texts:
 romantic drama film Redeeming Love and the upcoming action-thriller Dangerous. In a March 2021 interview, she revealed to Forbes some details about her involvement with the live action adaptation of Saint Seiya, a popular anime and manga. <mask> declared that filming was supposed to take place in Europe the previous year, but production had been postponed twice due to the Coronavirus pandemic.She also hinted that she will play one of the main characters, but did not specify their name. Personal life and activism
In 1995, <mask> married writer and director Kip Williams, son of architect Tod Williams. They divorced in 2000. She has stated that she does not want to have children. <mask> appeared with her dog, Licorice, a brindle Boston Terrier, in a 2007 PETA campaign to raise awareness for animal rights. The campaign used the slogan "Be an Angel for Animals." On 28 January 2008, she was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for Integrity for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime at a United Nations anticorruption conference held in Nusa Dua, Bali.In 2016, <mask> showed frustration in not being cast in the new X-Men movie X-Men: Apocalypse, saying Hollywood was sexist toward older women. She said, "Women, it's interesting because they're replaced, and the older versions are never to be seen again... whereas the men are allowed to be both ages." Filmography

Film

Television

As director

 Bringing Up Bobby (2011), as director, producer, writer

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Age controversies
1960s births
Living people
20th-century Dutch actresses
21st-century Dutch actresses
HIV/AIDS activists
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch female models
Dutch film actresses
Dutch television actresses
Dutch people of Frisian descent
People from Amstelveen
Columbia University School of General

masks: Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen


type: original

texts:
<mask> (born 1980 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American artist. He lives and works in New York City. Practice

Born in Cleveland, Ohio and raised in Miami, Florida, <mask> was 12 when Hurricane Andrew destroyed his home. This traumatic event has been a continuous theme through his work. <mask> attended the Design and Architecture High School and was awarded a full scholarship to The Cooper Union in New York City. He received the Gelman Trust Fellowship Award in 2003. , he won the 37th GNMH AWARD. After graduating from school, <mask> moved back to Miami and started an exhibition space called “The House” with several artist friends.It was through The House that <mask> met Emmanuel Perrotin in 2004. By 2005, Gallerie Perrotin (Paris) represented <mask>. Soon thereafter <mask> was invited to create stage design and tour with choreographer Merce Cunningham’s Dance Company leading to ongoing stage design practice and a sustained collaboration with choreographer and former Cunningham dancer, Jonah Bokaer..

<mask> founded Snarkitecture with Alex Mustonen in 2007. The architecture collaboration has included work with fashion brands, interior and architectural design, and a complete line of functional design objects. In 2014 <mask> established a film company called Films of the Future. This production company synthesizes all of <mask>’s creative output over the previous decade, creating a visual setting in which his otherworldly and futuristic artwork might exist. His debut series, Future Relic, consists of nine short films which depict a future civilization before and after Earth undergoes major ecological changes.The series

masks:
Daniel Arsham
Arsham
Arsham
Arsham
Daniel
Daniel Arsham
Arsham
Arsham
Arsham
Arsham


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 also includes sculptures of petrified twentieth-century media artifacts constructed to look like artifacts decaying from obsolescence. <mask>’s most recent film series entitled Hourglass is a trio of films created in collaboration with Adidas. The trilogy follows an autobiographical story of <mask> in the past, present, and future as he travels through time wearing Adidas Originals X <mask> collaborative sneakers. In 2014, <mask>  was named as one of HypeBeast's HB100 list for their top 100 influencers has continued to remain on the Top 100 list to date . Some of <mask>’s more recent collaborative endeavors exist in the fashion world. These include projects with brands such as Adidas, Dior, Toraichi, Byredo, Rimowa, and Porsche. The collaboration between <mask> X Dior SS20 includes apparel, jewelry, accessories, and shoes inspired by <mask>’s sculptures and artwork.<mask> Cunningham

In 2006, modern dance choreographer Merce Cunningham asked <mask> to design the set, lighting and costumes for his piece, "eyeSpace." The performance premiered in 2007 at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in downtown Miami. <mask>, the youngest artist invited to work with the company, was also the last artist to collaborate with Cunningham before the choreographer's death in 2009. The two worked on a series of performances as part of the Festival National de Danse de Val-de-Marne. For these performances, Cunningham asked <mask> to recreate the style of set design originally explored by Merce and Robert Rauschenberg. Hedi Slimane
In 2005, <mask> was commissioned by fashion designer Hedi Slimane to design the fitting rooms

masks:
Arsham
Daniel
Daniel Arsham
Arsham
Arsham
Daniel Arsham
Arsham
Arshamrce
Arsham
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 for Dior Homme's Los Angeles shop.Slimane's only limitations were that the rooms have "a hook, a seat and a mirror." <mask>'s design incorporates his signature plaster erosions: the white fitting room walls seem to melt onto the bench, the mirror appears to have been excavated from the wall. Jonah Bokaer
In 2007, Jonah Bokaer performed choreography inspired by <mask>'s work at Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin in Paris. Bokaer, previously a dancer for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, is a media-artist and choreographer. Bokaer and <mask> collaborated on "REPLICA," a piece that incorporates built space, objects, and lighting in an exploration of memory loss, pattern recognition, and perceptual faculties. The performance had its world premier at IVAM in Valencia, Spain as part of Robert Wilson (director) exhibition "Frontiers." "REPLICA" toured and performed at The New Museum in New York City and Harman Center for the Arts  in Washington, DC.Their new collaboration "Why Patterns" combines <mask>'s architectural practice Snarkitecture with his performance work with Bokaer. "Why Patterns" had its world premier at Rotterdamse Schouwburg in Rotterdam, Netherlands in February 2010. The dance's U.S. premiere took place at Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival in Massachusetts in August 2011. Kim Jones
Kim Jones, artistic director of Dior Men, enlisted <mask>’s help in the Spring/Summer 2020 season. <mask> did the runway set design for the show, created ad campaigns, and released a ‘Future Relics’ capsule of iconic Dior collectibles. The collection includes wardrobe staples, jewelry, sneakers, and hats inspired by <mask>’s artwork. Hajime

masks: Arsham Arsham Arsham Arsham Arsham Arsham Arsham


texts:
 Sorayama
Japanese illustrator Hajime Sorayama approached <mask> in 2017 with an idea for a collaborative work.Two years later this idea came to fruition when the Japanese art dealer NANZUKA’s “2G” studio displayed Arsham & Sorayama’s work. One of the more popular pieces is a female robot arm made by Sorayama holding hands with <mask>’s eroded crystal arm. Ronnie Fieg
Longtime friends Ronnie Fieg and <mask> have collaborated on numerous projects. Snarkitecture has designed six KITH stores, located in New York, Miami, and Los Angeles among others. In June 2017, <mask>ham and adidas’ New Installation opened at KITH New York. The store was transformed into a “audio, visual and tactile experience” with a functioning New York payphone as the centerpiece, painted in adidas’ signature blue. October 2017 marked the opening of the Arsham Fieg gallery located inside KITH New York.The gallery has had exhibitions from FriendsWithYou, Evren Erol, Youn Lee, Mike Lee and Sam Friedman. Snarkitecture
Snarkitecture is a collaborative practice established by Arsham and architect Alex Mustonen in 2008. Rather than make architecture, the interest of Snarkitecture lies in the exploration of existing materials within a space and how they might be manipulated to serve a new and imaginative purpose. The firm makes architecture do things it is not intended to do. In collaboration with <mask>, the practice has been commissioned for two public art projects at the new Marlins Park. <mask>/Snarkitecture were selected as one of three artists to contribute artwork to the new baseball stadium located on the site of the Orange Bowl near downtown

masks:
Arsham
Arsham
Daniel Arsham
Daniel Ars
Arsham
Daniel Arsham


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 Miami, scheduled to open in 2012. Their project for the illumination of the four super columns supporting the retractable roof gives the illusion of the columns being concealed and revealed through as light fades up and down the columns.A second project for a marker to commemorate the site of the former Orange Bowl reimagines the letters from the former Orange Bowl sign as 10 foot concrete letters dispersed in various positions through the east plaza of the new ballpark. The letters are arranged so that they appear to spell different words as visitors move through the plaza. In 2018 the pair created "Dig," an architectural intervention at Storefront for Art and Architecture in New York City. As an investigation of the "architecture of excavation," Storefront's gallery space was infilled with a solid volume of EPS architectural foam that was then excavated by hand using hand tools to create "a cavernous space for work and play." Snarkitecture also designed the A+ Award for the online publication Architizer. Recently, <mask> and Alex Mustonen started a scholarship at Cooper Union called the Snarkitecture Commencement prize. This prize is awarded to a graduating student who “demonstrates a committed interest in exploring the peripheries of their discipline in pursuit of the unexpected.”

References

External links

 <mask> at Perrotin.com
 <mask> at Moran Moran gallery
 Imaginarium of Mr. Arsham, NY Times Style Magazine
 In the Spirit of Modernist Ideals, The New York Times
 Two Men, 25,000 Ping Pong Balls and a Rabbit, New York Magazine

American installation artists
Living people
21st-century American architects
1980

masks:
Daniel Arsham
Daniel Arsham
Daniel Arsham


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<mask> (25 December 1919 – 14 April 1985) was an English actress and television presenter. She played the role of Meg Mortimer (originally Richardson) in the long-running British soap opera Crossroads from 1964 to 1983. A brand new drama production has been announced by ITV Studios in November 2021, which is to feature Helena Bonham Carter as <mask>. Written by Russell T Davies, the production is titled "Nolly", following her period in Crossroads, the British soap with which she is mainly associated. Early life
<mask>'s father was an engineer in the Merchant Navy and she was born in East Ham, Essex (now part of the London Borough of Newham). She was given the middle name of Noele because she was born on Christmas Day. After attending convent school in Ilford, she was taught to dance by Maude Wells and later spent several years living in Southend-on-Sea.She made her first public appearance at the East Ham Palace and shortly afterwards, sung "Dear Little Jammy Face" at a restaurant in London. After this event, her mother and her aunt were keen for her to begin a stage career. <mask> was credited as the first woman to be seen on colour television sets, as she took part in John Logie Baird's world's first colour transmission on 3 July 1928. Career

Early career
<mask> attended RADA, appearing in repertory theatres and the West End stage. From June 1943 to July 1944, she appeared in the musical The Lisbon Story at the London Hippodrome. In April 1949, she took the role of Meg Brockie in the original London production of Brigadoon for 685 performances at Her Majesty's Theatre. She stayed with the show for a national tour.In 1953, she toured as Mrs Sally Adams in Call Me Madam after Billie Adams had played the role in the London season at the Coliseum. She appeared in two British films, 29 Acacia Avenue (1945) and Lisbon Story (1946) in minor parts. Her acting career came to a halt in 1955, when she joined Associated Television in London, where she presented their first-ever programme, The Weekend Show. She worked behind the scenes as Head of Lifestyle programmes. <mask> then studied the television

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Joan Noele Gordon
Noele Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon
Gordon


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 medium at New York University in America, and after her return, helped Reg Watson and Ned Sherrin launch ATV Midlands in 1956. As well as being a producer, <mask> became a presenter for the new Birmingham-based service. Her first television appearance for ATV in the Midlands, Tea With Noele <mask>, was the first popular ITV chat show, and while presenting this series, she became the first woman to interview a British Prime Minister, when Harold Macmillan was in office.Initially commissioned as an emergency schedule filler, the show became so successful that <mask> gave up her executive position to concentrate on presenting. She then moved on to present a daily live entertainment show, Lunchbox, an early daytime programme. Crossroads
In the summer of 1964, Lunchbox came to an end after more than 2,000 episodes. It made way for a new daily soap opera, Crossroads, in which <mask> played the role of motel owner Meg Richardson (later Meg Mortimer), a part which had been developed with <mask> in mind, as she was still under contract to Lew Grade's ATV. First in 1969, and over the following decade, she won the TV Times award for most popular television actress on eight occasions. <mask> was the only member of the Crossroads cast who had a permanent contract; all other cast members were booked as and when on an ad hoc basis. <mask> stayed with the programme until she was sacked in 1981, when ATV was in the process of being re-constituted into a new company, Central Independent Television.Central were obliged to continue ATV's commitment to Crossroads; however, Head of Programmes Charles Denton and Head of Drama Margaret Matheson wanted to end the soap opera in favour of more expensive and lavish drama productions. The decision to dismiss <mask> - the show's most popular cast member - was taken in the hope that viewers would desert the show, giving Central a valid excuse to axe it. She returned to Crossroads in August 1983 for two episodes. In 1985, Matheson's successor Ted Childs ordered Crossroads to be revamped; one element in the updating of the show was its renaming as Crossroads Motel. The

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon


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 programme's new look was designed to bring back <mask> on an 'as and when' basis, starting with a three-month stint from April 1985. <mask>'s return as Meg was devised by the new producer, Phillip Bowman, who himself ended the involvement with the series of regulars Ronald Allen and Sue Lloyd. <mask>, who had already appeared in 3,521 episodes, was too ill to make the planned return.Later career
After the termination of her Crossroads contract, <mask> starred in the musical Gypsy at Leicester's Haymarket Theatre, followed by a revival of Irving Berlin's musical Call Me Madam, touring the Midlands. It then moved to the Victoria Palace Theatre in the West End, where it ran for only 88 performances. Her last stage role was in The Boy Friend at Plymouth's Theatre Royal. She became ill during the run and had to be replaced. In an interview she gave to TV Times in 1981, <mask> announced that she might, once her stage work had come to an end, take up the offer of returning to presenting. In the same interview, she commented that a future role as a breakfast television presenter was being negotiated. She would, however, not return to television full-time because of her theatre commitments.Personal life
For many years in the 1960s and early 1970s, <mask> lived in a large white-washed country house in Weir End, near Ross-on-Wye, beside the A40 road to Monmouth. <mask> never married. It became known in 1982 that <mask> was suffering from cancer, for which she underwent two major operations. She retired to her home in Birmingham, where she died in 1985 of stomach cancer. She is buried in the churchyard of St Mary's Church in Ross-on-Wye. Tony Adams, who played Adam Chance in the series of Crossroads, commented in 1985 just after her death that "There has never been a star of Crossroads, although Nolly was Crossroads." References

External links

 <mask> <mask> webpage

1919 births
1985 deaths
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English people of Scottish descent
English soap opera actresses
People from East Ham
20th-century English actresses
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic

masks: Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Gordon Noele Gordon


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<mask> (born 3 August 1952) is an English former association football defender. He played 163 competitive senior games from 1972 to 1980 with Manchester City, Nottingham Forest and Swindon Town. At Forest he was part of a team that won seven honours including the 1977-78 Football League First Division, the 1978-79 European Cup and the Football League Cup in both those seasons. The month after his 26th birthday and 10 days after scoring against Liverpool in the European Cup he damaged knee ligaments. He never fully recovered only playing 12 further competitive games in senior football. The last of those was in the same month as having turned 28. Playing career

Manchester City
<mask> was born in the Cheadle Heath district of Stockport.On leaving school he took a job at the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Factory. In May 1970 he signed for nearby Manchester City as a 17-year-old apprentice from his local side Cheadle Heath Nomads. He had been with City for four months previously as an amateur. City had spotted him playing for Cheshire Youths. After playing well in the reserves, he earned his first-team debut aged 20 after two games of the 1972/73 season. He played instead of the injured Tony Book as City beat Norwich City 3–0 at home on 19 August 1972. A versatile defender, he later played at centre-back that season covering for the injured Tommy Booth.He played in both legs of the 1973-74 Football League Cup semi-final win against Plymouth Argyle. However he was overlooked in the final defeat by Wolverhampton Wanderers with the more experienced Glyn Pardoe selected instead. <mask> featured in the late season derby game in which Denis Law scored to eventually doom Manchester United to relegation. His last game for Manchester City was at Leicester City on 31 January 1976. In the three and a half season since his first team debut he played in 65 competitive Manchester City first team games (53 in the league). His only City goal came when beating Scunthorpe United 6–0 at home on 10 September in the 1974-75 Football

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Colin Barrett
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 League Cup. Nottingham Forest
Aged 23 he dropped down a division to the second tier joining Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest on loan.He debuted on 13 March 1976 in the 1–0 home win against Fulham. <mask> completed his transfer in April 1976 for a £29,000 fee. He played in 10 league games for Forest before the end of that season. <mask> later said of Clough, "His man-management was quite straightforward. He said: "If I thought you could play you would be in midfield so you are a full-back. When you get the ball you give it to that fella on the wing because he can play." He expected his defenders to defend, his centre-forwards to score goals and his midfielders to create."At the end of the 1976-77 Football League Second Division Forest were promoted to the top flight. Like at Manchester City though <mask> had not fully cemented himself as a first team regular at this stage. He played in 13 league games in the promotion campaign scoring twice. He scored two goals that season in Clough and Peter Taylor's Forest breakthrough trophy success, the 1976–77 Anglo-Scottish Cup final 5-1 aggregate win against Orient. <mask>'s peak season was that of Forest's return to the top flight. Aged 25 <mask> now established himself as a first team regular. He played in 35 of Forest's league games as they won the 1977-78 Football League First Division.Forest also won the 1977-78 Football League Cup beating Liverpool in a final replay. <mask> again played in both legs of the semi-final win, this time against Leeds United. Like at Manchester City he missed out in the final this time due to a stress fracture with Frank Clark playing at left-back instead. Forest started an unbeaten league run that carried over into the next season lasting 42 matches. On 12 August he and Forest beat Ipswich Town 5–0 in the 1978 FA Charity Shield. On 13 September in the 1978-79 European Cup <mask> scored the second goal in the 2–0 home leg win in the first round against Liverpool. In the 86th minute <mask> drove home a right foot volley of a

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 knockdown by Tony Woodcock.10 days later on 23 September 1978 playing in the 2–2 home draw against Middlesbrough he suffered a life altering knee ligament injury. He had turned 26 the month before. He listened to the 0-0 European return tie at Anfield from his hospital bed. He only played 12 further senior competitive games in his career the last of which was less than two years after the Boro game. He made a comeback to the Forest first team in March. He played seven further competitive games for Forest before in April his knee went again. In these games he played in the 1979 Football League Cup Final 3–2 win against Southampton.He also played in drawn games as Forest eliminated Grasshopper Club Zürich and F.C. Koln en route to winning the 1979 European Cup Final. <mask>'s injury prevented him being considered for the final. In 1979/80 he only played for Forest in non-competitive games. He played in 93 competitive games (scoring 8 goals) and 128 first team games (scoring 11 goals) in total for Forest. Swindon Town

Aged 27 he moved to Swindon Town in June 1980. He stayed one season making 5 competitive appearances for them (2 in the League Cup then 3 in the league), all between 9 and 23 August.Aged 28 he dropped out of senior football in May 1981. He next joined non-league Andover. Outside football
He worked at The Crown pub in Southwell and then made snooker tables. He then settled into working as a self-employed painter and decorator. His wife Sue is a school teacher with whom he has three children. Honours
Nottingham Forest:-

 1976-77 Anglo-Scottish Cup
 1976-77 Football League Second Division promotion
 1977-78 Football League First Division
 1977-78 Football League Cup
 1978 FA Charity Shield
 1978-79 Football League Cup
 1978-79 European Cup

References

English Football League players
Cheadle Heath Nomads F.C. players
Manchester City F.C.players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Andover F.C. players
Living people
1952 births
English footballers
Association football


texts:
<mask> (née Koulouvaris; January 11, 1930 – July 29, 2011) was an American businesswoman and philanthropist who was the founder and president of Agvar Chemicals Inc. and Aegis Pharmaceuticals. Early life and family
<mask> was born <mask> to Dionysis and Demetroula Koulouvaris on January 11, 1930, in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was the youngest of eight children. Her parents, both Greek immigrants, moved the family to the Bay Ridge section of Brooklyn, New York, where her father, who worked as an ice cream vendor, died when she was 14. Her mother could neither read nor write and was left to raise the family alone on the income she earned sewing buttons in a garment factory. <mask> was the only child of eight to attend college. She earned her degree in chemistry and English from Brooklyn College.After attending New York University's Stern School of Business, she shortened her surname to "<mask>" in preparation for entering the business world. <mask> was married to the late Karl Leichtman. Ted Leonsis, owner of the Washington Capitals NHL franchise and Washington Wizards NBA franchise, was her cousin. Career
In 1970, aged 40, she started Agvar Chemicals and co-founded Marsam Pharmaceuticals in 1985. She became the founder and President of Aegis Pharmaceuticals in 1992. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, <mask> maintained a close relationship with Hillary Clinton and President Bill Clinton. <mask> was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Committee on the Arts and Humanities, which encompassed 26 leading citizens from the private sector with an interest in and commitment to the humanities and the arts, as well as 12 heads of federal agencies which had cultural programs.<mask> also advocated for prescription drug reform. She helped draft the Hatch-Waxman Act of 1984, intended to ease generics' passage to market. She also helped draft the Greater Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals Act, which was co-sponsored by Senators Charles Schumer and John McCain and passed as part of the Medicare Modernization

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Agnes Varis
Varis
Agnes Koulouvaris
Varis
Varis
Varis
Varis
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 Act of 2003. <mask> helped found the Generic Pharmaceutical Association, an industry group, in 2000, and chaired the organization. Humanitarian causes
In 2004, <mask> became involved with the Jazz Foundation of America. Her work with the Jazz Foundation included providing funding and creating employment opportunities for America's elderly jazz and blues musicians. Through her work in response to Hurricane Katrina, in 2006 the Jazz Foundation of America established the Agnes Varis/Musicians in the Schools Program, first reaching out to displaced New Orleans musicians and subsequently employing more than 1,000 musicians in eight states, including some 120 elderly jazz and blues musicians performing free concerts in New York City public schools, hospitals and nursing homes.There is a New Orleans street named the Dr. <mask> Way, dedicated to <mask> in 2011. In 2009, then Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Mitch Landrieu presented <mask> with the coveted "Saint of the Century" Award at the Jazz Foundation of America's annual benefit concert, A Great Night in Harlem, at the Apollo Theater. As managing director for the New York Metropolitan Opera's Board of Directors, <mask> implemented the Rush Ticket Program funded by a $2 million contribution from her and her husband. The program enabled operagoers, senior citizens in particular, to purchase tickets at an 80 percent discount two hours prior to the show. She was a resident of New York City and active in Democratic political campaigns. In 2004, she was the 24th largest individual contributor to 527 groups, donating more than $2,000,000 to pro-Democratic groups. She became known as the Fairy Godmother of the Democratic Party during the 2000s, in a New York Times published article in October 2003.<mask> made numerous contributions to Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, sponsoring graduate research fellowships as well as facilities throughout the school, among them the <mask> University Chair in Science and Society, dedicated to exploring scientific

masks:
Varis
Varis
Agnes Varis
Varis
Varis
Varis
Varis
Agnesaris


texts:
 discovery and its impact on humankind. <mask> maintained that one of her main reasons for making her name visible was to inspire other women, showing them that they, too, could achieve great success in their endeavors. In 2003, Tufts president Larry Bacow awarded her an honorary Doctorate of Public Service for her commitment to active citizenship. <mask> later served as a member of the veterinary school's Board of Overseers and the university's Board of Trustees from 2004 until 2009. In 2009, <mask> also started the Zeus Varis Fund, a fund used to help treat animals with diseases for those who cannot afford it. The Zeus Varis Fund is established by Frankie's Friends, and operates in Manhattan NYC.After <mask> was diagnosed with cancer and met other patients in the radiation therapy waiting room, she decided to do something special for them. She worked with her Oncologist, Dr. Gabriel Sara at Roosevelt Hospital in NYC and funded Cleopatra's Touch. It consists of providing women with cancer the opportunity to be beautified by specialists during the course of their therapy. It includes a haircut, makeup, nail polishing, and a massage—a true <mask> touch. The Rush Ticket Program at Met Opera in NYC initiated in 2006 by Dr. <mask> and her husband, Karl Leichtman, is supported by generous grants from the Agnes Varis Trust among other donors. Death
<mask> died at her home in New York City on July 29, 2011, aged 81. The cause of death was cancer.The lower portion of Central Park is dedicated to <mask>. Embedded there is a plaque, with a Pericles quote, "What you leave behind is not what is engraved in stone, but what is woven into the lives of others." References

1930 births
2011 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
American women in business
Brooklyn College alumni
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
American people of Greek descent
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American women
21st-century American

masks:
Varis
Varis
Varis
Varis
Agnes
Agnes Varis
Agnes Varis
Varis


texts:
Senator <mask> was born on 16 December, 1958 to Late Mr. Marcus Araraume and Mrs. Adaezi Grace Araraume (Nee Anyiam) at Isiebu, Umuduru in Isiala Mbano Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Education
He began his educational career at the Saint Christopher Primary School, Umuluwe, Ajirija in Isiala Mbano, Imo State. At the successful completion of his primary school education, he enrolled at the Sapele Technical College, now in Delta State, Nigeria. He later proceeded to the prestigious Dick Tiger Memorial Secondary School, Amaigbo in Nwangele Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria where he successfully completed his Secondary School education. After the completion of his Secondary School education, he proceeded to the Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States of America where he bagged a Bachelor of Science (B.SC) Degree in Business Administration. He later obtained a Masters Science Degree (M.SC) in International Relations from the University of Benin, Nigeria. Business
After acquiring appreciable education, Senator Araraume went into private business and became a key player in that sector.He is an employer of labour with interests in Real Estate, Insurance, Retail Trade and Construction. He is the Chairman of Exclusive Stores Limited, Climax Insurance Brokers Ltd, Harmony Properties Limited and a one-time Director, defunct Inland Bank Plc (now part of FCMB) among others. Politics
He was the pioneer State Chairman of the defunct All Peoples Party (APP); later ANPP in Imo State from 1998 – 1999. State Treasurer, Liberal Convention in old Imo State from 1988 – 1989, Member, National Finance Committee of the


texts:
 National Republican Convention (NRC) from 1990 – 1993, Chairman, NRC Presidential Primaries for Kwara and Delta States. He was elected into the Senate in 1999 and re-elected in 2003. While in the Senate, he was: Chairman, Senate Committee on Power and Steel and the Vice Chairman, Senate Committee on Culture and Tourism. He was also the Vice Chairman of the Senate committee on the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and Chairman, Public Hearing Committee for South-West zone on amendments to the 1999 Constitution.He was the Chairman of the Southern Senators’ Forum and a member of the National Assembly Joint Constitution Review Committee (JCRC); member, Senate committee on Petroleum Resources, Works, Finance and Appropriation. Senator Araraume also held the Chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Local and Foreign Debts. Membership of Professional Bodies
He is a member of the following professional bodies:

 Institute of Chartered Insurance, London. Benin Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture. Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM). Appointments
Appointed as National Commissioner on the Board of Nigerian Communications Commission Representing South East Zone by President Muhammadu Buhari GCFR in 2016 till date. Legislative Positions Held in the Senate Between 1999 and 2007

 Chairman, Senate Committee on Power and Steel Development
 Chairman, Senate Committee on Culture & Tourism
 Chairman, Senate Committee on Local & Foreign Debts
 Vice Chairman, Senate Committee on Niger Delta
 Chairman, Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs
 Deputy Leader, South East Caucus of National Assembly
 Chairman, Southern Senators’ Forum


texts:
 Member, Senate Committee on Works, Finance & Appropriation & Petroleum Resources
 Chairman, National Assembly Constitution Review Public Hearing Committee for South West
 Member, representing Imo State in the Constitution Review Committee of National Assembly
 Chairman, National Assembly South-East Caucus Committee on the Creation of an Additional State in South-East
 Pioneer Chairman, Southern Senators Forum (2003 – 2007)

Merit Award

 Fellow, Institute of Sales Management of Nigeria (FNISM)
 Fellow, Institute of Corporate Administration (FICA)
 Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of Internal Auditors of Nigeria (Hon.Award of A Church Builder; by The Church of Nigeria Anglican Communion, Okigwe Diocese. He is a member of the Ikoyi Club, Lagos, Benin Country Club, IBB Golf Club and the Owerri Sports Club. A good family man with children, he is married to Barr. Lolo Gladys Araraume. He is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC). He also has a remarkable impact on sports and other social activities through membership of Ikoyi Club Lagos, Benin Country Club, and IBB Golf Club, Patron Orlu Country Club and Chairman Araraume Destiny Foundation. He has been awarded the following merit awards recently: Fellow, Institute of sales Management of Nigeria (FNISM) Fellow Institute of Corporate Administration (FICA) etc.He is a recipient of Justice of Peace and best serving senator from the South-East (2003-2007) by Encomium Magazine. References

Living people
Imo State politicians
Peoples Democratic Party members of the Senate (Nigeria)
Members of the Senate (Nigeria)
20th-century Nigerian politicians
21st-century Nigerian


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<mask> (20 June 1833 – 8 September 1922) was a French painter, Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur and professor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Early life
<mask> was born in Bayonne, but from 1846 to 1853 he lived in Madrid, where his father owned a bookshop. While tending his father's shop, he copied engravings of works by the Old Masters, developing a passion for drawing. In Madrid he received his artistic training under Madrazo. He later worked in Paris, where he became known as a leading portraitist, never without a commission. His many portraits show the influence of Velázquez, Jusepe de Ribera and other Spanish masters, as well as Titian and Van Dyke, whose works he studied in the Prado, which placed him at the forefront of painting in France in the 1850s, opposing neoclassicism and academicism. Following the period in Spain, Bonnat worked the studios of the history painters Paul Delaroche and Leon Cogniet (1854) in Paris.Despite repeated attempts, he failed to win the prix de Rome, finally receiving only a second prize. However, a scholarship from his native Bayonne and support from the Personnaz family allowed him to spend three years in Rome (1858–60) independently where he and Antonin Personnaz became lifetime friends. During his stay in Rome, he also became friends with Edgar Degas, Gustave Moreau, Jean-Jacques Henner and the sculptor Henri Chapu. Career
Bonnat won a medal of honour in Paris in 1869, going on to become one of the leading artists of his day. Bonnat went on to win the Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur and became a professor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1882. Bonnat was quite popular with American students in Paris. In addition to his

masks:
Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat
Bonnat


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 native French, he spoke Spanish and Italian and knew English well, to the relief of many monolingual Americans.In May 1905 he succeeded Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Julius Kaplan characterised Bonnat as "a liberal teacher who stressed simplicity in art above high academic finish, as well as overall effect rather than detail." Bonnat's emphasis on overall effect on the one hand, and rigorous drawing on the other, put him in a middle position with respect to the Impressionists and academic painters like his friend <mask> Gérôme. In 1917, <mask> was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Corresponding member. Paintings

Bonnat's vivid portraits of contemporary celebrities are his most characteristic works, but his most important works are arguably his powerful religious paintings, such as his Christ on the Cross (now in the collection of the Musée du Petit Palais in Paris, but not currently on display), Job (in the Musée Bonnat), St Vincent Taking the Place of Two Galley Slaves (at the church of Saint-Nicholas des Champs in Paris), and the large Martyrdom of St Denis for the Pantheon in Paris. However, he received few commissions for religious and historical paintings, and most of his output consists of portraits. He also produced genre paintings of Italian peasants, and a small number of Orientalist scenes.The writers Émile Zola and Théophile Gautier were among <mask>'s supporters. Gautier hailed him as "the antithesis of Bouguereau," because of the stark naturalism and lack of surface finish that characterize Bonnat's work. <mask> is an academic painter. He was a member of the Institute, one of the only 14 painters who had

masks:
Jean Léon
Bonnat
Bonnat
Bonnat


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 administrative power over the Academy des Beaux Arts and thereby the Ecole des Beaux Arts. He had friends and connections among the independent artists of his time as well, such as Edgar Degas, whom he met during his stay in Rome and who painted two portraits of Bonnat, and Édouard Manet, who shared his predilection for Spanish painting. He taught together with Pierre Puvis de Chavannes in the private atelier he ran before becoming professor at the École. He supported Auguste Rodin's candidacy for the Institut, and defended Gustave Courbet's submissions to the salon.Teacher
As a teacher he encouraged freedom of expression and execution. He recommended traveling to Madrid to visit the Prado Museum, and introduced in Paris the tendency paint in the Spanish way, which influenced the evolution of French painting. Some of Bonnat's more notable students include: John Singer Sargent, Stanhope Forbes, Gustave Caillebotte, Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke, Gustaf Cederström, Laurits Tuxen, P. S. Krøyer, Suzor-Coté, Robert Harris, Alfred Philippe Roll, Georges Braque, Thomas Eakins, Raoul Dufy, Jean Béraud, Franklin Brownell, Marius Vasselon, Hubert-Denis Etcheverry, Fred Barnard, Louis Béroud, Paul de la Boulaye, Aloysius O'Kelly, Erik Werenskiold, Graciano Mendilaharzu, Edvard Munch, Alphonse Osbert, Henry Siddons Mowbray, Charles Sprague Pearce, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Hyakutake Kaneyuki, Nils Forsberg, Walter Tyndale, Émile-Louis Foubert, and Harry Watrous. Later years

In his last years he made his painting evolve, from the influence of seventeenth-century painters and Goya, towards a more modern freedom of execution, scratching the brush and using the spatula, as well as a


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 more colorful color gamut, as can be seen in his Self-portrait of the Prado Museum. In a gesture of gratitude for the help he had been provided in his youth and with the assistance of Antonin Personnaz, Bonnat built a museum in his native city of Bayonne, the Musée <mask>. Most of the works in the museum are from the personal collections of Bonnat and Personnaz of works of art, amassed over a lifetime of travelling around Europe. It includes an exceptionally fine collection of Old Master drawings from Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to Ingres and Géricault.Bonnat died on 8 September 1922 at Monchy-Saint-Éloi, and was buried at the Cimitiére Saint-Etienne, Bayonne. Personal life
Bonnat never married, and lived for much of his life with his mother and sister in the Place Vintimille (renamed Place Adolphe-Max in 1940). Honours
 1904: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium. Criticisms
"We wonder why Velázquez's infant has fake shoulders and why the head doesn't join properly...And how good it looks. While a head by Bonnat joins actual shoulders...And how bad it looks!" – Paul Gauguin (from Ramblings of a Wannabe Painter Publication 2017, David Zwirner Books)

Gallery

See also

Musée Bonnat

References

Footnotes

1833 births
1922 deaths
People from Bayonne
19th-century French painters
French male painters
French Roman Catholics
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
French portrait painters
Academic art
Prix de Rome for painting
École des Beaux-Arts faculty
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil


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<mask><mask> is an American novelist, commentator, speechwriter, and teacher. Former White House Chief Speechwriter for Vice President Al Gore (1993–1995), Lehrman has written or co-written seven books including several award-winning novels, and thousands of speeches for Democratic politicians, corporate and nonprofit CEOs, and celebrities. Lehrman writes op-eds and articles under his own name, and gives workshops both around the U.S. and abroad. He is best known for his non-fiction book, The Political Speechwriter’s Companion: A Guide for Writers and Speakers, systematic look at the techniques and strategies of modern political speech, that has sold steadily for a decade and recently appeared in a second edition co-written by him and collaborator Eric Schnure. Early life
Born in Brooklyn, NY, Lehrman grew up in Queens and Cedarhurst, Long Island. His parents, <mask> and Beatrice Ginsburg, were the children of Jewish immigrants from Belarus. Lehrman's father spent much of his life in the fork lift business and ran his own company, Lehrman Equipment, for many years, while Lehrman's mother returned to Brooklyn College, finishing when she was  42.She got a master's degree in English at NYU, and taught English at Lawrence High School on Long Island. Lehrman has one brother, David, first a professional violinist, then a lawyer with the federal government. Education
Lehrman ran track and was Sports Editor of the yearbook at Lawrence High, then Tufts University, where he majored in English, wrote for the Tufts Weekly, was Fiction Editor of Tuftonian, the Tufts literary magazine, and a three-year starter on the Tufts soccer team. In 1965 he entered the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop where he studied under Kurt Vonnegut and Richard Yates, taught rhetoric and speech, and in 1968 graduated

masks:
Robert A
. Lehrman
Harry Lehrman


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 with an M.F.A. .

Professional Background

Career: Illinois, 1971-1977
In 1970, Lehrman began teaching at Muscatine (Iowa) Community College. Continuing to live in Iowa City, he ran for City Council there winning in the Primary, but losing in the General. In 1972, he joined the Illinois gubernatorial campaign of Dan Walker as a field organizer, and when Walker won became the new Governor's speechwriter. Lehrman wrote several hundred speeches for Governor Walker, before resigning in 1975 to write articles for Illinois Times, and WomenSports, and, with Phyllis Elperin Clark, his first book, Doing Time (Hastings House, 1980), a young adult book about prisons Doing Time won a Jane Addams Honor Book award in 1981.Career: New York, 1977-1987
After moving to New York in 1977, Lehrman wrote for New York's governor Hugh Carey, then combined corporate speechwriting and writing under his own name for a decade. He wrote speeches for the CEO and other officers of Texaco, Inc. from 1978 to 1986. In 1982, Harper & Row published his first novel, Juggling, an American Library Association "Best Book" for that year. Lehrman wrote two other YA novels during that time. One of them, The Store That Mama Built, was one of three finalists for the 1993 National Jewish Book Award for Children's Literature. In 1988, Lehrman published Defectors (Arbor House, Morrow, 1988), a well-received novel for adults, set during the Cold War. Career: Washington, D.C., 1978-Present
Moving to Washington D.C. in 1987, Lehrman spent a year writing for the CEO of Fannie Mae, then became chief speechwriter first for Senator Lloyd Bentsen (D-TX), and Democratic House Majority Whips William H. Gray (D-PA) and David Bonior (D-MI) before moving to the White House as Vice President Al Gore's first Chief Speechwriter.He wrote over 250


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 speeches for Gore and edited about the same number, before beginning his own business, Lehrman Communications, in 1996. Since then, Lehrman has written over 1000 speeches for corporate, nonprofit, and political clients, with two timeouts: a 2004 stint as Chief Speechwriter for the Democratic National Committee, and a 2008-2009 position as Speechwriter for Pfizer's CEO. Teaching
In 1998, Lehrman began teaching as an adjunct at American University. Starting with a variety of communications courses, Lehrman focused on public speaking and in 2005 created American University's political speechwriting course. He has continued both, often with co-teachers Jeffrey Nussbaum and Eric Schnure. The popular course has sent dozens of alums into political, corporate, and other fulltime speechwriting careers. Meanwhile, he has given workshops around the world, and, along with American University Professor Leonard Steinhorn, cofounded the commentary site PunditWire, a forum for speechwriters to escape anonymity through bylined essays about speech."He is the Dean of speechwriting", says David Murray, editor of Vital Speeches of the Day and founder of the Professional Speechwriter's Association, emphasizing Lehrman's role in teaching a "new generation of Americans". In 2010, American University named Lehrman its Adjunct Professor of the Year, one of only 5 all university awards given by the school, in part for Lehrman's book and influence on how to write political speeches. Books and published works

Nonfiction

The Political Speechwriter's Companion, 2009 (CQ, Press)
In 2008 Lehrman began writing "Companion," finishing the next year. He used over two hundred examples taken mostly from American political speeches to demonstrate how one structure, Monroe's Motivated Sequence, and what he calls the LAWS


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 of political speech—language, anecdote, wit, and support—can be effective in almost any political setting. In chapters that included speeches and excerpts annotated to show how each technique worked, Lehrman analyzed ways to be effective, whether on the stump, on the Floor, or in ceremonial speeches ranging from commencements to eulogies to keynotes. He also presented an original way to close speeches that has been compared to what Alan Monroe did for the motivated sequence. The book won praise from a wide and bipartisan assortment of politicians and journalists.In 2016, SAGE Publishers, now CQ Press's parent company, decided to bring Speechwriter's Companion out in an expanded second edition. For that, Schnure joined him. Lehrman and Schnure spent almost two years revising and expanding the book. Adding over a hundred pages, and broadening its scope in such areas as ethics, the book won a foreword by longtime Republican Senator Lamar Alexander. Vital Speeches of the Day reviewer Jack Rraby called the book "a worthy successor to its beloved predecessor", while former Wall Street Journal Bureau Chief Al Hunt, called it "A classic for anyone who cares about speech or covers it." Democratic Orators from JFK to Barack Obama, 2016 (Palgrave Macmillan UK)
Democratic Orators from JFK to Barack Obama analyzes the speeches of leading Democrats from John F. Kennedy to Hillary Clinton. Written and edited by Lehrman, along with British Professors Andrew S. Crines and David S. Moon, the book, released in 2016, with a Foreword by Bonior, won praise from academics.Gillian Peele, Emeritus Professor in Politics at the University of Oxford, called the book "a powerful and impressive contribution to our understanding of the interlocking themes of oratory, rhetoric and leadership in the United States."


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 Lehrman wrote the chapters on JFK, Jimmy Carter, and Barack Obama. Novels
Lehrman's 4 novels, mentioned above, include three for young adults and one for grownups. Juggling (Harper & Row, 1982) set in the 1960s about a high school soccer player and his first romance, became controversial because of its frankness about teenage life, but won wide praise for nuance and authenticity, winning an American Library Association Best Book award, in 1983 and many other honors. "An astonishing debut", wrote Richard Yates. In 1987, Ms. Magazine, celebrating its 15th Anniversary, named the novel one of "15 Great Books for Teenagers" that had appeared during the life of the magazine. Separations (Penguin, 1990; paperback Puffin, 1995): is another novel with a sports theme, Separations tells the story of Kim, a teen-age tennis player, whose father leaves home, meaning she and her mother move to Manhattan where she wrestles with ways to cope with a game that hasn't come together—and a family torn apart."Lehrman makes us care about Kim's personal struggle to win at her own game", wrote Booklist. Defectors (Arbor House/Morrow, 1988, Japanese edition, 1990) Set in the 1950s, this novel for adults also featured a sports theme: the narrator is an American miler who befriends a Soviet defector, also a runner, and wrestles with what to do when the United States decides to send the defector back. "Strong first novel ... extraordinarily evocative", said Publishers Weekly, while Seven Percent Solution author Nicholas Meyer wrote, "rich in its exploration of moral complexities, wonderfully evocative of a time and place." The Store that Mama Built (Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 1992; German edition 1995). Based on Lehrman's own family, this finalist (one of three) for the 1993 National Jewish Book Award


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 for Juvenile Literature tells the story of a Jewish immigrant family struggling to keep their store in business after the father's death. Other Published Works
Lehrman frequently writes under his own name and speaks about politics and speech. His articles, reviews, and short stories have appeared in the Washington Post, New York Times, Politico, The Hill, WomenSports, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Illinois Times, Public Relations Journal, Transatlantic Review, Louisville Review, Tufts Magazine, and others.He wrote a widely read series of cover stories for The Christian Science Monitor Weekly Magazine and his documentary scripts include Bradley Whitford's narration for Alliance for Justice award-winning 2007 film Quiet Revolution. Personal life
For over four decades Lehrman has been married to Dr. Susan Thaul, an epidemiologist whose distinguished career in public health saw her serve with the United States Senate, the Institute of Medicine, and, most recently, the Congressional Research Service. They have two children, Michael and Eric, both with careers in film and TV, and two adorable grandchildren, Theo and Miles. Selected Articles

 "State of the Union: The crafting of a speech" (Christian Science Monitor cover story, January 2011)
 "Friends, Romans, Countrymen" (Tufts Magazine cover story, Summer 2010)
 "The Political Speechwriter's Life" (New York Times, invited piece, 2012)
 "Turning 50: The Tragedy of Tokin Gulf" (The Hill, 2014)
 "Trump's Letter to Pelosi" (The Hill, 2019)

Interviews and Online Appearances

 The Speech That Made Obama President, THNKR
 Chat from the Old Cap, University of Iowa video interview

References

Living people
Tufts University alumni
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
American speechwriters
Year of birth missing (living


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<mask> () was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist. Born in 850 CE in Shamistiyan, in the province of Balkh, Khorasan (in modern-day Afghanistan), he was a disciple of al-Kindi. He was also the founder the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad. Al-Balkhi is believed to have been the first to diagnose that mental illness can have psychological and physiological causes and he was the first to typify four types of emotional disorders: 1) fear and anxiety, 2) anger and aggression, 3) sadness and depression, and 4) obsessions

Biography
According to <mask>aziri, who was a student of the polymath, <mask>-Balkhi was a man whose face was covered in scars that he acquired following a bout with smallpox. In addition to this, he had a reserved and isolated character, leading scholars to have a lack of knowledge on his personal life. Approximately around the time of al-Kindi's death, he traveled to Baghdad, where he spent close to a decade studying several subjects including philosophy, astronomy, natural sciences, and the disciplines of the Quran. Shortly after this, he went back to Balkh.There, Prince Ahmad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim al-Marwazi, the ruler of Balkh and its surroundings, appointed him as secretary or writer. In reality, he was offered both a writing and a ministerial position by the emperor. Al-Balkh, on the other hand, declined the latter and accepted the former. The king respected his decision and rewarded him handsomely. Sometime after this, he traveled to Baghdad again, before returning to Balkh for the last time and staying there up until his death. Works
Of the many books ascribed to him in the al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, one can note the excellency of mathematics; on certitude in astrology. His Figures of the Climates (Suwar al-aqalim) consisted chiefly of geographical maps.He

masks:
Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi
Abu Muhammad al Hassan ibn al W
Abu Zayd al


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 also wrote the medical and psychological work, Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus (Sustenance for Body and Soul). A modern scholar describes the bulk of his works as "more than sixty books and manuscripts, meticulously researching disciplines as varied in scope as geography, medicine, theology, politics, philosophy, poetry, literature, Arabic grammar, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, biography, ethics, sociology as well as others." Figures of the Regions
His Figures of the Regions (Suwar al-aqalim) consisted chiefly of geographical maps. It led to him founding the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad. The geographers of this school also wrote extensively of the peoples, products, and customs of areas in the Muslim world, with little interest in the non-Muslim realms. Sustenance for Body and Soul

Principles of Interaction
His balance between technical terminology and common ethical sense could be found in his monograph where he talks about the interaction between the elements of the body, seasons, and the traditional "non-natural" health elements, such as food and sleep. Mental health and mental illness
In Islamic psychology, the concepts of mental health and "mental hygiene" were introduced by <mask> al-Balkhi, who often related it to spiritual health.In his Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus (Sustenance for Body and Soul), he was the first to successfully discuss diseases related to both the body and the soul. He used the term al-Tibb al-Ruhani to describe spiritual and psychological health, and the term Tibb al-Qalb to describe mental medicine. He criticized many medical doctors in his time for placing too much emphasis on physical illnesses and neglecting the psychological or mental illnesses of patients, and argued that "since man’s construction
is from both his soul and his body, therefore, human existence cannot be healthy without the


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 ishtibak [interweaving or entangling] of soul and body." He further argued that "if the body gets sick, the
nafs [psyche] loses much of its cognitive and comprehensive ability and fails to enjoy the desirous aspects of life" and that "if the nafs gets sick, the body may also find no joy in life and may eventually
develop a physical illness." Al-Balkhi traced back his ideas on mental health to verses of the Qur'an and hadiths attributed to Muhammad, such as:

Cognitive and medical psychology and cognitive therapy
<mask> al-Balkhi was the first to differentiate between neurosis and psychosis, and the first to classify neurotic disorders and pioneer cognitive therapy in order to treat each of these classified disorders. He classified neurosis into four emotional disorders: fear and anxiety, anger and aggression, sadness and depression, and obsession. He further classified three types of depression: normal depression or sadness (huzn), endogenous depression originating from within the body, and reactive clinical depression originating from outside the body.He also wrote that a healthy individual should always keep healthy thoughts and feelings in his mind in the case of unexpected emotional outbursts in the same way drugs and First Aid medicine are kept nearby for unexpected physical emergencies. He stated that a balance between the mind and body is required for good health and that an imbalance between the two can cause sickness. Al-Balkhi also introduced the concept of reciprocal inhibition (al-ilaj bi al-did), which was re-introduced over a thousand years later by Joseph Wolpe in 1969. Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
The Muslim physician <mask> al-Balkhi was a pioneer of psychotherapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He recognized that the body and the soul can be healthy or sick, or "balanced or imbalanced", and that mental

masks:
Abu Zayd
Abu Zayd


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 illness can have both psychological and/or physiological causes. He wrote that imbalance of the body can result in fever, headaches and other physical illnesses, while imbalance of the soul can result in anger, anxiety, sadness and other mental symptoms. He recognized two types of depression: one caused by known reasons such as loss or failure, which can be treated psychologically through both external methods (such as persuasive talking, preaching and advising) and internal methods (such as the "development of inner thoughts and cognitions which help the person get rid of his depressive condition"); and the other caused by unknown reasons such as a "sudden affliction of sorrow and distress, which persists all the time, preventing the afflicted person from any physical activity or from showing any happiness or enjoying any of the pleasures" which may be caused by physiological reasons (such as impurity of the blood) and can be treated through physical medicine.He also wrote comparisons between physical disorders with mental disorders, and showed how psychosomatic disorders can be caused by certain interactions between them. Phobias
<mask> al-Balkhi initially wrote about phobia in the 9th century, calling it Fazaa'. As of today, it is still defined in a similar manner as to what was described by al-Balkhi. Al-Balkhi details the disorder as an extreme type of fear that results in the anxiety levels of a person spiking due to increasing the depth of blood in the body. This causes the person to become shaky and disoriented, preventing them from making decisions in a timely manner. Rather than taking medicine or proceeding with blood letting, which were common methods to help an individual, he suggested gradual exposure to the object or situation that caused the fear. This technique was known as reyadat al-nafs.Sexual Attributes
While the topic of sex


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 is more widely discussed today, al-Balkhi explored the subject in detail, specifically various sexual attributes and the affects that they have on an individual. A specific talking point that he mentioned in his work was the act of remaining abstinent. By doing so, an individual subjects themself to physical ailments, since the act is deemed by him to be "unnatural". He also recommended a specific diet and to abstain from taking medications that were believed to enhance sexuality as a means to treat sexual impotence. Politics
In a collection of works by al-Tawhidi, al-Balkhi describes politics as an art that aims to contribute to the rise of a country. Furthermore, he mentions five separate sources that play into the overall outcome of politics. These include the tangible cause as corresponding to the subjects' affairs, the official reason as the overall well-being of the people, the driving force as "the ruler’s concern for the affairs of his subjects", the purpose as the preservation of public welfare, as well as the instrumental cause consisting of using "incitement and intimidation" to achieve the goal.See also
List of scientists in medieval Islamic world
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Mathematics in medieval Islam
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world

References

Sources
M. J. de Goeje: "Die Istakhri-Balkhi Frage" (Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 25, 42–58, 1871). H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (211, 1900). External links
 <mask> Balkhi's biography by W.M. Watt in Iranica

Mathematicians of medieval Islam
Medieval Persian geographers
Physicians of medieval Islam
10th-century Persian physicians
Geographers of medieval Islam
Balkhi school
9th-century Persian physicians
10th-century geographers
10th-century Iranian mathematicians

850 births
934 deaths
Islamic psychology
People from


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<mask> (1898–1939) was an American left wing political activist who was a founding member of the Communist Party of America. Winitsky is best remembered as one of the chief defendants of the New York "Criminal Anarchism" prosecutions that were part of the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Winitsky served two years in prison of a 5 to 10-year sentence beginning in March 1920. Released on bail in 1922, Winitsky was ultimately pardoned by New York Governor Al Smith in January 1924. Winitsky left the Communist Party USA in 1929. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born January 25, 1898, in New York City, the son of a painter who had emigrated to the United States from Tsarist Russia. As a boy, Winitsky attended public schools in New York City.Upon graduation, he stayed in New York to enroll at Columbia University, which he attended in 1917. Early political career

From an early age, <mask> became active in radical politics. He joined the youth section of the Socialist Party of America, the Young Peoples Socialist League  in 1913 and went on to participate in the adult party itself through 1919. In 1919, Winitsky became active in the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, becoming a founding member of the Communist Party of America (CPA) in August 1919. In 1918, Winitsky was twice jailed for participating in strike activities, serving a sentence of 10 days in West New York, New Jersey, and an additional 30-day stint in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Criminal Anarchism trial

During the CPA's brief interval of open public existence during the last half of 1919, Winitsky served as the Executive Secretary of the Communist Party of New York — a position which drew him to the attention of law enforcement authorities,

masks:
Harry Mordecai Winitsky
Harry Winitsky
Winitsky


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 many of whom considered the Communist Party an illegal and seditious organization. Paid stenographers were assigned to transcribe Winitsky's public utterances, with a view to generating evidence for an eventual prosecution.Although not themselves anarchists, <mask> was one of five prominent members of the American Communist movement charged under the New York Criminal Anarchy Law of 1902, a piece of legislation hurriedly passed in the wake of the assassination of President William McKinley. The indictments against <mask> and his comrades charged under the New York law — Benjamin Gitlow, who preceded him, as well as James Larkin, Isaac Ferguson, and C.E. Ruthenberg, who followed — was based upon the publication and dissemination of the Manifesto of the Left Wing of the Socialist Party in The Revolutionary Age on July 5, 1919. Prosecutors used the theory that the Manifesto of the Left Wing advocated the abolition of organized government by unlawful means and that <mask>, having been present at the Party's 1919 convention in Chicago, had subscribed to the ideas in it. An agent of the Lusk Committee testified that he had purchased copies of the manifesto from the Party's New York state headquarters at 207 East Tenth Street. <mask>'s trial commenced on March 19, 1920, before Judge Weeks in the Criminal Branch of the New York Supreme Court and was completed on March 26. The jury remained out only a few hours before returning with a guilty verdict.On March 29, Judge Weeks passed a sentence of 5 to 10 years in prison, with <mask> being transported to Dannemora State Penitentiary in Dannemora, New York. An appeal of the case was refused. Later political career

In October 1921 the Workers' League nominated

masks: Winitsky Winitsky Winitsky Winitsky Winitsky


texts: Benjamin Gitlow and <mask> as their candidates for Mayor and President of the Board of Aldermen respectively. The New York City Board of Elections invalidated both nominations on the grounds that the prospective candidates were convicted criminals and were still imprisoned, and had therefore "been deprived of citizenship." John R. Voorhis, President of the elections board, stated that "We could not possibly permit the names of these men to go on the ballot. It would be a pretty state of affairs to allow felons and criminals to become eligible for office and take their places beside decent men and women." The League sued the Board of Elections, and New York Supreme Court Justice Mullan ordered the Board to restore the candidates' names to the ballot.By the end of October, though, the New York Court of Appeals had reversed the decision, and their names did not appear on the ballot in November. <mask> was freed on bail in May 1922. Following his release from prison, he became active in the activities of the underground Communist Party of America and in its parallel "legal" organization, the Workers Party of America. <mask> was a participant in the party's trade union mass organization, the Trade Union Educational League, headed by William Z. Foster. <mask> was a delegate to the ill-fated August 1922 convention of the underground CPA in Bridgman, Michigan — a gathering raided by state and federal law enforcement authorities. For attending this gathering Winitsky was indicted under Michigan's "Criminal Syndicalism" statutes, although he was never brought to trial on this charge.Winitsky worked as a manager of the Communist Party's Yiddish-language daily, Morgen Freiheit from 1922 to 1923. From 1923 to

masks: Winitsky Winitsky Winitsky Winitsky


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 1924 Winitsky worked as a functionary for the Federated Farmer-Labor Party, a Communist Party sponsored effort to establish what it termed a "class-based" independent political party. Governor Al Smith pardoned <mask> on January 7, 1924, stating that "I am satisfied that Winitsky has been sufficiently punished for the crime which he committed, and I have accordingly granted him a pardon." In 1929, Winitsky left the Communist Party USA to cast his lot with expelled party leader Jay Lovestone and his so-called Communist Party USA (Majority Group). Winitsky was not long in this organization, however, as a few years later he rejoined the Socialist Party of America, remaining active in that organization until the time of his death. Death and legacy

At some time before his death in 1939, Winitsky changed his name to <mask>. <mask> died of heart disease on September 10, 1939, in the Morrisania Hospital in The Bronx.He had been living at 2690 Morris Avenue. <mask> was just 41 years old at the time of his death and was survived by his widow and three brothers: Irving, William, and Benjamin Wynn. Norman Thomas, frequent Presidential candidate of the Socialist Party, was the chief speaker at <mask>'s funeral, held in New York City. Footnotes

Works
 "Speech by <mask>, Executive Secretary of the Communist Party of New York: Delivered at a Meeting Held at 175 E Broadway, NYC, December 22, 1919." Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, 2005. "The Facts Speak for Themselves," The Revolutionary Age [New York], v. 1, no. 8 (Feb. 15, 1930), pp.14–15. 1898 births
Activists from New York City
American socialists
Members of the Socialist Party of America
American Marxists
Members of the Communist Party USA
1939

masks:
Winitsky
Harry Wynn
Winitsky
Winitsky
Winitsky
Harry Winitsky


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General Sir <mask>,  (born 29 April 1934) is a former British Army officer who was Director SAS during the Iranian Embassy siege, and Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in Operation Granby (the Gulf War). Early years
<mask> was born in Plymouth, Devon, the son of Surgeon Lieutenant Commander <mask> and his wife, Kitty Lawley. On 22 May 1941 his father, who had been educated at Monkton Combe School near Bath, Somerset, was killed when his ship, , was sunk by German bombers in an attack south-west of Crete. <mask> was educated at St Peter's Court School, in Broadstairs, Kent, and Harrow School. A "<mask>" is mentioned as pupil evacuee of St Peter's Court sent to Crediton, Devon in Our Land at War by Duff Hart-Davis. Military career
<mask> originally enlisted as a private in the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in 1952. He was later commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Durham Light Infantry.During his early career as an officer he served in Japan, Korea and Egypt with the regiment's 1st Battalion. Special Air Service Regiment
In 1956, <mask> <mask> attended and passed Selection for the Special Air Service. During his first SAS tour, he served in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency, as well as Oman where he was mentioned in despatches and was awarded the Military Cross in 1959 for leading a troop in the assault on Jebel Akdar. After his initial tour with 22 SAS, he returned to the Durham Light Infantry to run recruit training, before taking up the post of Adjutant of 21 SAS – the London-based Territorial Army (reserve) SAS regiment. In 1962, he was attached to the Federal Army in Aden. In 1964, he failed Staff College but was appointed Officer Commanding A Squadron 22 SAS. From 1964 to 1966, A Squadron 22 SAS was deployed to Borneo where he was second-in-command of the regiment for the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.For his actions during this period he was awarded a bar to his Military Cross. After this tour, <mask> <mask> re-attended Staff

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 College, and, this time, passed. After Staff College he was posted as G2 (intelligence) Special Forces at Army Strategic Command. He then served a tour as second-in-command of 22 SAS, of which he was Commanding Officer from 1972 to 1974. For service in Oman, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1976 for his actions in the battles at Musandam and Dhofar. <mask> <mask> then served from 1977 in a number of administrative posts assuming command of the British Army Training Team in Sudan before returning to the regiment as Director SAS in 1979. For the next four years he commanded SAS Group with overall responsibility for military command.It was during this period that the Special Air Service Regiment became publicly known as a consequence of their storming of the Iranian Embassy in 1980. He was also responsible during the Falklands War for planning Operation Mikado. In 1982, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Regular service commands
After the SAS, <mask> <mask> was appointed Military Commissioner and Commander of British Forces in the Falkland Islands from 1984 and General Officer Commanding Wales District from 1985. He was succeeded by Brigadier Morgan Llewellyn on 1 December 1987. In 1987 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB). He was General Officer Commanding South East District from 1988.Despite being due for retirement <mask> <mask> was appointed on 6 October 1990 as Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Operation Granby (the Gulf War), in effect the second-in-command of the multinational military coalition headed by US General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. His experience of fighting in the area, knowledge of the people and possession of some fluency in Arabic overrode concerns about his age. In this role he was largely responsible for persuading Schwarzkopf (who was initially sceptical) to allow the use of SAS and other special forces in significant roles in the conflict. The

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 British army contingent expanded from 14,000 early in November 1990 to more than 45,000 through to completion of the engagement and cessation of hostilities in February 1991. In 1991, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) and in August that year, <mask> <mask> received Canada's Meritorious Service Cross. By the end of his career <mask> <mask> had risen to the rank of general, and became a special adviser to the Secretary of State for Defence on Middle East military matters. In order to allow him to receive the pension benefits of full general he was given the newly created sinecurist (honorarium) post of Middle East Advisor to the Secretary of State for Defence. He retired in June 1992.Later life
In 1993, he received Saudi Arabia's Order of King <mask>z, 2nd Class, and was made a Chief Commander of the United States' Legion of Merit. <mask> <mask> has written or co-authored 18 books, including an autobiography, a personal account of the Gulf War and a number of works about the SAS. References

Further reading

External links
Interview with <mask> <mask> National Army Museum
The Papers of Sir <mask> <mask> held at Churchill Archives Centre

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1934 births
Living people
British Army generals
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Deputy Lieutenants of Herefordshire
Durham Light Infantry officers
King's Shropshire Light Infantry soldiers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration
People educated at Harrow School
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Special Air Service officers
British Army personnel of the Gulf War
British military leaders of the Gulf War
British Army personnel of the Korean War
British Army personnel of the Malayan Emergency
British Army personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Recipients of the Military Cross
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Military personnel from

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<mask> (July 7, 1858 – December 6, 1930) was an author best known for the Weltmer Method (also known as "Weltmerism") and as founder of the Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics. <mask> claimed his method could cure disease through suggestions and hypnosis, a practice he referred to as "magnetic healing". Early life
<mask> was a native of Wooster, Ohio. At the age of seven, his parents moved to Morgan County, Missouri, where he attended the public schools. He studied borrowed medical books in hopes of becoming a physician, and studied as an apprentice with a doctor. Later he devoted himself to the study of the Bible, seeking its wisdom on spiritual healing. Career
<mask> was ordained and licensed to preach as a Baptist minister at 19 years old.He served as a preacher in several places. In 1885 he founded a private educational institution at Aikinsville, Missouri, an unincorporated community in Morgan County. He presided over and directed the Akinsville Normal School from 1885 to 1889, to train teachers for elementary schools. The school disbanded in 1889. In Sedalia, Missouri,  he established and organized a public library and was librarian from 1893 until 1895. For two years he also served as a professor in Robbins Business College in that city. Personal life

On October 8, 1879, <mask> married Mary Genoa (Adair) Stone.They had five children together: Ernest, Silas W., Stella, Tracy, and Beulah. <mask> was involved in Nevada in several of the fraternal and civic associations that developed in the late 19th century: he was a Knights Templar (Freemasonry) and Thirty-second Degree Mason, an Elk, an Odd Fellow, a Knight of Pythias, and an initiate in the fourth degree of Atlantian Mystics, although he was not yet bound by oath. <mask> died in Nevada, Vernon County, Missouri on December 6, 1930 and was buried there. Weltmer Institute

<mask> took a partner, Joseph H. Kelly from Sedalia, teaching him the principles of what he called his "science".

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texts: Together they founded the firm of Weltmer & Kelly in Nevada, Missouri on February 19, 1897, and began to give sessions. As the number of attendees increased, they bought a building to suit them, providing rooms for patients and also space for their classes in the thought transference and "magnetic healing" that <mask> promoted. They opened this facility, known as the American School of Magnetic Healing, on July 1, 1898.<mask> served as president and Kelly as secretary and treasurer. Within a few years so many patients were attracted from a wide area that the railroad added trains to its schedules to support this business. <mask> asserted that a combination of clairvoyance and hypnotic suggestion could cure diseases such as asthma, tobacco addiction and insanity. A ten-day course cost $100. In addition to holding lectures in an auditorium that could seat several hundred people, he published numerous tracts about his system and attracted an increasing number of patients, up to hundreds per day. He and Kelly trained more assistants and numerous stenographers were hired for the mail order business of classes by mail. By 1903 the Institute had claimed to reach 75,000 patients, curing most.Members of the medical community widely condemned Weltmer, charging him with being a fraudster. Dr. Prenton W. Pope wrote "The Expose of Weltmerism: Magnetic Healing De-magnetized," a 1900 review in The Sanitarian, published by the Medico-Legal Society of New York. He described Weltmerism as an "anti-Christian method" devoted to "chicanery and money-getting." Dr. E. L. Priest from the Missouri Medical Association denounced the Weltmer Institute. Pastor Dr. Charles M. Bishop, from the Centenary Methodist Church, published his negative reviews in the Christian Advocate, published in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1900, the US Postmaster General declared <mask>'s "healing by mail" scheme a fraud and stopped mail delivery to the institute. <mask> filed suit to challenge this action, and

masks: Weltmer Weltmer Weltmer Weltmer Weltmer


texts: the case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court.It ruled on November 17, 1902 that <mask> had the right as a citizen to receive mail at his business, regardless of whether people agreed with it. According to a 2004 newspaper article about the building and institute, <mask>'s Institute generated so much mail that the government built a new post office to accommodate the volume going into and out of the town. <mask> traveled to Washington, DC during the course of this case, to track its progress at the Court and to attend to his clients among members of the US Senate and their wives. Also in the early 20th century, <mask> filed a libel case against Rev. M. Bishop for calling <mask> and his assistants "miserable charlatans" in print; it eventually reached the Supreme Court of Missouri. That court ruled in favor of Bishop and refused a motion to rehear the case. It based its ruling on the facts of one of <mask>'s clients, a woman who claimed to have been cured of breast cancer by letters from <mask>.She said he instructed her that each of them was to focus on healing thoughts at a time and dates which he established by letter. In fact, during this period of claimed treatment, <mask> was vacationing in Colorado, and his purported letters were prepared and sent by clerks of the institute. <mask>'s Institute contributed to Nevada becoming the center of a wellness industry. His system was often compared to Christian Science, a type of spiritual healing which medical practitioners also criticized. Psychotherapists, clairvoyants and persons promising various miracle cures of contemporary illnesses, such as tuberculosis, which then had no cure, also came to work in Nevada. At one time the Institute was staffed with "17 healers, several assistant healers, a physician, and more than 110 stenographers and female typists to handle the correspondence." After <mask>'s death in 1930, his eldest son Ernest tried to keep the Institute going.He was unsuccessful and closed it

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 in 1933 during the Great Depression. The building was sold and used as a funeral home into 2004. Some residents felt it should have been designated as a historic property, considering Weltmer's influence on the town. Despite some local objections, the city council was preparing to allow the property to be redeveloped and a video store to be built on the site. Writings

Books and pamphlets
Self-Reliance, or the Key to Business Success, Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly Pub. Co., 1900
The Healing Hand, Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics Company, 1922 - 225 pages
The Mystery Revealed, or, The Hand-book of Weltermerism: A Supplement to the Author's New and Illustrated Mail Course of Instruction in His Science of Healing, Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberley Publishing Company - 80 pages (this was reprinted in 1965 by Health Research) The New Voice of Christianity, Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company, 1903 - 192 pages

Articles, pamphlets
From 1901 to 1909 Weltmer published a magazine, Weltmer's Magazine of Suggestive TherapeuticsComplete Clinical Texts on Suggestive Therapeutics and Applied PsychologyHow to Make Magnetic Healing Pay, Nevada, Mo., 1901 - 216 pagesHypnotism: In Its Psychological Relation to Everyday Life Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics - 90 pagesIs prayer ever Answered?, American School of Magnetic Healing, 1899 - 35 pagesReal Man, Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics, 1908 - 63 pagesReal Man, Or Slave Man, Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics, 1914 - 40 pagesRegeneration, Nevada, Mo. : The Weltmer Foundation, 1925Regeneration; a Discussion of the Sex Question from a New and Scientific Standpoint, Foley Railway, 1899 - 130 pagesRegeneration: a Scientific Discussion of the Sex Principle, 1898-1908, Weltmer Inst.of Suggestive Therapeutics Company, 1908 - 185 pagesSelf Protection, 1898Some Points on Personal MagnetismSuggestion Simplified, American School of Magnetic Health, 1900 - 117 pagesTelepathy, Pomeroy,


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 WA : Health ResearchTelepathy and Thought Transference, Nevada, Mo., 1902The Eternal Now, American School of Magnetic Healing, 1899 - 58 pagesThe Undying Character of ThoughtTherapeutic SuggestionWeltmerisms; or Pointed Paragraphs Relating to Magnetic Healing, Foley Ptg. Company, 1899 - 68 pagesWho is a Christian?Seventy Bible References Relating to the Subject of Healing'''

See also
Weltmer Institute of Suggestive Therapeutics

References

Further reading
Missouri the center state, 1821-1915, by Walter B. Stevens. v. 4. Stevens, Walter B. (Walter Barlow), 1848-1939. One thousand American men of mark of to-day. Twentieth century edition de luxe.A national perpetual record of progressive men of America who have attained some prominence in the various social, commercial and industrial affairs. Compiled from standard biographical publications and original sources. The founders, makers and builders of our great republic..
American elite and sociologist bluebook 1922, Herringshaw, Thomas William, 1858
Ohio authors and their books : biographical data and selective bibliographies for Ohio authors, native and resident, 1796-1950, edited by William Coyle; preliminary research by Mr. and Mrs. Ernest Wessen; sponsored by the Martha Kinney Cooper Ohioana Library Association. Who's Who in America, v.11, 1920-1921
Pearson's magazine, v.3 no.6 (June 1900)
The Coming Age, v.2 1899
The Healing Hand [Weltmer institute of Suggestive Therapeutics Company, 1922 - 225 pages]

External links

Article on S. A. Wetlmer
Weltmer Institute images
The State Historical Society of Missouri
Tri-Country Genealogy Society (PDF)
Nevada Daily Mail, 26 November 2004
Nevada Daily Mail, S. A. Weltmer and Edgar Cayce
Early American Manual Therapy
Old print ad for the Weltmer Institute, posted in Afflictor
 - Link

1858 births
1930 deaths
American librarians
American spiritual writers
Baptists from Ohio
American faith healers
Mystics
People from Wooster, Ohio
Educators from Ohio
Baptists from


texts: <mask>. (born December 31, 1928) is a former professional American football player who was a halfback in the National Football League (NFL) from 1952 to 1964 for the San Francisco 49ers, Minnesota Vikings, New York Giants, and Detroit Lions. He was noted for his explosive, elusive running style and was frequently called "The King" and "Hurryin' <mask>". A member of San Francisco's famed Million Dollar Backfield and one of the franchise's most popular players, <mask>'s number 39 jersey is retired by the 49ers and he is a member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame. <mask> first rose to stardom as a standout all-around player for Compton Junior College in 1948. He then transferred to the University of Washington, where he was a two-time All-Pacific Coast Conference fullback for the Washington Huskies football team and set several school and conference records. He was drafted by the 49ers with the ninth pick in the 1951 NFL Draft, and his versatility made him an immediate star in the league, earning him five first-team All-Pro honors in his first six seasons. With the 49ers, he was selected for five Pro Bowls, and he earned a sixth Pro Bowl appearance with the Vikings.He finished his career after short stints with the Giants and Lions. An all-around player who was a threat as a runner and a receiver and also returned kickoffs and punts, McElhenny had amassed the third most all-purpose yards of any player in NFL history when he retired. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1970 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. According to the Pro Football Hall of

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 Fame, "<mask> was to pro football in the 1950s and early 1960s what Elvis Presley was to rock and roll," a reference to both his popularity and his nickname. Early years and college

Born and raised in Los Angeles, California, <mask> attended its George Washington High School, where he set state high school records in the high and low hurdles and broad jump, and ran the 100-yard dash in 9.8 seconds. He won both hurdles and the long jump at the 1947 CIF California State Meet. After graduating, he attended Compton Junior College (now El Camino College Compton Center), where he was a standout on Compton's undefeated football team in 1948 that won the Junior Rose Bowl.That year, he had a 105-yard kickoff return touchdown in a game played at the University of Mexico. Already being considered one of the best players in football, McElhenny drew high praise; Heisman Trophy winner Tom Harmon remarked he had "never seen such a combination of speed and size." One of his Compton teammates was 1952 Olympic gold medalist Sim Iness. After a year at Compton, McElhenny attended the University of Washington in Seattle. He starred as a fullback for the Washington Huskies football team, forming a prolific offensive duo with quarterback Don Heinrich in 1950. He rushed for over 1,000 yards that season, and was the last Huskies player to eclipse that mark until 1977. In a game against rival Washington State, he set school records with 296 rushing yards and five touchdowns.The 296 yards remains a school record as of 2016. One of McElhenny's celebrated plays at Husky Stadium was an uncommon 100-yard

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 punt return against USC in 1951. The following week, he successfully kicked nine out of nine extra points in a 63–6 blowout over Oregon. He was a first-team All-Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) selection in both 1950 and 1951, and was selected for the Associated Press (AP) 1951 All-America team as a fullback. Following his senior season he played in a regional college all-star game. McElhenny led the team in rushing in each of his three seasons and set 16 school records, including season (1,107) and career (2,499) rushing yards. Professional career

San Francisco 49ers
McElhenny was a first-round pick of the San Francisco 49ers in the 1952 NFL Draft, ninth overall, and made an immediate impression as a rookie.His first play as a professional was a 40-yard touchdown run which had been drawn in the dirt because he had not yet learned the team's playbook. He recorded the season's longest run from scrimmage (89 yards), the longest punt return (94 yards), and the top rushing average (7.0 yards per carry). He was unanimously recognized as the season's top rookie. McElhenny was also an asset in the receiving game, becoming a favorite target of quarterback Y. A. Tittle on screen passes. His versatility drew praise from opposing coaches, including George Halas of the Chicago Bears and Steve Owen of the New York Giants. Former Bears quarterback Johnny Lujack lauded McElhenny as "the best running back I have seen in a long, long time."Also noted was his vision; he had an uncanny ability of seeing and reacting to tacklers in his peripheral vision. "If you ever watched McElhenny", explained


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 Washington State coach Jim Sutherland, "you'd think he had eyes on the back of his head. I've seen him cut away from a tackler that 99 percent of the backs wouldn't even have seen. It wasn't instinct—he just saw the guy, out of the corner of his eye." McElhenny described his playing style as such:

My attitude carrying the ball was fear—not a fear of getting hurt but a fear of getting caught from behind and taken down and embarrassing myself and my teammates. McElhenny repeated as a Pro Bowler for 1953, joining his backfield teammates, Tittle and fullback Joe Perry. In 1954, with the addition of halfback John Henry Johnson, the 49ers formed their famed "Million Dollar Backfield" of McElhenny, Tittle, Perry, and Johnson.The team had championship aspirations, but McElhenny separated his shoulder against the Bears in the sixth game, ending his season. The offense struggled without McElhenny in the lineup. Before the injury, he led the league with 515 rushing yards and an 8.0 yards-per-carry average. He still managed to make the AP's second-team All-Pro team and was a first-team selection by the New York Daily News. After a down year in 1955 for the 49ers and for <mask>, he had his most productive rushing season statistically in 1956, picking up 916 yards and eight touchdowns. He was invited to his third Pro Bowl. John Henry Johnson was traded prior to the 1957 season, which broke up the Million Dollar Backfield.Led by McElhenny and Tittle, the 49ers finished the 1957 regular season tied for the Western Conference title with the Detroit Lions. In the Western Conference tiebreaker,


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 McElhenny carried 14 times for 82 yards and caught six passes for 96 yards and a touchdown, but the Lions won with a comeback victory to advance to the 1957 NFL Championship Game. Following the season, <mask> was invited to the 1958 Pro Bowl and was named the player of the game. After another Pro Bowl year in 1958, injuries over the next two seasons hampered his production. The 49ers placed the 32-year-old <mask> on the 1961 NFL expansion draft list. Minnesota Vikings
McElhenny joined the newly formed Vikings in 1961 through the expansion draft. That year, he led the team in rushing and had seven total touchdowns, including his first punt return touchdown since his rookie season.He was invited to his sixth Pro Bowl following the season. In his second season with the Vikings in 1962, he was held scoreless for the first time in his career. The Vikings then looked to part ways with McElhenny as the team turned to an emphasis on youth. He described his time with the Vikings as a "dead end street," since he "didn't fit into their plans for the future." New York Giants and Detroit Lions
The Vikings traded McElhenny to the Giants in July 1963 for two draft choices and player to be named later. The trade reunited him with Tittle, who had been traded to the Giants two seasons earlier. On the reunion, McElhenny responded that it was "great to be with a winner," and he played with renewed enthusiasm.The Giants made it to the 1963 NFL Championship Game, where McElhenny carried nine times for 17 yards, had two receptions for 20 yards, and had a 47-yard kickoff return in the 14–10 loss to

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 the Bears. He was released by New York during training camp in 1964, and he was soon picked up by the Detroit Lions, for whom he appeared in eight games before retiring after the season. Legacy
McElhenny gained 11,375 all-purpose yards in his 13-year career and retired as one of just three players to eclipse 11,000 yards. He was nicknamed "The King" while with the 49ers because he was "the most feared running back in the NFL." 49ers quarterback Frankie Albert gave him the nickname in the locker room following McElhenny's fourth game as a rookie, in which he returned a punt 96 yards for a touchdown against the Bears. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1970, an honor he described as the highlight of his life. Others inducted in the class were contemporaries Jack Christiansen, Tom Fears, and Pete Pihos.His jersey number 39 is retired by the 49ers, and by virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009. NFL Network ranked him the fourth most elusive runner of all time in 2007. McElhenny was inducted into State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame in 1963 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1981. As of 2016, his 12 rushing touchdowns in 1950 and 13 in 1951 both remain in the top ten all-time for a Washington player in a single season, and his 28 career rushing touchdowns tie him for sixth in school history. On January 20, 1985, McElhenny participated in the opening coin toss at Super Bowl XIX at Stanford Stadium, along with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who


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 participated by video feed from the White House after having been sworn into his second term of office earlier that day. Improper benefits
After denying rumors for decades, in 2004 McElhenny confirmed that he received improper financial benefits from the University of Washington during his time there, which included a $300 monthly check. Per NCAA rules, the most a college can offer an athlete is a summer job and a scholarship covering boarding and tuition.A popular (albeit usually jocular) spin on the rumor was that McElhenny essentially took a pay cut when he left the university to play for the 49ers. This was not entirely untrue; all payments accounted for, including legitimate ones, McElhenny claimed he and his wife received a combined $10,000 a year while at Washington—with the 49ers, his rookie salary was worth $7,000. Personal and later life
After retiring as a player, McElhenny served as a color commentator on 49ers radio broadcasts from 1966 to 1972. In 1971, he signed a contract with a group called the Seattle Sea Lions in hopes of bringing an NFL franchise to Seattle. He proactively named himself general manager of the non-existent "Seattle Kings" in May 1972, and the next year the franchise gained the backing of entrepreneur Edward Nixon, brother of president Richard Nixon. However, McElhenny's plans fell through, as the Seattle Seahawks were founded in 1974. McElhenny is related to the McIlhenny family of Louisiana, the makers of Tabasco sauce.In his later life, McElhenny was diagnosed with a rare nerve disorder called Guillain–Barré syndrome, which almost killed


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 him. He was temporarily paralyzed from the neck down and had to use a walker for a year. See also
 Washington Huskies football statistical leaders

References

Further reading

External links

1928 births
Living people
American football halfbacks
Compton Tartars football players
Detroit Lions players
Minnesota Vikings players
National Football League announcers
New York Giants players
San Francisco 49ers announcers
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Huskies football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Track and field athletes from California
People with Guillain–Barré syndrome
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
National Football League players with retired


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<mask> (born February 12, 1950) is an American musician, composer and author. Background
Born in New York City, <mask> studied privately with Stefan Wolpe, and with Mario Davidovsky at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He holds a Ph.D. in Composition from the City University of New York Graduate Center (1985), and has served as a professor of music composition at Temple University's Boyer College of Music and Dance since 1998. Since 1999 <mask> has worked with computer animation to create hybrid works of visual music, as well as chamber music with a video component. <mask> has also written on Debussy, Schoenberg and Varèse in relation to Wolpe's dialectical and "cubist" approach to musical structure. He is the curator of Amphibian, a new music and video series in the Hi Art Gallery in New York City. Music
<mask>'s most significant work is Nameless, a 25-minute wordless psalm for three sopranos and two chamber ensembles.It was composed for the Momenta Quartet and the Cygnus Ensemble, and bears a quotation from the Medieval Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides. Antes/Bella Musica
 Amulet, for piano solo: David Holzman, Centaur CRC 2291
 Chamber Music, for flute, cello and

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