 Minutes, Napravnik said that she has heard hecklers at the track yell at her to "go home and have a baby," or "go home and stay in the kitchen." She repeatedly has chosen to make her mark on the track instead of getting into post-race fights. Trainer Larry Jones, having witnessed other jockeys deliberately bumping into her on the track, commented,  "Don't do <mask> that way, because she will run over you. The girl has no fear."She summed up her views in a 2014 interview for Elle, stating, "We are beyond the days of being boycotted. We are beyond the days before Civil Rights. So it has to do with the woman. It has to do with the individual and being able to compete as smart, as sharp as any man." Year-end charts

Notes

References

1988 births
Living people
American female jockeys
People from Mendham Borough, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Morris County, New


texts:
<mask> (), also known as <mask>, (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. <mask> was designated with the title Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba ("Prince of High Rank") and was favoured as a successor by his father and his older sister, Princess Jahanara Begum. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, <mask> was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (later, the Emperor Aurangzeb). He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne. <mask> was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim as opposed to the orthodox Aurangzeb; he authored the work The Confluence of the Two Seas, which argues for the harmony of Sufi philosophy in Islam and Vedanta philosophy in Hinduism. A great patron of the arts, he was also more inclined towards philosophy and mysticism rather than military pursuits. The course of the history of the Indian subcontinent, had <mask>h prevailed over Aurangzeb, has been a matter of some conjecture among historians.Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 11 March 1615 in Ajmer, Rajasthan. He was the first son and third child of Prince Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram and his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The prince was named by his father. 'Dara' means owner of wealth or star in Persian while the second part of the prince's name is commonly spelled in two ways: Shikoh (terror) or Shukoh (majesty or grandeur). Thus, Dara's full name can be translated as "Of the

masks:
Dara Shikoh
Dara Shukoh
Dara
Dara
Dara
Dara Shiko
Muhammad Dara
Shikoh


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 Terror of Darius" or "Of the Grandeur of Darius", respectively. Historian Ebba Koch favours 'Shukoh'. <mask> <mask> had thirteen siblings of whom six survived to adulthood: Jahanara Begum, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Bakhsh, and Gauhara Begum.He shared a close relationship with his older sister, Jahanara. As part of his formal education, <mask> studied the Quran, history, Persian poetry and calligraphy. He was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim unlike his father and his younger brother Aurangzeb. Persian was <mask>'s native language, but he also learned Hindi, Arabic and later Sanskrit. In October 1627, <mask>'s grandfather Emperor Jahangir died, and his father ascended the throne in January 1628 taking the regnal name 'Shah Jahan'. In 1633, <mask> was appointed as the Vali-ahad (heir-apparent) to his father. He, along with his older sister Jahanara, were Shah Jahan's favourite children.Marriage

During the life time of his mother Mumtaz Mahal, <mask> Shikoh was betrothed to his half-cousin, Princess Nadira Banu Begum, the daughter of his paternal uncle Sultan Parvez Mirza. He married her on 1 February 1633 at Agra amidst great celebrations, pomp and grandeur. By all accounts, <mask> and Nadira were devoted to each other and <mask>'s love for Nadira was so profound that unlike the usual practice of polygyny prevalent at the time, he never contracted any other marriage. The imperial couple had seven children together; two sons, Sulaiman <mask> and Sipihr <mask>, and a

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Dara Dara Dara Dara Dara Dara Shikoh Shikoh


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 daughter, Jahanzeb Banu Begum, survived to play important roles in future events. A great patron of the arts, Dara ordered for the compilation of some refined artwork into an album which is now famous by the name of 'Dara Shikhoh Album.' This album was presented by Dara to his "dearest intimate friend" Nadira in 1641. Dara had at least two concubines, Gul Safeh (also known as Rana Dil) and Udaipuri Mahal (a Georgian or Armenian slave girl).Udaipuri later became a part of Aurangzeb's harem after her master's defeat. Military service
As was common for all Mughal sons, <mask> <mask> was appointed as a military commander at an early age, receiving an appointment as commander of 12,000-foot and 6,000 horse in October 1633. He received successive promotions, being promoted to commander of 12,000-foot and 7,000 horse on 20 March 1636, to 15,000-foot and 9,000 horse on 24 August 1637, to 10,000 horse on 19 March 1638, to 20,000-foot and 10,000 horse on 24 January 1639, and to 15,000 horse on 21 January 1642. On 10 September 1642, Shah Jahan formally confirmed <mask> <mask> as his heir, granting him the title of Shahzada-e-Buland Iqbal ("Prince of High Fortune") and promoting him to command of 20,000-foot and 20,000 horse. In 1645, he was appointed as subahdar (governor) of Allahabad. He was promoted to a command of 30,000-foot and 20,000 horse on 18 April 1648, and was appointed Governor of the province of Gujarat on 3 July. As his father's health began to decline, <mask> <mask> received a series of

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh


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 increasingly prominent commands.He was appointed Governor of Multan and Kabul on 16 August 1652, and was raised to the title of Shah-e-Buland Iqbal ("King of High Fortune") on 15 February 1655. He was promoted to command of 40,000-foot and 20,000 horse on 21 January 1656, and to command of 50,000-foot and 40,000 horse on 16 September 1657. The struggle for succession

On 6 September 1657, the illness of emperor Shah Jahan triggered a desperate struggle for power among the four Mughal princes, though realistically only <mask> <mask> and Aurangzeb had a chance of emerging victorious. Shah Shuja was the first to make his move, declaring himself Mughal Emperor in Bengal and marched towards Agra from the east. Murad Baksh allied himself with Aurangzeb. At the end of 1657, <mask> <mask> was appointed Governor of the province of Bihar and promoted to command of 60,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry. (roughly equivalent to general)

Despite strong support from Shah Jahan, who had recovered enough from his illness to remain a strong factor in the struggle for supremacy, and the victory of his army led by his eldest son Sulaiman <mask> over Shah Shuja in the battle of Bahadurpur on 14 February 1658, <mask> <mask> was defeated by Aurangzeb and Murad during the Battle of Samugarh, 13 km from Agra on 30 May 1658.Subsequently, Aurangzeb took over Agra fort and deposed emperor Shah Jahan on 8 June 1658. Death and aftermath

After the defeat, <mask> <mask> retreated from Agra to Delhi and thence to Lahore. His

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh


texts: next destination was Multan and then to Thatta (Sindh). From Sindh, he crossed the Rann of Kachchh and reached Kathiawar, where he met Shah Nawaz Khan, the governor of the province of Gujarat who opened the treasury to <mask> <mask> and helped him to recruit a new army. He occupied Surat and advanced towards Ajmer. Foiled in his hopes of persuading the fickle but powerful Rajput feudatory, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar, to support his cause, <mask> Shikoh decided to make a stand and fight Aurangzeb's relentless pursuers but was once again comprehensively routed in the battle of Deorai (near Ajmer) on 11 March 1659. After this defeat he fled to Sindh and sought refuge under Malik Jiwan (Junaid Khan Barozai), an Afghan chieftain, whose life had on more than one occasion been saved by the Mughal prince from the wrath of Shah Jahan.However, Junaid betrayed <mask> <mask> and turned him (and his second son Sipihr Shikoh) over to Aurangzeb's army on 10 June 1659. <mask> <mask> was brought to Delhi, placed on a filthy elephant and paraded through the streets of the capital in chains. <mask> <mask>'s fate was decided by the political threat he posed as a prince popular with the common people – a convocation of nobles and clergy, called by Aurangzeb in response to the perceived danger of insurrection in Delhi, declared him a threat to the public peace and an apostate from Islam. He was assassinated by four of Aurangzeb's henchmen in front of his terrified son on the night of 30 August 1659 (9

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh


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 September Gregorian). After death the remains of <mask> Shikoh were buried in an unidentified grave in Humayan's tomb in Delhi. On 26 February 2020 the government of India through Archaeological Survey of India decided to find the burial spot of Dara Shikoh from the 140 graves in 120 chambers inside Humayun's Tomb. It is considered a difficult task as none of the graves are identified or have inscriptions.Niccolao Manucci, the Venetian traveler who worked in the Mughal court, has written down the details of <mask> <mask>'s death. According to him, upon <mask>'s capture, Aurangzeb ordered his men to have his head brought up to him and he inspected it thoroughly to ensure that it was Dara indeed. He then further mutilated the head with his sword three times. After which, he ordered the head to be put in a box and presented to his ailing father, Shah Jahan, with clear instructions to be delivered only when the old King sat for his dinner in his prison. The guards were also instructed to inform Shah Jahan that, "King Aurangzeb, your son, sends this plate to let him (Shah Jahan) see that he does not forget him". Shah Jahan instantly became happy (not knowing what was in store in the box) and uttered, “ Blessed be God that my son still remembers me". Upon opening the box, Shah Jahan became horrified and fell unconscious.Intellectual pursuits

<mask> <mask> is widely renowned as an enlightened paragon of the harmonious coexistence of heterodox traditions on the Indian subcontinent. He was an erudite

masks: Dara Dara Shikoh Dara Dara Shikoh


texts: champion of mystical religious speculation and a poetic diviner of syncretic cultural interaction among people of all faiths. This made him a heretic in the eyes of his orthodox younger brother and a suspect eccentric in the view of many of the worldly power brokers swarming around the Mughal throne. <mask> <mask> was a follower of the Armenian Sufi-perennialist mystic Sarmad Kashani, as well as Lahore's famous Qadiri Sufi saint Mian Mir, whom he was introduced to by Mullah Shah Badakhshi (Mian Mir's spiritual disciple and successor). Mian Mir was so widely respected among all communities that he was invited to lay the foundation stone of the Golden Temple in Amritsar by the Sikhs. <mask> Shikoh subsequently developed a friendship with the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai. <mask> Shikoh devoted much effort towards finding a common mystical language between Islam and Hinduism.Towards this goal he completed the translation of fifty Upanishads from their original Sanskrit into Persian in 1657 so that they could be studied by Muslim scholars. His translation is often called Sirr-i-Akbar ("The Greatest Mystery"), where he states boldly, in the introduction, his speculative hypothesis that the work referred to in the Qur'an as the "Kitab al-maknun" or the hidden book, is none other than the Upanishads. His most famous work, Majma-ul-Bahrain ("The Confluence of the Two Seas"), was also devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between Sufic and Vedantic speculation. The book

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Dara


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 was authored as a short treatise in Persian in 1654–55. In 1006 A.H,the prince had commissioned a translation of Yoga Vasistha,after both Vasistha and Rama appeared before Dara Shikoh and embraced him in his dream. Translation was undertaken by Nizam al-Din Panipati this translation came to be known as the Jug-Basisht, which has since become popular in Persia among intellectuals interested in Indo-Persian culture. The Safavid-era mystic Mir Findiriski (d. 1641) commented on selected passages of Jug-Basisht.The library established by Dara Shikoh still exists on the grounds of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmiri Gate, Delhi, and is now run as a museum by Archaeological Survey of India after being renovated. Patron of arts

He was also a patron of fine arts, music and dancing, a trait frowned upon by his younger sibling Muhiuddin, later the Emperor Aurangzeb. The 'Dara Shikoh' is a collection of paintings and calligraphy assembled from the 1630s until his death. It was presented to his wife Nadira Banu in 1641–42 and remained with her until her death after which the album was taken into the royal library and the inscriptions connecting it with Dara Shikoh were deliberately erased; however not everything was vandalised and many calligraphy scripts and paintings still bear his mark. Among the existing paintings from the Dara Shikoh Album, are two facing pages, compiled in the early 1630s just before his marriage, showing two ascetics in yogic postures, probably meant to be a pair of


texts:
 yogis, Vaishnava and Shaiva. These paintings are attributed to the artist Govardhan. The album also contains numerous pictures of Muslim ascetics and divines and the pictures obviously reflect Dara Shikoh's interest in religion and philosophy.<mask> <mask> is also credited with the commissioning of several exquisite, still extant, examples of Mughal architecture – among them the tomb of his wife Nadira Begum in Lahore, the Shrine of Mian Mir also in Lahore, the Dara Shikoh Library in Delhi, the Akhun Mullah Shah Mosque in Srinagar in Kashmir and the Pari Mahal garden palace (also in Srinagar in Kashmir). In popular culture

 The issues surrounding <mask> <mask>'s impeachment and execution are used to explore contradictory interpretations of Islam in a 2008 play, The Trial of Dara Shikoh, written by Akbar S. Ahmed. He is also the subject of a 2010 play called Dara Shikoh, written and directed by Shahid Nadeem of the Ajoka Theatre Group in Pakistan. <mask> Shikoh is the subject of the 2007 play Dara Shikoh, written by Danish Iqbal and staged by, among others, the director M S Sathyu in 2008. He is also a character played by Vaquar Sheikh in the 2005 Bollywood film Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story, directed by Akbar Khan. <mask> Shikoh is the name of the protagonist of Mohsin Hamid's 2000 novel Moth Smoke, which reimagines the story of his trial unfolding in contemporary Pakistan. The television series Upanishad Ganga had two episodes titled "Veda – The Source of Dharma 1" and "Veda – The Source

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Dara


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 of Dharma 2", featuring <mask> <mask> played by actor Zakir Hussain.Gopalkrishna Gandhi wrote a play in verse titled Dara Shukoh on his life. Bengali Writer Shyamal Gangapadhyay wrote a novel on his life Shahjada Dara Shikoh which received Sahitya Academy Award in 1993. Assamese writer and politician, Omeo Kumar Das wrote a book called Dara Shikoh: Jeevan O Sadhana. Uzbek writer Hamid Ismailov wrote a novel called A Poet and Bin-Laden the second part of which devoted to the life of <mask> <mask> and Aurangzeb. An Assamese novel, Kalantarat Shahzada Dara Shikoh, was written by author Nagen Goswami. "Dara Shikoh" – a poem by poet Abhay K published in 2014 lamented the fact that there were no streets named after Dara. New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) changed Dalhousie Road's name to Dara Shikoh Road on 6 February 2017.In 2016 Bharatvarsh TV series, Rohit Purohit played the role of <mask> <mask>. In The 2017 novel 1636: Mission to the Mughals he is one of the central characters. Ranveer Singh has been cast as <mask> <mask> in the upcoming Karan Johar directorial Takht, slated for a 2021 Christmas release. Dara Shikoh award awarded by Indo-Iranian society. The award includes a sum of Rs. 1 lakh, a shawl and citation. Sheila Dixit former Delhi CM (1998–2013) was a recipient in 2010.Full title
Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Sultan Muhammad <mask> <mask>, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal

Governorship

Lahore 1635–1636
Allahabad 1645–1647
Malwa 1642–1658
Gujrat 1648
Multan Kabul

masks: Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh


texts:
 1652–1656
Bihar 1657–1659

Ancestry

Works

Writings on Sufism and the lives of awliya (Muslim saints):
Safinat ul- Awliya
Sakinat ul-Awliya
Risaala-i Haq Numa
Tariqat ul-Haqiqat
Hasanaat ul-'Aarifin
Iksir-i 'Azam (Diwan-e-Dara Shikoh)
Writings of a philosophical and metaphysical nature:
Majma-ul-Bahrain (The Mingling of Two Oceans)
So’aal o Jawaab bain-e-Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh (also called Mukaalama-i Baba Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh)
Sirr-e-Akbar (The Great Secret, his translation of the Upanishads in Persian)
Persian translations of the Yoga Vasishta and Bhagavad Gita. See also
Majma-ul-Bahrain
Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)
Akbar
Nur Jahan

References

Bibliography

Eraly, Abraham (2004). The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors. Phoenix, London. .
Hansen, Waldemar [1986]. The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Orient Book Distributors, New Delhi. Mahajan, V.D.(1978). History of Medieval India. S. Chand. Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur. Orient Longman, New Delhi. Sarkar, Jadunath (1962).A Short History of Aurangzib, 1618–1707. M. C. Sarkar and Sons, Calcutta. External links

 Bernier, Francois Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668
 Gyani Brahma Singh, <mask> <mask> – The Prince who turned Sufi in The Sikh Review
 Manucci, Niccolo Storia de Mogor or Mogul Stories''
 Sleeman, William (1844), E-text of Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official
 Srikand, Yoginder <mask> <mask>'s Quest for Spiritual Unity
 Dara Shikoh Library
 The Dara Shikoh Album

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 British Museum Online Gallery
  Majmaul Bahrain by <mask> Shikoh English translation with original Persian text

Assassinated Indian people
Mughal princes
1615 births
1659 deaths
People from Delhi
Indian Sufis
17th-century Indian writers
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Murdered Indian royalty
People from Ajmer
Subahdars of Gujarat
Indian people of Iranian descent
Fratricides
People executed by the Mughal


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<mask><mask> (March 21, 1876 – August 7, 1964), often known as <mask>, was an American publisher in New York City in the early 20th century. <mask>

<mask> was the son of Rabbi <mask>, who had immigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1866 and died in New York, 1884. He played violin and studied under composer and pianist Sam Franko. Career

Beginning work in his older brother's small print shop, which he gradually transformed into a publishing house. B. W<mask> (1900–1924)

In 1900, <mask> established the publishing house B. W. Huebsch. He was the first publisher in the United States of: D. H. Lawrence's book Sons and Lovers (1913), James Joyce's Dubliners (1916) and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), and Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio (1919). He also published Georges Sorel's Réflexions sur la violence (1908) as Reflections on Violence, translated by T. E. Hulme and published by Huebsch in 1914.Circa January 1918, B. W. Huebsch published the book The Poets of Modern France by Ludwig Lewisohn, A.M., Litt.D., Professor at the Ohio State University. This is a translation of major French poets into English. Quoting from the Preface: "In every age the critical conservatives have protested in the name of eternal principles which, alas, are not eternal at all." The Freeman magazine (1920–1924)

Huebsch published The Freeman magazine from 1920 to 1924. The magazine's co-editors were Francis Neilson (a former British MP) and Albert Jay Nock (a Libertarian whose autobiography Memoirs of a Superfluous Man influenced <mask><mask> Sr. and <mask><mask> Jr. among others). Neilson's wealthy wife, Helen Swift Neilson,

masks:
Benjamin W
. Huebsch
Ben Huebsch
Background
Huebsch
Adolphus Huebsch
. Huebsch
Huebsch
William F
. Buckley
William F
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 financed the magazine. Contributors included: Charles A.<mask>, <mask> Chamberlin, Thomas Mann, Lewis Mumford, <mask>, Lincoln Steffens, Louis Untermeyer, Thorstein Veblen and Suzanne La Follette (the more Libertarian cousin of Senator Robert M. La Follette). Viking Press (1925–1964)
In 1925 he merged his publishing house with the Viking Press, where he worked as an editor and vice president. At Viking, he published numerous German-speaking authors, including: Lion Feuchtwanger, <mask> (though not <mask>el's later controversial Class Reunion, published by Simon & Schuster in 1929 and translated by <mask> Chambers), Arnold Zweig, and Stefan Zweig. Further authors he published included: Irwin Edman, Rumer Godden, <mask>, <mask>. Associations

<mask> was a member of the Henry Ford Peace Plan Commission (1915–1916). He was a signatory member of the Committee of Forty-Eight in 1919. (This was an American liberal political association to create a new political party for social reform in opposition to the increasingly conservatism in both the Republican and Democratic parties.The name reflect the 48 states of the time, as well as the desire for a broad, national movement of moderate progressives. The committee failed to form a third party, despite sympathetic activists from the labor movement in 1920. The "Forty-Eighters") then became constituents in the Conference for Progressive Political Action in 1922, a movement culminating in the independent candidacy of Robert LaFollete for President of the United States in 1924. He may have been a communist, as some have stated. Diana Trilling wrote in her memoir The Beginning of the Journey

masks:
Beard
William Henry
Bertrand Russell
Franz Werfel
Werf
Whittaker
William White
Patrick White
Huebsch


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 (1993) that <mask> refused to ever republish her husband Lionel Trilling's only novel, The Middle of the Journey (1947) because he was a communist. <mask> Chambers:  A Biography (1997) claims "Unbeknownst to Trilling, Viking's publisher [sic] <mask> was a Communist and had quietly offered his services to the Hiss defense", based on an unsigned memo dated January 27, 1949, from Meyer Zeligs, further cited by Twilight of the Intellectuals(1999)  In 1934, <mask> did help celebrate the tenth anniversary of Alexander Trachtenberg's International Publishers, the (un)official publisher for the CPUSA—along with other publishers, including <mask> Cerf of Random House, Alfred Knopf of Knopf Publishing, W. W. Norton of W. W. Norton & Company, John Chamberlain of The New York Times, and Lewis Gannett of the Herald Tribune. <mask> joined the League of American Writers, a Popular Front group organized by the Communist Party in 1935 and disbanded in 1943.(His relative <mask> was also a member.) He was a long-time member of P.E.N. and served on numerous boards there. He began serving as a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) upon its founding by Roger Nash <mask> and served as its treasurer from 1926 until his death in 1964. (The ACLU supported Free Speech in the U.S., and so would have supported <mask>'s earlier publications of books by Lawrence, Joyce, and Anderson amidst controversial Free Speech issues of the time.) He represented the book industry on a U.S. National Committee for Unesco in 1949. He helped establish the National Association of Book Publishers.Personal and death

In 1920, <mask> married Alfhild Lamm.

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Huebsch
Whittaker
Ben Huebsch
Huebsch
Bennet
Huebsch
Edward Huebsch
Baldwin
Huebsch
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 <mask> had a close relationship with James Joyce, documented in correspondence. He died in London on August 7, 1964. Awards

 1964 - Irita Van Doren Award (first ever)

Legacy

<mask>'s papers are archived at the Library of Congress, with documentation completed in 2013. It contains correspondence with an extraordinary range of writers and intellectuals. Marshall A<mask> started as apprentice to <mask> at B.W.<mask> in 1923, right after graduating from Harvard University, continued with <mask> at Viking Press in 1925, became one of Viking's chief editors and eventually chairman of its executive committee. <mask> worked with numerous American authors, including: Erskine Caldwell (a client of Maxim Lieber), Sheldon Cheney, Malcolm Cowley, Howard Mumford Jones, Rex Stout, Theodore Morrison, Dorothy Parker, <mask>, <mask>, Lionel Trilling. He also worked with many British authors, including: Graham Greene, <mask>, Sylvia Townsend <mask>, Rumer Godden, and Iris Murdoch. Other authors include R.K. Narayan of India and <mask> of Australia. With Pascal Covici in 1943, he developed the "Viking Portable Library" and served as its general editor (75 titles of comprehensive anthologies of works by an established author, period, or subject). He also served as treasurer of the American P.E.N. Center.During WWII, he served on the Council on Books in Wartime and the Armed Services Editions. References

Further reading

External links

 Finding aid to B. W. Huebsch papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Roger Nash <mask> Papers 1885-1996:  correspondence dated 1964

American book publishers (people)
1876 births
1964

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Huebsch
. Best
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Alexander Woollcott
Wallace Stegner
Rebecca West
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<mask> (born December 3, 1940) is an American educator and religious leader. He served as the ninth President of Brigham Young University and is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, <mask> is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. Currently, he is the fourth most senior apostle in the church. <mask> was born and raised in St. George, Utah. After graduating from high school, his college education began at Dixie College and he also served a mission for the LDS Church in Great Britain. After returning from his mission, he transferred to Brigham Young University (BYU) and graduated with a bachelor's degree in English.He later earned a master's degree in Religious Education at BYU. <mask> received a second master's degree and later a Ph.D in American Studies at Yale University. In 1974, <mask> was appointed the Dean of Religious Education at BYU and was appointed as the eleventh commissioner of the Church Educational System (CES) two years later, replacing Neal A. Maxwell. In 1980, <mask> became the ninth president of BYU, replacing Dallin H. Oaks. Early life and education
<mask> was born in St. George, Utah. His father, Frank D<mask>, was a convert to the LDS Church while his mother, Alice, came from a long line of Latter-day Saints. As a youth, he worked as a newspaper carrier, a grocery bagger, and a service station attendant.As a young man, <mask> served in what was then known as the British Mission. His mission president was Marion D. Hanks, a general authority of the church. He and Quentin L. Cook were missionary

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Jeffrey Roy Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
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Holland
. Holland
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 companions. <mask> graduated from Dixie High School. He helped the Flyers capture state high school championships in football and basketball. He began his college education at Dixie College before his mission. After returning from his mission, he served as co-captain of the Dixie basketball team.In 2011, the school broke ground for the <mask>. <mask> Centennial Commons Building, a building to honor both <mask> and the school's 2011 centennial. The completed building was dedicated in September 2012. <mask> transferred to BYU, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in English. He wrote a thesis on selected changes to the text of the Book of Mormon to complete his master's degree in religious education from BYU, while also teaching religion classes part-time. After earning his master's degree, <mask> became an Institute of Religion teacher in Hayward, California. He worked as an institute director in Seattle, Washington. <mask> attended Yale University and earned a second master's degree in American studies, and later a PhD in the same subject.At Yale, <mask> studied with American literary scholar and critic R. W. B. Lewis and authored a dissertation on the religious sense of Mark Twain. He was an instructor at the LDS Church's institute in Hartford while he was a student at Yale. While studying at Yale, <mask> served as a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Hartford Connecticut Stake. Leadership at BYU and CES
<mask> served as an institute director in Salt Lake City after earning his Ph.D. He also served as director of the Melchizedek Priesthood MIA and as chair of the Young Adult Committee for the LDS Church. In 1974, at the age of

masks:
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Jeffrey R
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Holland
Holland
Holland
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texts: thirty-three, <mask> was appointed Dean of Religious Education at BYU. From 1976 to 1980, he served as the eleventh commissioner of CES, replacing Neal A. Maxwell, who was called to the First Council of the Seventy.During this time, <mask> also served on the board of directors of LDS Hospital and of the Polynesian Cultural Center. In 1980, <mask> was appointed to succeed Dallin H. Oaks as president of BYU. After a search committee was formed, as a favorite candidate of the First Counselor in the LDS Church's First Presidency, N. Eldon Tanner, and the protege of the chair of the executive committee of the BYU Board of Trustees, Gordon B. Hinckley, <mask> was appointed less than two days later. As the church's Commissioner of Education at the time Oaks was released, <mask> was supposed to compile a list of candidates to be the next BYU president. Instead, he was unexpectedly notified of the First Presidency's intention to make him president. After his appointment, rumors on campus cited the decision as "politically motivated". Before he arrived in Provo, <mask> reduced the number of vice-presidents to four and increased the number of assistant and associate vice-presidents over academics.Holland easily transitioned into the role of president. He was familiar with the president's duties, since he had worked closely with Oaks as the Commissioner of Education. He placed emphasis on upgrading programs and improving relationships with faculty rather than focusing on physical expansion of the campus. In order to supplement the school's funds, Holland launched a fundraiser called "Excellence in the Eighties" which sought to raise $100 million from 1982 to

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


texts: 1987. Specific funds were raised for student scholarships, academic programs, faculty salaries, and extension programs. He emphasized hiring more qualified faculty and purchasing more library and research materials. He supervised the building of the Crabtree Technology Building, but didn't promise more than ten new buildings during his presidency.A significant achievement during <mask>'s presidency was the founding of the BYU Jerusalem Center. Also during his presidency, the BYU Center for International Studies was renamed the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and had its role at BYU re-emphasized. There had been a large amount of debate about BYU's dress code throughout the previous administration. <mask> clarified his support for dress code rules. Regarding violations of the Honor Code, if a student requested their names be removed from the church records, <mask> instituted a policy in which they would have to receive special permission from the Board of Trustees in order to remain enrolled in school. During <mask>'s presidency, the weekly independent student newspaper, The 7th East Press was shut down due to writing about controversial topics. However, student editor Dean Huffaker believed that <mask> had tried to prevent them from being banned because <mask> was conscious of public relations and didn't want to cause controversy.The students stated that they believed the ban came from one of the LDS Church's general authorities. <mask> had the re-establishment of religious instruction as the "hub" of BYU's academics as one of his significant administrative goals. While he did not initiate any significant changes along these

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 lines he did in his public communications regularly emphasize the importance of religious education. As president of BYU, <mask> encouraged academic excellence in an atmosphere of faith. <mask> emphasized that BYU could not do everything, but would seek excellence in what it did choose to do. <mask> served as the president of the American Association of Presidents of Independent Colleges and Universities (AAPICU) and as a member of the NCAA's presidents' committee. He also received the "Torch of Liberty" award from the Anti-Defamation League.Service in the LDS Church
<mask> was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy on April 1, 1989, bringing an end to his term as president of BYU. As a member of the Seventy, <mask> was a counselor in the general presidency of the church's Young Men organization from 1989 to 1990. Prior to his call as a general authority, <mask> served as bishop of a single adult ward in Seattle, as a counselor in the presidency of the Hartford Connecticut Stake, and as a regional representative. He also served in the presidency of two other stakes and as a stake high councilor. From 1990 to 1993, <mask> and his wife lived in Solihull, England where he served as president of the church's Europe North Area. <mask> was ordained an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on June 23, 1994, by Howard W. Hunter. He was selected as an apostle following the death of church president Ezra Taft Benson and was sustained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 1, 1994.In 2000, <mask> became the chair of the Missionary Curriculum Task Force which worked to develop Preach

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


texts: My Gospel. <mask> lived in Santiago and served as president of the church's Chile Area from 2002 to 2004. In church general conferences in the fall of 2007 and spring of 2008, <mask> gave sermons that directly answered accusations that Latter-day Saints are not Christians. At the April 2009 general conference, <mask> gave a sermon about the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the importance of Christ's statement, "my God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me". This talk was later reformatted with music and put on a website for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where by August 2009 it had been viewed over 500,000 times. In 2012, <mask> was the member of the Quorum of the Twelve with responsibility for the affairs of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Africa. In early 2012, he went to Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ghana to meet with members and missionaries.He also met with the Vice President of Sierra Leone, Samuel Sam-Sumana. In December 2012, <mask> organized the 3000th stake for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Freetown, Sierra Leone. On March 12, 2012, the Harvard Law School hosted <mask> for a Mormonism 101 series. On June 10, 2015, he addressed the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Foreign Affairs in the House of Lords at the UK Parliament. In 2016, <mask> was keynote speaker at the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) Duty to God breakfast, as part of his assignment as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' chief representative to the BSA. As of January 2018, among his other assignments, <mask> continues his service on the Church Board of Education and Boards of Trustees, where he also serves as

masks: Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland Holland


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 chairman of the Executive Committee. In November 2018, <mask> spoke at a major inter-religious conference at Oxford University.During the same trip, <mask> met with Theresa May, Prime Minister of Great Britain. This may have been the first official meeting of an apostle for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with a British Prime Minister. In January 2019, <mask> presided at the groundbreaking for the church's Urdaneta Philippines Temple. He also spoke at a multi-stake conference in the Philippines that week. In 2020, while still serving as the chairman of the executive committee of the BYU-Hawaii board of trustees, he announced the appointment of John S. K. Kauwe III as the institution's new president. In August 2021, <mask> spoke at BYU's annual conference for faculty and staff and the speech sparked controversy within the LQBTQ+ community. <mask> and his wife, Patricia Terry, were married on June 7, 1963, in the St. George Temple.They are the parents of three children. Their oldest son, Matthew S<mask>, served as president of Utah Valley University from 2009 to 2018 and has been a general authority since April 2020. Their youngest son, David F<mask>, is a professor at Harvard Divinity School. Works
Books

Speeches

  — unofficial transcript

Awards
 Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America (1955)
 Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the National Eagle Scout Association
 Torch of Liberty Award by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith
 Washington County Exemplary Manhood Award (July 2013)

See also
 Council on the Disposition of the Tithes

References

Further reading

External links

masks:
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Family Holland
. Holland
. Holland


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 General Authorities and General Officers: Elder <mask><mask>
 <mask> on Special Witnesses of Christ

1940 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in England
Apostles (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University alumni
Church Educational System instructors
Commissioners of Church Education (LDS Church)
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization)
Dixie State University alumni
Living people
Mormon apologists
People from St. George, Utah
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Regional representatives of the Twelve
Yale University alumni
American general authorities (LDS Church)
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Connecticut
American expatriates in Chile
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives

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Jeffrey R
. Holland
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Sir <mask> (1699 – 7 December 1733) was an Irish architect, and the chief exponent of Palladianism in Ireland. He is thought to have initially studied as an architect under his father's first cousin, Sir John Vanbrugh. He is best known for the Irish Houses of Parliament in Dublin, and his work on Castletown House. The architectural concepts he employed on both civic and private buildings were to change the face of architecture in Ireland. He could be described as the father of Irish Palladian architecture and Georgian Dublin. Early life
<mask> was born about 1699 in County Meath and was the only child of General <mask>, a first cousin of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh, and Frances, daughter of <mask>, Lord Mayor of Dublin 1676–77 and previously a merchant in Turkey. In that same year Vanbrugh was beginning work on his first great architectural commission of Castle Howard which was the first truly baroque house in England, ironically Vanbrugh's new cousin was to be one of the leading architects whose designs were to overthrow the baroque fashion less than 28 years later.In 1715 following the death of his father, <mask> became a pupil of his eminent architect cousin, it is therefore likely that <mask> would have had the opportunity to see first hand and study the plans and building of Blenheim Palace, where work, following the death of Queen Anne, had just restarted, and was midway through its fraught and frequently interrupted construction. It seems though, that at this age <mask> was still uncertain if he wanted an architectural career, as aged 17 he joined the army serving as a cornet in the dragoons under the command of a Colonel Morris. Following his time in the army, he decided circa 1722, to return to his first career and again began to study architecture, he did this by studying the architectural masterpieces of France and Italy. However it was in the Veneto that he found the style of architecture which was to

masks:
Edward Lovett Pearce
Edward Lovett Pearce
Edward Pearce
Christopher Lovett
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 influence him most. He made detailed drawings of many of the great villas designed by Palladio which were to serve as the inspiration for his later work. He met in Italy the Florentine architect Alessandro Galilei, who was working from afar on a vast grandiose mansion near Dublin – Castletown. About 1725 <mask> married Ann, his own first-cousin, daughter of General <mask> and Mary Hewes.They were to have four daughters who inherited great-grandfather <mask>'s manor of Whitlingham by Norwich, Norfolk. They were: Mary, Mrs Lewis Thomas then Mrs James Slator but mother of Major-General Lewis Thomas; Anne, Mrs Chambre Hallowes; Frances, Mrs Benjamin Lake; and Henrietta, Mrs Charles Willington. He remained a Captain in Colonel Clement Neville's Dragoons. Architectural career
By 1724, <mask> had returned to Ireland to become a practising architect in Dublin, It would appear that as the only Irish architect, at the time, to have studied in Italy, his classical concepts were to win him instant recognition, his architectural success seems to have been almost instantaneous; no doubt helped by his contacts and position in Irish society and even more undoubtedly by his association with William Conolly and Castletown. Castletown

Castletown House is the largest and one of the most important country houses in Ireland, it also claims to be the house which introduced Palladianism to Ireland. The mansion was commissioned by William Conolly (1662–1729), a self-made man who had risen from humble origins through astute property dealings to become one of the wealthiest and influential men in Ireland. The original plans were drawn by Alessandro Galilei circa 1718, the new mansion was intended to reflect Conolly's political power as Lord Justice of Ireland.Galilei though returned to Italy in 1719, having drawn the plans, but not waiting to see building on the Castletown site commence. In fact work was not to start until 1722. For two years, the

masks:
Edward
Thomas Pearce
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texts: project seems to have continued unsupervised, until in 1724, it was taken over by the twenty-five-year-old <mask> <mask>. Just returned to Ireland from Italy, it is likely that <mask> had been working on the plans with Galilei there. Hence Pierce's connection with Castletown probably predates his return to Ireland. It is possible that it was to oversee the building of Castletown that provided <mask> with the impetus to return home to Ireland. Building at Castletown was to continue for the rest of <mask>'s life.It is not known precisely how much of Castletown is Galilei's work and how much <mask>'s. If in Italy <mask> had been employed by Galilei and worked on the plans, then, as was the custom of the time, <mask>'s work as an employee would have been credited to his master. Galilei was certainly responsible for devising the overall scheme of a principal centre mansion, flanked by colonnades leading to two service wings, in the true Palladian manner. Castletown was the first house in Ireland designed with this layout. The rigid symmetry of Castletown's classical façades, designed by Galilei was to be typical too of <mask>'s later work. The interiors and final room plans are believed to be the work of <mask>, however the long suite of reception rooms along the ground-floor garden front, are not in the strict Palladian tradition. Such a mansion as Castletown, in Italy, would have been a town Palazzo rather than a country villa.The long suite of room with a central salon, terminating with smaller rooms at the end of the enfilade is more typical of the suites of state rooms in English country houses at the time. The central saloon at Castletown opens into the two-storey entrance hall, which is traversed by a corridor running the length of the mansion; the principal staircase is situated in an adjoining hall to the side of the great hall. In this layout of state rooms, hall and staircase Castletown is similar to Blenheim Palace,

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 which <mask> had studied while a student of Vanbrugh. (While <mask> designed the staircase it was not actually constructed until 1760, some 28 years after his death.) Bellamont House

Another of <mask>'s earliest commissions occurred when he was commissioned by his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Coote to build Bellamont House, also known as Bellamont Forest, on the outskirts of Cootehill in the north-east of County Cavan. This family connection was not unusual, as several of <mask>'s clients were related to him. Like Castletown, Bellamont claims to be Ireland's first Palladian house.Dates attributed to the design range from 1725–1730, whatever the date (1725 is probable) it is almost certain that this was the first of Ireland's many Palladian houses to be completed. The four bays square modestly sized mansion is clearly inspired by Palladio's Villa Capra. The principal façade has as its ground floor a rusticated semi-basement, above which is the piano nobile at the centre is a four columned portico with a pediment, the portico is flanked by a single high sash window on each side. The main entrance beneath the one-storey portico is reached by a single flight of broad steps. Above the piano nobile is a secondary floor with windows exactly half the size of those below. The entire façade is just four windows wide. The composition is a hybrid between the grandest of the Veneto's villas and a slightly exalted farmhouse, which ironically was the very intention of Palladio's original designs 200 years previously.While Castletown is a symbol or wealth and power, the far smaller Bellamont is the greater symbol of Palladianism and architectural perfection. Also during this period of his work <mask> redesigned the south elevation of Drumcondra House (now All Hallows Campus, Dublin). Stillorgan Obelisk

Following a famine in 1727, an Obelisk at Stillorgan, attributed to <mask>, was erected as a memorial to those who had perished. This

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 granite monument, over 100 feet high, contains in its base a large vaulted hall from which rises a staircase leading to a viewing platform. The attribution to <mask> is probable, although the monument is in an almost avant-garde neoclassical style, with Egyptian influences; however <mask> was living in the parish at this time in a house known as The Grove. This large house (subsequently known as Tigh Lorcain Hall) was replaced by the Stillorgan Bowling Alley in 1963. Irish Parliament House
In 1727, <mask> was elected Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons for the Ratoath in County Meath, assisted by his patron Speaker Conolly, for whom he was continuously working at Castletown.The Irish Government had decided in that same year to replace their existing meeting place at Chichester House, College Green, Dublin with a new purpose-built parliament building. It was Speaker Conolly who first suggested building the new Parliament House on College Green, therefore it is unsurprising, perhaps, that it was <mask> the Member of Parliament (MP) and employee of Conolly who was eventually chosen to design the project. The foundation stone of the new Parliament building was laid in 1729, the Palladian design was, as intended, awe inspiring with a huge colonnade facing onto College Green. The two legislator Houses of Parliament contained an octagonal classical temple, complete with Pantheon-style dome, as its House of Commons, (destroyed by fire in 1792). The public gallery here could hold up to 700 spectators, symbolising true open government; the smaller but still exquisite House of Lords survives, along with its central arcade and pediment. The building at the beginning of the 19th century was taken over by the Bank of Ireland, substantial alterations have been made since, including a large extension by Gandon and Johnson. A condition of the sale to the bank was that all signs of Parliament were to be removed.However, the

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 concepts of <mask> are still very evident in the surviving House of Lords. Cashel Palace
As architect of the Parliament building, in 1730 <mask> was appointed Surveyor General of Ireland, he succeeded Thomas Burgh. This important position, a mere four years after his return from Italy was the seal on his success. While work was continuing on the parliament building in 1730 Pierce, now Ireland's most famed and sought after architect, was commissioned by Archbishop Theophilus Bolton to build the new bishop's palace, at Cashel, in County Tipperary. The result was a large unostentatious red brick Palladian mansion, on two principal floors, the hipped roof hidden by a brick pediment, the main façade seven bays long had at its centre a three bayed projection, the only ornament was dressed stone double strapping indicating the ground and first floor division. On the ground floor the terminating two bays were replaced by venetian windows. The result was a house of restrained refinement.<mask> also designed the landscaping of the grounds of the palace complete with their private path to Rock of Cashel. The Cashel Palace Hotel now operates from the property. Desart Court
Desart Court was constructed in 1733 for the first Lord Desart, John Cuffe. It was a five-bay 2 storey house with a basement. It was ultimately destroyed in a fire by the IRA in 1923. Other buildings

Among other buildings that <mask> <mask> supposedly designed are the stables at Dartrey Estate, the Deanery House on Fishamble Street, Gloster House, County Offaly, Woodlands house in Clonshaugh and 9 and 10 Henrietta Street and possibly other houses on the Street. Legacy

Following the acclaim given to the new Parliament building, the structure was near enough completed in 1731 for Parliament to be held there, in 1732 <mask> was knighted, this honour was followed by the freedom of the city of Dublin in 1733.Sir <mask> <mask> was then at the height of his success and

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Pearce
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 popularity. In addition to the better known works described above <mask> worked on numerous other commissions, a vast mansion known at Summerhill House in County Meath (demolished in the 1950s) was attributed to him, although his contemporary, the architect Richard Cassels is thought to have overseen this work. <mask> also designed smaller and more modest town houses for the wealthy and aristocratic of Dublin; two examples of his work survive in Henrietta Street (illustrated above right). His design at No.9 was for his first cousin Mrs Thomas Carter. Tragically it was to be a short period, within weeks of receiving the freedom of Dublin, he was struck down with an abscess and died of septicaemia 16 November 1733 at his home, The Grove, Stillorgan, aged just 34. His remains were buried on 10 December 1733 in St Mary's Graveyard, Donnybrook. His widow and four children survived him.Ann died at her house in St Stephen's Green Dublin on 15 July 1749 and was buried at Donnybrook on 17 July 1749. <mask> <mask>'s rise had been meteoric; in just six years of architectural practice he had scaled the greatest heights of both private and civic architectural practice. He had introduced Palladianism to a country which was to adopt it with a gusto unlike any other European country. At the time of his death he presided over an entire community of Palladian architects perpetuating his interpretations of Palladio's work throughout Ireland. See also

Georgian Dublin
Architecture of Ireland

References

External links

 Cashel Palace
 Castletown
 Bellamont House
 Stillorgan Obelisk
 Henrietta Street, Dublin

1699 births
1733 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Ireland
Irish architects
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Meath constituencies
People from County Meath
Surveyors General of Ireland
<mask>, <mask>
Burials at Donnybrook Cemetery
Georgian architecture in

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<mask>, Hon. FRSL (born 12 May 1953) is an English publisher, editor and writer. He is best known as the founder of the poetry publishing house Bloodaxe Books. Life and work
<mask> was born in Portchester, Hampshire, and grew up in nearby Fareham. He was educated at Price's School, Fareham (1964–71), the Alliance Française, Paris (1972), and Newcastle University (1975–78 and 1979–81). From 1972 to 1975 he worked in Leicester, Colchester, London, Paris and Australia, as a journalist, in publishing (Yale University Press), and as a press officer for Warner Brothers’ magazine division and for Lyons Maid ice cream. In his essay "The Story of Bloodaxe", he recounts two early life-changing experiences, the first in France in 1972 when he "spent six months in post-'68 Paris... and was radicalised".The second was in Darwin, Australia, where he was working as a sub-editor on the Northern Territory News: "On Christmas Day, 1974, Darwin was destroyed by Cyclone Tracy. I was trapped under a collapsed house. This brush with death was enough to send me post haste to Newcastle, where I was soon working as a bus conductor while waiting to start my course." In Newcastle upon Tyne, while studying for his degree at the university, he worked as production editor on Jon Silkin's Stand magazine for three years, helped organise poetry readings at Morden Tower, and became involved with small press editing and publishing. <mask> is a patron of the Ledbury Poetry Festival, having previously served on its board as a trustee. He has also been a development committee member of Cúirt International Literature

masks:
Neil Astley
Astley
Astley


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 Festival in Galway, Ireland, an organiser of Newcastle Literary Festival, and a director for three years of the Poetry Book Society, responsible for adding poetry in translation to the society's remit. He guest-edited the Spring 2015 issue of the US literary journal Ploughshares, the first all-poetry issue in its 44-year history.He has been a contributor to numerous radio and television programmes in Britain and Ireland, including the Today Programme, Front Row, Midweek and Start the Week on BBC Radio 4, The Verb on BBC Radio 3, University Challenge on BBC Two, GMTV's The Sunday Programme, and The Arts Show and Poetry Now on RTÉ. In 2018 he was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Bloodaxe
After graduating in 1978 with a first in English, <mask> founded his poetry publishing house Bloodaxe Books in Newcastle upon Tyne. He ran it alone from home while doing postgraduate research and other jobs, until it could pay him a wage seven years later. In 1982, he secured Bloodaxe's first annual funding from Northern Arts, later superseded by more substantial annual grant support from Arts Council England. In 1984 he moved the press into its first office, in the Exchange Buildings on Newcastle's Quayside. Bloodaxe is currently based in Hexham, Northumberland.As Bloodaxe's sole editor and managing director, <mask> has published over a thousand books by over 400 writers, and edits, produces and typesets all the press's annual output of around 30 new titles a year. Bloodaxe won the Northern Electric Arts Award in 1989 and the Sunday Times Small Publisher of the Year Award in

masks: Astley Astley