texts:
 2(ASIN:B001HQLV36, B001KEM0GM). (5) TMA: Included in "Nao Oikawa History History 16 Hours"(ASIN:B003BLEARY). (6) Moodyz: Partially included in "Hyper Digital Mosaic 4 Hours"(ASIN:B000M9BN7S).(7) Moodyz: Included in "Perfect Collection 8 Hours"(ASIN:B001W00692). (8) TMA: Remastered and reproduced with original title. (9) KMP: Remastered and reproduced with original title ('Timeless masterpiece' series). (10) SOD: Partially included in "Digital Remaster Director's Cut 8 Hours"(ASIN:B003U3NAMO). (11) AUDAZ JAPAN: Remastered and reproduced with original title. (12) KMP: Partially included in "All About Nao Oikawa" 1, 2(ASIN:B002C8YURC, B002F7IAC6). (13) Maxing: Included in "Star File Nao Oikawa"(ASIN:B004B7ZRT2).(14) ROOKIE: Included in "Kiseki - Nao Oikawa Super Collection 8 Hours Special". (15) ROOKIE: Partially included in "Kiseki - Nao Oikawa Super Collection 8 Hours Special". Talk show

 Stage

 Photobooks

 Discography

 Miscellaneous
 Miku and Ran: Scenario for cartoon on internet. Serialized from March 2009. NAO OIKAWA'S FRUIT SCANDAL - Pachinko Machine (Heiwa Corporation): From 2009 summer to 2010 winter, for 3 versions, total 20,000 machines supposed to be shipped. A Letter from Ancient Capital Kyoto'': Photograph, Reading poetry by <mask> <mask>, Music by Tsugutoshi Goto, Phone-Cast from April 27, 2010. Notes

Sources

External links

 <mask> Oikawa at Sony Music Artist
 G3 Princess at Columbia Music Entertainment

1981 births
Living people
Japanese pornographic film actresses
Japanese

masks: Nao Oikawa Nao


type: original

texts: <mask> (13 September 1877 – 7 May 1957) was a German army officer, scientist and explorer. He conducted several surveys and scientific investigations in China, Tibet and surrounding regions, and led the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13. As a young military officer, Filchner gained an early reputation for dash and daring, following his travel exploits in Russia and the Pamir Mountains range. After further technical studies, he developed expertise in geography and geophysics, before leading a major scientific survey in Tibet and western China in 1903–05. In 1909 he was appointed to organise and lead the forthcoming German expedition to the Antarctic, with both scientific and geographical objectives involving extensive exploration of the continent's interior. During the expedition his ship became trapped in the Weddell Sea ice, drifting for eight months and preventing Filchner from establishing a land base, thus failing in its main objective. Although important scientific results were obtained, the expedition was disrupted by serious interpersonal disagreements and lasting animosities, which harmed Filchner's reputation as a leader and ended his polar career.After service in the First World War he resumed his travels in Asia. He conducted two lengthy single-handed magnetic surveys in China and Tibet, often in difficult and sometimes dangerous conditions, and was continuing this work when the Second World War began, leaving him stranded in India. After years of internment, he returned to Europe and retired to Zürich, where he died in 1957. During his lifetime he received numerous honours, including the German National Prize for Art and Science in 1937, and several honorary doctorates. He is also commemorated in the Antarctic,


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 where a number of geographical features bear his name. Early life

<mask> was born on 13 September 1877, the son of Eduard and Rosine <mask>. Sources place his birth variously at Munich or Bayreuth;  it appears that the family moved from Munich to Bayreuth shortly after <mask>'s birth, but returned to Munich after his father's early death.As a boy, <mask> showed considerable artistic and musical talent, drawing inspiration from, amongst others, Franz von Lenbach, Franz Stuck, and Siegfried Wagner. He might have made his life in the arts, but family traditions drew him towards a military career, and at the age of 15 he was enrolled in the Prussian Military Academy. Traveller and explorer

Early travels in Asia

Russia and the Pamirs

As a young officer in 1898, Filchner was given leave from the army to undertake a seven-week journey in Russia, but had to leave that country when he was suspected of acting as a spy. Two years later he made an expedition to the Pamir Mountains, which included a well-publicised horseback ride, travelling from Osh in the Fergana Valley to Murghab in Tajikistan, and returning by way of Kashgar in Sinkiang. During these travels, Filchner observed much Russian activity   and noted the differences between the Russians and the English in their interactions with the indigenous people: "The Russians manage, in their dealings with Asiatic peoples, to reach out to their hearts, whereas the English, in their relations with natives, make a show of their cultural superiority". Through these adventures, which he recounted in a popular book, Ein Ritt über den Pamir ("A Ride over the Pamirs"), Filchner gained an early reputation as a daring traveller. China and Tibet, 1903–05
Back in Germany, Filcher developed his

masks:
Wilhelm Filchner
Filchner
Wilhelm
Wilhelm


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 knowledge of geography and geophysics through courses at the Technical University of Munich and other institutions.Between 1900 and 1903, he formed contacts with some of the leading travelling scientists of the day, including the Swede Sven Hedin, and Ferdinand von Richthofen from the University of Berlin. In 1903, with von Richthofen's recommendation,  the army gave him leave to assume the leadership of a major scientific survey in Tibet and western China, extending to the upper reaches of the Hwang Ho river. This was a potentially dangerous enterprise, and Filchner found it necessary at times to conceal his activities by disguising himself as a Muslim priest. Filchner's principal scientific assistant on this journey was the geographer Albert Tafel, with whom relations were difficult and often strained. After the journey, Tafel missed few opportunities for insulting Filchner and undermining his authority as a leader, accusing him of cowardice and questioning the accuracy of his maps. Filchner's military background and formal manner contributed to the problem;  as Cornelia Lüdecke puts it in a biographical essay on Filchner, as an officer he was  "trained to command and not to discuss". This was a trait that would also be apparent in  Filchner's later expeditions.Antarctic: Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13

Background, objectives and preparations

<mask>'s interest in the Antarctic was sparked by the theories of Albrecht Penck of the University of Berlin, who considered that the then largely unexplored Antarctic continent comprised  two separate landmasses, East and West Antarctica, divided by a strait connecting the Weddell and Ross Seas. <mask> wished to investigate this question, and in 1909, with the support of the

masks: Filchner Filchner


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 Berlin Geographical Society, began preparations for an Antarctic expedition. He would not only test Penck's theory, but would combine geographical discovery with scientific inquiry. <mask>'s original plan envisaged two ships, with shore parties advancing inland respectively from  Weddell and Ross Sea bases, to meet in the vicinity of the Pole. This proved too costly, so <mask> had to adopt a more modest, single-ship strategy,  confining his operations to the Weddell Sea area. A ship, the Norwegian whaler Bjorn was acquired, and her name changed to Deutschland. Her captain was to be a naval officer, Richard Vahsel, who had previous Antarctic experience, but was by reputation a somewhat difficult and truculent character, "greedy for power and an out-and-out schemer".Unwisely, <mask> agreed to sail under the German naval flag, placing Deutschland and himself under naval regulations that gave the captain supreme decision-making authority on the ship. This created a situation of divided command, with serious consequences for Filchner's authority on the expedition. Expedition

Deutschland sailed from Bremerhaven in early May 1911. The first stage  involved a comprehensive oceanographic study of the Atlantic, covering more than  and extending over four months. After a break in Buenos Aires, the expedition departed for South Georgia, arriving  late in October. While the ship was reprovisioned, <mask> conducted a survey of the island's coasts. On 11 December 1911 the heavily laden Deutschland began its journey south, to the Weddell Sea.From the outset, progress  was slow and uncertain. Brief periods of clear water were interspersed with spells of thick ice that impeded and sometimes prevented movement. However, by 29 January Deutschland had

masks: Filchner Filchner Filchner Filchner


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 penetrated the Weddell Sea beyond James Weddell's most southerly point, reached in 1823, and the next day observed an ice-covered coast to the east. Filcher named this "Prinzregent Luitpold Land"  (or "Luitpold Coast"), after the expedition's principal patron. Following the coastline, on 31 January, at 77°48'S, Deutschland reached a vast ice barrier, marking the southernmost extent of the Weddell Sea. After much  prevarication from the captain, Filchner agreed to establish his shore base in a small inlet which he christened Vahsel Bay. The site chosen by the captain was a berg attached to the barrier edge; Filchner was dubious,  but Vahsel assured him that his ice pilot, Paul Björvik, had approved the site; Björvik would later deny giving any such advice.By 18 February building was nearly complete,  but that night a violent tidal surge detached the berg containing the base and floated it away. A desperate salvage exercise saved all the personnel and most of the equipment and provisions, though some items were lost. Thereafter, <mask> tried for several more days to re-establish the base, but these efforts proved unavailing. Drift

Deutschland began its return journey, intending to try again the following season. By 15 March, the ship  was firmly beset in the ice, drifting slowly northwards, and clearly trapped for the winter. By this time the expedition's morale had largely collapsed as a result of the Vahsel Bay fiasco; the party had broken into factions, and  hostility, recrimination and drunkenness, with threats of violence, became the norms. Nevertheless, Filchner still sought to continue the scientific work, in stations set up on the ice.On 10 August Vahsel died (of heart failure likely aggravated by the effects of syphilis)  but


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 the poisonous atmosphere continued under his replacement, first officer <mask>. The ship was not freed  until 26 November 1912, and when she finally arrived in South Georgia on 19 December, the expedition disintegrated. The opposing factions were kept apart before being transferred back to Germany separately. Filchner hoped that the expedition could be reconstituted for another attempt, but his backers in Germany summoned him home. In Germany a Court of Honour largely exonerated Filchner from blame for the debacle, but the experience had wearied him of the Antarctic, and he never returned. Instead, he decided he would resume his original field of work, in Central and East Asia. Post First World War
During the First World War, <mask> served in the German army, mainly in military intelligence; in 1916 he was director of the marine interrogation service in Bergen, Norway.In the years immediately following the war he devoted himself to writing. In 1922 he published his account of the Antarctic expedition, Zum sechsten Erdteil: Die zweite deutsche Südpolar-Expedition ("To the Sixth Continent: The Second German South Polar Expedition"). In this book Filchner barely mentions the interpersonal difficulties that marred and ultimately overwhelmed the expedition, instead producing a relatively straightforward account of its activities and achievements. In the absence of rebuttal, criticisms from his enemies citing his lack of leadership and deficient exploring ability would continue, unanswered, for decades. In 1924 Filchner published a book, Sturm über Asien: Erlebnisse eines diplomatischen Geheimagenten ("Storm over Asia: Experiences of a Secret Diplomatic Agent"), covering the history of Central Asia since the beginning of the 20th century.

masks:
Wilhelm Lorenzen
Filchner


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 This is not an account of personal experiences; it is a semi-fictionalised  life of Zerempil, a Buryat monk from Urga. Filchner reissued the book in revised form in 1928, under the title Wetterleuchten im Osten ("Weather Lights in the East").Central Asian survey, 1926–28
In 1926, <mask> resumed his prewar survey and observational work in Central Asia. Assisted by a small grant from the German Foreign Office, he set out in January of that year. After many delays and obstructions, he reached the Kumbum Monastery on the China–Tibetan border, where he spent the winter of 1926–27 in conditions of ill-health and poverty, while awaiting further funds and permission to proceed. In April 1927 he received letters of commendation allowing him to travel into Tibet, and in June he set out, his destination being the Northern Indian town of Leh. Despite further privations and hold-ups, he reached Leh on 5 March 1928, before completing his journey at Dehradun. His programme of work for the journey included the first major contribution to the magnetic survey of northern Tibet. He made many topographical measurements and produced detailed maps which transformed geographical knowledge of this region.To this information he added what he termed "cultural-political observations". Much of his work was carried out in secret, to avoid the attention of suspicious authorities. The journey became the subject of a film, Mönche, Tänzer und Soldaten ("Monks, Dancers and Soldiers"), a valuable documentary of monastic and other life of that time. Second  Asian survey, 1934–38
In the years 1934 to 1938, Filchner returned to the same region, this time following a route across northern Tibet from Lanzhou to Leh. Whereas on the earlier journey he had largely paid his own


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 way, this time the costs of the expedition were met by the German government. Filchner was required to link his new measurements with those of the earlier journey. There may have been national and commercial dimensions to this second trip; the  airline Deutsche Luft Hansa was planning to extend its services in the region.To navigate successfully, pilots would require accurate magnetic data  in an area largely devoid of the natural geographical features that would enable navigation by sight. It is possible that Filchner was paid by the airline for this purpose. In the course of his travels, Filchner crossed the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts, and arrived at Hotan in Xingjiang in December 1936. It was unsafe territory, with a civil war raging. Filcher did not possess the necessary papers; he was arrested and his passport confiscated. He was detained by the warlord Ma Hushan, in harsh conditions for seven months, before his passport was returned and he was allowed to proceed. He then had to navigate the so-called "route of death" over the Karakoram range.He arrived in Leh in September 1937, finishing his 3,500 km (2,175 miles) journey a month later in Srinigar. On his return, he learned that Adolf Hitler had  awarded him the German National Prize for Art and Science. Second World War, retirement, death
In 1939 he planned to travel to Afghanistan and Northern Iran, to carry out magnetic work there, but decided instead to go to Nepal. He conducted magnetic surveys in the western and south-eastern regions of the country, although the British in India were suspicious of his presence there. When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, Filchner decided to remain in Nepal, but in December 1940 his health failed, requiring him to seek


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 medical treatment in India, where he was promptly interned. The circumstances of his confinement in India were not harsh, and he was allowed to continue working and to travel to a limited extent. When the war ended, he lived in Poona before returning to Europe in 1949,  settling in the Swiss city of Zürich.In Zürich he maintained his academic interests through contacts at  ETH Zürich and the German Geodetic Commission at Munich. In 1956 he broke his long silence concerning the events of the Antarctic expedition, and  prepared an exposé, Feststellungen ("Findings"), a response to his long-time critics. This revealed for the first time  details of the expedition's travails, but at Filchner's insistence, remained unpublished until 1985. <mask> continued to live in Zurich until his death, on 7 May 1957, at the age of 79. Assessment
Despite his outward formality of manner, Filchner demonstrated an imaginative and adventurous approach in the planning and execution of his various expeditions. In the course of his journeys he made important and lasting contributions to the cartography and magnetic measurements of Central Asia, and his Antarctic expedition, despite its circumstances, produced significant scientific and geographical results. Filchner's background and military training had instilled a somewhat inflexible attitude, not conducive to successful teamwork, and created difficulties with interpersonal relationships.These were exemplified by his falling-out with Tafel, and by his poor handling of the situation of divided command that arose on the Deutschland. Murphy describes Filchner as "a bit stiff, something of a cold fish", and lacking the sense of humour and common touch which marked leaders such as Shackleton. Lüdecke points out


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 the marked successes of his later expeditions, which gained lavish praise from the Royal Geographical Society, when he worked alone without the constraint of maintaining a collegial approach. Filchner's work was recognised in 1937 by his award of the German National Prize. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Königsberg (1911) and the Technical University of Munich (1938), and was appointed to an honorary professorship at the University of Berlin. He is commemorated in the  various Antarctic features that bear his name: the Filchner Rocks in South Georgia; the Filchner Mountains in Queen Maud Land; Cape Filchner; the Filchner Trench in the Weddell Sea; and the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf. The Filchner Station operated as a German scientific base on Berkner Island between 1982 and 1999.Publications
As well as  many volumes of scientific results and books of maps, derived from his various travels, Filchner published popular travel books and expedition accounts. These works included A Scientist in Tartary: from the Hoang Ho to the Indus (English translation 1939); a memoir, Ein Forscherleben ("A Researcher's Life") (1950); and, with Erich Przybyllok, Route-mapping and position-locating in unexplored regions (English translation 1957). An English translation by William Barr of Filchner's 1922 account of the 1911–13 Antarctic expedition, To the Sixth Continent, together with the 1985 exposé, was published in 1994. See also
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration

References

Citations

Sources

WorldCat

External links

1877 births
1957 deaths
German polar explorers
Explorers of Antarctica
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of the Himalayas
Germany and the Antarctic
Filchner-Ronne


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<mask> (; born April 1958) is a Chinese politician who has served in prominent regional posts in Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces. He is currently serving as the Chairman of the Guangdong People's Political Consultative Conference, a mostly ceremonial political advisory body. <mask> spent much of his career in his native Jiangsu province. He has an academic background in the field of agriculture. He served successively as the Communist Party Secretary of the cities of Wuxi and Suzhou in Jiangsu, before being transferred in 2010 to serve as acting mayor, then Party Secretary of Shenzhen, a position he served in until 2015. <mask> was an alternate member of the 17th and 18th Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Career

Early life and academic career
Born in 1958 in Binhai County, in northern Jiangsu province, <mask> worked in a rural commune in the latter years of the Cultural Revolution.He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1976, the year Mao died. He became part of the first batch of students to return to school after China's higher education system was dismantled as part of the Cultural Revolution. <mask> spent much of his earlier career in academia. He enrolled in Nanjing Agricultural College and earned a degree in agriculture and economic management in 1982. He continued his studies for the next six years, earning a master's, then a doctorate in his field. By 1989, he became a lecturer at the university, and then an associate dean in the economics and trade school. He then became assistant to the school's president.In 1991 he earned the opportunity to study abroad at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. In 1992 he returned to China and served as the chief administrator for the university's president, before becoming Vice President of the University. Jiangsu
<mask> entered the Jiangsu provincial government in the late 1990s. At the turn of the century, <mask> received a series of quick promotions to progressively senior positions. After serving a two-year tenure in the Agricultural

masks:
Wang Rong
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang


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 Science Institute of Jiangsu, <mask> went on to become deputy director of the provincial department of agriculture. In 2000, ostensibly due to his academic background, he was transferred to head the provincial department of education. In 2001, he was again transferred, this time to take on the post of acting Mayor of Wuxi; he was formally elected mayor in 2002.In 2003, he was again promoted to become the city's Communist Party Secretary, which was, in reality, the city's top political office. By 2004, only four years since serving as deputy director of the department of agriculture, he earned a seat on the provincial Party Standing Committee, the province's top decision making body, joining the inner circle of the Jiangsu political elite and becoming one of the province's top-ranked politicians. Guangdong
In June 2009, <mask> left his native Jiangsu province to take on the office of the acting Mayor of Shenzhen, a metropolis next to Hong Kong and known to be China's most successful Special Economic Zone. <mask> replaced Xu Zongheng, who was dismissed for corruption. He was quickly promoted to party secretary the next year, and also earned a spot on the Guangdong provincial Party Standing Committee, serving under party secretary <mask>. Shenzhen's political landscape experienced rapid changes as a result of then-CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign, culminating in the abrupt dismissal of Jiang Zunyu, the city's former Political and Legal Affairs Commission Secretary. In late 2014, rumours that <mask> was "in trouble" circulated widely, largely due to speculation that the Guangdong political scene was due for a 'reshuffle' following the abrupt dismissal of Wan Qingliang, a once-popular Cantonese politician who was serving as party secretary of the provincial capital Guangzhou.Various media outlets speculated that <mask> would be transferred out of his job in Shenzhen for a lower-profile position in the Ministry of Education or in Anhui province, or be given a ceremonial role so he could

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Yang
Wang
Wang


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 keep his rank and benefits but be removed from a position of actual political power. In February 2015, <mask> was elected the Chairman of the Guangdong provincial committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a largely ceremonial legislative consultation body. He replaced Zhu Mingguo, a former top provincial official who, like <mask>'s Shenzhen mayoral predecessor Xu Zongheng, had also been dismissed for corruption. Even though this was technically a promotion as it made <mask> an official with full provincial-ministerial rank, many observers characterized the move as having transferred <mask> away from the political centre stage. Leading positions in the CPPCC in Chinese provinces are largely seen as so-called "political retirement home", bestowed to officials of advanced age as an honour for their service in government but considered to be largely a position without actual political power. At the same time, <mask> became dogged by corruption rumours as the media speculated that <mask> was actually being 'deposed' as part of a wider anti-corruption campaign targeting associates of ex-CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin. When <mask> formally stepped down as Shenzhen party secretary at a meeting of the municipal leadership on March 28, news footage showed tears in <mask>'s eyes as well as awkwardness and pessimism about <mask>'s expression.He was replaced by Ma Xingrui. Family
According to numerous Chinese-language media outlets, <mask> is the nephew of <mask>, wife of former Paramount leader and CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin, although some political insiders from Shenzhen have dismissed this as a baseless rumour. Nevertheless, he was widely considered to be a protege of Jiang, who is also from Jiangsu province. References

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Yancheng
People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangsu
Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Jiangsu
Mayors of Shenzhen
Mayors of

masks:
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Yeping


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<mask> (December 9, 1885 – January 14, 1947) was an American general. <mask> was born in Oxford, Mississippi, and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1907. He entered the United States Army Corps of Engineers and rose through the ranks, teaching engineering at West Point from 1912 to 1916, before travelling to the Philippines. He oversaw construction of fortifications on various islands, and eventually was in charge of all US Army fortification work in the Philippines. He then served on the War Department General Staff and the general staff of the American Expeditionary Forces until 1922. <mask> led the Nicaragua Canal Survey and commanded American troops in the country from 1929 to 1931, when he returned to the United States and wrote a report on the canal. <mask> next was district engineer in Chicago, leading construction of the Great Lakes to Mississippi Waterway to July 1934.He was then involved in various commissions in Washington DC, and served as engineer commissioner of the District of Columbia. In late 1938, he took command of the 2d Regiment of Engineers, and eventually rose to lead the Hawaiian Division in early 1941. <mask> had various other commands during early World War II, including the 38th Infantry Division and VII Corps. In 1943, he was made deputy commander of the China-Burma-India Theater, and assumed command of the Burma-India Theater in October 1944. In 1945, he was made Inspector General of the United States Army, and served in that position until his death in 1947. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal four times, the Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star Medal, and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Early life
<mask> was born on December 9, 1885, in Oxford, Mississippi, to a planter.After attending the University of Mississippi from 1901 to 1903, he attended the United States Military Academy from June 15, 1903, to June 14, 1907, becoming an All-American as a center in football. He graduated 9th in a class of 111. Early

masks:
Daniel Isom Sultan
Sultan
Sultan
Sultan
Sultan
Sultan


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 military service
He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers upon graduation, and served in the Third Battalion of Engineers at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from September 14 to October 1, 1908. He then was stationed at the Washington Barracks from October 3, 1908, to August 24, 1912. While there, <mask> graduated from the Engineer School on February 23, 1910; was the secretary of school from September 7, 1909, to April 12, 1912; was adjutant of the First Battalion of Engineers from October 1, 1909, to April 12, 1912; was a member of the Board on Engineer Troops from March 1 to September 7, 1912; and was promoted to first lieutenant on February 27, 1911. <mask> taught at West Point in the department of engineering from August 24, 1912, to July 18, 1916, and was made a captain on February 27, 1914. In September 1916, he was sent to Fort Mills, on Corregidor Island in the Philippines, where he was in charge of the construction and maintenance of fortifications on Corregidor, Caballo and Grande Islands.While there, he was made a major on May 15, 1917, and a temporary lieutenant-colonel on August 5, 1917. <mask> served in that capacity until October 18, 1917, when he was moved to Manila and placed in charge of all Philippines fortification work on October 19. He left Manila on January 14, 1918, and returned to the United States. On January 21, he was assigned to the War Department General Staff, and served on the staff in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1918, to June 1919, during which time he was made a colonel on July 13, 1918. <mask> was assigned to duty as general staff officer at the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Forces in France from June 1919, to October 1919, when he returned to duty with the War Department General Staff at Washington, D. C.. He was relieved from duty as a general staff officer on January 20, 1922, but continued on with the general staff until August 1922. He had returned to the rank of major on March 15,

masks: Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan


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 1920.For his work as a general staff member, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. Later military service
<mask> was then at Fort Leavenworth as a student officer at the Command and General Staff School from August 1922 to July 1923, and graduated as a 'honor graduate'. He moved to Savannah, Georgia and was the district engineer, in charge of all river and harbor improvements and fortifications in the region, from August 1923 to August 1925. <mask> attended the Army War College from August 1925 to July 1926; and was then a resident member of Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors in Washington, DC from July 1926 to August 1929. Nicaragua survey
<mask> traveled to Nicaragua from August 20 to 29, arriving in Corinto and making his way to Granada. He was in charge of the Nicaragua Canal Survey and commanding US Army troops in Nicaragua beginning in August 1929. The survey gradually made its way through the country, finishing its work in the summer of 1931.On March 31, 1931, Managua was hit by a devastating earthquake. <mask> organized a relief team of 34 soldiers, and was on an emergency committee for responding. He was charged with overseeing the restoration of railroads and water to the city, and chaired a food relief committee that provided 24,000 rations daily by April 24. While in Nicaragua, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on October 1, 1930, and was made a member of the Interoceanic Canal Board on March 31. <mask>'s command ended in July 1931, and he soon returned to Washington, DC. <mask> then worked on a report about the survey from August 1931 to January 1932. He concluded in a document published as a congressional document that “A canal through Nicaragua will aid our national defense, will foster friendly relations with all Latin America, and will promote trade with Central and South America.It will provide a shorter route from port to port for about two-thirds of the traffic now using the Panama Canal.” He also published an article about the survey

masks: Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan


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 in National Geographic Magazine. <mask> was awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his work in Nicaragua, particularly for his response to the earthquake. He was also awarded the Nicaraguan Congressional Medal of Distinction and Presidential Medal of Merit. Commissioner
He was then made district engineer in Chicago, leading construction of the Great Lakes to Mississippi Waterway until July 1934, during which time he was also the administrator of the Civil Works Administration in Cook County, Illinois. From July to September 1934 he worked with the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors. <mask> then worked as engineer commissioner of the District of Columbia, a member of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, the Public Utilities Commission, the Unemployment Compensation Board, and chairman of the Zoning Commission until September 1938. He was made a colonel on October 1, 1935, and vice-chairman of committee that arranged the inauguration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1937.World War II
<mask> then commanded the 2d Regiment of Engineers from October to December 1, 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general on December 1. He commanded Fort Logan, Colorado until June 1939, and led the 22nd Infantry Brigade from July 1939 to February 1941. He led the Hawaiian Division from February 1941 to April 1941, and was promoted to major general on April 3, 1941. <mask> was in command of the 38th Infantry Division from May 1941 to April 1942, and led the VIII Corps until November 1943. He was then ordered to the China-Burma-India Theater in 1943 to act as deputy commander under General Joseph Stilwell. As deputy commander stationed in Allied-controlled New Delhi, <mask> focused largely on logistical issues, ensuring that sufficient supplies arrived in China, particularly by airlifting goods over the Himalayas and constructing the Ledo Road. He was promoted to lieutenant general on September 2, 1944, and on October 24 became commander of

masks: Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan Sultan


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 the India-Burma Theater.As commander, <mask> was under the authority of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the Supreme Allied Commander, South East Asia Command, and also served as commander of the Chinese Army in India. <mask> personally led a force of American, British and Chinese forces, known as the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC). In 1944, the Allies formulated a plan, known as Operation Capital, to retake Northern Burma and reopen a land route to China. In early 1945, the NCAC was split into the 30th, 38th, and 50th Chinese Divisions; the British 36th Division, on loan from the Fourteenth Army; and the recently activated American 5332d Brigade (Provisional). <mask>'s troops traveled south, as part of the during the Burma campaign, from Myitkyina, forcing the Japanese Thirty-Third Army back. His forces took control of the Burma Road, reopening it in January 1945. For his service as commander, he was awarded a third oak leaf cluster, the Bronze Star Medal, and the Legion of Merit.Returning to the United States June 26, 1945, he was appointed Inspector General of the Army on July 9. <mask> died January 14, 1947, at Washington, D.C., while on active duty. <mask> was awarded his fourth oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished Service Medal as inspector general, the first army officer to do so. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) and granted the Order of the Cloud and Banner with Special Grand Cordon. After his death he was awarded the Air Medal. Legacy
The United States Navy transport ship  was named in his honor. References
Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

1885 births
1947 deaths
United States Army generals
Military personnel from Mississippi
United States Military Academy alumni
Members of the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia
Inspectors General of the United States Army
Burials at West Point Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals


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<mask> (; born 18 March 1939) is a Greek composer. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1939 in Heraklion, Crete. From one of the old families of the island—his father was an attorney and later the Prefect—he spent his childhood in the seaside town of Ierapetra. The Byzantine liturgy heard regularly from the church opposite his family home, Cretan traditional music, with its rapid dances of repeated small motifs, played by local instruments at the town’s weekly festivities, but at the same time the sound of the waves, and the detonation of land-mines in the aftermath of World War II, all these formed part of the acoustic universe of the composer as a child. He took his first lessons in music theory and the violin at the local conservatory and played the clarinet in the municipal band. Meanwhile, other musical experiences of decisive importance were classical music as well as the music of the wider Eastern Mediterranean and, most important of all, that of nearby Egypt, which he heard either over the radio or from musicians and travellers passing through his hometown. Thanks to his father’s extensive private library he had the opportunity to deepen his knowledge, beyond school education, in literature, philosophy, history and the arts.He began composing music during his adolescence and two melodies of this time would later become songs that have enjoyed great popularity throughout Greece. Career
In 1956 <mask> moved to Athens to further his music studies at the Athens Conservatoire under the composer Yiorgos Sklavos and the violin teacher Joseph Bustidui, while studying philosophy and sociology at the Panteion University. While a student he composed music for the theatre, for the cinema and for dance performances. When he was 24 he was awarded the Music

masks:
Yannis Markopoulos
Yannis Markopoulos
Markopoulos


texts: Prize of the International Thessaloniki Film Festival for Nikos Koundouros’ film Young Aphrodites and subsequently his works Theseus (dance-drama), Hiroshima(ballet suite) and Three Dance Sketches were performed by avant-garde dance groups. In 1967 a military dictatorship was imposed in Greece. <mask> left for London, where he enriched his knowledge under the English composer Elizabeth Lutyens, while his acquaintance with the composers Jani Christou and Iannis Xenakis played an important rôle in the deepening of his contact with the most pioneering musical figures. In London he composed the secular cantata Ilios o Protos (Sun the First) on the poetry of Odysseas Elytis (Nobel Prize 1979) and completed the musical ceremony Idou o Nymphios, a work the composer still wishes to keep unreleased with the exception of one part, the song Zavara-Katra-Nemia, a vocal composition of Dionysian character, that was released in 1966 and became one of his best known pieces.Also in London he composed Chroismoi (Oracles) for symphony orchestra and the Pyrrichioi Dances A, B, C (the first three of the 24 Dances he completed in 2001) that were performed in 1968 by the London Concertante Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. During the same year he was commissioned to write the music for Shakespeare’s The Tempest performed by the National Theatre Company and directed by David Jones. In 1969 <mask> returned to Athens with a musical vision that would not only change the course of music in Greece but would also lend immediate moral support to the general demand for restoration of democracy, the struggle being led primarily by university students and intellectuals. He founded a new and highly distinctive musical ensemble which included Greek local instruments. Thus the piano was combined with

masks: Markopoulos Markopoulos


texts: the lyre for the first time, while he also added instruments of his own invention, particularly among the percussion, with the intention of enriching the variety of sounds. He then selected young musicians, singers and actors, from both the city and the provinces, and collaborating with painters and poets he presented a series of performances with his musical works Ilios o Protos (Sun the First), Chroniko (Chronicle), Ithagenia (Nativeland), Thitia (Lifetime), Stratis Thalassinos Among the Agapanthi (poetry by Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), Oropedio (Mountain Plain) at the Lydra venue which he named music-studio. His most fervent supporters were indeed the students and intellectuals who filled the music-studio daily, despite the constant interventions of the regime that would constantly attempt to shut it down.The composer’s vision had materialised and a new musical wave had been born which he termed “Return to the Roots”. He defined it as “a project for the future involving the process of examination, evaluation and selection of the indestructible sources of our living traditions in combination with selected contemporary art forms and elements”: the outcome was an exceptionally original sound emerging from the unique tone colours stemming from the unaccustomed blends of instruments and voices. In 1976 he composed the popular liturgy The Free Besieged, based on the poem by Greece’s national poet Dionysios Solomos, that he conducted in the crowded Panathenean Stadium, and which was presented in London in 1979. In 1977 he composed the music for the BBC television series Who Pays the Ferryman? The musical theme was a hit in Britain and gained the composer international renown. Numerous invitations for concerts abroad followed, in Paris, Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich,


texts: Amsterdam, Stockholm, Canada, Russia, Australia and the United States. <mask> continued composing music for the theatre and for the cinema, collaborating with directors such as Jules Dassin, George Cosmatos, Nikos Koundouros and Spyros Evaggelatos.Through his work <mask> <mask> did much to shape the musical landscape of the 1970s. In 1980 <mask> married the singer Vassiliki Lavina, his long-time associate, and in 1981 their daughter Eleni was born. For a period he sought a more private life with his family while preparing for the opening of a new chapter in his music, compositions that would display melodic outbursts sustained by polytonic quality and dazzling rhythms of an inexhaustible exuberance. In 1987 he founded the Palintonos Armonia Orchestra (the name deriving from Heraclitus) with which he would give concerts in Greece and abroad and record many of his works. The works of this period include the Concerto-Rhapsody for Lyre and Symphony Orchestra, Mitroa for string orchestra, the Healing Symphony, two oratorios, two song cycles, chamber music works, four quartets, two sonatas, and five pieces for violin and piano. In 1994 he composed one of his most important works The Liturgy of Orpheus. There followed Re-Naissance: Crete between Venice and Constantinople, a musical journey in four units that strikes a balance between the opera form and that of the oratorio, and the opera Erotokritos and Areti.In 1999 he composed Shapes in Motion, a piano concerto inspired by Pythagoras and dedicated to his daughter Eleni. Some of his latest works are Evilia Topia (Sunlit Landscapes), fantasy for solo flute; O Nomos tis Thalporis, oratorio-musical spectacle for voices, choir, wind orchestra, ballet and video projection, dedicated to the environment; and Triptych for flute,

masks: Markopoulos Yannis Markopoulos Markopoulos


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<mask> (; January 9, 1873 – July 4, 1934), also Chaim or Haim, was a Jewish poet who wrote primarily in Hebrew but also in Yiddish. Bialik was one of the pioneers of modern Hebrew poetry. He was part of the vanguard of Jewish thinkers who gave voice to the breath of new life in Jewish life. Being a noted essayist and story-teller, Bialik also translated major works from European languages. Although he died before Israel became a state, Bialik ultimately came to be recognized as Israel's national poet. Biography

Bialik was born in , Volhynian Governorate in the Russian Empire to <mask>, a scholar and businessman from Zhitomir, and his wife, Dinah-Priveh. He had older brother Sheftel (born in 1862) and two sisters Chenya-Ides (born in 1871)and  Blyuma (born in 1875).When Bialik was still a child, his father died. In his poems, Bialik romanticized the misery of his childhood, describing seven orphans left behind—though modern biographers believe there were fewer children, including grown step-siblings who did not need to be supported. Be that as it may, from the age 7 onwards Bialik was raised in Zhitomir by his Orthodox grandfather, Yankl-Moishe Bialik. In Zhitomir he received a traditional Jewish religious education, but also explored European literature. At the age of 15, inspired by an article he read, he convinced his grandfather to send him to the Volozhin Yeshiva in Lithuania, to study at a famous Talmudic academy under Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin, where he hoped he could continue his Jewish schooling while expanding his education to European literature as well. Attracted to the Jewish Enlightenment movement (Haskala), Bialik gradually drifted away from yeshiva life. There is a story in the biography of Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik that cites an anonymous student reputed to be him.The

masks:
Hayim Nahman Bialik
Itzik Yosef Bialik


texts: story goes that Rabbi Chaim, after expelling Bialik from the yeshiva for being involved in the Haskala movement, personally escorted his former student out. When asked "Why?" the rabbi replied that he spent the time convincing Bialik not to use his writing talents against the yeshiva world. Poems such as HaMatmid ("The Talmud student") written in 1898, reflect Bialik's great ambivalence toward that way of life: on the one hand admiration for the dedication and devotion of the yeshiva students to their studies, on the other hand a disdain for the narrowness of their world. At 18 Bialik left for Odessa, the center of modern Jewish culture in the southern Russian Empire, drawn by admiration of Mendele Mocher Sforim and Ahad Ha'am. In Odessa, Bialik studied Russian and German language and literature and dreamed of enrolling in the Modern Orthodox Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin. Alone and penniless, he made his living teaching Hebrew.The 1892 publication of his first poem, El Hatzipor "To the Bird", which expresses a longing for Zion, in a booklet edited by Yehoshua Ravnitzky (1859-1944) (a future collaborator), eased Bialik's way into Jewish literary circles in Odessa. He joined the Hovevei Zion movement and befriended Ahad Ha'am, who had a great influence on his Zionist outlook. In 1892 Bialik heard news that the Volozhin Yeshiva had closed and returned home to Zhitomir to prevent his grandfather from discovering that he had discontinued his religious education. He arrived to find both his grandfather and his older brother close to death. Following their deaths, Bialik married Manya Averbuch in 1893. For a time he served as a bookkeeper in his father-in-law's lumber business in Korostyshiv, near Kiev. But when this proved unsuccessful, he moved in 1897 to Sosnowiec, a small town in Zaglebie,


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 southern Poland, which was then part of the Russian Empire, near the border with Prussia and Austria.In Sosnowiec, Bialik worked as a Hebrew teacher and tried to earn extra income as a coal merchant, but the provincial life depressed him. He was finally able to return to Odessa in 1900, having secured a teaching job. <mask>'s first visit to the US was to Hartford, CT, where he stayed with cousin Raymond Bialeck and his family. His closest living relatives in the US include Hal Bialeck, Alison Bialeck, and Richard Bialeck. He is the uncle of actress Mayim <mask>'s great-great-grandfather. Literary career

For the next two decades, Bialik taught and continued his activities in Zionist and literary circles, as his literary fame continued to rise. This is considered Bialik's "golden period".In 1901 his first collection of poetry was published in Warsaw, and was greeted with much critical acclaim, to the point that he was hailed "the poet of national renaissance." Bialik relocated to Warsaw briefly in 1904 as literary editor of the weekly magazine HaShiloah founded by Ahad Ha'am, a position he served for six years. In 1903 Bialik was sent by the Jewish Historical Commission in Odessa to interview survivors of the Kishinev pogroms and prepare a report. In response to his findings Bialik wrote his epic poem "In the City of Slaughter", a powerful statement of anguish at the situation of the Jews. Max Dimont wrote that "Bialik's poem caused thousands of Jewish youths to cast off their pacifism and join the Russian underground to fight Czar and tyranny." Bialik's condemnation of passivity against anti-Semitic violence is said to have influenced the founding Jewish self-defense groups in the Russian Empire, and eventually the Haganah in Palestine. Bialik visited Palestine in 1909.It was during this

masks: Bialik Bialik


texts: 1903 visit to Odessa that Bialik first met Ira Jan, the painter whom he secretly loved, as revealed by Prof. Ziva Shamir in her book "A Track of Her Own". In the early 20th century, together with Ravnitzky, Simcha Ben Zion and Elhanan Levinsky, Bialik founded  a Hebrew publishing house, Moriah, which issued Hebrew classics and school texts. He translated into Hebrew various European works, such as Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, the Miguel de Cervantes novel Don Quixote, and Heine's poems; and from Yiddish S. Ansky's The Dybbuk. Throughout the years 1899–1915, Bialik published about 20 of his Yiddish poems in different Yiddish periodicals in the Russian Empire. These poems are often considered to be among the best achievements of modern Yiddish poetry of that period. In collaboration with Ravnitzky, Bialik published Sefer HaAggadah (1908–1911, The Book of Legends), a three-volume edition of the folk tales and proverbs scattered through the Talmud. For the book they selected hundreds of texts and arranged them thematically.The Book of Legends was immediately recognized as a masterwork and has been reprinted numerous times. Bialik also edited the poems of the medieval poet and philosopher Ibn Gabirol. He began a modern commentary on the Mishnah, but only completed Zeraim, the first of the six Orders (in the 1950s, the Bialik Institute published a commentary on the entire Mishnah by Hanoch Albeck, which is currently out of print). He also added several commentaries on the Talmud. In 1919 in Odessa, he was also able to found the Dvir publishing house, which would later become famous. This publishing house, now based in Israel, still exists, but is now known as Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir after Dvir was purchased by the Zmora-Bitan publishing house in 1986, which later merged


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 with Kinneret. Bialik lived in Odessa until 1921, when the Moriah publishing house was closed by Communist authorities, as a result of mounting paranoia following the Bolshevik Revolution.With the intervention of Maxim Gorki, a group of Hebrew writers were given permission by the Soviet government to leave the country. While in Odessa he had befriended the soprano Isa Kremer whom he had a profound influence on. It was through his influence that she became an exponent of Yiddish music on the concert stage; notably becoming the first woman to concertize that music. Move to Germany
Bialik then moved, via Poland and Turkey, to Berlin, where together with his friends Ravnitzky and Shmaryahu Levin he re-established the Dvir publishing house. Bialik published in Dvir the first Hebrew language scientific journal with teachers of the rabbinical college Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums contributing. In Berlin Bialik joined a community of Jewish authors and publishers such as Samuel Joseph Agnon (sponsored by the owner of Schocken Department Stores, Salman Schocken, who later founded his own publishing house), Simon Dubnow, Israel Isidor Elyashev (Ba'al-Machshoves), Uri Zvi Greenberg, Jakob Klatzkin (founded Eschkol publishing house in Berlin), Moshe Kulbak, Jakob-Wolf Latzki-Bertoldi (founded Klal publishing house in Berlin in 1921), Simon Rawidowicz (co-founder of Klal), Salman Schneur, Nochum Shtif (Ba'al-Dimion), Shaul Tchernichovsky, elsewhere in Germany Shoshana Persitz with Omanuth publishing house in Bad Homburg v.d.H. and Martin Buber.They met in the Hebrew Club Beith haWa'ad ha'Ivri בית הועד העברי in Berlin's Scheunenviertel, or in Café Monopol, which had a Hebrew-speaking corner, as Eliezer Ben-Yehuda's son Itamar Ben-Avi recalled, and in Café des Westens (both in Berlin's more


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 elegant western boroughs). The still-Soviet theatre HaBimah toured through Germany, much-acclaimed by Albert Einstein, Alfred Kerr and Max Reinhardt. Bialik succeeded Saul Israel Hurwitz after his death on 8 August 1922 as Hebrew chief editor at Klal publishing house, which published 80 titles in 1922. In January 1923 Bialik's 50th birthday was celebrated in the old concert hall of the Berlin Philharmonic bringing together everybody who was anybody. In the years of Inflation Berlin had become a centre of Yiddish and Hebrew and other foreign language publishing and printing, because books could be produced at ever falling real expenses and sold to a great extent for stable foreign currency. Many Hebrew and Yiddish titles were also translated into German. Once the old inflationary currency (Mark) was replaced by the new stable Rentenmark and Reichsmark this period ended and many publishing houses closed or relocated elsewhere, as did many prominent publishers and authors.Move to Tel Aviv

In 1924, <mask> relocated with his publishing house Dvir to Tel Aviv, devoting himself to cultural activities and public affairs. <mask> was immediately recognized as a celebrated literary figure. He delivered the address that marked the opening (in 1925) of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and was a member of its board of governors. In 1927 he became head of the Hebrew Writers Union, a position he retained for the remainder of his life. In 1933 his 60th birthday was celebrated with festivities nationwide, and all the schoolchildren of Tel Aviv were taken to meet him and pay their respects to him. Works and influence
Bialik wrote several different modes of poetry. He is perhaps most famous for his long, nationalistic poems, which call for a reawakening of the Jewish people.Bialik had his own awakening even


texts: before writing those poems, arising out of the anger and shame he felt at the Jewish response to pogroms. In his poem "Massa Nemirov", for example, Bialik excoriated the Jews of Kishinev who had allowed their persecutors to wreak their will without raising a finger to defend themselves. However no less effective are his passionate love poems, his personal verse, or his nature poems. Last but not least, Bialik's songs for children are a staple of Israeli nursery life. From 1908 onwards, he wrote mostly prose. By writing his works in Hebrew, Bialik contributed significantly to the revival of the Hebrew language, which before his days existed primarily as an ancient, scholarly tongue. His influence is felt deeply in all modern Hebrew literature.The generation of Hebrew language poets who followed in Bialik's footsteps, including Jacob Steinberg and Jacob Fichman, are called "the Bialik generation". To this day, Bialik is recognized as Israel's national poet. Bialik House, his former home at 22 Bialik Street in Tel Aviv, has been converted into a museum, and functions as a center for literary events. The municipality of Tel Aviv awards the Bialik Prize in his honor. Kiryat Bialik, a suburb of Haifa, and Givat Hen, a moshav bordering the city of Raanana, are named after him. He is the only person to have two streets named after him in the same Israeli city – Bialik Street and Hen Boulevard in Tel Aviv. There is also Bialik Hebrew Day School in Toronto, ON, Canada; Bialik High School in Montreal, QC, Canada; and a cross-communal Jewish Zionist school in Melbourne called Bialik College.In Caracas, Venezuela, the largest Jewish community school is named Herzl-Bialik. Also in Rosario, Argentina the only Jewish school is named after him. <mask>'s poems have been translated into at least 30 languages,


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 and set to music as popular songs. These poems, and the songs based on them, have become an essential part of the education and culture of modern Israel. <mask> wrote most of his poems using Ashkenazi pronunciation, while modern Israeli Hebrew uses the Sephardi pronunciation. Consequently, <mask>'s poems are rarely recited in the meter in which they were written. <mask> died in Vienna, Austria, on July 4, 1934, from a sudden heart attack a week after having had a successful prostate operation.He was buried in Tel Aviv; a large mourning procession followed from his home on the street named after him, to his final resting place. References

Selected bibliography in English

Selected Writings (poetry and prose) Hasefer, 1924; New York, New Palestine, 1926; Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 1939; New York, Histadrut Ivrit of America, 1948; New York, Bloch, 1965; New York, Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1972; Tel Aviv, Dvir and the Jerusalem Post, 1981; Columbus, Alpha, 1987
The Short Friday Tel Aviv, Hashaot, 1944
Knight of Onions and Knight of Garlic New York, Jordan, 1939
Random Harvest – The Novellas of C. N. Bialik, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press (Perseus Books), 1999
The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself (2003),
Songs from Bialik: Selected Poems of <mask> <mask> Bialik, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 2000
Selected Poems: Bilingual Edition, (translated by Ruth Nevo), Jerusalem: Dvir, 1981. External links

 <mask> Nahman Bialik Personal Manuscripts and Letters

1873 births
1934 deaths
People from Andrushivka Raion
People from Zhitomirsky Uyezd
Ukrainian Jews
Ashkenazi Jews in Mandatory Palestine
Modern Hebrew writers
Hebrew-language poets
Jewish folklorists
German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Jewish writers
Kishinev pogrom
Burials at Trumpeldor

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Bialik
Bialik
Death Bialik
Hayim
Nahman
Hayim


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<mask> was a politician and a prominent freedom fighter of Sri Lanka. Early life

C.E.<mask> was born in the west coast town of Chilaw, in Sri Lanka. His parents were <mask>, a leading lawyer from Chilaw and Henritta Seneviratne. He was educated at Royal College Colombo where he excelled in his studies. He earned a reputation as a first rate orator. <mask> was the eldest of five children. His brothers and sisters were <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, and <mask>.The family came from a wealthy background, owning vast tracts of coconut estates and paddy lands.The Sunday Times newspaper of Sri Lanka writing about the three sons of <mask> Bandarnaike <mask>, noted: 'Of the three boys, the eldest, <mask> <mask>, was educated at Royal College and having excelled in studies and cricket, he passed out as a proctor of the Supreme Court, took to politics and in 1924 was elected president of the Ceylon National Congress. Warden Stone of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, described old Royalist C.E<mask> as one of the finest speakers of the English language. The second boy in the family was Dr. Alfred Ernest <mask> who was educated at S. Thomas' College. He passed out as a doctor of medicine and chose to practise in Chilaw. He was a clever doctor and what was unique about him was that he charged no fees from the poor for his services. ' Writing in 1907, The English author, Arnold Wright in 'Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon,' said: '<mask> has left three sons, the eldest of whom, <mask>, a Proctor, is the unofficial leader of the Chilaw Bar, a member of the Royal Asiatic Society, and Chairman of the Chilaw Association.In 1899, he was elected by the various native associations of Ceylon, and a public meeting in Colombo, to proceed to England as a delegate

masks:
Charles Edgar Corea
Corea
Charles Edward Bandaranaike Corea
Charles Edgar Corea
– James Alfred Ernest Corea
Victor Corea
Agnes Corea
Evangeline Henrietta Corea
Charles Edward
Corea
Charles Edgar
Corea
. Corea
Corea
Charles Edward
Charles Edgar


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 of the people of Ceylon, to lay before the Imperial Government a representation against the Waste Lands Ordinance. The second son, Alfred Ernest, is a physician, and the youngest, <mask> Victor, is an Advocate of the Supreme Court.' The Sri Lankan author Kumari Jayawardena, writing about the Coreas noted: 'Unconnected to the liquor trade but making their money on plantation ventures was the Corea Family of Chilaw, an influential goyigama group with a history going back to Portuguese rule when they were warriors to Sinhala kings. During Dutch and British rule, members of the family were officials serving the state in various ways and rewarded with titles. Some members of the family took to the legal and medical professions, most notably the sons of <mask> <mask> (a solicitor), who were active in local politics and in the Chilaw Association which campaigned against British land policies – especially the Waste Lands Ordinance, and for political reforms. The most active of Corea's sons was C.E. (<mask>) who spoke up for peasant rights and was militant in his stand against the government.He was President of the Ceylon National Congress in 1924. C.E.<mask>'s brother, Alfred Ernest, was a doctor and the youngest <mask> was a lawyer who achieved fame for leading a campaign (and going to jail) in 1922 to protest the Poll Tax on all males; he was the first President of the Ceylon Labour Union led by A.E.Goonesinha and was active in the Ceylon Labour Party. While being professionals and political activists, the Coreas were also important landowners. ' The Royal-Thomian Encounter of 1885 (The 9 runs match)
Corea was an accomplished cricketer at Royal College Colombo, he played first XI cricket for his school. He was in the Royal College team in the

masks:
Charles Edward
Charles Edward
Corea
Charles Edgar
Corea
Victor Corea


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 historic Nine Run Match played in Sri Lanka on 12 and 13 March 1885, on the CCC grounds, in Galle Face – Royal scored 9 runs, and St Thomas' replied by scoring 170 for 6. According to legend, the match was abandoned due to rain, but this has been disputed. C.E.<mask>, who was in the Royal College team, in an article in the 1932 Royal-Thomian souvenir had this to say about fielding conditions on the first day – "On the first day we batted in a deluge of rain and submitted to the leather hunting which followed over mud and sludge, weighed down in sodden clothes, up to the very minute fixed for drawing stumps, without protest or grumble".Political career

C.E.<mask> followed in his father's footsteps by studying law. He went on to become a proctor of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. He then practised at the Chilaw court. What pre-occupied C.E.<mask> was the fact that the people of Ceylon were struggling under the British Raj. He spoke out against the injustice suffered by ordinary people at the hands of their colonial masters. <mask> became a fearless freedom fighter – together with his younger brother <mask>, he founded the Chilaw Association and used it to campaign hard for independence, for the people of Ceylon. He was elected a member of the Legislative Council and later a founding Member of the Ceylon National Congress, together with <mask>, E.W.Perera, Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam, and Francis de Zoysa. C.E.<mask> was elected President of the Ceylon National Congress in 1924. <mask> was very much the elder statesman and gained a reputation as a moderate voice of the independence movement. The visit of Mahatma Gandhi to Chilaw

Mahatma Gandhi, the 'Father of India' had developed a very close relationship with

masks:
Corea
Corea
Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Victor Corea
Corea
Corea


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 C.E.<mask> and his brother <mask>. C.E.<mask> wrote many letters to Gandhi in India, on the subject of independence. Gandhi arrived on the shores of Ceylon on 12 November 1927, on his first and only visit to the island. He was accorded a warm welcome in Colombo and he travelled all over Sri Lanka.Mahatma Gandhi made it a point to see his friends C.E.<mask> and <mask>. A massive banquet was organised in his honour, in a Corea home called 'Sigiriya,' in Chilaw. There he met with members of the <mask> Family – he stayed with the Coreas for several days. Death
He died in Chilaw on 7 February 1946. Just two years later Ceylon won her independence on 4 February 1948 thanks to the valiant efforts of freedom fighters like <mask> <mask>. See also
National Heroes of Sri Lanka
Dominicus Corea
<mask> Bandaranaike Corea
James Alfred Ernest Corea
Victor Corea
List of political families in Sri Lanka
Edirimanne Corea Family Union
Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Chilaw, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan independence activist
Sri Lankan independence movement
Govigama
List of Govigama people

References

Bibliography
Great Sinhalese Men and Women of History – Edirille Bandara (Domingos Corea) By John M. Senaveratna, (1937)
A History of Sri Lanka By Professor K.M.De Silva (1981)
Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources By A.W. Wright, Asian Educational Services, India; New Ed edition (15 Dec 2007)

External links
A  national hero is honoured in his home town
Freedom fighter who defied the British

National Heroes of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan independence activists
Sinhalese lawyers
Sri Lankan Christians
1866 births
1946 deaths
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
<mask>
People from

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Corea
Victor Corea
Corea
Corea
Victor Corea
Corea
Charles Edgar
Corea
Charles Edward
Charles Edgar


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<mask>  (Belmonte, Cuenca, 1527 – Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Castile, Spain, 23 August 1591), was a Spanish lyric poet, Augustinian friar, theologian and academic, active during the Spanish Golden Age. Early life
<mask> was born in Belmonte, in the Province of Cuenca, in 1527 or 1528. His parents were <mask> and <mask>, and they had five children. His father practiced law, and it was due to his profession that the family moved to Madrid in 1534, and later to Valladolid. <mask> obtained a very thorough and extensive education, and was devoted to the interpretation and translation of religious texts and ideas. He was proficient in Greek, Hebrew, and Latin. He entered the University of Salamanca at the age of fourteen, in 1541, to study Canon Law under the care of his uncle Francisco.At some point between 1541 and 1543 (Thompson states that it was about 5–6 months after beginning his studies, while other authors often claim it was 1543), <mask> abandoned his studies and instead entered the Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine. After a novitiate of uncertain duration he joined the Priory of San Pedro on 29 January 1544. The first record of León as a student of theology is in the matriculation book at the University of Salamanca for 1546-7. In 1552, Fray <mask> graduated with a bachelor's degree in theology from the University of Toledo and continued his education as a student of Hebrew and Biblical interpretation at the University of Alcalá de Henares. Academic career
Having returned to Salamanca the previous year, in 1560 he graduated from the University of Salamanca as a licentiate (7 May) and Master of Theology (30 June), and in the following year he won the election to the Chair of St Thomas, a chair in Theology, at the same university (Salamanca was unusual in that all Chairs were subject to an election for the position). This was a minor Chair, with a limited four-year tenure. In 1565, he won the Chair of St

masks:
Luis de León
Luis de León
Lope de León
Inés de Varela
Luis
Luis
Luis


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 Durandus, to which he was re-elected in 1569 (he lost it in 1573 because he was in prison while the elections took place).In 1566 he was named administrator of the Augustinian College of San Guillermo in Salamanca, and in 1567 he took on the position of vice rector of the University. In 1571 he attained the Chair of Sacred Letters as well. While at the university, he translated classical and biblical literature and wrote on religious themes. He was widely known for his works. Imprisonment
In 1571 Dominican professors Bartolomé <mask> and Castro put forth seventeen propositions to the Inquisition documenting Fray <mask>' allegedly heretical opinions. His translation into Spanish and commentary of the Song of Solomon was the biggest evidence presented for their case against him. Another charge touched on his criticizing the text of the Vulgate.As a result, he was imprisoned at Valladolid from 27 March 1572 until December 1576, fell ill and remained in bad health throughout his imprisonment. Though he suffered greatly from his isolation and less than desirable conditions, Fray <mask> continued to actively write and study during his confinement. At the end of 1576, the tables turned, and on 11 December Fray <mask> was cleared of all charges and released from prison with an admonishment to be more careful and reserved in his publications and speech. He returned to Salamanca on 30 December in triumph. Tradition has it that he began his university lecture on 29 January 1577, his first after returning from four years' imprisonment, with the words Dicebamus hesterna die ("As we were saying yesterday...."). Later life

Fray <mask> continued to teach at the university, being awarded a special chair at the end of 1576, shortly after his acquittal. In 1578 he obtained, for life, the chair of Moral Philosophy, and in 1579 was elected to the most significant chair in the university, the Chair of Holy Scripture (sometimes known

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de Medina
Luis
Luis
Luis
Luis


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 as the chair of Biblical Studies or the Bible Chair).He went on to earn a Master of the Arts degree from the University of Sahagún. Fray <mask> did not pay heed to the cautionary admonishments of the Inquisitorial committee after his earlier imprisonment. In 1582, he had another Inquisitional run-in, following three disputations held on the subject of the merits of Christ and human predestination, but was not this time imprisoned. He was absolved two years later, in 1584. Fray <mask>'s first published Spanish and Latin works emerged in 1580, some having been begun in prison; most of his works were printed during this decade. Between 1583 and 1585 he published the three books of his celebrated treatise, The Names of Christ, which he had written in prison. In 1583 also appeared the most popular of his prose works, The Perfect Wife, an instruction for newly married women.In 1588, Fray <mask> published the first collected edition of the writings of Teresa of Ávila. To produce this work, he had performed the task of collating her manuscripts, checking references and notes, and preparing a definitive text (although Teresa and <mask> were both in Salamanca in late 1570, it is not believed they ever met in their lifetimes). He died at the age of 64 on 23 August 1591, in Madrigal de las Altas Torres, Ávila, and is buried in Salamanca in the Priory of San Agustín. Ten days before his death he was elected Vicar General of the Augustinian Order. Major works

Cantar de los Cantares (translation of Song of Songs)
In 1561, he began translating the Song of Songs into Spanish for his cousin, Isabel Osorio, a nun in Salamanca who could not read the Latin text, and wrote an accompanying commentary. This was León's first major translation of a biblical text, and was probably inspired by a commentary his contemporary Arias Montano had lent to him when he passed through Salamanca in 1561. Translation of biblical texts into Spanish had

masks: Luis Luis Luis León


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 been banned by the Council of Trent, so there was a certain risk in this undertaking.The manuscript, however, was popular amongst his friends, who copied it and circulated it privately. However, the translations formed part of the accusations levelled against León when he was denounced to the Inquisition in 1572. Because of the controversial nature of the text, it was not published until 1798. In Cantica Canticorum Salomonis explanatio (Commentary on the Song of Solomon)
This was published in 1580, and built on an earlier Spanish commentary. He revised and enlarged it in a 1589 edition. La Perfecta Casada (The Perfect Wife)
This book is Fray <mask>’ interpretation of the Proverbs of Solomon, and was written as a moral exposition to his newly married young niece. It advises all young women on the proper behavior and duties of a married woman, both in regard to her husband and her children.The book quickly became a popular wedding gift to young women of the era, as it was an instruction manual for marriage. In addition, this book was a revolutionary defense of women’s roles in society at the time. It was first published in 1583, and was popular, appearing in six editions by 1632. De los Nombres de Cristo (The Names of Christ)
Another well-known work, this was written as a guide to the layman about the essential principles of the church. It is written in dialogue form about three friends who discuss fourteen of the Scriptural names of Christ over a period of two days in a country estate. Each book ends in a lyrical meditation expressed in a poem. The predominant theme is the centrality and universality of Christ.The work grew by stages. The first edition of 1583 is made up of only two books, considering nine names in total. The second edition of 1585 adds a third book, considering four names, and adds the name 'shepherd' to the first book. Finally, the posthumous edition of 1595 includes one extra name, 'lamb'. The


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 structure of the third edition was used for the 1984 English translation. The work quickly became popular in Spain: seven editions were printed by 1605. F Luysii Legionensis Augustiniani Theologiae Doctoris, & Divinorum Librorum primi apud Salmanticenses interpretis explanatiorum in eosdem
In 1589, Fray <mask> published a volume of Latin commentaries on Obadiah, 2 Thessalonians, Galatians and the Song of Songs.These represent the summit of his achievement as a Biblical scholar. Exposición del Libro de Job (Commentary on the Book of Job)
This is another contribution made by Fray <mask> to make Scripture available to those who could not read Latin. In other words, he wanted ordinary people to be exposed to the Biblical message. The story tells of Job's patience and suffering, and also serves as a correctional guide to man's behavior. It is written in both verse and dialogue, to make it both enjoyable and informative. <mask> began the work while in prison, and had completed thirty-five chapters by the end of 1580. He resumed work on it ten years later and finished the work in 1591, a few months before his death.He dedicated the work to Mother Ana <mask>, to whom John of the Cross had dedicated his Spiritual Canticle. Fray <mask> had come to know her in recent years, both in preparing the first edition of the works of Teresa of Avila, and in defending the privileges of the Discalced Carmelite nuns against proposed changes in the Teresan constitution. It was first published in 1779. Twenty three original poems in Spanish
Fray <mask> composed a number of poems, the majority probably between 1559 and 1584. He did not publish them, but circulated them among his friends. They were first published in 1631, when Quevedo printed them. The canon of Fray <mask>'s poetry, as fixed by Hispanists, consists of twenty-nine poems.See two of his most well-known examples below: The Life Removed and Ode to Salinas. Poetry

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Luis
Luis
León
de Jesús
Luis
Luis
Luis


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 Selections

The Life Removed
In the poem The Life Removed, of which an excerpt is shown below, Fray <mask>, following the beatus ille theme introduced by Horace, expounds upon the notion of choice and its consequences. He says that those irrational men who aspire to power and wealth and are guided by the talk and opinion of others will not achieve the peace, happiness, and liberty assured to those who travel the hidden path. The poem continues on to mention a ship in a storm, and how the sailors aboard are motivated only by greed and ambition, and they will not meet the harmonious end of those who travel the hidden path. Ode to Salinas
Another well-known poem composed by Fray <mask> is an ode written for his friend <mask> Salinas. They frequently spoke about art and poetry, and listened to music together. Salinas was an organist and composer, who shared Fray <mask>'s belief that music can make one more religious, and that it inspires man to contemplate spiritual matters.The ode, an excerpt of which is listed below, includes numerous positive images about music as a means to contemplate the divine and to overcome ignorance and foolishness. Later reputation
In subsequent centuries, Fray <mask> was especially praised in Spain as a poet. In 1631, the poet <mask> Quevedo prepared an edition of León's poems. In the eighteenth century he was the source of inspiration to various Neoclassical poets. See also
<mask> Centina III
Spanish Renaissance literature

References

Modern translations
 The unknown light: the poems of Fray <mask> <mask>, translation and introduction by Willis Barnstone, (Albany, 1979)
 Rivers, Elias L, Fray <mask> <mask>: The Original Poems, (London: Grant & Cutler, 1983). Fray <mask> <mask>, The Names of Christ, translation and introduction by Manuel Durán and William Kluback, (New York: Paulist Press, 1984) [translation of Nombres de Christo]
 A bilingual edition of Fray <mask> <mask>'s La perfecta

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Francisco de
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Luis
Francisco de
Gilbert Luis
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León
Luis de
León
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 casada: the role of married women in sixteenth-century Spain, translated and introduction by John A. Jones and Javier San José Lera, (Lewiston, NY; Lampeter, UK: E. Mellen, 1999)
 <mask> <mask>, <mask> <mask>: Ode to Francisco Salinas, trans Michael Smith, (Shearsman Books, 2006). .

Further reading

F. H. Reusch, <mask> <mask> und die spanische Inquisition, Bonn, 1873. M. Gutierrez, Fray <mask> <mask> y la filosofia española, Madrid, 1885.M<mask> y Pelayo, Estudios de crítica literaria, Madrid, 1893. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. <mask>, <mask> <mask>. Columbia University Press, 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica. <mask> <mask>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2005.Alvarez Turienzo, S.  Fray <mask> <mask>: El Fraile, el humanista, el teólogo. Salamanca: Imprenta Kadmos, 1992. Bultman, Dana C.  “Fray <mask> <mask>.”  Dictionary of Literary Biography: Sixteenth Century Spanish Writers. Ed. Gregory B. Kaplan. Detroit: Thomson Gale (2006): 138-46. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James.Fray <mask> <mask>: A Biographical Fragment. Milford, Eng. : Oxford UP, 1921. Peers, E. Allison. Spanish Mysticism. London: Methuen & Co, 1924. Thompson, Colin P.  The Strife of Tongues: Fray <mask> <mask> and the Golden Age of Spain.New York: Cambridge UP, 1988. External links

 Cervantes Virtual Library - Fray <mask> <mask>  Collection of the author's works and studies on them
 Oda XXIII set to music. Musical version in mp3 of Oda XXIII. 1527 births
1591 deaths
People from the Province of Cuenca
Spanish Catholic poets
Counter-Reformation
Augustinian friars
Spanish people of Jewish descent
University of Salamanca alumni
University of Toledo alumni
Spanish translators
Greek–Spanish translators
Hebrew–Spanish translators
Italian–Spanish translators
Latin–Spanish translators
16th-century Roman Catholic priests
Spanish Roman Catholic priests
University of Salamanca faculty
Christian Hebraists
Roman Catholic biblical scholars
Roman Catholic

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Luis de
León
Luis de
León
Luis de
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Luis de
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. Menéndez
León
Luis Ponce
de
Luis Ponce
de León
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<mask> (born Duan Gen Shan; February 13, 1964) is a 34th generation Shaolin warrior monk, teacher and actor, best known as the founder of the USA Shaolin Temple. Trained at the Shaolin Temple in Henan, People's Republic of China (PRC) since the age of five, <mask> came to the United States in 1992, before opening the USA Shaolin Temple in Manhattan, where he has taught hundreds of students, including numerous celebrities. He has made various media appearances in television, film and print, including National Geographic, PBS, History, Time magazine, and the 1999 American samurai action film, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai. Early life
<mask> was born Duan Gen Shan in Zhumadian in Henan Province, China, on Chinese New Year's, February 13, 1964, the year of the Dragon, the seventh of nine children. His father grew up in a family so poor that they were essentially homeless, and begged for food door to door. Duan's father, who never went to school, slept under a wood-burning stove, or would dig a hole in a stack of wheat for warmth. Despite these hardships, he taught himself to be a very literate reader, writer and calligrapher.Duan's mother's family was slightly better off financially. As was typical, she was not educated either, had her feet bound, and was raised solely to be a mother and housewife. Duan's parents eventually acquired jobs for the Chinese government under Mao, and worked underground as telex operators. Prior to his birth, two of Duan's older brothers and one older sister died of starvation in Mao Zedong's "Great Leap Forward" in the late 1950s. Duan himself almost died when he was approximately two or three

masks:
Shi Yan Ming
Shi Yan Ming
Shi Yan Ming


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 years old, prompting his parents to spend all their money on numerous doctors, and his father to sell his special calligraphy pen. Doctors eventually gave up on him, and after thinking their seventh child had died, his parents wrapped him in blankets, intending to throw him away, before being stopped by an acupuncturist outside their village who saw them crying, and performed acupuncture on the infant Gen Shan, who promptly recovered. <mask> believes the man was a Boddhisattva sent by Buddha to save his life.Martial arts career

In China

In 1969, the five-year-old Duan's Buddhist parents, still worried about his health, took him to the 1,500-year-old Shaolin Temple, the only remains of which after repeated destruction by warring dynasties and the current government were the foundation and some walls. (The temple as it is known today was reconstructed around the turn of the 21st century.) As this was in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, the familiar red and yellow robes and shaved heads were also not present among the monks, and would not be until approximately 1980, after the Cultural Revolution ended. Since there had not been an abbot at the temple in about 300 years, Duan was taken to the head monk, <mask> Zheng (who would later be appointed abbot in 1986). <mask> Zheng, whom Duan addressed as "<mask>gong" ("Grandmaster") or "<mask>fu <mask>fu" ("master's master"), looked at the young Duan and accepted him into the temple, where his parents were happy to leave him. As soon as he was accepted in the temple, which was populated by about 16 or 17 monks, all of them older than Duan (most of them in their seventies), his

masks:
Yan Ming
Shi Xing
Shi Xing
Shi
Shi
Shi


texts: name was changed to <mask> <mask>. The name is derived from "<mask>", as in Shakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, a family name that Buddhist monks of this tradition take in order to denote that they follow Buddha, "<mask>", which denotes the "34th generation" at the Shaolin Temple, and "<mask>", which means "perpetual", as in the infinite cycle of the Dharma wheel.<mask> says that his "kung fu uncles" at the temple were very loving, and took care of him as his own parents would, though they did not live there all the time, for fear of marauding gangs of Mao's Red Guard, and therefore, <mask> saw his parents often. <mask> immediately started learning kung fu, Chan Buddhism and acupuncture from his masters, Liu Xin Yi and Shen Ping An, who were Shaolin disciples living outside the temple, rather than monks. Because of the open nature of the temple, where people could come and go easily, he says he learned to read people. Despite his training, <mask> also amused himself by playing pranks on his masters, who would punish him either with beatings, or by making him do the horse stance until his legs were numb and swollen, or making do headstands until the blood draining into his head caused pain. <mask>'s daily routine consisted of awakening at 4:30 am to practice for two hours, followed by a breakfast of steamed tofu and vegetables, prayer, meditation or relaxation for an hour, and then another three and a half hours of practice. This would be followed by more prayer, Buddhism studies, and cleaning or other Temple work. Although Shaolin monks do not necessarily follow the practice of other monks who do not eat past noon, those at

masks:
Shi Yan
Ming
Shi
Yan
Ming
Shi
Shi
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Shi


texts: the temple would eat a lunch of noodles, rice or mantou at 11:30 am, out of respect to monks visiting from other temples.After an hour of relaxation, <mask> would practice and pray again from 1:00 pm to 5:30 pm, followed by dinner, more relaxation, and more practice until 10:00 pm. From then until 4:00 am the monks would work in shifts to check the temple's incense. The monks slept on a piece of wood with a blanket on it, sometimes using their clothes for pillows, which <mask> says is good for the back, compared to American beds, which he says are too comfortable. Although <mask> met his Buddhism <mask>fu, <mask> Qian, almost immediately after entering the temple, he did not begin seriously studying with him until he was about 14 or 15. Because the temple did not have running water, the monks had to transport it from mountain rivers just outside the temple, draw it from a well, and collect rainwater. When the temple acquired running water in 1986, the monks were dissatisfied, because under the system of feng shui, digging up the ground and laying in pipes was, as <mask> puts it, akin to "cutting your veins out". During the cold winter months, bathing was restricted to washing selected body parts, rather than immersion in or under water.Even today the temple only has cold water. In 1980, a young Jet Li arrived at the temple to shoot his feature film debut, Shaolin Temple. Though <mask> barely noticed him at the time, the film's 1982 release was a major turning point for the temple, which experienced a significant increase in tourism. This in turn resulted in more positive attention to the temple by the Chinese government,

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Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi Yong
Shi
Shi


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 which rebuilt the building, and in a change to the monks' daily routine, so that they could accommodate the tourists. Around this time, when <mask> was 16, his parents, who held stressful jobs and were heavy smokers, died of lung cancer within six months of each other. <mask> would then take care of his younger brother, while his older brothers would take care of the younger siblings, with whom <mask> is still in contact today. In 1985, <mask> won the 65 kg (147 lb.)championship in the Xian National Sparring Competition. He also won the championship in the annual Shaolin Disciples Competition three years in a row (1988–1990), and was vice-coach of the Shaolin Temple Fighting Monks at Henan. In 1992, <mask>, who had won many national martial arts competitions, was chosen to be among a group of select Shaolin monks invited by the American Kung Fu Association to tour the United States, the first such tour for the Shaolin, to spread the knowledge of Shaolin Kung Fu. In the United States

After the tour's last show concluded in San Francisco, <mask> secretly left his hotel in the middle of the night and escaped in order to defect from China to the United States. Speaking no English, <mask> directed a cab driver with hand signals to an unknown destination, but the frustrated driver dropped him off in the middle of nowhere and called the police. <mask> showed the police his passport and some newspaper clippings featuring him, so the police requested the driver take him to a Chinese restaurant in order to find someone who could communicate with him. However, since the staff at the restaurant spoke only Cantonese, and not <mask>'s

masks: Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi


texts: Mandarin, the monk wrote down his communications, since both dialects employ the same characters.The restaurant staff helped <mask> phone a friend in New York City, who had someone pick up <mask>, who hid in a basement for a week, eating only bread and cereal, while the news media were reporting his escape. After a week, he traveled to New York. <mask>'s defection was motivated in part because he disagreed with the monastery's strictures, saying, "In the temple, monks have 250 rules. Two hundred fifty! Just think of that! You cannot drink. You cannot eat spices.You cannot drink bottled water. You cannot look at a woman. That's just crazy. It's the 21st century, you know?" Choosing New York to be his new base of operations in order to spread the message of Buddhism and Shaolin kung fu because he saw it as the "capital of the world", <mask> opened the first USA Shaolin Temple at 96 Bowery Street in Chinatown in December 1994. Because there was no heat, electricity or hot water, <mask> would tape flashlights to the walls for light, teaching up to 18 hours a day in order to attract students. At night he would wear several pairs of socks on his feet to stay warm, and accumulated hundreds of pairs of unwashed socks due to his initial inability to wash clothes without water.He would also perform in Chinese restaurants to raise money for children and the elderly, gave free lessons, and spoke of philosophy in Open Centre on Spring Street. In 1996 he moved the USA Shaolin Temple to a third floor loft at 678 Broadway in the East Village. In late 2006, after its lease expired, the temple was relocated to its current location in a second

masks: Shi Shi Shi Shi Shi


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 floor, high-ceilinged loft at 446 Broadway, in Chinatown, where he teaches authentic Shaolin martial arts and Chan Buddhism in two-hour classes from 5am to 9pm, every day, to nearly 500 students, who have included notables such as Wesley Snipes, Rosie Perez, Bokeem Woodbine, RZA, Jim Jarmusch, Björk and Tricky. In June 1995, <mask> traveled to Toronto, Ontario, Canada to perform with a delegation of his brother Shaolin monks, headed by Great Master <mask>, who were sent on tour to Canada. In 1999 he returned to China with his students to help build relations between China and the United States. In late 2001 he returned to the Henan Province with 40 of his students for a martial arts festival. The USA Shaolin Temple has six international satellite branches in Austria, South Africa, Trinidad, Chile, Argentina, and Mexico.In 2010 <mask> and the USA Shaolin Temple purchased over  of land in Middletown, Delaware County, New York, where he intends to build a new Shaolin Temple. Abilities

According to The New York Times, as a young monk, <mask> <mask> learned to break rocks with his skull, deflect blades with his skin, and sleep while hanging upside down from a tree branch. By the age of 17, according to Time magazine and  The New Yorker, he could deflect the tip of a spear with his neck, sleep standing on one leg, and dangle a 50-pound (23 kg) weight from his scrotum, a practice that helped train him to withstand a full-force blow to the groin. According to accounts in Time and The New Yorker, <mask> can also lick red-hot iron shovels and fly aboveground upside down in full splits. In a 2005 Discovery Channel profile, <mask>

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Shi
Shi Yongxin
Shi
Shi Yan
Ming
Shi
Shi


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 stated that since being taken by his parents to the Shaolin Temple, he had never experienced any health problems as he did as an infant, and has never been sick. <mask>'s punching strength has been measured at  of force. Among his martial arts specialties are Luohan Quan, Magic Staff and other Shaolin weapons, and hard qi gong.Media appearances
<mask> <mask> had a small role in the 1999 movie Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, which was directed by one of his students, Jim Jarmusch. He has been profiled on PBS, and on the History series Stan Lee's Superhumans. In 2005, National Geographic filmed a documentary on him titled "Kung Fu Monk". He has also worked as a model, and the tourist bureau of his native village, Henan Province, put him on a billboard advertising their most famous native son. He is also depicted performing various styles of kung fu in four giant posters that show him  that hang over the entrance to the modern Anhui Guoyang Chudian Branch of the Shaolin Wushu Center, near the Shaolin Temple. Says Jarmusch, "I love his contradictions. He's so playful and yet he has the potential for incredible physical ferocity."The RZA, producer of and <mask>'s co-star in the urban kung fu film Z Chronicles, says of <mask>, "When I looked at the dailies, he just exploded on the camera. "I'd say, 'Damn <mask>fu, you're a real live movie star.'" <mask> was among the monks profiled in the 1995 book The Real Shaolin Gongfu of China. In 2006 Rodale Books published <mask>'s own book, The Shaolin Workout: 28 Days to Transforming Your Body and Soul the Warrior's Way. Throughout his career, <mask> has been featured in advertisements

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Shi
Shi Yan
Ming
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi


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 for Hewlett-Packard, Burberry, Adidas, Chase Bank, Sprite (drink), & multiple magazine covers including 2x on Black Belt Magazine. He has also been featured in numerous publications & interviews across the world including The New York Times, The Atlantic, The New Yorker, VICE Sports, VICE China, Grazia Homme (France), Vogue, Great Big Story, NPR & more. On May 21, 2020, <mask> appeared on ABC’s To Tell The Truth.On August 13, 2020, <mask> appeared on Discovery Channel's reality series with Caroline Wozniacki & David Lee (basketball) as 1 of 3 super humans to train the family to summit Mt. Kilmanjaro. Personal life
<mask> lives with his two children in NYC. <mask> never took the Shaolin celibacy vows, as he entered the Shaolin Temple at the age of five. Explaining his eschewing of celibacy, <mask> remarks, "I'm too handsome for that." References

External links

Official website of USA Shaolin Temple

1964 births
Buddhist monks
21st-century Buddhist monks
Chinese Buddhist monks
American Buddhist monks
Chan Buddhist monks
People from Manhattan
Living people
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Martial arts school founders
People from Zhumadian
Educators from New York City
Shaolin Temple
Chinese martial artists
Buddhism in New York


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<mask> (born November 20, 1940) is an American art dealer, author, and the former owner of the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals) and Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in a Jewish family in Manhattan, the son of Ruth (Ost) and Walter J<mask>, a lawyer. Loria took an early interest in baseball, attending his first New York Yankees game in the late 1940s. Loria attended New York City's Stuyvesant High School and Yale University, where he initially took pre-med courses. With a requirement to take a history class, <mask> chose art history. After college, he worked in a newly established art-buying program for Sears, launched with the help of actor Vincent Price. In 1965, at the age of 24, he opened his private art dealing business, Jeffrey H. Loria & Co., on Manhattan's Upper East Side and wrote a book, Collecting Original Art.He specializes in 20th-century masters, and his collection includes works by Pablo Picasso and Henry Moore. <mask> graduated from Columbia Business School in 1968 and published his second book, What's It All About Charlie Brown?. Co-written with Pat K. Lynch, it is a look at life through the Peanuts comic strip. Montreal Expos
In 1989, Loria purchased the Oklahoma City 89ers, then a Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers. The team won the American Association championship in 1992. <mask> sold the team in 1993 and began looking to buy a Major League team. He lost out to Peter Angelos in his bid to purchase the Baltimore Orioles in 1994.On December 9, 1999, he bought a 24 percent stake in the Montreal Expos for $18 million CAD (approximately $12 million USD) and became the managing general partner. He'd initially considered buying the team in 1991 from founding owner Charles Bronfman, but Bronfman balked at Loria's demand for a controlling interest and the team was subsequently sold to then-team president Claude Brochu instead. <mask> headed an ownership group that included the city of Montreal, several Montreal businesses, and Stephen

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Jeffrey Harold Loria
Loria
. Loria
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Loria
Loria
Loria


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 Bronfman, Charles' son. When a series of cash calls over the next two years went unanswered, Loria ended up with 93 percent of the team at a valuation of US$50 million. One of Loria's first acts was to reiterate demands for a new park for the Expos to replace Olympic Stadium, of which he bluntly said, "We cannot stay here." He lost a considerable amount of goodwill with Expos fans when the team was not able to reach an agreement for television and English-speaking radio coverage during the 2000 season, as the Expos tried to increase their revenue from broadcast rights. He also sought more public funding for a planned downtown ballpark, Labatt Park.However, the provincial and municipal governments balked at committing more money to the project. Premier Lucien Bouchard said that he could not support using public funds to build ballparks when the province was being forced to shut down hospitals. Additionally, Bouchard did not like that Olympic Stadium still had not been paid for 25 years after being built, and ultimately wouldn't be paid for until 2006. Sale of the Expos
In 2002, as part of an orchestrated move with Bud Selig and then-Marlins owner John W. Henry, Loria sold the Expos to a partnership of the other 29 major league clubs for $120 million. In effect, the Expos were sold to the commissioner's office (being owned by the league). Henry then sold the Marlins to Loria for $158.5 million, including a $38.5 million no-interest loan from MLB. The deal was approved by the other owners before Loria and Henry signed the contract, and paved the way for Henry to buy the Boston Red Sox.Loria moved the Expos' entire front office staff, on-field staff, office equipment and computer equipment to Florida. MLB's plans to contract the Expos and Minnesota Twins failed, as the Twins were compelled to fulfill the terms of their lease at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. Loria's partners in the Expos ownership consortium filed a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) lawsuit against Loria and Major League