texts:
 Atamansky Guards Cossack Regiment. In 1914, he became a major general.War

When World War I broke out, <mask> was put in command of the Guards regiment of the Ataman Cossacks. It was a nominal position, and he managed to stay away from the fighting. He commanded this regiment during the War between 1914 and 1915. Thereafter, he was attached to the general headquarters and was made Field Ataman for the commander in chief on 17 September 1915. He served in the army without real distinction. His military responsibilities were only vaguely defined and he did not change his ways during the war, continuing his life of pleasure and idleness. Military service was a burden to <mask>, who sought every opportunity that would make him return to St. Petersburg.Even during the war Grand Duke <mask> gave many parties at his luxurious mansion, furnished in the English style, which at night was a gathering place for the "golden youth" of St. Petersburg. The grand duke was famous for his hospitality, cheerful disposition, passion for entertainment, gourmet cuisine and excellent wines. In spite of <mask>' reputation, his ambitious mother wanted to arrange a splendid marriage for him. In February 1916, she tried to marry him to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tsar Nicholas II's eldest daughter. She was his first cousin once removed. Olga, overprotected by her parents, was an inexperienced girl of twenty. <mask> was thirty-eight with a long line of mistresses linked to his name.Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna turned him down. The refusal provoked the enmity of <mask>' mother. Maria Pavlovna and her

masks:
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris
Boris
Boris
Boris


type: original

texts: family, the "Vladimirovichi", plotted to depose Tsar Nicholas II and gain power themselves. Towards the end of the monarchy, they were involved in a conspiracy to put <mask>' brother Kyril on the throne. <mask>' Anglophobia got him into trouble during the War. In June 1916, he was having supper at military headquarters while drunk, and in the presence of several officers of the British Military mission, he lambasted Great Britain. His behavior was so insulting that the British Ambassador made a formal protest, and <mask> was forced by the Emperor to apologize.By the summer of 1916, Grand Duke <mask> fell in love with Zinaida Sergeievna Rachevskaya (1896–1963), the daughter of Colonel Sergei Alexandrovich Rachevsky, who had died in 1904 commanding the fortifications at Port Arthur. The couple had met at a ball towards the end of the previous year. Zinaida, a vivacious brunette twenty years younger than <mask>, belonged the minor Russian nobility. In late 1916, Zinaida was pregnant. Grand Duke <mask> would have liked to marry her, but as he was close in line to the Russian throne a morganatic marriage would not have been authorized. To get out of his predicament, <mask> quickly arranged Zinaida's marriage to Peter Eliseev, a military officer from a prestigious family who accepted the deal in exchange for the grand duke payment of his gambling debts. Immediately after the wedding, Zinaida was sent away to Genoa, where, at the beginning of January 1917, she gave birth a child who did not live.Back in Russia, a divorce was obtained for her. Grand Duke <mask> began to live openly with

masks: Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris


texts:
 his mistress at his dasha in Tsarskoye Selo as the Russian Empire began to crumble. When Nicholas II abdicated, <mask> was at Gatchina with Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, who declined the throne. This marked the fall of the Russian monarchy and <mask> was one of the few members of the Romanov family who went to Mogilev to pay final respects to Tsar Nicholas II. Revolution

During the period of the provisional government <mask> was living in Tsarskoye Selo. In March 1917, he was put under house arrest because of compromising correspondence with his mother. In July his arrest was lifted.In late August he was still in his dacha in Tsarskoe Selo. He was able to gain entrance to the Vladimir Palace. Disguised, with the help of Englishman Albert Stopford and a caretaker, <mask> retrieved the money and jewels from the secret safe in his mother's bedroom. Stopford took the jewels to safety abroad, depositing them in a London bank. Before the Bolsheviks took power, <mask> escaped the former Imperial capital to the Caucasus with his mistress Zinaida Rachevskaya. In September 1917, he joined his mother and younger brother Grand Duke <mask> in Kislovodsk, a spa and resort town in the Caucasus. He lived in a villa with his brother, but their mistresses were placed in separate houses, because Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna would not acknowledge their existence.For the next year they lived quietly away from danger, but in August 1918 <mask> and his brother Andrew were arrested in the night after a systematic search of their villa. They were taken to Piatigorsk with other prisoners and detained

masks:
Boris
Boris
Boris Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris
Andrei Vladimirovich
Boris


texts: at the state hotel. They narrowly escaped with their lives. The Bolshevik commander sent to execute them had once been a struggling artist in Paris before the war whom <mask> had helped by buying some of his paintings. The Bolshevik recognized him and, risking his own life, returned them to their villa the next day. Since they were no longer safe and would probably be arrested again, the two grand dukes decided to flee. On 26 August 1918, armed with false papers stating they were on a mission for the soviets, <mask> and Andrei escaped heading for Kabarda, where the chief Circassian tribe, the Kabards, lived on the north slope of the mountain.For a time they wandered from village to village. Kislovodsk was captured by the White Army and the Bolsheviks fled in late September, allowing the two brothers to return to the city on 6 October. However, two days later, under the threat of the Red advance, the small group of Romanovs and their entourage were forced to flee. In constant fear for their lives, the local White general advised them to travel to Anapa in the south. He arranged a train and an escort of his own men and they left Piatigorsk on 19 October, with their own companions and other local refugees. At Touapse a trawler was waiting, they docked at Anapa, a coastal city on the Black Sea on 22 October. From there it would be easier to escape abroad by boat.However, Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna was determined to remain in Russia hoping that the White movement would prevail and <mask>' brother Grand Duke Kirill <mask> would be installed as Tsar. By March 1919 <mask> decided to

masks: Boris Boris Boris Vladimirovich Boris


texts:
 leave with his mistress. Against his mother's wishes, he left Russia from Anapa by boat through the Black Sea. Exile

Once safe in exile in Constantinople, <mask> tried to get permission to go to Britain but was refused passage on a British warship. His Anglophobia came back to haunt him and he was disliked by the British royal family. <mask> and Zinaida went to France but were expelled after a few weeks. They wanted to settle in Spain, as Grand Duke <mask> was a friend of King Alphonso XIII of Spain, but received no reply and settled in San Remo, instead.They were married at Genoa, Italy, on 12 July 1919. Eventually <mask> and his wife settled provisionally in Nice, France. In 1922, they moved to a large residence at 18 Rue de Marignan, near the Champs-Élysées, with his wife, mother-in-law and private secretary. <mask> and his siblings were reunited in exile in September 1920, at Contrexéville in the south of France, by the death of their mother Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna. <mask> inherited his mother's emeralds, the most valuable items of the Grand Duchess' jewel collection. He sold most of them. The emeralds included a famous necklace which at some point was bought by Cartier, and in turn resold to Barbara Hutton.They subsequently reset the stones and created an even more famous piece, which could be worn as a necklace or a tiara, which later belonged to Elizabeth Taylor. With the money from the emeralds, and from an account with an American bank which he had opened prior to the Revolution, <mask> bought a chateau, "Sans Souci", in Meudon near Paris, living comfortably with

masks: Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris Boris


texts:
 his wife. The couple had no children, but raised Zinaida's niece, Natasha. In the winter of 1925 he and his wife, who claimed an interest in dress-making, sailed to New York City. He said that he just wanted to visit some friends and have a good time. When asked by a reporter whether Henry Ford was a financial supporter of the effort to restore the monarchy in Russia, <mask> did not know who Henry Ford was. His brother, Grand Duke Kyril, wanted to restore the Russian monarchy and in 1924 proclaimed himself czar-in-exile, but <mask> was largely uninterested in politics.Last years

During the long years of exile the former playboy-Grand Duke remained in love with his wife, who was twenty years his junior. He was deeply attached to her, and became involved with her family and circle of friends. Of the Romanovs, the couple was close only with Grand Duke <mask> and his morganatic wife Mathilde Kschessinskaya. Zinaida was widely looked down upon by <mask>' relatives. In exile, <mask> frequented his illegitimate son, <mask>, who had been raised in France by his mother's family. Lacroix's mother, Jeanne, already deceased, was buried in Père Lachaise cemetery. <mask> often visited his son, who became a famous designer under the name <mask> Lacroix.During World War II, <mask> and Zinaida were at their villa in Biarritz when German troops occupied Paris in June 1940. Fleeing the French capital <mask> Duke <mask> and his wife Mathilde came to live with <mask>. On 26 June the Germans reached Biarritz, and after three months the two couples decided to return to Paris. At the end of 1942, during

masks:
Boris
Boris
Andrei Vladimirovich
Boris
Boris
Boris Lacroix
Boris
Jean Boris
Boris
Grand
Andrei Vladimirovich
Boris


texts:
 the German occupation, they sold their estate in Meudon, and moved to a house in the Rue de la Faisanderie in Paris. In 1943, Grand Duke <mask> became critically ill, and died in his bed on 9 November 1943, in Paris, at age sixty-five. His obituary was briefly noted by the newspapers and Vichy radio. Nonetheless there was a large turnout for the funeral, held at St Alexander Nevsky Russian-Orthodox Cathedral in Paris, where his body was placed in the crypt.He was later reburied next to his mother in Contrexéville, in the Vosges, in the Russian Orthodox chapel. In Popular Culture

Grand Duke <mask> was well known before the war as an international playboy, and appears in many memoirs and novels of the period. A representative mention is found in Arthur Train’s 1911 transatlantic liner thriller “C.Q., or, In the Wireless House” A military man is seeking aid from an international adventuress in catching a criminal attempting to flee London to New York:

“My dear Mrs. Trevelyan," said he reprovingly, " I didn't mean to suggest that this criminal might be your friend, — I only said you might know him. That's an entirely different matter, isn't it? You might know Jack Johnson, the prize-fighter, or Nan Patterson, or Oscar Wilde — "

"What a delightful circle of acquaintances ! " laughed Lily, amused in spite of herself. " If you 'd only throw in Harry Thaw, Tod Sloan, Abe Hummel, and <mask> Duke <mask> it would be really chic, — a real salon !”

Ancestry

Notes

References

 Beéche, Arturo.The Other Grand Dukes, Eurohistory, 2012. Chavchavadze, David. The Grand Dukes, Atlantic, 1989,

masks: Boris Boris Grand Boris


texts:
 Ferrand, Jacques. Descendances naturelles des souverains et grands-ducs de Russie, de 1762 à 1910 : répertoire généalogique, 1995. Hall, Coryne. Imperial Dancer, Sutton publishing, 2005,
 Hall, Coryne. The English Dacha at Tsarkoe Selo.Royalty Digest Quarterly. 2007 N 1. Korneva, Galina and Cheboksarova, Tatiana. Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna. Eurohistory.com, 2014. Massie, Robert K.  Nicholas and Alexandra, 1967, Dell Publishing Co.,
 Miller, Ilana. The Romanov Connection: A gathering of Cousins from Russia, Baden and Greece.The European Royal History Journal. V 15.6, December 2012. Platonov, Igor. The Cinderella from Dvinsk: Zinaida Rashevskaya. Nasha.nvl. 14 November 2012. Perry, John and Pleshakov, Constantine.The Flight of the Romanovs, Basic Books, 1999, . Zeepvat, Charlotte. The Camera and the Tsars, Sutton Publishing, 2004, . Zeepvat, Charlott. Romanov Autumn: stories from the last century of Imperial Russia. Sutton Publishing, 2000. 1877 births
1943 deaths
Russian grand dukes
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Russian military personnel of World War I
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
19th-century Russian people
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of


texts:
<mask>  (born 7 January 1953) is a New Zealand trombonist, jazz educator, recording artist and leader of the Rodger Fox Big Band. He founded his jazz band in 1973 and has toured extensively in New Zealand and overseas, playing at international jazz festivals including Montreux and Monterey. He is a jazz educator and teaches at the New Zealand School of Music at Victoria University of Wellington. Early life
<mask> was born in Christchurch in 1953, the son of Louis and <mask>. Both his parents were musicians. Betty taught piano and Louis played in and conducted brass bands, becoming head of music at Mana College in Wellington where his son was educated. <mask> initially played the trumpet, changing to the trombone when that instrument was needed in the Mana College band.He played in the local brass band, the Wellington Youth Orchestra and the National Youth Orchestra in 1969 and 1970. He passed the Royal College of Music trombone and theory exam in 1970. His brother played the trombone and his sisters the clarinet and saxophone. On leaving school <mask> worked for Chappells Music Publishing and in the Golden Horn Music shop. His favourite jazz band was Woody Herman's and he acknowledges Herman as a huge influence on his playing. Career
<mask> was intending to pursue a career in classical music; he was offered a place as an orchestral trainee with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra but brass players were not accepted onto the scheme that year as brass and woodwind players were not finding employment. Instead he joined the band Quincy Conserve, which he credits as an invaluable training ground for running a band and touring.In 1973 <mask> and Alan Nelson formed an 18 piece band, the Golden Horn Big Band, named after the music shop where he worked. At the time <mask> found that older musicians were not affording younger players the opportunities to play which spurred him to start his own band. The Rodger Fox Big Band succeeded the Golden Horn band. The Rodger Fox Big Band has toured in New Zealand and overseas, playing at jazz festivals in Monterey, Montreux, Wichita and Manly. In 1978 they toured Australia. They appeared at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1980 and 1981, the first New

masks:
Rodger Denis Fox
Fox
Betty Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox
Fox


texts: Zealand band to play at Montreux. In 1980 they toured in the United States and recorded an album at the Vanguard Studio in New York.The following year they toured Poland and played at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London. They played at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 2001, 2006 and 2017. <mask> has maintained that New Zealand does not have its own local jazz style and that jazz is an American music. In support of this view and to encourage the development of jazz playing and his initiatives in jazz education <mask> has brought many American jazz musicians to New Zealand to perform with his band: singer Diane Schuur, trumpeter Arturo Sandoval, pianist Bill Cunliffe, trumpeter Maynard Ferguson, saxophonist Bruce Johnstone, saxophonist Michael Brecker, trumpeter Bobby Shew, guitarist Robben Ford, singer Lydia Pense, and singer Randy Crawford. The band's 20th anniversary tour starred trombonist Bill Reichenbach, trumpeter Gary Grant, singer David Clayton-Thomas (vocalist of Blood, Sweat and Tears) and local musician Midge Marsden. Organist Joey de Francesco and singer Brenda Boykin performed with the band for the 40th anniversary tour. <mask> has collaborated with classical musicians.In 2016 he toured his band with the New Zealand Symphony in a programme called Swing into Spring conducted by Hamish McKeich with trumpet and flugelhorn player Allen Vituzzi as soloist. <mask> and New Zealand classical pianist Michael Houstoun worked together to record a CD Concerti in 2017. They collaborated again in 2021 at the Wellington Jazz Festival with Houstoun playing compositions and arrangements by Bill Cunliffe. In 2020 tenor Simon O'Neill performed Wagner arias accompanied by the band at a concert in Palmerston North. <mask>'s band has provided work opportunities for jazz musicians and he regards the band as a training ground for young players. He has advocated for better funding of jazz performance and for a jazz orchestra. He maintains that while the country has a national orchestra, a ballet company and regional orchestras there is no national big band to provide opportunities and employment for younger players.The band has run as a non-profit organisation with the earnings being used to

masks: Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox


texts:
 promote educational opportunities, to bring musicians from overseas to work with the band, or to fund trips to jazz festivals or jazz education conferences. In the early 1980s <mask>, saxophonist Colin Hemmingsen and percussionist Bud Jones established the first jazz courses at the Wellington Polytechnic (later Massey University). <mask> became a senior lecturer at the New Zealand School of Music in Wellington (initially a Massey University and Victoria University joint venture but later part of Victoria University). As well as his university teaching <mask> has tutored and mentored young jazz musicians in schools and at other jazz workshops. In 2019 he organised a series of one day workshops and concerts around the country, delivered by the band and international musicians and educators. The aim was to give students exposure to world-class educators and performers and a greater understanding of jazz artistry. In 1999 he attended the Jazz Educators' Conference in Anaheim and in 2020 the Jazz Education Network conference in New Orleans.Awards and honours
<mask> has won the Aotearoa Music Award (Tui) for New Zealand jazz recording of the year on four occasions: in 1983, 2001, 2004 and 2012. In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. He was conferred with an honorary doctorate (DMus) by Massey University in 2005. In the 2022 New Year Honours, <mask> was promoted to Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. Selected discography

References

External links
 Photo of <mask> <mask> conducting the New Zealand School of Music Big Band, 2013 on Te Ara
 Brilliant Brass – <mask> <mask>. Interview with David Bremner on RNZ, 2015
 NZ Live – the Rodger Fox Big Band. RNZ, 2017
<mask> <mask> profile and discography on AudioCulture
Rodger Fox Big Band website
<mask> <mask> goes big with kiwi pop.Interview on RNZ, 1 January 2022

1953 births
Living people
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
20th-century New Zealand musicians
New Zealand jazz musicians
Trombonists
21st-century New Zealand musicians
People from Christchurch
People educated at Mana College
Victoria University of

masks: Fox Fox Fox Fox Fox Rodger Fox Rodger Fox Rodger Fox Rodger Fox


texts:
Jean-<mask> (10 October 1758 – 10 July 1849) was a French Creole fur trader, merchant, politician, and slaveholder. An early settler of St. Louis from New Orleans, he became one its most prominent citizens. He and his family were prominent in establishing the fur trade in the city, which became the early source of its wealth. In 1975, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Early life

<mask>, known as Pierre, was the son of <mask> and Pierre de Laclède de Liguest, the latter originally of Bedous in far southwestern France. Pierre was born in New Orleans, when it was still under the authority of New France. He had three younger sisters.Marriage and family

Jean-<mask> married Pélagie Kiercereau on 26 July 1783 in St. Louis, where he had settled with his parents. Together they had four children:
Auguste P<mask> (1786–1838), a graduate of West Point who worked as a fur trader
<mask>, Jr. (1789–1865), founder of fur trading posts on Upper Missouri River, including Fort Pierre, South Dakota, and posts in Chouteau County, Montana
Pélagie <mask> (1790–after 1824), wife of Bartholomew Berthold, an Italian-born fur trader who was affiliated with the Chouteaus; Fort Berthold was named for him
Paul Liguest <mask> (1792–1851), married Constance Chauvet-Dubreuil in St. Louis. Shortly after Pélagie's death, the widower Chouteau married Brigitte Saucier on 17 February 1794, in St. Louis. They had five children, one of whom died in infancy. François G<mask> (1797–1838), first official European settler and founder of Kansas City, Missouri
Cyprien <mask> (1802–1879), employee of the Chouteau-Sarpy Fur Company based in Kansas City
Pharamond Chouteau (1806–1831), died at age 24
<mask> (1809–1891), fur trader and broker in Westport, Missouri;

masks:
Pierre Chouteau
Jean Pierre Chouteau
Marie Therese Bourgeois Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
. Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau
Chouteau
. Chouteau
Chouteau
Frederick Chouteau


texts:
 married four times

Chouteau-Osage fur trade
Jean-Pierre and his half-brother <mask>, known as the "river barons," adjusted to the many political changes which came about as the town changed from Spanish rule to becoming part of the United States after the latter's Louisiana Purchase in 1803. They continued to create political alliances with numerous parties. For a long time, they held monopoly rights on the lucrative fur trade with the Osage, and they expanded their St. Louis businesses to many parts of the emerging economy.As soon as the early 1760s, the Chouteau family started fur trades with the Osage Indians. Jean-Pierre  Chouteau spent considerable time among the Osage, where he learned their language, culture and customs. In 1796, he established a trading post in the western part of their territory, at the junction of the Neosho River and Saline Creek, which became the first permanent European (white) settlement at present-day Salina, Oklahoma. In the very early 1800s, the Chouteau-Osage alliance contributed to 50% of Indian goods traded in Saint Louis. On March 19, 1799, Chouteau acquired 30,000 arpines of territory now known as Chouteau Springs, Missouri from the Osage. On July 14, 1804, President Thomas Jefferson named Chouteau the US Agent for Indian affairs west of the Mississippi River. This was a major step for Chouteau to gain access to officials of the new American federal government, but he also delivered on his responsibilities.After being appointed a United States agent of Indian Affairs, Chouteau founded the Missouri Fur Company in St. Louis in 1804, together with Manuel Lisa, a Spanish trader from New Orleans. He devoted much of his energies to his company's fur trading activities with other family members, becoming one of the wealthiest residents of St. Louis. He became very wealthy and


texts:
 influential in St. Louis, and managed to retain considerable political power after the United States' Louisiana Purchase. As negotiator of the Treaty of Fort Clark, also known as the Osage Treaty of 1808, Chouteau convinced the Osage to sell large portions of their land in present-day Missouri and Arkansas to European-American settlers for Federal annuities. In addition, the Chouteau brothers kept up connections with Spanish authorities, further west. The Spanish gave <mask> an exclusive license, in 1817, to trade with the Osage, in their region, west of US holdings. His fur trading business thrived, making him one of the wealthiest men in St. Louis.<mask> was elected to the St. Louis Board of Trustees and became its first chairman. As a measure of his influence, he was elected to serve on half of the twelve boards chosen between 1810 and 1822. He also was appointed as justice of the peace. Slave freedom suits

St. Louis was the site of hundreds of "freedom suits" filed by slaves seeking freedom on varying grounds of "wrongful enslavement". In 1826 <mask> was sued by his slave Marguerite, who in 1805 had earlier filed the first freedom suit in St. Louis against a former master. She was of African and Natchez descent, the latter through her late mother Marie-Jean Scypion and Natchez grandmother. The Spanish officials had outlawed Indian slavery in 1769, after it took over former French territory, but it had been common before that in territorial Missouri under French rule.Scypion's children asserted that as their maternal grandmother was Natchez Indian, their mother should have been freed in 1769, and they should have been considered free at birth, by the principle of partus. Since the colonial period, the social status of children was determined by that of the mother. Thus a child of a slave was born into slavery,

masks:
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau
Pierre Chouteau


texts:
 regardless of paternal ancestry. Although the Scypion daughters and their descendants won, the decision was reversed by a higher court. For 30 years, Scypion's descendants did not give up their dream of freedom. At the end of 1824, the Missouri General Assembly passed a law providing a process for enslaved persons to sue for freedom and have some protections in the process. In 1825 Marguerite renewed her case against <mask>, Sr., who was by then her master, in the St. Louis Circuit Court, as did her sisters against their masters.The cases were rolled into one under Marguerite's name. Although the judgment and appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court went against the Scypion descendants, the case was reviewed in 1834 and a new trial was ordered. The slaves' counsel asked for a change of venue because of the Chouteau family's prominence in St. Louis, which the court granted. The venue was changed first to St. Charles County and then to Jefferson County before the case came to trial on November 8, 1836. The jury decided unanimously in favor of Marguerite and the other Scypion descendants, a decision that withstood appeals up to the US Supreme Court in 1838. This case was considered to officially end Indian slavery in Missouri. The head of a large and influential family, Jean-Pierre <mask> died in St. Louis at 90 years of age.References

External links
"Freedom Suits", African-American Life in St. Louis, 1804-1865, from the Records of the St. Louis Courts, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service

1758 births
1849 deaths
Pre-statehood history of Missouri
Politicians from St. Louis
American people of French descent
Politicians from New Orleans
United States Indian agents
Freedom suits in the United States
People from Salina, Oklahoma
Businesspeople from New Orleans
American slave owners
Businesspeople

masks:
Pierre Chouteau
Chouteau


texts:
<mask> (October 6, 1898 or October 8, 1893 – November 6, 1965) was an American jazz pianist, composer, promoter, vocalist, theatrical producer, and publisher. Biography
<mask> was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana, to Dennis, a bassist, and <mask>, and ran away from home at age 12 to join Billy Kersands' Traveling Minstrel Show, then moved to New Orleans. At first, <mask> worked shining shoes and doing odd jobs, but soon became known as a singer and master of ceremonies. By the early 1910s, he was a well-regarded local entertainer also playing piano, and was composing new tunes by 1913. <mask> was a good businessman and worked arranging and managing entertainment at the local African American vaudeville theater as well as at various saloons and dance halls around Rampart Street, and at clubs and houses in Storyville. <mask> started a music publishing business with violinist/bandleader Armand J. Piron in 1915, which by the 1920s was the leading African-American owned music publisher in the country. He toured briefly with W. C. Handy, set up a publishing office in Chicago, then settled in New York in the early 1920s.In 1921, he married blues singer and stage actress Eva Taylor, with whom he would frequently perform. He was one of the primary pianists on scores of blues records recorded in New York during the 1920s. He supervised African American recordings (the 8000 race series) for the New York offices of Okeh phonograph company in the 1920s in the Gaiety Theatre office building in Times Square. He recruited many of the artists who performed on the label. He also recorded extensively, leading studio bands

masks:
Clarence Williams
Williams
Sally Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams


texts: frequently for OKeh, Columbia and occasionally other record labels. He mostly used "<mask> Williams' Jazz Kings" for his hot band sides and "Clarence Williams' Washboard Five" for his washboard sides. He also produced and participated in early recordings by Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, Bessie Smith, Virginia Liston, Irene Scruggs, his niece Katherine Henderson, and others.Two of his 1924 recording bands, "The Red Onion Jazz Babies" and "<mask>' Blue Five" featured cornetist Armstrong and soprano saxophonist Bechet, two of the most important early jazz soloists, in their only recordings together before the 1940s. <mask>' Blue Five, a studio band only, formed after the success of King Oliver's recordings in order to explore the market for blues-oriented music. The rivalry between Armstrong and Bechet, who tried to outdo each other with successive solo breaks, is exemplified in "Cake Walkin' Babies from Home", the most celebrated of these performances, which survives in versions recorded by both bands. Although the narrative of a rivalry during these recordings is frequently discussed in scholarship, Armstrong and Bechet do have moments of friendly collaboration, such as the shared break in "Texas Moaner Blues." King Oliver played cornet on a number of <mask>'s late 1920s recordings. He was the recording director for the short-lived QRS Records label in 1928. Most of his recordings were songs from his publishing house, which explains why he recorded tunes like "Baby Won't You Please Come Home", "Close Fit Blues" and "Papa De-Da-Da" numerous times.Among his own compositions was "Shout, Sister, Shout"

masks:
Clarence
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Williams


texts:
 (1929), which was recorded by him, and also covered by the Boswell Sisters, in 1931. In 1933, he signed to the Vocalion label and the recordeings mostly featuring washboard percussion, through 1935 (and a session in 1938). He also recorded for Bluebird in 1937, and again in 1941. In 1943, <mask> sold his extensive back-catalogue of tunes to Decca Records for $50,000 and retired, but then bought a bargain used-goods store, the Harlem Thrift Shop. <mask> died in Queens, New York City, in 1965, and was interred in Saint Charles Cemetery in Farmingdale on Long Island. On her death in 1977, his wife, Eva Taylor, was interred next to him. Personal life
<mask> was the grandfather of actor <mask> III.Work and influence
<mask>' name appears as composer or co-composer on numerous tunes, including a number which by <mask>' own admission were written by others but which <mask> bought all rights to outright, as was a common practice in the music publishing business at the time. <mask> was also credited as the author of <mask>' 1949 hit "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It", a song that was later recorded by Louis Armstrong. In 1970, <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Songs

 "I Wish I Could Shimmy Like My Sister Kate" (as publisher – not composer, suspected to be originally Armstrong's "Katie's Head" bought by Piron and <mask>)
 "" (with <mask>, 1919)
 "Sugar Blues" (1919)
 "Baby Won't You Please Come Home" (1919)
 "Royal Garden Blues" (with <mask>, 1919)
 "Ain't Nobody's Business If I Do" (and others, 1922)
 "Shout, Sister, Shout"
 "You Missed A Good Woman"
 "That Ought To Do It"
 "Look What

masks:
Williams
Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Williams
Williams
Clarence Williams
Hank Williams
Williams
Williams
Spencer Williams
Spencer Williams


texts:
 A Fool I've Been"
 "Got To Cool My Doggies Now"
 "I Can Beat You Doing What You're Doing Me"
 "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (1933)

See also

 Big band
 List of American big band bandleaders
 List of big bands

References

External links
 <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. <mask> jukebox on Internet Archive
<mask> on RedHotJazz.com; biography with photos and ram files of vintage recordings
 <mask> by Tom Morgan
 <mask> at Jass.com

1890s births
1965 deaths
People from Plaquemine, Louisiana
African-American conductors (music)
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz pianists
African-American male actors
American male conductors (music)
American jazz singers
American male stage actors
Blackface minstrel performers
Burials at Saint Charles Cemetery
American jazz bandleaders
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Vaudeville performers
Okeh Records artists
Vocalion Records artists
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century American pianists
Singers from Louisiana
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
American male jazz composers
Biograph Records artists
African-American Catholics
20th-century African-American male

masks:
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams
Clarence Williams


texts:
<mask> (7 February 1928 – 3 August 2021) was a Brazilian journalist, essayist, music critic, music historian and author of many books on Brazilian popular music. He was a lifelong detractor of the Bossa Nova movement, which he saw as pasteurized Jazz music assembled in the tropics. Early life

Born in Santos, in the state of São Paulo, <mask> was the eldest son of a family of Iberian immigrants (his father was Portuguese and his mother the daughter of a Spaniard). His father worked as a waiter, sold lottery tickets and had a laundry shop. After all, he was invited by a friend to work at Urca's casino, in Rio de Janeiro, where his family moved in 1937, when the boy was nine years old. Career

<mask> got a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Brazil and in journalism at the National Faculty of Philosophy (Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia). In 1951, while still an undergraduate student, he began working as a freelancer at Revista da Semana, a now-defunct Brazilian weekly magazine in Rio de Janeiro, where he signed his texts as J<mask>.In 1952, he was taken by Armando Nogueira, his college friend, to work as a copy editor at the Diário Carioca, one of the most popular newspapers in Rio at the time. It was there that <mask> earned his nickname "Tinhorão" ("Heart of Jesus", Caladium bicolor), which refers to the name of a toxic ornamental plant that was accidentally incorporated into his own name. The nickname was given by Everardo Guillon, the newspaper's editorial secretary, but the definitive baptism, in print, came from the editor-in-chief, Pompeu de Sousa. According to Instituto Moreira Salles, which keeps the Tinhorão archives, the first article signed by "J. <mask> Tinhorão", at the Diário Carioca, was published on December 25 of that year. The author was shocked when he read: "Report by J. <mask> for the Diário Carioca". Laughing, the boss replied: "J. <mask> is a name for

masks:
José Ramos Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
. Ramos
José Ramos
Ramos
Ramos Tinão
Ramos


texts:
 pickpockets. There's a lot of them in the phone book.There will be only one Tinhorão!" <mask> stayed at the Diário Carioca until the end of 1958, when he went to Jornal do Brasil invited by fellow journalist Janio de Freitas to write for the Sunday supplement. Two years later, in the context of the creation of Caderno B, JB'''s cultural supplement, <mask> begins his activities as a researcher of popular music, commissioned by Reynaldo Jardim, creator of Caderno B, who asked <mask> to write a series of articles on the history of samba. Music critic and researcher

In the 1960s, he would start paving his reputation as a grumpy and relentless music critic. A fierce detractor of Bossa Nova, he therefore faced several enmities against his staunch opinions. His harsh style is illustrated by a 1963 article for Senhor magazine: "Daughter of apartment adventures with the American music, who is undeniably her mother, Bossa Nova suffers from the same affliction as do many children from Copacabana, the neighborhood where she was born: she doesn't know who the father is." In his standpoint, Bossa Nova represented, in urban popular music, the "sonic equivalent of the illusions of Brazilian socioeconomic 'updating' to the standards of the modern capitalism of the technological age".In the name of modernity, Brazil would reject popular forms and genres, with Bossa Nova representing a deaf class conflict, at the level of mass culture, which would result in the middle class being set apart from the working classes. He adds: "Bossa Nova was not a winning move for Brazilian music. Brazilians offered Americans a new outlook on their own music. It's easier for the average American to listen to it. Why does Frank Sinatra sing Tom Jobim and not Nelson Cavaquinho? Because it simply wouldn't match." With a Marxist background and labeled as a radical nationalist, <mask> introduced sociological analysis in his

masks: Tinhorão Tinhorão Tinhorão Tinhorão


texts:
 music reviews.Faithful to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, he understood history as the chronicle of men in the world — and of their relations with nature and with each other in society. Since in a class society each social class projects its ideology on culture and cultural production expresses the ideology of the class that engendered it, then every culture in a class society is class culture. Always based on the methodological approach proposed by Marx, he wrote for various media outlets in the 60s, in addition to JB itself: Tribuna da Imprensa, Jornal dos Sports, Agora, Jornal Rural, Singra, Revista Guaíra, Última Hora, Veja, Senhor, Diário Carioca, Jornal do Brasil, Cadernos de Estudos Brasileiros and O Globo. He collaborated with O Pasquim until 1989. In the 1990s, he definitively abandoned journalism and began to dedicate himself fully to historical research and book production. He obtained a master's degree in social history from the University of São Paulo in 1999. From his MD thesis, the book A imprensa carnavalesca no Brasil: um panorama da linguagem cômica (The Carnival Press in Brazil: an overview of the comic language) was born, published in 2000.<mask> also worked for several television networks (TV Rio, TV Excelsior, TV Globo). He remained as a journalist at Jornal do Brasil until 1963 and then collaborated as a critic between 1974 and 1982. Controversies and discoveries

During his career, he became involved in numerous disputes with Brazilian musicians such as Tom Jobim, Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso and Paulinho da Viola. <mask> considered Jobim "not a creator, but an arranger". He wrote that Jobim's melody to the song Águas de Março would have been plain plagiarism of a macumba theme collected in 1933 by João Paulo Batista de Carvalho — which translates as "it's stick, it's stone, it's small pebble / Bahia rolls over everything". That was only one

masks: Tinhorão Tinhorão


texts: of several claims of plagiarism against Jobim and others made by <mask>. Talking about João Gilberto, he said: "He is a good malandro.He gave samba an original syncopated beat, in which he could place any jazz harmony he wished (nothing but a boring tap drip rhythm). He took advantage of all the folklore around his persona and was acclaimed as a genius. Poor guy, have you seen his voice? He can't even articulate right anymore. And the air conditioning is to blame. I really admire that smartass!" <mask> attacked the Brazilian movement Tropicália and recognized its delusions of grandeur to newspaper Folha de São Paulo in 2014: "The same Gilberto Gil whom now advocates nationalism in Brazilian art wore long negligees with a Rhodia print fifty years ago", he said.To him, Brazilian movement Jovem Guarda was "simplified Rock for suckers" and sertanejo music was "neither urban nor country music". He praised Brazilian rap, though, arguing it was a present-day recovery of the classic emboladas (improvised Brazilian songs sung by a duo in public places, accompanied by tambourines and guitars). He didn't spare even Portuguese-born Brazilian star Carmen Miranda, stating: "Carmen Miranda was a victim of Hollywood show business. She left for America beautiful and full of energy and returned inside a coffin, disfigured by tranquilizers". He recognized the talent of genuine samba and choro composers and singers such as Pixinguinha, Noel Rosa, Monarco and João Nogueira, as well as modern names like Elomar Figueira Mello, Vital Farias and Antonio Nóbrega. In his book Domingos Caldas Barbosa, the poet of the viola, modinha and lundu, he defends another controversial thesis — that the Portuguese genre fado was born in Brazil, not on the wharf of Lisbon, and values the influence of slaves in the Iberian culture, conversely to common Portuguese academic beliefs. According to <mask>, "fado arrived in

masks: Tinhorão Tinhorão Tinhorão


texts:
 Portugal at the end of the 18th century as the black dance of Brazil.It had a singing intermezzo. There are documents that show female fado singers in São Paulo as early as 1740, when people not even talked about it in Lisbon. Fado only became popular in Portugal because of Caldas Barbosa." In 1966, he published the first of more than twenty books he would bring out on the history of Brazilian popular music, Popular Music: a topic in debate. He was also an avid collector. During his lifetime, he amassed around six thousand 78 rpm records, commercially released between 1902 and 1964, and another four thousand LPs (33 rpm), launched between 1960 and the mid 1990s. In addition to audio files, the researcher kept more than 14,000 books on popular culture and over 35,000 documents, photos, films, sheet music, pianola rolls, leaflets, magazine and newspaper collections related to music.In 2001, <mask>'s collection was purchased and digitized by Instituto Moreira Salles, and it is now available on the internet.<mask> <mask>. Instituto Moreira Salles. Death

<mask> <mask> died on August 3, 2021,  in the city of São Paulo, aged 93. He had been hospitalized with pneumonia two months earlier and was weakened by a stroke he had suffered in 2018. He was buried in the Protestant's Cemetery, in the Higienópolis neighborhood of the city. Works
 A Província e o Naturalismo (1966)Música Popular: um tema em debate (1966)
 O samba agora vai: a farsa da música popular brasileira no exterior (1969)
 Música Popular: cinema e teatro (1972)
 Música Popular: os índios, negros e mestiços (1972)
 Pequena História da Música Popular: da modinha à canção de protesto (1975)
 Os sons que vêm da rua Os sons dos negros no Brasil: cantos, danças, folguedos: origens (1988) Os negros em Portugal: uma presença silenciosa (1988)
 Música Popular no Romance Brasileiro (1992):
Séculos XVIII e XIX - Vol. 1
 Século XX - Vol.2

masks:
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão


texts:
<mask> (; c. 1296 – 1357 or 1359) was a Byzantine Greek theologian and Eastern Orthodox cleric of the late Byzantine period. A monk of Mount Athos (modern Greece) and later archbishop of Thessaloniki, he is famous for his defense of hesychast spirituality, the uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration, and the distinction between God's essence and energies (i.e., the divine will, divine grace, etc.). His teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek Barlaam between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk <mask> between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher Gregoras, from 1348 to 1355. His theological contributions are sometimes referred to as Palamism, and his followers as Palamites. <mask> has been venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1368. Within the Catholic Church, he was also been called a saint, and repeatedly cited as a great theological writer, by Pope John Paul II. Since 1971, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has venerated <mask> as a saint.Some of his writings are collected in the Philokalia, and since the Ottoman period, the second Sunday of Great Lent is dedicated to the memory <mask> in the Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Byzantine Synodikon of Orthodoxy also celebrates his memory and theology while condemning his opponents, including some anti-Palamites who flourished after <mask>'s death. Early life
<mask> was born in Constantinople

masks:
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Palamas
Gregory
Gregory


texts:
 around the year 1296. His father, Constantine, was a courtier of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328), but died when <mask> was still young. The Emperor himself took part in the raising and education of the fatherless boy and hoped that the gifted <mask> would devote himself to government service, but Palamas chose monastic life on Mt. Athos. <mask>'s mother (Kalloni) and siblings (Theodosios, Makarios, Epicharis, and Theodoti) would also embrace monasticism, and the entire family was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2009.Before leaving for Mt. Athos, <mask> received a broad education, including the study of Aristotle, which he would display before Theodore Metochites and the emperor. Monastic career
Despite the Emperor's ambitions for him, <mask>, then barely twenty years old, withdrew to Mount Athos in the year 1316 and became a novice there in the Vatopedi monastery under the guidance of the monastic Elder St Nicodemos of Vatopedi. Eventually, he was tonsured a monk, and continued his life of asceticism. After the demise of the Elder Nicodemus, <mask> spent eight years of spiritual struggle under the guidance of a new Elder, Nicephorus. After this last Elder's repose, <mask> transferred to the Great Lavra of St. Athanasius the Athonite on Mount Athos, where he served the brethren in the trapeza (refectory) and in church as a cantor. Wishing to devote himself more fully to prayer and asceticism he

masks: Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory Gregory


texts:
 entered a skete called Glossia, where he taught the ancient practice of mental prayer known as "prayer of the heart" or hesychasm.In 1326, because of the threat of Turkish invasions, he and the brethren retreated to the defended city of Thessaloniki, where he was then ordained a priest. Dividing his time between his ministry to the people and his pursuit of spiritual perfection, he founded a small community of hermits near Thessaloniki in a place called Veria. He served for a short time as Abbot of the Esphigmenou Monastery but was forced to resign in 1335 due to discontentment regarding the austerity of his monastic administration. Hesychast controversy

Hesychasm attracted the attention of Barlaam, a man who either converted to Orthodoxy or was baptized Orthodox who encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices during a visit to Mount Athos; he had also read the writings of Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and began to combat it both orally and in his writings. As a private teacher of theology in the Western Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the hesychasts taught. On the hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Palamas who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend hesychasm from the attacks of Barlaam.<mask> was well-educated in Greek philosophy. <mask> wrote

masks: Palamas Gregory


texts:
 a number of works in its defense and defended hesychasm at six different synods in Constantinople ultimately triumphing over its attackers in the synod of 1351. Early conflict between Barlaam and Palamas
Although Barlaam came from southern Italy, his ancestry was Greek and he claimed Eastern Orthodoxy as his Christian faith. Arriving in Constantinople around 1330, Barlaam was working on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Around 1336, <mask> received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this condemnation was solid Orthodox theology, <mask> took issue with Barlaam's argument in support of it, namely that efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds.According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, <mask> viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", <mask> insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son. A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably. Triads

In response to Barlaam's attacks, <mask> wrote nine treatises

masks: Gregory Palamas Palamas Palamas Palamas


texts: entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between <mask> and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name.<mask>'s teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of <mask>. Although the tome does not mention Barlaam by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The tome provides a systematic presentation of <mask>' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism. In response, Barlaam drafted "Against the Messalians", which attacked <mask> by name for the first time. Barlaam derisively called the hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East.According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism". Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous. It was

masks: Palamas Gregory Palamas Palamas Gregory


texts:
 maintained by the hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. Barlaam viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. Barlaam accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism. The second triad quotes some of Barlaam's writings directly. In response to this second triad, Barlaam composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy.In the third Triad, <mask> refuted Barlaam's charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to Fr. John Meyendorff "<mask> orients his entire polemic against Barlaam the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam's errors." Role in the Byzantine civil war
Although the civil war between the supporters of John VI Kantakouzenos and the regents for John V Palaeologus was not primarily a religious conflict, the theological dispute between the supporters and opponents of Palamas did play a role in the conflict. Steven Runciman points out that "while the theological dispute embittered the conflict, the religious and political parties did not

masks:
Palamas
Gregory Palamas


texts:
 coincide." The aristocrats supported Palamas largely due to their conservative and anti-Western tendencies as well as their links to the staunchly Orthodox monasteries. Although several significant exceptions leave the issue open to question, in the popular mind (and traditional historiography), the supporters of "Palamism" and of "Kantakouzenism" are usually equated.Thus, the eventual triumph of Kantakouzenos in 1347 also brought with it the conclusive triumph of the Palamists over the anti-Palamists. Fifth Council of Constantinople

It became clear that the dispute between Barlaam and <mask> was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils were held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351  to consider the issues. Collectively, these councils are accepted as having ecumenical status by Orthodox Christians, some of whom call them the Fifth Council of Constantinople and the Ninth Ecumenical Council. The dispute over hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned Barlaam, who recanted. The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of Barlaam's writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of Barlaam's treatise "Against


texts:
 Messalianism" have survived.Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although Barlaam initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against <mask>, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. After Barlaam's departure, <mask> became the chief critic of <mask>. A second council held in Constantinople in August 1341 condemned Akindynos and affirmed the findings of the earlier council. Akindynos and his supporters gained a brief victory at a council held in 1344 which excommunicated Palamas. However, the last of these councils, held in May 1351, conclusively exonerated Palamas and condemned his opponents. This synod ordered that the metropolitans of Ephesus and Ganos be defrocked and jailed.All those who were unwilling to submit to the orthodox view were to be excommunicated and kept under surveillance at their residences. A series of anathemas were pronounced against Barlaam, Akindynos and their followers; at the same time, a series of acclamations were also declared in favor of <mask> and the adherents of his doctrine. One notable opponent of Palamism was Nicephorus Gregoras who refused to submit to the dictates of the synod and was effectively imprisoned in a monastery for two years. Gradual acceptance of the Palamist doctrine

Kallistos I and the ecumenical patriarchs who succeeded him

masks:
Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Palamas
Gregory Palamas


texts: mounted a vigorous campaign to have the Palamist doctrines accepted by the other Eastern patriarchates as well as all the metropolitan sees under their jurisdiction. However, it took some time to overcome initial resistance to his teachings. For example, the metropolitan of Kiev, upon receiving tomes from Kallistos that expounded the Palamist doctrine, rejected it vehemently and composed a reply in refutation. Similarly, the patriarchate of Antioch remained steadfastly opposed to what they viewed as an innovation; however, by the end of the fourteenth century, Palamism had become accepted there.Similar acts of resistance were seen in the metropolitan sees that were governed by the Latins as well as in some autonomous ecclesiastical regions, such as the Church of Cyprus. One notable example of the campaign to enforce the orthodoxy of the Palamist doctrine was the action taken by patriarch Philotheos I to crack down on Prochoros Kydones, a monk and priest at Mount Athos who was opposed to the Palamites. Kydones had written a number of anti-Palamist treatises and continued to argue forcefully against Palamism even when brought before the patriarch and enjoined to adhere to the orthodox doctrine. Finally, in exasperation, Philotheos convened a synod against Kydones in April 1368. However, even this extreme measure failed to effect the submission of Kydones and in the end, he was excommunicated and suspended from the clergy in perpetuity. The long tome that


texts:
 was prepared for the synod concludes with a decree canonizing <mask> who had died in 1357/59. Despite the initial opposition of some patriarchates and sees, over time the resistance dwindled away and ultimately Palamist doctrine became accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church.During this period, it became the norm for ecumenical patriarchs to profess the Palamite doctrine upon taking possession of their see. Martin Jugie states that the opposition of the Latins and the Latinophrones, who were necessarily hostile to the doctrine, actually contributed to its adoption, and soon Latinism and Antipalamism became equivalent in the minds of many Orthodox Christians. According to Aristeides Papadakis, "all Orthodox scholars who have written on Palamas — Lossky, Krivosheine, Papamichael, Meyendorff, Christou — assume his voice to be a legitimate expression of Orthodox tradition." Later years

<mask>'s opponents in the hesychast controversy spread slanderous accusations against him, and in 1344 Patriarch John XIV imprisoned him for four years. However, in 1347 when Patriarch Isidore came to the Ecumenical Throne, <mask> was released from prison and consecrated as the Metropolitan of Thessalonica. However, since the conflict with Barlaam had not been settled at that point, the people of Thessalonica did not accept him, and he was forced to live in a number of places. It was not until 1350 that he was able to occupy the episcopal chair.In 1354, during a

masks: Palamas Palamas Gregory


texts:
 voyage to Constantinople, the ship he was in fell into the hands of Turkish pirates; he was imprisoned and beaten. He was obliged to spend a year in detention at the Ottoman court where he was well treated. Eventually his ransom was paid and he returned to Thessaloniki, where he served as archbishop for the last three years of his life. Death and canonization
<mask> died in 1357/59. His dying words were, "To the heights! To the heights!" He was canonized a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1368 by Patriarch Philotheos of Constantinople, who also wrote his Vita and composed the service which is chanted in his honour.His feast day is celebrated twice a year on November 14, the anniversary of his death, and on the Second Sunday of Great Lent. The reason for his commemoration on the Second Sunday of Great Lent is because <mask>'s victory over Barlaam is seen as a continuation of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (i.e., the victory of the Church over heresy) which was celebrated the previous Sunday. <mask>'s relics are kept in the Metropolitan Cathedral which is named after him. The Cathedral is in Thessaloniki. Hymns
Troparion (Tone 8)
O light of Orthodoxy, teacher of the Church, its confirmation,
O ideal of monks and invincible champion of theologians,
O wonder-working <mask>, glory of Thessaloniki and preacher of grace,
always intercede before the Lord that our souls may be saved. Kontakion (Tone 8)
Holy and divine instrument of wisdom,
joyful trumpet of

masks: Palamas Gregory Gregory Gregory


texts:
 theology,
together we sing your praises, O God-inspired <mask>. Since you now stand before the Original Mind, guide our minds to Him, O Father,
so that we may sing to you: "Rejoice, preacher of grace."Works
 Patrologia Graeca, vols. 150, 151
 Philokalia

Primary works translated into English
 The Triads (Classics of Western Spirituality Series) ()
Philokalia, Volume 4 ()
<mask> <mask>: The Homilies, (The Complete Homilies Translated into English - Published in 2009) ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 1 ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 2 ()
Treatise on the Spiritual Life ()
The One Hundred and Fifty Chapters ()
Dialogue Between an Orthodox and a Barlaamite ()

See also
Tabor Light
Mount Athos
Gregory Acindynus
Christian mysticism

References

Further reading

A Study of <mask>as () By John Meyendorff Translated by George Lawrence (1964)
St. Gregory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality () by Fr. John Meyendorff
Saint <mask>as as a Hagiorite () by Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos
Introduction to St. <mask>as () by George C. Papademetriou
Triune God: Incomprehensible but Knowable—The Philosophical and Theological Significance of St <mask>as for Contemporary Philosophy and Theology edited by Constantinos Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015 ()
Orthodox Mysticism and Asceticism: Philosophy and Theology in St <mask>as’ Work ed. by C. Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020. “The influence of Ps.Dionysius the Areopagite

masks:
Gregory
Saint Gregory
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam


texts:
 on Johannes Scotus Eriugena and St. <mask>as: Goodness as Transcendence of Metaphysics”, by C. Athanasopoulos,  in Agnieska Kijewska, ed., Being or Good?Metamorphoses of Neoplatonism, Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin Press (KUL), 2004, pp. 319–341. “Scholastic and Byzantine Realism: Absolutism in the Metaphysics and Ethics of Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham and the critique of St. <mask>”, by C. Athanasopoulos, in Verbum (the official Journal of the Institute of Medieval Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of St. Petersburg, Russia), Vol. 6, Volume Topic: Aristotle in Medieval Metaphysics, January 2002, pp. 154–165. ‘St. <mask>, (Neo-)Platonist and Aristotelian Metaphysics: the response of Orthodox Mystical Theology to the Western impasse of intellectualism and essentialism’ by C. Athanasopoulos in Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God in Eastern Orthodoxy, edited by C. Athanasopoulos and C. Schneider, James Clarke & Co, April 2013.(), pp. 50–67. External links

 St Gregory Palamas Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion
 International Conference on St Gregory Palamas, Thessaloniki 2012 with links to abstracts and reports from the Conference
 Papers from the International Conference on St Gregory Palamas (Thessaloniki, Veroia and Mt Athos, 2012)
 Palamas Seminar Meetings
 Papers from the International Conference on Mysticism and Asceticism in St Gregory Palamas (Veroia 2015)
 Opera Omnia by Migne

masks:
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas


texts:
 Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
 Light for the World: the Life of St. <mask> (1296–1359) by Fr. Bassam A. Nassif
 An Overview of the Hesychast Controversy
 Melkite Greek Catholic Information Centre on St. Gregory Palamas
 Excerpt from "Byzantine Theology, Historical trends and doctrinal themes" by John Meyendorff

1296 births
1359 deaths
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Byzantine monks
14th-century Byzantine bishops
14th-century Byzantine writers
14th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
Athonite Fathers
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
Byzantine Christian mystics
Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Byzantine theologians
Eastern Catholic saints
Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox saints
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Greek Christian monks
Greek Christian mystics
Greek theologians
Hesychasm
Medieval Athos
Medieval Thessalonica
People from Constantinople
Saints of medieval Greece
Saints of medieval Macedonia
14th-century Greek musicians
14th-century Greek writers
14th-century Greek educators
14th-century Greek


texts:
<mask> (born 1961) is a British mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and topology, particularly in the areas of geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology. He is also known for solving the angel problem. <mask> holds a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics at the University of Warwick. Biography
<mask> was born in 1961 in Neath, Wales. He obtained a B.A. degree from Cambridge University in 1983. He subsequently pursued doctoral studies in Mathematics at the University of Warwick under the supervision of David Epstein where he received a PhD in 1988.Bowditch then had postdoctoral and visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Warwick, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette, the University of Melbourne, and the University of Aberdeen. In 1992 he received an appointment at the University of Southampton where he stayed until 2007. In 2007 Bowditch moved to the University of Warwick, where he received a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics. <mask> was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 1997 for his work in geometric group theory and geometric topology. He gave an Invited address at the 2004 European Congress of Mathematics in Stockholm. Bowditch is a former member of the Editorial Board for the journal Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse and a former Editorial Adviser for the London Mathematical Society. Mathematical contributions

Early notable results of Bowditch include clarifying the classic notion of

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Brian Hayward Bowditch
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Brian Bowditch
Bowditch


texts: geometric finiteness for higher-dimensional Kleinian groups in constant and variable negative curvature.In a 1993 paper Bowditch proved that five standard characterisations of geometric finiteness for discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic 3-space and hyperbolic plane, (including the definition in terms of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron) remain equivalent for groups of isometries of hyperbolic n-space where n ≥ 4. He showed, however, that in dimensions n ≥ 4 the condition of having a finitely-sided Dirichlet domain is no longer equivalent to the standard notions of geometric finiteness. In a subsequent paper Bowditch considered a similar problem for discrete groups of isometries of Hadamard manifold of pinched (but not necessarily constant) negative curvature and of arbitrary dimension n ≥ 2. He proved that four out of five equivalent definitions of geometric finiteness considered in his previous paper remain equivalent in this general set-up, but the condition of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron is no longer equivalent to them. Much of Bowditch's work in the 1990s concerned studying boundaries at infinity of word-hyperbolic groups. He proved the cut-point conjecture which says that the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group does not have any global cut-points. Bowditch first proved this conjecture in the main cases of a one-ended hyperbolic group that does not split over a two-ended subgroup (that is, a subgroup containing infinite cyclic subgroup of finite index) and also for one-ended hyperbolic groups that are


texts: "strongly accessible".The general case of the conjecture was finished shortly thereafter by G. Ananda Swarup who characterised Bowditch's work as follows: "The most significant advances in this direction were carried out by <mask>ch in a brilliant series of papers ([4]-[7]). We draw heavily from his work". Soon after Swarup's paper Bowditch supplied an alternative proof of the cut-point conjecture in the general case. Bowditch's work relied on extracting various discrete tree-like structures from the action of a word-hyperbolic group on its boundary. Bowditch also proved that (modulo a few exceptions) the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group G has local cut-points if and only if G admits an essential splitting, as an amalgamated free product or an HNN extension, over a virtually infinite cyclic group. This allowed Bowditch to produce a theory of JSJ decomposition for word-hyperbolic groups that was more canonical and more general (particularly because it covered groups with nontrivial torsion) than the original JSJ decomposition theory of Zlil Sela. One of the consequences of Bowditch's work is that for one-ended word-hyperbolic groups (with a few exceptions) having a nontrivial essential splitting over a virtually cyclic subgroup is a quasi-isometry invariant.Bowditch also gave a topological characterisation of word-hyperbolic groups, thus solving a conjecture proposed by Mikhail Gromov. Namely, Bowditch proved that a group G is word-hyperbolic if and only if G admits an action by homeomorphisms on a perfect metrisable compactum M as a "uniform


texts: convergence group", that is such that the diagonal action of G on the set of distinct triples from M is properly discontinuous and co-compact; moreover, in that case M is G-equivariantly homeomorphic to the boundary ∂G of G. Later, building up on this work, Bowditch's PhD student Yaman gave a topological characterisation of relatively hyperbolic groups. Much of Bowditch's work in 2000s concerns the study of the curve complex, with various applications to 3-manifolds, mapping class groups and Kleinian groups. The curve complex C(S) of a finite type surface S, introduced by Harvey in the late 1970s, has the set of free homotopy classes of essential simple closed curves on S as the set of vertices, where several distinct vertices span a simplex if the corresponding curves can be realised disjointly. The curve complex turned out to be a fundamental tool in the study of the geometry of the Teichmüller space, of mapping class groups and of Kleinian groups. In a 1999 paper Howard Masur and Yair Minsky proved that for a finite type orientable surface S the curve complex C(S) is Gromov-hyperbolic. This result was a key component in the subsequent proof of Thurston's Ending lamination conjecture, a solution which was based on the combined work of Yair Minsky, Howard Masur, Jeffrey Brock, and Richard Canary.In 2006 Bowditch gave another proof of hyperbolicity of the curve complex. <mask>'s proof is more combinatorial and rather different from the Masur-Minsky original argument. Bowditch's result also provides an estimate on the hyperbolicity constant of the curve


texts:
 complex which is logarithmic in complexity of the surface and also gives a description of geodesics in the curve complex in terms of the intersection numbers. A subsequent 2008 paper of Bowditch pushed these ideas further and obtained new quantitative finiteness results regarding the so-called "tight geodesics" in the curve complex, a notion introduced by Masur and Minsky to combat the fact that the curve complex is not locally finite. As an application, Bowditch proved that, with a few exceptions of surfaces of small complexity, the action of the mapping class group Mod(S) on C(S) is "acylindrical" and that the asymptotic translation lengths of pseudo-Anosov elements of Mod(S) on C(S) are rational numbers with bounded denominators. A 2007 paper of Bowditch produces a positive solution of the angel problem of John Conway: Bowditch proved that a 4-angel has a winning strategy and can evade the devil in the "angel game". Independent solutions of the angel problem were produced at about the same time by András Máthé and Oddvar Kloster.Selected publications

See also
Geometric group theory
Geometric topology
3-manifolds
Kleinian groups

References

External links
<mask><mask>'s HomePage at the University of Warwick

Group theorists
Topologists
Differential geometers
Combinatorial game theorists
1961 births
Welsh mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
People from Neath
Academics of the University of Southampton
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Academics of the University of Warwick
Living people
Whitehead Prize

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Brian H
. Bowditch


texts:
<mask>-Wright (July 8, 1890 – August 22, 1973), was a modern American artist. He was a co-founder of Synchromism, an early abstract, color-based mode of painting, which was the first American avant-garde art movement to receive international attention. Early life
<mask>-Wright was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1890. His first name, <mask>, was chosen to honor the women's rights activist <mask>; he later hyphenated his last name after repeatedly being asked if he were related to the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He spent his adolescence in Santa Monica, California, where his father ran a seaside hotel. An amateur artist as well as a businessman, Macdonald-Wright's father encouraged his artistic development from a young age and secured him private painting lessons. <mask>'s older brother, Willard Huntington Wright, was a writer and critic who gained international fame in the 1920s by writing the Philo Vance detective novels under the pseudonym S.S. Van Dine.Synchromism: Europe and New York

Married at the age of seventeen, Macdonald-Wright moved to Paris with his wife to immerse himself in European art and to study at the Sorbonne, the Académie Julian, the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Colarossi. He and fellow student Morgan Russell studied with Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart between 1911 and 1913. They were deeply influenced by their teacher's color theory, which connected the qualities of color to those of music, as well as by the works of Delacroix, the Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse that placed a great emphasis on juxtapositions and reverberations of color. During these years Macdonald-Wright and Russell developed Synchromism (meaning "with color"), seeking to

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Stanton Macdonald
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton


texts: free their art form from a literal description of the world and believing that painting was a practice akin to music that should be divorced from representational associations. Macdonald-Wright collaborated with Russell in painting abstract "synchromies" and staged Synchromist exhibitions in Munich in June 1913, in Paris in October 1913, and in New York in March 1914. These established Synchromism as an influence in modern art well into the 1920s, though followers of other abstract artists (principally, the Orphists Robert and Sonia Delaunay) were later to claim that the Synchromists had merely borrowed the principles of color abstraction from Orphism, a point vehemently disputed by Macdonald-Wright and Russell. While in Europe, Macdonald-Wright met Matisse, Rodin, and Gertrude and Leo Stein, and Thomas Hart Benton, who called <mask> "the most gifted all-around fellow I ever knew".He and Russell returned to the United States hopeful of acclaim and financial success and were eager to promote their cause. In 1915, <mask>'s brother, by that time a respected editor and critic in the New York literary world, published one of the first and most comprehensive surveys of advanced art to appear in the United States. Secretly co-authored by <mask>, Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning reviews the major art movements of the previous century from Manet to Cubism, praises the work of Cézanne (still largely unknown in the United States), and predicts a time, soon to come, when an abstract art of pure color will supplant realism. Synchromism itself, the subject of a lengthy, adulatory chapter, is presented as that desired end-point, the culmination of the modernist struggle, surpassing the work of "lesser

masks: Stanton Stanton Stanton


texts:
 Moderns" like Kandinsky and the Futurists; at no time does the author acknowledge his own brother as one of the two originators of that school of art. About his work in this period, Macdonald-Wright commented, "I strive to divest my art of all anecdote and illustration and to purify it to the point where the emotions of the spectator will be wholly aesthetic, as when listening to good music....I cast aside as nugatory all natural representation in my art. However, I still adhered to the fundamental laws of compsiition (placements and displacements of mass, as in the human body in movement) and created my pictures by means of color-form, which, by its organization in three dimensions, resulted in rhythm." Not long after returning to New York, Macdonald-Wright separated from Russell but both continued to work in the Synchromist style, or with Synchromist color effects, though Macdonald-Wright's painting came to include more vestiges of representational imagery.They held another Synchromist exhibition in New York in 1916 and received significant promotion and critical support from Willard. In 1916, Willard and <mask> were key organizers of the prestigious "Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters" in New York. Macdonald-Wright exhibited his work at Alfred Stieglitz's famed 291 gallery in New York in 1917. Yet the sales and the renown that he had hoped for did not materialize, and his financial situation grew desperate. California and later life
Acknowledging that he would never be able to secure a living in New York, Macdonald-Wright moved to Los Angeles in 1918. In 1920, with Stieglitz's support, he organized the first exhibition of modern art in Los Angeles, "The Exhibition of American


texts: Modernists" at the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science, and Art, showing his own large-scale abstract synchromies as well as works by John Marin, Arthur Dove, and Marsden Hartley. In 1922, he became the head of the Los Angeles Art Students League.He also became involved in local theater, serving as the director of the Santa Monica Theater Guild as well as writing and directing plays, designing sets, and acting himself. Macdonald-Wright was a significant presence and a charismatic personality in the Los Angeles art scene for the next several decades. He was the director of the Southern California division of the Works Project Administration Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943, and personally completed several major civic art projects, including the murals in Santa Monica City Hall. After World War II, Macdonald-Wright became interested in Japanese art and culture, which led to the renewal of synchromist elements in his work. He taught art for many years at UCLA and also kept studios in Kyoto and  Florence. By the early 1950s, Macdonald-Wright's work had fallen into relative obscurity. A renewed interest in American modernism led to his gradual rediscovery and new scholarly attention, and he was given retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1956, at the Smithsonian National Collection of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. in 1967, and at the Art Galleries of UCLA in 1970."Synchromism and American Color Abstraction: 1910–1925," a 1978–1979 six-museum traveling exhibition originating at the Whitney Museum of American Art, was a watershed event in a revival of interest in Synchromism. In 2001–2002, a major <mask>-Wright retrospective was shown at the North Carolina Museum of


texts:
 Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, curated by the Synchromist scholar and Macdonald-Wright biographer Will South. Married three times, Macdonald-Wright died in Pacific Palisades, California in 1973, at the age of eighty-three. His paintings are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery, among other museums. References

Principal Sources
Hoopes, Donelson F.  <mask>-Wright: Paintings, 1903–1973. Los Angeles: Arco Center for Visual Art, 1979. Kushner, Marilyn.Morgan Russell. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990. Levin, Gail. Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910–1925. New York: George Braziller, 1978. Loughery, John. Alias S.S. Van Dine.New York: Scribners, 1992. South, Will. Color, Myth, and Music: <mask>-Wright and Synchromism. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001.  .
Synchromism: Morgan Russell and <mask>-Wright. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999. Wright, Willard Huntington Wright. Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning.New York: John Lane, 1915. External links

 <mask>-Wright at CGFA

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract painters
Modern painters
Federal Art Project artists
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
University of Paris alumni
Académie Colarossi alumni
1890 births
1973 deaths
Painters from California
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Works Progress Administration in California
Federal Art Project administrators
Public Works of Art Project

masks:
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald


texts:
<mask> (September 21, 1967 – January 27, 2008) was an ordained pastor, a U.S. Army Major and Intelligence Officer, a civil rights activist in the gay, lesbian and bisexual military community and the first known gay combat fatality of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The subsequent coverage of his death in the media sparked a debate over the effect of the military's "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" (DADT) policy and what information should be included in the biography of a gay military person killed in action. Early life and education
At the age of 3, <mask> was adopted by <mask> and <mask> and was their only child. In 1977, the <mask> family moved from New York City to Hampton, Florida, near Gainesville. <mask> attended Hampton Elementary School, and ultimately graduated from Bradford County High School in Starke, Florida, in 1985. <mask> joined Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church in Lincoln City, Florida, and was ordained a pastor as a young man. While in high school, <mask> was commander of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program and elected by his classmates as the "most intellectual."Military career and adult life

After high school, <mask> joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Florida and then accepted a commission in the United States Army upon graduation with a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion in 1995. <mask> later completed a Master of Arts degree in organizational management from the University of Phoenix through distance learning. <mask>'s father, <mask>, died of a heart attack in 2000, and his mother, <mask>, died of kidney-related problems two weeks later. <mask> preached at his mother's funeral. In 2001, <mask> commanded a military intelligence company based out of Waegwan, South Korea. During his tenure as company commander, <mask> emphasized unit morale and cohesiveness, often organizing company wide get togethers and functions. In 2004, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. and, in 2005, earned a Master of Public Policy degree from

masks:
Alan Greg Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny
Rogers
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Rogers
Rogers


texts: Georgetown University.Only 25 Army officers were accepted into the program. <mask>'s thesis adviser was Mark Nadel, who described <mask> as "an officer with leadership qualities that made him think, 'This is a guy I'm going to hear from in 10 years, and he's going to be a general.'" <mask>'s thesis examined how the US military's DADT policy affected recruitment and retention for military officers. In recognition of his achievements at Georgetown, <mask> gained an internship at the Pentagon serving the deputy secretary of defense, <mask>. England. Beginning in October 2004, <mask> served as Treasurer of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the American Veterans for Equal Rights (AVER). On January 16, 2005, <mask> received an award from the organization for his service at a ceremony held at Dupont Grill. <mask> also attended events supporting the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (SLDN), which works to end the DADT policy.<mask> expressed his opinion on the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy in his Master's thesis, written in 2005 shortly before he was deployed to Iraq and reportedly killed by an improvised explosive device (IED) while on foot patrol: "Today’s current policy on gays in the military seems to rest on many faulty assumptions – namely that homosexuals will jeopardize unit cohesiveness. My research has been unable to justify that position and has found that the opposite is more true. Denying service members the right to serve freely and openly violates basic dignity and respect of the human experience and puts our national security at risk." In June 2006, <mask> provided the opening prayer for a same-sex wedding ceremony. <mask> reportedly expressed "an intensely deep loneliness that stemmed from his inability to have both a [same-sex] relationship ... and the military career he also loved so much." In July 2007, <mask> was deployed to Iraq. Friends organized a send-off party in his honor on July 14, 2007, held at the Fabulous Bed & Breakfast in Northwest Washington,

masks:
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon R
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


texts:
 D.C.

<mask>'s commanding officer in Iraq was Col. Thomas Fernandez.<mask> communicated via e-mail with many of his friends during his deployment, and two of his friends from AVER received e-mail from <mask> the day before he died. Death and afterward
According to an Army report, <mask> was killed by an improvised explosive device while on foot patrol in Baghdad, on January 27, 2008. On January 30, 2008, friends of <mask> established the <mask> G. <mask> Memorial Scholarship Fund. A funeral service was held for <mask> at Ebenezer Baptist Church on February 8, 2008. In honor of <mask>, Florida Gov. Charlie Crist ordered the Florida and U.S. flags be flown at half-staff at the Bradford County Courthouse, Hampton City Hall and the Florida State Capitol. Family members later expressed that "we really didn't know about [<mask> being gay] until after his death. "<mask>' beneficiary from Florida later stated that he knew <mask> was gay, but felt it had "no more relevance than I'm straight." <mask> was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on March 14, 2008, in Section 60, at Gravesite 8558. About 200 people attended the service, including Deputy Secretary of Defense <mask>, Army Lt. Gen. John F. Kimmons, active duty military, both enlisted and officers, <mask>'s friends and family from Florida, and <mask>'s friends in northern Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Also in attendance were a dozen or more gay active duty military personnel. National media coverage of <mask>'s funeral
<mask>'s funeral gained national media publicity, initially on MSNBC, in The Washington Post'''' and on National Public Radio's Morning Edition. However, initial reports omitted <mask>'s sexual orientation or anything related to the subject. The Post and NPR reports coincided with the "grim milestone" that the U.S. Military death toll reached 4,000 dead. <mask>'s death and funeral gained further media attention when it was revealed that he was gay and worked to end the military's DADT

masks:
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Alan
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon England
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers


texts: policy.Initially, members of the national media were well aware of <mask>'s sexual orientation, yet it was widely reported that <mask> was not married and left no children. While technically accurate, some members of the LGBT community viewed the statement as an intentional distortion and dodge of <mask>'s sexual orientation. <mask>'s cousin, Cathy Long of Ocala, Fla., said, "The Post did a wonderful job. Personally, as far as the family is concerned, we really didn't know about this until after his death. It was in the back of our minds, but we didn't discuss it." Cathy Long accepted <mask>'s flag at the major's funeral. "I really feel <mask> was a lot more than that," said Cathy Long who called the Washington Blade story "self-serving whatever their cause is and that they're trying to use <mask> to do that."The Washington Post Ombudsman, Deborah Howell, stated that the editors of the Post deliberated the question of whether to disclose his sexual orientation and ultimately made a decision not to include such information. The Army asked that <mask>'s sexual orientation not be disclosed, and the Army presented it as a concern of the family. The Washington Blade reported on the Post's decision to change the story and included more details about <mask>'s activities and friends in the LGBT community. Subsequently, Howell of The Washington Post, citing <mask>'s apparent feelings on DADT, wrote a column admitting that the Post's article "would have been richer" had it disclosed his sexual orientation and activities in the GLBT community. On March 31, 2008, an anonymous attempt was made to remove information relating to <mask>'s sexual orientation from the present Wikipedia article. The IP address associated with the attempt corresponds with the IP address for the office of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) at the Pentagon, currently headed by Lt. Gen. John Kimmons. Kimmons attended <mask>'s funeral and presented the U.S. flag from <mask>'s coffin to a family

masks: Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Alan Alan Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers Rogers


texts:
 member.The Army subsequently denied that the IP address associated with the changes "necessarily belongs to any one specific office." The August 4, 2008, issue of The New Yorker magazine published a lengthy profile of <mask>, and the larger issues surrounding the DADT debate spurred on by his death. The story quotes Colonel Mike Hardy, who worked with Major <mask> at the Pentagon, as saying, "He did not make any moves to be remembered as a gay soldier. Nowhere in those phone calls home did he say, 'let everyone know that I died a proud gay officer.'" <mask>, the author of the article, then comments, "Of course, being a proud gay officer is tantamount, under the current military policy, to being a retired gay officer with no pension." In December 2010, the U.S. Congress passed a bill providing for the potential repeal of DADT pending certain conditions. Those were confirmed in July 2011 by  President Barack Obama, the Secretary of Defense, and Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and repeal took effect on September 20, 2011.Awards
  Bronze Star (2)
  Purple Heart

References

External links
 A Soldier's Legacy An article from The New Yorker'' about <mask> and the debate over press coverage
 <mask>ed (Personal dedication from a close friend)
 In his own words: Maj. <mask> on the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy "Policy Management Project - Analysis of Department of Defense 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,'" Personnel Policy, <mask>, Georgetown University, Master Policy Management (MPM) Capstone, PPOL 950–01, Dr. Mark Nadel, May 6, 2005. African-American military personnel
American LGBT military personnel
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Georgetown University alumni
LGBT African Americans
LGBT Baptist clergy
LGBT rights activists from the United States
United States Army officers
University of Florida alumni
University of Phoenix alumni
1967 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Gay

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Rogers
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Ben McGrath
Rogers
Alan Remember
Alan Rogers
Alan Rogers


texts:
<mask> (born May 9, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer who was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado from 1993 to 2005. In August 2010, McInnis lost his bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Colorado after a plagiarism accusation and apology hurt his standing. In November 2014, McInnis was elected a member of the Mesa County Board of County Commissioners—beginning term in office in January 2015. The McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area, west of Grand Junction, is named for him. Education and professional history
Born in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, <mask> graduated from Glenwood Springs High School and attended Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. He earned a B.A. from Fort Lewis College in 1975 and a J.D.from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, Texas, in 1980. He served as a police officer in Glenwood Springs, worked as a hospital director, and started a law practice in Colorado. McInnis is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and is an honorary adviser for the National Student Leadership Conference. Political career

Colorado House of Representatives
From 1983 to 1993, McInnis served in the state house of representatives, where he was elected House Majority Leader and served as Chairman of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee. U.S. Congress
In 1992, McInnis was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Colorado's 3rd district and served six terms, from January 1993 to January 2005. Following the Chandra Levy investigation, McInnis "proposed that the House of Representatives adopt strict rules prohibiting members from having romantic or sexual relationships with interns they supervise."

masks:
Stephen Scott Emory McInnis
McInnis


texts:
 While in Congress, McInnis held a position on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.Along with former Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, McInnis sponsored legislation to redesignate Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument as a national park in 1999. In 2000, McInnis and former Senators Ben Nighthorse Campbell and Wayne Allard authored the Great Sand Dunes National Park Act, and four years later the Great Sand Dunes became the country's 58th national park. While in office, McInnis received numerous awards. He was named "Person of the Decade" by The Glenwood Post in 1999 and "Best Local Government Official" by The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel from 1999–2003. Other awards <mask> has received include the Colorado Association of Homebuilders' Award for Government Service, the Legislator of the Year Award from the Colorado Wildlife Federation, the Golden Bulldog Award from Watchdogs of the Treasury, the National Security Leadership Award from the American Security Council, the Sound Dollar Award from the Free Congress Foundation, the Spirit of Free Enterprise Award from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Hero of the Taxpayer Award from The Americans for Tax Reform, the Taxfighter Award from the National Tax Limitation Committee and the Friend of Farm Bureau award from the American Farm Bureau Federation. McInnis once employed Josh Penry, who is now a former Colorado state senator, and McInnis has been described as Penry's political "mentor." Campaign Scrutiny
McInnis's Congressional campaign committee came under scrutiny in 2005 by the Federal Election Commission after Democrats filed a complaint alleging that the campaign improperly issued payments to McInnis's wife for her work as campaign manager in 2004 when


texts:
 <mask>is was not actively seeking office.McInnis's campaign explained that <mask> was employed by the campaign committee to maintain campaign archives, direct money to other campaigns, and act as liaison with the accounting firm retained by the campaign. McInnis's chief of staff stated that it was "naive to assume that simply because Congressman McInnis is not seeking re-election that we aren't participating in the election." The FEC ultimately dismissed the complaint and found no evidence of wrongdoing by the McInnis campaign. After being regarded as the early Republican frontrunner in Colorado's 2008 U.S. Senate election, McInnis decided not to enter the race, citing family reasons. 2010 gubernatorial election

McInnis had been mentioned as a possible candidate for either the United States Senate or the Colorado governorship in 2010. Although he stated that he was not planning to seek the Senate seat, he did indicate some interest in challenging incumbent Bill Ritter for Colorado's top executive office. Ritter later announced his retirement.On May 21, 2009, <mask> officially announced his candidacy for Governor. Though he did not gain the nomination at the party convention, he was widely considered the front runner for the Republican nomination until accusations of plagiarism gained attention. In the August 10 primary he lost the nomination by slightly more than 1 percent of the ballots cast to entrepreneur Dan Maes. Plagiarism story
In 2005, after leaving Congress, McInnis received a two-year fellowship at the Hasan Family Foundation. He was paid $300,000 to do speaking engagements and "research and write a monthly article on water issues that can be distributed to media and organizations as well as be available

masks:
Scott McInn
Lori McInnis
McInnis


texts: on the Internet." Soon after he started his fellowship, McInnis took a full-time job at the firm Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). In 2010, <mask>'s work for the Hasan foundation, a total of 150 pages in 23 parts, was posted to the foundation's website.Teresa Fishman, director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Clemson University, reviewed McInnis's work and called several of the parts a clear case of plagiarism. "Both ... ideas and words [were] lifted" from a 20-year-old essay by now-Colorado Supreme Court Justice Gregory J. Hobbs. A McInnis spokesperson said that McInnis "relied on the research and expertise" of Rolly Fischer, a Glenwood Springs engineer who worked at the Colorado River Water Conservation District, and Fischer was the one who handled the parts that were accused of being plagiarism. "His GOP primary challenger, Dan Maes, says McInnis should 'man up' about the plagiarism" and "faulted McInnis for blaming a research assistant." Fischer himself rebutted any effort to blame him: '<mask>'s responsible for it,' he told the Glenwood Springs Post Independent and would not comment further. In a televised interview with KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia, McInnis was asked several times who actually wrote the articles and he would not give a definitive answer. McInnis continued to evade the question until finally, in a written apology statement, McInnis said "I should have been more vigilant in my review of research material Rolly submitted."The 82-year-old Fischer subsequently told KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia he had not known the articles were to be published; had not known McInnis had a foundation grant; had been paid a few hundred dollars for each article; had

masks: McInnis Scott