texts:
 on games of chance, De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae, by Christiaan Huygens the Dutch physicist, mathematician, astronomer and inventor.In 1684, <mask>re moved to Paris to study physics, and for the first time had formal mathematics training with private lessons from Jacques Ozanam. Religious persecution in France became severe when King Louis XIV issued the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685, which revoked the Edict of Nantes, that had given substantial rights to French Protestants. It forbade Protestant worship and required that all children be baptised by Catholic priests. De Moivre was sent to Prieuré Saint-Martin-des-Champs, a school that the authorities sent Protestant children to for indoctrination into Catholicism. It is unclear when <mask>re left the Prieure de Saint-Martin and moved to England, since the records of the Prieure de Saint-Martin indicate that he left the school in 1688, but <mask>re and his brother presented themselves as Huguenots admitted to the Savoy Church in London on 28 August 1687. Middle years
By the time he arrived in London, <mask>re was a competent mathematician with a good knowledge of many of the standard texts. To make a living, <mask>re became a private tutor of mathematics, visiting his pupils or teaching in the coffee houses of London.De Moivre continued his studies of mathematics after visiting the Earl of Devonshire and seeing Newton's recent book, Principia Mathematica. Looking through the book, he realised that it was far deeper than the books that he had studied previously, and he became determined to read and understand it. However, as he was required to take extended walks around London to travel between his students, <mask>re had little time for study, so he tore pages from the book and carried them around in his pocket to read between lessons. According to a possibly apocryphal story,

masks:
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv


type: original

texts: Newton, in the later years of his life, used to refer people posing mathematical questions to him to <mask>re, saying, "He knows all these things better than I do." By 1692, <mask>re became friends with Edmond Halley and soon after with Isaac Newton himself. In 1695, Halley communicated <mask>re's first mathematics paper, which arose from his study of fluxions in the Principia Mathematica, to the Royal Society. This paper was published in the Philosophical Transactions that same year.Shortly after publishing this paper, <mask>re also generalised Newton's noteworthy binomial theorem into the multinomial theorem. The Royal Society became apprised of this method in 1697, and it made <mask>re a member two months later. After <mask>re had been accepted, Halley encouraged him to turn his attention to astronomy. In 1705, <mask>re discovered, intuitively, that "the centripetal force of any planet is directly related to its distance from the centre of the forces and reciprocally related to the product of the diameter of the evolute and the cube of the perpendicular on the tangent." In other words, if a planet, M, follows an elliptical orbit around a focus F and has a point P where PM is tangent to the curve and FPM is a right angle so that FP is the perpendicular to the tangent, then the centripetal force at point P is proportional to FM/(R*(FP)3) where R is the radius of the curvature at M. The mathematician Johann Bernoulli proved this formula in 1710. Despite these successes, <mask>re was unable to obtain an appointment to a chair of mathematics at any university, which would have released him from his dependence on time-consuming tutoring that burdened him more than it did most other mathematicians of the time. At least a part of the reason was a bias against his French origins.In November 1697 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal

masks:
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv


texts:
 Society and in 1712 was appointed to a commission set up by the society, alongside MM. Arbuthnot, Hill, Halley, Jones, Machin, Burnet, Robarts, Bonet, Aston, and Taylor to review the claims of Newton and Leibniz as to who discovered calculus. The full details of the controversy can be found in the Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy article. Throughout his life <mask>re remained poor. It is reported that he was a regular customer of old Slaughter's Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane at Cranbourn Street, where he earned a little money from playing chess. Later years
De Moivre continued studying the fields of probability and mathematics until his death in 1754 and several additional papers were published after his death. As he grew older, he became increasingly lethargic and needed longer sleeping hours.A common, though disputable, claim is that he noted he was sleeping an extra 15 minutes each night and correctly calculated the date of his death as the day when the sleep time reached 24 hours, 27 November 1754. On that day he did in fact die, in London and his body was buried at St Martin-in-the-Fields, although his body was later moved. Probability

De Moivre pioneered the development of analytic geometry and the theory of probability by expanding upon the work of his predecessors, particularly Christiaan Huygens and several members of the Bernoulli family. He also produced the second textbook on probability theory, The Doctrine of Chances: a method of calculating the probabilities of events in play. (The first book about games of chance, Liber de ludo aleae (On Casting the Die), was written by Girolamo Cardano in the 1560s, but it was not published until 1663.) This book came out in four editions, 1711 in Latin, and in English in 1718, 1738, and 1756. In the later editions of his book, <mask>re included his unpublished

masks:
de Moiv
de Moiv


texts:
 result of 1733, which is the first statement of an approximation to the binomial distribution in terms of what we now call the normal or Gaussian function.This was the first method of finding the probability of the occurrence of an error of a given size when that error is expressed in terms of the variability of the distribution as a unit, and the first identification of the calculation of probable error. In addition, he applied these theories to gambling problems and actuarial tables. An expression commonly found in probability is n! but before the days of calculators calculating n! for a large n was time consuming. In 1733 <mask> proposed the formula for estimating a factorial as n! = cn(n+1/2)e−n.He obtained an approximate expression for the constant c but it was James Stirling who found that c was . De Moivre also published an article called "Annuities upon Lives" in which he revealed the normal distribution of the mortality rate over a person's age. From this he produced a simple formula for approximating the revenue produced by annual payments based on a person's age. This is similar to the types of formulas used by insurance companies today. Priority regarding the Poisson distribution
Some results on the Poisson distribution were first introduced by <mask>re in De Mensura Sortis seu; de Probabilitate Eventuum in Ludis a Casu Fortuito Pendentibus in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, p. 219. As a result, some authors have argued that the Poisson distribution should bear the name of <mask>re. De Moivre's formula
In 1707, <mask>re derived an equation from which one can deduce:

which he was able to prove for all positive integers n. In 1722, he presented equations from which one can deduce the better known form of <mask>re's Formula:

In 1749 Euler proved this formula for any real n using Euler's

masks:
de Moivre
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv
de Moiv


texts:
 formula, which makes the proof quite straightforward.This formula is important because it relates complex numbers and trigonometry. Additionally, this formula allows the derivation of useful expressions for cos(nx) and sin(nx) in terms of cos(x) and sin(x). Stirling's approximation
De Moivre had been studying probability, and his investigations required him to calculate binomial coefficients, which in turn required him to calculate factorials. In 1730 <mask> published his book Miscellanea Analytica de Seriebus et Quadraturis [Analytic Miscellany of Series and Integrals], which included tables of log (n!). For large values of n, <mask>re approximated the coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion. Specifically, given a positive integer n, where n is even and large, then the coefficient of the middle term of (1 + 1)n is approximated by the equation:

On June 19, 1729, James Stirling sent to <mask>re a letter, which illustrated how he calculated the coefficient of the middle term of a binomial expansion (a + b)n for large values of n.  In 1730, Stirling published his book Methodus Differentialis [The Differential Method], in which he included his series for log (n! ):

,

so that for large , .On November 12, 1733, <mask>re privately published and distributed a pamphlet – Approximatio ad Summam Terminorum Binomii (a + b)n in Seriem expansi [Approximation of the Sum of the Terms of the Binomial (a + b)n expanded into a Series] – in which he acknowledged Stirling's letter and proposed an alternative expression for the central term of a binomial expansion. Celebrations
On 25 November 2017, a colloquium was organised in Saumur by Dr Conor Maguire, with the patronage of the French National Commission of UNESCO, to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the birth of <mask>re and the fact that he studied for two years at the Academy


texts:
 of Saumur. The colloquium was titled <mask> Moivre : le Mathématicien, sa vie et son œuvre and covered De Moivre's important contributions to the development of complex numbers, see De Moivre's formula, and to probability theory, see De Moivre–Laplace theorem. The colloquium traced De Moivre's life and his exile in London where he became a highly respected friend of Isaac Newton. Nonetheless, he lived on modest means which he generated partly by his sessions advising gamblers in the Old Slaughter's Coffee House on the probabilities associated with their endeavours! On 27 November 2016, Professor Christian Genest of the McGill University (Montreal) marked the 262nd anniversary of the death of <mask>re with a colloquium in Limoges titled <mask> Moivre : Génie en exil which discussed De Moivre's famous approximation of the binomial law which inspired the central limit theorem. See also
De Moivre number
De Moivre quintic
Economic model
Gaussian integral
Poisson distribution

Notes

References
 See de Moivre's Miscellanea Analytica (London: 1730) pp 26–42.H. J. R. Murray, 1913. History of Chess. Oxford University Press: p 846. <mask>, I., 2005, "The doctrine of chances" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: pp 105–20

Further reading

 The Doctrine of Chance at MathPages. Biography (PDF), Matthew Maty's Biography of <mask> Moivre, Translated, Annotated and Augmented. Excerpt from Trigonometric Delights (dead link)
 <mask>, On the Law of Normal Probability

1667 births
1754 deaths
People from Vitry-le-François
Huguenots
17th-century French people
18th-century French people
17th-century French mathematicians
18th-century French mathematicians
Probability theorists
French statisticians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Prussian Academy

masks:
Abraham de
de Moiv
Abraham de
Schneider
Abraham De
de Moivre


texts:
<mask> (, born 13 September 1972 in Tehran), is an Iranian actor, theatre director, acting instructor, painter, playwright and translator. Biography
<mask> was born on 13 September 1972 in Tehran, Iran. He is an actor; theatre director, acting instructor, playwright, painter, and translator. From 1984 to 1990, when he was in high school, he created his first comic strips. According to the information holds on his official website, these comic stories never has been published. Having graduated from high school with Math and Physics major in 1990, he started his academic studies in painting at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Tehran in 1991. Where, in the same year, he also started acting on stage in different university plays.<mask> <mask> also worked as a voice-over actor from 1993 to 1997. His first film role came at the age of 22 in 1994, playing a brief part in Dariush Mehrjui's Pari. In the same year, he studied “Stanislavsky's acting method” under acting instructor Mahin Oskouei, the Iranian theater director and instructor and Iran's pioneering female theatre arts figure. In 1995 he continued his studies in acting at Samandarian Institute of Dramatic Arts under renowned Iranian film and theatre director, translator, and acting instructor Hamid Samandarian. His stage debut was in the same year. He performed in Les Misérables directed by Behrouz Gharibpour, Iranian theatre director and pioneer of traditional Persian puppet theatre, and played as Marius Pontmercy; however, he became involved in theatre while he was studying painting at the University of Tehran and even before playing Marius. Having graduated with a bachelor's degree from Tehran University's Faculty of Fine Arts in painting in 1997, he performed in The Lady Aoi by Yukio Mishima, directed by Bahram Beyzaie, and played the role of Hikaru.This was his second official appearance on the stage of the theatre. <mask> <mask> officially started working on his own personal projects for the stage in 2001,

masks:
Parsa Pirouzfar
Parsa Pirouzfar
Parsa
Pirouzfar
Parsa
Pirouzfar


texts:
 and he made his directional debut in theatre with 'Art', a play by Yasmina Reza. He gave acting courses as a theatre instructor at Karnameh Institute of Arts and Culture as well as in extracurricular acting classes at Allameh Tabatabaie University in 2004 and 2005 and also at Hilaj Film School  in 2007, 2010, and 2011. Since graduation from high school, <mask> <mask> has also been involved periodically in sculpture, graphic design, and making teasers. <mask> <mask> is a founder member of Iranian Theatre Actors Association, member of Khaneh Cinema (Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds), member of Iranian Film Actors Association (I.F.A.A.) and The Theatre Forum. Matryoshka (play)
In 2015 <mask> <mask> directed the play Matryoshka, a Persian-language satire based on selected short stories of Anton Chekhov, translated, written, and directed by <mask> <mask>.Matryoshka first premiered on 13 September 2015 at Theatre West, as a solo performance, in Los Angeles. The play has over 30 characters  all performed by the playwright and theatre director <mask> <mask> in its theatrical production. Matryoshka subsequently ran for two years in the US cities of Los Angeles, San Diego, and Berkeley as well as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal in Canada in 2015 and 2016; and finally, after multiple performances due to its immense popularity, finished its staging in Tehran in Iran in 2017. Matryoshka was particularly important to <mask> <mask>'s career. His unique performance playing over 30 characters of the play all by himself was stunningly iconic. Matryoshka earned him the Golden Statue Award for Best Actor in the 35th Celebration of the annual Fajr International Theatre Festival in Tehran, Iran in 2017. Filmography

Feature films

Short films

TV series

Home video

Theatre

Voice acting

Awards

 The 35th 'Fajr International Theatre Festival', 2017

The Best Actor for Matryoshka

Jaam-e-jam International TV Network, 2010

The Best Actor by the Audience in In the Wind's Eye

 The 15th

masks: Parsa Pirouzfar Parsa Pirouzfar Parsa Pirouzfar Parsa Pirouzfar Parsa Pirouzfar Parsa Pirouzfar


texts:
 China 'Golden Rooster & Hundred Flowers Film Festival', 2006

Golden Rooster Award, The Best Foreign Feature Actor by the Audience in The Tear of the Cold

 The 7th 'Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian Cinema', Delhi 2005

Asian Competition, The Best Actor in Tear of the Cold

 The 8th Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2004
Best Supporting Actor in Mama's Guest

Nominations

 Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2004, Best Actor in Tear of the Cold.Fajr International Film Festival 2004, Best Supporting Actor in Mama's Guest
 Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2000, Best Supporting Actor in Protest
 Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 1999, Best Actor in Sheida

Member of jury

 9th Iranian Film Festival Australia (IFFA), 2020
Theatre Forum, 2010-2011
 14th Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2010
 10th Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2001
 9th Celebration of 'Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)', 2000

Association memberships

 Iranian Theatre Actors Association, founder member
 Khaneh Cinema (The Iranian Alliance of Motion Picture Guilds)
 Iranian Film Actors Association (I.F.A.A.) Iranian Theatre Actors Association
 Theatre Forum

Teaching and instructing

 Freelance Workshops and Acting Classes
 Hilaj Film School, 2007, 2010 & 2011
 Extracurricular Acting Classes of Allameh Tabatabaie University, 2004–2005
 Karnameh Institute of Arts and Culture, 2004–2005

References

External links

1972 births
Dramaturges
Iranian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
21st-century dramatists and playwrights
Iranian theatre directors
Iranian translators
Living people
People from Tehran
Postmodern writers
University of Tehran faculty
Modernist theatre
Method


texts:
<mask> (; 2 April 1838 – 31 December 1882) was a French lawyer and republican politician who proclaimed the French Third Republic in 1870 and played a prominent role in its early government. Early life and education
Born in Cahors, <mask> is said to have inherited his vigour and eloquence from his father, a Genoese grocer who had married a Frenchwoman named Massabie. At the age of fifteen, <mask> lost the sight of his right eye in an accident, and it eventually had to be removed. Despite this handicap, he distinguished himself at school in Cahors. He then worked at his father's grocery shop in Cahors, the Bazar génois ("Genoese bazaar"), and in 1857 went to study at the Faculty of Law of Paris. His temperament gave him great influence among the students of the Quartier latin, and he was soon known as an inveterate enemy of the imperial government. Career

<mask> was called to the bar in 1859.He was admitted to the Conférence Molé in 1861 and wrote to his father, "It is no mere lawyers club, but a veritable political assembly with a left, a right, a center; legislative proposals are the sole subject of discussion. It is there that are formed all the political men of France; it is a veritable training ground for the tribune." <mask>, like many other French orators, learned the art of public speaking at the Molé. However, although he contributed to a Liberal review edited by Challemel-Lacour, <mask> did not make much of an impression until, on 17 November 1868, he was selected to defend the journalist Delescluze. Delescluze was being prosecuted for having promoted a monument to the

masks:
Léon Gambetta
Gambetta
Gambetta
Gambetta
Gambetta
Gambetta


texts:
 representative Baudin, who had been killed while resisting the coup d'état of 1851, and <mask> seized his opportunity to attack both the coup d'état and the government with a vigour which made him immediately famous. In May 1869, he was elected to the Assembly, both by a district in Paris and another in Marseille, defeating Hippolyte Carnot for the former constituency and Adolphe Thiers and Ferdinand de Lesseps for the latter. He chose to sit for Marseille, and lost no opportunity of attacking the Empire in the Assembly.Early in his political career, <mask> was influenced by Le Programme de Belleville, the seventeen statutes that defined the radical program in French politics throughout the Third Republic. This made him the leading defender of the lower classes in the Corps Législatif. On 17 January 1870, he spoke out against naming a new Imperial Lord Privy Seal, putting him into direct conflict with the regime's de facto prime minister, Emile Ollivier. (see Reinach, J., Discours et plaidoyers politiques de M. <mask>, I.102 – 113) His powerful oratory caused a complete breakdown of order in the Corps. The Monarchist Right continually tried to interrupt his speech, only to have <mask>'s supporters on the Left attack them. The disagreement reached a high point when M. le Président Schneider asked him to bring his supporters back into order. Gambetta responded, thundering, "l'indignation exclut le calme!"("indignation excludes calm!") (Reinach, Discours et plaidoyers politiques de M. Gambetta, I.112)

It is also in 1869 that <mask> is initiated into Freemasonry at ″La Réforme″ lodge in

masks: Gambetta Gambetta Gambetta Gambetta Gambetta


texts:
 Paris, sponsored by Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès. In this lodge he met Gustave Naquet and Maurice Rouvier. Proclamation of the Republic

<mask> opposed the declaration of the Franco-Prussian War. He did not, however, like some of his colleagues, refuse to vote for funds for the army. On 2 September 1870, the French Army suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sedan, in which the emperor Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner. The news arrived in Paris on the night of 3 September, and early on 4 September large-scale protests began in the capital.Parisians broke into the Palais Bourbon, meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies, interrupting a session and calling for a Republic. Later that day, from the Hôtel de Ville, Gambetta proclaimed the French Republic to a large crowd gathered in the Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville:Frenchmen! The people has forestalled the Chamber which was wavering. To save the Nation in danger, it has asked for the Republic. It has put its representatives not in power, but in peril. The Republic was victorious against the invasion of 1792: the Republic is proclaimed. The Revolution has been carried in the name of the right of public safety

Citizens, watch over the City which is entrusted to you, tomorrow, along with the army, you shall avenge the Nation!Government of National Defense

<mask> was one of the first members of the new Government of National Defense, becoming Minister of the Interior. He advised his colleagues to leave Paris and run the government from some provincial city. This advice was rejected because of fear of another revolution in

masks: Gambetta Gambetta


texts:
 Paris, and a delegation to organize resistance in the provinces was dispatched to Tours, but when this was seen to be ineffective, <mask> himself left Paris 7 October in a coal gas-filled balloon—the "Armand-Barbès"—and upon arriving at Tours took control as minister of the interior and of war. Aided by Freycinet, a young officer of engineers, as his assistant secretary of war, he displayed prodigious energy and intelligence. He quickly organized an army, which might have relieved Paris if Metz had held out, but Bazaine's surrender brought the army of the Prussian prince Friederich Karl back into the field, and success was impossible. After the French defeat near Orléans early in December the seat of government was transferred to Bordeaux. Self-exile to San Sebastián

Gambetta had hoped for a republican majority in the general elections on 8 February 1871.These hopes vanished when the conservatives and Monarchists won nearly 2/3 of the six hundred Assembly seats. He had won elections in eight different départements, but the ultimate victor was the Orléanist Adolphe Thiers, winner of twenty-three elections. Thiers's conservative and bourgeois intentions clashed with the growing expectations of political power by the lower classes. Hoping to continue his policy of "guerre à outrance" against the Prussian invaders, he tried in vain to rally the Assembly to the war cause. However, Thiers' peace treaty on 1 March 1871 ended the conflict. <mask>, disgusted with the Assembly's unwillingness to fight, resigned and quit France for San Sebastián in Spain. While in San Sebastián, Gambetta walked


texts:
 the beaches daily, the warm sea winds of early spring doing little to refresh his mind.Meanwhile, the Paris Commune had taken control of the city. Despite his earlier career, <mask> voiced his opposition to the Commune in a letter to Antonin Proust, his former secretary while Minister of the Interior, in which he referred to the Commune as "les horribles aventures dans lesquelles s’engage ce qui reste de cette malheureuse France - the ghastly madness blighting what remains of our poor France "

<mask>'s stance has been explained by reference to his status as a republican lawyer, who fought from the bar instead of the barricade and also to his father having been a grocer in Marseille. As a small-scale producer during the decades of the Second Industrial Revolution in France, <mask> was nearly ruined by the competition of new chain-store food shops. This sort of "big business" made the hard-working middle-class - "petite bourgeoise" - very resentful, not only of bourgeois industrial capitalism, but also of the working class, which now held the status of backbone of the French economy, rather than the class of small, independent shopkeepers. This resentment may have been passed down from father to son, and manifested itself in an unwillingness to support the lower-class Communards in their usurpation of what the "petite bourgeoisie" had won a certain hegemony over. Return

On 24 June 1871, a letter was sent by Gambetta to his Parisian confidant, Dr. Édouard Fieuzal:

<mask> returned to the political stage and won on three separate ballots. On 5 November 1871 he established a journal, La

masks:
Gambetta
Gambetta
Joseph Gambetta
Gambetta


texts: Republique française, which soon became the most influential in France.His public speeches were more effective than those delivered in the Assembly, especially the one at Bordeaux. His turn towards moderate republicanism first became apparent in Firminy, a small coal-mining town along the Loire River. There, he boldly proclaimed the radical republic he once supported to be "avoided like the plague" (se tenir éloignés comme de la peste) (Discours, III.5). From there, he went to Grenoble. On 26 September 1872, he proclaimed the future of the Republic to be in the hands of "a new social level" (une couche sociale nouvelle) (Discours, III.101), ostensibly the petite bourgeoisie to which his father belonged. When Adolphe Thiers resigned in May 1873, and a Royalist, Marshal MacMahon, was placed at the head of the government, Gambetta urged his friends to a moderate course. By his tact, parliamentary dexterity and eloquence, he was instrumental in voting in the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 in February 1875.He gave this policy the appropriate name of "opportunism," and became one of the leader of the "Opportunist Republicans." On 4 May 1877, he denounced "clericalism" as the enemy. During the 16 May 1877 crisis, <mask>, in a speech at Lille on 15 August called on President MacMahon se soumettre ou se démettre, to submit to parliament's majority or to resign. <mask> then campaigned to rouse the republican party throughout France, which culminated in a speech at Romans (18 September 1878) formulating its programme. MacMahon, unwilling both to resign and to provoke civil war, had no choice


texts: but to dismiss his advisers and form a moderate republican ministry under the premiership of Dufaure. When the downfall of the Dufaure cabinet brought about MacMahon's resignation, <mask> declined to become a candidate for the presidency, but supported Jules Grévy; nor did he attempt to form a ministry, but accepted the office of president of the chamber of deputies in January 1879. This position did not prevent his occasionally descending from the presidential chair to make speeches, one of which, advocating an amnesty to the communards, was especially memorable.Although he directed the policy of the various ministries from behind the scenes, he evidently thought that the time was not ripe for asserting openly his direction of the policy of the Republic, and seemed inclined to observe a neutral attitude as far as possible. However, events hurried him on, and early in 1881 he headed off a movement for restoring scrutin de liste, or the system by which deputies are returned by the entire department which they represent, so that each elector votes for several representatives at once, in place of scrutin d'arrondissement, the system of small constituencies, giving one member to each district and one for vote to each elector. A bill to re-establish scrutin de liste was passed by the Assembly on 19 May 1881, but rejected by the Senate on 19 June. This personal rebuff could not alter the fact that his name was on the lips of voters at the election. His supporters won a large majority, and Jules Ferry's cabinet quickly resigned. <mask> was unwillingly asked by Grévy on 24 November 1881 to form


texts:
 a ministry, known as Le Grand Ministère. Many suspected him of desiring a dictatorship; unjust attacks were directed against him from all sides, and his cabinet fell on 26 January 1882, after only sixty-six days.Had he remained in office, he would have cultivated the British alliance and cooperated with Britain in Egypt; and when the succeeding Freycinet government shrank from that enterprise only to see it undertaken with signal success by Britain alone, <mask>'s foresight was quickly justified. On 31 December 1882, at his house in Ville d'Avray, near Sèvres, he died from intestine or stomach cancer. Even though he was wounded a month earlier from an accidental revolver discharge, the injury had not been life-threatening. Five artists, Jules Bastien-Lepage, a realist painter, Antonin Proust, defensor of the vanguard who <mask> had named Minister of Beaux-Arts, <mask>, an academic painter, Alexandre Falguière, who did his mortuary mask, and his personal photographer Étienne Carjat all sat at his death-bed, making five widely different representations of him which were each published by the press the following day. His public funeral was on 6 January 1883. Personal life

The romance of his life was his connection with <mask>ie <mask>, the full details of which were not known to the public till her death in 1906. She was the daughter of a creole French artillery officer.Gambetta fell in love with her in 1871. She became his mistress, and the liaison lasted until he died. Gambetta constantly urged her to marry him during this period, but she always refused, fearing to compromise his career;

masks:
Gambetta
Gambetta
Léon Bonnat
Léon
Léon


texts:
 she remained, however, his confidante and intimate adviser in all his political plans. It seems she had just consented to become his wife, and the date of the marriage had been fixed, when the accident which caused his death occurred in her presence. Contradictory accounts of this fatal episode exist, but it was certainly accidental, and not suicide. Her influence on Gambetta was absorbing, both as lover and as politician, and the correspondence which has been published shows how much he depended upon her. However, some of her later recollections are untrustworthy.For example, she claimed that an actual interview took place in 1878 between <mask> and Bismarck. That Gambetta after 1875 felt strongly that the relations between France and Germany might be improved, and that he made it his object, by travelling incognito, to become better acquainted with Germany and the adjoining states, may be accepted, but M. Laur appears to have exaggerated the extent to which any actual negotiations took place. On the other hand, the increased knowledge of <mask>'s attitude towards European politics which later information has supplied confirms the view that in him France lost prematurely a master mind, whom she could ill spare. In April 1905 a monument by Dalou to his memory at Bordeaux was unveiled by President Loubet. Legacy

A tall  was planned in 1884 and erected in 1888 in the central space of the Louvre Palace, now Cour Napoléon. That initiative carried heavy political symbolism, since <mask> was widely viewed as the founder of the Third Republic, and his outsized celebration in the middle of

masks: Gambetta Gambetta Gambetta


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 Napoleon III's Louvre expansion thus affirmed the final victory of republicanism over monarchism nearly a century after the French Revolution - in the same vein, the Gambetta monument visually overpowered Napoleon's comparatively diminutive Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. Most of the monument's sculptures were in bronze and in 1941 were melted for military use by German occupying forces.What remained of the Gambetta Monument was dismantled in 1954. A stone urn containing Gambetta's heart was placed in 1920 in the monumental staircase leading to the crypt of the Panthéon in Paris. The Russian red quartzite stone that was used for the urn was part of the same shipment that was used for Napoleon's tomb at Les Invalides. Gambetta's Ministry, 14 November 1881 – 26 January 1882

<mask> – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jean-Baptiste Campenon – Minister of War
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau – Minister of the Interior
François Allain-Targé – Minister of Finance
Jules Cazot – Minister of Justice
Maurice Rouvier – Minister of the Colonies and of Commerce
Auguste Gougeard – Minister of Marine
Paul Bert – Minister of Public Instruction and Worship
Antonin Proust – Minister of the Arts
Paul Devès – Minister of Agriculture
David Raynal – Minister of Public Works
Adolphe Cochery – Minister of Posts and Telegraphs

See also

 List of works by Alexandre Falguière

References

Sources and further reading

 Bury, J. P. T.  <mask> and the Making of the Third Republic (Longman, 1973). Bury, J. P. T. "Gambetta and the Revolution of 4 September 1870." Cambridge Historical Journal 4#3 (1934):

masks:
Léon Gambetta
Gambetta


texts:
 263-82. online. Everdell, William R. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Foley, Susan, and Charles Sowerwine. 'A Political Romance: <mask>, <mask> <mask> and the Making of the French Republic, 1872-82 (Springer, 2012). Foley, Susan. "'Your letter is divine, irresistible, infernally seductive': <mask>, <mask> <mask>, and Nineteenth-Century Epistolary Culture." French Historical Studies 30.2 (2007): 237-267 online. Lehning, James R. "Gossiping about Gambetta: Contested Memories in the Early Third Republic."French Historical Studies (1993): 237-254 online. Marzials, Frank Thomas. Life of <mask> (WH Allen, 1890) online. Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>, and Violette M. Montagu. Gambetta: Life and Letters (T. Fisher Unwin, 1910). Gambetta. Discours et plaidoyers politiques de M. <mask>, published by J. Reinach in 11 vols.(Paris, 1881–1886)
 Gambetta  Dépêches, circulaires, décrets… in 2 vols. (Paris, 1886–1891)
 F Laur Le Creur de Gambetta (1907, Eng. trans., 1908) contains the correspondence with <mask>ie Leon
 Caricatures de <mask>ambetta Caricatures et Caricature

1838 births
1882 deaths
People from Cahors
French people of Italian descent
People of Ligurian descent
Politicians from Occitania (administrative region)
French republicans
Republican Union (France) politicians
Prime Ministers of France
French Foreign Ministers
French interior ministers
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (France)
Members of the 1st Chamber of

masks:
Léon Gambetta
Léonie
Léon
Léon Gambetta
Léonie
Léon
Léon Gambetta
Gambetta
Léon
Gambetta
Léon
Léon G


texts:
 Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
French people of the Franco-Prussian War
Paris Commune
French radicals
French politicians with physical disabilities
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in France
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
French


texts:
<mask> (born 1966 Reading, England) is a British poet, novelist, and translator. Life
He grew up in Renfrewshire where he went to Kilmacolm Primary School, Houston Primary School, and Gryffe High School. He studied at Napier College, in journalism, and graduated the University of Strathclyde in English and Librarianship, with a joint first. He earned a PhD at University of Strathclyde. Career
He has worked with artists in sculpture, digital art, artist's books and music. His collaborators include Julie Johnstone, Simon Lewandowski, Karen Bleitz, Caroline Trettine and Ronald King. He is a lyricist and vocalist in the band Mirabeau and, later, The Loss Adjustors.His translations include the Guillaume Apollinaire poems in Eftirs / Afters (with translations of other French modernists by Donny O'Rourke, Au Quai, 1996) and the Louise Labé poems in Lute Variations (Rack Press, 2005). In the 1990s he co-edited the poetry magazines Gairfish (with W. N. Herbert), Verse (with Robert Crawford, Henry Hart, David Kinloch, and others) and Southfields (with Raymond Friel). At this time he also ran the poetry publisher Vennel Press with Leona Medlin, publishing books by W.N. Herbert, Elizabeth James, David Kinloch, Peter McCarey, Medlin and <mask> themselves, and others. He was one of the group associated with Informationist poetry, coining the phrase. He introduced Informationist ideas in 1991 in the magazine Interference and, later, in his introduction to the anthology of Informationist poetry Contraflow on the Superhighway, co-edited with Herbert (Gairfish and Southfields, 1994). He currently edits the magazine Painted, spoken.From 2003 to

masks:
Richard John Price
Price


texts: 2010 he was Head of Modern British Collections at the British Library, London, curating exhibitions that included Ted Hughes: The Page is Printed (2004)  and The Possibility of Poetry: From Migrant magazine to artists' books (2007). He has written on the history of the modern literary magazine in the United Kingdom, co-authoring with David Miller British Poetry Magazines 1914-2000: A History and Bibliography of 'Little Magazines''' (British Library, 2006). From 2010 to 2014 he was the Head of Content and Research Strategy at the Library, before becoming the first Head of Contemporary British Collections there, a department devoted to print, digital, manuscripts and sound.Lucky Day which reflects on the disability of his daughter, who has Angelman syndrome, was shortlisted for the Forward First Collection Prize, the Jerwood Aldburgh Prize and the  Whitbread prize.Rays (Carcanet), containing many love poems as well as variations on the sonnets and canzone of Louise Labé and Guido Cavalcanti was shortlisted for a Scottish Book Award. In 2010 he published The Island (Two Ravens Press) a novel about a father and young daughter who, as an act of revenge, steal a car. It draws on characters who first appeared in his short story collection A Boy in Summer (Neil Wilson / 11:9, 2002). In 2011 the musical project for which he was the principal lyricist, Mirabeau, released its first album, Golden Key. Several of the songs are settings of poems from his earlier poetry collections while others are closer to rock and folk genres of songwriting.Mirabeau comprised <mask> (as lyricist and vocalist) and the singer-songwriter Caroline Trettine


texts:
 with contributions by various musicians including Ian Kearey (of The Blue Aeroplanes). In 2012 his poem "Hedge Sparrows" was chosen to represent Great Britain in the Olympics project the Written World, and recorded for BBC radio by the actor Jim Broadbent. In the same year his collection Small World (Carcanet) was published, a collection of poems about fatherhood and daughters and their changing relationship, and, in a final, suspenseful sequence, a catastrophe which brings all the lives in the book into perspective. Small World won <mask>'s first major award to win the poetry category of the Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Book Awards. A poem from the collection, 'An old drawer up beyond the children', was subsequently produced as an animation by Michael Hughes. In 2013 <mask> was Poet in Residence at the University of Coimbra, in association with Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal. In 2013 and 2014 he toured with Iain Bamforth, David Kinloch, Peter McCarey as "The Last Men on Mercury", appearing in Manchester, London, Geneva, Stasbourg and Glasgow and featuring guest poets including Lucy Burnett, Dorothy Lehane, Hannah Lowe, and Peter Manson.In 2014 the Slovakian film-maker Viera Čákanyová made a short film about his work, filming while he was on tour in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland. In 2015 the second (and final) Mirabeau album was released, Age of Exploration. <mask> would later form The Loss Adjustors with Roberto Sainz de la Maza, who appeared as a guitarist on many Mirabeau tracks, and with Elisa

In 2016 he published Is This A Poem? (Molecular Press), selected essays on lyric poetry, little magazines, and artist's

masks: Price Price Price


texts:
 books. In 2017 his collection Moon for Sale (Carcanet) was published and subsequently shortlisted for the Saltire Society's Poetry Book of the Year. That year his collaboration with the artist Ronald King, Sedna and the Fulmar was also published, by Circle Press. Its focus on an episode in the Inuit spiritual world would be amplified later in his next Carcanet collection The Owner of the Sea: Three Inuit Sequences Retold (Carcanet, 2021).In 2018 he collaborated with the artist Julie Johnstone to produce the satirical work, Digital (essence press). At this time he began to work with Roberto Sainz de la Maza who composed the music, produced and played on the resulting album by The Loss Adjustors, The World Brims (2020). It features <mask> on vocals with the singer Elisa de Leon. All of the lyrics are written by <mask>, with many of the tracks based on poems in Moon for Sale as well as on newer, uncollected work. David Miller, <mask> (eds), British Poetry Magazines 1914-2000: A History and Bibliography (Oak Knoll Press/The British Library, 2006). David Kinloch, <mask> (eds), La Nouvelle Alliance: influences francophone sur la littérature écossaise moderne (Ellug, 2000)
James McGonigal, <mask> (eds) The Star You Steer By: Basil Bunting and British Modernism (Rodopi, 2000)
<mask>, Is This A Poem?'' (Molecular, 2016).Reviews

References

External links
 Official Website
 Poetry Recordings within Archive of the Now
 Poetry Recordings within The Poetry Archive
 The Loss Adjustors on Bandcamp
 Profile at Scottish Poetry Library

1966 births
Living people
Print editors
Scottish poets
English poets
People from Renfrewshire
English male

masks:
Price
Price
Richard Price
Richard Price
Richard Price
Richard Price


texts:
<mask>,  (born June 27, 1931) is a Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist and is a member of the Canadian Jewish Bronfman family. With an estimated net worth of $2.5 billion (as of 2021), Bronfman was ranked by Forbes as the 27th wealthiest Canadian and 1249th in the world. Biography
Bronfman was born into a Jewish family in Montreal. He is the son of Samuel Bronfman and Saidye Rosner Bronfman. He has two older sisters, the art patron Baroness Aileen "Minda" Bronfman de Gunzberg, and architecture expert and developer Phyllis Lambert. His older brother, <mask>, Sr., was his fellow co-chair of Seagram. <mask>. is Edgar's son.He was educated at Selwyn House School in Montreal, Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, and McGill University. Bronfman said he is Canadian in his heart but wanted to get dual citizenship to vote in the United States. Business career
Bronfman held various positions in the family's liquor empire, Seagram, from 1951 to 2000. In 1951 Bronfman's father Samuel Bronfman gave <mask> a 33% ownership stake in Cemp Investments, a holding company for him and his 3 siblings which controlled the family's corporate empire. Under the leadership of <mask> and brother Edgar, it controlled billions of dollars in liquor, real estate, oil and gas, and chemical companies. Bronfman and his brother, Edgar, inherited the Seagram spirits empire in 1971 after the death of their father, <mask>. Bronfman is a former co-chairman of the Seagram Company Ltd. On the demise of the company: "It was a disaster, it is a disaster, it will be a disaster," he says."It was a family tragedy." Bronfman was also well known for his forays into

masks:
Charles Bronfman
Edgar Bronfman
Edgar Bronfman Jr
Charles
Charles
Sam Bronfman


texts:
 professional sports. He was majority owner of the Montreal Expos franchise in Major League Baseball from the team's formation in 1968 until 1990. In 1982, a day after the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League collapsed due to financial troubles, Bronfman bought their remains and used them to start a new franchise, the Montreal Concordes. This venture proved far less successful – despite later rebranding the team as the Alouettes, the team folded prior to the start of the 1987 CFL season. Since 1986, he has served as chairman of The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies, Inc. He planned to close the foundation in 2016.From November 1997 until July 2002, Bronfman was the chairman of the board of Koor Industries Ltd., one of Israel's largest investment holding companies. He is the co-chairman of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada. From 1999 to 2001, Bronfman was the first chairman of the United Jewish Communities, the merged North American organization comprising United Jewish Appeal, the Council of Jewish Federations and United Israel Appeal. In April 2013, Bronfman was one of 100 prominent American Jews who sent a letter to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu urging him to "work closely" with Secretary of State John Kerry "to devise pragmatic initiatives, consistent with Israel's security needs, which would represent Israel's readiness to make painful territorial sacrifices for the sake of peace." Philanthropy
He and Michael Steinhardt co-founded Taglit Birthright, a program which provides a free, educational travel experience to Israel for young Jewish adults. Bronfman is one of its principal donors. Since


texts: 1999, the program has sent more than 700,000 young Jews from around the world on a 10-day free trip to Israel.In 1991, Bronfman with billionaire Leslie Wexner formed the "Mega Group", a loosely organized club of some the wealthiest and most influential businessmen who were concerned with Jewish issues. Max Fisher, Michael Steinhardt, Leonard Abramson, <mask> Sr., and Laurence Tisch were some of the members. The "Mega Group" would meet twice a year for two days of seminars related to the topic of philanthropy and Jewishness. In 1998, Steven Spielberg spoke about his personal religious journey, and later the group discussed Jewish summer camps. The "Mega Group", went on to inspire a number of philanthropic initiatives such as the Partnership for Excellence in Jewish Education, Birthright Israel, and the upgrading of national Hillel. Bronfman is chairman of the Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies Inc., a family of charitable foundations operating in Israel, the U.S., and Canada. Since its foundation in 1986, the charity spent more than $340 million to about 1,820 organizations.In 2016 Bonfman closed the charity, which was planned over years. Bronfman is also responsible for The Charles Bronfman Prize, honoring individuals for their humanitarian contributions. The first winner was Gift of Life Marrow Registry founder Jay Feinberg. He also founded the CRB Foundation, which runs educational enrichment classes in outlying areas in collaboration with the Education Ministry in Israel. Bronfman was a founding co-chairman of Historica Canada, producers of the Heritage Minutes series of television shorts. It was at an early meeting of this


texts:
 foundation (originally the CAB Foundation) that he asked the members, "If television can use 30 seconds or 60 seconds to persuade people that Cadillacs or cornflakes are interesting, couldn't we also use that short piece of time to persuade Canadians that their history is interesting? You tell me how to do it, and I'll fund it."It was out of that discussion that the Heritage Minutes were conceived, piloted, distributed through cinemas and broadcasters across the country, and then confirmed as a major contribution of the foundation – which a few years later became Historica, recently merged with the Dominion Institute. Bronfman joined the Giving Pledge, an initiative of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Personal life
Bronfman has been married four times:
 Barbara Baerwald. Married 1961, divorced 1982. They had two children. Stephen Bronfman runs the investment firm founded by his father, Claridge. He is married to Claudine Blondin.<mask> Hauptman is married to Andrew Hauptman. They are the founders of the private investment firm Andell Holdings, the owner of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Andrea "Andy" Brett Morrison (1945–2006). In 1982, he married Morrison; she died in 2006 after being struck by a taxi when she went out to walk her dog. She has three children from a previous marriage to Canadian manufacturer David Cohen, grandson of Lyon Cohen and cousin of singer Leonard Cohen: Jeremy Cohen, Pippa Cohen, and Tony Cohen. Bonita "Bonnie" Roche. In 2008, married Roche, an architect, in New York City.They divorced in 2011, on amicable terms, celebrating their divorce with a lavish "divorce party." Rita Mayo. They married in 2012. Awards and


texts:
 honours
 1981: Made an Officer of the Order of Canada
 1990: Doctorate of Philosophy, Honoris Causa awarded from Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 1990: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa received from McGill University. 1992: Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. 1992: Promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada
 1992: Doctorate of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa from Brandeis University
 1992: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from Concordia University
 1995: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from the University of Waterloo
 2000: Doctorate of Laws, Honoris Causa from the University of Toronto
 2002: Bronfman, along with his wife Andrea, were awarded Honorary Citizenship of Jerusalem
2019: Honorary citizen, invited by the City of Montreal to sign the city's book of honour

Works or publications
 Bronfman, <mask>, and Jeffrey Solomon. The Art of Doing Good: Where Passion Meets Action.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012. Bronfman, <mask>, and Jeffrey Solomon. The Art of Giving: Where the Soul Meets a Business Plan. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2010. Seagram Museum collection  at Hagley Museum and Library (finding aid)

References

External links
 <mask>fman Family at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1931 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
<mask>fman
Businesspeople from Montreal
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian billionaires
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Canadian Zionists
Companions of the Order of Canada
Giving Pledgers
21st-century philanthropists
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Major League Baseball owners
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
McGill University alumni
Montreal Alouettes

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles Bronmanron
Charles Bron


texts:
James B<mask> (July 19, 1865 – March 5, 1915) was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned from 1884 to 1900. He played all or part of 11 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as a third baseman, for nine different major league clubs. In his 11 major league seasons, Donnelly compiled a .230 career batting average and led the National League's third basemen with 73 errors in 1886 and 275 assists in 1887. Donnelly's longest stints were with the Washington Nationals (243 games from 1887 to 1889), the Kansas City Cowboys (113 games in 1886), and the Baltimore Orioles (106 games in 1896). In 1896, he raised his batting average to .328 and was the starting third baseman for the 1896 Baltimore Orioles team than won the National League pennant with a 90–39 record. Early years
<mask> was born in 1865 in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents, Michael and <mask>, were immigrants from Ireland.His father worked in a lock shop. Professional baseball players

Indianapolis Hoosiers
Donnelly began his professional baseball career in 1884 with the Terre Haute, Indiana baseball club in the Northwestern League. In August of that same year, he made his major league debut with the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the National League. In 40 games with the Hoosiers, Donnelly compiled a .254 batting average

In 1885, the Hoosiers left the National League, lost their major league status, and joined the newly formed Western League in 1885. Donnelly remained with the Hoosiers at the start of the 1885 season and compiled a .211 batting average in 32 games. The Hoosiers were the dominant team in the Western League, compiling an .880 winning percentage. Detroit Wolverines
In mid June 1885, the Western League disbanded, and a mad rush developed to sign the players on the Indianapolis roster, a line-up that included Sam Thompson, Deacon McGuire, Sam Crane, Chub Collins, Mox McQuery, Gene Moriarty, and Dan

masks:
. Donnelly
Donnelly
Sarah Donnelly


texts:
 Casey.Donnelly was sold in a deal that sent most of the Hoosiers' roster to the Detroit Wolverines. Donnelly appeared in 56 games, all at third base, for the Wolverines during the 1885 season. He compiled a .232 batting average with four doubles, three triples, one home run and 22 RBIs. Kansas City Cowboys
Prior to the 1886 season, <mask> was purchased by the Kansas City Cowboys from the  Wolverines. He appeared in 113 games, all at third base, for the Cowboys in 1886 and compiled a .201 batting average. He ranked among the leading National League third basemen that year with 73 errors (1st), 153 putouts (2nd), 13 double plays turned (3rd), and a 3.52 range factor (3rd). Washington Nationals
In March 1887, the Washington Nationals purchased rights to Donnelly for $2,500.He played three seasons with the Nationals from 1887 to 1889. He was the team's starting third baseman during the 1887 and 1888 seasons, appearing in 239 games during those two seasons. During the 1887 season, he ranked among the leading National League third basemen with 63 errors (2nd), 21 double plays turned (2nd), a 3.57 range factor (4th), and 136 putouts (5th). He also ranked second in the league with 51 errors at third base in 1888. In 1889, Donnelly appeared in only four games for the Nationals and spent most of the season with the newly formed Detroit Wolverines
of the International Association. He compiled a .285 batting average in 89 games for Detroit in 1889 and played another 16 games for Detroit in 1890. St. Louis and Columbus
On July 19, 1890, Donnelly was dealt by Detroit to the St. Louis Browns of the American Association.In his return to the major leagues, he compiled a career high .333 batting average in 11 games with the Browns. Donnelly began the 1891 season with Omaha in the Western Association. He compiled a .268 batting average in 58 games with Omaha. In July 1891, Donnelly jumped from Omaha to the


texts:
 Columbus Solons of the American Association. He appeared in only 17 games for the Solons and was released on August 25, 1891. Return to the minors
After his brief stint with the Solons, Donnelly again returned to the minor leagues, playing in the Eastern League for four years from 1892 to 1895, including stints with the Buffalo Bisons, New Haven Nutmegs, Troy Trojans, and Springfield Ponies. He compiled a .334 batting average in 101 games with Troy in 1893 and hit .305 in 93 games for Springfield in 1895.Baltimore Orioles
Donnelly returned to the major leagues in 1896 with the Baltimore Orioles. Donnelly appeared in 106 games as the team's third baseman, replacing John McGraw at the position. He joined an Orioles team that was managed by Ned Hanlon, featured Hughie Jennings and Willie Keeler, and won the National League pennant with a 90–39 record. In May 1896, The Sporting Life wrote that "[a] prettier or a headier fielder than <mask>y it would be difficult to find", but found it to be a pity that he was not more capable with the bat. In the end, <mask>'s bat perked up considerably in his only season with the Orioles, as he compiled a .328 batting average with 14 doubles, 10 triples, 71 RBIs, and 38 stolen bases. Final years
In November 1896, the Orioles traded <mask> with Steve Brodie to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Elmer Horton, Tom O'Brien, Jake Stenzel and Harry Truby. Donnelly appeared in 44 games for the Pirates and finished the 1887 season appearing in 23 games for the New York Giants.His batting average in 1897 dropped to .191 – a decline of .137 points from the previous year. In November 1897, the Giants traded <mask> and Ducky Holmes with $3,500 to the St. Louis Browns for Mike Grady and Fred Hartman. In early April 1898, The Sporting News questioned Donnelly's readiness for major league play: "<mask>y has not shown up well so far. He has dicky legs, his fielding has not been

masks:
Jim Donnell
Donnelly
Donnelly
Donnelly
Jim Donnell


texts:
 particularly brilliant, and his batting has been lamentably weak." On May 12, 1898, Donnelly appeared in his first and only game for the Browns – Donnelly's last in the major leagues. He had a double in his only at bat in the game. Although his major league career ended in May 1898, Donnelly continued to play in the minor leagues through the 1900 season, including stints with the Syracuse Stars, New Haven Blues, and Springfield Ponies.Later years
At the time of the 1900 United States Census, <mask> was living with his mother, Sarah, and sister, Minnie, in New Haven, Connecticut. His occupation was listed as a ball player. <mask> was married in 1909 to Elizabeth Kissan. By 1910, <mask> and his wife were living in Stamford, Connecticut, and he was employed as a railroad brakeman. <mask> died in 1915 at age 49 in Meriden, Connecticut. Donnelly played during the same time period as James Henry <mask>, who played third base for the Kansas City Cowboys in 1884. Their statistics are often conflated into a single player record, but the two were unrelated.References

1865 births
1915 deaths
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from New Haven, Connecticut
Indianapolis Hoosiers (AA) players
Detroit Wolverines players
Kansas City Cowboys (NL) players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
St. Louis Browns (AA) players
Columbus Solons players
Baltimore Orioles (NL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Browns (NL) players
19th-century baseball players
Terre Haute (minor league baseball) players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league) players
Detroit Wolverines (minor league) players
Omaha Lambs players
New Haven Nutmegs players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Springfield Ponies players
Springfield Maroons players
Troy Washerwomen players
Scranton Indians players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
New

masks: Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly


texts: Shāh Karim al-Husayni (born 13 December 1936), known by the religious title Mawlana Hazar Imam by his Ismaili followers and elsewhere as <mask> IV, is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailis, a denomination within Shia Islam. He has held the position of imam and the title of <mask> since 11 July 1957, when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir <mask> III. The <mask> claims direct lineal descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, considered an imam in Shia Islam, and Ali's wife Fatima, Muhammad's daughter from his first marriage. His grandfather, <mask> III, states in his memoirs that the Shias had a "need (for) Divine guidance" after the Prophet of Islam's death. This need of the Shias manifested in their belief system for the Institution of the Imamate. Thus, after the death of Prophet of Islam, the Shias established the Institute of the Imamate. According to the <mask> III as mentioned in his memoirs, he (the <mask>) has actual "Divine power, guidance, and leadership (authority)" The Institution of Imamate has continued to present day with the <mask> IV as the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslim Community.The <mask> <mask> is a business magnate with British and Portuguese citizenship, as well as a racehorse owner and breeder. <mask> <mask>'s net worth has been estimated at $13.3 billion. Forbes describes the Aga <mask> as one of the world's fifteen richest royals. Additionally he is unique among the richest royals as he does not rule over a geographic territory. Among the goals the <mask> <mask>i Ismailis in 1957, the <mask>

masks:
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga Khan
Aga
Khan
Aga
Khan
Khan
Aga
Khanzar
Aga


texts:
 <mask> has been involved in complex political and economic changes which have affected his followers, including the independence of African countries from colonial rule, the expulsion of Asians from Uganda, the independence of Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan from the former Soviet Union and the continuous turmoil in Afghanistan and Pakistan. <mask> <mask> IV became the first faith leader to address the Joint Session of the Parliament of Canada on 27 February 2014. Early life and education

The <mask> <mask> IV is the eldest son of Prince Aly <mask> (1911–1960), and his first wife, Princess Taj-ud-dawlah <mask> <mask>, formerly Joan Yarde-Buller (1908–1997), the eldest daughter of the British peer John Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston, a member of the British nobility. Born in Geneva, Switzerland, on 13 December 1936, Prince Karim was declared healthy despite being born prematurely. His brother, Amyn <mask> <mask>, was born less than a year later. In 1949, his parents divorced in part due to Prince Aly <mask>'s extramarital affairs, and Prince Aly <mask> shortly after married American actress Rita Hayworth – with whom he had a daughter, Princess Yasmin <mask> <mask>, the half-sister of <mask> <mask> IV. The <mask> <mask> IV also had a half-brother, Patrick Benjamin Guinness (1931–1965), from his mother's first marriage, as Joan Yarde-Buller was previously married to Loel Guinness of the banking Guinnesses.Prince Karim spent his childhood in Nairobi, Kenya, where his early education was by private tutoring. Prince Karim later attended the Institut Le Rosey in Switzerland, the most

masks: Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


texts:
 expensive boarding school in the world, for nine years where he ended up with, in his words, "fair grades." As a youngster Prince Karim would have preferred to attend MIT and study science, but his grandfather, <mask> <mask> III, vetoed the decision and Prince Karim attended Harvard University, where he was elected a member of The Delphic Club. There he majored in Islamic history. When his grandfather died, the young Prince was thrust into the position of the Aga <mask> (IV), and he went from being not only a university student but also replacing his grandfather as the new Nizari Imam. He said about it: "Overnight, my whole life changed completely. I woke up with serious responsibilities toward millions of other human beings.I knew I would have to abandon my hopes of studying for a doctorate in History." He graduated from Harvard University in 1959, two years after becoming the Imam of the Nizari Ismailis, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in History (with Cum Laude honours) and his varsity H for football (soccer). The young <mask> <mask> was a competitive downhill skier, and skied for Iran at that time led by the Shah in the 1964 Winter Olympics. Ascension to Nizari Ismaili Imamat
Following the death of his grandfather the <mask> <mask> III, Prince Karim, at the age of 20, became the 49th Imam of the Nizari Ismailis and <mask> <mask> IV, bypassing his father, Prince Aly <mask>, and his uncle, Prince Sadruddin <mask> <mask>, who were in direct line to succession. In his will, the <mask> <mask> III explained the rationale for choosing his eldest grandson as his successor (which marked the second

masks: Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


texts:
 time in the history of the Nizari Ismaili chain of Imamat that a grandson of the preceding Imam – instead of one of the sons of the preceding Imam – was made the next Imam):

In view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world has provoked many changes, including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interests of the Nizari Ismaili community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age, and who brings a new outlook on life to his office. In light of his grandfather's will, the <mask> <mask> IV has sometimes been referred to by Nizari Ismailis as the "Imam of the Atomic Age." The will of the <mask> <mask> III added that the next <mask> <mask>, in the first several years of his Imamat, should look to the Aga Khan III's widow for guidance on general matters pertaining to the Imamat:

I DESIRE that my successor shall, during the first seven years of his Imamat, be guided on questions of general Imamat Policy, by my said wife, Yvette called Yve Blanche Labrousse Om Habibeh, the BEGUM AGA KHAN, who has been familiar for many years with the problems facing my followers, and in whose wise judgment, I place the greatest confidence.Nizari Ismaili Imamat

Upon taking the position of Imam, the <mask> <mask> IV stated that he intended to continue the work his grandfather had pursued in building modern institutions to improve the quality of life of the Nizari Ismailis. Takht nashini (installation of the new Imam) ceremonies occurred at several locations over the course of 1957

masks: Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan Aga Khan


texts: and 1958. During this time, the <mask> <mask> emphasized to his followers the importance of fostering positive relations with different ethnicities – a message highly appropriate considering the racially tense atmosphere in East Africa at the time between blacks and South Asians. During the <mask> <mask>'s installation ceremonies in the Indian subcontinent, the <mask> <mask> stressed his commitment to improving the standard of living of Nizari Ismailis and encouraged co-operation with individuals of other religions. In 1972, under the regime of President Idi Amin of Uganda, people of South Asian origin, including Nizari Ismailis, were expelled. The South Asians, some of whose families had lived in Uganda for over 100 years, were given 90 days to leave the country. The <mask> <mask> phoned his long-time friend Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to immigrate to Canada. The <mask> <mask> also undertook urgent steps to facilitate the resettlement of Nizari Ismailis displaced from Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, and Burma, to other countries. Most of these Nizari Ismailis found new homes in Asia, Europe and North America. Most of the initial resettlement problems were overcome rapidly by Nizari Ismailis due to their educational backgrounds and high rates of literacy, as well as the efforts of the <mask> <mask> and the host countries, and with support from Nizari Ismaili community programs. The <mask> <mask> has encouraged Nizari Ismailis settled in the industrialised world to contribute towards the progress of communities in the

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 developing world through various development programs. He has described his role as Imam as being partly to uplift the material and spiritual wellbeing of Nizari Ismailis – a duty which requires an understanding of Nizari Ismailis in the context of their geographic location and their time. He elaborated on this concept in a 2006 speech in Germany, saying "The role and responsibility of an Imam, therefore, is both to interpret the faith to the community, and also to do all within his means to improve the quality, and security, of their daily lives and the people with whom Ismailis share their lives."This engagement of the Aga Khan with Nizari Ismailis is said to extend to the people with whom the Nizari Ismailis share their lives, locally and internationally. The Aga <mask> is one of several Shia signatories of the Amman Message which gives a broad foundation for defining those denominations of Islam that should be considered as part of the wider Muslim Ummah. During the Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy, he said:

I have two reactions to the pope's lecture: There is my concern about the degradation of relations and, at the same time, I see an opportunity. A chance to talk about a serious, important issue: the relationship between religion and logic. When the Aga <mask> IV was asked about his view on the consumption of alcohol in a 1965 interview with The Sunday Times, he said, in line with Muslim teaching:

Our belief is that the thing which separates man from the animals is his power of thought. Anything that impedes this process is wrong. Therefore, alcohol is forbidden.I have never

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 touched alcohol. But this, to me, is not a puritan prohibition. I don't want to drink. I've never wanted to drink. There's no pressure being placed on me by my religion. The Status of the Imam in Nizari Ismailism

The Ismailis are a community of Shi'a Islam, and their theology is derived from the teachings of the Shi'i Imams – 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq. According to early Shi'i Ismaili theology, God or Allah is absolutely transcendent and unique.Unlike Sunni theology where God's Essence is conjoined to eternal attributes, the early Shi'i Imams emphasized a theology according to which God's Essence is beyond all names and attributes. The first creation of God is a spiritual entity (Ruhani) or light (nur) called the Intellect ('Aql), the Light of Muhammad (nur Muhammad) or the Light of Ali. This cosmic Intellect or Light exists prior to the creation of the physical world and is the highest of created beings is identified with the Eternal Imam or the spiritual essence of the Prophet Muhammad and the Shi'i Imams. The historical Imams on earth are the locus of manifestation (mazhar) of the Light (nur) or Intellect (aql). Ismaili philosophers developed these ideas further using Neoplatonic frameworks and identified the Intellect ('Aql) or Light of the Imam with the Universal Intellect (Nous) of Plotinus. Similarly, the Imam's human soul – revered as pure based on Qur'an 33:33 – is regarded as the reflective mirror of the Universal Intellect. The 1975 Ismailia Association Conference – a meeting of the <mask> <mask> with senior Nizari Ismaili council leaders from

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 several countries – addressed the question of the status of the Imam.It mentioned:

"The Imam to be explained as the 'mazhar' ["locus of manifestation"] of God, and the relationship between God and the Imam to be related to varying levels of inspiration and communication from God to man." Paris Conference Report

The term mazhar is also used in Sufi literature by Ibn 'Arabi ("Bezels of Wisdom"), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ("Contemplation and Action", "The Paradise of Submission") and many others. The meaning of the word mazhar denotes the idea of a mirror in which an object is reflected as an image but not incarnate. Similarly, the Imam as mazhar (locus of manifestation, mirror) 'differs greatly' from the idea of incarnation or indwelling (hulul) in which the Divine dwells inside a material body. The Imam is not seen as an incarnation of divinity. The Imam is also the Pir (Sufism) within Nizari Ismailism denoting a title from the Sufi heritage of Nizari Ismaili history. Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat
From 11 July 1982 to 11 July 1983 – to celebrate the present <mask> <mask>'s Silver Jubilee, marking the 25th anniversary of his accession to the Imamat – many new social and economic development projects were launched.These range from the establishment of the US$450 million international Aga Khan University with its Faculty of Health Sciences and teaching hospital based in Karachi, the expansion of schools for girls and medical centres in the Hunza region (one of the remote parts of Northern Pakistan bordering on China and Afghanistan that is densely populated with Nizari Ismailis), to the


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 establishment of the Aga Khan Rural Support Program in Gujarat, India – and the extension of existing urban hospitals and primary health care centres in Tanzania and Kenya. Noor Karimi was married during the Silver Jubilee Year of Imamat and he even placed the ring on her finger. Golden Jubilee Year of Imamat
11 July 2007 to 13 December 2008 marked the 50th Anniversary of the Aga <mask>'s reign of Imamat (Golden Jubilee). On this occasion, leaders representing Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world gathered at the <mask> <mask>'s residence to pay homage to the Imam. As part of the Golden Jubilee, the <mask> <mask> made official visits to various countries – using the visits to recognize the friendship and longstanding support of certain leaders of state, government, and others, to the <mask> <mask> and his Nizari Ismaili community, as well as to lay the foundations for certain future initiatives and programmes. Areas of the world visited included the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The <mask> <mask> also organized a Nizari Ismaili sports meet in Kenya, and teams of Nizari Ismailis from different areas of the world came to play in this event.One of the initiatives of the Golden Jubilee was the Jubilee Games, firstly named as the Golden Jubilee Games but continued as the Jubilee Games. The first event was held in Kenya in 2008. The second Jubilee Games were held in Dubai, UAE in July 2016. Diamond Jubilee Year of Imamat

11 July 2017 to 11 July 2018 was designated the Diamond Jubilee Year of the <mask> <mask>'s 60th year of reign. The <mask> <mask> travelled throughout the

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 Diamond Jubilee year to countries where his humanitarian institutions operate to launch new programs that help alleviate poverty and increase access to education, housing and childhood development. The <mask> <mask>'s Diamond Jubilee opening ceremony was held in his Aiglemont estate. On 8 March 2018, Queen Elizabeth II hosted the <mask> <mask> at Windsor Castle at a dinner to mark his Diamond Jubilee.He has visited a number of countries including the United States, UAE, India, Pakistan, Canada, France, UK, Kenya, and others. During his visit to Houston, he announced The Ismaili Centre Houston. The Diamond Jubilee ended with grand celebrations in Lisbon, Portugal on and around 11 July 2018. People from around the world came to celebrate with their worldwide community. There were many concerts, a Jubilee Arts festival, and other events planned for tens of thousands of people. Following a historic agreement with the Portuguese Republic in 2015, His Highness the <mask> <mask> officially designated the premises located at Rua Marquês de Fronteira in Lisbon – the Henrique de Mendonça Palace – as the Seat of the Ismaili Imamat on 11 July 2018, and declared that it be known as the "Diwan of the Ismaili Imamat". Personal life
In 1969, the <mask> <mask> married former British model Sarah Frances Croker Poole, who assumed the name Begum Salimah <mask> <mask> upon marrying him.Sarah Frances was a divorcee, having previously been married to Lord James Charles Crichton-Stuart, son of John Crichton-Stuart, 5th Marquess of Bute. The wedding ceremonies were held on 22 October 1969 (civil) and 28 October 1969

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 (religious) at Karim <mask> <mask>'s home in Paris. By 1984, the <mask> <mask> and Begum Salimah had taken to living separate lives. The <mask> <mask> and Begum Salimah had one daughter and two sons together, Zahra <mask> <mask> (born 18 September 1970), Rahim <mask> <mask> (born 12 October 1971) and <mask> <mask> (born 10 April 1974). Eleven years later, in 1995 they divorced. On 30 May 1998, The <mask> <mask> married for the second time at his walled compound and chateau, Aiglemont, in Gouvieux, France. The bride was Gabriele Renate Thyssen, who assumed the name Begum Inaara <mask> <mask> at her wedding.Born to Roman Catholic German entrepreneur parents in 1963, Gabriele was twenty-seven years younger than the Aga <mask>. She was also a divorcee, having previously been married to Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, by whom she had a daughter, Teresa. Two years after the wedding, the <mask> <mask> became a father again at the age of 64, with the birth of a son, Aly <mask> <mask> (born 7 March 2000). On 8 October 2004, after six years of marriage, an announcement was made that the <mask> <mask> and Begum Inaara would be seeking a divorce. In September 2011, seven years later, a divorce settlement was reached between them in the French courts, and the divorce settlement amount was agreed upon in March 2014. Personal finances
Forbes describes the <mask> <mask> as one of the world's fifteen richest royals, and the most recent estimate of his net worth is $13.3 billion. He is unique among the richest royals in that he does not preside over a geographic territory.He owns hundreds of racehorses,

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 valuable stud farms, an exclusive yacht club on Sardinia, Bell Island in the Bahamas, two Bombardier jets, a £100 million high speed yacht Alamshar, and several estates around the world, with his primary residence at Aiglemont estate in the town of Gouvieux, France, north of Paris. The Aga <mask>'s philanthropic non-profit institutions spend about US$600 million per year – mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The Aga <mask> is and has been involved in multiple business ventures, in such areas as communications media and luxury hotels. In 1959 he founded the Kenyan media company Nation Media Group. In the 1990s, the Aga <mask> had a group of US$400 a night Italian luxury hotels, called Ciga. Currently the <mask> <mask>, through his for-profit AKFED, is the largest shareholder in the Serena Hotels chain. The Aga <mask>'s racing horse businesses bring in considerable income.He owns and operates the largest horse racing and breeding operation in France, the French horse auction house, Arqana, Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen in Ireland, and other breeding/stud farms in Europe. In 2009, Forbes reported that the Aga <mask>'s net worth was US$1 billion. In 2013, Vanity Fair estimated his fortune to be well over US$1 billion. In 2021 <mask> <mask> took delivery of a new Bombardier Global 7500 registered LX-PAK, operated by Global Jet Luxembourg. His previous aircraft, a Bombardier Global 6000, registered LX-ZAK, was sold in 2020. Work

Aga Khan Development Network

The <mask> <mask> is the founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network, which coordinates the activities of over 200

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texts: agencies and institutions, employing approximately 80,000 paid staff, the majority of whom are based in developing countries. AKDN is partly funded by his followers and donor partners that include numerous governments and several international organisations.AKDN agencies operate in the fields of health, education, culture, rural development, institution-building and the promotion of economic development, with a special focus on countries of the Third World. It is dedicated to improving living conditions and opportunities for the poor, without regard to their faith, origin or sex. AKDN includes the Aga Khan University, the University of Central Asia, the for-profit Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the Aga Khan Foundation, the Aga Khan Health Services, the Aga Khan Education Services, the Aga Khan Planning and Building Services, and the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance. One of the companies that the AKFED is the main shareholder of is the Serena Hotels Group – a chain of luxury hotels and resorts primarily located in Africa and Asia. The Aga Khan Award for Architecture is the largest architectural award in the world. The <mask> <mask> is also the chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of Ismaili Studies, which he founded in 1977. He is also a Vice-President of the Royal Commonwealth Society.Focus Humanitarian Assistance, an affiliate of the AKDN, is responsible for emergency response in the face of disaster. Recent disasters that FOCUS was involved in helping address include the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan (AKDN earthquake response) and the


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 South Asian tsunami. Significant recent or current projects that are related to the development and that are being led by the <mask> <mask> include the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat and the Global Centre for Pluralism in Ottawa, the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, the Al-Azhar Park in Cairo, the Bagh-e Babur restoration in Kabul, and a network of full IB residential schools known as the Aga Khan Academies. The Aga <mask> has expressed concern about the work of the AKDN being described as philanthropy. In his address to the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, when he was awarded their Tolerance Prize in 2006, he described this concern:

Reflecting a certain historical tendency of the West to separate the secular from the religious, they often describe [the work of the AKDN] either as philanthropy or entrepreneurship. What is not understood is that this work is for us a part of our institutional responsibility – it flows from the mandate of the office of Imam to improve the quality of worldly life for the concerned communities. Promotion of Islamic architecture
In 1977, the Aga Khan established the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, an award recognising excellence in architecture that encompasses contemporary design and social, historical, and environmental considerations.It is the largest architectural award in the world (prize money for which is a million US dollars) and is granted triennially. The award grew out of the <mask> <mask>'s desire to revitalise creativity in Islamic societies and acknowledge creative solutions for buildings facilities and public spaces. The prize winner is selected by an

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 independent master jury convened for each cycle. In 1979, Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) established the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (AKPIA), which is supported by an endowment from Aga <mask>. These programs provide degree courses, public lectures, and conferences for the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism. Understanding contemporary conditions and developmental issues are key components of the academic program. The program engages in research at both institutions and students can graduate with a Master of Science of Architectural Studies specialising in the Aga Khan program from MIT's Department of Architecture.Thoroughbred horse racing

The Aga <mask> operates a large horse racing and breeding operation at his estate Aiglemont, in the town of Gouvieux in the Picardy region of France – about 4 kilometres (2½ miles) west of the Chantilly Racecourse. In 1977, he paid £1.3 million for the bloodstock owned by Anna Dupré and in 1978, £4.7 million for the bloodstock of Marcel Boussac. The Aga <mask> is said to be France's most influential owner-breeder and record winner of The Prix de Diane, sometimes referred to as the French Oaks. The <mask> <mask> owns Gilltown Stud near Kilcullen, Ireland, and the Haras de Bonneval breeding farm at Le Mesnil-Mauger in France. In March 2005, he purchased the Calvados stud farms, the Haras d'Ouilly in Pont-d'Ouilly and the Haras de Val-Henry in Livarot. Haras d'Ouilly had been owned by such horsemen as the Duc Decazes, François Dupré and Jean-Luc Lagardère. In 2006 the <mask> <mask> became the

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 majority shareholder of French horse auction house Arqana.On 27 October 2009 it was announced that Sea the Stars, regarded by many as one of the greatest racehorses of all time, would stand stud at the <mask> <mask>'s Gilltown Stud in Ireland. His unbeaten homebred filly, Zarkava, won the 2008 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. His homebred colt, Harzand, won the 2016 Epsom Derby and the 2016 Irish Derby. The Aga <mask> was the lead owner of Shergar, the Irish racehorse that was kidnapped from Ballymany stud farm in County Kildare, Ireland by masked men in 1983 and held for ransom. The <mask> <mask> and the other co-owners refused to pay a ransom, and the horse was not recovered. The Aga <mask>, the police and the public suspected the Provisional Irish Republican Army of the abduction, though the IRA denied all involvement. In 1999, former IRA member Sean O'Callaghan published an autobiography in which he implicates the IRA as being responsible for the abduction.Shergar had become a national symbol in Ireland, and the IRA had underestimated the public outpouring of support for the horse and the backlash for the IRA even among Irish republicans who had historically supported the IRA, leading the IRA to deny involvement. Yacht Alamshar
The <mask> <mask> is an ardent yachtsman. He co-founded the Yacht Club Costa Smeralda in Porto Cervo, Sardinia in 1967. He also commissioned a 164-foot yacht, Alamshar, named after a prized racehorse of his, with a price tag of £200 million. The cost and maintenance are partly covered by chartering. The yacht was advertised as having a top speed of 60 knots, capable of

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 setting a new transatlantic speed record. It reached a speed in excess of 55 knots in its initial trials but despite the claims, it was never intended for transatlantic speed records as it does not have the range.Titles, styles and honours
The titles Prince and Princess are used by the Aga Khans and their children by virtue of their descent from Shah Fath Ali Shah of the Persian Qajar dynasty. The title was officially recognised by the British government in 1938. Author Farhad Daftary wrote of how the honorific title Aga <mask> (from Agha and <mask>) was first given to <mask> <mask> I at the age of thirteen after the murder of his father: "At the same time, the Qajar monarch bestowed on him the honorific title (laqab) of Agha <mask> (also transcribed as Aqa <mask>), meaning lord and master." Daftary additionally commented, "The title of Agha <mask> remained hereditary amongst his successors." On the other hand, in a legal proceeding, the Aga <mask> III noted that 'Aga <mask>' is not a title, but, instead a sort of alias or "pet name" that was given to <mask> <mask> I when he was a young man. The style of His Highness was formally granted to the Aga <mask> IV by Queen Elizabeth II in 1957 upon the death of his grandfather <mask> <mask> III. The granting of the title to the Aga Khan IV was preceded by a strong expressed desire of the Aga <mask> III to see the British monarchy award the non-hereditary title to his successor.The style of His Royal Highness was granted in 1959 to the <mask> <mask> IV by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, later overthrown in the Iranian Revolution of 1979,

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 but he uses instead His Highness. Over the years, the Aga <mask> has received numerous honours, honorary degrees, and awards. degree, Simon Fraser University (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of British Columbia (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Calgary (2018)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McGill University (1983)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, McMaster University (1987)
 : Honorary LL.D.degree, University of Toronto (2004)
 :  Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Alberta (2009)
 : Honorary DUniv degree, University of Ottawa (2012)
 : Honorary D.S.Litt. degree, University of Toronto (2013)
 : Honorary D.Litt. degree in medieval studies, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (2016)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Sindh (1970)
 : Honorary PhD degree, NOVA University of Lisbon (2017)
 : Honorary LL.D. degree, University of Wales (1993)
 : Honorary D.D. degree, University of Cambridge (2009)
 : Honorary LL.D.degree, Brown University (1996)
 : Honorary LL.D. Nizari Imams of the Fatimid Dynasty
Adnan
Ma'ad ibn Adnan
Nizar ibn Ma'ad
Mudar ibn Nizar
Ilyas ibn Mudar
Mudrikah ibn Ilyas
Khuzayma ibn Mudrika
Kinanah ibn Khuzayma
An-Nadr ibn Kinanah
Malik ibn Al-Nadr
Fihr ibn Malik
Ghalib ibn Fihr
Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib
Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy
Murrah ibn Ka'b
Kilab ibn Murrah b. ca. 372
Qusay ibn Kilab ca. 400-ca. 480
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, ca. 464-ca. 497
Abd al-Muttalib, ca.497–578
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, 535–619
1st Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib, 601–661
2nd Imam Husayn ibn Ali, 626–680
3rd Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, 659–713
4th Imam Muhammad al-Baqir,


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 677–733
5th Imam Jafar al-Sadiq, ca. 702–765
6th Imam Ismail ibn Jafar, ca. 722-ca. 1230-1256/1257
28th Imam Shams al-Din (Nizari), 1257–1310
29th Imam Qasim Shah, 1310–1368
30th Imam Islam Shah, d. 1424
31st Imam Muhammad ibn Islam Shah, d. 1464
32nd Imam Ali Shah Qalandar, al-Mustansir Billah II, d. 1480
33rd Imam Abd-us-Salam Shah, d. 1494
34th Imam Abbas Shah Gharib, al-Mustansir Billah III, d. 1498
35th Imam Abuzar Ali Nur Shah, d. ca. 1509
36th Imam Murād Mīrzā, d. 1574
37th Imam Zulfiqar Ali, Khalilullah I, d. 1634
38th Imam Nur al-Din Ali, d. 1671
39th Imam Ali, Khalilullah II, d. 1680
40th Imam Nizar II, d. 1722
41st Imam Sayed Ali, d. ca. 1736
42nd Imam Al-Hassan Ali Beg, d. ca. 1747
43rd Imam Sayed Jafar, Al-Qasim Ali, d. ca.1756
44th Imam Abū-l-Hasan ʻAlī, d. 1792
45th Imam Shah Khalilullah III, 1740–1817
46th Imam Hasan Ali Shah, <mask> <mask> I, 1804–1881
47th Imam Aqa Ali Shah, <mask> <mask> II, 1830–1885
48th Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah, <mask> <mask> III, 1877–1957
Prince Sayyid Aly <mask>, 1911– 1960
49th Imam Shah Karim Al-Hussaini, <mask> <mask> IV, b. 1936

References

External links

 His Highness the Aga <mask>
 NanoWisdoms Archive – Dedicated to the <mask> <mask>'s speeches and interviews (over 600 readings and 1,000 quotes)
 His Highness the Aga <mask> Spiritual Leader of Shia Ismailis
 An Islamic Conscience: the Aga <mask> and the Ismailis – Film of HH the Aga <mask> IV
 About His Highness the Karim Aga <mask>
 About Her Highness the Begum Aga <mask> (PIF)
 Aga Khan Development Network
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies
 The Institute of Ismaili Studies: Introduction

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 to His Highness the Aga <mask> and Selected Speeches
 <mask> <mask> article at SIPA (Columbia University)
 Brown University President Vartan Gregorian's introduction of the Aga <mask> (1996 baccalaureate address)
 The Ismaili website
 Read the spirit
 A rare interview with the Aga <mask> on poverty, climate change, and demystifying Islam Quartz
 The Secret Life of the Aga Khan

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<mask>  (born 5 December 1958) is a British-Canadian historian and former university administrator. He served as the 20th Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, a position to which he was appointed in January 2009 and took up on 1 September 2009. He was previously a professor of history and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Alberta. He was reappointed to a second 5-year term (to 2019) in 2013. In late 2017, Woolf announced his intention not to serve a third term and to retire from university administration. He was succeeded by Patrick Deane, and became Principal Emeritus. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London, England, on 5 December 1958 to a Jewish family.His mother, Margaret Mary <mask> (1929–2014), was an English instructor at a university, and his father, Cyril Isaac <mask> (1930–2012), was an otolaryngologist, a Royal College of Surgeons of England Fellow and an adjunct faculty member at a medical school. His uncle is the late historian <mask> (1936–2021), and his brother is the Vancouver-based architect <mask>. In 1961, his family emigrated to Winnipeg, Canada, where Woolf graduated from St. Paul's High School in 1976. He obtained his BA in History from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario in 1980, and then a DPhil in Modern History from St Peter's College, University of Oxford, in 1983. He was supervised by Gerald E. Aylmer, a distinguished historian of 17th century England and then-Master of St Peter's. Along with historians John Morrill and Paul Slack, Woolf would eventually co-edit a 1993 festschrift honouring Aylmer. Among Woolf's contemporaries at St Peter's was David Eastwood, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Birmingham since 2009.Career
Woolf returned to Canada in 1984 and taught at Queen's University as an Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council postdoctoral fellow in history until 1986, when he moved to Quebec and became an assistant professor of history at Bishop's University. After a 1-year appointment he joined the Department of History at Dalhousie

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Woolf
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 University, Nova Scotia, as an assistant professor. Woolf was tenured in 1990, when he was also promoted to associate professor; 4 years later, he became a full professor. In 1999, McMaster University appointed Woolf as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, serving as a professor of history in parallel. He relocated to University of Alberta in 2002, starting a 5-year term as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, a position to which he was re-appointed in 2007, as well as a professor in the Department of History and Classics. In 2009, he was appointed by Queen's University as its 20th Principal and Vice-Chancellor. He took up the role in 1 September that year.Academically, <mask>'s research interests are in Tudor and Stuart British history and the global history of historiography. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Royal Historical Society. Between 1996 and 1997 he was a member of the School of Historical Studies under the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Since 2012, Woolf has been on the board of directors of Historica Canada (formerly the Historica-Dominion Institute). Having completed one term on the board of directors of the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario, he is currently serving his second term (2021–2023). He is a member of the board of directors of Lakefield College School since 2020. Previously, he was the chair of the executive committee of the Council of Ontario Universities (2017–2019), a member of the board of directors of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (2016–2017), a member of the Executive Committee and Council of the Royal Society of Canada (2012–2016), and chair of the Standing Advisory Committee on International Relation of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (renamed to Universities Canada in 2015) (2011–2014).Personal life
Woolf is married to Julie Anne <mask>, a health administrator and part-time professional harpist. He has three children from a previous marriage to political scientist Jane Arscott, Sarah, Samuel and David. During

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texts:
 his tenure as principal, Woolf is famous for handing out cookies with his wife at Queen's University’s libraries during exam season. He started this "cookie drop" in 2010. Honours and awards
 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (1990)
 John Ben Snow Prize (2004)
 Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London of the Society of Antiquaries of London (2005)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (2006)

Bibliography
 The Idea of History in Early Stuart England, University of Toronto Press (1990)
 (co-ed., with John Morrill and Paul Slack) Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England, Oxford University Press (1993)
 (co-ed., with Thomas Mayer) Rhetorics of Life-Writing in Early Modern Europe, University of Michigan Press (1995)
 (ed.) A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, Routledge (1998)
 Reading History in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press (2000)
 (co-ed., with Adam Fox) The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain 1500-1850, Manchester University Press (2002)
 The Social Circulation of the Past, Oxford University Press (2003)
 (co-ed., with Norman L. Jones) Local Identities in Late Medieval and Early Modern England, Palgrave Macmillan (2007)
 A Global History of History, Cambridge University Press (2011)
 (general editor) The Oxford History of Historical Writing, 5 volumes, Oxford University Press (2011–2012)
 A Concise History of History, Cambridge University Press (2019)

References

1958 births
Living people
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Bishop's University faculty
Jewish Canadian writers
Jewish historians
British historians
Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Dalhousie University faculty
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
McMaster University faculty
Writers from Winnipeg
Principals of Queen's University at Kingston
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Queen's University at Kingston faculty
University of Alberta faculty
Canadian university and college chief