texts:
 results of the inspection, which revealed numerous irregularities and inconsistencies: there were gaps of up to 50 mm at all assembly joints, rail wear was up to 2–2.5 cm, wooden sleepers were rotten. Due to the condition of the tram tracks, wheel sets of wagons were heavily worn out. In 2014, there were 20 facts of the derailment of cars.Up until September 2015, there were 43 derailments. In 2017, the dismantling of tram tracks began. Onai System
On 11 January 2016, the public transport system "Onai" was introduced, which was non-cash fare system. The system deduced unaccounted cash from the shadow turnover. In September 2016, the cash payment of Almaty residents for a month amounted to 256 million tenge, with cards to only 0.8 billion tenge. In September 2017, the monthly cash income was 91 million tenge, and through the Onai card, 1.5 billion tenge. 800 million tenge were withdrawn from the shadow turnover in one month.Upgrades
Under the leadership of <mask>, public transport was updated by 80%, almost 1300 new buses were purchased. In January 2016, 70% of the state-owned company “Almatyelektrotrans” was transferred to a private investor Green Bus Company LLP for 5 years in trust without the right to subsequent redemption. Bus rapid transit
In September 2018, the first BRT line in the country was launched on Timiryazev Street, at peak hours, the speed of buses along the line was 3 times higher than cars. Already in the first 10 days of operation, passenger flow increased by 40% from 100,000 to 140,000 people. Speed limit
After speed reduction on Al-Farabi Avenue from 80 to 60 km, the number of accidents decreased by 2.7 times. On the one-sided Kurmangazy street, the number of


type: original

texts:
 accidents decreased by 41%, and on Shevchenko street was 4 times. Urban policies
For several years, work was underway to reconstruct the central streets of the city for pedestrians.One of the main objects of change was Panfilov Street, which became a pedestrian street from Zhibek Zholy Street to Qabanbai Batyr Street. Under Baibek, more than 600 streets and almost 1,600 courtyards of Almaty were repaired, where modern children's and sports grounds, surveillance cameras, and courtyard lighting appeared. 30% of street lighting was converted to energy-saving LED lighting. 300 km of irrigation ditches and 2000 km of engineering networks were also repaired and built. Almost 3000 illegal kiosks were demolished in the city. Baubek announced the City Without Fences program, in which 150 km of fences were dismantled. Many organizations planted bushes and trees as a replacement.In October 2015, the building of the former General Plan on Jeltoqsan Street was demolished. Members of the Defend Almaty initiative group gathered near the building, claiming that work was being carried out illegally, but the city planning council issued all the necessary permits. In October 2015, with the approval of the Town Planning Council, the Alatau Cinema building, built in 1960, was demolished for the construction of McDonald's. Social media users organized a flash mob against the demolition of the building. In response to the controversies, <mask> stated that for 20 years the cinema was empty, and it did not represent historical value, since it was made of alucobond. A project for preventive monitoring of mudflow hazard was developed. Seismic amplification of 65% of educational facilities and 53% of healthcare was


texts:
 carried out.To protect against mudflows, the Mynjylky Dam was reconstructed, 9 of the most breakthrough moraine lakes were emptied. 9 rivers canals were reconstructed. Protective structures strengthened the slopes at HES-1 - BAO and Medeu - Shymbulak. For the first time in the city, the “Participation Budget” project was implemented where a part of the city budget is distributed by the citizens themselves. Social objects
In a few years, 11 schools and more than 540 public and private kindergartens were opened, and 12 hospitals and clinics were commissioned. Within the framework of the project “Baityt Obybasy”, the payment for kindergartens was halved, and a large number of private kindergartens were opened. As a result of this work, more than 20 thousand children were enrolled in kindergartens.From 2015, Almaty schools, colleges, hospitals and KSK began to publish their reports on financial activities. In February 2019, a simplified mortgage lending program was launched for large families. While Baibek was akim, many medical centers were sold into private ownership. The privatization plan of these and other facilities in the country was previously approved by the Decree of the Government of Kazakhstan from 30 December 2015 No. 1141 “On some issues of privatization for 2016-2020”. Criticism
In May 2017, environmental activists of the “Defend Almaty” and “Defend Kokkailau” groups gave the Akim a gift-installation “Death of Almaty”, which, according to the authors of the present, symbolizes the concern of the townspeople about the activities of the city akim. That same month, the appeal of a public figure Denis Krivosheev to Baibek was published.References

Living people
1974


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<mask> (October 11, 1933 – August 8, 2018) was an American playwright and theater producer. He won a Tony Award and multiple Drama Desk Awards during his producing career. Playwright and producer
Born in Santa Maria, California, <mask> graduated from Yale in 1955 with a BA in drama. As a writer in children’s television, he worked for seven years on Captain Kangaroo and for four years on Sesame Street. His play In The Desert Of My Soul was anthologized in Best Short Plays Of 1976. His musical Gulp!, written with Stephen Greco and Robin Jones, had a lengthy off-off-Broadway run in 1977. His plays written for, and originally produced by The Glines, the non-profit organization for gay arts which he co-founded in 1976 with Barry Laine and Jerry Tobin, include On Tina Tuna Walk, In Her Own Words (A Biography of Jane Chambers), Men Of Manhattan (also made into a film directed by Anthony Marsellis), Chicken Delight, Body And Soul Murder In Disguise, Key West, and Heavenly Days.His last play, Butterflies And Tigers, based on stories of the Chinese people during the Cultural Revolution, had an extended run in New York City in 1998. It catered to lesbian and gay male playwrights Jane Chambers, Robert Patrick, Doric Wilson, and Harvey Fierstein. Other recognizable actors and prestigious writers (across all gender identities and sexual identities)  who in later years worked with <mask> were Matthew Broderick, Jean Smart, Charles Busch, Allen Ginsberg, Lou Liberatore, Jonathan Hadary, Armistead Maupin, Pat Bond,

masks:
John Glines
Glines
The Glines


texts:
 Felice Picano, Ned Rorem, Vito Russo, Robin Tyler, Audre Lorde, Edmund White, Dan Lauria, James Purdy, <mask>, Fisher Stevens, and Jack Wrangler. In 1985 he told Playbill, “Nine years ago, [gay] playwrights and actors didn’t use their own names; a gay play meant something pornographic. I thought by using my own name, it would be a forerunner — it would force others to do the same.”

When “Torch Song” won Best Play just two years after public health recognition of the AIDS crisis, <mask> said on the national telecast, “This is a stupendous and miraculous moment, and I would like to accept this in memory of Jane Chambers and Billy Blackwell and in honor of all my brothers and sisters.” After thanking Fierstein and others in the company, <mask> concluded, “And lastly but most importantly to the one person who believed and followed the dream from the very beginning who never said, ‘You’re crazy and it can’t be done,’ I refer to my partner and my lover, Lawrence Lane.”

Writing last year in The New York Times, Stuart Emmrich said he and his partner, Barry, “were shocked. It was the first time either of us had seen a real-life gay man openly acknowledge a romantic relationship on network TV, much less on an awards program.”

The Times did not cover Glines’ historic speech in its next day coverage, but did quote Natalia Makarova who won for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for “On Your Toes” thanking her husband “who didn’t help much but wasn’t in the way.” And the newspaper noted that Tommy Tune, who

masks:
John Rechy
Glines
Glines


texts:
 won two Tonys for “On Your Toes,” wore “a bright pink shirt and pink bow tie” and thanked his sister. Philip Crosby, managing director of the Richmond Triangle Players, an LGBTQ theater group now in its 25th year in Virginia, wrote, “He enabled all the LGBTQ theaters across the country to have the courage to produce the works we do.”

Glines won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award in 1983 as producer of Torch Song Trilogy.In his acceptance speech for the Tony, he was the first person ever to acknowledge his same-sex lover on a major awards show. He won the Drama Desk Award and a Tony nomination in 1985 as producer of As Is, and won the Drama Desk Award in 1994 for Whoop-Dee-Doo! Activism

In 1987, <mask> founded Stamp Out AIDS to raise a million dollars to fight the HIV and AIDS epidemic by selling stamps that people could use like CEaster Seals. He enlisted the participation of  Helen Hayes, Pearl Bailey, Vivian Blaine, Ellen Greene, Richard Dreyfuss, and Estelle Getty. In 1992, <mask> was a founding board member of Broadway Cares/ Equity Fights AIDS, whose longtime executive director, Tom Viola, wrote on Facebook, “<mask> will always be a part of our legacy.”

Concurrently with his theatre work, <mask> was a founding trustee of Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, which grew out of Stamp Out AIDS, the non-profit organization he founded in 1985 as a result of his work on As Is. <mask> was honored by numerous organizations, including the Empire State Pride Agenda (Artistic Vision Award), Parents,

masks: John Glines John Glines Glines


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 Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) (Oscar Wilde Award), the Allied Gay and Lesbian Association of Los Angeles, and Off-Off-Broadway Review (Lifetime Achievement Award). Chaowarat Chiewvej married <mask> in 2014.<mask> died from complications from surgery and emphysema at the age of 84 on August 8, 2018 at his home in Bangkok, Thailand. (Gay City News, August 22, 2018)

References

External links
 FROM LYCEUM’S STAGE, A DISCUSSION ON AIDS The New York Times, October 13, 1985. <mask> papers, 1971-1998, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
  THEATER: 'CARLA'S SONG,' A DRAMA ABOUT CHILD ABUSE Stephen Holden, The New York Times, July 30, 1984. Review/Theater; Arrivederci Papa, Farce In Drag Stephen Holden, The New York Times, June 29, 1989. The Demonstration (a scene from Men of Manhattan) Actors Theatre of Louisville, 1991
 Glines Hopes NY Audiences Will Start Chasing His Butterflies David Lefkowitz, Playbill On-Line, 12 June 1998. Adjunct Theatre League Ex-Voters Retain Legal Counsel Playbill On-Line, 26 October 1999. Old Plays Are Gold Francine L. Trevens, On the Purple Circuit, June 17, 2003.Memorial Foundation for the Arts, Honorary Board Members
 Reviews Written by <mask> Amazon.com
 Personal photo galleries

1933 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Tony Award winners
People from Santa Maria, California
Yale University alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from California
American gay

masks:
John Glines
Glines
John Glines
John Glines


texts:
<mask> (;  – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for initiating the Crusades. <mask> was a native of France, and was a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school where he began his studies in 1050. Before his papacy, <mask> was the grand prior of Cluny and bishop of Ostia. As pope, he dealt with Antipope <mask>, infighting of various Christian nations, and the Muslim incursions into Europe. In 1095 he started preaching the First Crusade (1095–99).He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the First Crusade resulted in the liberation of Jerusalem from the Fatimids, Pope <mask> II died before he could receive this news. He also set up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was beatified by <mask> <mask> on 14 July 1881. Bishop of Ostia
<mask>, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. He was prior of the abbey of Cluny, later Pope <mask> named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia .He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom <mask> nominated as papabile (possible successors). Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as <mask>, Odo was elected by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088. Papacy

Struggle for authority

From the

masks:
Pope Urban II
Pope Urban
Urban
Clement III
Urban
Pope Leo
XIII
Urban
Gregory VII
Gregory VII
Victor III


texts: outset, <mask> had to reckon with the presence of Guibert, the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "<mask>". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the emperor Henry IV over papal authority. Despite the Walk to Canossa, Gregory had backed the rebel Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed <mask> in his place.<mask> took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, <mask> toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investitures, clerical marriages (partly via the cullagium tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, with Welf II, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of Prince Conrad against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at Cremona in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and Maximilla, the daughter of Count Roger of Sicily, which occurred later that year at Pisa; her large dowry helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The Empress Adelaide was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV.He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King <mask> of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome. <mask> maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate Hugh of Die's excommunication of King

masks:
Urban
Clement III
Clement III
Urban
Urban
William II
Urban


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 Philip over his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort, wife of the Count of Anjou. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of Louis.) First Crusade

<mask> II's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, <mask> II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against the Muslim Seljuk Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. The Council of Clermont met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops.All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the cathedral of Clermont or in the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du- Port. Though the Council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, <mask> II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the Council to a broader audience. The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him. <mask>'s sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the Holy Land, and the eastern churches generally, from the control of the Seljuk Turks. This was the speech that triggered the Crusades. There exists no exact transcription of the speech that <mask> delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another.All versions of the speech except that by Fulcher of Chartres were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the Gesta Francorum (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the

masks:
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban


texts: Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101. Robert the Monk may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. The five versions of <mask>'s speech likely reflect much more clearly what later authors thought <mask> II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what <mask> actually did say. As a better means of evaluating <mask>'s true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope <mask> himself: one to the Flemish (dated December 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the Moors, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is <mask>'s own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading.Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to <mask>'s actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has <mask> saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the christians to fight and reclaim their land. The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of <mask> II:  ... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is

masks:
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban


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 that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven.Robert continued:
When <mask> had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God.When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope <mask>’s speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. It is disputed whether the famous

masks:
Pope Urban
Urban


texts: slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will of God" (deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards. <mask> II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches.One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Baldric of Dol is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which <mask> only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule. It was believed that originally that <mask> wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, <mask> decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. <mask> II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts).Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of <mask>'s speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding

masks: Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban


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 the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. It is still disputed what Pope <mask>'s motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that <mask> wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism of 1054. Others believe that <mask> saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that <mask> felt threatened by the Muslim incursions into Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the christian world into a unified defense against them. The most important effect of the First Crusade for <mask> himself was the removal of <mask> from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies.His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany. <mask> died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II. Spain
<mask> also gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors there. Pope <mask> was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain. Sicily
<mask> received vital support in his conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Romans and the Holy Roman Empire from the Norman of Campania and Sicily. In return he granted Roger I the freedom to appoint bishops as a right of ("lay investiture"), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions.Roger I

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Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Clement III
Urban II
Urban
Urban
Urban


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 virtually became a legate of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's Hohenstaufen heirs. Veneration
<mask> was beatified in 1881 by <mask> <mask> with his feast day on 29 July. See also
 House of Châtillon
 House of Natoli
 Beauvais Cathedral
 Milo of Nanteuil
 Concordat of Worms
 Gregorian Reforms
 Investiture Controversy
 Cardinals created by <mask> II

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

Crozet, R. (1937). "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergé de France (1095-1096)" : Revue historique 179 (1937) 271-310. Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960. <mask> II and Canon Law (The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.Somerville, Robert (1970). "The French Councils of Pope <mask> II: Some Basic Considérations," Annuarium historiae conciliorum 2 (1970) 56-65. External links

 Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade from Medieval Sourcebook. Medieval Lands Project on Eudes de Châtillon, Bishop of Ostia, Pope <mask> II, the son of Milon the seigneur of Châtillon in the 11th century
 <mask>'s call for the 1095 crusade

 Publications about <mask> II in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii
 Gabriele, M. (11 December 2012). The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope <mask> II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest. Retrieved 24 November 2017. 1030s births
1099 deaths
11th-century French people
House of Châtillon
People from Marne (department)
Cluniacs
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Christians of the First Crusade
Diplomats of the Holy See
French popes
Benedictine popes
Christian critics of Islam
11th-century popes
Beatified popes
French beatified people
Benedictine beatified people
Popes
Cardinals created by Pope Gregory

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Pope Urban
Pope Leo
XIII
Urban
Pope Urban
Urban
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Jean-<mask> (born 31 May 1979) is a Belgian professional football coach and a former goalkeeper. He works as a goalkeeping coach at Standard Liège. At international level, he was a member of the Belgian squad that took part at UEFA Euro 2016. Club career

Standard Liège and Monza
He began his professional career in the youth system of Standard Liège and was called up to the first team at the age of just 17. In 1996, he made his debut in Belgian First Division and the following season he took to the field on another two occasions. In the summer of 1999, at the age of twenty, he moved outright to Monza, then in Serie B. As a starter, he disputed 33 games.Bari and Treviso
After playing four games in August with Monza, in the final days of the transfer market he accepted a move to Bari in Serie A, who paid 5 million lire. His first season in the top flight, despite 20 appearances and some stand-out performances in goal, was marred by a prosecution for doping. After the match Bari-Reggina on 21 January, in fact, he became the first player in Italy to be indicted for testing positive for Nandrolone and was forced by the sports court to serve a four-month disqualification. Over the next ten years he played 317 games for Bari in Serie A and Serie B, with the exception of a short loan with Treviso in 2003–04, due to some disagreements with the then coach Marco Tardelli. On 13 March 2008 he renewed his contract with the Galletti until 2011. In 2007 Antonio Conte arrived at Bari, and <mask> adapted his role in the team and was employed as a sweeper keeper. The team triumphed in Serie B, returning to the top flight after a seven-year absence.In 2009–10, his performances were confirmed again at the highest level, only conceding seven goals in the first 12 rounds; with the defensive pairing of Andrea Ranocchia and Leonardo Bonucci, they were among the teams in Europe with the fewest goals conceded. On 18 March 2010 he renewed with Bari until 2014, and on 12 September 2010 against Napoli, he officially became Bari's most-capped player after reaching 319

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François Gillet
Gillet


texts:
 appearances for the jersey of the pugliesi, overcoming Bari legend Giovanni Loseto. For this reason, the mayor of Bari gave the Belgian goalkeeper the keys of the city as a sign of attachment to the club and the city. <mask> remained a formidable goalkeeper: saving two penalties from Francesco Totti, during the two matches between Bari and Roma, and one from Robert Acquafresca of Cagliari. At the end of the season, however, Bari were once again relegated to Serie B.

Bologna

In 2011, after Bari's relegation to Serie B, <mask> expressed his desire to finish his career in Serie A and was transferred to Bologna in a deal worth €1.4 million. At his farewell press conference, <mask> tearfully bid farewell to his adopted home in Bari and their fans. In his first season at Bologna, <mask> immediately showed his goalkeeping abilities and was quickly taken to by the Bologna faithful.His 29 league appearances in goal helped Bologna finish 9th in the 2011–12 Serie A season, the club's best finish in a decade. Torino
On 5 July 2012 <mask> transferred to Torino for €1.7 million, with whom he signed a contract for three years. At Torino he was reunited with former coach Giampiero Ventura from Bari, making his debut on 26 August against Siena in a scoreless draw. He played 37 matches for the Granata in the 2012–13 season. However, on 6 June 2013, in the aftermath of the Bari match-fixing scandal, he was indicted for sporting fraud and on 16 July was suspended for three years and seven months due to his role in the matches Bari-Treviso on 11 May 2008; and Salernitana-Bari on 23 May 2009. On 24 January 2014 the TNAS reduced the disqualification to 13 months (five of which he had already served). <mask> returned on 17 August 2014 in a triangular friendly in Mondovì against Bra and Virtus Mondovi.On 22 August he was recalled by Ventura for the Europa League playoff round against RNK Split. On 18 September <mask> played his first game as a starter for Torino since his suspension against the Belgian team Club Brugge, which ended 0–0 thanks to his heroic

masks: Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet Gillet


texts:
 parries. Catania
On 30 January 2015, he transferred to Catania, on a contract until 2017. Loan to Mechelen

On 4 October 2015, <mask> saved three penalties for Mechelen in a league game against Anderlecht. Standard Liège
On 17 March 2018 he played as Standard Liège beat Genk 1–0 in extra time to win the 2018 Belgian Cup Final and qualify for the UEFA Europa League. International career
In August 2009, at the age of 30, after a strong performance against Inter Milan for Bari, he was called up to the Belgian senior team in view of qualification for the 2010 World Cup against Spain and Armenia. He debuted 5 September 2009 in Spain, parrying a David Villa penalty, before conceding 5 goals.He conceded 2 goals in the next game, which saw the Belgian team defeated in Armenia by 2 to 1. On 14 November, he kept a clean sheet in a friendly against Hungary and again against Qatar. Style of play
Considered to be a talented goalkeeper in his youth, <mask> was nicknamed "the cat from Liège”, a reference to his birth–place and quick reflexes, which allowed him to compensate for his relatively modest stature for a goalkeeper of ; however, his size is also thought by some pundits to have limited his performances occasionally. Match fixing allegations
On 16 July 2013, <mask> received a forty-three-month ban from football following his role in suspected match fixing during his time at Bari. On appeal this ban was reduced to 13 months, with return scheduled for August 2014. Honours
Standard Liège
 Belgian Cup: 2017–18

References

External links

Belgian footballers
Belgium youth international footballers
Belgium under-21 international footballers
Belgium international footballers
S.S.C. Bari players
Bologna F.C.1909 players
A.C.D. Treviso players
Torino F.C. players
1979 births
Belgian First Division A players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Living people
Belgian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Association football goalkeepers
A.C. Monza players
Standard Liège players
K.V. Mechelen players
Walloon people
Walloon sportspeople
UEFA Euro

masks: Gillet Gillet Gillet


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<mask> (; ; 9 October 1906 – 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese poet, politician and cultural theorist who, for two decades, served as the first president of Senegal (1960–80). Ideologically an African socialist, he was the major theoretician of Négritude. <mask> was also the founder of the Senegalese Democratic Bloc party. <mask> was the first African elected as a member of the Académie française. He won the 1985 International Nonino Prize in Italy. He is regarded by many as one of the most important African intellectuals of the 20th century. Early years: 1906–28
<mask> was born on 9 October 1906 in the city of Joal, some 110 kilometres south of Dakar, capital of Senegal.His father, Basile Diogoye <mask> (pronounced: Basile Jogoy <mask>), was a businessman and merchant belonging to the bourgeois Serer people. Basile Senghor was said to be a wealthy person and owned thousands of cattle and vast lands, some of which were given to him by his cousin the king of Sine. Gnilane Ndiémé Bakhoum (1861–1948), Senghor's mother, the third wife of his father, a Muslim with Fula origin who belonged to the Tabor tribe, was born near Djilor to a Christian family. She gave birth to six children, including two sons. Senghor's birth certificate states that he was born on 9 October 1906; however, there is a discrepancy with his certificate of baptism, which states it occurred on 9 August 1906. His Serer middle name Sédar comes from the Serer language, meaning "one that shall not be humiliated" or "the one you cannot humiliate". His surname Senghor is a combination of the Serer words Sène (a Serer surname and the name of the Supreme Deity in Serer religion

masks:
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Senghor
Senghor
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Senghor
Senghor


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 called Rog Sene) and gor or ghor, the etymology of which is kor in the Serer language, meaning male or man.Tukura Badiar <mask>, the prince of Sine and a figure from whom Léopold <mask> <mask> has been reported to trace descent, was a  Serer noble. At the age of eight, Senghor began his studies in Senegal in the Ngasobil boarding-school of the Fathers of the Holy Spirit. In 1922 he entered a seminary in Dakar. After being told the religious life was not for him, he attended a secular institution. By then, he was already passionate about French literature. He won distinctions in French, Latin, Greek and Algebra. With his Baccalaureate completed, he was awarded a scholarship to continue his studies in France."Sixteen years of wandering": 1928–1944
In 1928 Senghor sailed from Senegal for France, beginning, in his words, "sixteen years of wandering." Starting his post-secondary studies at the Sorbonne, he quit and went on to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand to finish his prep course for entrance to the École Normale Supérieure, a grande école. Paul Cary, Henri Queffélec, Robert Verdier and Georges Pompidou were also studying at this elite institution. After failing the entrance exam, Senghor prepared for his grammar Agrégation. He was granted his agrégation in 1935 after a failed first attempt. Academic career
Senghor graduated from the University of Paris, where he received the Agrégation in French Grammar. Subsequently, he was designated professor at the universities of Tours and Paris, where he taught during the period 1935–45.Senghor started his teaching years at the lycée René-Descartes in Tours; he also taught at the lycée Marcelin-Berthelot

masks: Senghor Sédar Senghor


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 in Saint-Maur-des-Fosses near Paris. He also studied linguistics taught by Lilias Homburger at the École pratique des hautes études. He studied with prominent social scientists such as Marcel Cohen, Marcel Mauss and Paul Rivet (director of the Institut d'ethnologie de Paris). Senghor, along with other intellectuals of the African diaspora who had come to study in the colonial capital, coined the term and conceived the notion of "négritude", which was a response to the racism still prevalent in France. It turned the racial slur nègre into a positively connoted celebration of African culture and character. The idea of négritude informed not only Senghor's cultural criticism and literary work, but also became a guiding principle for his political thought in his career as a statesman. Military service
In 1939, Senghor was enrolled as a French army enlisted man (2e Classe) with the rank of private within the 59th Colonial Infantry division in spite of his higher education and of his 1932 acquisition of the French Citizenship.A year later in 1940, during the German invasion of France, he was taken prisoner by the Germans in la Charité-sur-Loire. He was interned in different camps, and finally at Front Stalag 230, in Poitiers. Front Stalag 230 was reserved for colonial troops captured during the war. German soldiers wanted to execute him and the others the same day they were captured, but they escaped this fate by yelling Vive la France, vive l'Afrique noire! ("Long live France, long live Black Africa!") A French officer told the soldiers that executing the African prisoners would dishonour the Aryan race and the German Army. In total,


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 Senghor spent two years in different prison camps, where he spent most of his time writing poems.In 1942 he was released for medical reasons. He resumed his teaching career while remaining involved in the resistance during the Nazi occupation. Political career: 1945–1982

Colonial France
Once the war was over, Senghor was selected as Dean of the Linguistics Department with the École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer, a position he would hold until Senegal's independence in 1960. While travelling on a research trip for his poetry, he met the local socialist leader, Lamine Guèye, who suggested that Senghor run for election as a member of the Assemblée nationale française. Senghor accepted and became député for the riding of Sénégal-Mauritanie, when colonies were granted the right to be represented by elected individuals. They took different positions when the train conductors on the Dakar-Niger line went on strike. Guèye voted against the strike, arguing the movement would paralyse the colony, while Senghor supported the workers, which gained him great support among Senegalese.Political changes
In 1947, <mask> left the African Division of the French Section of the Workers International (SFIO), which had given enormous financial support to the social movement. With Mamadou Dia, he founded the Bloc démocratique sénégalais (1948). They won the legislative elections of 1951, and Guèye lost his seat. Senghor was involved in the negotiations and drafting of the Fourth Republic's constitution. Re-elected deputy in 1951 as an independent overseas member, <mask> was appointed state secretary to the council's president in Edgar Faure's government

masks: Senghor Senghor


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 from 1 March 1955 to 1 February 1956. He became mayor of the city of Thiès, Senegal in November 1956 and then advisory minister in the Michel Debré's government from 23 July 1959 to 19 May 1961. He was also a member of the commission responsible for drafting the Fifth Republic's constitution, general councillor for Senegal, member of the Grand Conseil de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise and member for the parliamentary assembly of the European Council.In 1964 Senghor published the first volume of a series of five, titled Liberté. The book contains a variety of speeches, essays and prefaces. Senegal
Senghor supported federalism for newly independent African states, a type of "French Commonwealth", while retaining a degree of French involvement:

Since federalism was not favoured by the African countries, he decided to form, along with Modibo Keita, the Mali Federation with former French Sudan (present-day Mali). Senghor was president of the Federal Assembly until its failure in 1960. Afterwards, Senghor became the first President of the Republic of Senegal, elected on 5 September 1960. He is the author of the Senegalese national anthem. The prime minister, Mamadou Dia, was in charge of executing Senegal's long-term development plan, while Senghor was in charge of foreign relations.The two men quickly disagreed. In December 1962, Mamadou Dia was arrested under suspicion of fomenting a coup d'état. He was held in prison for 12 years. Following this, Senghor created a presidential regime. On 22 March 1967, Senghor survived an assassination attempt. The suspect, Moustapha Lô, pointed his pistol towards the President after he had participated


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 in the sermon of Tabaski, but the gun did not fire. Lô was sentenced to death for treason and executed on 15 June 1967, even though it remained unclear if he had actually wanted to kill Senghor.Following an announcement at the beginning of December 1980, <mask> resigned his position at the end of the year, before the end of his fifth term. Abdou Diouf replaced him as the head of the country. Under his presidency, Senegal adopted a multi-party system (limited to three: socialist, communist and liberal). He created a performing education system. Despite the end of official colonialism, the value of Senegalese currency continued to be fixed by France, the language of learning remained French, and Senghor ruled the country with French political advisors. Francophonie
He supported the creation of la Francophonie and was elected vice-president of the High Council of the Francophonie. In 1982, he was one of the founders of the Association France and developing countries whose objectives were to bring attention to the problems of developing countries, in the wake of the changes affecting the latter.Académie française: 1983–2001
He was elected a member of the Académie française on 2 June 1983, at the 16th seat where he succeeded Antoine de Lévis Mirepoix. He was the first African to sit at the Académie. The entrance ceremony in his honour took place on 29 March 1984, in presence of French President François Mitterrand. This was considered a further step towards greater openness in the Académie, after the previous election of a woman, Marguerite Yourcenar. In 1993, the last and fifth book of the Liberté series was published: Liberté 5: le


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 dialogue des cultures. Personal life and death
Senghor's first marriage was to Ginette Éboué (1 March 1923 – 1992), daughter of Félix Éboué. They married on 9 September 1946 and divorced in 1955.They had two sons, Francis in 1947 and Guy in 1948. His second wife, Colette Hubert [fr] (20 November 1925 – 18 November 2019), who was from France, became Senegal's first First Lady upon independence in 1960. Senghor had three sons between his two marriages. Senghor spent the last years of his life with his wife in Verson, near the city of Caen in Normandy, where he died on 20 December 2001. His funeral was held on 29 December 2001 in Dakar. Officials attending the ceremony included Raymond Forni, president of the Assemblée nationale and Charles Josselin, state secretary for the minister of foreign affairs, in charge of the Francophonie. Jacques Chirac (who said, upon hearing of Senghor's death: "Poetry has lost one of its masters, Senegal a statesman, Africa a visionary and France a friend") and Lionel Jospin, respectively president of the French Republic and the prime minister, did not attend.Their failure to attend Senghor's funeral made waves as it was deemed a lack of acknowledgement for what the politician had been in his life. The analogy was made with the Senegalese Tirailleurs who, after having contributed to the liberation of France, had to wait more than forty years to receive an equal pension (in terms of buying power) to their French counterparts. The scholar Érik Orsenna wrote in the newspaper Le Monde an editorial entitled "J'ai honte" (I am ashamed). Legacy
Although a socialist, Senghor avoided the Marxist and anti-Western


texts: ideology that had become popular in post-colonial Africa, favouring the maintenance of close ties with France and the western world. Senghor's tenure as president was characterised by the development of African socialism, which was created as an indigenous alternative to Marxism, drawing heavily from the négritude philosophy. In developing this, he was assisted by Ousmane Tanor Dieng. On 31 December 1980, he retired in favour of his prime minister, Abdou Diouf.Politically, Senghor's stamp can also be identified today. With regards to Senegal in particular, his willful abdication of power to his successor, Abdou Diouf, led to Diouf's peaceful leave from office as well. Senegal's special relationship to France and economic legacy are more highly contested, but Senghor's impact on democracy remains nonetheless. Senghor managed to retain his identity as both a poet and a politician even throughout his busy careers as both, living by his philosophy of achieving equilibrium between competing forces. Whether it was France and Africa, poetics and politics, or other disparate parts of his identity, Senghor balanced the two. Literarily, Senghor's influence on political thought and poetic form are wide reaching even through to our modern day. Senghor's poetry endures as the “record of an individual sensibility at a particular moment in history,” capturing the spirit of the Négritude movement at its peak, but also marks a definitive place in literary history.Senghor's thoughts were exceedingly radical for this time, arguing that Africans could only progress if they developed a culture distinct and separate from the colonial powers that oppressed


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 them, pushing against popular thought at the time. Senghor was deeply influenced by poets from the US like Langston Hughes, and his work in turn resonates among today's young US population despite the generations that have passed. Seat number 16 of the Académie was vacant after the Senegalese poet's death. He was ultimately replaced by another former president, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Honours and awards
Senghor received several honours in the course of his life. He was made Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur, Grand-Croix of the l'Ordre national du Mérite, commander of arts and letters. He also received academic palms and the Grand-Croix of the l'Ordre du lion du Sénégal.His war exploits earned him the medal of Reconnaissance Franco-alliée 1939–1945 and the combattant cross 1939–1945. He was named honorary doctor of thirty-seven universities. Senghor received the Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire on 14 October 1971. On 13 November 1978, he was created a Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain. Members of the order at the rank of knight and above enjoy personal nobility and have the privilege of adding a golden heraldic mantle to their coats of arms. Those at the rank of the Collar also receive the official style "His or Her Most Excellent Lord". The same year, Senghor received an honoris causa from the University of Salamanca.In 1983 he was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen." The French Language International University in Alexandria was officially open in 1990 and was named after him. In 1994 he was awarded the Lifetime


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 Achievement Award by the African Studies Association; however, there was controversy about whether he met the standard of contributing "a lifetime record of outstanding scholarship in African studies and service to the Africanist community." Michael Mbabuike, president of the New York African Studies Association (NYASA), said that the award also honours those who have worked "to make the world a better place for mankind." The airport of Dakar was renamed Aéroport International Léopold Sédar Senghor in 1996, on his 90th birthday. The Passerelle Solférino in Paris was renamed after him in 2006, on the centenary of his birth. Acknowledgement
 Member of the Académie française
 Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
 Member of the Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste
 Member of the Royal Academy of Morocco
 Honorary Fellow of the Sahitya Akademi

Honorary degrees
 Paris-Sorbonne University
 Harvard University
 Yale University
 University of Oxford
 Université catholique de Louvain
 Université de Montréal
 Université Laval
 Goethe University Frankfurt
 University of Vienna
 University of Salzburg
 Paris Descartes University
 University of Bordeaux
 University of Strasbourg
 Nancy 2 University
 University of Padua
 University of Salamanca
 University of Évora
 Federal University of Bahia

Summary of Orders received

Senegalese national honours

Foreign honours

Poetry

His poetry was widely acclaimed, and in 1978 he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.His poem "A l'appel de la race de Saba", published in 1936, was inspired by the entry of Italian troops in Addis Ababa. In 1948, Senghor compiled and edited a volume


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 of Francophone poetry called Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache for which Jean-Paul Sartre wrote an introduction, entitled "Orphée Noir" (Black Orpheus). For his epitaph was a poem he had written, namely:

Quand je serai mort, mes amis, couchez-moi sous Joal-l'Ombreuse. Sur la colline au bord du Mamanguedy, près l'oreille du sanctuaire des Serpents. Mais entre le Lion couchez-moi et l'aïeule Tening-Ndyae. Quand je serai mort mes amis, couchez-moi sous Joal-la-Portugaise. Des pierres du Fort vous ferez ma tombe, et les canons garderont le silence.Deux lauriers roses-blanc et rose-embaumeront la Signare. When I'm dead, my friends, place me below Shadowy Joal,
On the hill, by the bank of the Mamanguedy, near the ear of Serpents' Sanctuary. But place me between the Lion and ancestral Tening-Ndyae. When I'm dead, my friends, place me beneath Portuguese Joal. Of stones from the Fort build my tomb, and cannons will keep quiet. Two oleanders – white and pink – will perfume the Signare. Négritude

With Aimé Césaire and Léon Damas, Senghor created the concept of Négritude, an important intellectual movement that sought to assert and to valorise what they believed to be distinctive African characteristics, values, and aesthetics.One of these African characteristics that Senghor theorised was asserted when he wrote "the Negro has reactions that are more lived, in the sense that they are more direct and concrete expressions of the sensation and of the stimulus, and so of the object itself with all its original qualities and power." This was a reaction against the too strong dominance of French culture in the colonies, and against


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 the perception that Africa did not have culture developed enough to stand alongside that of Europe. In that respect négritude owes significantly to the pioneering work of Leo Frobenius. Building upon historical research identifying ancient Egypt with black Africa, Senghor argued that sub-Saharan Africa and Europe are in fact part of the same cultural continuum, reaching from Egypt to classical Greece, through Rome to the European colonial powers of the modern age. Négritude was by no means—as it has in many quarters been perceived—an anti-white racism, but rather emphasised the importance of dialogue and exchange among different cultures (e.g., European, African, Arab, etc.). A related concept later developed in Mobutu's Zaire is that of authenticité or Authenticity. Décalage
In colloquial French, the term décalage is used to describe jetlag, lag or a general discrepancy between two things.However, Senghor uses the term to describe the unevenness in the African Diaspora. The complete phrase he uses is "Il s'agit, en réalité, d'un simple décalage—dans le temps et dans l'espace", meaning that between Black Africans and African Americans there exists an inconsistency, both temporally and spatially. The time element points to the advancing or delaying of a schedule or agenda, while the space aspects designates the displacing and shifting of an object. The term points to a "a bias that refuses to pass over when one crosses the water". He asks, how can we expect any sort of solidarity or intimacy from two populations that diverged over 500 years ago? Works of Senghor
Prière aux masques (c. 1935 – published in collected works during the


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 1940s). Chants d'ombre (1945)
Hosties noires (1948)
Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache (1948)
La Belle Histoire de Leuk-le-Lièvre (1953)
Éthiopiques (1956)
Nocturnes (1961).(English tr. by Clive Wake and John O. Reed, Nocturnes, London: Heinemann Educational, 1969. African Writers Series 71)
Nation et voie africaine du socialisme (1961)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin et la politique africaine (1962)
Poèmes (1964). Lettres de d'hivernage (1973)
Élégies majeures (1979)
La Poésie de l'action: conversation avec Mohamed Aziza (1980)
Ce que je crois (1988)

See also

Serer people
List of Senegalese writers

References

Further reading
Armand Guibert & Seghers Nimrod (2006), Léopold <mask> Senghor, Paris (1961 edition by Armand Guibert). Sources from this article were taken from the equivalent French article :fr:Léopold Sédar Senghor. External links

 Biography and guide to collected works: African Studies Centre, Leiden
 Histoire des Signares de Gorée du 17ie au 19ie siécle. Poèmes de Léopold Sédar Senghor
 Biographie par l'Assemblée nationale
 Biographie par l'Academie française
 President Dia by William Mbaye (2012, english version) – Youtube – Political documentary – 1957 to 1963 in Senegal (55')
 Sangonet
 Préface par Léopold Sédar Senghor à l'ouvrage collectif sur Le Nouvel Ordre Économique Mondiale édité par Hans Köchler (1980) (facsimilé)
Semaine spéciale Senghor à l'occasion du centenaire de sa naissance
Texte sur le site de Sudlangues Mamadou Cissé, "De l'assimilation à l'appropriation: essai de glottopolitique senghorienne»
Page on the French National Assembly website
« Racisme?Non, mais Alliance Spirituelle »

1906


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 births
2001 deaths
People from Thiès Region
People of French West Africa
Senegalese Roman Catholics
Serer presidents
Presidents of Senegal
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
Senegalese Democratic Bloc politicians
Government ministers of France
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Senegalese pan-Africanists
Senegalese politicians
Catholic socialists
Senegalese Christian socialists
National anthem writers
Senegalese poets
20th-century male writers
Prince des poètes
Prix Guillaume Apollinaire winners
Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Members of the Académie Française
French Army officers
French Army personnel of World War II
French prisoners of war in World War II
French Resistance members
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Socialist


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<mask> (February 28, 1888 – April 5, 1918) was a German immigrant who was lynched in the United States during World War I as a result of anti-German sentiment. He had worked as a baker in southern Illinois and then as a laborer in a coal mine, settling in Collinsville, a center of mining. At a time of rising anti-German sentiment, he was rejected for membership in the Maryville, Illinois local of the United Mine Workers of America. Afterward he angered area mine workers by posting copies of his letter around town that complained of his rejection and criticized the local president. A mob of 200-300 men forced Prager from his home in Collinsville, making him walk barefoot and wrapped in an American flag along Main Street, where they beat and harassed him. The police took him into custody, but the mob gained control again, taking him from the Collinsville City Hall and accusing Mayor John H. Siegel of being pro-German. Failing to find tar in order to tar and feather Prager, as the workers had done to other victims, leaders of the mob used a rope and hanged him to death at a prominent bluff outside town.Eleven men were tried for Prager's murder but all were acquitted. Rumors were that Prager held socialist beliefs, which were considered suspect at the time. Men in the mob claimed he was planning to blow up the coal mine, but there was no evidence against him and he had not been charged with any crime. Biography
<mask> <mask> was born in Dresden, Germany on February 28, 1888. He emigrated to the United States in 1905, at the age of 17. First working as an itinerant baker, he was sentenced to a year in an Indiana reformatory for theft. When the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, Prager was living in St. Louis, Missouri.Prager showed strong patriotism for his adopted country. He took out his first citizenship papers the day after Wilson's war speech on April 2, in order to

masks:
Robert Paul Prager
Robert Paul
Prager


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 start the naturalization process. He registered for the draft and tried to enlist in the US Navy. (Aliens were promised citizenship if they successfully served in the armed forces.) Prager continuously displayed an American flag from his window. When his St. Louis landlord objected, Prager reported him to the police. Prager was rejected by the Navy due to medical reasons.After moving briefly to other towns in Missouri and Illinois, he landed in nearby Collinsville in southern Illinois in the late summer of 1917. He first took a job baking for an Italian baker named Lorenzo Bruno. In early 1918, Prager learned of the high wartime wages that miners were earning and began working in a laborer's position at the Donk Brothers Coal and Coke Co. Mine #2 in nearby Maryville. But Prager was rejected for permanent membership as a mine worker in United Mine Workers of America Local 1802, perhaps due to his argumentative personality or suspected socialist beliefs. Background: Labor issues in Collinsville
Coal mining was the lifeblood of Collinsville in 1918, with seven mines in production in or around the city. More than half the city's male working population was employed at the mines.The work also drew itinerant miners who had no familial anchors to the community. Many of the miners in this period were immigrants or had at least one parent who was an immigrant, and most were from European nations. The United Mine Workers of America (UMW) had five locals in the Collinsville area, and the miners dominated the community. Radical elements in the UMW unions caused a number of wildcat strike actions at Collinsville area coal mines in the summer and fall of 1917. Almost concurrently with the wildcat strikes, a unionization strike at the St. Louis Lead Smelting and Refining plant (Lead Works) in Collinsville energized many of the coal miners and other union members in the community. The strike turned violent


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 at times. In an unusual twist, Collinsville police officers and Madison County Sheriff's deputies, mostly former miners themselves, sided with the striking workers from the Lead Works and the coal miners who supported unionization.Industry owners hired strikebreakers, who were harassed by both union men and law enforcement officers on local streets and in streetcars. The strike at the Lead Works resulted in social tensions similar to those that had preceded the East St. Louis Race Riots earlier in 1917. Owners had hired black workers to break strikes in that community. In Collinsville, ethnic white workers objected to the use of "imported" workers, and many of the workers hired to fill the non-union jobs at the Lead Works were black. The wildcat coal mine strikes and unionization strike at St. Louis Louis Smelting and Refining resulted in radicalizing many Collinsville coal miners. They became empowered by the lack of official resistance to their actions in 1917-1918 by community leaders or local law enforcement. Background: Wartime patriotism and paranoia
The federal Committee on Public Information (CPI) sought to gain support for U.S. entry into the Great War, which had raged in Europe since 1914.Many Americans had a largely isolationist viewpoint and believed they did not need to get involved in Europe's problems. At the same time, anarchists and socialists had largely opposed US entry into the war, in order to focus on solving domestic problems such as labor injustices and economic inequities. The CPI's campaign reached the newspapers and also produced buttons and posters to support the war effort, trying to raise patriotic support. The CPI also controlled the release of news and photographs of the war to newspapers and magazines. Meanwhile, Congress had passed the Espionage Act of 1917, which criminalized actions that might interfere with the military or even military recruitment, such


texts: as making statements which could discourage potential soldiers from registering for the draft or enlisting. The Espionage Act also prohibited mailing of any materials which might harm the government's war efforts. This act was used broadly by the government to suppress anarchist and socialist activists, whom they opposed.There had been considerable labor and social unrest preceding US entry into the war. Locally, many residents of Collinsville attended patriotic events, such as the June 5, 1917 National Draft Registration Day, or the March 27, 1918 organizing meeting of the Collinsville Neighborhood Committee of the Illinois State Council of Defense. Many immigrants and their descendants were eager to prove their loyalty to the United States. A number of Collinsville men had enlisted, while many more were drafted to report for military service starting in September 1917. But the city residents failed to meet Liberty Bond sales quotas for both bond drives in 1917. In November 1917, Leighton Evatt died from pneumonia in France, the first fatality of the war from Collinsville. Nearly every club or organization in Collinsville conducted regular fundraising to support the soldiers or the military effort.The Red Cross became the leading war support organization locally, and would have nearly 4000 members by war's end. Though some residents complained about fuel and food conservation measures, most Collinsville people complied with the guidelines, not wanting to have their loyalty considered suspect. Government propaganda urged residents to be on constant alert for enemy spies. The war raised the unease of native-born Americans about the numerous immigrants in the country. "Every German or Austrian in the United States, unless known by years of association to be absolutely loyal, should be treated as a potential spy," the Collinsville Advertiser newspaper reported on December 29, 1917. Because


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 Germany was opposed to Great Britain and France, nationally ethnic Germans in the United States,  having previously been perhaps the most-respected immigrant groups, increasingly faced anti-German sentiment. Examples of anti-German sentiment were street names being changed and German-language classes dropped in many communities.Groups ranging from the All-Allied Anti-German League to the Boy Spies of America reported any activity they thought suspicious. In the coal fields of southern Illinois, miners administered extralegal justice against real and perceived enemies: in a kind of charivari, they tarred and feathered some men, and drove others out of town through mob harassment. A Lutheran minister from a Collinsville-area church was forced to leave the community because he reportedly would not renounce his German citizenship. Throughout the nation, harassment of German immigrants and those of German descent peaked during early 1918. Lynching of <mask> <mask>
Prager's application to join UMW Local 1802 was rejected on April 3, 1918. After the union meeting that evening, miners paraded Prager near saloons in Maryville, then warned him to leave that town. Prager was angered to have been rejected by Local 1802 and losing his job.The next morning, he wrote a letter to the Maryville miners, complaining that he had been treated unfairly by Local 1802 President James Fornero. "I have been a union man all times and never once a scab [strikebreaker]," Prager said. He denied accusations that he was a German sympathizer. He wrote, "I am heart and soul for the good old USA. I am of German birth, of which accident I cannot help." On the afternoon of April 4 he posted copies of this letter near the Maryville mine and nearby saloons. Leaving work at the end of the day, the Maryville miners were enraged to see copies of Prager's letter.A contingent of about six Maryville men went to Prager's Collinsville

masks:
Robert Paul
Prager


texts: home in the 200 block of Vandalia Street, bringing along dozens of men who had been drinking in a nearby saloon. The men arrived at Prager's door about 9:45 p.m. and ordered him to leave town. Soon the group told Prager to come out first and kiss the flag to show his patriotism. Prager was told to remove his shoes; wrapped in the flag and barefoot, he was paraded along Main Street in Collinsville past numerous saloons where miners and other working men were drinking. Many joined the mob, which now numbered about 300. At approximately 10 p.m., three Collinsville policemen took Prager from the mob at Main and Seminary streets, and put him into the jail for his safety, in the basement of City Hall, three blocks away. The mob reassembled on Main Street; several hundred men marched behind a US flag, singing "The Star Spangled Banner" (a popular song that was not designated as the national anthem until 1931).They stopped at the front steps of City Hall. Mayor John H. Siegel and a few others tried to calm the mob and urged the men to let federal authorities deal with Prager. Siegel said if the man was a German spy, federal investigators might gain important information. Attacking Siegel and other officials for German ancestry, the mob accused them of being pro-German, too. During the time the mob was in front of City Hall, there had reportedly been an ineffective attempt by police officers to take Prager away. Unable to find a way to leave the building secretly, they removed Prager from the locked cell and hid him among sewer tiles in the basement. At about the same time, the mayor was told that Prager had been taken from the building by federal authorities, and he announced that to the mob.But many in the mob asked to search the building themselves. Believing Prager had been taken away, Mayor Siegel agreed. In this search, two members of the mob located Prager and took him back to the remnants of


texts:
 the mob, which had moved back to Main Street. Lynching
The mob forced Prager to walk west on Main Street and the St. Louis Road, beating and harassing him. He had to sing patriotic songs and kiss the flag. When the mob arrived at the top of Bluff Hill, on the St. Louis Road overlooking St. Louis, some men took a car to get tar from a nearby streetcar stop. They intended to tar and feather Prager, as they had other targets of their wrath.But the men returned, not having been able to find any tar. Joe Reigel (also of German ancestry), 28, one of the two men to find Prager at city hall, had taken a leading role since then. He found a length of manila rope in one of the cars, and announced that Prager should hang. Other men were initially reluctant, but no one spoke out in the crowd. Prager was allowed to write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany:

He was hanged in front of a mob of 100 to 200 people, mostly men, at about 12:30 am on April 5, 1918. Investigation
Prager's death was first investigated by Madison County Coroner Roy Lowe. His Coroner's Jury interviewed dozens of witnesses and on April 11 charged five men with murder.They were:
Joe Riegel, 28; Wesley Beaver, 26; Richard Dukes, 22; William Brockmeier, 41; and Enid Elmore, 21. Riegel gave a remarkably candid confession to the Coroner's Jury about his role in the night's events. He also gave a full account to a reporter from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. A grand jury for Madison County, Illinois, was convened to hear testimony in the case. On April 25 they indicted the five men previously charged, and seven others for the murder of Prager. Additional suspects included: Charles Cranmer, 20; James DeMatties, 18; Frank Flannery, 19; Calvin Gilmore, 44; John Hallworth, 43; and Cecil Larremore, 17. The twelfth man to be indicted, George Davis, was never further identified, or located.He was not prosecuted. The grand jury also


texts:
 indicted four Collinsville police officers for omission of duty and nonfeasance, for their failure to protect Prager from the mob. He had not been charged with any crime when taken into custody. Trial and reaction
The trial began on May 13, 1918. More than 700 prospective jurors were reviewed by attorneys during the next two weeks to choose the 12 men who would serve. The judge refused to let the defense counsel try to demonstrate that Prager was disloyal. The case for the defendants was based on three principal claims: no one could say who did what, half the defendants claimed they had not been at the murder, and the rest claimed they had been bystanders.This defense was used by Joe Riegel, who had previously confessed his part in the affair. In its concluding statements, the defense argued that Prager's lynching was justified by "unwritten law", which does not allow unpatriotic talk. After five days of statements and testimony, the case went to the jury on June 1, 1918. After deliberating 10 minutes, the jury found all the defendants to be innocent. One juryman reportedly shouted, "Well, I guess nobody can say we aren't loyal now". The prosecuting attorney dropped charges against the four policemen and George Davis, the defendant who had never been found. A week after the trial, editor and publisher J.O.Monroe wrote an editorial in the Collinsville Herald, saying,
"Outside of a few persons who may still harbor Germanic inclinations, the whole city is glad that the eleven men indicted for the hanging of <mask>. Prager were acquitted." And further, "the community is well convinced that he was disloyal.... The city does not miss him. The lesson of his death has had a wholesome effect on the Germanists of Collinsville and the rest of the nation." A New York Times editorial said, "The new unwritten law appears to be that any group of men may execute justice, or what they consider justice, in


texts:
 any case growing out of the war." The Chicago Daily Tribune editorialized: “The lynching of Prager was reprehensible enough in itself, but the effort to excuse it as an act of ‘popular justice’ is worse.” The St. Louis Star noted that men were acquitted of lynching while American troops fought for democracy abroad:
“We must save our own soul as a nation. We cannot let ourselves go in such a way as was done in the Prager outrage and hold up our heads as civilized people.We are battling for right and humanity and should exhibit those qualities ourselves or be open to the charge of hypocrisy. We cannot successfully battle the Hun if we are to become the Hun ourselves.”

See also
 Anti-German sentiment
Lynching of Olli Kinkkonen

Footnotes

Further reading
 Donald R. Hickey, "The Prager Affair: A Study in Wartime Hysteria," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 62, no. 2 (Summer 1969), pp. 117–134. In JSTOR
 E.A. Schwartz, "The Lynching of <mask>, the United Mine Workers, and the Problems of Patriotism in 1918," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol.95, no. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 414–437. In JSTOR
 Carl R. Weinberg, Labor, Loyalty, and Rebellion: Southwestern Illinois Coal Miners and World War I. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005. Peter Stehman, Patriotic Murder: A World War I Hate Crime for Uncle Sam. Lincoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2018. Erik Kirschbaum, Burning Beethoven: The Eradication of German Culture in the United States during World War I.New York, NY: Berlinica, 2015. External links
1918 Lynching of <mask>, Collection of contemporary newspaper accounts by Stephen Davies, Dept of History, VIU
Lynching of <mask>, SIUE

1888 births
1918 deaths
German emigrants to the United States
People from Collinsville, Illinois
American coal miners
Anti-German sentiment in the United States
People murdered in Illinois
Lynching deaths in

masks:
Robert Prager
Robert Prager
Robert Prager


texts: <mask>-Coll (; 4 February 1811 – 13 October 1899) was a French organ builder. He has the reputation of being the most distinguished organ builder of the 19th century. He pioneered innovations in the art and science of organ building that permeated throughout the profession and influenced the course of organ building, composing and improvising through the early 20th century. As the author of scientific journal articles about the organ construction details, he published the results of his research and experiments. He was the inventor of the symphonic organ being able to follow smooth and immediate dynamic changes like a symphonic orchestra. This goal was reached by: a) invention of harmonic flue and reed stops, such as the flûte harmonique, trompette harmonique, clairon harmonique, b) invention of divided windchest with 2-3 different wind pressure sections, c) creation of groups of stops (jeux d'anches and jeux de fonds) allowing for fast dynamics changes without taking hands out of the keyboards by the organist, d) organ specification planning on the base of 'orchestral quartet". His most famous organs were built in Paris in Saint-Denis Basilica (1841), Église de la Madeleine, Sainte-Clotilde Basilica (1859), Saint-Sulpice church (his largest instrument; behind the classical façade), Notre-Dame Cathedral (behind the classical façade), baron Albert de L'Espée's residence in Biarritz (moved finally to the Sacré-Cœur Basilica), and many others.After Cavaillé-Coll's death, Charles Mutin maintained the business into the beginning of the 20th


texts:
 century. The organ reform movement in the 20th century sought to return organ building to a more Baroque style; but since the 1980s, Cavaillé-Coll's designs have come back into fashion. Life

Born in Montpellier, France, to Dominique, one in a line of organ builders, he showed early talent in mechanical innovation. He exhibited an outstanding fine art when designing and building his famous instruments. There is a before and an after Cavaillé-Coll. His organs are "symphonic organs": that is, they can reproduce the sounds of other instruments and combine them as well. His largest and greatest organ is in Saint-Sulpice, Paris.Featuring 100 stops and five manuals, this magnificent instrument, which unlike many others remains practically unaltered, is a candidate to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Cavaillé-Coll was also well known for his financial problems - he focused mostly on the organ building art, leaving finance less attention. The art of his handcrafted instruments, unparalleled at that time, was not enough to ensure his firm's survival. It was taken over in 1898, shortly before his death, by Charles Mutin, who continued in the organ business, but by World War II the firm had almost disappeared. Cavaillé-Coll died in Paris on 13 October 1899 and is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. Organ building innovations
Cavaillé-Coll is responsible for many innovations that revolutionized organ building, performance and composition. Instead of the Positif, Cavaillé-Coll placed the Grand-Orgue manual as the lowest manual, and included


texts: couplers that allowed the entire tonal resources of the organ to be played from the Grand-Orgue.He refined the English swell box by devising a spring-loaded (later balanced) pedal with which the organist could operate the swell shutters, thus increasing the organ's potential for expression. He adjusted pipemaking and voicing techniques, thus creating a whole family of harmonic stops (flutes, trompettes, clairons) and stops imitating orchestral instruments such as the bassoon, the oboe and the english horn. He popularized the harmonic flute stop, which, together with the montre (principals), the gambe (strings) and the bourdon (flutes), formed the fonds (foundations) of the organ. He designed the "orchestral quartet" which referred to orchestral four colours of sound - principals, flutes, strings and reeds. He introduced divided windchests which were controlled by ventils. These allowed the use of higher wind pressures and for each manual's anches (reed stops) to be added or subtracted as a group by means of a pedal. Higher wind pressures allowed the organ to include many more stops of 8' (unison) pitch in every division, so complete fonds as well as reed choruses could be placed in every division, designed to be superimposed on top of one another.Sometimes he placed the treble part of the compass on a higher pressure than the bass, to emphasize melody lines and counteract the natural tendency of small pipes (especially reeds) to be softer. For a mechanical tracker action and its couplers to operate under these higher wind pressures,


texts:
 pneumatic assistance provided by the Barker lever was required, which Cavaillé-Coll included in his larger instruments. This device made it possible to couple all the manuals together and play on the full organ without expending a great deal of effort. He also invented an ingenious pneumatic combination action system for his five-manual organ at Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris. All these innovations allowed a seamless crescendo from pianissimo all the way to fortissimo, something never before possible on the organ. His organ at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris (proclaimed a basilica by Pope Leo XIII in 1897) was one of the first to be built with several of these new features. Consequently, it influenced César Franck, who was the titular organist there.The organ works of Franck have inspired generations of organist-composers who came after him. It is worth to underline that Cavaillé-Coll's concept of symphonic organ was developed during his whole professional career inspired by influenced organists his times. Legacy
Marcel Dupré stated once that "composing for an orchestra is quite different from composing for an organ... with exception of Master Cavaillé-Coll's symphonic organs: in that case one has to observe an extreme attention when writing for such kind of majestic instruments." Almost a century beforehand, César Franck had ecstatically said of the rather modest Cavaillé-Coll instrument at l'Église St.-Jean-St.-François in Paris with words that summed up everything the builder was trying to do: "Mon nouvel orgue ? C'est un orchestre


texts:
 !" ("My new organ? It's an orchestra!").Franck later became organist of a much larger Cavaillé-Coll organ at Ste. Clotilde in Paris. In 1878 Franck was featured recitalist on the four-manual Cavaillé-Coll organ at the Palais du Trocadéro in the Trocadéro area of Paris; this organ was subsequently rebuilt by V. & F. Gonzalez in 1939 and reinstalled in the Palais de Chaillot which replaced the Palais de Trocadéro, then rebuilt in 1975 by Danion-Gonzalez and relocated to the Auditorium Maurice Ravel in Lyon. Franck's Trois Pièces were premiered on the Trocadéro organ. Film
A documentary film titled The Genius of Cavaillé-Coll was released in 2012 by Fugue State Films to mark both the 200th anniversary of Cavaillé-Coll's birth in 2011 and the 150th anniversary of his organ at St Sulpice. It won the DVD Documentary Award of the BBC Music Awards 2014. The organ of St. Ouen de Rouen is believed to be completely unmodified in any way (save for normal maintenance) since its completion, and is frequently recorded as an example of "pure" Cavaillé-Coll sound.In Denmark
 Copenhagen, Denmark: Jesus Church (1890)

In Russia

 Moscow, Russia: Bolshoi Hall of Moscow Conservatory, Russia (installed by Charles Mutin)

In Latin America

In Venezuela
 Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia San Francisco. Used for regular service. Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia Altagracia (Inoperative)
 Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia Santa Teresa. Used for regular service. Caracas: Iglesia de la Parroquia San José (In a delicate situation)
 Caracas: Parroquia La Encarnación


texts:
 del Valle. After several decades of silence, it's been played regularly since in 2011. Argentina was a strong demander of pipe organs in the first decades of XXth century, in such degree that the company installed a branch in Buenos Aires city at that time, with two shops: one located in street Estados Unidos number 3199, the other one in street 24 de Noviembre number 884.Lujan, Basilica de Lujan
 Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento (1912)
 Capilla del Colegio "La Salle" (1926)
 Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (ca. 1920)
 Basílica del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (ca. 1906)
 Basílica de San Nicolás de Bari (órgano principal)
 Basílica de San Nicolás de Bari (órgano de la cripta)
 Capilla de la "Casa de la empleada"
 Parroquia de "Nuestra Señora del Valle"
 Parroquia de "San Martín de Tours" (ca. 1910)
 Parroquia de "San Cristobal"
 Catedral de San Isidro (1906)
 Parroquia de "Nuestra Señora de Aránzazu" (San Fernando) (1907)
 Parroquia de "San Francisco Solano" (Bella Vista) (1906)

In Costa Rica
Parroquia Inmaculada Concepción (Heredia) (ca. 1904)
Parroquia Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (San José) (ca. 1906)

In Japan
 Fuji, Japan: Haus Sonnenschein

Asteroid
Cavaillé-Coll's name was given to an asteroid: 5184 Cavaillé-Coll. Further reading
 Bicknell, Stephen.Cavaillé-Coll's Four Fonds
 Cavaillé-Coll, Cécile (1929). <mask> Cavaillé-Coll: Ses Origines, Sa Vie, Ses Oeuvres. Paris: Fischbacher. Douglass, Fenner (1999). Cavaillé-Coll and the French Romantic Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press. Huybens, Giblert (1985).Cavaillé-Coll: Liste


texts:
 des travaux exécutés/Werkverzeichnis. Lauffen/Neckar: Orgelbau-Fachverlag Rensch. .

References

External links

 Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll
 French government Ministry of Culture: Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, Organ Builder
 Writings of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll

1811 births
1899 deaths
French pipe organ builders
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of


texts:
<mask><mask>, MSW, DAHB (born 29 May 1947) is a psychotherapist, consultant, and trainer. He is the current Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (2005–2025). He is a recipient of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis' "Lifetime Achievement Award" and “Irving Sector Award for Advancement of the Field of Hypnosis”. as well as the Milton H. Erickson Foundation “Lifetime Achievement Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Psychotherapy.”

<mask> is a Diplomate and Past-President of the American Hypnosis Board for Clinical Social Work and a Fellow and former Approved Consultant of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis. He has been a Fellow and Approved Supervisor of the American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy and Diplomate of the American Psychotherapy Association. He served as a Faculty Associate at Arizona State University, undergraduate school and Graduate School of Social Work (2004-2013). He was an Appointee to the Arizona State Board of Behavior Health Examiners Social Work Credentialing Committee (2008–2015) and was the Chair of the Arizona State Board of Behavioral Health Examiners (2012-2015).A psychotherapist in private practice in Phoenix, Arizona, Lankton conducts training workshops and keynote addresses internationally. He continues to train as a teaching faculty of the Milton H. Erickson Foundation, Inc.’s Intensive Workshops, Congresses,

masks:
Stephen R
. Lankton
Lankton


texts:
 and conferences. Biography
<mask> was born in Lansing, Michigan where he attended public schools, and lived in the rural area outside of the city. His father was a life-long employee of General Motor, Fisher Body Division and his mother was an accomplished seamstress and a homemaker. He also had one sister, Jo Ann, who was instrumental in guiding him to higher educational goals. He lived in Michigan until 1980 and relocated to Pensacola, Florida until 2001. He now lives in Phoenix, Arizona with his wife Julie, and his grown children and grandchildren work and live out of state.Training Background
Originally majoring in mathematics and electrical engineering, he become intensely interested in psychology and psychotherapy due to the combination of his part-time employment and an inspiring professor of an undergraduate psychology class. Switching majors, he received a Baccalaureate from Michigan State University in 1972 with a major in Social Science and four minors in Psychology, Anthropology, Linguistics, and History. He also acquired a secondary school teaching certificate. During this period, he worked part-time jobs as a youth outreach worker, a residential boy's camp counselor for pre-adjudicated juveniles, and participated as a volunteer in (at the time) the country's second-only suicide prevention center, the Listening Ear, in East Lansing, Michigan (1969-1972). He eventually became a center


texts: coordinator and authored, published, and distributed a city-wide guide to all community mental and public health resources. The training received during these jobs and extra-curricular largely shaped the direction of his later professional career. He attended the University of Michigan, School of Social Work (1972-1974) where he studied with a simultaneous emphasis on both psychodynamic theory and behavior modification and received a Master's degree in Social Work (1974).He concurrently participated weekly in an intensive post-graduate training program in Gestalt Therapy and Transactional Analysis (T.A.) at the Huron Valley Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1971-1976). The training program famously provided a wide range of exposure to family therapies, body therapies, and communication-oriented therapies. He achieved a Clinical Membership in T.A. in 1975. During this period, he published papers on Transactional Analysis, and Bioenergetics. Following graduate school, Lankton accepted employment at Family Services and Children's Aid in Jackson, Michigan (1974-1979) and obtained independent practice licenses in both Marriage and Family Therapy and Clinical Social Work.He concurrently consulted to the Crittenden Home, and organized and conducted a day-treatment center for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia at the Community Mental Health Center in Jackson and conducted on-going therapy training groups


texts: wherein he invited specialists, including John Grinder, Ph.D., to teach topics such as NLP. During this time period he met Gregory Bateson, M.D., and Milton Erickson, M.D. Training with Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Investigating how family communication and socialization is similar to hypnosis, he consulted with Gregory Bateson. Bateson pointed <mask> to seek training with Milton H. Erickson, M.D. This resulted in quarterly weeklong trips from Michigan to Phoenix to study with Erickson from mid-1975 to 1979. <mask> returned to Ann Arbor regularly after periodic visits with Dr. Erickson encouraging and inspiring many of the professionals in the Huron Valley Institute training program to also travel to Phoenix and train with Erickson.Such a large number of therapists continued to do so over the next few years that a memorial service for Dr. Erickson, attended by his son Lance, was held in Ann Arbor, in the week after Erickson's death in 1980. <mask>'s effort to promote, explain, and interpret Erickson's approach to hypnosis and therapy at the highest academic levels resulted in the inclusion of chapters in several well received scholarly publications. These include his chapters in the Oxford Handbook of Hypnosis; The Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis; and Handbook of Family Therapy Volume II; Social Workers’ Desk Reference; and The Handbook of Innovative Therapy; and several others. <mask> was the founding Editor

masks: Lankton Lankton Lankton Lankton


texts:
 of the Ericksonian Monographs series of books from 1985 to 1995. His major publications include Practical Magic; The Answer Within; Enchantment and Intervention In Family Therapy; and Assembling Ericksonian Therapy; Tools of Intention, and others. Simultaneous work with corporations
He served as a behavior science expert in corporate consulting projects that have included the IRS, Xerox, American Express, New York State Tax and Finance, NY Welfare Department, Nortel, and other fortune 500 companies (1993-2000). He co-authored the Xerox 1998's Document Engineering Methodology that promoted a behaviorally driven interface-management/document-centered information engineering approach to enhance corporate profitability, accuracy, accountability, and efficiency.Publications
Lankton published many books and papers. Below is a selection of books. 2008. Tools of intention: Strategies that inspire change. Crown House Publications. .
 2008/1983. The answer within: A clinical framework of Ericksonian hypnotherapy. With <mask>.Crown House Publications. .
 2007/1986. Enchantment and intervention in family therapy: Using metaphors in family therapy. With <mask>. Crown Press. .
 2004. Assembling Ericksonian therapy: The collected papers of <mask>. Zeig-Tucker. .
 2003/1980. Practical magic: A translation of basic neuro linguistic programming into clinical psychotherapy (Rev.Edition). Crown House. .
 1989. Tales of

masks:
Carol Lankton
Carol Lankton
Stephen Lankton


texts:
 enchantment. With <mask>. Taylor & Francis / Brunner-Routledge. .
 1988. A children's book to overcome Fears: The blammo - surprise book!. Brunner Mazel. .
 2017.Hypnotic Induction: Perspectives, Strategies, and Concerns. With V. K. Kumar. (Editors). Routledge. 1994. Ericksonian monographs: Number 10. Difficult contexts for therapy.With J. K. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. .
 1993. Ericksonian monographs: Number 9. Essence of single session success. With K. Erickson (Editors). Brunner Mazel. .
 2017/1991. Views on Ericksonian brief therapy, process and action: Number 8.With S. Gilligan & J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. (hard); 978-1-138-00957-8. 1990. Ericksonian monographs: Number 7. Broader implications of Ericksonian therapy. (Editor).Brunner Mazel. .
 2014/1989. Ericksonian monographs: Number 6. Extrapolations: Demonstrations of Ericksonian therapy. With J. Zeig (Editors) Brunner Mazel. .
 1989. Ericksonian monographs: Number 5. Ericksonian hypnosis: Application, preparation, and research. Brunner Mazel.  .
 1988.Developing Ericksonian psychotherapy: State of the arts. The proceedings of the third international congress on Ericksonian psychotherapy. With J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel. .
 2017/1988. Ericksonian monographs: Number 4. Research comparisons and medical applications. With J. Zeig (Editors).Brunner Mazel. (hard); 978-1-138-00458-0 (paper). 1988. Ericksonian monographs: Number 3.


texts:
 Special treatment populations. With J. Zeig (Editors). Brunner Mazel.  .
 1987.Ericksonian monographs: Number 2. Central themes and underlying principles. (Editor). Brunner Mazel.  .
 1985. Ericksonian monographs: Number 1. Elements and dimensions of an Ericksonian approach. (Editor).Brunner Mazel. .

Footnotes

Living people
American psychotherapists
1947


texts:
Alexandre-Pierre Georges "<mask><mask> (; 21 February 188524 July 1957) was a French stage actor, film actor, director, screenwriter, and playwright of the boulevard theatre. He was the son of a leading French actor, <mask>, and followed his father into the theatrical profession. He became known for his stage performances, particularly in boulevardier roles. He was also a prolific playwright, writing 115 plays throughout his career. He was married five times, always to rising actresses whose careers he furthered. Probably his best-known wife was Yvonne Printemps to whom he was married between 1919 and 1932. <mask>'s plays range from historical dramas to contemporary light comedies.Some have musical scores, by composers including André Messager and Reynaldo Hahn. When silent films became popular <mask> avoided them, finding the lack of spoken dialogue fatal to dramatic impact. From the 1930s to the end of his life he enthusiastically embraced the cinema, making as many as five films in a single year. The later years of <mask>'s career were overshadowed by accusations of collaborating with the occupying Germans after the capitulation of France in the Second World War. The charges were dismissed, but <mask>, a strongly patriotic man, was disillusioned by the vilification by some of his compatriots. By the time of his death, his popular esteem had been restored to the extent that 12,000 people filed past his coffin before his burial in Paris. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born at No 12 Nevsky Prospect, Saint Petersburg, Russia, the third son of the French actors <mask> and his wife Marie-Louise-Renée née

masks:
Sacha
" Guitry
Lucien Guitry
Guitry
Guitry
Guitry
Guitry
Guitry
Lucien Guitry


texts: Delmas de Pont-Jest (1858–1902).The couple had eloped, in the face of family disapproval, and were married at St Martin in the Fields, London, in 1882. They then moved to the then Russian capital, where Lucien ran the French theatre company, the Théâtre Michel, from 1882 to 1891. The marriage was brief. <mask> senior was a persistent adulterer, and his wife instituted divorce proceedings in 1888. Two of their sons died in infancy (one in 1883 and the other in 1887); the other surviving son, Jean (1884–1920) became an actor and journalist. The family's Russian nurse habitually shortened Alexandre-Pierre's name to the Russian diminutive "<mask>", by which he was known all his life. The young <mask> made his stage debut in his father's company at the age of five.<mask>, considered the most distinguished actor in France since Coquelin, was immensely successful, both critically and commercially. When he returned to Paris he lived in a flat in a prestigious spot, overlooking the Place Vendôme and the Rue de la Paix. The young <mask> lived there, and for his schooling he was first sent to the well-known Lycée Janson de Sailly in the fashionable Sixteenth arrondissement. He did not stay long there, and went to a succession of other schools, both secular and religious, before abandoning formal education at the age of sixteen. After giving up school <mask> embarked on a career as a playwright with a little musical piece called Le Page, with a score by Ludo Ratz, premiered at the Théâtre des Mathurins on 15 April 1902. Eighteen months later he joined his father's company at the Théâtre de la Renaissance. At first he

masks:
Guitry
Sacha
Sacha
Lucien Guitry
Sacha
Guitry


texts:
 appeared under the stage name "Lorcey"; the pseudonym deceived no-one, as the press immediately announced the debutant's real identity.His first role was in L'Escalier, by Maurice Donnay in November 1904. He fell out with his father over what the latter saw as <mask>'s lack of professionalism. In the aftermath of their quarrel they neither saw nor spoke to one another. A member of <mask>'s company was a young actress, Charlotte-Augustine-Hortense Lejeune, whose stage name was Charlotte Lysès (1877–1956). In April 1905, she and <mask> set up home together in the rue d'Anjou (now the rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré). For her he wrote his play, Le KWTZ, premiered in December 1905 at the Théâtre des Capucins. In the same month he had his first substantial hit with Nono at the Mathurins.When the leading man in <mask>'s 1906 play Chez les Zoaques fell ill the author took over, and in the words of a critic, "proved to be his own definitive interpreter". The pattern of his career was set: he remained an actor-author, and later manager, for the rest of his life. Rise to prominence
For the next five years, <mask>'s plays were, at best, moderate successes, but he then had five consecutive hits with Le Veilleur de nuit (1911), Un Beau mariage (1912), Le Prise de Berg-op-Zoom (1912), La Pèlerine écossaise (1912), and Les Deux converts (1914), the last of which was staged by the Comédie-Française. In 1915, <mask> made his first cinema film, Ceux de chez nous ("Those of our home"), a short patriotic piece that celebrated great French men and women of the day, including Sarah Bernhardt, Anatole France, Claude Monet,

masks:
Guitry
Lucien Guitry
Sacha
Guitry
Guitry
Guitry


texts:
 Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, Edmond Rostand and Camille Saint-Saëns. He was not greatly attracted by the medium of silent film, regarding dialogue as the essence of drama; he did not make a full-length film until 1935. In 1915, he met the young singer Yvonne Printemps, with whom he began an affair that led Charlotte to leave him and obtain a divorce. <mask> started to write leading roles for Printemps some musical and others straight comedies.With Printemps
<mask> was reconciled with his father in 1918. Lucien appeared in many productions with his son and Printemps, including Mon Père avait raison and Comment on ecrit l'histoire. They played together not only in Paris, but in the West End of London. All three appeared at the Aldwych Theatre in a four-week season in 1920. Sir John Gielgud wrote that Printemps and her husband "returned … many times to delight London in various pieces artfully contrived by him to show them both off to the best possible advantage." <mask> developed a charming, witty stage persona, often appearing in period-dress light comedies, for instance his 1925 pastiche Mozart, about the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on a visit to Paris. To compose the score he approached André Messager, with whom he had successfully collaborated in 1923 on a show for Printemps, L'amour masqué.Messager was unavailable and recommended the composer Reynaldo Hahn, who accepted the commission. The resulting production took some liberties with historical accuracy, but it proved highly popular. Printemps, in a breeches role, played and sang the young Mozart, with <mask> as the composer's patron, Baron

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