texts: 125-piece Clef Club Orchestra when it performed a historic concert at Carnegie Hall May 2, 1912, under the direction of James Reese Europe."That was the first time jazz was heard in that sedate hall — although we called it 'ragtime' then," <mask> told jazz historian Floyd Levin. "We received a standing ovation from the first racially mixed audience ever permitted in Carnegie Hall." <mask> played on a number of Victor Talking Machine Company ragtime recordings with James Reese Europe's Society Orchestra in 1913. He worked with Europe at Vernon and Irene Castle's fashionable nightclub, but he remained in New York when the orchestra accompanied the Castles on their first national tour. <mask> studied music theory with Walter Damrosch, and he later graduated from the Peabody School of Music. <mask> found work playing banjo with Bob Young in Baltimore in 1917. In 1921 he played in Will Marion Cook's Orchestra.In 1923 <mask> moved to Chicago and replaced Bill Johnson in King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. When Oliver's band recorded "Dippermouth Blues", <mask> originated the now-traditional shout, "Oh, play that thing!" He also worked with Johnny Dodds and Jimmy Blythe, Erskine Tate, Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers and Richard M. Jones' Jazz Wizards. <mask> was the first person to use a guitar in a modern dance orchestra, in Dave Peyton's group accompanying Ethel Waters at Chicago's Cafe de Paris. He then joined Jimmie Noone's Apex Club Orchestra, and was part of the Vocalion recording sessions in 1928 that included "Blues My Naughty Sweetie Gives to Me", featuring <mask>'s guitar solo; "King Joe", written

masks: Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott Scott


type: original

texts: by <mask>; and "Sweet Lorraine", which <mask> would later call "the best recording I ever made". In 1929 <mask> was one of the many New Orleans musicians who moved to California. "I joined Mutt Carey's band playing in clubs around Los Angeles", <mask> told jazz historian Floyd Levin."From 1930 to 1944 I played every conceivable sort of date to make a living. I played solos, worked in vaudeville shows, film and radio studios, and the pit orchestra at the Lincoln Theater. I formed a trio and played in some of the best Hollywood spots including the Florentine Gardens". In 1944 <mask> joined an all-star traditional New Orleans band that was a leader of the West Coast revival, put together for the CBS Radio series The Orson Welles Almanac. The All Star Jazz Group also included Mutt Carey, Ed Garland, Jimmie Noone (succeeded by Barney Bigard), Kid Ory, Zutty Singleton and Buster Wilson. Renamed Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band, the group then made a significant series of recordings on the Crescent Records label. Ory and <mask> co-wrote "Get Out of Here", one of the 16 sides the band recorded.<mask> continued to play with Kid Ory's band. With his academic background <mask> also wrote most of the band's arrangements — a talent that earned him the nickname "The Master". <mask> was one of the jazz greats who performed and appeared in the 1947 film, New Orleans. Uncredited, Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band performed on the soundtrack of the 1947 RKO feature film, Crossfire, with clarinetist Barney Bigard; "I do remember <mask> had to sing Shine in that old deep voice of his," Bigard later recalled. <mask> was performing with

masks:
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Bud Scott
Scott


texts:
 Ory's band in San Francisco in September 1948 when he suffered a severe stroke that forced him to retire from music. A group of friends organized a benefit concert January 23, 1949, to help <mask> and his wife Alice with medical expenses. Performers included Danny Barker, Blue Lu Barker, Benny Carter, Pete Daily and the Chicagoans, Firehouse Five Plus Two, Erroll Garner, Dizzy Gillespie, Nappy Lamare, Nellie Lutcher,  Eddie Miller, Albert Nicholas, Zutty Singleton, Ted Vesley's Dixieland band and T-Bone Walker.Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band closed the program with "Blues for Jimmie" in honor of Jimmie Noone, whose widow was in the audience. The proceeds totalled $400, worth ten times that amount today. <mask> died in Los Angeles July 2, 1949, aged 59. His obituary ran on the front page of the Los Angeles Sentinel. "Kid Ory wept during prayers at <mask>s's Masonic funeral," wrote jazz historian Floyd Levin. "So did I. It was a great privilege to know this scholarly man."<mask> was buried at Lincoln Memorial Park cemetery in Carson, California. References

External links

 1944 Orson Welles Broadcasts at The Kid Ory Archive
 1945 Jade Palace at The Kid Ory Archive
 Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band: 1944–1945 The Legendary Crescent Recording Sessions at AllMusic (<mask>ow)
 Arthur "<mask><mask> (1890-1949) at Red Hot Jazz Archive

1890 births
1949 deaths
American Freemasons
American jazz banjoists
American jazz guitarists
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Louisiana
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Red Hot

masks:
Scott
Scott
Bud Scott
Scott
Scott Yan
Bud
" Scott


texts:
<mask>  (; 22 May 1885 – 10 June 1924) was an Italian socialist politician. On 30 May 1924, he openly spoke in the Italian Parliament alleging the Fascists committed fraud in the recently held elections, and denounced the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later he was kidnapped and killed by Fascists. The presumed fraud in the 1924 elections (however won by PNF thanks to the Acerbo Law, ad-hoc made in order to make the Party win) was not the only cause of his murder. In fact, according to Renzo De Felice's essay Breve Storia del Fascismo, <mask> also publicly condemned the alliance of the socialist trade unions and the fascist counterpart. Yet, the most important aspect, and probably the main reason for his murder, was that he found out the evidence of bribes from Sinclair Oil in favour to Mussolini, in order to get permission for the petroleum reservoir exploitation in North Africa. Political career
<mask> was born a son of a wealthy family, in Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo in Veneto.He graduated in law at the University of Bologna. An atheist and from early on an activist in the socialist movement and the Italian Socialist Party, he opposed Italy's entry into World War I (and was interned in Sicily during the conflict for this reason). He was elected deputy three times: in 1919, 1921 and 1924. As a follower of Filippo Turati, <mask> became the leader of the Unitary Socialist Party in the Italian Chamber of Deputies after the scission of the Socialist Party. He openly spoke out against Fascism and Benito Mussolini, and for a time was leader of the opposition to the National Fascist Party (NFP). From 1921 he denounced fascist violence in a pamphlet titled Inchiesta socialista sulle gesta dei fascisti in Italia (Socialist enquiry on the deeds of the fascists in Italy). In 1924 his book The Fascisti

masks:
Giacomo Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti


texts:
 Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination was published and he made two impassioned and lengthy speeches in the Chamber of Deputies denouncing Fascism and declaring that the last election, marked by intimidation and militia violence, was "invalid".Murder
On 10 June 1924 <mask> was bundled into a Lancia Lambda and stabbed several times with a carpenter's file as he was struggling to escape. His corpse was found after an extensive search near Riano, 23 kilometers north of Rome, on 16 August 1924. Five men (Amerigo Dumini—a prominent member of the Fascist secret police, the Ceka—Giuseppe Viola, Albino Volpi, Augusto Malacria and Amleto Poveromo) were arrested a few days after the kidnapping. Another suspect, Filippo Panzeri, fled from arrest. Only three (Dumini, Volpi and Poveromo) were convicted and shortly after released under amnesty by King Victor Emmanuel III. Before the trial against the murderers, the High Court of the Senate started a trial against general Emilio De Bono, commander of the Fascist paramilitary Blackshirts (MVSN), but he was discharged. After the Second World War, in 1947, the trial against Francesco Giunta, Cesare Rossi, Dumini, Viola, Poveromo, Malacria, Filippelli and Panzeri was re-opened.Dumini, Viola and Poveromo were sentenced to life imprisonment. In none of these three trials was evidence found of Mussolini's involvement. Mussolini's alleged involvement

The involvement of Mussolini in the assassination is much debated. Historians suggest some different theories. The main biographer of Mussolini, Renzo De Felice, was convinced that the Duce was not innocent. Even Aurelio Lepre and Emilio Gentile thought that Mussolini wanted the death of <mask>. The former socialist and anti-fascist journalist Carlo Silvestri in 1924 was a harsh accuser of Mussolini; later, when he joined the Italian Social

masks: Matteotti Matteotti


texts:
 Republic, he affirmed that Mussolini had shown him the papers for the Matteotti case, and eventually he changed his mind.Silvestri became a strong defender of Mussolini's innocence in <mask>'s murder, and suggested that the socialist was killed by a plot, in order both to damage Mussolini's attempt to raise a leftist government (with the participation of Socialists and Popolari) and to cover some scandals in which the Crown (with the American oil company Sinclair Oil) was involved. De Felice argued that maybe Mussolini himself was a political victim of a plot, and almost surely he was damaged by the crisis that followed the murder. Many fascists left the Party, and his government was about to collapse. Moreover, his secret attempt to bring Socialists and Popolari into a new reformist government was ruined. John Gunther wrote in 1940 that "Most critics nowadays do not think that the Duce directly ordered the assassination ... but his moral responsibility is indisputable", perhaps with underlings believing they were carrying out Mussolini's desire performing the kidnapping and murder on their own. Other historians, including Justin Pollard and Denis Mack Smith, thought Mussolini was probably aware of the assassination plot but that it was ordered and organized by someone else. Mauro Canali suggests that Mussolini probably did order the murder, as Matteotti uncovered and wanted to make public incriminating documents proving that Mussolini and his associates sold to Sinclair Oil exclusive rights to all Italian oil reserves.Consequences of the murder
The death of <mask> sparked widespread criticism of Fascism. A general strike was threatened in retaliation. Since Mussolini's government did not collapse and the King refused to dismiss him, all the anti-fascists (except for the  Communist Party of Italy) started to abandon


texts: the Chamber of Deputies. They retired on the "Aventine Mount", like ancient Roman plebeians. They thought to force the Crown to act against Mussolini, but on the contrary this strengthened Mussolini. After a few weeks of confusion, Mussolini gained a favourable vote by the Senate of the Kingdom, and tried to defuse the tension with a speech. Despite pressure from the opposition, Victor Emmanuel III refused to dismiss Mussolini, since the Government was supported by a large majority of the Chamber of Deputies and almost all the Senate of the Kingdom.Moreover, he feared that compelling Mussolini to resign could be considered a coup d'état, that eventually could lead to a civil war between the Army and the Blackshirts. But during the summer, the trial against <mask>'s alleged murderers and the discovery of the corpse of <mask> once again spread rage against Mussolini: newspapers launched fierce attacks against him and the fascist movement. On 13 September, a right-wing fascist deputy, Armando Casalini, was killed on a tramway in retaliation for <mask>'s murder by the anti-fascist Giovanni Corvi. During the autumn of 1924, the extremist wing of the Fascist Party threatened Mussolini with a coup, and dealt with him on the night of San Silvestro of 1924. Mussolini devised a counter-maneuver, and on 3 January 1925 he gave a famous speech both attacking anti-fascists and confirming that he, and only he, was the leader of Fascism. He challenged the anti-fascists to prosecute him, and claimed proudly that Fascism was the "superb passion of the best youth of Italy" and grimly that "all the violence" was his responsibility, because he had created the climate of violence. Admitting that the murderers were Fascists of "high station", as Hitler later did after the Night of the Long Knives, Mussolini rhetorically claimed fault,

masks: Matteotti Matteotti Matteotti


texts:
 stating "I assume, I alone, the political, moral, historical responsibility for everything that has happened.If sentences, more or less maimed, are enough to hang a man, out with the noose!" Mussolini concluded with a warning: Italy needs stability and Fascism would assure stability to Italy in any manner necessary. This speech is considered the very beginning of the dictatorship in Italy. Works
 1924 The Fascisti Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination, ,  (1969)

<mask>'s son
<mask>'s son, , became a Social Democratic parliamentary deputy after World War II, serving as Italy's minister of tourism in 1970–72 and minister of foreign trade from 1972–1974, and died in 2000. See also
Il delitto Matteotti by Florestano Vancini (1973). Matteotti is played by Franco Nero. Footnotes

Bibliography

 Luigi Cyaheled, Matteotti è vivente, Napoli, Casa Editrice Vedova Ceccoli & Figli, 1924.Carlo Silvestri, <mask>, Mussolini e il dramma italiano, Roma, Ruffolo, 1947. Renzo De Felice, Mussolini il fascista, I, La conquista del potere. 1921–1925, Torino, Einaudi, 1966. Carlo Rossini, Il delitto Matteotti fra il Viminale e l’Aventino, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1968. Antonio G. Casanova, <mask>. Una vita per il socialismo, Milano, Bompiani, 1974. Adrian Lyttelton, La conquista del potere.Il fascismo dal 1919 al 1929, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1974. Ives Bizzi, <mask> a Villamarzana. 30 anni di lotte nel Polesine (1915–1945), Treviso, Giacobino, 1975. Carlo Silvestri, <mask>, Mussolini e il dramma italiano, Milano, Cavallotti editore, 1981. Alexander J. De Grand, Breve storia del fascismo, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1983. <mask>, Quei vent’anni.Dal fascismo all’Italia che cambia, Milano, Rusconi, 1985. Fabio Andriola, Mussolini. Prassi politica e rivoluzione sociale, S.l., F.U.A.N., 1990. Mauro Canali, Il delitto Matteotti. Affarismo e politica nel primo

masks:
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteotti
Da Matteotti
Matteotti
Matteo Matteotti


texts:
 governo Mussolini, Camerino, Università degli studi, 1996; Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997, 2004, 2015. ; 2004. Valentino Zaghi, <mask>, Sommacampagna, Cierre, 2001. Marcello Staglieno, Arnaldo e Benito.Due fratelli, Milano, Mondadori, 2003. Mauro Canali, Il delitto Matteotti, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2004. Nunzio Dell'Erba, <mask>: azione politica e pensiero giuridico, in "Patria indipendente", 28 maggio 2004, a. LIII, nn. 4–5, pp. 21–23. Stanislao G. Pugliese, Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. Enrico Tiozzo, La giacca di Matteotti e il processo Pallavicini.Una rilettura critica del delitto, Roma, Aracne, 2005. Gianpaolo Romanato, Un italiano diverso. <mask>, Milano, Longanesi, 2010. Giovanni Borgognone, Come nasce una dittatura. L'Italia del delitto Matteotti, Bari, Laterza, 2012. Alexander J. De Grand, Italian Fascism: Its Origins & Development, University of Nebraska Press, 2000,
 Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929, Routledge, 2003,
 Stanislao G. Pugliese, Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004,

External links

What a Murder by Mussolini Teaches Us About Khashoggi and M.B.S., By Alexander Stille, Oct. 23, 2018, The New York Times

1885 births
1924 deaths
1924 murders in Europe
People from the Province of Rovigo
Italian Socialist Party politicians
Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922) politicians
Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy
Politicians of Veneto
Italian anti-fascists
Italian anti-capitalists
Italian atheists
Kidnapped Italian people
Assassinated Italian politicians
Deaths by stabbing in Rome
People murdered in Italy
1924 crimes in

masks:
Giacomo Matteotti
Matteotti
Giacomo Matteotti


texts:
<mask>  (born 20 December 1940) is an English food writer, broadcaster and author, best known for founding The Curry Club. Early days
<mask> was born in London during the Blitz. His grandfather had achieved senior rank in the British Indian Army; his father served in the wartime Merchant Navy and his mother was a former midwifery training sister at Queen Charlotte's Hospital London, before running her own maternity nursing home in Ealing. His primary education was dysfunctional, with him going to no fewer than four schools. As a chorister at a local church, he auditioned to join the Westminster Abbey Choir School but failed because he had been watching trams driving around Westminster on a very smoggy evening, which clogged up his voice. Had he passed, he would have sung at Queen Elizabeth II's coronation ceremony in June 1953. Instead, his secondary education was at Bedales School whose headmaster, Hector Jacks, said that he would never pass A-Level examinations, which turned out to be true.Bedales, the countryside and the farm were revelations for a 13-year-old London boy, born and bred in the concrete jungle of Ealing. He disliked afternoon sports and opted to do 'Outdoor Work' (O.W) instead. At the time the Bedales farm was fully operational with a herd of Friesian cows, poultry and sheep. It also had a piggery at the south west corner of the estate, with its own pigman and a number of pedigree Wessex Saddleback pigs (with black bodies and a white-collar and front hooves). <mask> chose to work at the piggery and' or the dairy (he learned to hand-milk and machine milk the cows) for his O.W. The farm supplied the school with meat, milk and fruit and vegetables. Since being taken to a pantomime at the London Palladium, aged 10 or so, he became intrigued by all things backstage.He followed this by taking  course at the Central School of Speech and Drama, now renamed as

masks:
Patrick Lawrence Chapman
Chapman
Pat


texts:
 The Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. Sir Laurence Olivier and  Dame Peggy Ashcroft were Central's most famous alumni, though they were students (in 1925), long before <mask>'s time there. <mask>'s most celebrated contemporaries included Julie Christie and James Bolam). As a teenager, <mask> first obtained work during school holidays as an electrical stage hand at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith then as a  light board operator in West End theatre land, obtaining a highly coveted NATKE union card. (The National Association of Theatrical Television and Kine Employees, which represented employees who worked in theatres, cinemas and television.) NATKE is now known as Unison. On leaving drama school, he worked full-time in the theatre, including stage management at the Belgrade Theatre Coventry, where from time to time he was required to play bit parts, and he actually 'trod the boards' with the likes of Ian McKellen, David Warner and Edina Ronay.<mask> Belgrade Theatre 6.   https://theatricalia.com/person/1pq7/patrick-chapman

He followed this by joining the Royal Air Force where he trained as a fast jet pilot. He then worked for six years on sales and marketing at Lesney Products, during which time he went to night school at Enfield Tech (latterly part of Middlesex University) obtaining an HNC in Business Studies and a Diploma from the Chartered Institute of Marketing. This led to his being accepted as a mature student at Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge reading economics. At the same time he started the stage lighting and sound company, Entec. In 1968 his company established itself by providing the lighting for Cambridge May Balls, as well as performing liquid light shows for BBC Television, including a six-month contract on Top of the Pops and a four-part Doctor Who story, Claws of Axos in 1970/1. <mask> was a pioneer in touring lighting for rock acts

masks:
Pat
Pat
Pat
Pat Chapman
Chapman


texts: and festivals, introducing techniques which are in use to this day. <mask> and his crews provided lighting and sound systems for an eclectic mix of rock, heavy metal, pop and glam rock groups, including, to name some, The Carpenters, Bing Crosby, Black Sabbath, Ray Conniff, Dusty Springfield, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Mud, The New Seekers, Lou Reed, Status Quo, Rod Stewart, Sweet, Ike and Tina Turner and Wings.In 1979 <mask>'s investor, the Marquee Club's Harold Pendleton, took over <mask>'s Entec interests. He moved to Haslemere, Surrey, where he still lives, and spent the next four years consulting to a number of major entertainment multiples the like of Mecca Leisure Group, Rank Ballrooms, Warner Bros. and Pontins, both in the UK and overseas, advising on the equipping and installation of lighting and sound systems. Branches of <mask>'s family had lived in India from 1715 to 1935, first working for the East India Company then the British Raj. <mask> inherited their deep-rooted interest in the country, her history, her food and curry in particular. After he left school, <mask>'s friends, knowing his passion for the subject, asked him to teach them the secrets of spices and their cooking. At that time little information had been published on the subject of curry, yet national interest in the subject was emerging. He decided to set up a club as the vehicle to exchange information.In 1981 <mask>'s friend and writing mentor, columnist Carol Sarler, then editor of the best-selling Honey Magazine and currently a contributor to the Times Group wrote a piece on curry featuring the (then) non-existent Curry Club with recipes by <mask>. Time it was started. Carol had in effect kicked started The Curry Club. Honey was a monthly magazine for young women in the United Kingdom[1] which Fleetway Publications launched in April 1960. [2] Audrey Slaughter (later wife of

masks: Chapman Chapman Chapman Chapman Chapman Pat Chapman Chapman


texts:
 Charles Wintour and stepmother of Anna Wintour) founded it, with Jean McKinley as editor. Honey is regarded as having established the teen magazine sector in the UK. At its height, Honey sold about 250,000 copies a month.Staff on Honey included Eve Pollard and Catherine Bennett after which was founded on 1 January 1982. Many like-minded people have joined the Curry Club since it began and come from every continent including Asia. Membership is a cross-section of the British public. Currently
<mask> frequently demonstrates curry, holds regular curry cookery courses and from time to time takes small groups of curry enthusiasts to India to visit a region and sample its cuisine. Since 2008 <mask> has been an active member of the Army Benevolent Fund committee, specifically to help with fund-raising for their annual Big Curry event. For the 2010 National Curry Week celebrations he was commissioned by Cobra Beer to create recipes which add spice to top British Regional favourite dishes. Since 2012 he has been a trustee of the Cobra Foundation, an independent charity supported my Molson Coors and Cobra Beer to distribute funds to young people in South Asia by providing health, education, community support.On 17 November 2019 <mask> was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Asian Curry Awards from the Asian Catering Federation, of which he is the longstanding Chairman of Judges. Too ill to attend in person, (he was suffering from a very bad cold) fellow judge George Shaw accepted the award on his behalf saying, "Everyone who works in the curry sector owes <mask> a huge debt and never has a Lifetime Achievement Award so been richly deserved." To come
On 22 November 2020 it was planned that Sanjay Anand of Madhu's Caterers and Restaurants would present this Lifetime Achievement Award to <mask> in conjunction with Yawar Khan owner Akash Tandoori Restaurant, Wallington, Surrey

masks:
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Pat
Pat Chapman


texts:
 and founder The Asian Catering Federation and Awards. Because of COVID-19 this presentation is postponed and now planned to take place at Grosvenor House Hotel Great Room, date tba. Writing
<mask>'s first cookery book, The Indian Restaurant Cookbook, was published in 1984 and is still in print. To date <mask> has written some 36 books, with international sales exceeding 2 million copies. Most are on Curry, but some of his other books cover cuisines such as Thai, Chinese, Middle Eastern and International spicy cuisines.His Balti Cookbook was the first on the subject and became a Sunday Times Number 1 bestseller. <mask> built up a database on Indian restaurants, which as of 2018 contained over 10,000 entries. In 1984, this led to the publication of the Good Curry Guide, a critique of the top 1,000 UK curry restaurants. It has been sponsored by Cobra Beer since 1992, and was cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for usage of the word balti

Television appearances
<mask> has appeared on British television many times, including on the shows Who'll Do The Pudding?, This Morning, Food and Drink, Great Food Live and Good Food Live. He also had a regular spot on the Good Morning with Anne and Nick show. See also
The Curry Club
Curry Club Magazine
Good Curry Guide
Curry Awards
Curry
Balti
Tandoori

Books
To see pictures of the following books, go to Eat Your Books! 2013 Cobra Good Curry Guide, Curry Club Publisher, Haslemere —  Complete rewrite.DVDs
 <mask>'s Curry Magic (2006)

References

<mask> Belgrade Theatre 6.   https://theatricalia.com/person/1pq7/patrick-chapman

External links
An interview with <mask>
The Independent
Theatricalia

Living people
1940 births
People from Ealing
People educated at Bedales School
Royal Air Force officers
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
People from Haslemere
English chefs
English television chefs
English food writers
British cookbook

masks:
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Chapman
Pat Chapman
Pat Chapman
Pat Chapman


texts:
General <mask> (4 July 1924 – † 27 May 2006) was the 37th President of Guatemala from July 1, 1978 to March 23, 1982. He was elected as Institutional Democratic Party candidate (with the support of the Revolutionary Party). Elections for his presidency were fraud-ridden. During <mask>'s regime, tensions between the radical left and the government increased. The military started to murder political opponents while counterinsurgency measures further terrorized populations of poor civilians. Franja Transversal del Norte

The first settler project in the FTN was in Sebol-Chinajá in Alta Verapaz. Sebol, then regarded as a strategic point and route through Cancuén river, which communicated with Petén through the Usumacinta River on the border with Mexico and the only road that existed was a dirt one built by President Lázaro Chacón in 1928.In 1958, during the government of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) financed infrastructure projects in Sebol. In 1960, then Army captain <mask> <mask> inherited Saquixquib and Punta de Boloncó farms in northeastern Sebol. In 1963 he bought the farm "San Fernando" El Palmar de Sejux and finally bought the "Sepur" farm near San Fernando. During those years, <mask> was in the Guatemalan legislature and lobbied in Congress to boost investment in that area of the country. In those years, the importance of the region was in livestock, exploitation of precious export wood and archaeological wealth. Timber contracts we granted to multinational companies such as Murphy Pacific Corporation from California, which invested US$30 million for the colonization of southern Petén and Alta Verapaz, and formed the North Impulsadora Company. Colonization of the area was made through a process by which inhospitable areas of the FTN were granted to native peasants.In 1962, the DGAA became the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INTA), by Decree 1551 which created the law of Agrarian Transformation. In 1964, INTA defined the geography of the FTN as the northern part of the departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz and Izabal and

masks:
Fernando Romeo Lucas García
Lucas García
Fernando Romeo
Lucas Garcia
Lucas


texts:
 that same year priests of the Maryknoll order and the Order of the Sacred Heart began the first process of colonization, along with INTA, carrying settlers from Huehuetenango to the Ixcán sector in Quiché. The Northern Transversal Strip was officially created during the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970, by Decree 60-70 in the Congress, for agricultural development. In 1977, when he stepped down as defense minister to pursue his presidential campaign, general <mask> <mask> also happened to hold the position of coordinator of the megaproject of the Northern Transversal Strip, whose main objective was to bring production of to facilitate oil exploitation of that vast land. By managing this project, <mask> obtained greater knowledge and interaction with the transnational companies that were in the area, and increased his own personal economic interests in the region, given that his family owned land there and he had commercial relationships with Shenandoah Oil company. Cuchumaderas case

In 1977 the municipality of San Mateo Ixtatán had signed a contract with Cuchumaderas company for the "sanitation, reforestation, maintenance and exploitation of forests, based on the urgent need to build and maintain natural resources attacked by the pine beetle." Upon learning of the negotiation between the municipality and the company, town people forced the authorities to conduct an open meeting and explain the characteristics of the commitment;  each of the members of the municipal corporation gave their account of the negotiation, showing contradictions that led to resignation of the mayor at the very same meeting.Despite threats received by some residents of San Mateo, they organized a local committee to defend the forest, and started a lawsuit against the company. As a result, forest extraction processes were stopped. Cuchumaderas was closely related to the interests of the military leaders who held political power in the 1970s, and spread throughout the defined territory of the FTN; forest wealth of San Mateo Ixtatán made it the target of economic interests in the Northern

masks:
Fernando Romeo
Lucas García
Lucas García


texts:
 Transversal Strip. Ronald Hennessey, pastor of San Mateo Ixtatán during the Guatemala Civil War arrived in October 1980, amid people's fight against the presence of Cuchumaderas and accused in his writings as Cuchumaderas partners the following people: <mask>, who FTN director when Cuchumaderas was founded, general Otto Spiegler Noriega, who was the Chief of Staff of the Army and later became Minister of Defense under <mask>;  Jorge Spiegler Noriega, manager of the National Forestry Institute (INAFOR), and then-colonel Rodolfo Lobos Zamora, commander of Military Zone of Quiché. However, later in the Commercial Register investigations showed that the owner of the company was a different person: it was the engineer <mask> Arizpe, and was well known for being the husband of journalist Irma Flaquer until 1965. Valle Arizpe had developed close relations with senior officials and close members of the government of <mask>, especially Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, the Minister of Interior. During <mask> government (1 July 1978 – 23 March 1982) the Army Engineers Battalion built the road stretch from Cadenas (Petén / Izabal) to Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.After the overthrow of <mask> on 23 March 1982, rose to power a military triumvirate headed by General Efraín Ríos Montt, along with Horacio Maldonado Shaad colonels and Francisco Gordillo. On 2 June 1982, international journalists conducted an interview with Ríos Montt, who said the following regarding <mask> government and FTN:

Rise to power

Due to his seniority in both the military and economic elites in Guatemala, as well as the fact that he spoke perfectly the q'ekchi, one of the Guatemalan indigenous languages, <mask> was the ideal official candidate for the 1978 elections;  and to further enhance his image, he was paired with the leftist doctor Francisco Villagrán Kramer as running mate. Villagrán Kramer was a man of recognized democratic trajectory, having participated in the Revolution of 1944, and was linked to the interests of transnational corporations and elites, as he was one of the main advisers of agricultural, industrial and financial

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Fernando Valle
Lucas García
Lucas García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Lucas García


texts: chambers of Guatemala. Despite the democratic facade, the electoral victory was not easy and the establishment had to impose <mask>, causing further discredit the electoral system -which had already suffered a fraud when General Laugerud was imposed in the 1974 elections. In 1976 student group called "FRENTE" emerged in the University of San Carlos, which completely swept all student body positions that were up for election that year. FRENTE leaders were mostly members of the Patriotic Workers' Youth, the youth wing of the Guatemalan Labor Party (-Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo- (PGT), the Guatemalan communist party who had worked in the shadows since it was illegalized in 1954. Unlike other Marxist organizations in Guatemala at the time, PGT leaders trusted the mass movement to gain power through elections.FRENTE used its power within the student associations to launch a political campaign for the 1978 university general elections, allied with leftist Faculty members grouped in "University Vanguard". The alliance was effective and Oliverio Castañeda de León was elected as President of the Student Body and Saúl Osorio Paz as President of the University; plus they had ties with the University workers union (STUSC) thru their PGT connections. Osorio Paz gave space and support to the student movement and instead of having a conflictive relationship with students, different representations combined to build a higher education institution of higher social projection. In 1978 the University of San Carlos became one of the sectors with more political weight in Guatemala;  that year the student movement, faculty and University Governing Board -Consejo Superior Universitario- united against the government and were in favor of opening spaces for the neediest sectors. In order to expand its university extension, the Student Body (AEU) rehabilitated the "Student House" in downtown Guatemala City;  there, they welcomed and supported families of villagers and peasant already sensitized politically. They also organized groups of workers in the informal trade. At the beginning of his tenure as


texts: President, Saúl Osorio founded the weekly Siete Días en la USAC, which besides reporting on the activities of the University, constantly denounced the violation of human rights, especially the repression against the popular movement.It also told what was happening with revolutionary movements in both Nicaragua and El Salvador . For a few months, the state university was a united and progressive institution, preparing to confront the State head on. Now, FRENTE had to face the radical left, represented then by the Student Revolutionary Front "Robin García" (FERG), which emerged during the Labor Day march of 1 May 1978. FERG coordinated several student associations on different colleges within University of San Carlos and public secondary education institutions. This coordination between legal groups came from the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), a guerrilla group that had appeared in 1972 and had its headquarters in the oil rich region of northern Quiché department -i.e., the Ixil Triangle of Ixcán, Nebaj and Chajul in Franja Transversal del Norte. Although not strictly an armed group, FERG sought confrontation with government forces all the time, giving prominence to measures that could actually degenerate into mass violence and paramilitary activity. Its members were not interested in working within an institutional framework and never asked permission for their public demonstrations or actions.On 7 March 1978 <mask> was elected President;  shortly after, on 29 May 1978 -in the late days of General Laugerud <mask> government- in the central square of Panzós, Alta Verapaz, members of the Zacapa Military Zone attacked a peaceful peasant demonstration, killing a lot of people. The deceased, indigenous peasants who had been summoned in place, were fighting for the legalization of public lands they had occupied for years. Their struggle faced them directly with investors who wanted to exploit the mineral wealth of the area, particularly oil reserves -by Basic Resources International and Shenandoah Oil- and nickel -EXMIBAL. The Panzós Massacre caused a stir at the University by the high number

masks:
Lucas Garcia
García


texts:
 of victims and conflicts arising from the exploitation of natural resources by foreign companies. In 1978 for example, Osorio Paz and other university received death threats for their outspoken opposition to the construction of an inter-oceanic pipeline that would cross the country to facilitate oil exploration. On June 8 the AEU organized a massive protest in downtown Guatemala City where speakers denounced the slaughter of Panzós and expressed their repudiation of Laugerud <mask> regime in stronger terms than ever before. Presidency (1978–1982)

Whereas under the previous administration the human rights situation in Guatemala had improved, the regime of <mask> brought the repression to much the same level observed during the "State of Siege" period under former President Arana Osorio (1970–1974).Initial protests and early crisis

On 4 August 1978, barely a month after he took office, high school and university students, along with other popular movement sectors, organized the mass movement's first urban protest of the <mask> period. The protests, intended as a march against violence, were attended by an estimated 10,000 people. The new Secretary of the Interior under President <mask>, Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, promised to break up any protests done without government permission, as the new government had realized that the opposition and Marxist left had a really strong organization by the time the new president was inaugurated. Having refused to ask for permission, the protesters were met by the Pelotón Modelo (Model Platoon) of the National Police. Employing new anti-riot gear donated by the United States Government, Platoon agents surrounded marchers and tear-gassed them. Students were forced to retreat and dozens of people, mostly school-aged adolescents, were hospitalized. This was followed by more protests and death squad killings throughout the later part of the year.In September 1978 a general strike broke out to protest sharp increases in public transportation fares; the government responded harshly, arresting dozens of protesters and injuring many more. However, as a result of the

masks:
García
Lucas Garcia
Lucas García
Lucas García


texts:
 campaign, the government agreed to the protesters' demands, including the establishment of a public transportation subsidy. Fearful that this concession would encourage more protests, the military government, along with state-sponsored paramilitary death squads, generated an unsafe situation for public leaders. Increased insurgency and state repression: 1980–1982

The effects of state repression on the population further radicalized individuals within the mass movement and led to increased popular support for the insurgency. In late 1979, the EGP expanded its influence, controlling a large amount of territory in the Ixil Triangle in El Quiche and holding many demonstrations in Nebaj, Chajul and Cotzal. At the same time the EGP was expanding its presence in the Altiplano, a new insurgent movement called the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of Armed People) made itself known. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of a movement called the Regional de Occidente, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971.The ORPA's leader, Rodrigo Asturias (a former activist with the PGT and first-born son of Nobel Prize-winning author Miguel Ángel Asturias), formed the organization after returning from exile in Mexico. ORPA established an operational base in the mountains and rain-forests above the coffee plantations of southwestern Guatemala and in the Atitlan where it enjoyed considerable popular support. On 18 September 1979, ORPA made its existence publicly known when it occupied the Mujulia coffee farm in the coffee-growing region of the Quezaltenango province to hold a political education meeting with the workers. Insurgent movements active in the initial phase of the conflict such as the FAR also began to reemerge and prepare for combat. In 1980, guerrilla operations on both the urban and rural fronts greatly intensified, with the insurgency carrying out a number of overt acts of armed propaganda and assassinations of prominent right-wing Guatemalans and landowners. In 1980, armed insurgents assassinated prominent Ixil landowner Enrique Brol, and president of the


texts:
 CACIF (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) Alberto Habie. Encouraged by guerrilla advances elsewhere in Central America, the Guatemalan insurgents, especially the EGP, began to quickly expand their influence through a wide geographic area and across different ethnic groups, thus broadening the appeal of the insurgent movement and providing it with a larger popular base.In October 1980, a tripartite alliance was formalized between the EGP, the FAR and the ORPA as a precondition for Cuban-backing. In early 1981, the insurgency mounted the largest offensive in the country's history. This was followed by an additional offensive towards the end of the year, in which many civilians were forced to participate by the insurgents. Villagers worked with the insurgency to sabotage roads and army establishments, and destroy anything of strategic value to the armed forces. By 1981, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 members of Guatemala's indigenous community actively supported the insurgency. Guatemalan Army Intelligence (G-2) estimated a minimum 360,000 indigenous supporters of the EGP alone. Civil war in the city

On 31 January 1980, Guatemala got worldwide attention when the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City was burnt down, resulting in 37 deaths, including embassy personnel and high ranked Guatemalan former government officials.A group of native people from El Quiché occupied the embassy in a desperate attempt to bring attention to the issues they were having with the Army in that region of the country, which was rich in oil and had been recently populated as part of the "Franja Transversal del Norte" agricultural program. In the end, thirty seven people died after a fire started within the embassy after the police force tried to occupy the building; after that, Spain broke its diplomatic relationships with Guatemala. In the months following the Spanish Embassy Fire, the human rights situation continued to deteriorate. The daily number of killings by official and unofficial security forces increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a


texts: conservative estimate of 30 to 40 daily in 1980. Human rights sources estimated 5,000 Guatemalans were killed by the government for "political reasons" in 1980 alone, making it the worst human rights violator in the hemisphere after El Salvador. In a report titled Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder, Amnesty International stated, "Between January and November of 1980, some 3,000 people described by government representatives as "subversives" and "criminals" were either shot on the spot in political assassinations or seized and murdered later; at least 364 others seized in this period have not yet been accounted for." The repression and excessive force used by the government against the opposition was such that it became source of contention within <mask>'s administration itself.This contention within the government caused <mask>'s Vice President Francisco Villagrán Kramer to resign from his position on September 1, 1980. In his resignation, Kramer cited his disapproval of the government's human rights record as one of the primary reasons for his resignation. He then went into voluntary exile in the United States, taking a position in the Legal Department of the Inter-American Development Bank. On 5 September 1980 took place a terrorist attack by Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, then the heardquarters of the Guatemalan government. The intention was to prevent the Guatemalan people to support a huge demonstration that the government of general <mask> had prepared for Sunday 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off. There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace, but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which is right across the Presidential Office.Among the deceased was Domingo Sánchez, Secretary of Agriculture drive; Joaquín Díaz y Díaz, car washer; and Amilcar de Paz, security guard. The attacks against private financial, commercial and

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia


texts:
 agricultural targets increased in the <mask> years, as the leftist marxist groups saw those institutions as "reactionaries" and "millionaire exploiters" that were collaborating with the genocidal government. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala city and are presented in the UN Commission report:

Despite advances by the insurgency, the insurgency made a series of fatal strategic errors. The successes made by the revolutionary forces in Nicaragua against the Somoza regime combined with the insurgency's own successes against the <mask> government led rebel leaders to falsely conclude that a military equilibrium was being reached in Guatemala, thus the insurgency underestimated the military strength of the government. The insurgency subsequently found itself overwhelmed, and was unable to secure its advances and protect the indigenous civilian population from reprisals by the security forces. 'Operation Ceniza'

In response to the guerilla offensive in early 1981, the Guatemalan Army began mobilizing for a large-scale rural counter-offensive. The <mask> government instituted a policy of forced recruitment and began organizing a "task-force" model for fighting the insurgency, by which strategic mobile forces were drawn from larger military brigades.To curtail civilian participation in the insurgency and provide greater distinction between "hostile" and compliant communities in the countryside, the army resorted to a series of "civic action" measures. The army under Chief of Staff Benedicto <mask> (the President’s brother) began to search out communities in which to organize and recruit civilians into pro-government paramilitary patrols, who would combat the insurgents and kill their collaborators. In 1980 and 1981, the United States under Reagan administration delivered $10.5 million worth of Bell 212 and Bell 412 helicopters and $3.2 million worth of military trucks and jeeps to the Guatemalan Army; and in 1981, the Reagan administration also approved a $2 million covert CIA program for Guatemala. On April 15, 1981, EGP rebels attacked a

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas García


texts: Guatemalan Army patrol from the village of Cocob near Nebaj, killing five personnel. On April 17, 1981, a reinforced company of Airborne troops was deployed to the village. They discovered fox holes, guerrillas and a hostile population. The local people appeared to fully support the guerrillas."The soldiers were forced to fire at anything that moved." The army killed 65 civilians, including 34 children, five adolescents, 23 adults and two elderly people. In July 1981, the armed forces initiated a new phase of counterinsurgency operations under the code-name "Operación Ceniza," or "Operation Ashes," which lasted through March 1982. The purpose of the operation was to "separate and isolate the insurgents from the civilian population." During "Operación Ceniza" some 15,000 troops were deployed on a gradual sweep through the predominantly indigenous Altiplano region, comprising the departments of El Quiché and Huehuetenango. Large numbers of civilians were killed or displaced in the Guatemalan military's counterinsurgency operations. To alienate the insurgents from their civilian base, the army carried out large-scale mass killing of unarmed civilians, burned villages and crops, and butchered animals, destroying survivors' means of livelihood.Sources with the human rights office of the Catholic Church estimated the death toll from the counterinsurgency in 1981 at 11,000, with most of the victims indigenous peasants of the Guatemalan highlands. Other sources and observers put the death toll due to government repression in 1981 at between 9,000 and 13,500. As army repression intensified in the countryside, relations between the Guatemalan military establishment and the <mask> regime worsened. Professionals within the Guatemalan military considered the <mask> approach counterproductive, on grounds that the <mask> government's strategy of military action and systematic terror overlooked the social and ideological causes of the insurgency while radicalizing the civilian population. Additionally, <mask> went against the military's interests by endorsing his defense minister, Angel Anibal Guevara, as

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas


texts:
 a candidate in the March 1982 presidential elections. Together with the government in neighboring El Salvador, the <mask> regime was cited as the worst human rights violator in the western hemisphere. The daily number of killings by government forces and officially sanctioned death squads increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 in 1980.An estimated 5,000 civilians were killed by government forces in Guatemala in 1980. In 1981 the number of killings and assassinations by government forces exceeded 9,000. He was president during Spanish embassy fire in Guatemala City on 31 January 1980, in which 37 people died. His vice president, Francisco Villagrán, resigned on 1 September 1980, citing differences with <mask> and disapproval of the country's worsening human rights situation. The United States, Israel and Argentina all provided military support to the regime in the form of pipeline aid, sales, credits, training and counterinsurgency advisors. Between FS 1978 and FS 1980, the U.S. provided $8.5 million in military assistance, mostly FMS credit sales, and approximately $1.8 million in export licensing for commercial arms sales, despite a 1977 congressional prohibition on military aid. In 1980 and 1981, the United States also delivered three Bell 212 and six Bell 412 helicopters worth $10.5 million to the army.In June 1981 the Reagan Administration announced a $3.2 million delivery of 150 military trucks and jeeps to the army, justifying these shipments by blaming the guerrillas for the violence perpetrated against civilians. In its later years, <mask>'s regime was perceived as a threat by the military establishment in Guatemala, as it engaged in actions which compromised the legitimacy of the Guatemalan military with both the populace and within its own ranks, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the counterinsurgency war. In the 1982 elections, <mask> went against both popular opinion and the military's interests through his endorsement of Angel Anibal Guevara, his own defense minister. 1982 coup d'état and "state of siege"

On March 23,

masks:
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
Lucas Garcia
Lucas Garcia


texts:
 1982, junior officers under the command of General Efraín Ríos Montt staged a coup d'état and deposed General <mask> Garcia. The coup was not supported by any entities within the <mask> government aside from the junior officers involved in engineering the coup. At the time of the coup, the majority of <mask>'s senior officers were reportedly unaware of any previous coup plotting on the part of the junior officers or any other entity. General <mask> was reportedly prepared to resist the coup, and could have easily opposed the coup with his own contingent of troops stationed at the presidential palace, but was coerced into surrendering by being shown his mother and sister held with rifles to their heads.Prosecution

In 1999 the Audiencia Nacional of Spain began criminal proceedings for accusations of torture and genocide against the Maya population after a formal petition introduced by Rigoberta Menchú. However, the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal denied the extradition on 22 June 2005, arguing "...medical reports from <mask>’s wife showing that her husband is severely affected by the Alzheimer’s disease". He died in exile in Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela, where he had lived for 12 years with his wife Elsa Cirigliano, suffering from Alzheimers and various other ailments, at the age of 81. In May 2018, his brother Bendicto <mask>, who served as his Army Chief of Staff, would receive a 58 year prison sentence after being convicted for a 1981 incident which involved torture and rape. See also

 Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
 Franja Transversal del Norte
 Guatemalan Civil War
 Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Violence and Genocide in Guatemala Yale University

Presidents of Guatemala
People of the Guatemalan Civil War
Institutional Democratic Party politicians
Guatemalan generals
1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Alta Verapaz Department
Neurological disease deaths in Venezuela
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
20th-century Guatemalan people
Guatemalan politicians convicted of

masks:
Romeo Lucas
Lucas
Lucas Garcia
Lucas
García
Lucas Garcia


texts:
<mask> (born 3 January 1987) is an English footballer who plays for Ilkeston Town, where he plays as a midfielder. Playing career

Leicester City
Born in Leicester, Leicestershire, <mask> started his career at Leicester City in their youth academy however he failed to break into the first team squad and was eventually released. Bedworth United
After his release, he teamed up with Bedworth United. Redditch United
His performances at Bedworth United, got him a move up the football pyramid, as he joined Conference North side Redditch United. In fact <mask>'s performances were that impressive, that he was given an opportunity to return to his former club Leicester City. Leicester City
In December 2008, <mask> rejoined his former club Leicester City on trial, where he did enough to secure a six-month contract. In May 2009, he was given a one-year contract extension.On 6 August 2009, <mask> joined Crewe Alexandra on trial, joining on 10 August on loan for three months. He made his debut a day later in a 2–1 League Cup defeat to Blackpool, replacing James Bailey at half time. He made his league debut in a 4–0 win at Grimsby Town on 15 August, but returned to Leicester on 3 November, two-weeks early having fallen out of favour at Crewe. <mask> had his first call up to the main Leicester squad as an unused substitute in a 2–1 win at Blackpool on 6 February 2010. He joined Conference National club Histon on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season on 26 March 2010, In May 2010, <mask> was awarded with another contract extension by Leicester. He finally made his senior debut for the club as a substitute in a 4–3 League Cup win over Macclesfield on 10 August 2010. On 11 August, <mask> was part of the reserves squad that won the Totesport.com Cup in a 2–1 win over Oldham Athletic reserves at Quorn FC.On 27 August 2010,

masks:
Aman Kumar Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma
Verma


texts:
 he joined Conference National club Kidderminster Harriers on loan for a month. However, he returned to Leicester after breaking his hand during his debut against Newport County. On 19 November, <mask> joined Darlington on loan until January 2011. Leicester City confirmed on 14 May 2011 that <mask> would not be offered a new contract when it expires on 30 June 2011. Kettering Town
Following his second release from Leicester City, <mask> agreed a one-year deal with Conference National side Kettering Town on 21 July 2011. Floriana
Maltese Premier League side Floriana appointed Mark Wright as their new manager, and on 16 August 2012, the club confirmed the signings of <mask> <mask>, on a one-year deal and Carl Tremarco, on loan from Macclesfield Town. Corby Town
Verma signed for Corby Town in 2013, following a brief spell with Stockport County, but left the club on 17 March 2014.Kidderminster Harriers
On 20 March 2014, he signed on non contract terms for Kidderminster Harriers. He made his debut as a substitute in a 1–0 home loss to Grimsby Town. On 6 June 2014, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Kidderminster. He scored his first goal on 4 October 2014, in a 1–1 draw at home to AFC Telford. His second goal came in a 1–1 draw at home to Wrexham, <mask> scoring from 30 yards in the second minute. <mask> returned from injury on 26 December 2014, to play in a more forward role just behind the striker and it paid off as he netted two of the goals in a 3–2 away win to Forest Green Rovers. At the end of the season he signed a new one-year contract.On the opening day of the 2015–16 season, <mask> netted a stoppage time equaliser against title-favourites Grimsby Town in a 2–2 draw. After not appearing within the squad <mask> was loaned out to Torquay United on 5 November 2015 where he scored one goal in 23 appearances.

masks: Verma Verma Verma Aman Verma Verma Verma Verma Verma Verma


texts:
 <mask> signed a permanent contract to remain with Torquay for 2016–17 season. Torquay United
On 2 June 2016, <mask> signed a permanent contract to remain with Torquay United for 2016–17 season. It didn't take long for <mask> to show his worth, after impressive displays in the engine room of the side, he showed much versatility as he moved to right-back towards the end of the season and performed admirably, he also performed well in his natural position as a midfielder and as a striker. Player-manager Kevin Nicholson was happy to have Verma at the club on a permanent deal. Tamworth
Aman Verma signed for Conference North side Tamworth on 27 June 2017, with the player signing a two-year deal with the club.<mask> had been offered an extension at Torquay United, but decided to decline, and move closer to Leicestershire for family reasons. <mask> made his Tamworth debut on the opening day of the 2017–18 season, in a home fixture against Bradford Park Avenue on 5 August 2017, a game the visitors won 1–0. In a very disappointing season for Tamworth, <mask> was one of the brighter notes, and was nominated in the running to win the Supporters' Player of the Year, along with Connor Taylor and Andy Burns, an award eventually claimed by Connor Taylor on 23 April 2018. A very disappointing second half of the season saw Tamworth relegated from the Conference North on 23 April 2018. Aman managed to make 40 appearances, scoring 5 goals from midfield during the 2017–18 season with Tamworth. Following relegation to the newly formed Southern League Premier Central, <mask> was one of four players still contracted to Tamworth for the 2018–19 season, along with Rhys Sharpe, Tom Shaw and Akwasi Asante. <mask> was injured in an Southern League Premier Central fixture away at Biggleswade Town on 19 January 2019, following a collision

masks: Verma Verma Verma Verma Verma Verma Verma Aman


texts:
 with teammate Claudio Dias, and was substituted on the 7th minute, and replaced by Kieran Holsgrove.Biggleswade Town won the match 3–0, which turned out to be the last match for manager Dennis Greene, who was relieved of his duties the following day. Following the injury, <mask> didn't feature for Tamworth for the remainder of the season, he managed to make 23 appearances, and scored one goal, as Tamworth finished in 12th position in their first season in the Southern League Premier Central. Nuneaton Borough
On 11 June 2019, it was confirmed that <mask> had signed for Southern League Premier Central rivals Nuneaton Borough. Aman managed 13 appearances, scoring one goal for the club, before been released on 18 November 2019. Mickleover Sports
On 25 November 2019, <mask> signed for Northern Premier League Premier League club Mickleover Sports. Ilkeston Town
He signed for Northern Premier League Division One Midlands side Ilkeston Town on a free transfer in August 2021.

International career
Although currently uncapped, <mask> is eligible to represent both England and India at international level. References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
Association football midfielders
British people of Indian descent
Leicester City F.C.players
Bedworth United F.C. players
Redditch United F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Histon F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C.players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Floriana F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Corby Town F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Tamworth F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C.players
Mickleover Sports F.C. players
Ilkeston Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League

masks: Verma Verma Aman Verma


texts:
<mask> (born May 23, 1969) is an American saxophonist, vocalist, author, and National Trustee for the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the organization that puts on the Grammy Awards show. Her solo career has produced ten No. 1 radio singles, two No. 1 Billboard Jazz CDs, and four more solo CDs that have landed No. 5 and above on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. She was the featured saxophonist for the 2011 and 2012 seasons of American Idol, and performed with the rock band Aerosmith. <mask>'s recordings have twice been nominated for Grammy Awards.Early life
She acted as drum major of her high school marching band in her junior and senior years at Northside Christian School in St. Petersburg. As a senior in high school, she won the first chair alto saxophone for the Florida All-State Jazz Band. Abair spent her first year of college on a full scholarship at the University of North Florida, a jazz program started by Rich Matteson. She transferred to Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, attending on a scholarship and studying saxophone with Joe Viola and George Garzone. Abair graduated magna cum laude in 1991 with a degree in Woodwind Performance. She formed her first band in college. Career

Performances and releases

In 1991, after college, Abair moved to Los Angeles, California, where she began booking her band into clubs, coffee shops and hotels.She played solo on the street at 3rd Street Promenade in Santa Monica, California and garnered the attention of jazz keyboardist Bobby Lyle, who hired her to record on his Power of Touch CD and tour with him. Her touring opportunities expanded over the next decade, as she toured as a saxophonist/singer and keyboardist with Adam Sandler, John Tesh, Jonathan Butler, Teena Marie, Rick Braun as well. Abair was featured on saxophone in the Go West video "Tell Me". In 1996, she appeared on Adam Sandler's HBO Special and recorded on his platinum CD

masks:
Mindi Abair
Abair


texts: What's Your Name? playing the saxophone solo on "The Lonesome Kicker" and singing on various tracks. In 1999, Abair joined the Backstreet Boys for their Millennium World Tour, and spent the next year and a half as their saxophonist, keyboardist and percussionist. She assembled Mandy Moore's first band and acted as musical director, keyboardist, background singer and percussionist for many of Moore's first television appearances and shows.When not touring, Abair released her first complete solo album, Always and Never the Same, an all-vocal pop record, independently. Abair performed in local Los Angeles rock clubs to promote the record, in addition to her touring with the Backstreet Boys. In 2003, Abair signed to Verve Records and released the album It Just Happens That Way, which peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Chart. In 2004, Abair released Come As You Are, which peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz charts. She followed that with Life Less Ordinary in 2006, which peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Chart and remained in the top 20 for 45 weeks. Her songs "True Blue" and "Bloom" hit No. 1 on R&R. Abair signed to Concord Records in 2007 and released her genre breaking Stars in 2008 which peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Chart. Her single "Stars" (co-written and produced by Matthew Hager) charted at No. 29 Adult Contemporary R&R simultaneously with her single "Smile" which reached No.1 on the R&R jazz airplay charts. She released "Hi-Fi Stereo" in 2010 which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Jazz Albums chart. The album spawned the No. 1 hit "Be Beautiful" written by David Ryan Harris. The album Summer Horns, a collaboration with Dave Koz, Gerald Albright, and Richard Elliot, was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards. On May 27, 2014, Abair released Wild Heart on Concord Records imprint, Heads Up International.The record debuted at


texts: No. 1 on the Billboard Jazz chart and No. 152 on the Billboard Top 200. The record, which included collaborations with the late Gregg Allman, Joe Perry and Trombone Shorty, was nominated for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album in the 2015 Grammy Awards. Abair received the Mad Skills Award at the third annual She Rocks at NAMM Show (organized by NAMM, the National Association of Music Merchants) on January 24, 2015. Held in Anaheim, California, the event was founded by the Women's International Music Network. In 2015, after working with Randy Jacobs (founder of The Boneshakers) on the tour for Wild Heart, he and Abair decided to form Mindi Abair and The Boneshakers, which includes <mask> <mask> (saxophone, vocals), Randy Jacobs (guitar, vocals), Sweet Pea Atkinson (vocals), Rodney Lee (keyboards), Derek Frank (bass, vocals), and Third Richardson (drums, vocals).In late 2015, they released a live album <mask> <mask> and The Boneshakers Live in Seattle via Pledge Music and HeadsUp, which featured a performance from Seattle's Dimitriou's Jazz Alley in February 2015. In summer 2017, the group announced their first studio project via Randy Jacobs' website. Recorded over five days at EastWest Studios with producer Kevin Shirley, The EastWest Sessions, included 11 blues and rock tracks, was released on September 15, 2017. Joe Bonamassa and Fantastic Negrito were featured guests. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard Blues Albums Chart on the week of October 7, 2017. "Pretty Good for a Girl," a tongue-in-cheek track co-written by <mask> and Jacobs for the album, inspired Abair to launch the web platform PrettyGoodForAGirl.net.The goal of the website is to celebrate exceptional women and turn "pretty good for a girl" into a phrase of empowerment. In October 2018, <mask> <mask> and The Boneshakers released their first blues rock holiday album, All I Got For Christmas Is The Blues. It debuted at number 7 on the Billboard Blues

masks: Mindi Abair Mindi Abair Abair Mindi Abair


texts:
 Albums Chart, number 1 on the RMR Holiday Album and Song Chart and number 13 on Sirius XM Bluesville. It featured four original songs including "All I Got For Christmas Is The Blues" and five holiday classics including "Merry Christmas Baby" and "The Christmas Song". In June 2019, <mask> and The Boneshakers released No Good Deed. It debuted at number 3 in the Billboard Blues Albums Chart. Radio host
In 2007, <mask> took over the nationally syndicated radio program Chill with Chris Botti which he had hosted for two years.The name changed to "Chill With <mask> Abair," which she hosted from 2007 to 2015. The focus of the program was chill out music. Television appearances
Abair featured on the 2011 American Idol season as a soloist with Paul McDonald and Casey Abrams and playing behind contestants Jacob Lusk and Haley Reinhart. Steven Tyler remarked to McDonald after her debut on the show "Forget you, who's your sax player?" Abair was featured on the 2012 American Idol season, performing with Phillip Phillips. Abair appeared with Phillips six times as a featured saxophonist, performing the songs "U Got It Bad" originally by Usher, "Disease" originally by Matchbox Twenty, "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" originally by Creedence Clearwater Revival, "Movin' Out" originally by Billy Joel, "In The Midnight Hour" originally by Wilson Pickett and "Give A Little More" originally by Maroon 5.Tyler was so impressed with Abair that he invited her to join Aerosmith on the summer leg of their 2012 world tour playing sax and singing backing vocals. She filled in as the saxophonist with the CBS Orchestra on the Late Show with David Letterman on April 3 and 4, 2012. She sat in with the band again on July 29, 2014, and she also performed her original songs "Wild Heart" and "Train." Abair has also appeared on The Tavis Smiley Show and more than once on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Other ventures

National Academy of Recording Arts

masks: Abair Abair Mindi


texts:
 And Sciences
In 2009, Abair was elected as a Governor on the Board of the Los Angeles Chapter of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, serving for three years until 2012, when she was elected as Secretary. She spent one year serving as Secretary. In 2013, Abair was elected to a two-year term as the President of the Los Angeles Chapter, taking over the position from the previous president, MC Lyte.Mindi was elected to a two-year term as National Trustee of the Recording Academy in 2015. Discography

Studio albums
 Always and Never the Same (1999)
 It Just Happens That Way (2003)
 Come As You Are (2005)
 Life Less Ordinary (2007)
 Stars (2008)
 In Hi-Fi Stereo (2010)
 Wild Heart (2014)
 <mask> Abair & The Boneshakers – The EastWest Sessions (2017)
 <mask> Abair & The Boneshakers – No Good Deed (2019)

Christmas albums
 I Can't Wait for Christmas (2004)
 <mask> Abair & The Boneshakers – All I Got For Christmas Is The Blues (2018)

Live albums
 <mask> <mask> & The Boneshakers – Live in Seattle (2015)

Collaboration album appearances
 Peter White Christmas (2007)
 Dave Koz and Friends: Summer Horns (2013)
 Peter White Christmas LIVE! (2015)

Guest appearances

 Bobby Lyle – Power of Touch (1997)
 Adam Sandler – What's Your Name? (1997)
 Henry Phillips – Number 2 (1999)
 Jeff Golub – Soul Sessions (2003)
 Michael Feinstein – Only One Life: The Songs Of Jimmy Webb (2003)
 Keb' Mo' – Peace...Back by Popular Demand (2004)
 Peach – Real Thing (2004)
 Ellis Hall – Straight Ahead (2004)
 Alan Hewitt Project – Noche de Pasion (2004)
 Peter White – Confidential (2004)
 Daniel Benzali – Benzali (2005)
 Loren Gold – Keys (2005)
 Val Watson – Live at the Funk Lounge (2005)
 Randy Jacobs – From Me To You (2005)
 Russ Kunkel/Chateau Beach – Rivage (2008)
 The Ides of March – Still 19 (2010)
 Greg Manning – The Calling (2010)
 Jim Peterik's Lifeforce – Forces at Play ( 2011)
 Brite Futures – Dark Past (2011)
 Mocean

masks: Mindi Mindi Mindi Mindi Abair


texts:
 Worker – Candygram for Mowo! (2011)
 Keb' Mo' – The Reflection (2011)
 Groove Kid Nation – The Wheels on the Bus (2011)
 Terry Wollman – A Joyful Noise (2012)
 Chris Mann – Home For Christmas: The Chris Mann Christmas Special (2013)
 Chris Mann – Chris Mann in Concert: A Mann For All Seasons (2013)
 Randy Jacobs – Rhythm and the Beat (2013)
 Jeff Golub with Brian Auger – Train Keeps A-Rolling (2013)
 David Pack – Napa Crossroads (2014)
 Bobby Rush & Blinddog Smokin' – Decisions (2014)
 Sweet Pea Atkinson – Get What You Deserve (2017)

Soundtrack appearances
 License to Wed – "Every Time" (2007) track 9

Compilation album appearances

 A Twist of Motown (2003)
 WSJT 94.1 Smooth Jazz, Vol. 6 (2003)
 KKSF 103.7 FM Sampler For AIDS Relief, Vol. 14 (2003)
 Forever, For Always, For Luther (2004) on "Stop To Love"
 First Annual Smoothie Award Winners (2004)
 Live Your Life With Verve: Autumn Moods (2004)
 Dreams And Vision (2005)
 WNUA 95.5 Smooth Jazz Sampler, Vol.18 (2005)
 Jazziz: Women, Volume 7 (2006)
 KWJZ 98.9 Smooth Jazz Vol. 10 (2006)
 Wave Music, Vol. 9: Max (2006)
 The Best Christmas... Ever! (Poland) (2006)
 Smooth Sounds of the Season, Vol. 1: Circuit City Exclusive (2006)
 KKSF 103.7 FM Sampler For AIDS Relief, Vol. 17 (2006)
 Smooth Ones (2007)
 Smooth Jazz Hits (2009)
 Smooth Jazz No.1 Hits (2011)
 Smooth Jazz Hits: Ultimate Grooves (2012)

References

External links

 Interview and Photos of <mask> <mask> at SmoothJazzNotes.com

1969 births
Living people
GRP Records artists
Concord Records artists
Radio personalities from Florida
American jazz alto saxophonists
American jazz soprano saxophonists
American women jazz musicians
Smooth jazz saxophonists
Rock saxophonists
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American musicians
21st-century American women musicians
Musicians from St. Petersburg, Florida
21st-century saxophonists
Women jazz saxophonists
Women saxophonists
20th-century American women

masks: Mindi Abair


texts:
Erwin Bratton "<mask>" <mask> (1883–1961) was an American socialist and trade union activist. He is best remembered as the editor of the Seattle Union Record, the long-running labor weekly (turned daily) published from 1912 to 1928. After termination of the Union Record, <mask> worked as a commercial printer for a number of years, before being appointed a deputy U.S. Marshal for Tacoma, Washington, a position which he retained for 15 years. Biography

Early years

<mask>, known to all his contemporaries by the nickname of "<mask>", was born October 30, 1883, in Newport, Kentucky, the son of American-born socialist parents. His father worked as a metal polisher and a wool duster. Anxious to try their hand at establishing a socialist community from the ground up, the <mask> family relocated from Kentucky to Washington state in April 1898 to join the "Equality" socialist colony then being launched by the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth.At age 17, <mask> became the editor of the colony's newspaper, Industrial Freedom, which debuted in May of that same year. While the "Equality" colony at Edison was not a lasting success, its effort at developing self-reliance and its humanitarian and cooperative vision had a lasting impact on <mask>'s life. <mask> served as editor of Industrial Freedom from 1899 to 1900, at which time he left the group. In his younger years, <mask> supported himself in a variety of trades, including as a gardener, fisherman, blacksmith, machinist, carpenter, and stenographer. <mask> was a protégé of radical publisher Hermon F. Titus as a young man. Political career

As the child of committed socialists, the young <mask> participated in the affairs of the Socialist Labor Party from 1892 to 1898. In 1898 he transferred his allegiance to the new Social Democratic Party of America, headed by labor leader Eugene V. Debs and Wisconsin

masks:
Harry
Ault
Ault
Erwin Bratton Ault
Harry
Ault
Harry
Ault
Ault
Harry Ault
Harry Ault
Ault


texts:
 teacher-turned-newspaper publisher Victor L. Berger.This organization was the forerunner of the Socialist Party of America (SPA), a group which <mask> joined at its formation. <mask> left Industrial Freedom to launch a Seattle paper targeted at radical youth called The Young Socialist in 1900. <mask> later worked in the National Office of the SPA under Executive Secretary William Mailly, joining Mailly and radical publisher Hermon F. Titus in Toledo, Ohio on the staff of The Socialist, the paper which Titus had started in Seattle in the summer of 1900. In 1906, <mask> followed Titus to Caldwell, Idaho for on-the-spot coverage of the politicized trial of the conspiracy to murder former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg. Clarence Darrow represented radical union leaders Haywood, Pettibone, and Moyer against the charges made as a result of a forced confession. <mask> and Titus returned to Seattle with the newspaper in February 1907. <mask> was embroiled in the bitter 1909 State Convention of the Socialist Party of Washington (see Socialist Party of Washington), leaving with the minority left wing delegation headed by Hermon Titus.Although the bolting left wing attempted to form a parallel State Committee and hold a referendum of Washington Socialists to determine the legitimacy of the competing claimants, the governing National Executive Committee of the SPA intervened, ruling the referendum illegal and recognizing the moderate-dominated regular convention. Thereafter, <mask> briefly joined Titus's short-lived new organization, the Wage Workers Party (WWP). Future Communist Party leader William Z. Foster played a leading role in the WWP and later recalled it in his memoirs:

The WWP was sort of a hybrid between the SLP and the IWW. It put in the center of its program its main demand in the fight within the SP. That is, the WWP sought to solve the question of

masks: Ault Ault Ault Ault Ault Ault Ault


texts: proletarian versus petty bourgeois control of the party by restricting its membership solely to wage workers. It called itself 'a political union,' and its membership provisions specifically excluded 'capitalists, lawyers, preachers, doctors, dentists, detectives, soldiers, factory owners, policemen, superintendents, foremen, professors, and store-keepers.'It barred 'all with power to hire and fire,' but it evaded reference to farmers. The program placed great stress upon industrial unionism, which in those times meant the IWW. It opposed the formation of a labor party. Its manifest anti-parliamentarianism was but thinly veiled. It outlined no immediate political demands and showed no conception of the role of the party in fighting for such demands ... ; the program contented itself with saying vaguely that it would support all struggles of the workers. The whole stress of the party work was placed upon industrial union action and revolutionary agitation and propaganda for the abolition of the capitalist system. The Wage Worker Party lasted only a few months, long enough to issue only one edition of its newspaper, The Wage Worker.In the aftermath, Foster and most of his closest associates took the logical step of joining the Industrial Workers of the World, while <mask> made his way into the mainstream labor movement. <mask> went to work as the secretary of the Seattle Central Labor Council in 1909, a position which he retained until 1913. In this same interval, <mask> founded and edited another ephemeral paper called The Four-hour Day. In 1910, the Central Labor Council established its own newspaper, a weekly called the  Seattle Union Record. <mask> took over the role of editor in 1912 and helped to build the paper's readership en route to making it a daily in 1918. Under <mask>'s leadership, the paper grew from a circulation of 3,000 to 50,000 to a peak of

masks:
Harry Ault
Ault
Ault
Ault
Ault


texts:
 80,000 in 1919. When Dave Beck took control of the Central Labor Council in 1924, he sold the paper to <mask>, who continued the publication until its termination in 1928.Later years

After the Union Record folded in 1928, <mask> went to work as a commercial printer. In 1936 he entered the Democratic Congressional primary election in Washington's 1st Congressional District, but he performed poorly, finishing with just over 3400 votes, well behind Warren G. Magnuson and his tally of 37,557. Thus ended <mask>'s career as a candidate for elected public office. In 1938, <mask> was appointed a deputy U.S. Marshal for Tacoma, Washington, a position which he retained until forced into retirement in 1953. Death and legacy

<mask> died in Seattle on January 5, 1961. His papers reside in the Special Collections department of Suzzallo Library at the University of Washington in Seattle.Works

 Labor's Struggle. (Listed as written by John Downie.) Seattle, WA:  J. Downie and M.K. <mask>, 1913. How to Make Capitalism Work: Containing Memorial "A" to the Congress of the United States. With John Downie. Seattle, WA: Olympic Press, 1936.How to Unravel the Snarls in Business. With John Downie. Seattle, WA: Harry E.B. Ault, 1940. See also

 Seattle General Strike
 Socialist Party of Washington

Footnotes

Further reading

 Robert L. Friedheim, The Seattle General Strike. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1964. External links and Archives
The Seattle Union Record (1900-1928), history and digitized copies of the newspaper from The Labor Press Project.<mask>.B<mask> papers. 1899-1956. 5.46 cubic feet (13 boxes). At University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections. 1883 births
1961 deaths
People from Newport, Kentucky
Politicians from Seattle
American socialists
Socialist Party of America politicians from Washington (state)
United States Marshals
Kentucky

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Ault
Ault
Ault
Ault
Harry Ault
Ault
Harry E
. Ault


texts:
Jean-<mask> (born 30 September 1939) is a French chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen in 1987 for his synthesis of cryptands. <mask> was an early innovator in the field of supramolecular chemistry, i.e., the chemistry of host–guest molecular assemblies created by intermolecular interactions, and continues to innovate in this field. his group has published 790 peer-reviewed articles in chemistry literature. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Rosheim, Alsace, France to Pierre and <mask>. He is of Alsatian German descent. His father was a baker, but because of his interest in music, he later became the city organist.<mask> also studied music, saying that it became his major interest after science. He has continued to play the organ throughout his professional career as a scientist. His high school studies in Obernai, from 1950 to 1957, included Latin, Greek, German, and English languages, French literature, and he later became very keen of both philosophy and science, particularly chemistry. In July 1957, he obtained the baccalauréat in philosophy, and in September of the same year, the baccalauréat in Natural Sciences. At the University of Strasbourg, although he considered studying philosophy, he ended up taking courses in physical, chemical and natural sciences, attending the lectures of Guy Ourisson, and realizing that he wanted to pursue a research career in organic chemistry. He joined Ourisson's lab, working his way to the Ph.D. There, he was in charge of the lab's first NMR spectrometer, and published his first scientific paper, which pointed out an additivity rule for substituent induced shifts of proton NMR signals in steroid derivatives.He obtained his Ph.D., and went to work for a year at Robert Burns Woodward's laboratory at Harvard University,

masks:
Marie Lehn
Lehn
Lehn
Marie Lehn
Lehn


texts:
 working among other things on the synthesis of vitamin B12. Career
In 1966, he was appointed a position as maître de conférences (assistant professor) at the Chemistry Department of the University of Strasbourg. His research focused on the physical properties of molecules, synthesizing compounds specifically designed for exhibiting a given property, in order to better understand how that property was related to structure. In 1968, he achieved the synthesis of cage-like molecules, comprising a cavity inside which another molecule could be lodged. Organic chemistry enabled him to engineer cages with the desired shape, thus only allowing a certain type of molecule to lodge itself in the cage. This was the premise for an entire new field in chemistry, sensors. Such mechanisms also play a great role in molecular biology.These cryptands, as <mask> dubbed them, became his main center of interest, and led to his definition of a new type of chemistry, "supramolecular chemistry", which instead of studying the bonds inside one molecule, looks at intermolecular attractions, and what would be later called "fragile objects", such as micelles, polymers, or clays. In 1980, he was elected to become a teacher at the prestigious Collège de France, and in 1987 was awarded the Nobel Prize, alongside Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen for his works on cryptands. He is currently a member of the Reliance Innovation Council which was formed by Reliance Industries Limited, India. , Lehn has an h-index of 154 according to Google Scholar and of 137 (946 documents) according to Scopus. Legacy
In 1987, Pierre Boulez dedicated a very short piano work Fragment d‘une ébauche to Lehn on the occasion of his Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Personal life
<mask> was married in 1965 to Sylvie Lederer, and together they had two sons, David and Mathias. <mask> is an

masks: Lehn Lehn Lehn


texts:
<mask> (1730–1796) (pronounced "Ingledon") of Pilton House, Pilton, near Barnstaple in North Devon, was an English antiquarian and genealogist. He served as Recorder of Barnstaple (1758–1796). Origins
<mask> was baptised at Pilton, near Barnstaple, Devonshire, on 6 June 1730. He was the second son and heir of <mask> (1676–1758), builder of Pilton House, Deputy Recorder of Barnstaple and twice Mayor of Barnstaple, in 1712 and 1721, by his second wife, Penelope Sandford, daughter of John Sandford of Ninehead, Somerset. His father was buried at Pilton on 9 December 1758, aged 83, and his mother likewise on 30 April 1738. His family originated in the 12th century at the estate of Incledon in the parish of Braunton, near Barnstaple, in North Devon, and in 1319 purchased the adjoining estate of Buckland, which they later made their principal seat. Career
<mask> was educated at Blundell's School in Tiverton, Devon, and in 1765 was elected as a feoffee of that foundation.He was also a trustee of Comyn or Chilcott's free English school at Tiverton. With an ample patrimony, he interested himself all his life in the ancient families of Devonshire. The Devon historian Richard Polwhele referred to his skill in compiling pedigrees, and the Stemmata Fortescuana, which he drew up in 1795, form the basis of the genealogies in Lord Clermont's "History of the Family of Fortescue". For some unknown reason he refused to submit his pedigrees to the inspection of Polwhele, who thereupon addressed to him an angry

masks:
Benjamin Incledon
Incledon
Robert Incledon
Benjamin Incledon


texts:
 letter, which is printed in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for April 1791, p. 308, and in his 'Traditions,' i. 258–9. Incledon printed at Exeter, in 1792, at his own expense, for the use of the governing body, a volume entitled "Donations of Peter Blundell and other Benefactors to the Free Grammar School at Tiverton", which was reprinted by the trustees, with notes and additions, in 1804 and 1826. He was thus the first historian of Blundell's School.The Register of Blundell's School (1904) states:
"At Blundell's he is remembered by many gifts and institutions, such as the picture of Samuel Wesley in the Library, the Register, the manuscript volume he compiled on the donations of Peter Blundell given by him to the Feoffees and now in the possession of the Governors; by the same book published at his own expense in 1792, the frontispiece therein now used on all the School Prizes and Books; the pictures of Blundell and Popham in the Big School. Although these pictures were received after his death, their receipt was doubtless due to his exertions". His account of St. Margaret's Hospital at Pilton appeared in the Archæologia, xii. pp. 211–14. His manuscript collections on the Fortescues are deposited with Lord Fortescue at Castle Hill. The rest of his papers seem to have been dispersed.From 1758 until his death he was Recorder of Barnstaple, and took great delight in its municipal records. In Gribble's "Memorials of Barnstaple" (1830) are copies of his lists of its mayors and members. List of


texts:
 works
Copies of inscriptions on monuments and tombstones in the churches and churchyards of 128 Devonshire parishes, situated in the rural deaneries of Barnstaple, Shirwell, South Molton, Chumleigh, Torrington, Hartland, Holsworthy, Tiverton, Collumpton, Honiton, Aylesbeare, Ottery and Moreton. Transcribed in the years, 1769–72, 1774–6, 1779–81 and 1788–93. In three volumes formerly held in the Muniment Room of the North Devon Athenaeum, Barnstaple, now in the North Devon Record Office, Barnstaple. Marriage and children
In 1757 at Tiverton he married Margaret Newton (died 1803), second daughter and co-heiress of John Newton of Tiverton. She died at the Castle, Barnstaple, on 8 September 1803.He left children including:

Robert Newton <mask> (1761–1846), eldest son and heir, who in 1797 married Elizabeth Beavis, the adopted daughter of Col. Henry Beavis of Yeotown, Goodleigh, son of Henry Beavis, Mayor of Barnstaple in 1738 and 1751, the latter whose portrait survives in Barnstaple Guildhall. On 5 July 1803 Henry Beavis was appointed by the King as Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant (of 441 men) of the Barnstaple Volunteer Infantry (one of several regiments then being raised nationwide to defend against a possible French invasion by Napoleon) and in 1826 was trustee of the Barnstaple charity established by the will of John Phillips (died 1734), whose executor had been the Colonel's father Henry Beavis. The senior line of the family of Beavis had been from the 16th century lords of the manor of


texts:
 Clyst Satchville, Devon. In 1822 Clist House was the seat of Lord Graves, whose father Lord Graves had purchased it from the executors of "Miss Beavis" (died 1801). In 1806 Robert sold Pilton House to James Whyte and in 1807 was resident at Yeotown House, the mansion house on his wife's family estate of Yeotown, which he re-built with neo-Gothic facade of his own design, of which survives today only a castellated lodge with two square towers and a crenellated bow-window, known as Ivy Lodge. Robert purchased the manor of Goodleigh, whose tenants were exempt from toll at the markets and fairs at Barnstaple, from the Rashleigh family. He left two daughters, including <mask>, the last of the Incledon family, alive in 1890, jointly lords of the manor of Goodleigh in 1850.The large inscribed grave-slab of Robert and his wife Elizabeth survives in the south aisle of the chancel of Pilton Church. <mask> (1738-), who in 1782 married Thomas Rose Drew (1740–1815) of Wooton FitzPaine, who inherited The Grange, Broadhembury, Devon, on the death of his elder brother. Individual oval portraits Betty and her husband painted by Lewis Vaslet (1742–1808) survive in the collection of Dunster Castle in Somerset. She died without children. <mask> died at Barnstaple, after a long illness, on 7 Aug. 1796. References

1730 births
1796 deaths
18th-century British people
British genealogists
English genealogists
People from Barnstaple
People educated at Blundell's School
Historians of Devon
English

masks:
Margaret Incledon
Betty Incledon
Death Incledon


texts:
<mask> (born 4 November 1953) is a Scottish former football player and manager. <mask> played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career. He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle. He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence, and in midfield. Uniquely, he  was selected to play in defence, midfield, and attack for Scotland. Playing career

Club

Rangers
<mask> signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968. He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970, aged 16 years and 319 days.<mask> scored two goals in that match, a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath. <mask> thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final. <mask> was still 16 at the time, but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely, as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years. Despite his heroics against Celtic, <mask> found regular first-team outings in the number '9' jersey hard to come by, largely due to the presence of Colin Stein, Scotland's first £100,000 player, although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season. He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured, and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, <mask> (still only 18) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow. <mask> soon became a regular in the starting line-up, and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners' medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park. <mask> played a huge role in the winning goal, rising above

masks:
Derek Joseph Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone


texts: the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal, and when his header struck both posts, Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line.The <mask> combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers' play in the 1970s. <mask> eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign, as Rangers ended Celtic's nine-year reign as champions of Scotland, and he was an integral part of The Gers''' domestic treble success a year later. He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances, including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final. He scored his first, a typical header, after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football: the referee had actually kicked off the match early, so <mask> had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached. Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers, they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years. <mask> was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side, scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers' Player of the Year accolade. With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers' top marksman to London, <mask> submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978.He was seeking a new challenge in his career, but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded <mask> to stay in Glasgow. He was named club captain, and in his first season with the armband, he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship, but

masks:
McLean Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone
Johnstone


texts:
 <mask> did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Final's second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup, beating Aberdeen. That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era, and Rangers' fortunes dipped badly thereafter. They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982, but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United. Chelsea
Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983, <mask> left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee. Signed in September 1983, <mask> provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984. He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie.He failed to hold down a regular place, making just four appearances, and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season. Return to Rangers
He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000. He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history, and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team. However, it failed to work out and <mask> was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986. His return to Rangers was not a success, with 23 appearances and one goal. International
<mask> made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales. Despite <mask>'s rich vein of scoring form in 1978, he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotland's ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina.Although he was a member of the squad, he did not start any of the

masks: Johnstone Johnstone Johnstone Johnstone Johnstone Johnstone


texts:
 three matches that the Scots played. Managerial career
<mask> had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season, before leaving professional football in 1987. Career statistics
Club

International appearances

International goalsScores and results list Scotland's goal tally first.'' Post football career
Since then, he has worked extensively in the football media, including for BBC Scotland, Scottish Television, Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland, where he co-presented the station's football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season. He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the club's TV channel. Honours

Club
Rangers
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1971-72
Scottish League First Division/Premier Division:  1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78
Scottish Cup: 1972–73, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1980–81
Scottish League Cup: 1970–71, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1981–82

Individual
SPFA Players' Player of the Year: 1977-78
SFWA Footballer of the Year: 1977-78
Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2008

References

External links

1953 births
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Association football utility players
Chelsea F.C. players
Dundee United F.C.players
Living people
Partick Thistle F.C. managers
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Scotland international footballers
Scotland under-23 international footballers
Scottish association football commentators
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Football League representative players
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Footballers from Dundee
English Football League players
Scottish league football top scorers
Association football defenders
Association football forwards
Association football