texts: recorded with Crazy Horse in a barn on his Northern California ranch, continued this distortion-heavy aesthetic.<mask> toured for the album with Orange County, California country-punk band Social Distortion and Sonic Youth as support, much to the consternation of many of his old fans. Weld, a two-disc live album documenting the tour, was released in 1991. Sonic Youth's influence was evident on Arc, a 35-minute collage of feedback and distortion spliced together at the suggestion of Thurston Moore and originally packaged with some versions of Weld. 1992's Harvest Moon marked an abrupt return (prompted by <mask>'s hyperacusis in the aftermath of the Weld tour) to the country and folk-rock stylings of Harvest and reunited him with some of the musicians from that album, including the core members of the Stray Gators and singers Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor. The title track was a minor hit, and the record was well received by critics, winning the Juno Award for Album of the Year in 1994. <mask> also contributed to lifelong friend Randy Bachman's nostalgic 1992 tune "Prairie Town", and garnered a 1993 Academy Award nomination for his song "Philadelphia", from the soundtrack of the Jonathan Demme movie of the same name. An MTV Unplugged performance and album emerged in 1993.Later that year, <mask> collaborated with Booker T. and the M.G.s for a summer tour of Europe and North America, with Blues Traveler, Soundgarden, and Pearl Jam also on the bill. Some European shows ended with a rendition of "Rockin' in the Free World" played with Pearl Jam, foreshadowing their eventual full-scale collaboration two years later. In 1994, <mask> again collaborated with Crazy Horse for


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texts: Sleeps with Angels, a record whose dark, somber mood was influenced by Kurt Cobain's death earlier that year: the title track in particular dealt with Cobain's life and death, without mentioning him by name. Cobain had quoted <mask>'s lyric "It's better to burn out than fade away" (a line from "My My, Hey Hey") in his suicide note. <mask> had reportedly made repeated attempts to contact Cobain prior to his death. <mask> and Pearl Jam performed "Act of Love" at an abortion rights benefit along with Crazy Horse, and were present at a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame dinner, sparking interest in a collaboration between the two. Still enamored with the grunge scene, <mask> reconnected with Pearl Jam in 1995 for the live-in-the-studio album Mirror Ball and a tour of Europe with the band and producer Brendan O'Brien backing <mask>.1995 also marked <mask>'s induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, where he was inducted by Eddie Vedder. In 1995, <mask> and his manager Elliot Roberts founded a record label, Vapor Records. It has released recordings by Tegan and Sara, Spoon, Jonathan Richman, Vic Chesnutt, Everest, Pegi <mask>, Jets Overhead, and <mask> himself, among others. <mask>'s next collaborative partner was filmmaker Jim Jarmusch, who asked <mask> to compose a soundtrack to his 1995 black-and-white western film Dead Man. <mask>'s instrumental soundtrack was improvized while he watched the film alone in a studio. The death of longtime mentor, friend, and producer David Briggs in late 1995 prompted <mask>ch-directed concert film and live album of the tour, Year of the Horse, emerged in 1997.From 1996 to 1997 <mask> and Crazy Horse toured extensively throughout Europe and

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 North America, including a stint as part of the H.O.R.D.E. Festival's sixth annual tour. In 1998, <mask> renewed his collaboration with the rock band Phish, sharing the stage at the annual Farm Aid concert and then at <mask>'s Bridge School Benefit, where he joined headliners Phish for renditions of "Helpless" and "I Shall Be Released". Phish declined <mask>'s later invitation to be his backing band on his 1999 North American tour. The decade ended with the release in late 1999 of Looking Forward, another reunion with Crosby, Stills, and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000. Brush with death (2000s)

<mask> continued to release new material at a rapid pace through the first decade of the new millennium.The studio album Silver & Gold and live album Road Rock Vol. 1 were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single "Let's Roll" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. In 2003, <mask> released Greendale, a concept album recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. The songs loosely revolved around the murder of a police officer in a small town in California and its effects on the town's inhabitants. Under the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", <mask> directed an accompanying film of the same name, featuring actors lip-synching to the music from the album. He toured extensively with the Greendale material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast

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 stage show in North America, Japan, and Australia.<mask> began using biodiesel on the 2004 Greendale tour, powering his trucks and tour buses with the fuel. "Our Greendale tour is now ozone friendly", he said. "I plan to continue to use this government approved and regulated fuel exclusively from now on to prove that it is possible to deliver the goods anywhere in North America without using foreign oil, while being environmentally responsible." In March 2005, while working on the Prairie Wind album in Nashville, <mask> was diagnosed with a brain aneurysm. He was treated successfully with a minimally invasive neuroradiological procedure, performed in a New York hospital on March 29, but two days afterwards he passed out on a New York street from bleeding from the femoral artery, which radiologists had used to access the aneurysm. The complication forced <mask> to cancel his scheduled appearance at the Juno Awards telecast in Winnipeg, but within months he was back on stage, appearing at the close of the Live 8 concert in Barrie, Ontario, on July 2. During the performance, he debuted a new song, a soft hymn called "When God Made Me".<mask>'s brush with death influenced Prairie Winds themes of retrospection and mortality. The album's live premiere in Nashville was recorded by filmmaker Jonathan Demme in the 2006 film <mask>: Heart of Gold. Activism, philanthropy and as a humanitarian
<mask>'s renewed activism manifested itself in the 2006 album Living with War, which like the much earlier song "Ohio", was recorded and released in less than a month as a direct result of current events. Most of the album's songs rebuked the Bush administration's policy of war by

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texts: examining its human costs to soldiers, their loved ones, and civilians, but <mask> also included a few songs on other themes and an outright protest song entitled "Let's Impeach the President", in which he asserted that Bush had lied to lead the country into war. While <mask> had never been a stranger to eco-friendly lyrics, themes of environmentalist spirituality and activism became increasingly prominent in his work throughout the 1990s and 2000s, especially on Greendale (2003) and Living with War (2006). The trend continued on 2007's Chrome Dreams II, with lyrics exploring <mask>'s personal eco-spirituality. <mask> remains on the board of directors of Farm Aid, an organization he co-founded with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp in 1985.According to its website, it is the longest running concert benefit series in the US and it has raised $43 million since its first benefit concert in 1985. Each year, <mask> co-hosts and performs with well-known guest performers who include Dave Matthews and producers who include Evelyn Shriver and Mark Rothbaum, at the Farm Aid annual benefit concerts to raise funds and provide grants to family farms and prevent foreclosures, provide a crisis hotline, and create and promote home grown farm food in the United States. In 2008, <mask> revealed his latest project, the production of a hybrid-engine 1959 Lincoln called LincVolt. A new album loosely based on the Lincvolt project, Fork in the Road, was released on April 7, 2009. A Jonathan Demme concert film from a 2007 concert at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, called the <mask> Trunk Show premiered on March 21, 2009, at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Film Conference and

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texts: Festival in Austin, Texas. It was featured at the Cannes Film Festival on May 17, 2009, and was released in the US on March 19, 2010, to critical acclaim. In 2009, <mask> headlined the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, England, at Hard Rock Calling in London (where he was joined onstage by Paul McCartney for a rendition of "A Day in the Life") and, after years of unsuccessful booking attempts, the Isle of Wight Festival.<mask> has been a vocal opponent of the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline, which would run from Alberta to Texas. When discussing the environmental impact on the oilsands of Fort McMurray, Alberta, <mask> asserted that the area now resembles the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the aftermath of the atomic bomb attack of World War II. <mask> has referred to issues surrounding the proposed use of oil pipelines as "scabs on our lives". In an effort to become more involved, <mask> has worked directly with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation to draw attention to this issue, performing benefit concerts and speaking publicly on the subject. In 2014, he played four shows in Canada dedicated to the Honor the Treaties movement, raising money for the Athabasca Chipewyan legal defense fund. In 2015, he and Willie Nelson held a festival in Neligh, Nebraska, called Harvest the Hope, raising awareness of the impact of oilsands and oil pipelines on Native Americans and family farmers. Both received honors from leaders of the Rosebud, Oglala Lakota, Ponca and Omaha nations, and were invested with sacred buffalo robes.<mask> participated in the Blue Dot Tour, which was organized and fronted by environmental activist David Suzuki,

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 and toured all 10 Canadian provinces alongside other Canadian artists including the Barenaked Ladies, Feist, and Robert Bateman. The intent of <mask>'s participation in this tour was to raise awareness of the environmental damage caused by the exploitation of oilsands. <mask> has argued that the amount of CO2 released as a byproduct of oilsand oil extraction is equivalent to the amount released by the total number of cars in Canada each day. <mask> has faced criticism by representatives from within the Canadian petroleum industry, who have argued that his statements are irresponsible. <mask>'s opposition to the construction of oil pipelines has influenced his music as well. His song, "Who's Going to Stand Up?" was written to protest this issue, and features the lyric "Ban fossil fuel and draw the line / Before we build one more pipeline".In addition to directly criticizing members of the oil industry, <mask> has also focused blame on the actions of the Canadian government for ignoring the environmental impacts of climate change. He referred to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper as "an embarrassment to many Canadians ... [and] a very poor imitation of the George Bush administration in the United States". <mask> was also critical of Barack Obama's government for failing to uphold the promises made regarding environmental policies during his election campaign. <mask> recorded "A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop" in response to Starbucks' possible involvement with Monsanto and use of genetically-modified food. The song was included on his concept album called The Monsanto Years. 2010s
On January 22, 2010, <mask> performed "Long May You Run" on the final episode of The

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texts: Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. On the same night, he and Dave Matthews performed the Hank Williams song "Alone and Forsaken", for the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief charity telethon, in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.<mask> also performed "Long May You Run" at the closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic winter games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In May 2010, it was revealed <mask> had begun working on a new studio album produced by Daniel Lanois. This was announced by David Crosby, who said that the album "will be a very heartfelt record. I expect it will be a very special record." On May 18, 2010, <mask> embarked upon a North American solo tour to promote his then upcoming album, Le Noise, playing a mix of older songs and new material. Although billed as a solo acoustic tour, <mask> also played some songs on electric guitars, including Old Black. In September 2011, Jonathan Demme's third documentary film on the singer songwriter, <mask> Journeys, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.On January 22, 2012, the Master Class at the Slamdance Festival featured Coffee with <mask> & Jonathan Demme discussing their film Neil Young Journeys. <mask> said that he had been recording with Crazy Horse, completing one album and working on another. <mask> and Crazy Horse performed a version of the Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There" for Paul McCartney's MusiCares Person of the Year dinner on February 10, 2012, in Hollywood. <mask> with Crazy Horse released the album Americana on June 5, 2012. It was <mask>'s first collaboration with Crazy Horse since the Greendale album and tour in 2003 and 2004. The record is a tribute to

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texts: unofficial national anthems that jumps from an uncensored version of "This Land Is Your Land" to "Clementine" and includes a version of "God Save the Queen", which <mask> grew up singing every day in school in Canada. Americana is <mask>'s first album composed entirely of cover songs.The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, making it <mask>'s highest-charting album in the US since Harvest. On June 5, 2012, American Songwriter also reported that <mask> and Crazy Horse would be launching their first tour in eight years in support of the album. On August 25, 2012, <mask> was mistakenly reported dead by NBCNews.com, the day when astronaut <mask> died. On September 25, 2012, <mask>'s autobiography Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream was released to critical and commercial acclaim. Reviewing the book for the New York Times, Janet Maslin reported that <mask> chose to write his memoirs in 2012 for two reasons: he needed to take a break from stage performances for health reasons but continue to generate income; and he feared the onset of dementia, considering his father's medical history and his own present condition. Maslin praised the book, describing it as frank but quirky and without pathos. In November 2013, <mask> performed at the annual fundraiser for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music.Following the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he played an acoustic set to a crowd who had paid a minimum of $2,000 a seat to attend the benefit in the famous Paramour Mansion overlooking downtown Los Angeles. <mask> released the album A Letter Home on April 19, 2014, through Jack White's record label, and his second memoir, entitled Special Deluxe, which was released on October

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texts: 14. He appeared with White on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 12, 2014. The 2014 debut solo album by Chrissie Hynde, entitled Stockholm, featured <mask> on guitar on the track "Down the Wrong Way". <mask> released his thirty-fifth studio album, Storytone on November 4, 2014. The first song released from the album, "Who's Gonna Stand Up? ", was released in three different versions on September 25, 2014.Storytone was followed in 2015 by his concept album The Monsanto Years. The Monsanto Years is an album themed both in support of sustainable farming, and to protest the biotechnology company Monsanto. <mask> achieves this protest in a series of lyrical sentiments against genetically modified food production. He created this album in collaboration with Willie Nelson's sons, Lukas and Micah, and is also backed by Lukas's fellow band members from Promise of the Real. Additionally, <mask> released a film in tandem to the album, (also entitled The Monsanto Years), that documents the album's recording, and can be streamed online. In August 2019, The Guardian reported <mask>, among other environmental activists, was being spied on by the firm. In summer 2015, <mask> undertook a North America tour titled the Rebel Content Tour.The tour began on July 5, 2015, at the Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and ended on July 24, 2015, at the Wayhome Festival in Oro-Medonte, Ontario. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real were special guests for the tour. In October 2016, <mask> performed at Desert Trip in Indio, California, and announced his thirty-seventh studio album, Peace Trail, recorded with drummer Jim Keltner and bass guitarist Paul Bushnell, which was released that

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texts: December. On September 8, 2017, <mask> released Hitchhiker, a studio LP recorded on August 11, 1976, at Indigo Studios in Malibu. The album features ten songs that <mask> recorded accompanied by acoustic guitar or piano. While different versions of most of the songs have been previously released, the new album will include two never-before-released songs: "Hawaii" and "Give Me Strength", which <mask> has occasionally performed live. On July 4, 2017, <mask> released the song "Children of Destiny" which would appear on his next album.On November 3, 2017, <mask> released "Already Great", a song from The Visitor, an album he recorded with Promise of the Real and released on December 1, 2017. On December 1, 2017, <mask> performed live in Omemee, Ontario, Canada, a town he had lived in as a child. On Record Store Day, April 21, 2018, Warner Records released a two-vinyl LP special edition of Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live, a double live album of a show that <mask> performed in September 1973 at the Roxy in West Hollywood, with the Santa Monica Flyers. The album is labeled as "Volume 05" in <mask>'s Performance Series. On October 19, 2018, <mask> released a live version of his song "Campaigner", an excerpt from a forthcoming archival live album titled Songs for Judy, which features solo performances recorded during a November 1976 tour with Crazy Horse. It will be the first release from his new label Shakey Pictures Records. In November 2018, shortly after his home had been destroyed by the California wildfire, <mask> criticized President Donald Trump's stance on climate change.In December 2018, <mask> criticized the promoters of a London show for selecting Barclays Bank as

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 a sponsor. <mask> objected to the bank's association with fossil fuels. <mask> explained that he was trying to rectify the situation by finding a different sponsor. <mask> was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On August 19, 2019, <mask> and Crazy Horse announced the forthcoming release later in August 2019 of the new song "Rainbow of Colors", the first single from the album Colorado, <mask>'s first new record with the band in seven years, since 2012's Psychedelic Pill. <mask>, multi-instrumentalist Nils Lofgren, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina recorded the new album with <mask>'s co-producer, John Hanlon, in spring 2019. The 10 new songs are ranging from around 3 minutes to over 13 minutes.Colorado was released on October 25, 2019 on Reprise Records. On August 30, 2019, <mask> unveiled "Milky Way", the first song from Colorado, a love ballad he had performed several times at concerts – both solo acoustic and with Promise of the Real. 2020s
In February 2020, <mask> wrote an open letter to President Trump, calling him a "disgrace to my country". On August 4, 2020, <mask> filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Trump's reelection campaign for the use of his music at campaign rallies. In April 2020, <mask> announced that he was working on a new archival album, Road of Plenty, comprising music made with Crazy Horse in 1986 and rehearsals for his 1989 Saturday Night Live appearance. On June 19, <mask> released a "lost" album, Homegrown. He recorded it in the mid-1970s following his breakup with Carrie Snodgress, but opted not to release it at the time, feeling it was too personal.In September, <mask>

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texts: released a live EP, The Times. <mask> shared the news via his video for his new song "Lookin' for a Leader", stating: "I invite the President to play this song at his next rally. A song about the feelings many of us have about America today." In January 2021, <mask> sold 50% of the rights to his back catalog to the British investment company Hipgnosis Songs Fund. The value was estimated to be at least $150 million. <mask> and Crazy Horse released a new album, Barn, on December 10, 2021. The first single, "Song of the Seasons", was released on October 15, followed by "Welcome Back" on December 3, along with a music video.A stand-alone will be released on Blu-ray and will be directed by Daryl Hannah. <mask> also confirmed that he had completed his third book, Canary, his first work of fiction. On January 24, 2022, <mask> posted an open letter threatening to remove his music from Spotify if they did not remove the podcast The Joe Rogan Experience from their platform. The podcast, one of Spotify's most popular, has been criticized for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. <mask> wrote that "Spotify has a responsibility to mitigate the spread of misinformation on its platform". On January 26, Spotify removed <mask>'s music; a spokesperson said Spotify wanted "all the world's music and audio content to be available to Spotify users" and that it had a "great responsibility in balancing both safety for listeners and freedom for creators". The World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus tweeted praise for <mask>'s action.On January 28, <mask>'s longtime friend and fellow polio survivor Joni Mitchell also demanded that her music be removed from Spotify

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 in solidarity with "<mask> and the global scientific and medical communities on this issue". NHS doctor and author Rachel Clarke tweeted: "Both <mask> & Joni Mitchell… know painfully well how much harm, suffering & avoidable death anti-vaxxers can cause." Archives project

In an interview in 2008, <mask> discussed Toast, an album originally recorded with Crazy Horse in San Francisco in 2000 but never released. On July 14, 2009, <mask>'s first four solo albums were reissued as remastered HDCD discs and digital downloads as discs 1–4 of the Original Release Series of the Archives. As of 2019, <mask> has launched a subscription website and application where all of his music is available to stream in high resolution audio. The Neil Young Archives also include his newspaper, The Times-Contrarian, The Hearse Theater, and photographs and memorabilia from throughout his career. Personal life

Homes and residency
<mask>'s family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married.<mask> himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966 to 1967), as well as Omemee (1945 to 1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". <mask> has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States. <mask> had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire. <mask> owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda,

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 California, that he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$ in  dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi <mask> the ranch after their divorce in 2014.<mask>'s son Ben lives there. <mask> announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana, but the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. Relationships and family
<mask> married his first wife, restaurant owner Susan Acevedo, in December 1968. They were together until October 1970, when she filed for divorce. From late 1970 to 1975, <mask> was in a relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. The song "A Man Needs a Maid" from Harvest is inspired by his seeing her in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife. They met soon afterward and she moved in with him on his ranch in northern California.They have a son, Zeke, who was born September 8, 1972. He has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy. <mask> met future wife Pegi <mask> ( Morton) in 1974 when she was working as a waitress at a diner near his ranch, a story he tells in the 1992 song "Unknown Legend". They married in August 1978 and had two children together, Ben and Amber. Ben has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy, and Amber has been diagnosed with epilepsy. The couple were musical collaborators and co-founded the Bridge School in 1986. On July 29, 2014, <mask> filed for divorce after 36 years of marriage.Pegi died on January 1, 2019. <mask> has been in a relationship with actress and director Daryl Hannah since 2014. <mask> and Hannah were reported to have wed on August 25, 2018, in Atascadero, California. <mask> confirmed his marriage


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 to Hannah in a video released on October 31, 2018. <mask> has been widely reported to be the godfather of actress Amber Tamblyn; in a 2009 interview with Parade, Tamblyn explained that "godfather" was "just a loose term" for <mask>, Dennis Hopper, and Dean Stockwell, three famous friends of her father, Russ Tamblyn, who were important influences on her life. Charity work
<mask> is an environmentalist and outspoken advocate for the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the benefit concert Farm Aid. He worked on LincVolt, the conversion of his 1959 Lincoln Continental to hybrid electric technology as an environmentalist statement.In 1986, <mask> helped found The Bridge School, an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting Bridge School Benefit concerts, together with his former wife Pegi <mask>. <mask> is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. Business ventures
<mask> was part owner of Lionel, LLC, a company that makes toy trains and model railroad accessories. In 2008 Lionel emerged from bankruptcy and his shares of the company were wiped out. He was instrumental in the design of the Lionel Legacy control system for model trains, and remains on the board of directors of Lionel. He has been named as co-inventor on seven US patents related to model trains. <mask> has long held that the digital audio formats in which most people download music are deeply flawed, and do not provide the rich, warm sound of analog recordings.He claims to be acutely aware of the difference, and compares it with taking a shower in tiny ice cubes versus ordinary water. <mask> and his company


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 PonoMusic developed Pono, a music download service and dedicated music player focusing on "high-quality" uncompressed digital audio. It was designed to compete against highly compressed MP3 type formats. Pono promised to present songs "as they first sound during studio recording". The service and the sale of the player were launched in October 2014. Instruments

Guitars

In 2003, Rolling Stone listed <mask> as eighty-third in its ranking of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" (although in a more recent version of the list, he has been moved up to seventeenth place), describing him as a "restless experimenter ... who transform[s] the most obvious music into something revelatory". <mask> is a collector of second-hand guitars, but in recording and performing, he uses frequently just a few instruments, as is explained by his longtime guitar technician Larry Cragg in the film <mask>: Heart of Gold.They include:
a late 1950s Gretsch White Falcon purchased by <mask> near the end of the Buffalo Springfield era. In 1969, he bought a stereo version of the same vintage guitar from Stephen Stills, and this instrument is featured prominently during <mask>'s early 1970s period, and can be heard on tracks like "Ohio", "Southern Man", "Alabama", "Words (Between the Lines of Age)", and "L.A.". It was <mask>'s primary electric guitar during the Harvest (1972) era, since <mask>'s deteriorating back condition (eventually fixed with surgery) made playing the much heavier Les Paul (a favourite of his named Old Black) difficult. Reed organ
<mask> owns a restored Estey reed organ, serial number 167272, dating from 1885, which he frequently plays in concert. Crystallophone
<mask> owns

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 a glass harmonica, which he played in the recording of "I Do" on his 2019 album Colorado. Amplification
<mask> uses various vintage Fender Tweed Deluxe amplifiers. His preferred amplifier for electric guitar is the Fender Deluxe, specifically a Tweed-era model from 1959.He purchased his first vintage Deluxe in 1967 for US$50 (US$ in  dollars) from Sol Betnun Music on Larchmont in Hollywood and has since acquired nearly 450 different examples, all from the same era, but he maintains that it is the original model that sounds superior and is crucial to his trademark sound. The Tweed Deluxe is almost always used in conjunction with a late-1950s Magnatone 280 (similar to the amplifier used by Lonnie Mack and Buddy Holly). The Magnatone and the Deluxe are paired together in an unusual manner: the external speaker jack from the Deluxe sends the amped signal through a volume potentiometer and directly into the input of the Magnatone. The Magnatone is notable for its true pitch-bending vibrato capabilities. It can be heard as an electric piano amplifier on "See the Sky About to Rain". A notable and unique accessory to <mask>'s Deluxe is the Whizzer, a device created specifically for <mask> by Rick Davis, which physically changes the amplifier's settings to pre-set combinations. This device is connected to footswitches operable by <mask> onstage in the manner of an effects pedal.Tom Wheeler's book Soul of Tone highlights the device on page 182/183. Discography

 <mask> (1968)
 Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere with Crazy Horse (1969)
 After the Gold Rush (1970)
 Harvest (1972)
 Time Fades Away (1973, live)
 On the Beach (1974)
 Tonight's the Night (1975)
 Zuma with Crazy Horse

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 (1975)
 Long May You Run with Stephen Stills (1976)
 American Stars 'n Bars (1977)
 Comes a Time (1978)
 Rust Never Sleeps with Crazy Horse (1979, live)
 Hawks & Doves (1980)
 Re·ac·tor with Crazy Horse (1981)
 Trans (1982)
 Everybody's Rockin' with the Shocking Pinks (1983)
 Old Ways (1985)
 Landing on Water (1986)
 Life with Crazy Horse (1987, live)
 This Note's for You with The Bluenotes (1988)
 Freedom (1989)
 Ragged Glory with Crazy Horse (1990)
 Harvest Moon (1992)
 Sleeps with Angels with Crazy Horse (1994)
 Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam (1995)
 Broken Arrow with Crazy Horse (1996)
 Silver & Gold (2000)
 Are You Passionate? with Booker T. & the M.G. 's (2002)
 Greendale with Crazy Horse (2003)
 Prairie Wind (2005)
 Living with War (2006)
 Living with War: "In the Beginning" (2006)
 Chrome Dreams II (2007)
 Fork in the Road (2009)
 Le Noise (2010)
 Americana with Crazy Horse (2012)
 Psychedelic Pill with Crazy Horse (2012)
 A Letter Home (2014)
 Storytone (2014)
 The Monsanto Years with Promise of the Real (2015)
 Peace Trail (2016)
 Earth (2016)
 Hitchhiker recorded 1976 (2017)
 The Visitor with Promise of the Real (2017)
 Colorado with Crazy Horse (2019)
 Homegrown recorded 1974–75 (2020)
 Barn with Crazy Horse (2021)

Influence and awards
As one of the original founders of Farm Aid (1985–), he remains an active member of the board of directors. For one weekend each October, in Mountain View, California, Young and his ex-wife hosted the Bridge School Concerts, which drew international talent and sell-out crowds for nearly two decades. He announced in June 2017, however, that he would no longer host the concerts. Rolling Stone magazine in 2000, ranked Young


texts: thirty-fourth in its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.In 2000, <mask> was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2003, Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list included After the Gold Rush at number 71, Harvest at number 78, Déjà Vu (with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) at number 148, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere at number 208, Tonight's the Night at number 331, and Rust Never Sleeps at number 350. And in 2004, on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list, Rolling Stone included "Rockin' in the Free World" at number 214, "Heart of Gold" at number 297, "Cortez the Killer" at number 321, and "Ohio" (with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) at number 385. In 2006, when Paste magazine compiled a "Greatest Living Songwriters" list, <mask> was ranked second behind Bob Dylan. (While <mask> and Dylan have occasionally played together in concert, they have never collaborated on a song together or played on each other's records). He ranked thirty-ninth on VH1's 100 Greatest Artist of Hard Rock that same year. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame explained that while <mask> has "avoided sticking to one style for very long, the unifying factors throughout <mask>'s peripatetic musical journey have been his unmistakable voice, his raw and expressive guitar playing, and his consummate songwriting skill."According to Acclaimed Music, <mask> is the seventh-most celebrated artist in popular music history. After the Gold Rush, Harvest, Déjà Vu, and "Ohio" have all been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. <mask>'s political outspokenness and social awareness influenced artists such as Blind Melon, Phish, Pearl Jam, and Nirvana. <mask> is referred to as "the Godfather of


texts:
 Grunge" because of the influence he had on Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder and the entire grunge movement. Vedder inducted <mask> into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, citing him as a huge influence. <mask> is cited as being a significant influence on the experimental rock group Sonic Youth, and Thom Yorke of Radiohead. Yorke recounted of first hearing <mask> after sending a demo tape into a magazine when he was 16, who favorably compared his singing voice to <mask>'s.Unaware of <mask> at that time, he bought After the Gold Rush (1970), and "immediately fell in love" with his work, calling it "extraordinary". The Australian rock group Powderfinger named themselves after <mask>'s song "Powderfinger" from Rust Never Sleeps (1979). The members of the Constantines have occasionally played <mask> tribute shows under the name Horsey Craze. Jason Bond, an East Carolina University biologist, discovered a new species of trapdoor spider in 2007 and named it Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi after <mask>, his favorite singer. In 2001, <mask> was awarded the Spirit of Liberty award by the civil liberties group People for the American Way. <mask> was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29, 2010, two nights prior to the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards. He was also nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for "Fork in the Road" and Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package for <mask> Archives Vol.1 (1963–1972). <mask> won the latter Grammy Award. In 2010, he was ranked No. 26 in Gibson.com's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. Other honors include:

Canadian Music Hall of Fame, 1982
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame He has been inducted into the Rock and

masks:
Young
Young
Young
Young
Young
Young
Neil Young
Young
Young
Young
Neil Young
Young


texts:
 Roll Hall of Fame twice: first in 1995 for his solo work and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2006, Artist of the Year by the American Music Association. Albums recorded in tribute to <mask> by various artists include:

 1989 – The Bridge: A Tribute to <mask>, Caroline
 1994 – Borrowed Tunes: A Tribute to <mask>, Sony Music Canada, 2xCD acoustic and electric
 1999 – This Note's for You Too!Popular Music 28:3, 341–365. McKay, George (2013) Shakin' All Over: Popular Music and Disability. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan

masks:
Young
Neil Young
Neil Young


texts:
<mask> (born 23 February 1967) is an Indian author, journalist, film critic and director of the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival. She is also the founder and editor of the digital platform Film Companion, which offers a curated look at cinema. She has written several books on Indian cinema and has been a film critic for NDTV, India Today, as well as the Hindustan Times. She also hosted a weekly film review show The Front Row With <mask>, on Star World. She won the 2000 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema for her first book Sholay: The Making of a Classic. She presently critiques movies and interviews celebrities for Film Companion. Early life and background
Born as <mask> in Calcutta, India to Chandra Parshad family, she has also lived in Badayun, a city in Uttar Pradesh.Her father Navin Chandra was the eldest of the brothers and sisters. <mask>'s grandfather, originally from Delhi, was an executive with Union Carbide, Kolkata. Her mother Kamna Chandra was a scriptwriter who wrote dialogue for such films as Prem Rog (1982) and Chandni (1989). <mask> grew up with her brother and sister in Mumbai, where her family lived in Nepean Sea Road and then in Cuffe Parade. Her sister Tanuja Chandra is an Indian Film director and screenwriter; her brother Vikram Chandra is a novelist, who splits his time between California and India. She also lived in Hong Kong for several years as a teenager. She graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai with a BA in English Literature in 1987.Later, <mask> earned her MA in journalism from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. She won the Harrington Award for "academic excellence and promise for success in the field of magazine journalism" while at Medill. She later said, "Film journalism was untouchable at the time. Everybody was ashamed and nobody wanted to admit that I worked for movies." Career
After her education, <mask> started her career as a film journalist and critic and over the years has written

masks:
Anupama Chopra
Anupama Chopra
Anupama Chandra
Anupama
Chopra
Chopra
Chopra


texts: several books of films, especially Hindi cinema. She has written about the Hindi film industry since 1993 and has explored cinema in several mediums – print, television and digital. Her first book Sholay: The Making of a Classic (2000) won the 2001 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema (India).Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge  (The Bravehearted Will Take The Bride) (2002) was published by the British Film Institute as part of their Modern Classics Series. Her book, King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema, was featured on the annual "Editor's Choice" list of the New York Times Book Review. It was also translated into German, Indonesian and Polish. <mask>'s 2011 book First Day First Show: Writings from the Bollywood Trenches, is a compilation of her articles on Hindi cinema over two decades, published by Penguin India. <mask>'s work has been published in India Today, India's largest English-language magazine. She has also written about Hindi Films for various international publications such as The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Variety and Sight & Sound and is currently a contributing editor to Vogue India. <mask> hosted film review show, Picture This on NDTV 24X7 news channel.In 2012, she started her weekly review show called The Front Row with <mask> <mask>, on Star World, which ran till June 2014. In 2013, she released two books, Freeze Frame based on the interviews with film makers and actors on the TV show, and 100 Films to See before You Die based on her weekly film columns. In 2014, she also did a Hindi show called 'Star Verdict' on Star Plus. Currently she hosts Film Companion on YouTube which replaced "The Front Row With <mask> <mask>" where she critiques Hindi Film movies. She has written several books on cinema. <mask>’s latest book, The Front Row: Conversations on Cinema published by Harper Collins is a collection of her televised interviews with both Indian Film and Hollywood personalities. She is

masks: Chopra Chopra Chopra Anupama Chopra Anupama Chopra Anupama


texts:
 also actively involved in works related to film festivals happening in India.In November 2014, <mask> replaced Shyam Benegal to become the chairperson of the Mumbai Film Festival organized by the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image (MAMI). Film Companion
In July 2014, <mask> founded Film Companion as a pan-India platform for entertainment journalism. Currently the platform carries reviews, interviews, features and masterclasses around cinema, television and web series. <mask>, Baradwaj Rangan, Rahul Desai, Sucharita Tyagi and Pratayush Parasuraman write for the platform. Personal life
<mask> is married to Vidhu Vinod <mask>, a Hindi Film producer and director. Her daughter Zuni <mask>  (born 2001/2002) is author of three books, including a novel and two books in poetry. Her son Agni <mask> is an aspiring cricketer.Bibliography
 Sholay: The Making of a Classic. Penguin Books, 2000. .
 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, British Film Institute, 2002. .
 King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema. Grand Central Publishing, 2007. .
 First Day First Show: Writings from the Bollywood Trenches. Penguin Books India, 2011. . Freeze Frames. Om Books, 2013. .
 100 Films to See before You Die. BCCL, New Delhi, 2013. .The Front Row: Conversation on Cinema. HarperCollins Publishers India, 2015. . In Conversation with the Stars. Rupa Publications, 2019. References

External links
Film Companion
<mask> <mask> reviews at Hindustan Times

Indian film critics
1967 births
Living people
Writers from Kolkata
Bengali people
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Indian women television presenters
Indian television presenters
Indian women television journalists
Indian television journalists
Journalists from West Bengal
Women writers from West Bengal
Indian women critics
20th-century Indian journalists
21st-century Indian journalists
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
Variety (magazine)

masks:
Chopra
Chopra
Chopra
Chopra
Chopra
Chopra
Dev Chopra
Anupama
Chopra


texts:
<mask>, 10th Duke of Devonshire,  (6 May 1895 – 26 November 1950), known as the Marquess of Hartington from 1908 to 1938, was a British politician. He was the head of the Devonshire branch of the House of Cavendish. He had careers with the army and in politics and was a senior freemason. His sudden death, apparently of a heart attack at the age of fifty-five, occurred in the presence of the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. Early life
He was born in the parish of St George in the East, Stepney, London, the son of Victor Cavendish and his wife, Lady Evelyn Petty-Fitzmaurice. In 1908, his father Victor succeeded as the 9th Duke of Devonshire, thus <mask> was styled by the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. Lord Hartington was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.He was, after his father's death, the owner of Chatsworth House, and one of the largest private landowners in both Great Britain and Ireland. Military career
The then Marquess of Hartington began service with the Territorial Army as a second lieutenant in the Derbyshire Yeomanry in 1913. Mobilised at the outbreak of the First World War, he was an aide-de-camp (ADC) on the Personal Staff at the British Expeditionary Force's General Headquarters. In 1916, when promoted captain, he rejoined his regiment, in Egypt, and served in the latter stages of the Dardanelles campaign. He then returned to France, became attached to Military Intelligence, then to the War Office and the British Military Mission in Paris, and was twice mentioned in despatches. In 1919 he served on the British peace delegation that attended the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and was appointed MBE. He also became a knight of the French Legion of Honour.He continued serving after the war with his regiment, which became 24 (Derbyshire Yeomanry) Armoured Car Company of the Royal Tank Regiment in 1923. He was promoted major in 1932, and became lieutenant colonel in command in 1935. He was awarded

masks:
Edward William Spencer Cavendish
Edward


texts:
 the Territorial Decoration. He was also Honorary Colonel of the 6th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters from 1917 to 1937, and of its successor, the 40th (Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion of the Royal Engineers. Political career
He unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative parliamentary candidate twice, in the 1918 general election for North East Derbyshire and in 1922 for West Derbyshire, before gaining the latter seat in 1923 and holding it until he succeeded to his father's peerage and entered the House of Lords in 1938. He was subsequently a minister in Winston Churchill's wartime government as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, for India and Burma (1940–1942) and for the Colonies (1942–1945). He also served in Derbyshire local government.He was appointed a JP for the county in 1917, and a Deputy Lieutenant in 1936, ultimately becoming the county's Lord Lieutenant from 1938 until his death. He also served as Mayor of Buxton in 1920–21. Other civil posts
He was chairman of the Overseas Settlement Board in 1936 and was High Steward of the University of Cambridge and Chancellor of the University of Leeds from 1938 until 1950. He also had company directorships with The Alliance Insurance Company of Britain and the Bank of Australasia. He served as president of the Zoological Society of London in 1948. He was a freemason and was Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England from 1947 to 1950. Family
The Duke's sister Dorothy was married to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.The Duke's younger brother Charles was married to dancer Adele Astaire, sister of Fred Astaire. In 1917, he married Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil, granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. They had five children:

William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (1917–1944), killed in action in World War II. Married to Kathleen Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy. Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (1920–2004), later Marquess of


texts:
 Hartington (1944–1950) and the 11th Duke of Devonshire (1950–2004). Married to Deborah Mitford. Lady Mary Cavendish (6 November 1922 – 17 November 1922).Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Alice Cavendish (24 April 1926 – 15 September 2018). Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Cavendish (6 November 1927 – 9 August 2010) was a prison visitor who married Michael Lambert Tree. Death

On 26 November 1950, he suffered a heart attack and died in Eastbourne in the presence of his general practitioner, John Bodkin Adams, the suspected serial killer. Despite the fact that the duke had not seen a doctor in the 14 days before his death, the coroner was not notified as he should have been. Adams signed the death certificate stating that the Duke died of natural causes. Thirteen days earlier, Edith Alice Morrell – another patient of Adams – had also died. Historian Pamela Cullen speculates that as the Duke was the head of British freemasonry, Adams – a member of the fundamentalist Plymouth Brethren – would have been motivated to withhold the necessary vital treatment, since the "Grandmaster of England would have been seen by some of the Plymouth Brethren as Satan incarnate".No proper police investigation was ever conducted into the death, but the duke's son, Andrew, later said "it should perhaps be noted that this doctor was not appointed to look after the health of my two younger sisters, who were then in their teens"; Adams had a reputation for grooming older patients in order to extract bequests. Adams was tried in 1957 for Morrell's murder but controversially acquitted. The prosecutor was Attorney-General Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller, a distant cousin of the Duke (via their shared ancestor, George Cavendish). Cullen has questioned why Manningham-Buller failed to question Adams regarding the Duke's death, and suggests that he was wary of drawing attention to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (the Duke's brother-in-law) and specifically to his wife who was having an extramarital


texts:
 affair with Robert Boothby at the time. Home Office pathologist Francis Camps linked Adams to 163 suspicious deaths in total, which would make him a precursor to Harold Shipman. The Duke's body was buried in the churchyard at Edensor, Derbyshire, near Chatsworth. Estate
In 1946 the Duke transferred most of his assets to his only surviving son in an attempt to avoid a repeat of the heavy death duties which the 9th Duke had had to pay in 1908.The Duke's surprise death less than four years later meant that his estate had to pay 80% death duties on the value of the entire estate. Had he lived longer, the value assessed to tax would have been progressively reduced to zero. The tax liability led to the transfer of Hardwick Hall to the National Trust, and the sale of many of the Devonshires' accumulated assets, including tens of thousands of acres of land, and many works of art and rare books. Whilst the majority of the Duke's property transferred to the next Duke, his private funds of £796,473 8s. 9d. were willed to his widow Mary Alice, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire. See also
 Gertrude Hullett

References

External links

1895 births
1950 deaths
<mask>, 10th Duke of Devonshire
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
Cavendish, Edward
Derbyshire Yeomanry officers
110
05
English landowners
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
Grand Masters of the United Grand Lodge of England
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Cavendish, <mask>
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
People educated at Eton College
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Presidents of the Zoological Society of London
Cavendish, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, D10
British Army personnel of World War I
20th-century English

masks:
Edward Cavendish
Edward
Edward Cavendish
Edward Cavendish
Edward Cavendish
Edward Cavendish
Edward Devonshire


texts:
<mask> (born 5 February 1940) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader who served as commander of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) during much of its early history. He took the place of Tommy Herron in 1973 when the latter was killed, and led the organisation until March 1988 when an attempt on his life forced him to resign from his command. Background
<mask> was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, one of the seven children of an ex-soldier and a part-time seamstress. He was brought up in a two-bedroomed house in the Shankill Road. He was educated at the local Brown Square school and found work as a gardener with Belfast City Council. <mask>'s family lived in both Ballymurphy and New Barnsley, but were forced out of both heavily Catholic areas in 1969. The family returned to the Shankill.<mask>'s surname is an ancient Scottish clan name; his ancestors migrated from Scotland to Ireland in the early days of the Ulster Plantation. They first went to Dublin, however, before settling permanently in Ulster. <mask>'s first involvement with loyalist paramilitaries came in 1967 when he was sworn in as a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), although he did not stay long as he felt that the UVF was doing too little about Protestants being forced out of Catholic areas, such as his own family. He soon fell in behind John McKeague, initially following him in the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, before joining his Shankill Defence Association (SDA) upon its foundation in 1969. <mask>'s power base within the SDA grew and he was a relatively high-profile figure on the Shankill when it was absorbed by the UDA in 1971. Assuming leadership
The newly formed UDA was dominated by Charles Harding Smith in the Shankill area and by Tommy Herron in East Belfast. It was feared from early on that a feud between the two would follow if either one was picked to lead the UDA.As such, in March 1973 <mask> was picked as a compromise candidate for the leadership, being seen by Herron and Harding Smith as someone they could dominate. The strategy did not work, however, as a feud between the

masks:
Andrew Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie


texts:
 two top men followed, with Herron killed in September 1973. Harding Smith remained as a challenge to <mask>'s control. His new-found role of leader was bolstered by the events of the Ulster Workers' Council Strike of May 1974 in which he played a leading role. Having been a shop steward in his council days Tyrie became close to strike leader Glenn Barr and the UDA played a central role in marshalling the pickets and ensuring both order amongst the strikers and no picket crossing. Tyrie oversaw this aspect of the strike and was seen as one of the central figures, while the profile of the UDA grew as a result. With Tyrie's profile boosted by the UWC strike, Harding Smith sought to move against Tyrie and used the pretext of Tyrie sending a delegation to Libya, with Muammar al-Gaddafi seen in many loyalist eyes as being firmly on the side of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).Harding Smith tried to overrule Tyrie but a feud resulted and, after surviving two assassination attempts, Harding Smith was forced to leave Northern Ireland for good. Political strategy
<mask> had been a central figure in the strike and as such had close contact with many within the unionist establishment. However once the strike was over he was shunned by Harry West and Ian Paisley and as such he built up a resentment towards mainstream unionism that would inform many of his political decisions as UDA leader. He arranged an alliance with the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party but when the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party declined to join this grand alliance of loyalism Tyrie became even more resolved to pursue a political path for the UDA without mainstream unionism. <mask> was close to William Craig and had supported his calls to "liquidate the enemy" in 1972, although as Craig's political relevance diminished <mask>'s desire for a politicised UDA increased. He broke further from the unionist position by calling for some coalitions with moderate nationalists in the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention, albeit whilst adding that he had prepared the UDA

masks: Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie


texts:
 for civil war if the initiative failed and severed all ties following the disastrous re-run of the UWC strike in 1977, during which the attempt not only failed but also saw four people inadvertently killed by the UDA and UVF. <mask> underlined his split from unionism in 1982 by writing a play, This Is It, in which he savagely attacked Ian Paisley and his "Third Force"'s dabbling in paramilitarism.<mask> sought to move the UDA towards more political activity and appointed Sammy Duddy, who had a reputation as a thinker within the movement, as his personal representative. Along with Duddy, <mask> was one of the authors of the New Ulster Political Research Group document Beyond the Religious Divide which outlined a strategy of co-operation between the two communities within the framework of an independent Northern Ireland. Under his leadership the UDA saw a strong downturn in violent activity in 1977 and 1978, although this followed a two-year period of high activity. <mask>'s political strategy took a blow in 1982 when he was arrested for being in possession of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) maps and charts, although he was acquitted of subsequent terror charges. Paramilitary strategy
Although under his leadership the UDA undertook a series of sectarian killings, <mask> would later claim that he had been opposed to this strategy, arguing: "I was sickened every time I heard about the death of a Catholic taxi driver or shop keeper. We wanted to go for the IRA and republicans but we couldn't locate them, we didn't know who they were". As early as 1971 <mask> had argued that the role of the UDA should be "terrorising the terrorists" i.e.attacking the Republican Movement head on rather than either sectarian attacks against Catholics or the group's stated purpose as a defensive vigilant militia for loyalist areas. These ideas came to fruition to an extent with the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) "shopping list" of leading republicans to be targeted by dedicated death squads in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although this was for the most part directed by UFF leader John

masks: Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie


texts:
 McMichael rather than <mask>. Tyrie also supported a more professional approach from the UDA and sought to establish more professional training for members, an initiative in which he met stern resistance from other UDA leaders who feared that such a programme would bring about a new elite to threaten their own positions. Tyrie finally got his way in the mid-1980s with a series of residential programmes for young active UDA members. These programmes, overseen by senior UDA members with British Army experience, included both practical training in gun use, bomb-making and close combat as well as more theoretical aspects such as anti-interrogation techniques, basic forensic science training, communications and psychological warfare. Removal
As part of his political strategy <mask> became close to South Belfast brigadier John McMichael and supported his development of the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party along Ulster nationalist lines. He had previously written in a UDA publication in the late 1970s that an independent Northern Ireland could "take its rightful place in the world and not be seen as a country with a death-wish", after becoming disillusioned with what he saw as the British government's lack of commitment to Northern Ireland.<mask> shunned the limelight and as a consequence he appointed McMichael as official spokesman for, and thus the public face of, the UDA. However, McMichael's assassination by the IRA in December 1987 and his replacement in the party by the less well-known Ray Smallwoods placed some doubts upon the political strategy that <mask> had long advocated. Furthermore, resentment among UDA hardliners had been growing and they came to feel that <mask>'s leadership was too much about politics and not enough about military action. <mask> was also criticised for what his internal opponents felt was a tendency towards cronyism, with the late 1980s seeing responsibility and position being given to internally unpopular figures like Jackie McDonald and Eddie Sayers, seemingly because they were personally close to Tyrie. To silence some of his critics


texts:
 <mask> arranged a shipment of guns from Lebanon for the UDA in early 1988. However, after a tip-off, the North Belfast brigadier Davy Payne was stopped at an RUC checkpoint in Portadown. He was driving the "scout" [lead] car as the weapons were being transported in a small convoy of vehicles; the guns which were stored in the boots of his associates' cars were then seized in what was the latest in a series of setbacks that had dogged the UDA as a paramilitary group in the late 1980s.With <mask>'s stock at an all-time low among UDA militants he narrowly avoided death from a car bomb on 6 March 1988. No responsibility for the failed attack was claimed. <mask> himself felt that the attack was carried out by potential successors within the UDA but, whichever explanation was true, it demonstrated that <mask> was no longer secure in his position and had become a target within loyalism as UDA leader. Five days after the attack <mask> announced his resignation as leader of the UDA and was placed on 'retirement' by the organisation. Post-UDA activity

<mask> established his own business in County Down after leaving active duty with the UDA. Since quitting as UDA leader <mask> has largely been outside active loyalism, although he has been brought back from time to time as the main voice of the old UDA. In 1994 he and Barr were recalled by the Ulster Democratic Party to spearhead their funding initiative.He would go on to become an enthusiastic supporter of the UDP in their campaign in favour of the Belfast Agreement, claiming that it vindicated the strategy employed by John McMichael and himself. In this role he became close to John White, who frequently made use of Tyrie when it came to convincing older UDA members of the benefits of the Agreement. Tyrie is fully retired from politics. References
Notes

Bibliography
McDonald, Henry & Cusack, Jim. UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Dublin, Penguin Ireland, 2004
Taylor. Peter. Loyalists, London: Bloomsbury, 2000

1940 births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Ulster Defence Association members
Ulster

masks: Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie Tyrie


texts:
<mask><mask> (born 1951) is an American writer, feminist, and animal rights advocate. She is the author of several books, including The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (1990) and The Pornography of Meat (2004), focusing in particular on what she argues are the links between the oppression of women and that of non-human animals. She was inducted into the Animal Rights Hall of Fame in 2011. Biography
<mask><mask> was born in New York in 1951. She is a feminist-vegan, advocate, activist, and independent scholar whose work explores the cultural construction of inter-sectional oppression. At a young age, <mask> was influenced by her mother, who was both a feminist and a civil rights activist, and also her father who she recalls, was a lawyer who participated in one of the first lawsuits regarding the pollution of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes in the north eastern region of the United States. <mask> was raised in Forestville, a small village in New York.After skipping a grade and taking college English courses in high school, <mask> attended the University of Rochester and majored in English and History. As an undergraduate at the University of Rochester, she was involved in bringing women's studies courses to the University's course catalog. She graduated from there with a BA in 1972, and obtained her Master of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1976. In 1974 <mask> moved to Boston to study with Mary Daly. <mask> recalls her time with Mary as, " a fascinating time of conversation and mutual critique...My evolving feminist-veganism
and her evolving biophilic philosophy bumped up against each
other at times. Usually, at least in the beginning,

masks:
Carol J
. Adams
Carol J
. Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


texts: she had the last word." <mask> recalls discovering the dead body of her family pony that was killed in a hunting accident, then eating a hamburger that night.She concluded that it was hypocritical for her to mourn the death of her pony, yet have no problem eating a slaughtered cow. This marked the beginning of her vegetarian journey. She is also a pioneer of feminist care theory in animal ethics. <mask> continues to work towards the ethical treatment of animals and other forms of activism. She does this through visiting colleges, teaching courses, and through the internet and different forums of social media in which she can reach out to a wider audience. During the past five years <mask> has been very involved in helping to create this innovative urban development spearheaded by The Stewpot in Dallas, Texas. <mask> has also been working on a theoretical autobiography and on a book about <mask> and care giving.She has also been working on a project on "Towards a Philosophy of Care through Care." An essay about this is forthcoming in Critical Inquiry. <mask> continues to show The Sexual Politics of Meat Slide Show to help and spread her theories as she can. Lastly <mask> is completing a book with her co-authors Patti Breitman and Virginia Messina, Even Vegans Die. <mask><mask> in regards to her intentions on this planet said, " "In my life, I want to do the least harm possible,"she said. "I want to walk lightly on this Earth." and the accomplishments of her life and her goals and ambitions have reflected this philosophy.<mask> was chosen as one of "20 Badass Veg Women Who Are Making History" by a website called chooseveg.com. Others among the list were the once world number one for

masks:
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Jane Austen
Adams
Adams
Carol J
. Adams
Adams


texts:
 women's tennis, Venus Williams and Ellen DeGeneres, from the Ellen DeGeneres Show. <mask> is one of several people who provided information used in the writing of the book Striking at the Roots: A Practical Guide to Animal Activism (2008) by Mark Hawthorne. Career

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory
The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory discusses how, especially in times of shortage, women often give men the meat they perceive to be the "best" food. She also discusses the connections between feminism and vegetarianism, and patriarchy and meat eating, historically and through the reading of literary texts. An important theory formulated in the book is the absent referent, which she uses to explain the fact that people keep eating meat, and is also behind the objectification of women in pornography. In The Sexual Politics of Meat, <mask> parallels the patriarchal system with the relationship between humans and animals.The male connotations associated with meat eating, not only highlights species inequality, but also defines distinct gender roles. Simply, meat signifies male dominance over females as "men who batter women have often used the absence of meat as a pretext for violence against women." <mask> proclaims that our culture has become preoccupied with reducing non-human animals to a source of consumption, a fragmentation of their individual species. A recurring theme throughout her work is that men that feel a sense of entitlement over animals are similar to men who abuse, exploit, or degrade women for their bodies. Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical Explorations
In Adam's Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical

masks: Adams Adams Adams


texts:
 Explorations, she argues that the social context behind female oppression and sexual violence has a direct tie to the way humans mistreat other species. Humans tend to deem animals as an inferior species and in this way, justify their actions regarding animal exploitation. According to <mask>, men regard women in a similar light.This sense of entitlement over animals translates into human relations and men begin to label women as inferior as well "available for abuse." The established discourse shifts from a negative image for nonhuman animals to a sexist portrayal of women. Constantly, men refer to women using language such as dogs, chicks, bunny, which all indicate men using women as a mere means. Given current speciesism, individuals use non-human animals for their production, i.e. cows for milk, hens for eggs, or female dog to breed more puppies. Humans use chicks as simply physical beings similar to how men may exploit the female body for pleasure. The Pornography of Meat
In The Pornography of Meat, <mask> draws the visual comparison between meat advertised on a shelf and women portrayed in particular advertisements or magazines.The idea of consumption plays a significant role in a culture that compare women to a product, something that's not only attainable, but a consumable person. It is important to note that consumption may refer to literal digestion or rather simply, a desire for someone considered attainable by another individual. <mask> juxtaposes commonly unnoticed advertisements in the local grocery store to sexist and misogynistic images of women. Further, she creates the "A" category, which creates an idea of white male supremacy in a civilized society, whereas the


texts:
 other in this sense, includes language that relates to different races, non-human animals, and women. <mask> argues that modern culture idealizes the white male figure and demonstrates that he represents an advanced civilized society. The author argues that any individual who doesn't fall into the "A" category likely faces a reference to animals, now seen as derogatory and inferior. In this work, she includes an image of women labeled according to her body parts similar to how butcher advertises meat cuts.The underlying premise remains the same; current culture has created a desire for consumption from non-human animals, genders, and races. Other works
She is the author of several other books, including Living Among Meat Eaters: The Vegetarian's Survival Handbook. This book advises vegetarians to ask if they are at peace with their own vegetarianism and provides communication skills for avoiding abuse while dining with meat-eating friends, family, and coworkers who may be hostile. Her most recent work, Burger, follows the history, business, culture, and gendered politics of the hamburger. All the while, drawing upon the history of the veggie burger, and its revival through contemporary investors in the food industry. Activism
<mask>' activism includes "experience of working for social justice (which includes justice for nonhuman animals) and against domestic violence, homelessness, racism, and violence against animals." A large part of <mask>' life is dedicated to feminism as well.She was raised in a household with her two sisters where this spirit of feminism was nurtured. Her vegetarianism came after her feminism. While a sophomore at the University of Rochester she attended her


texts: first Women's Liberation meeting and later did field work at the Women's Liberation Center. These experiences and research, as well as the event of her pony being killed, showed her that her feminism and vegetarianism were related. Through some feminist studies she was conducting she realized that both were connected throughout the history of feminism as well. She found that many feminists were vegetarians, and she also found multiple books written by feminists, on vegetarianism as a "part of the feminist awakening of the hero". A further look into the newly connected themes proved to be very important to the course <mask>' work would take in the future.She found that a patriarchal ethics "naturalizes and normalizes violence...and perpetuates human exceptionalism that permits the oppression of other beings". Thus her theory of the patriarchal essence begins, and the creation of The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory took form. <mask> has explained that her activism taught her how to write by allowing her to think about how "ideas are experienced by others". Fighting on the non-dominant side of things through her activism allowed her to return to her book-writing with a deeper level of understanding sufficient enough to know what was going on. The voice she had in her activism in the 1970s also helped her obtain her theoretical voice used in her books. <mask> explains, in many interviews, that her activism taught her how to write. In her chapter, "What Came Before the Sexual Politics of Meat" in the book Species Matters: Humane Advocacy and Cultural Theory, <mask> explains that she and her husband were activists in the 1970s against racism.They lived in

masks: Adams Adams Adams Adams


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 Dunkirk, New York and tried to make the area progressive by pushing for minority housing to move into the rural area. Her husband, the local minister was receiving inflammatory letters from his congregation and <mask> fought with inner self between doing as much as she can, and stopping where the situation became dangerous. She was spoken about on the call-in radio show "What's Your Opinion". One day when she was listening she was so furious about the inaccurate information being told that she called in and corrected all the misinformation. Regardless of what people said, <mask> and her husband continued their activism and fight for low-to-moderate income housing. Further, in her life <mask> has supported animal rights and wants to educate people about vegan food and introducing people to vegan eating. She explains we all get protein from plants, some people get it directly from plants and others chose to let animals process protein for them; she has also coined the term feminized protein for eggs and dairy products, as it is plant protein produced by using the reproductive cycle of female animals.Personal life
<mask> was executive director of the Chautauqua County Rural Ministry, Inc., Dunkirk, New York from the late 1970s to 1987. She lives in Texas with her husband, Reverend Dr. Bruce Buchanan, and is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Dallas, where her husband is an associate pastor. Publications

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum, 1990. Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Continuum, 1993. Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals.Continuum, 1994. Woman-battering: Creative pastoral care and counseling series.


texts:
 Fortress Press, 1994.
with Marie M. Fortune. Violence against Women and Children: A Christian Theological Sourcebook. Continuum, 1995.
with <mask>. Animals and women: Feminist theoretical explorations. Duke University Press, 1995.The inner art of vegetarianism: Spiritual practices for body and soul. Lantern Books, 2000. Journey to gameland: How to make a board game from your favorite children's book. Lantern Books, 2001.
with Howard Williams. The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-eating. University of Illinois Press, 2003. "Bitch, Chick, Cow: Women's and (Other) Animals' Rights" in Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium.Washington Square Press 2003. .
Help! My child stopped eating meat! : An A-Z guide to surviving a conflict in diets. Continuum 2004. The Pornography of Meat. Continuum, 2004. Prayers for Animals.Continuum, 2004. God listens when you're sad: Prayers when your animal friend is sick or dies. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your love : prayers for living with animal friends. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your care : prayers for all the animals of the world. Pilgrim Press, 2006.
with Douglas Buchanan and Kelly Gesch.Bedside, bathtub and armchair companion to Frankenstein. Continuum, 2007. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader. Columbia University Press, 2007. Edited by <mask><mask> and <mask>. How to eat like a vegetarian even if you never want to be one: More than 250 shortcuts, strategies, and simple solutions. Lantern Books, 2008.Living among meat eaters: The vegetarians' survival handbook. Lantern Books, 2008. The foreword to Lisa Kemmerer's anthology Sister Species:

masks:
Josephine Donovan
Carol J
. Adams
Josephine Donovan


texts:
 Women, Animals, and Social Justice. University of Illinois Press, 2011. The foreword to Laura Wright's The Vegan Studies Project University of Georgia Press, 2015. See also

 Brown Dog affair
 List of animal rights advocates
 Lizzy Lind af Hageby
 Women and animal advocacy

Notes

a. Also see Bakeman, <mask>."Student Survival '08: Campus secrets and legends", City newspaper, August 13, 2008. References

Further reading

<mask><mask>' homepage
<mask> The Pornography of Meat

"Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals" Hypatia, No. 6, spring 1991, pp. 134–137. Abstract. Song on Consolidated's album Friendly Fa$cism (MP3)
Menaker, Daniel (2005-01-02) An Alt-Cabaret Diva, The New York Times. (Restricted access.)"Paralleling the elided relationship between metaphor and referent is the unacknowledged role of fragmentation in eating flesh", from The Sexual Politics of Meat p. 60
George, Lianne (2008-03-06) 'Go Veg! Get girls!' The war on compassion
MikeyPod podcast interview with <mask><mask>

1951 births
Activists from New York (state)
American animal rights scholars
American feminist writers
American women philosophers
Ecofeminists
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of vegetarianism
Living people
Veganism activists
Writers from New York (state)
21st-century American

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Jessica
Carol J
. Adams
Carol Adams
Carol J
. Adams


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<mask> (born 13 May 1986) is a Swiss cross-country cyclist who races for the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team. Schurter won the world championship in men's cross-country in 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021 and the overall UCI World Cup in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and thus become the second man to hold 7 World Cup overall titles. He won the gold medal in mountain biking at the 2016 Olympics, the silver medal 2012 Olympics and the bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics. He won the Swiss National Championship in cross-country mountain biking in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015. He joined  for a number of road races during the 2014 season. Career
<mask> was born and grew up in Tersnaus, Lumnezia in the Romansch-speaking part of Switzerland. He spent a lot of his free time in nature playing different sports and quickly got fascinated by mountain biking.He took part in the Swiss racing competition Swisspower cup where he won his first victories. In 2003, he became a member of the professional team of Thomas Frischknecht and he turned professional in 2007 when he joined the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team (former SCOTT-Odlo MTB Racing and even earlier SWISSPOWER). He currently rides a Scott Spark RC 900 Worldcup. 2004
In his first junior international competition on 31 July in Wałbrzych, Poland, <mask> Schurter finished first at the European Championships. 2012
2012 was one of Schurter's most successful season when he won 11 out of 15 races. He won his first World Cup of the season on 18 March in Pietermaritzburg on a bike with 650B or 27.5-inch wheels. On 13 May, he won his second World Cup on his 26th birthday in Nove Mesto na Morave.On 28 July, after his fourth individual win, <mask> won the overall World Cup series title in Val d'Isère. On 15 September 2011, Schurter qualified for the 2012 Olympics where he won the silver medal after being beaten in a

masks:
Nino Schurter
Nino Schurter
Nino
Schurter


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 final sprint on the line by Jaroslav Kulhavy. On 8 September 2012, he won his second World Championships title in Saalbach, Austria, where he shared the podium with two of his countrymen Lukas and Matthias Fluckiger. 2013
On 2 September 2013, Schurter won his third World Championship title in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, on one of his favourite cross-country courses. 2014
Schurter joined the Australian road race cycling team Orica-GreenEDGE during the 2014 season. He took part in the Tour de Romandie and the Tour de Suisse. In the 2014 mountain bike season, he lost his World Cup and World Championships titles.He finished in second place in Hafjell, Norway and ended up his season behind Julien Absalon at the World Cup in Méribel. 2015
In 2015, Schurter fully committed to his mountain bike career as he had the 2016 Olympics in Rio on his agenda for the next two years. He competed in the 2015 European Games for Switzerland, in mountain biking. He won the gold medal in the event. 2016
Schurter won his fifth world championship in men's cross-country at the 2016 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships at Nové Město, Czech Republic. This equaled the record of Julien Absalon, who has also won five titles in the event. At the 2016 Summer Olympic he won the gold medal, finishing before Jaroslav Kulhavý and Carlos Coloma Nicolás.2017 Perfect season
In March 2017, <mask> won the Absa Cape Epic – the eight-day South African stage race – for the first time. Riding with Scott-Sram teammate Matthias Stirnemann in the two-man team format they won by eight minutes from pre-race favorites Christoph Sauser and Jaroslav Kulhavy (Investec Songo Specialized). <mask> had completed the Cape Epic three times previously. This was his first win. He went on to win all six rounds of the World Cup and accomplished as first person a Perfect season, as well as his sixth world

masks: Schurter Schurter


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<mask>, <mask> of Lambeth,  (5 May 1887 – 15 September 1972) was an English Anglican priest, and 99th Archbishop of Canterbury, serving from 1945 to 1961. From a long line of parish priests, <mask> was educated at Marlborough College and Exeter College, Oxford. He achieved high academic honours but was not interested in a university career. He was ordained priest in 1913, and taught at Marlborough for three years; in 1914, aged 27, he was appointed headmaster of Repton School where he served for 18 years. In 1932, having left Repton, he was made Bishop of Chester. In 1939 he accepted the post of Bishop of London, the third most senior post in the Church of England. His term of office began shortly after the start of the Second World War, and his organising skills were required to keep the diocese functioning despite the devastation of the London Blitz.In 1944, the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple died suddenly, and <mask> was chosen to succeed him. He served from 1945 to 1961. One of the main themes of his time in office was church unity. He worked continually to build bridges to other Christian churches, and in 1960 became the first Archbishop of Canterbury to meet a Pope since the English Reformation, more than four centuries earlier. He overhauled the administration of the Church of England, strengthened international ties with other Anglican churches, and spoke out on a range of topical issues, from divorce to homosexuality, and the Suez crisis to nuclear disarmament. Theologically, <mask> was nearer the Evangelical wing of the Church than the Anglo-Catholic, but strongly believed that neither had a monopoly of religious truth. His predecessor and his successor at Canterbury – Temple and Michael Ramsey – were known for scholarly spirituality; <mask> was distinguished by a simple faith combined with outstanding organisational flair.In 1961 he retired from Canterbury and for the first time in his life became a parish priest, serving as honorary curate of a country parish in Dorset. He died in 1972, aged 85. Life and career

Early

masks:
Geoffrey Francis Fisher
Baron Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher


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 years

<mask> was born at the rectory, Higham on the Hill, Leicestershire, youngest of the ten children of the Rev <mask> and his wife Katherine, née Richmond. <mask> had served as rector of Higham since 1772: <mask>'s father and grandfather had preceded him; his eldest son, Legh, later held the post. After a short time in the Higham village school <mask> was sent to Lindley Lodge, a local preparatory school and in September 1901, having gained a scholarship, he entered Marlborough College, a public school in Wiltshire. He was greatly influenced by the headmaster, Frank Fletcher, an inspiring teacher, under whose guidance he did well both academically and in sport. From Marlborough, <mask> won a scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford, going up in October 1906.The college had a strong Anglican tradition with both the low church evangelical and high church Anglo-Catholic wings represented. <mask>, though temperamentally inclined to the former, felt that both had much to offer. He disapproved of those in either camp who believed they had a monopoly of the truth. He rowed and played rugby for the college and distinguished himself academically, leaving with a triple first. After completing his studies, <mask> declined two offers of lecturerships in theology from Oxford colleges. Although intellectually able he was not of an academic turn of mind. In the words of his biographer David Hein, "scholars must be intellectually imaginative and also persistently dissatisfied, even sceptical, in a way that <mask> never was".He said that he did not want "to go on asking questions to which there is no answer". He accepted an invitation from Fletcher to return to Marlborough as a member of the teaching staff, remaining there for three years, during which time he went to Wells Theological College during the long summer vacation in 1911, and was ordained deacon in 1912, and priest in 1913. Repton
In 1914 William Temple, the headmaster of Repton School, was appointed rector of the prominent parish of St James's, Piccadilly in London. He then encouraged <mask> to apply

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Fisher
Henry Fisher
A Fisher
Henry Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher
Fisher


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 for the  resulting vacancy at Repton, as did Fletcher. <mask>'s application was successful and he took up the headmastership in June 1914, at the age of 27. Within two months of his appointment <mask> was confronted by problems arising from the outbreak of the First World War. Six of his teaching staff volunteered for the armed forces, as did sixty of the senior boys.As well as coping with a reduced staff and apprehension and restlessness among the pupils, <mask> had to deal with the mixed legacy he had inherited from his predecessor. Although Temple was described as "religiously inspiring and intellectually stimulating", he was no disciplinarian or organiser. <mask> was characterised by The Times as combining "generous humanity and a completely unaffected manner with a passion for order and efficiency". <mask> was in charge of Repton for 18 years, during which he improved the facilities, instilled firm discipline and modernised the curriculum. His biographer Alan Webster writes:

Among <mask>'s pupils at Repton were Stuart Hampshire and Roald Dahl, both of whom complained that his personally administered beatings had been cruel. Other pupils admired "his combination of extreme competence, lack of self-concern, and genial humour" (Webster). While at Repton, <mask> met Rosamond Chevallier Forman, who was the daughter of a former master at Repton and a granddaughter of S. A. Pears, a famous headmaster of the school.They were married on 12 April 1917; they had six children, all sons. Webster writes that the marriage was lifelong and mutually supportive. By the early 1930s <mask> felt that it was time to move on from Repton, and was hoping for an appointment as a parish priest, preferably in a rural parish. Bishop of Chester

Temple had watched his successor's progress at Repton, and once again intervened to further <mask>'s career. Temple, by now Archbishop of York, commended <mask> to Cosmo Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Lang was impressed enough to put <mask>'s name on the short list (of two candidates) when the see of Chester became vacant on

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


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 the retirement of Luke Paget. At the time, bishops were appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.Ramsay MacDonald recommended <mask> to King George V; the appointment was approved, and on 21 September 1932 Temple consecrated <mask> bishop in York Minster, and the following week <mask> was enthroned as Bishop of Chester at Chester Cathedral. It was unusual for a bishop to be appointed without having any experience as a parish priest, and <mask> had to overcome reservations about him on that score from some of the clergy in his diocese. Webster writes that <mask> and his wife proved to be exceptionally hard-working, but the lack of previous pastoral experience showed:

<mask> became an advocate for rationalisation in many aspects of church life. He pointed out the discrepancies in the remuneration of the clergy, with some of them extremely poorly paid; he drew attention to the lack of a consistent appointment system; he intervened to save the Church Training College in Chester from threatened closure; strengthened the financial administration of the diocese; and campaigned for financial support of church schools, overseas missions and the widows of clergy. He was at the forefront of the Industrial Christian Fellowship Mission, and his commitment often took him to the slums of Birkenhead. In Webster's summary, "He was a confident bishop, never doubting the natural and pastoral role of the established church or experiencing the post-1900 questionings in philosophy and theology. He had no hesitations over his own faith".Bishop of London
In 1939 Arthur Winnington-Ingram, the long-serving Bishop of London, retired, aged 81. During his 38-year tenure the diocese was riven by factions and came close to disintegrating. It was clear that Winnington-Ingram's successor must be a man with a strong hand; <mask> was seen as one such, and Lang favoured his appointment. But although <mask>'s record as an organiser and disciplinarian was well known, his theological views were not, and the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, sought reassurance from

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


texts: Lang that <mask> was doctrinally sound. The archbishop told Chamberlain that <mask> was "undoubtedly a man of deep personal religion. His piety is that of the best type of English layman … he is very shy and humble about it (very English)". Chamberlain was reassured, and recommended to George VI that <mask> should succeed Winnington-Ingram.The King approved the appointment, but <mask> hesitated when offered it. He saw the great difficulties the turbulent diocese presented, and doubted his ability to unite it. After much private prayer, and reassurance from colleagues, he accepted and was enthroned as Bishop of London in St Paul's Cathedral in November 1939. The Second World War had broken out shortly before <mask> took up his London post, and from September 1940 the city suffered nightly bombing. Twenty-three Wren City churches were bombed by 1941, some beyond repair. Urgent action was needed to deal with devastated parishes. <mask> took the lead in the church assembly and in the House of Lords and the resulting measure was largely his work.Webster writes that <mask> showed courtesy, skill, and determination in "defeating ultra-conservative attitudes which would have prevented any episcopal intervention even in severely blitzed areas". <mask>, in the words of The Times, went about his duties "with a calm diligence which won general respect" and returned each night to sleep in the cellar at Fulham Palace. The war and the leadership of Temple – who succeeded Lang at Canterbury in 1942 – had begun to improve relations between the various Christian churches – Anglican, Roman Catholic and noncomformist. Though firmly Protestant in his views <mask> strongly supported this and acted as chairman of the joint committee in which the Anglican and Free Church "Religion and Life" movement cooperated with the Roman Catholic "Sword of the Spirit" led by Cardinal Hinsley, in the cause of "moral regeneration and social reform". <mask> was frustrated by the refusal of some Roman Catholics to say even the Lord's Prayer with Protestants. Hinsley's death in 1943 was

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


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 another blow to inter-church co-operation; his successor was opposed to it. Another only partial success for <mask> was his attempt to regulate the variety of forms of worship in London churches.The diocese had a tradition of High Church ritualism, and clerical dissent from the provisions of the Book of Common Prayer. <mask> sought to pursue the principle of apostolic authority to bring all parishes in the diocese back into conformity, but the matter was not resolved when he ceased to be Bishop of London in 1945. Archbishop of Canterbury

In October 1944 Archbishop Temple died suddenly. Cyril Garbett, the Archbishop of York, was nearly 70 and declined to succeed him at Canterbury. Many in the church hoped that the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, would appoint another reform-minded idealist such as George Bell, the Bishop of Chichester, but Churchill chose <mask>. Temple had hoped <mask> would be his successor, valuing his precision and administrative skill. Garbett, too, approved; he and <mask> were close personal friends.In his view Canterbury needed "a dynamic presence for some years, not a caretaker", and he welcomed working with <mask>. Nonetheless, after Churchill lost the 1945 general election, the Church was left, in Webster's words, with "a reforming Labour government" but "a conservative, headmasterly archbishop who, though warm-hearted, was determined to maintain the protestant establishment". According to The Times, Garbett and <mask> cooperated in the government of the Church in an unusually close manner made possible by strong mutual regard. "Garbett had a wider knowledge of social matters and was more at home than <mask> in the disputed territory which lies between religion and politics. <mask> was happy to have his hands free for the task of refurbishing the administrative structure of the Church". His obituarist in The Guardian wrote, "It was a grim and testing moment for any man to take up the highest position in the whole of the Anglican communion. He at once rose to it, partly by his clear self-knowledge that he was no Temple

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 and must never try to become one."Canon law
<mask> put considerable effort into revising the Church of England's canon law. The canons of 1604 were  still nominally in force, despite being substantially out of date. His efforts provoked bitter controversy. In 1946 he preached a university sermon at Cambridge on the theme that communion between the Church of England and the Free Churches was possible and should be pursued. His enthusiastic support for the World Council of Churches and his blessing of the new Church of South India, an Anglican and Free Church coalition, were viewed with hostility by some Anglo-Catholics. They suspected <mask> of fostering pan-Protestantism, and the force with which he criticised the exclusiveness of the Church of Rome added to their resistance. They regarded his detailed and painstaking revision of canon law with similar suspicion.The Times summed up:

<mask> also met resistance from liberals in the church, who regarded his canon law reforms as unduly bureaucratic and calculated to institute a regime of "prosecutions and petty persecutions". The reforms were eventually accepted, but it took many years: they were not formally adopted until 1969, under <mask>'s successor, Michael Ramsey. Marriages, coronation and divorces

<mask> officiated at the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey in 1947, and after her accession to the throne he led the coronation service in 1953, and crowned her as Queen. Shortly afterwards he was drawn into a controversy when the Queen's younger sister, Princess Margaret, was romantically linked with Peter Townsend, a divorced man. The Church of England regarded marriage as a lifelong commitment and divorcés or divorcées could not remarry in church. The princess decided not to marry Townsend, and although she stated that her decision had been made "entirely alone", mindful of the Church's teaching on the indissolubility of marriage, it was rumoured that <mask> had influenced her in taking a course widely regretted among the British public. The Prime Minister's son, Randolph

masks: Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher Fisher


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 Churchill, commented that the rumour "has done incalculable harm to the Church of England".One of <mask>'s aims during his 16 years as archbishop was to make the position of the Church about the marriage of divorced people widely understood and accepted. He staunchly upheld the rules that would have prevented Princess Margaret and Townsend from marrying in church, but in the words of The Guardian, he "combin[ed] that undoubted rigour with a profound compassion for all those whose lives had been ... wrecked by a disastrous marriage. That road lay over a knife-edge of perplexity and contradiction, but he trod it creatively." Church unity and administration
For <mask>, the most important initiative of his archiepiscopate was to advance the cause of Christian unity. Strengthening ties did not necessarily mean converging theologically. To <mask>, better relations grew out of free communication and mutual respect. In his speech at Cambridge in 1946 he urged full communion between the episcopal and non-episcopal churches, in which there were no barriers to exchanges of ministers and ministries.His efforts led to the prospect of union with the Methodists, and his visit to Rome in 1960 to meet Pope John XXIII. The Guardian reported that <mask> was received in the Vatican "not as a bishop on pilgrimage but as the Father in God of the entire Anglican Communion"; the visit marked the end of centuries of hostility between Canterbury and Rome. Parallel with his quest for inter-church Christian unity was <mask>'s concern to strengthen the community between the various international Churches within the Anglican Communion. Partly because of the enforced separation caused by the Second World War, worldwide Anglican ties had become weak. <mask> began in 1946 with a visit to Canada and the United States, during which he established or strengthened links between the English and the North American episcopates. After that he travelled continually to almost every part of the Anglican Communion, establishing that principle that "an Archbishop of Canterbury must be