texts:
 14 years at Bank of America in San Francisco, a lawyer in Rome, and a language professor for 30 years at Santa Clara University, who, in 1958, at the age of 74 — after returning to Italy and joining the Order of Saint Benedict at the Subiaco Monastery in Rome — became ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest by the Bishop of Tivoli at Subiaco. <mask> was Agnes' second of three husbands. Second marriage
Schumm then married – on September 23, 1935, in Santa Ana, California – Gloria F. Smith (aka Gloria Smith Beery, née Florence W. Smith; 1916–1989). <mask> filed for divorce late September 1943 in Los Angeles County. Their divorced became final on December 8, 1944.Gloria and <mask> then remarried August 21, 1947, after Gloria realized that she was pregnant from, she claimed, actor Wallace Beery, which Beery denied. Gloria gave birth on February 7, 1948, to Johan Richard <mask>. On February 13, 1948, <mask>, on behalf of <mask>, as plaintiff, filed a paternity suit against Beery, who, through his lawyer, Norman Ronald Tyre (1910–2002) – Gang, Tyre, Ramer & Brown – initially offered $6,000 as a settlement, but denied being the

masks:
Hans Schumm
Gloria Schumm
Hans
Wallace Schumm
Gloria Schumm
Johan Schumm


type: original

texts:
 father. <mask>, again, filed for divorced from <mask> on April 2, 1953, in Los Angeles County. Gloria, in her private life, sometimes used Wallace Beery's surname and, as a bit part actor, sometimes used her stage name, Gloria Whitney. Gloria, again, divorced <mask>m January 11, 1978, in Los Angeles County. United States citizenship
Schumm applied to become a naturalized citizen of the United States on November 13, 1940, in Los Angeles, and was admitted as a citizen February 14, 1941.The two affiants attesting to Schumm's identity and residency were Stuttgart-born Alfred Theodor Hummel (1876–1946) and John Harrison Rodney Pain (1884–1966), a British-born American gardner and woodwork artisan. Schumm was approximately  tall, weighed approximately , and had brown hair and brown eyes — according to his 1942 U.S. draft registration card. Death
Schumm died at  on February 2, 1990. He was dead on arrival at Kaiser Permanente Hospital in Los Angeles from heart failure after being stricken at the Hollywood nursing home where he had been living. His body was cremated with his ashes buried in the actors’ rose garden at Westwood

masks:
Gloria Schumm
Hans Schumm
Hans Schum


texts:
 Village Memorial Park Cemetery. Links to stills
 Three stills from "The Primitive Touch," a TV episode from The Web; CBS/Getty Images, May 14, 1954 New York, New York
 Joe Maross, <mask> Schumm, and Elizabeth Fraser:
 Getty image 625765216
 Getty image 625765116
 Getty image 625765174
 Two images: April 17, 1952, Johann Schumm – 4 years (child); Gloria Schumm (mother); University of Southern California;

Profession affiliations
 Screen Actors Guild, member
 Screen Extras Guild (between 1946 and 1992, background actors in film and television were largely represented by the Screen Extras Guild. SEG was disbanded on 1 June 1992 and transferred its jurisdiction to SAG)
 Edwin Forrest Society, The Actors Fund, member (estate benefactor)

Selected cinematic and TV clips
 Anders als du und ich (§ 175)
 Psychologist (<mask>m), Christa Teichmann, Klaus' mother (Paula Wessely), Werner Teichmann, Klaus' father (Paul Dahlke)
 Scene: "Cure for Homosexuality," Klause's parents with the psychologist (German censored version with English subtitles)

 Casbah
  Anton Duval (Houseley Stevenson), Willem (Hans Schumm as Andre Pola), Pepe

masks:
Hans Josef
Hans Schum


texts:
 (Tony Martin)
 Scene

 Spy Smasher on YouTube (all 12 chapters)

Filmography

Television

Stage
{| class="wikitable" style="color: black; background-color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 90%; width:100%"
!Dates !! Play !! Writer(s) ! !Director !! Role !! |-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px;"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC; border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px;" | Leopold Jessner, director; Ralph Freed, text; Rudi Feld, art director (costumes and set design); Ernst Toch, music score; Ingolf Dahl, conductor; Simon Mitchneck, Phd (1893–1986), English and voice coach (linguist). |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| Totentanz(Dance of Death)
| width="16.67%"| August Strindberg
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Kurt
| width="16.67%"| New Studio Theater1743 North New Hampshire BoulevardLos Angeles(capacity 205)

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" |


texts:
 Cast included Walter Wicclair (de) as the captain and Efriede Borodin (de) as Alice.|-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| Faust(in German)
| width="16.67%"| Goethe
| width="16.67%"| Walter Wicclair (de)
| width="16.67%"| Assistant Director
| width="16.67%"| University of Southern CaliforniaDepartment of German

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Norbert Schiller (de) as Faust, Walter Wicclair (de) as Mephistopheles, Laura McCann (de) as Gretchen, Else Baeck-Neft (de) as Martha, and Franz Roeh as Wagner, Marcel Lerner as the student. Others in the cast included Otto Waldis (de), Sigurd Bernau, L.H. Lasch, and Renee Henning. |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;| (premier)
| width="16.67%"| Intimitaeten(Private Lives)| width="16.67%"| Noël Coward
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Bennet Chase
| width="16.67%"| Coronet Theater366 North La Cienega BoulevardLos Angeles(capacity


texts:
 275)(guest performances were also give in San Francisco with the same cast)

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Kitty Mattern (de) playing Helen Prynne co-starred with Hans Schumm playing Bennet Chase. In a love scene, Mattern and Schumm reportedly drove realism to an intensity that was unusual for the era. Others in the cast included Norbert J. Kobler playing Victor Prynne, Inga Grothe playing Sybile Chase

|-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|  source
| width="16.67%"| Raub der Sabinerinnen (de)(Rape of the Sabine Women)
| width="16.67%"| Paul and Franz Schönthan (de)
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Coronet Theater

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Else Baeck-Neft (de) as Rosa, Efriede Borodin (de) as Marianne, Walter Wicclair (de) as Professor Gallwitz, and Hans Schumm as Dr. Neumeister.


texts:
 |-
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px 1px;|
| width="16.67%"| The Swallow's Nest| width="16.67%"| Zoë Akins
| width="16.67%"| Robert Milton
| width="16.67%"|
| width="16.67%"| Pasadena Community Playhouse

|-valign="bottom;" style="text-align:left"
| width="16.67%;" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 1px 0px 1px"|
|colspan=5 style="background:#EEF8FC;" | Cast included Billie Burke, Marjorie Steele (1930–1988) (Mrs. Huntington Hartford in her acting debut), Onslow Stevens, George Phelps, Lumsden Hare, Roy Gordon (1884–1972).The production was partly financed by the Cinema Education Guild of Hollywood, Inc., which has been chronicled as a   McCarthyistic organization founded and headed by Myron C. Fagan (president). His son, executive producer of the play, Bruce Vincent Fagan (1918–2001) was the organization's secretary. Schumm's 1953 affiliation with Fagan notwithstanding, it is not known whether he seriously shared Fagan's views given that he went on to work with actors, directors, and producers who Fagan later infamously named before a stage audience, and on radio, 300


texts:
 Hollywood stars that he claimed were communists. (FBI file)'''

|}

 Radio

 Notes and references
 General resources

 Marta Mierendorff papers 0214 "Schumm, <mask>," Box 12, Folder 22, University of Southern California (USC), Feuchtwanger Memorial Library;
 Marta Mierendorff, PhD — a German-born scholar who, in the latter 1960s, became a faculty member at USC — was a pioneer in the study of exiles. Schumm was not an exile, but, the papers include information on Schumm

 Paul Kohner Agency records, Goose Step, Oscars collections, Margaret Herrick Library
 Deutsches Bühnen-Jahrbuch; Theatergeschichtliches Jahr- und Adressbuch, Berlin: F.A. Günther & Sohn Actien-Gesellschaft, Vol. 42 (1931); ;
 "Arbeitsausschüsse der Fachschaft Bühne," Die Bühne (Redakteur: Dr. <mask>en), 2 Jahrgang, heft 1, 1.Januar 1936, seit 22;
 O – Obmann; St – Obmann Stellvertreter; S – Schriftführer; K – Kassenwart; Vd – Vertrauens -dame; B – Beisitzer; FV – Fachgruppenvertreter. Bamberg Stadttheater: Walter Storm (O), Fritz Milter (St), <mask> (S), Karl Frank (K), Ria Mardeck (Vd). ; . <li>
<li>
 See inline citation 21 for Chapter 5 on p.

masks:
Hans
Hans Knuds
Hans Schumm


texts:
 504. →   ; ; . Vol. 1: A–L
 Vol.2: M-Z

 Notes

 Books, periodicals, collections, academic works

 Newspapers

 External links

  (biography by <mask>. Wollstein)
 <mask> at AFI Catalog of Feature Films''
 <mask> at Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze (cs)
 <mask>m biography, filmography and photos at filmportal.de

1896 births
1990 deaths
American male film actors
German male film actors
American male stage actors
German male stage actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century German male actors
German emigrants to the United States
Male actors from Stuttgart
People with acquired American citizenship
American conscientious objectors
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park

masks:
Hans J
Hans Schumm
Hans Schumm
Hans Schum


texts:
<mask> (May 12, 1930 – January 22, 2006) was an American academic and author who was the Evjue-Bascom Professor of American and African-American Literature at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she also taught in English and women's studies, and is best known as the co-editor (with Henry Louis Gates Jr.) of the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature. Biography
She was born in Queens as <mask>, to parents who were Jamaican immigrants. She was private about her age but was probably born between 1931 and 1947, according to colleagues. She graduated with a B.A. in English from Queens College in 1969, a master's in English and American literature from Harvard in 1971, and a Ph.D. in the same field from Harvard in 1977. <mask> was Assistant Professor of English and American Literature at Simmons College and Visiting Professor of Afro-American Literature at MIT between 1973 and 1978. <mask> joined the faculty of UW–Madison in 1978, receiving tenure in 1984.Her research specialties included 19th- and 20th-century American and African American literature, black women's literature and multicultural women's writings, all fields that essentially did not exist when she was a student, and whose modern curricula, by many accounts, became heavily indebted to her scholarship. Her colleague at UW–Madison, Craig Werner, said, "When she came here there was not a single university that was paying any attention to black women’s literature. Now, there isn’t a single university that isn’t." A former student recalls that, in 1979, <mask> provided the class with photocopied versions of Native Son by Richard Wright and Black Manhattan by James Weldon Johnson, books that were then

masks:
Nellie Yvonne McKay
Nellie Yvonne Reynolds
McKay
McKay
McKay


texts: out of print, from her own rare copies. According to The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, in 1991 she was offered the Harvard University post in Afro-American Studies that was later taken by Gates, whom she had recommended in her stead. By the time she collaborated with Gates on the Norton Anthology of African-American Literature, in 1996, she was already widely known as a pre-eminent scholar in the field of black American literature, and Gates specifically sought her out. The book became a worldwide standard in the field and remains in print in a second edition.It was selected by former Poet Laureate of the United States Rita Dove in 2000 for the National Millennium Time Capsule created by the White House to be stored by the National Archives until the 22nd century, with Dove calling it "a lucid and eloquent history of one of this country's most significant subcultures". Her edited book Critical Essays on Toni Morrison (1988) is "largely credited with establishing the critical acclaim" that led to Morrison's Nobel Prize in Literature. She played a key role in establishing the UW–Madison Lorraine Hansberry Visiting Professorship in the Dramatic Arts. At the time of her death, <mask> had been working on a revised edition of the seminal 1982 black feminist anthology All the Women Are White, All the Blacks are Men, But Some of Us Brave: Black Women’s Studies, originally edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, and Barbara Smith. She was also advisory editor for the African American Review, president of the Midwest Consortium of Black Studies and a member of the Board of Directors of the Toni Morrison Society. <mask> died January 22, 2006, of liver cancer or

masks: McKay McKay


texts:
 colon cancer at a hospice in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. She was believed to be in her 70s.The university held a national symposium in her honor April 1, 2006, including a short film Remembering <mask> <mask> by Pete McPartland Jr., and readings by over 40 fellow academics from across the country. Honors
 Fellow at the Institute for Research in the Humanities at UW–Madison (1991). Fellow at the W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research
 The UW–Madison Chancellor's Distinguished Teaching Award (1992)
 Multi-Ethnic Literature [Association] of the U.S. (MELUS) Annual Award for Contributions to Multi-Ethnic Literature (1996)
 The University of Wisconsin System Recognition for Outstanding Contributions to the System, particularly to Women of Color
Inducted into Phi Beta Kappa (alpha chapter of WI) 1999
 Inducted into the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters (2001)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Michigan (2002)

Writings
<mask> wrote more than 60 articles and essays in books and journals on figures such as Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker, touching on themes of black literature, American Literature, women's writings and on political issues of interest to the academic community. Books
 Jean Toomer, Artist: A Study of His Literary Life and Work, 1894-1936 (University of North Carolina, 1984)
 Critical Essays on Toni Morrison (editor with introduction, G.K. Hall, 1988)
 Race-Ing Justice, En-Gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality (with Toni Morrison and Michael Thelwell, Random House, 1992)
 The Sleeper Wakes: Harlem Renaissance Stories by Women

masks: Nellie McKay McKay


texts:
 (with Marcy Knopf, Rutgers University Press, 1993)
 Colored Woman in a White World (African-American Women Writers, 1910-1940) (with Mary Church Terrell, Macmillan Publishers, 1996)
 Norton Anthology of African-American Literature (General co-Editor with Henry Louis Gates Jr.; W.W. Norton, 1996; second edition, 2005)
 Approaches to Teaching the Novels of Toni Morrison (ed. with Kathryn Earle, MLA Publications, 1997)
 Toni Morrison's Beloved: A Casebook (ed. with William L. Andrews, Oxford University Press, 1999)
 Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, a slave narrative by Harriet Jacobs (Norton Critical Edition co-edited with Frances Smith Foster), 2001)

Quotations
 On the Anthology: "Never again will anybody anywhere not be able to know about the existence of the African-American literature tradition.This is a bible, as far as I'm concerned." "There is nothing mystical about African American literature that makes it the sole property of people of African descent." References

External links
 <mask> Y<mask>, Who Championed Black Writers, Dies - obituary from The New York Times
 Bio from 1998 University of California Riverside Aesthetics Conference
 Interview transcript, with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. PBS NewsHour, March 7, 1997
 Interview transcript PBS NewsHour, March 18, 1997. 1930 births
2006 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
African-American academics
Harvard University alumni
People from Queens, New York
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
American people of Jamaican descent
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Deaths from cancer in Wisconsin
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American

masks:
Nellie
. McKay


texts:
<mask> () was a business journalist and economist known for his long-running syndicated economics column for which he received a Pulitzer Prize and three Gerald Loeb Awards. He created the Livingston Survey, a twice-yearly economic forecast survey he personally conducted from 1946 until his death in 1989. Early life

<mask> was born on February 10, 1905, in New York City. After graduating from De Witt Clinton High School, he studied English at the University of Michigan, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1925. Career

Reporter
<mask> returned to New York City to begin his journalism career as a cub reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle. By late 1927, he was a staff reporter at The Brooklyn Daily Times. In the second half of the 1920s, he also worked at the Queens County News, The Bronx Home News, and Fairchild's Daily News Record.Financial and economics reporter, editor
In September 1929, Livinsgston began an investment club with some of his university friends, which quickly became underwater when the Great Crash shook the stock market a month later. He realized his university education was insufficient for making informed investment decisions, so he took night classes at the City College of New York from 1929 to 1931 to study investing, accounting, statistics, and economic history. Armed with new knowledge, he repeatedly begged his editor to move him from general reporting to financial reporting until he was eventually fired. <mask> joined the New York Daily Investment News, rising to executive editor in 1931, and wrote the "Talking It Over" column. In 1934, he moved to Financial World to be the public utility editor. In 1935, <mask> joined Business Week as an editor and economist. He wrote "The Trend" and "Business Outlook" columns until his departure in 1942.During his tenure, he developed his "story chart" technique, which used charts to dramatically and quickly convey economic

masks:
Joseph Arnold Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston
Livingston


texts:
 information. He extracted the real story from the data, then presented it in a way that the chart and captions clearly expressed everything that was part of the real story and nothing else. World War II
<mask> put his journalism career on hold in 1942 to work as an economist for the U.S. government during World War II. He worked for the War Production Board to help start War Progress, an internal weekly report distributed among the various war agencies. The reports were noted for <mask>'s use of his story charts to concisely deliver information. He served as editor for the publication and became the economic assistant to Chief of Operations Hiland G. Batchellor. In 1944, <mask> wrote a public affairs pamphlet entitled "Reconversion – the Job Ahead" and assisted in the production of two of the Board's "Critical Programs" reports.He transferred to the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion in 1945 to help compile analytical and statistical reports for the government. Livingston Survey

After the war, <mask> joined The Philadelphia Record in 1945 as the financial editor. The following year, he began sending a detailed questionnaire to economists around the U.S. asking for their forecasts of several economic variables for the next six, twelve, and eighteen months. He conducted the survey, which came to be known as the Livingston Survey, every six months for the rest of his life. In 1978, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia digitized <mask>'s historical data to make it available to researchers. The Bank took over conducting the survey after his death in 1989. The survey is the longest continuous record of economists expectations.Economics columnist
When the Record closed in 1947, <mask> moved to The Washington Post, where he started writing his semi-weekly "Minding Your Business" column. The column was renamed "Business Outlook" after a few months and was nationally

masks: Livingston Livingston Livingston Livingston Livingston Livingston


texts: syndicated later in the year, eventually being printed in over 70 newspapers. He continued writing the syndicated column for the rest of his life. <mask> was hired by The Philadelphia Bulletin in 1948 to be their financial editor. In 1964, he visited Yugoslavia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia to research the prospects of trade between the U.S. and Eastern Bloc countries. He toured factories and interviewed government officials at all levels. His research resulted in a six-part series entitled "The Powerful Pull of the Dollar" that earned him the 1965 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting.He stepped down as financial editor in 1968 to focus on outside writing, but continued as an economics columnist. A 1970 column reporting on his six-week investigation into Howard Butcher and suspicious transactions involving Penn Central stock earned <mask> the 1971 Gerald Loeb award for newspapers. While still writing for the Bulletin, <mask> taught an economics class ("Seminar on Contemporary Economic Trends") at Temple University in 1971 and 1972. In 1972, <mask> left the Bulletin for The Philadelphia Inquirer, where he continued writing his economics columns and co-wrote a regular chess column. His decades as a financial writer were honored in 1974 by the first Gerald Loeb Memorial Award. He wrote a 5-part series of columns in 1975 entitled "The Second Battle of Great Britain" on the country's economic difficulties that earned him both the 1975 Bache Halsey Stuart Award from the Overseas Press Club and the 1976 Gerald Loeb award for Columns/Editorial In 1981, <mask> spent more than five weeks in Britain interviewing government officials, bankers, businessmen, labor leaders, workers, and members of Parliament for a five-part series entitled "English Lessons for America" that compared the U.S. and British economies and earned him the 1981 Overseas Press Club award for Best Business

masks: Livingston Livingston Livingston Livingston Livingston


texts:
 News Reporting from Abroad. Book

<mask>'s book, The American Stockholder, was published in 1958.The book discusses the role of stockholders, finding that the average stockholder plays an insignificant role. Radio

In 1961, <mask> recorded the miniseries The Evolution of the American Economic Revolution for the Voice of America. <mask> contributed the "Business Page" feature on WCAU radio's Evening Edition from 1962 to 1964. Personal life
<mask> met Rosalie Logise Frenger while they were both students at the University of Michigan. Rosalie, born October 19, 1903, in Las Cruces, New Mexico Territory, was the daughter of Clara Jacoby and New Mexico District Judge Numa C. Frenger. She was a correspondent for the El Paso Times and the El Paso Herald, and was a teacher at the Las Cruces Union High School. They married on September 26, 1927, at the Frenger family home in Las Cruces in a ceremony presided over by her father.The couple initially lived in the Bronx. Rosalie joined an insurance company in 1928 as an editorial writer, and worked as an editor for Young Dancer magazine in the 1930s. They lived in the New York City area until 1942, when they moved to the Washington, D.C., area. <mask> resumed investing his investment club's money in 1932 and 1933. The club's portfolio finally became profitable in 1935. His friends, not wanting to press their luck, decided to cash-out and dissolve the club. <mask> and his wife used their proceeds to purchase a farm in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.After the war, they lived in Philadelphia, then returned to Washington, D.C., in 1947. In 1948, they finally settled on their farm in Bucks County while maintaining an apartment in Center City, Philadelphia. Their daughter, Patricia, was born in 1942. She graduated from Westtown School and Middlebury College, and received her master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1967, she married


texts:
 Mathew Herban III. She received her PhD in English from the University of Pennsylvania in 1973. <mask> served as the president of The Franklin Inn Club in 1955.He helped organize the Society of American Business Editors and Writers (SABEW), serving two terms as its first president in 1964 and 1965. On December 25, 1989, <mask> collapsed while preparing to leave his farm. He was pronounced dead at Doylestown Hospital. Rosalie died in Columbus, Ohio, on February 22, 1992, while visiting her daughter. The couple are buried side-by-side at Forest Hills Cemetery in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Awards
 1962 The E. W. Fairchild Award from the Overseas Press Club
 1965 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
 1967 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial writing, syndicated and news service writers
 1968 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial writing, syndicated and news service writers
 1971 Gerald Loeb award for Newspapers
 1973 John Hancock Award for Excellence in business and financial reporting, syndicated and news service writers
 1974 Gerald Loeb Memorial Award
 1975 Bache Halsey Stuart Award from the Overseas Press Club
 1976 Gerald Loeb award for Columns/Editorial
 1981 Overseas Press Club award for Best Business News Reporting from Abroad

Selected bibliography

 The American Stockholder. 1958.Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company. 290 pages. August 6, 1981

See also
 Livingston Survey

References

1905 births
1989 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Columns, Commentary, and Editorials
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Newspaper
Gerald Loeb Memorial Award winners
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners
20th-century American newspaper editors
The Philadelphia Inquirer people
American male journalists
The Washington Post journalists
Journalists from New York City
American business and

masks: Livingston Livingston


texts:
<mask> (January 5, 1950 – August 22, 2015) was an American crossword constructor. For 30 years, he constructed a puzzle every Sunday for the San Francisco Chronicle (originally the San Francisco Examiner), which he syndicated to more than 50 Sunday newspapers, including the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio), the Hartford Courant, the New York Observer, and the Arizona Daily Star. Reagle also produced a bimonthly crossword puzzle for AARP The Magazine magazine, a monthly crossword puzzle for the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI,  and puzzles for the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament. Biography
<mask> was born in Audubon, New Jersey on January 5, 1950. He made his first crossword when he was six years old and sold a puzzle to The New York Times at age 16, a feat that made him the youngest published Times puzzle constructor at the time. He attended the University of Arizona, but dropped out a few credits short of a degree in English. Reagle first competed in the American Crossword Puzzle Tournament in 1979, its second year, and placed third.He submitted a puzzle to the contest starting in 1980 and, later, served as a tournament judge and a commentator for the tournament's finals. In the early 1980s Reagle began submitting crossword puzzles to Dell crossword magazine, Games magazine, and Margaret Farrar's Simon & Schuster books. He regarded crossword-making as more of a hobby, working as a television scriptwriter by day and a film scriptwriter by night. In 1985 he was contracted to produce a regular Sunday crossword for the San Francisco Examiners new Sunday magazine. Three years later, he went into syndication. In the 1990s Reagle was regarded as one of the top producers of a new type of crossword puzzle: "less stodgy and more hip." This trend was encouraged by The New York Times crossword puzzle editor Will Shortz, who sought to appeal to a wider and younger readership with "pop culture references ... humorous

masks:
Merl Harry Reagle
Reagle


texts:
 word play, and ... unique and clever themes".In 2011 <mask> donated his expertise to produce an awareness-building campaign for the Alzheimer's Foundation of America. <mask> created the National Brain Game Challenge, an online contest featuring a Sunday crossword that contains a clued secret message. Cash prizes, including a first prize of $25,000, are awarded in two categories, "casual solver" and "puzzle professional". <mask> was one of the few crossword constructors who made a living solely through puzzlemaking, as he retained all rights to his puzzles. They are reprinted in books that he sold under his own imprint, PuzzleWorks. With the assistance of his wife, Marie Haley, he published more than 20 volumes of his Sunday crosswords, which he sold from his website. <mask> and Marie made their home in the Tampa Bay, Florida area.<mask> died August 22, 2015, after being hospitalized two days earlier for acute pancreatitis. Representative puzzles: humor and wide-open grids
The New York Times crossword puzzle editor Will Shortz has said that "his [Reagle's] themes are consistently fresher and funnier than anyone else's. And he's one of the greatest puzzlemakers at interlocking words in intricate, wide-open patterns". Games magazine has called Reagle "the best Sunday crossword creator in America". A poll of puzzlemakers at cruciverb.com, a popular website for crossword constructors, ranked Reagle the most admired by his peers. His 2004 puzzle, "Wide Open Spaces", holds the record for the lowest word count (i.e., number of answers) in a Sunday puzzle. The 21 x 21 grid has only 112 words (with 51 black squares).The prolific crossword editor Stanley Newman called <mask>'s puzzle "Gridlock" "the best single crossword of the last 25 years." "Gridlock" featured a "thick traffic jam of car names crossing in the center". His fellow constructors routinely credit Reagle for creating some of the funniest themes for his puzzles. One, called "Hit Song", was what he called "Sean Penn's version of "My Way". It included the

masks: Reagle Reagle Reagle Merl Reagle Reagle


texts:
 theme entries I'M IN A / RUSH, NO PICTURES, PLEASE, OR / ELSE YOU'LL LEARN THE / BLACKENED EYE WAY / THE RECORD SHOWS / I'LL BUST YOUR / NOSE IF YOU GET IN... / MY WAY. Other much-discussed puzzles carried titles like "Inappropriate Muzak for a Doctor's Office" and "Least Popular Beanie Babies". Portrayal in Wordplay
He was noted for making puzzles with pencil and paper, instead of with the aid of a computer.The 2006 documentary Wordplay depicted Reagle's on-camera construction of a crossword that subsequently was published in The New York Times. The film then showed various famous crossword enthusiasts, including Bill Clinton, Jon Stewart, the Indigo Girls, and Mike Mussina, attempting to solve the puzzle. Other appearances
In the late 1960s and early 1970s <mask> was a member of a psychedelic rock band Greylock Mansion. He played the organ and performed the lead vocals and was also the main songwriter for the group. The band released two singles in their active period but never got a deal for a full album. All of their old recordings were finally released in 2016 by an underground label Lysergic Sound Distributors. Unfortunately <mask> Reagle died during the production of the album and never got to witness its release.On November 16, 2008, Reagle was a "special guest voice" on an episode of The Simpsons called "Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words." In the episode, which featured a New York Times crossword, a cartoon version of Reagle appeared together with Shortz, and Lisa Simpson discovered secret messages embedded in both the clues and the puzzle, which Reagle constructed and Shortz edited. The actual crossword appearing that same day in the Times had the embedded messages. Reagle also was featured on CNN, the Today show, Nightline, Oprah, and National Public Radio. In 2013, the Washington Post featured an online interview in its "The Fold" feature. References

External links

 Reagle's Sunday Crosswords website

1950 births
People from Audubon, New Jersey
Crossword compilers
2015 deaths
Deaths from

masks: Reagle Merl


texts: <mask> ( ; full name: <mask>us; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was the fifth Roman emperor and the last emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his suicide in 68. He was adopted by the Roman emperor Claudius at the age of 13 and succeeded him to the throne. <mask> seems to have been popular with the members of his Praetorian Guard, and with lower-class commoners in Rome and the provinces, but was deeply resented by the Roman aristocracy. Most contemporary sources describe him as tyrannical, self-indulgent and debauched. After being declared a public enemy by the Roman Senate, he committed suicide aged 30. <mask> was born at Antium in AD 37, the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger, a great-granddaughter of the emperor Augustus. When <mask> was two years old, his father died.His mother married the emperor Claudius, who eventually adopted <mask> as his heir; when Claudius died in 54, <mask> became emperor, with the support firstly of the Praetorian Guard, and then of the Senate. In the early years of his reign <mask> was advised and guided by his mother Agrippina, his tutor Seneca the Younger, and his praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus, but he soon sought to rule independently, and to rid himself of restraining influences. His power struggle with his mother was eventually resolved when he had her murdered. Roman sources also implicate <mask> in the deaths of his wife Claudia Octavia – supposedly so that he could marry Poppaea Sabina – and of his foster-brother Britannicus. Most Roman

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texts: sources present <mask> as sexually dissolute. He is said to have "married" a freedman Pythagoras, acting the part of bride at the ceremony. After Poppaea's death in unclear circumstances, <mask> in short succession married an aristocratic woman Statilia Messalina and another freedman, Sporus, whom he had castrated.<mask>'s practical contributions to Rome's governance focused on diplomacy, trade, and culture. He ordered the construction of amphitheaters, promoted athletic games and contests, and made public appearances as an actor, poet, musician, and charioteer. This scandalised his aristocratic contemporaries as these occupations were usually the domain of slaves, public entertainers and infamous persons. The provision of such entertainments made <mask> popular among lower-class citizens, but his performances undermined the Imperial dignity. The costs involved were borne by local elites either directly or through taxation, and were much resented. During <mask>'s reign, the general Corbulo fought the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63, and made peace with the hostile Parthian Empire. The Roman general Suetonius Paulinus quashed a major revolt in Britain led by the Iceni's queen Boudica.The Bosporan Kingdom was briefly annexed to the empire, and the First Jewish–Roman War began. When the Roman senator Vindex rebelled, with support from the eventual Roman emperor Galba, <mask> was declared a public enemy and condemned to death in absentia. He fled Rome, and on 9 June AD 68 he committed suicide. His death sparked a brief period of civil war known as the

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 Year of the Four Emperors. Most Roman sources offer overwhelmingly negative assessments of his personality and reign. The historian Tacitus claims the Roman people thought him compulsive and corrupt. Suetonius tells that many Romans believed that the Great Fire of Rome was instigated by <mask> to clear land for his planned  "Golden House".Tacitus claims that <mask> seized Christians as scapegoats for the fire and had them burned alive, seemingly motivated not by public justice but by personal cruelty. Some modern historians question the reliability of the ancient sources on <mask>'s tyrannical acts, considering his popularity among the Roman commoners. In the eastern provinces of the Empire, a popular legend arose that <mask> had not died and would return. After his death, at least three leaders of short-lived, failed rebellions presented themselves as "<mask> reborn" in order to gain popular support. Early life

<mask> was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December 37ADin Antium (modern Anzio). He was an only-child, the son of the politician Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. His mother Agrippina was the sister of the third Roman emperor Caligula.<mask> was also the great-great grandson of former emperor Augustus (descended from Augustus' only daughter, Julia). The ancient biographer Suetonius, who was critical of <mask>'s ancestors, wrote that emperor Augustus had reproached <mask>'s grandfather for his unseemly enjoyment of violent gladiator games. According to Jürgen Malitz, Suetonius tells that <mask>'s father was

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texts: known to be "irascible and brutal", and that both "enjoyed chariot races and theater performances to a degree not befitting their position". Suetonius also mentions that when <mask>'s father Domitius was congratulated by his friends for the birth of his son, he replied that any child born to him and Agrippina would have a detestable nature and become a public danger. Domitius died in 40 AD. A few years before his father's death, his father was involved in a serious political scandal. His mother and his two surviving sisters, Agrippina and Julia Livilla, were exiled to a remote island in the Mediterranean Sea.His mother was said to have been exiled for plotting to overthrow the emperor Caligula. <mask>'s inheritance was taken from him, and he was sent to live with his paternal aunt Domitia Lepida the Younger, the mother of later emperor Claudius's third wife, Messalina. After Caligula's death, Claudius became the new Roman Emperor. <mask>'s mother married Claudius in 49AD, becoming his fourth wife. By February, 49 AD, his mother had persuaded Claudius to adopt her son <mask>. After <mask>'s adoption by the emperor, "Claudius" became part of his name: <mask>laudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. Claudius had gold coins issued to mark the adoption.Classics professor Josiah Osgood has written that "the coins, through their distribution and imagery alike, showed that a new Leader was in the making." However, David Shotter noted that, despite events in Rome, <mask>'s step-brother Britannicus was more prominent in provincial coinages during the early 50s.

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texts: <mask> formally entered public life as an adult in 51AD at approximately 14 years old. When he turned 16, <mask> married Claudius' daughter (his step-sister), Claudia Octavia. Between the years 51AD and 53AD, he gave several speeches on behalf of various communities, including the Ilians; the Apameans (requesting a five-year tax reprieve after an earthquake); and the northern colony of Bologna, after their settlement had suffered a devastating fire. Claudius died in 54AD; many ancient historians claim that he was poisoned by Agrippina. Shotter has written that "Claudius' death in 54AD has usually been regarded as an event hastened by Agrippina due to signs that Claudius was showing a renewed affection for his natural son".He also notes that among ancient sources, the Roman historian Josephus was uniquely reserved in describing the poisoning as a rumor. Contemporary sources differ in their accounts of the poisoning. Tacitus says that the poison-maker Locusta prepared the toxin, which was served to the Emperor by his servant Halotus. Tacitus also writes that Agrippina arranged for Claudius' doctor Xenophon to administer poison, in the event that the Emperor survived. Suetonius differs in some details, but also implicates Halotus and Agrippina. Like Tacitus, Cassius Dio writes that the poison was prepared by Locusta, but in Dio's account it is administered by Agrippina instead of Halotus. In Apocolocyntosis, Seneca the Younger does not mention mushrooms at all.Agrippina's involvement in Claudius' death is not accepted by all modern scholars. Before

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 Claudius' death, Agrippina had maneuvered to remove Claudius' sons' tutors in order to replace them with tutors that she had selected. She was also able to convince Claudius to replace two prefects of the Praetorian Guard (who were suspected of supporting Claudius' son) with Afranius Burrus (<mask>'s future guide). Since Agrippina had replaced the guard officers with men loyal to her, <mask> was subsequently able to assume power without incident. Reign (54–68 AD)
Most of what we know about <mask>'s reign comes from three ancient writers: Tacitus, Suetonius, and Greek historian Cassius Dio. According to these ancient historians, <mask>'s construction projects were overly extravagant and the large number of expenditures under <mask> left Italy "thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money" with "the provinces ruined". Modern historians, though, note that the period was riddled with deflation and that it is likely that <mask>'s spending came in the form of public-works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles.Early reign

<mask> became emperor in 54 AD, aged sixteen years. This made him the youngest sole emperor until Elagabalus, who became emperor aged 14 in 218. As Pharaoh of Egypt, <mask> adopted the royal titulary Autokrator <mask>n Heqaheqau Meryasetptah Tjemaahuikhasut Wernakhtubaqet Heqaheqau Setepennenu Merur ('Emperor <mask>, Ruler of rulers, chosen by Ptah, beloved of Isis, the sturdy-armed one who struck the foreign lands, victorious for Egypt, ruler of rulers, chosen of Nun who loves him'). <mask>'s tutor, Seneca,

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texts: prepared <mask>'s first speech before the Senate. During this speech, <mask> spoke about "eliminating the ills of the previous regime". H.H. Scullard writes that "he promised to follow the Augustan model in his principate, to end all secret trials intra cubiculum, to have done with the corruption of court favorites and freedmen, and above all to respect the privileges of the Senate and individual Senators."His respect of the Senatorial autonomy, which distinguished him from Caligula and Claudius, was generally well received by the Roman Senate. Scullard writes that <mask>'s mother, Agrippina, "meant to rule through her son". Agrippina murdered her political rivals: Domitia Lepida the Younger, the aunt that <mask> had lived with during Agrippina's exile; Marcus Junius Silanus, a great grandson of Augustus; and Narcissus. One of the earliest coins that <mask> issued during his reign shows Agrippina on the coin's obverse side; usually, this would be reserved for a portrait of the emperor. The Senate also allowed Agrippina two lictors during public appearances, an honor that was customarily bestowed upon only magistrates and the Vestalis Maxima. In AD55, <mask> removed Agrippina's ally Marcus Antonius Pallas from his position in the treasury. Shotter writes the following about Agrippina's deteriorating relationship with <mask>: "What Seneca and Burrus probably saw as relatively harmless in <mask>—his cultural pursuits and his affair with the slave girl Claudia Acte—were to her signs of her son's dangerous emancipation of himself from her

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 influence."Britannicus was poisoned after Agrippina threatened to side with him. <mask>, who was having an affair with Acte, exiled Agrippina from the palace when she began to cultivate a relationship with his wife Octavia. Jürgen Malitz writes that ancient sources do not provide any clear evidence to evaluate the extent of <mask>'s personal involvement in politics during the first years of his reign. He describes the policies that are explicitly attributed to <mask> as "well-meant but incompetent notions" like <mask>'s failed initiative to abolish all taxes in 58AD. Scholars generally credit <mask>'s advisors Burrus and Seneca with the administrative successes of these years. Malitz writes that in later years, <mask> panicked when he had to make decisions on his own during times of crisis. Nevertheless, his early administration ruled to great acclaim.A generation later those years were seen in retrospect as an exemplar of good and moderate government and described as Quinquennium Neronis by Trajan. Especially well received were fiscal reforms which among others put tax collectors under more strict control by establishing local offices to supervise their activities. After the affair of Lucius Pedanius Secundus who was murdered by a desperate slave, <mask> allowed slaves to file complaints about their treatment to the authorities. Residences
Outside of Rome, <mask> had several villas or palaces built, the ruins of which can still be seen today. These included the Villa of Nero at Antium, his place of birth, where he razed the villa on the site to


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 rebuild it on a more massive and imperial scale and including a theatre. At Subiaco, Lazio, near Rome he built 3 artificial lakes with waterfalls, bridges and walkways for the luxurious villa. He stayed at the Villa of Nero at Olympia, Greece, during his participation at the Olympic Games of 67 AD.Matricide
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome cautiously notes that <mask>'s reasons for killing his mother in 59AD are "not fully understood". According to Tacitus, the source of conflict between <mask> and his mother was <mask>'s affair with Poppaea Sabina. In Histories Tacitus writes that the affair began while Poppaea was still married to Rufrius Crispinus, but in his later work Annals Tacitus says Poppaea was married to Otho when the affair began. In Annals Tacitus writes that Agrippina opposed <mask>'s affair with Poppaea because of her affection for his wife Octavia. Anthony Barrett writes that Tacitus' account in Annals "suggests that Poppaea's challenge drove [<mask>] over the brink". A number of modern historians have noted that Agrippina's death would not have offered much advantage for Poppaea, as <mask> did not marry Poppaea until 62AD. Barrett writes that Poppaea seems to serve as a "literary device, utilized [by Tacitus] because [he] could see no plausible explanation for <mask>'s conduct and also incidentally [served] to show that <mask>, like Claudius, had fallen under the malign influence of a woman."According to Suetonius, <mask> had his former freedman Anicetus arrange a shipwreck; Agrippina survived the wreck, swam

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 ashore and was executed by Anicetus, who reported her death as a suicide. Decline
Modern scholars believe that <mask>'s reign had been going well in the years before Agrippina's death. For example, <mask> promoted the exploration of the Nile river sources with a successful expedition. After Agrippina's exile, Burrus and Seneca were responsible for the administration of the Empire. However, <mask>'s "conduct became far more egregious" after his mother's death. Miriam T. Griffins suggests that <mask>'s decline began as early as 55AD with the murder of his stepbrother Britannicus, but also notes that "<mask> lost all sense of right and wrong and listened to flattery with total credulity" after Agrippina's death. Griffin points out that Tacitus "makes explicit the significance of Agrippina's removal for <mask>'s conduct".He began to build a new palace, the Domus Transitoria, from about AD 60. It was intended to connect all of the imperial estates that had been acquired in various ways, with the Palatine including the Gardens of Maecenas, Horti Lamiani, Horti Lolliani, etc. In 62AD, <mask>'s adviser Burrus died. That same year <mask> called for the first treason trial of his reign (maiestas trial) against Antistius Sosianus. He also executed his rivals Cornelius Sulla and Rubellius Plautus. Jürgen Malitz considers this to be a turning point in <mask>'s relationship with the Roman Senate. Malitz writes that "<mask> abandoned the restraint he had previously shown because he believed a course supporting the Senate promised to be less and less


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 profitable."After Burrus' death, <mask> appointed two new Praetorian Prefects: Faenius Rufus and Ofonius Tigellinus. Politically isolated, Seneca was forced to retire. According to Tacitus, <mask> divorced Octavia on grounds of infertility, and banished her. After public protests over Octavia's exile, <mask> accused her of adultery with Anicetus and she was executed. In 64AD during the Saturnalia, <mask> married Pythagoras, a freedman. Great Fire of Rome

The Great Fire of Rome began on the night of 18 to 19 July 64, probably in one of the merchant's shops on the slope of the Aventine overlooking the Circus Maximus, or in the wooden outer seating of the Circus itself. Rome had always been vulnerable to fires, and this one was fanned to catastrophic proportions by the winds.Tacitus, Cassius Dio, and modern archaeology describe the destruction of mansions, ordinary residences, public buildings and temples on the Aventine, Palatine and Caelian hills. The fire burned for over seven days;then it subsided, and then it started again and burned for three more. It destroyed three of Rome's fourteen districts and severely damaged seven more. Some Romans thought the fire an accident; the merchant shops where it probably started were timber-framed, they sold flammable goods, and the outer seating stands of the Circus were timber-built. Others claimed that it was arson, committed on <mask>'s behalf. The accounts by Pliny the Elder, Suetonius and Cassius Dio suggest several  possible  reasons for <mask>'s alleged arson, including his creation of a real-life


texts: backdrop to a theatrical performance about the burning of Troy. Suetonius wrote that <mask> started the fire to clear the site for his planned, palatial Golden House.This would include lush artificial landscapes and a 30-meter-tall statue of himself, the Colossus of <mask>, sited more or less where the Colosseum would eventually be built. Suetonius and Cassius Dio claim that <mask> sang the "Sack of Ilium" in stage costume while the city burned. The popular legend that <mask> played the fiddle while Rome burned "is at least partly a literary construct of Flavian propaganda [...] which looked askance on the abortive Neronian attempt to rewrite Augustan models of rule". Tacitus suspends judgment on <mask>'s responsibility for the fire; he found that <mask> was in Antium when the fire started, and returned to Rome to organize a relief effort, providing for the removal of bodies and debris, which he paid for from his own funds. After the fire, <mask> opened his palaces to provide shelter for the homeless, and arranged for food supplies to be delivered in order to prevent starvation among the survivors. Tacitus writes that to remove suspicion from himself, <mask> accused Christians of starting the fire. According to this account, many Christians were arrested and brutally executed by "being thrown to the beasts, crucified, and being burned alive".Tacitus asserts that in his imposition of such ferocious punishments, <mask> was not motivated by a sense of justice, but by a penchant for personal cruelty. Houses built after the fire were spaced out,


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 built in brick, and faced by porticos on wide roads. <mask> also built himself a new palace complex known as the Domus Aurea in an area cleared by the fire. The cost to rebuild Rome was immense, requiring funds the state treasury did not have. To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction, <mask>'s government increased taxation. In particular heavy tributes were imposed on the provinces of the empire. To meet at least a proportion of the costs, <mask> devalued the Roman currency, increasing inflationary pressure for the first time in the Empire's history.Later years
In 65AD, Gaius Calpurnius Piso, a Roman statesman, organized a conspiracy against <mask> with the help of Subrius Flavus and Sulpicius Asper, a tribune and a centurion of the Praetorian Guard. According to Tacitus, many conspirators wished to "rescue the state" from the emperor and restore the Republic. The freedman Milichus discovered the conspiracy and reported it to <mask>'s secretary, Epaphroditus. As a result, the conspiracy failed and its members were executed including Lucan, the poet. <mask>'s previous advisor Seneca was accused by Natalis; he denied the charges but was still ordered to commit suicide as by this point he had fallen out of favor with <mask>. <mask> was said to have kicked Poppaea to death in 65AD, before she could have his second child. Modern historians, noting the probable biases of Suetonius, Tacitus, and Cassius Dio, and the likely absence of eyewitnesses to such an event, propose that Poppaea may have died after miscarriage or in childbirth.<mask>


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 went into deep mourning; Poppaea was given a sumptuous state funeral, divine honors, and was promised a temple for her cult. A year's importation of incense was burned at the funeral. Her body was not cremated, as would have been strictly customary, but embalmed after the Egyptian manner and entombed; it is not known where. In 67, <mask> married Sporus, a young boy who is said to have greatly resembled Poppaea. <mask> had him castrated, tried to make a woman out of him, and married him in a dowry and bridal veil. It is believed that he did this out of regret for his killing of Poppaea. Revolt of Vindex and Galba and <mask>'s death

In March 68, Gaius Julius Vindex, the governor of Gallia Lugdunensis, rebelled against <mask>'s tax policies.Lucius Verginius Rufus, the governor of Germania Superior, was ordered to put down Vindex's rebellion. In an attempt to gain support from outside his own province, Vindex called upon Servius Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, to join the rebellion and to declare himself emperor in opposition to <mask>. At the Battle of Vesontio in May 68, Verginius' forces easily defeated those of Vindex, and the latter committed suicide. However, after defeating the rebel, Verginius' legions attempted to proclaim their own commander as Emperor. Verginius refused to act against <mask>, but the discontent of the legions of Germania and the continued opposition of Galba in Hispania did not bode well for him. While <mask> had retained some control of the situation, support for Galba increased despite his

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texts: being officially declared a "public enemy". The prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus, also abandoned his allegiance to the Emperor and came out in support of Galba.In response, <mask> fled Rome with the intention of going to the port of Ostia and, from there, to take a fleet to one of the still-loyal eastern provinces. According to Suetonius, <mask> abandoned the idea when some army officers openly refused to obey his commands, responding with a line from Virgil's Aeneid: "Is it so dreadful a thing then to die?" <mask> then toyed with the idea of fleeing to Parthia, throwing himself upon the mercy of Galba, or appealing to the people and begging them to pardon him for his past offences "and if he could not soften their hearts, to entreat them at least to allow him the prefecture of Egypt". Suetonius reports that the text of this speech was later found in <mask>'s writing desk, but that he dared not give it from fear of being torn to pieces before he could reach the Forum. <mask> returned to Rome and spent the evening in the palace. After sleeping, he awoke at about midnight to find the palace guard had left. Dispatching messages to his friends' palace chambers for them to come, he received no answers.Upon going to their chambers personally, he found them all abandoned. When he called for a gladiator or anyone else adept with a sword to kill him, no one appeared. He cried, "Have I neither friend nor foe?" and ran out as if to throw himself into the Tiber. Returning, <mask> sought a place where he could hide and collect his


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 thoughts. An imperial freedman, Phaon, offered his villa, located  outside the city. Travelling in disguise, <mask> and four loyal freedmen, Epaphroditus, Phaon, Neophytus, and Sporus, reached the villa, where <mask> ordered them to dig a grave for him.At this time <mask> learned that the Senate had declared him a public enemy. <mask> prepared himself for suicide, pacing up and down muttering Qualis artifex pereo ("What an artist dies in me"). Losing his nerve, he begged one of his companions to set an example by killing himself first. At last, the sound of approaching horsemen drove <mask> to face the end. However, he still could not bring himself to take his own life, but instead forced his private secretary, Epaphroditus, to perform the task. When one of the horsemen entered and saw that <mask> was dying, he attempted to stop the bleeding, but efforts to save <mask>'s life were unsuccessful. <mask>'s final words were "Too late!This is fidelity!" He died on 9 June 68, the anniversary of the death of his first wife Claudia Octavia, and was buried in the Mausoleum of the Domitii Ahenobarbi, in what is now the Villa Borghese (Pincian Hill) area of Rome. According to Sulpicius Severus, it is unclear whether <mask> took his own life. With his death, the Julio-Claudian dynasty ended. Chaos would ensue in the year of the Four Emperors. After <mask>

According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, the people of Rome celebrated the death of <mask>. Tacitus, though, describes a more complicated political environment.Tacitus mentions that <mask>'s death was

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texts: welcomed by Senators, nobility and the upper class. The lower-class, slaves, frequenters of the arena and the theater, and "those who were supported by the famous excesses of <mask>", on the other hand, were upset with the news. Members of the military were said to have mixed feelings, as they had allegiance to <mask>, but had been bribed to overthrow him. Eastern sources, namely Philostratus and Apollonius of Tyana, mention that <mask>'s death was mourned as he "restored the liberties of Hellas with a wisdom and moderation quite alien to his character" and that he "held our liberties in his hand and respected them". Modern scholarship generally holds that, while the Senate and more well-off individuals welcomed <mask>'s death, the general populace was "loyal to the end and beyond, for Otho and Vitellius both thought it worthwhile to appeal to their nostalgia". <mask>'s name was erased from some monuments, in what Edward Champlin regards as an "outburst of private zeal". Many portraits of <mask> were reworked to represent other figures; according to Eric R. Varner, over fifty such images survive.This reworking of images is often explained as part of the way in which the memory of disgraced emperors was condemned posthumously (see damnatio memoriae). Champlin, however, doubts that the practice is necessarily negative and notes that some continued to create images of <mask> long after his death. Damaged portraits of <mask>, often with hammer-blows directed to the face, have been found in many provinces of the Roman Empire, three recently having


texts: been identified from the United Kingdom (see damnatio memoriae). The civil war during the year of the Four Emperors was described by ancient historians as a troubling period. According to Tacitus, this instability was rooted in the fact that emperors could no longer rely on the perceived legitimacy of the imperial bloodline, as <mask> and those before him could. Galba began his short reign with the execution of many of <mask>'s allies. One such notable enemy included Nymphidius Sabinus, who claimed to be the son of Emperor Caligula.Otho overthrew Galba. Otho was said to be liked by many soldiers because he had been a friend of <mask> and resembled him somewhat in temperament. It was said that the common Roman hailed Otho as <mask> himself. Otho used "<mask>" as a surname and reerected many statues to <mask>. Vitellius overthrew Otho. Vitellius began his reign with a large funeral for <mask> complete with songs written by <mask>. After <mask>'s death in 68, there was a widespread belief, especially in the eastern provinces, that he was not dead and somehow would return.This belief came to be known as the Nero Redivivus Legend. The legend of <mask>'s return lasted for hundreds of years after <mask>'s death. Augustine of Hippo wrote of the legend as a popular belief in 422. At least three Nero impostors emerged leading rebellions. The first, who sang and played the cithara or lyre and whose face was similar to that of the dead emperor, appeared in 69 during the reign of Vitellius. After persuading some to recognize him, he was captured and


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 executed. Sometime during the reign of Titus (79–81), another impostor appeared in Asia and sang to the accompaniment of the lyre and looked like <mask> but he, too, was killed.Twenty years after <mask>'s death, during the reign of Domitian, there was a third pretender. He was supported by the Parthians, who only reluctantly gave him up, and the matter almost came to war. Military conflicts

Boudica's uprising

In Britannia (Britain) in 59AD, Prasutagus, leader of the Iceni tribe and a client king of Rome during Claudius' reign, had died. The client state arrangement was unlikely to survive following the death of Claudius. The will of the Iceni tribal King (leaving control of the Iceni to his daughters) was denied. When the roman procurator Catus Decianus scourged the former King Prasutagus' wife Boudica and raped her daughters, the Iceni revolted. They were joined by the Celtic Trinovantes tribe and their uprising became the most significant provincial rebellion of the 1st centuryAD.Under Queen Boudica, the towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St. Albans) were burned, and a substantial body of Roman legion infantry were eliminated. The governor of the province, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, assembled his remaining forces and defeated the Britons. Although order was restored for some time, <mask> considered abandoning the province. Julius Classicianus replaced the former procurator, Catus Decianus, and Classicianus advised <mask> to replace Paulinus who continued to punish the population even after the rebellion was

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 over. <mask> decided to adopt a more lenient approach by appointing a new governor, Petronius Turpilianus. Peace with Parthia

<mask> began preparing for war in the early years of his reign, after the Parthian king Vologeses set his brother Tiridates on the Armenian throne. Around 57AD and 58AD Domitius Corbulo and his legions advanced on Tiridates and captured the Armenian capital Artaxata.Tigranes was chosen to replace Tiridates on the Armenian throne. When Tigranes attacked Adiabene, <mask> had to send further legions to defend Armenia and Syria from Parthia. The Roman victory came at a time when the Parthians were troubled by revolts; when this was dealt with they were able to devote resources to the Armenian situation. A Roman army under Paetus surrendered under humiliating circumstances and though both Roman and Parthian forces withdrew from Armenia, it was under Parthian control. The triumphal arch for Corbulo's earlier victory was part-built when Parthian envoys arrived in 63 AD to discuss treaties. Given imperium over the eastern regions, Corbulo organised his forces for an invasion but was met by this Parthian delegation. An agreement was thereafter reached with the Parthians: Rome would recognize Tiridates as king of Armenia, only if he agreed to receive his diadem from <mask>.A coronation ceremony was held in Italy 66AD. Dio reports that Tiridates said "I have come to you, my God, worshiping you as Mithras." Shotter says this parallels other divine designations that were commonly applied to <mask> in the East including "The New

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 Apollo" and "The New Sun". After the coronation, friendly relations were established between Rome and the eastern kingdoms of Parthia and Armenia. Artaxata was temporarily renamed Neroneia. First Jewish War

In 66, there was a Jewish revolt in Judea stemming from Greek and Jewish religious tension. In 67, <mask> dispatched Vespasian to restore order.This revolt was eventually put down in 70, after <mask>'s death. This revolt is famous for Romans breaching the walls of Jerusalem and destroying the Second Temple of Jerusalem. Pursuits

<mask> studied poetry, music, painting and sculpture. He both sang and played the cithara (a type of lyre). Many of these disciplines were standard education for the Roman elite, but <mask>'s devotion to music exceeded what was socially acceptable for a Roman of his class. Ancient sources were critical of <mask>'s emphasis on the arts, chariot-racing and athletics. Pliny described <mask> as an "actor-emperor" (scaenici imperatoris) and Suetonius wrote that he was "carried away by a craze for popularity...since he was acclaimed as the equal of Apollo in music and of the Sun in driving a chariot, he had planned to emulate the exploits of Hercules as well."In 67 AD <mask> participated in the Olympics. He had bribed organizers to postpone the games for a year so he could participate, and artistic competitions were added to the athletic events. <mask> won every contest in which he was a competitor. During the games <mask> sang and played his lyre on stage, acted in tragedies and raced chariots. He won a 10-horse chariot


texts:
 race, despite being thrown from the chariot and leaving the race. He was crowned on the basis that he would have won if he had completed the race. After he died a year later, his name was removed from the list of winners.Champlin writes that though <mask>'s participation "effectively stifled true competition, [<mask>] seems to have been oblivious of reality." <mask> established the Neronian games in 60AD. Modeled on Greek style games, these games included "music" "gymnastic" and "questrian" contents. According to Suetonius the gymnastic contests were held in the Saepta area of the Campus Martius. Historiography
The history of <mask>'s reign is problematic in that no historical sources survived that were contemporary with <mask>. These first histories, while they still existed, were described as biased and fantastical, either overly critical or praising of <mask>. The original sources were also said to contradict on a number of events.Nonetheless, these lost primary sources were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on <mask> written by the next generations of historians. A few of the contemporary historians are known by name. Fabius Rusticus, Cluvius Rufus and Pliny the Elder all wrote condemning histories on <mask> that are now lost. There were also pro-<mask> histories, but it is unknown who wrote them or for what deeds <mask> was praised. The bulk of what is known of <mask> comes from Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio, who were all of the upper classes. Tacitus and Suetonius wrote their histories on <mask> over fifty years


texts:
 after his death, while Cassius Dio wrote his history over 150 years after <mask>'s death. These sources contradict one another on a number of events in <mask>'s life including the death of Claudius, the death of Agrippina, and the Roman fire of 64, but they are consistent in their condemnation of <mask>.Cassius Dio
Cassius Dio (c. 155–229) was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator. He passed the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus; and afterwards suffect consul around 205, and also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Books 61–63 of Dio's Roman History describe the reign of <mask>. Only fragments of these books remain and what does remain was abridged and altered by John Xiphilinus, an 11th-century monk. Dio Chrysostom
Dio Chrysostom (c. 40–120), a Greek philosopher and historian, wrote the Roman people were very happy with <mask> and would have allowed him to rule indefinitely. They longed for his rule once he was gone and embraced imposters when they appeared:

Epictetus
Epictetus (c. 55–135) was the slave to <mask>'s scribe Epaphroditos.He makes a few passing negative comments on <mask>'s character in his work, but makes no remarks on the nature of his rule. He describes <mask> as a spoiled, angry and unhappy man. Josephus
The historian Josephus (c. 37–100), while calling <mask> a tyrant, was also the first to mention bias against <mask>. Of other historians, he said:

Lucan
Although more of a poet than historian, Lucanus (c. 39–65) has


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 one of the kindest accounts of <mask>'s rule. He writes of peace and prosperity under <mask> in contrast to previous war and strife. Ironically, he was later involved in a conspiracy to overthrow <mask> and was executed. Philostratus
Philostratus II "the Athenian" (c. 172–250) spoke of <mask> in the Life of Apollonius Tyana (Books 4–5).Although he has a generally bad or dim view of <mask>, he speaks of others' positive reception of <mask> in the East. Pliny the Elder
The history of <mask> by Pliny the Elder (c. 24–79) did not survive. Still, there are several references to <mask> in Pliny's Natural Histories. Pliny has one of the worst opinions of <mask> and calls him an "enemy of mankind". Plutarch
Plutarch (c. 46–127) mentions <mask> indirectly in his account of the Life of Galba and the Life of Otho, as well as in the Vision of Thespesius in Book 7 of the Moralia, where a voice orders that <mask>'s soul be transferred to a more offensive species. <mask> is portrayed as a tyrant, but those that replace him are not described as better. Seneca the Younger
It is not surprising that Seneca (c. 4 BC–65 AD), <mask>'s teacher and advisor, writes very well of <mask>.Suetonius

Suetonius (c. 69–130) was a member of the equestrian order, and he was the head of the department of the imperial correspondence. While in this position, Suetonius started writing biographies of the emperors, accentuating the anecdotal and sensational aspects. By this account, <mask> raped the vestal virgin Rubria. Tacitus

The Annals by Tacitus (c. 56–117) is the most detailed

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 and comprehensive history on the rule of <mask>, despite being incomplete after the year 66AD. Tacitus described the rule of the Julio-Claudian emperors as generally unjust. He also thought that existing writing on them was unbalanced:

Tacitus was the son of a procurator, who married into the elite family of Agricola. He entered his political life as a senator after <mask>'s death and, by Tacitus' own admission, owed much to <mask>'s rivals.Realising that this bias may be apparent to others, Tacitus protests that his writing is true. Girolamo Cardano
In 1562 Girolamo Cardano published in Basel his Encomium Neronis, which was one of the first historical references of the Modern era to portray <mask> in a positive light. In Jewish and Christian tradition

Jewish tradition
At the end of 66AD, conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea. According to the Talmud, <mask> went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions. All the arrows landed in the city. He then asked a passing child to repeat the verse he had learned that day. The child responded, "I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel" (Ezekiel 25:14).<mask> became terrified, believing that God wanted the Second Temple to be destroyed, but that he would punish the one to carry it out. <mask> said, "He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me," whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such retribution. Vespasian was then dispatched to put down the rebellion. The Talmud adds that the sage Reb Meir Baal HaNess


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 lived in the time of the Mishnah, and was a prominent supporter of the Bar Kokhba rebellion against Roman rule. Rabbi Meir was considered one of the greatest of the Tannaim of the third generation (139–163). According to the Talmud, his father was a descendant of <mask> who had converted to Judaism. His wife Bruriah is one of the few women cited in the Gemara.He is the third-most-frequently-mentioned sage in the Mishnah. Roman and Greek sources nowhere report <mask>'s alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism. There is also no record of <mask> having any offspring who survived infancy: his only recorded child, Claudia Augusta, died aged 4 months. Christian tradition

Non-Christian historian Tacitus describes <mask> extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire of 64. Suetonius also mentions <mask> punishing Christians, though he does so because they are "given to a new and mischievous superstition" and does not connect it with the fire. Christian writer Tertullian (c. 155–230) was the first to call <mask> the first persecutor of Christians. He wrote, "Examine your records.There you will find that <mask> was the first that persecuted this doctrine." Lactantius (c. 240–320) also said that <mask> "first persecuted the servants of God". as does Sulpicius Severus. However, Suetonius writes that, "since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, the [emperor Claudius] expelled them from Rome" ("Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit"). These expelled "Jews" may have


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 been early Christians, although Suetonius is not explicit. Nor is the Bible explicit, calling Aquila of Pontus and his wife, Priscilla, both expelled from Italy at the time, "Jews" (Acts 18:2). Martyrdoms of Peter and Paul
The first text to suggest that <mask> ordered the execution of an apostle is a letter by Clement to the Corinthians traditionally dated to around AD 96.The apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah, a Christian writing from the 2nd century, says, "the slayer of his mother, who himself (even) this king, will persecute the plant which the Twelve Apostles of the Beloved have planted. Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands"; this is interpreted as referring to <mask>. Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–339) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded and Peter crucified in Rome during the reign of <mask>. He states that <mask>'s persecution led to Peter and Paul's deaths, but that <mask> did not give any specific orders. However, several other accounts going back to the 1st century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travelling to Hispania, before facing trial in Rome again prior to his death. Peter is first said to have been crucified specifically upside-down in Rome during <mask>'s reign (but not by <mask>) in the apocryphal Acts of Peter (c. 200). The account ends with Paul still alive and <mask> abiding by God's command not to persecute any more Christians.By the 4th century, a number of writers were stating that <mask> killed Peter and Paul. Antichrist

The Sibylline Oracles, Book 5 and 8, written in


texts: the 2nd century, speak of <mask> returning and bringing destruction. Within Christian communities, these writings, along with others, fueled the belief that <mask> would return as the Antichrist. In 310, Lactantius wrote that <mask> "suddenly disappeared, and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen. This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that, having been conveyed to a distant region, he is still reserved alive; and to him they apply the Sibylline verses." Lactantius maintains that it is not right to believe this. In 422, Augustine of Hippo wrote about 2 Thessalonians 2:1–11, where he believed that Paul mentioned the coming of the Antichrist.Although he rejects the theory, Augustine mentions that many Christians believed <mask> was the Antichrist or would return as the Antichrist. He wrote that, "in saying, 'For the mystery of iniquity doth already work,' he alluded to <mask>, whose deeds already seemed to be as the deeds of Antichrist." Some modern biblical scholars such as Delbert Hillers (Johns Hopkins University) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford Study Bible and Harper Collins Study Bible, contend that the number 666 in the Book of Revelation is a code for <mask>, a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic Biblical commentaries. The statement concerns Revelation 17:1-18, "the longest explanatory passage in Revelation", which predicts the destruction of Rome by work of an "eighth emperor"  who was also one of the "seven kings" of the most


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 extended and powerful empire ever known in the human history: according to this lecture, Babylon the Great is identified with Rome which has poured the blood of saints and martyrs (verse 6) and subsequently become the seat of the Vatican State, reigning over all the kings existing on Earth. See also
 <mask> in popular culture
 List of Roman emperors

Notes

References

Bibliography

Primary sources
 Tacitus, Histories, I–IV (c. 105)
 Tacitus, Annals, XIII–XVI (c. 117)
 Josephus, War of the Jews, Books II–VI (c. 94)
 Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XX (c. 94)
 Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 61–63 (c. 229)
 Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, The Life of Galba (c. 110)
 Philostratus II, Life of Apollonius Tyana, Books 4–5, (c. 220)
 Suetonius, The Lives of Twelve Caesars, the Life of <mask> (c. 121)

Secondary sources
 Benario, Herbert W. <mask> at De Imperatoribus Romanis. Cronin, Vincent. Nero.London: Stacey International, 2010 (). Grant, Michael. <mask>. New York: Dorset Press, 1989 (). Griffin, Miriam T. <mask>: The End of a Dynasty. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1985 (hardcover, ); London / New York: Routledge, 1987 (paperback, ). Holland, Richard.Nero: The Man Behind the Myth. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2000 (paperback ). Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 4, La vie de Poppée, femme de Néron, pp. 97–120 (). Warmington, Brian Herbert. Nero: Reality and Legend.London: Chatto & Windus, 1969 (hardcover, ); New York: W.W Norton & Company,


texts:
 1970 (paperback, ); New York: Vintage, 1981 (paperback, ). (Russian) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky "The Pisonian Conspiracy" (Заговор Пизона) docudrama based on Tacitus Annals 15 and other sources. Failed conspiracy against <mask> led to tragic death of 26-year-old Great Roman poet Lucan and his famous uncle Seneca, executed by order of <mask>. Moscow, Wagrius plus, 2008. <mask>: The Actor-Emperor
 Nero entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
 <mask> basic data & select quotes posted by Romans On Line
 The Life and Times of Nero By Carlo Maria Franzero (BTM format). <mask>'s depiction in Tacitus' Annals
 <mask> Claudius Drusus Germanicus entry in the Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. External links

 International Society for Neronian Studies
 <mask>, Roman Emperor, Encyclopædia Britannica online
 The Roman Empire in the First Century: <mask>, PBS.org
 <mask> (37 AD – 68 AD), BBC.co.uk
 Emperor <mask>: Facts & Biography, Live Science online
 Roman Emperor <mask>: Rethinking <mask>, National Geographic online
 PBS: Secrets of the Dead-documentary "The Nero Files – Cause for a Cold Case Investigation?"37 births
68 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
Ancient Roman adoptees
Ancient Romans who committed suicide
Children of Claudius
Claudii <mask>nes
Domitii Ahenobarbi
Ancient LGBT people
LGBT royalty
LGBT heads of state
Matricides
People from Anzio
People of the Year of the Four Emperors
Anti-Christian sentiment in Europe
Persecution of Christians
Poppaea Sabina
Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio

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texts: <mask> (born 1944) is an Irish retired hurling coach and former player who enjoyed a successful career as a full-back and as a centre-back with the Wexford senior team. Born in Donard, County Wexford, <mask> was introduced to hurling in his youth. He enjoyed All-Ireland success at colleges level with St. Peter's College while simultaneously enjoying championship successes at underage levels with the Rathnure club. A three-time Leinster medal winner with the Rathnure senior team, <mask> also won nine championship medals. <mask> made his debut on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Wexford minor team. After little success in this grade, he later won an All-Ireland medal with the under-21 team. <mask> made his senior debut during the 1962–63 league.He went on to play a key role for Wexford in defence during a successful era, and won one All-Ireland medal, three Leinster medals and one National Hurling League medal. An All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions, <mask> captained the team to All-Ireland victory in 1968. As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team, <mask> won three Railway Cup medals. Throughout his inter-county career he made 20 championship appearances. <mask> retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1972 championship. <mask>'s brothers – Pat, John, Jimmy and Martin – also played with distinction at all levels with Wexford. Regarded as one of the greatest players of all-time, <mask> was named as the Texaco Hurler of the Year in 1968.He was also chosen as one of the 125 greatest hurlers of all time in a 2009 poll. In retirement from playing <mask> became involved in team management and coaching at all levels with Rathnure.

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Daniel Quigley
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Quigley
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 Playing career

College

During his schooling at St. Peter's College, <mask> established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team. In 1962 he won a Leinster medal following a 4–3 to 1–4 defeat of Kilkenny CBS. On 6 May 1962 St. Peter's faced Ennis CBS in the All-Ireland decider. A 4–11 to 2–4 victory gave <mask> an All-Ireland medal. Club

Quigley was only seventeen years-old when he won his first championship medal at senior level following a defeat of St. Aidan's Enniscorthy.After a period of decline he won a second championship medal in 1967. In 1971 <mask> added a third championship medal to his collection as Rathnure defeated Enniscorthy District to take the title. He later won a Leinster medal as Rathnure defeated a disappointing Bennettsbridge by 2–12 to 1–8. On 14 May 1972 Rathnure faced Blackrock of Cork in the All-Ireland decider. <mask> top scored for Rathnure with 2–4 as they fought back from being 12 points in arrears, however, Pat Moylan's goal secured a 5–13 to 6–9 victory for Blackrock. Rathnure retained the title in 1972 following a 1–17 to 1–8 defeat of Rapparees before making it three-in-a-row in 1973 with a 2–7 to 1–7 defeat of Buffers Alley. <mask> subsequently secured a second Leinster medal following a 1–18 to 2–9 defeat of St. Rynagh's.On 17 March 1974 Rathnure faced old rivals Blackrock in the All-Ireland final. A tour de force by <mask> saw him score 3–6 in a 3–11 to 2–14 draw. The replay on 28 April 1974 was also a close affair. As Rathnure looked to be heading for victory, Éamonn O'Donoghue and Donie Collins scored two late goals to secure a 3–8 to 1–9 victory for Blackrock. <mask> won a sixth championship medal in 1974 as his 1–3 helped Rathnure

masks: Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley


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 to a 2–8 to 1–5 defeat of Oulart-the Ballagh and fourth successive title. In 1977 <mask> won a seventh championship medal as Buffers Alley were accounted for in the decider. He later claimed a third Leinster medal as Fenians were defeated by 0–16 to 1–10 in the provincial decider.On 27 March 1978 Rathnure faced St. Finbarr's of Cork in the All-Ireland final. Rathnure had an 0–8 to 0–1 half-time lead thanks to a gale-force wind, however, Barry Wiley scored the equaliser for St. Finbarr's with just ten minutes left to play. A Jimmy Barry-Murphy goal from a rebound sealed the title and resulted in a third All-Ireland final defeat for <mask>. <mask> finished off his club career by winning back-to-back championship medals in 1979 and 1980 following defeats of Faythe Harriers and Buffers Alley respectively. Inter-county

<mask> first enjoyed success as the full-back on the inaugural Wexford under-21 team. He won his first Leinster medal in 1964 as Laois were defeated by 4–7 to 2–2. On 4 October 1964 Wexford faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland final.A tally of 2–2 for Babs Keating helped Tipperary to an easy 8–9 to 3–1 victory. Wexford retained the provincial under-21 title in 1965 with <mask> winning a second Leinster medal. The subsequent All-Ireland final was a repeat of the previous year with Tipperary providing the opposition once again. A 3–7 to 1–4 victory gave <mask> an All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship medal. After making his senior debut during the 1962–63 league, <mask> was added to the Wexford panel for the subsequent championship. He remained an unused substitute during their Leinster semi-final exit at the hands of Kilkenny. <mask> made his senior championship debut at

masks: Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley Quigley


texts: full-back in a 5–9 to 4–8 Leinster semi-final defeat by Kilkenny on 5 July 1964.In 1965 <mask> won his first Leinster medal following a narrow 2–11 to 3–7 defeat of reigning champions Kilkenny. Tipperary were Wexford's opponents in the subsequent All-Ireland final on 5 September 1965, however, the game failed to live up to the two classic games between the two sides in 1960 and 1962. Victory went to Tipperary on that occasion by 2–16 to 0–10, courtesy of a brace of goals by Seán McLoughlin. <mask> claimed his first national title in 1967 when a 3–10 to 1–9 defeat of Kilkenny gave him a National Hurling League medal. <mask> was appointed captain of the team in 1968 and he quickly collected a second Leinster medal following a 3–13 to 4–9 defeat of reigning provincial and All-Ireland champions Kilkenny. This victory allowed Wexford to advance to an All-Ireland final against Tipperary, the outstanding team of the decade, on 1 September 1968. All was going to plan for Tipperary as they took a 1–11 to 1–3 lead at half-time.In one of the great All-Ireland comebacks, Tony Doran got Wexford back on track with a goal six minutes after the interval. Three more goals followed from Paul Lynch, Jack Berry and Doran again. Late goals from Michael "Babs" Keating and Seán McLoughlin for Tipperary failed to stem the tide as Wexford secured a remarkable 5–8 to 3–12 victory. The victory gave <mask> his sole All-Ireland medal while he also had the honour of lifting the Liam MacCarthy Cup. After surrendering their championship titles in 1969, Wexford regrouped the following year. A 4–16 to 3–14 defeat of old rivals Kilkenny in the very first 80-minute championship game gave <mask> a third Leinster medal.

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 Wexford subsequently faced Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 6 September 1970.A record 64-point scoreline and eleven goals were produced in a sometimes ill-tempered and disappointing contest. Tony Doran top scored for Wexford with two goals, however, the day belonged to Eddie O'Brien who scored a hat-trick of goals for Cork from his hand. A remarkable 6–21 to 5–10 score line gave Cork the victory. <mask> retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1972 championship. Inter-provincial

<mask> also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial series of games and enjoyed much success. In 1964 he was at full-back as Leinster faced Munster in the decider. A 3–7 to 2–9 victory gave him a Railway Cup medal.After being off the team for a few seasons, <mask> won a second Railway Cup medal in 1967 following a 2–14 to 3–5 defeat of Munster once again. After several years of Munster dominance, Leinster bounced back in 1971. A 2–17 to 2–12 defeat of Munster gave <mask> his third Railway Cup medal. Honours

Rathnure
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (3): 1971, 1973, 1977
Wexford Senior Club Hurling Championship (9): 1961, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980

Wexford
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1968 (c)
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1965, 1968 (c), 1970
National Hurling League (1): 1966–67
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1965
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 1964, 1965

Leinster
Railway Cup (7): 1964, 1967, 1971

References

1944 births
Living people
Rathnure hurlers
Wexford inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling selectors
Hurling managers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship

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<mask> (born February 9, 1968), known professionally as <mask>, and nicknamed "La Reina de Corazones" (The Queen of Hearts) is a Mexican musician, singer, composer, and actress. With more than 20 million albums sold throughout her career, and winner of a Latin Grammy, she is one of the most successful  Mexican female singers. She is the daughter of actress Silvia Pinal and singer <mask>. Early life and career
<mask> was born February 9, 1968 in Mexico City, to her mother’s third marriage. <mask> has three siblings: two older half-sisters, actress Sylvia Pasquel and Viridiana Alatriste. Her younger brother, <mask> is her only sibling from the same father and mother. Her first song Bye Mamá, a song dedicated to her mom was the start to her career in 1988.In 1990s, she released several of her biggest albums like Eternamente Bella, Flor de Piel, as well as Libre which launched with a signed contract to BMG Ariola. Her success placed her in being nominated to a Grammy, Latin Grammy, and her albums to be labeled Gold and Platinum. With all her success, she has been labeled to be La Reina del Rock, and one of the most successful female artists of Mexico. Throughout her career, she has had success throughout Mexico and the United States. She has done duets with Franco De Vita, Mario Domm, Fonseca, and the most known Gloria Trevi. Her along with Trevi had several duets together and did the Versus Tour together from 2017-2018. She served as judge of the second season of Va Por Ti.She also served as coach of La Voz...México. On July 5, 2018, Telemundo announced <mask> <mask> as a coach on La Voz (U.S.). <mask> joined Luis Fonsi, Carlos Vives and Wisin as coaches on the Spanish-language version of NBC singing-competition The Voice. In 2020, Amazon announced her starring role in the Amazon Prime series "El juego de las llaves". Personal life
<mask> Guzman grew up in the entertainment world having two superstars as her parents. She had her fair share of being bullied but managed to pull through. At age 14, the death of her older sister Viridiana Alatriste, who

masks:
Gabriela Alejandra Guzmán Pinal
Alejandra Guzmán
Enrique Guzmán
Gabriela Alejandra Guzmán Pinal
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texts: died in a car crash, was one of the saddest moments in her life.After her sister's passing she became quite rebellious and enjoyed life to the fullest. She routinely sneaked out of her house to join the vibrant night life of Mexico City. During those times, <mask> met Kenny Aviles from the band Kenny y Los Electricos who became her rock mother/mentor. It was then that she came to realize she belonged on the stage. <mask> <mask> has had several relationships throughout her life. Her first public relationship was with Erik Rubin which did not last long due to conflict with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio over him. She later started a relationship with Pablo Moctezuma, a businessman with whom <mask> has a daughter, Frída Sofía, born March 1992.She and Moctezuma later separated. <mask> married American businessman Farrell Goodman in 1998. The marriage was destroyed right after, when Goodman was arrested due to carrying narcotics in an airport in Germany. Her last public relationship to date was a little after her divorce from Goodman, with Gerardo Gómez de la Borbolla. They initially had a great relationship but things ended after she suffered a miscarriage and fell into a deep depression, during which time he also wanted to be part of her work team as well as launching a singing career of his own. <mask> revealed years later that she ended up having an abortion from a second pregnancy with him. In 2007 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and was able to survive due to early detection.In 2009 <mask> almost died a few months after she had butt enhancement injections from unlicensed estheticians. She was injected with polymers which caused infections and for several years she has had over 30 surgical procedures to remove them from her body. Since 2020 <mask> and her daughter Frída Sofía have been estranged. In 2021 Frída Sofía caused a huge scandal by asserting that <mask>'s father Enrique had sexually molested her since she was 5. Guzmán has sided fully with her father, who denies the accusations and has stated she hopes this will be solved soon

masks: Alejandra Alejandra Guzmán Guzmán Guzmán Alejandra Alejandra Guzmán Guzmán


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<mask>, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam (1 August 1745 – 4 February 1816) of Mount Merrion, Dublin, Ireland, and of FitzWilliam House in the parish of Richmond in Surrey, England, was a nobleman in the Peerage of Ireland who was a benefactor and musical antiquarian who founded the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England, with a bequest of his library and art collection. He was also a significant urban developer in the City of Dublin. He served as a Member of Parliament for Wilton in Wiltshire, England (not precluded by his Irish peerage), from 1790 until his death. Origins
<mask> was baptised on 22 August 1745. He was the eldest son and heir of <mask>, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam (1711-1776) by his wife Catherine Decker, a daughter and co-heiress of Sir Matthew Decker, 1st Baronet (1679-1749) of Richmond, Surrey, England, a wealthy Dutch-born merchant, by his wife Henrietta Watkins. Early origins
The Irish FitzWilliam family appears to have been un-related to the prominent English FitzWilliam Family, Earls FitzWilliam, but is however said in some sources to have split off from the English FitzWilliams during the reign of King <mask> (1154-1189) when a member of that family accompanied the king's son Prince John to Ireland, following his appointment as Chief Governor of Ireland. The coats of arms of the two families, adopted at the start of the age of heraldry c.1200-1215, are however apparently identical: Lozengy argent and gules.Career
He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in England, and received an MA in 1764. He succeeded to his father's title in 1776 and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1789. He was elected as the second Member of Parliament for Wilton in

masks:
Richard FitzWilliam
Richard FiWiam
Richard FitzWiam
Richard II


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 Wiltshire from 1790 to 1806. Residences
Although he made frequent visits to Mount Merrion House, south of Dublin, <mask> lived mainly at FitzWilliam House in the parish of Richmond, Surrey, to the west of London, where he formed his large art collection. He bequeathed it to his heir George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke, who renamed it "Pembroke House" and the site is now represented by "Pembroke Villas" 5 pairs of large semi-detached Victorian villas on the north eastern side of Richmond Green. FitzWilliam had inherited the estate from his mother Catherine Decker. John Macky in his Journey through England (1722 to 1723), described the Decker estate at Richmond as follows:
The longest, largest, and highest Hedge of Holly I ever saw, is in this garden, with several other Hedges of Ever-Greens, Visto’s cut through Woods, Grotto’s with Fountains, a fine Canal running up from the River.His Duckery, which is an oval Pond brick’d round, and his pretty Summer-House by it to drink a Bottle, his Stove-Houses, which are always kept in an equal heat for his Citrons, and other Indian Plants, with Gardeners brought from foreign Countries to manage them, are very curious and entertaining. The house is also very large a-la-modern, and neatly furnished after the Dutch way. <mask> in his General treatise of husbandry and gardening for the month of July (1723) described the estate as follows:
Tis not long since I was Eye-witness to several fruited Pine Apples at Sir Matthew Decker’s, at Richmond, about Forty in number; some ripening, and others in a promising condition; the least of which Fruit was above four Inches long, and some were as large as any I have seen brought from the

masks:
Richard FitzWilliam
Richard Bradley


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 West-Indies: I measured one near seven inches long in pure fruit, and near thirteen Inches about… I proceed to give an Account of the method now practis’d at Sir Matthew Decker’s at Richmond, for the production of this excellent Fruit, which Mr Henry Telende his judicious Gardener has render’d so easy and intelligible, that I hope to see the Ananas flourish for the future in many of our English Gardens, to see the honour of the Artist, and the Satisfaction and Pleasure of those who can afford to eat them. Urban development
He developed part of south-east Dublin in the Georgian style. This included:
An Act to enclose the centre of Merrion Square in 1791;
The design of Fitzwilliam Square from 1789, laid out in 1792;
A new Roman Catholic church at Booterstown in 1812 called the Church of the Assumption;
An Act to enclose the centre of Fitzwilliam Square in 1813. Mistress
Fitzwilliam never married but in the late 1980s it was discovered that starting in 1784 he had a six-year romance with a 15-year-old French Opera dancer from Paris, Marie Anne Bernard (born 1769), known to him by her stage-name Zacharie. The relationship was brought to light when a collection of 299 of her letters sent to Fitzwilliam were found amongst his papers at Wilton House in Wiltshire, the seat of the Herbert family, Earls of Pembroke, descendants of his cousin and heir George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke.The letters make it clear that he fathered three illegitimate children by Zacharie, namely a daughter who died in infancy and two sons, Bily (whose existence is untraceable) and Fitz, who together with his own wife and children later moved to Richmond, Surrey, close to his natural father, who