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<mask> (born April 24, 1979) is the minister of Youth and Sports of Azerbaijan (2021). Vice-President of the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan (2021). President of European Gymnastics (2018). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Baku on April 24, 1979. In 1995, he graduated from Baku Secondary School as No 1. In the same year, he entered as a Business Management faculty of Azerbaijan Institute of National Economy Management under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 1999, he obtained the Bachelor's degree in Business Management and graduated from the Master's degree in 2001.Academic degree
<mask> obtained his PhD at the National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft (St. Petersburg, Russia) in 2014. He was accepted in the MEMOS XXIV Executive Master Program (Executive Masters in Sports Organization Management) in 2021. The program is supported by the International Olympic Committee, Olympic Solidarity and European Olympic Committees. Activity in the oil field
<mask> worked at the storehouse of the "Balakhanineft" Oil-and-gas Production Office of the State Oil Company of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOCAR) from 2000 to 2001. In 2001–2003, he took up the post of an economist at the planning department of the "Balakhanineft" Oil-and-gas Production Office of SOCAR. Career in sports

Gymnastics
In 2003-2005, <mask> worked as the Sports and Logistics Manager at the Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation (AGF).During these years, he took an active part in the Local Organizing Committees of 3 World Cup events (2003/04/05) and the 27th World Championships (2005) in Rhythmic Gymnastics, as well as in the organization of International Judges' Course (2007) in Artistic Gymnastics held in Baku.

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Farid Gayibov
Gayibov
Gayibov
Gayibov
Gayibov


type: original

texts: He worked as the AGF General Manager in 2005-2006. <mask> was elected as AGF's Secretary General at a regular portback election conference of the organization in 2006. In 2006–2007, 2008–2009, and 2013–2014, he acted as an Executive Director (from Azerbaijan) within the Local Organizing Committees of 3 European Championships in Rhythmic Gymnastics (2007, 2009 & 2014) held in Baku. He was elected as the FIG Council Member (within 2008-2012 Olympic Cycle) at the 77th FIG Congress (Helsinki, Finland, October 17–19) in 2008. He was re-elected as a Secretary General of Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation at its Executive Committee's Meeting on December 25, 2010. <mask> was re-elected as the FIG Council Member at the 79th FIG Congress (Cancun, Mexico, October 25–27) in 2012.He was elected as the Vice-President of the European Union of Gymnastics (UEG) at its 25th Congress in Portorose (Slovenia, December 6–7) in 2013. Consequently, he resigned from the membership of the FIG Council. From 2013 to 2021, he was a member of the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan (NOC). <mask> was the organizer of the FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics Academy Level 1 (2013) and Level 2 (2014) for Coaches, held in Baku in 2013 and 2014. In 2014–2015, he took up a position of the Executive Director of the Local Organizing Committee of the Open Joint Azerbaijan Championships (2015) in 6 gymnastics disciplines held as a Test Event for the Baku 2015 First European Games. He was an adviser on gymnastics disciplines competitions held within the framework of the Baku 2015 First European Games within 2014-2015. <mask> was re-elected as AGF Secretary General at its Executive Committee's Meeting on December 24, 2015.In 2015–2016, he was an Executive Director of the Local Organizing Committees of the FIG

masks: Gayibov Gayibov Gayibov Gayibov


texts: Artistic Gymnastics Individual Apparatus ("Challenge" in 2016) World Cup AGF Trophy, FIG Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup AGF Trophy, and FIG Trampoline Gymnastics World Cup AGF Trophy held in Baku in 2016 and 2017. In 2016–2017, <mask> acted as Executive Director of the Local Organizing Committee of the Rhythmic Gymnastics Intercontinental Judges' and International Judges' Courses, Men's Artistic Gymnastics International Judges' Course, and the FIG Council of the 4th Islamic Solidarity Games, which took place in Baku in 2017. He has great experience in sports events' organizations on the National and International level in Rhythmic Gymnastics, Men's Artistic Gymnastics, Tumbling, and Acrobatic Gymnastics, from 2003; Women's Artistic Gymnastics, Trampoline Gymnastics, and Aerobic Gymnastics, from 2013. <mask> was a delegate of the UEG and FIG Congresses; member of the delegation for the Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012, and Rio 2016); head of  the Azerbaijani official delegations in different gymnastics disciplines during the European and World Championships; President of the Appeal Jury at different European Championships in gymnastics disciplines (as assigned) from 2014 to 2018. He has been elected as the President of the European Union of Gymnastics (UEG) at its 27th portback election of Congress, held in Split, Croatia, on December 1–2, 2017. Consequently, <mask> resigned from the position of AGF Secretary General. Since 2018, he has been acting as the UEG President (renamed into European Gymnastics since April 1, 2020) and is automatically a member of the FIG Executive Committee.As President of the European Gymnastics, <mask> presides the meetings of its President’s Board, Executive Committee and General Assembly, represents the European Gymnastics


texts:
 at the FIG Executive Committee. Being a member of the FIG Executive Committee, he attended the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games as the member of Jury of Appeal of gymnastics events. <mask> was appointed as the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with the resolution of the country’s President Ilham Aliyev in September 2021. In 2021, <mask> was elected as the Vice-President of the National Olympic Commmittee of Azerbaijan at its VIII portback election General Assembly in 2021. Lecturer Activity

 <mask> was a lecturer in “International Sports Management System and Olympic movement” at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sports in March-May of 2019. He led the Research, Communication and Innovation Internship for Master Degree students of the Sports Management Faculty at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Education and Sports in September-October of 2020. Awards and prizes
He was awarded with the FIG Bronze Distinction as a twice-elected member to the FIG Council (2008 and 2012) at the closing of the 81st Congress of the FIG in Tokyo, Japan, in October.<mask> was awarded with the FIG "Recognition" Medal by this organization at the 17th FIG Council, which was held in Baku in 2017. On December 18, 2017, he was awarded with the "Honorary Diploma of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan" for his contribution to the development of sports in our country according to the order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev. Personal life
He is married and has two sons and one daughter. See also
European Union of Gymnastics
Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Azerbaijan State University of Economics alumni
Government ministers of


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<mask> (May 23, 1810 – February 7, 1872) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Louisville (1850–1864) and Archbishop of Baltimore (1864–1872). He advocated aid for freed slaves following the American Civil War. <mask> attended the First Vatican Council, where he first opposed, and then supported, a dogmatic proclamation of papal infallibility. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Rolling Fork, Kentucky, the sixth of eight children of Richard and Henrietta (née Hamilton) <mask>. His ancestors were originally from England (although one great-grandmother was Irish), and settled in Maryland around the middle of the 17th century. His paternal grandfather, <mask>, moved to Kentucky from St. Mary's County in 1790.His mother's family, likewise from Maryland, moved to Kentucky a year later. His parents married in 1801. <mask> was a distant cousin of <mask>, co-founder of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. When <mask> was only five or six years of age, his mother died and he was confided to the care of his oldest sister and paternal grandmother. His father subsequently remarried twice, and had a total of twenty-one children. <mask> was sent to a country school run by a Mr. Merryweather at age eight, and received his First Communion two years later. In 1821, he entered the newly established St. Mary's College in Lebanon, where he became a favorite pupil of Rev.William Byrne, and was even made professor of mathematics at age fourteen. He graduated in 1826 and, having resolved to join the priesthood, entered St. Thomas Seminary in Bardstown in September of that same year. He remained in Bardstown for four years, dividing his time between studying philosophy and theology and teaching at the adjoining St. Joseph's College. In 1830, he was sent by Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget to continue his

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Martin John Spalding
Spalding
Martin Spalding
Spalding
Benedict Spalding
Martin
Catherine Spalding
Martin
Martin


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 studies at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome. He fell severely ill during the course of his studies, but eventually recovered his health. In 1834, he earned a Doctor of Divinity degree following a public defense of 256 propositions, which covered a wide range of subjects including theology, church history, and canon law. Priesthood
While in Rome, <mask> was ordained a priest by Cardinal Carlo Maria Pedicini on August 13, 1834.He celebrated his first Mass over the tomb of Saint Peter in the subterranean chapel of St. Peter's Basilica. He departed from Rome two days later, and arrived at New York in October of that same year. On his return to Kentucky, he passed through Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was allowed to preach his first sermon in America by Bishop Francis Patrick Kenrick (his former professor at St. Thomas Seminary). <mask> arrived in Kentucky in December, and was immediately named rector of St. Joseph's Cathedral and professor of philosophy at St. Thomas Seminary. In addition to these duties, he became the first editor of the weekly Catholic Advocate in 1835; he also founded the Advocate'''s successor, The Louisville Guardian. In 1838, <mask> was elected president of St. Joseph's College. He was largely unhappy in his administrative roles because of a temperamental incompatibility with Bishop Guy Ignatius Chabrat.At his own request, he was released from the presidency of St. Joseph's and named pastor of St. Peter Church in Lexington in 1840. Upon the transfer of the episcopal see of the diocese to Louisville in 1841, he resumed his role as rector of St. Joseph's Cathedral in Bardstown. He later succeeded Rev. Ignatius A. Reynolds as vicar general of the Diocese of Louisville in 1844. Given the advanced age of Bishop Flaget and the progressive blindness of Bishop Chabrat, he assumed many of the

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 administrative duties of the diocese. During his priestly ministry, he also assisted the missions in the Diocese of Nashville, Tennessee, and published D'Aubigné's "History of the Reformation" Reviewed (1844), Sketches of the Early Catholic Missions of Kentucky (1844), and General Evidences of Catholicity (1847). He built a reputation as a gifted preacher and lecturer.Episcopacy

Louisville

On April 18, 1848, <mask> was appointed coadjutor bishop of Louisville and titular bishop of Lengone by Pope Pius IX. He received his episcopal consecration on the following September 10 from Bishop Flaget, with Bishops Kenrick and Richard Pius Miles serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of Louisville. Bishop Kenrick's brother, Archbishop Peter Richard Kenrick, preached the sermon for the occasion. <mask> selected as his episcopal motto: Auspice Maria (Latin: "Under the protection of Mary"). When Bishop Flaget died on February 11, 1850, <mask> automatically succeeded him as Bishop of Louisville. At the time of <mask>'s ascension, the diocese comprised the entire state of Kentucky and included over 30,000 Catholics, 43 churches, 10 chapels, and 40 priests. One of his first acts as ordinary was to visit every parish, school, and other institution in the diocese.He took a special interest in children, establishing an orphanage for boys in 1850. He continued the construction of the Cathedral of the Assumption in Louisville, a project that had been launched during the tenure of his predecessor. The new cathedral was dedicated by Archbishop <mask> Purcell in October 1852. That same year, he attended the first Plenary Council of Baltimore. The Council successfully petitioned the Holy See to divide the Diocese of Louisville, and the Diocese of Covington was erected in 1853, comprising the part of the state east of the Kentucky River. In

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Spalding
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John Baptist


texts: order to address the shortage of clergy in his diocese, <mask> traveled Europe for a year and recruited the services of a number of priests and the Xaverian Brothers. During his visit to Belgium, he conceived the idea of establishing the American College at Louvain, which was later opened in 1857.In August 1855, <mask> faced an anti-Catholic riot, known as Bloody Monday. Political opponents of the Democratic Party and supporters of the Know Nothing movement claimed that foreign-born Catholics intended to subvert the government, and <mask> himself was accused of harboring weapons in various churches. This led to a series of riots that resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 22 and over 100 German and Irish Catholic immigrants. The Cathedral of the Assumption, however, was spared from destruction by Mayor <mask>, himself reportedly a member of the Know Nothing Party. Following the riots' end, <mask> wrote, "I entreat all to pause and reflect, to commit no violence, to believe no idle rumors, and to cultivate that peace and love which are characteristics of the religion of Christ." He played a leading role at the three provincial councils of Cincinnati in 1855, 1858, and 1861. He was also an outspoken advocate for the Catholic school system, denouncing public schools as "godless".At the beginning of the American Civil War, <mask> ordered all churches in the diocese to pray for peace. Although he sought to avoid "angry political discussions", he published a piece on the war in L'Osservatore Romano that clearly demonstrated his sympathy laid with the Confederacy. He even secretly denounced Archbishop Purcell, a staunch supporter of the Union, to his superiors in Rome. He recognized slavery as "a great social evil", but asked, "But how can we free ourselves of [slavery] without ruining our country and causing injury to the

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John Barbee
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 poor slaves themselves?" He also remarked that "those who are in such a way liberated ordinarily become miserable vagabonds, drunkards and thieves." In 1861, he closed St. Joseph's College and converted its facilities into a hospital for soldiers. By the end of <mask>'s tenure in Louisville, the diocese included 70,000 Catholics and 85 churches.He also published Sketches of the Life, Times, and Character of the Rt. Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget (1852), Miscellanea (1855), and a two-volume History of the Protestant Reformation (1860). Baltimore
Following the death of Bishop Francis Kenrick (who had been transferred to the Archdiocese of Baltimore from Philadelphia in 1851), <mask> was appointed the seventh Archbishop of Baltimore on May 3, 1864. His installation took place at the Cathedral of the Assumption on the following July 31. After founding the House of the Good Shepherd, <mask> conducted a visitation of the archdiocese, during which he administered Confirmation to 8,000 people. He established more parishes and institutions per year and introduced more religious orders than any other Archbishop of Baltimore.One of the institutions he founded was St. Mary's Industrial School, a home for wayward boys. He recruited priests from All Hallows College near Dublin and from the American College at Louvain. He also organized the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul as well as the Association of St. Joseph, a society dedicated to the care of destitute girls. In 1865, he issued a defense of Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors, which many Americans viewed as a condemnation of the basic principles of their system of government. For instance, he declared, "Freedom of worship is condemned when it implies a right not given by Christ, and insists on the right of introducing false religion into a country where it does not exist. It is not only not


texts:
 censurable, but commendable, and the only thing practicable in countries like ours." He also spoke out forcefully against intermarriage between Catholics and Protestants ("alliances so fraught with evil") and Freemasonry ("a human substitute for a divine religion").Following the end of the Civil War, <mask> made an emotional appeal for financial aid to the defeated South, posing the question, "Can we be held blameless before God if our brethren, whom we are solemnly commanded to love even as ourselves, should perish through our coldness and neglect?" In response, the Catholics of Baltimore donated a total of $10,000 to relief efforts in the South. He also took a special interest in the spiritual welfare of newly freed African Americans. Writing to Archbishop <mask>, he said, "Four million of these unfortunates are thrown on our charity, and they silently but eloquently appeal to us for help." He invited Rev. Herbert Vaughan and the Mill Hill Fathers from England to minister exclusively among freedmen. In October 1866, he presided over the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore.First Vatican Council
In 1867, <mask> visited Rome to participate in the centenary celebration of the martyrdom of St. Peter. He returned to Rome two years later to attend the First Vatican Council, where he was a member of the Commission on Faith and of the Commission on Postulata'' which had to examine all the matters proposed for deliberation before they were presented to the Council. While he firmly believed in papal infallibility, <mask> initially considered that its dogmatic definition would be unnecessary and inexpedient. Instead, he favored an implicit over an explicit definition, as he believed the latter would likely "excite controversies now slumbering and almost extinct." However, <mask> reversed his mind on the necessity of an explicit

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Spalding
John McCloskey
Spalding
Spalding
Spalding


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 definition of infallibility after being drawn into a dispute with Bishop Félix Dupanloup and after the governments of France, Germany, Italy, and Spain joined forces in opposition to a definition. He stated, "I should regard as the greatest misfortune of my life to have contributed in any way whatever to cause even a single one of my brothers to falter in perfect obedience to the authority of the Church." Immediately after the final vote on infallibility, he addressed a pastoral letter to Baltimore, in which he explained the necessity of such a definition and attacked its numerous misrepresentations.He then visited Savoy and Switzerland to regain his health, expecting to return to Rome when the Council reassembled. However, the capture of Rome by King Victor Emmanuel II made this impossible, and <mask> returned home. <mask>, who suffered from poor health throughout his life, became greatly impaired in his final years. A short time before Christmas 1871, he went to New York to attend a meeting of bishops. On his return home, he caught a severe cold which developed into an acute form of bronchitis. He died over a month later at age 61, and was buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of the Assumption. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
 <mask> <mask>

References

External links

 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore
 The Ultramontanist: Archbishop <mask> <mask>, the Baltimore Catechism, and Babe Ruth...

1810 births
1872 deaths
19th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of Baltimore
Burials at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
People from

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John Lancaster
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Martin John
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<mask>. (May 23, 1927 – May 12, 2021) was an American author, historian, and politician who served in the Indiana House of Representatives from the 38th district as a member of the Democratic Party from 1978 to 1992. Prior to his tenure in the state legislature he was active in local politics and served on the school board in Muncie, Indiana. <mask> was born in Muncie, and his family relied on welfare due to the death of his father and his brother's polio. He graduated from Muncie Central High School and served in the United States Army for two years. He was active in his local UAW-CIO where he served as its recording secretary and vice-president. He was the first black firefighter in Muncie, served on the city's Human Rights Commission, and was the first and only black member of the Muncie school board until 1993. Goodall was active in city council, county sheriff, and mayoral campaigns.He was an active member of the Democratic Party and served as the secretary of the Indiana Democratic Party from 1989 to 2004. He formed an organization to work against the reelection of Senator Vance Hartke, served on Birch Bayh's senatorial steering committee in Delaware County, and chaired Baron Hill's senatorial campaign. <mask> served as a delegate to four Democratic National Conventions. <mask> was elected to the state house in the 1978 election and was served until his retirement during the 1992 election. During his tenure in the state house he was a ranking member on the Labor and Public Safety committees, and served as the assistant Democratic floor leader. He ran for the position of majority floor leader, but was defeated by John R. Gregg. He aided in the foundation of the Indiana Black Legislative Caucus and served as its first chair until his retirement from the state house.During his life he authored multiple books on black history and worked on the editorial board of The Star Press before his death in 2021. Early life and education

<mask> <mask> Jr. was born in Muncie, Indiana, on May 23, 1927, to <mask> <mask> Sr. and Dorene Mukes. His father died in 1930, causing his family to rely on

masks:
Hurley Charles Goodall Jr
Goodall
Goodall
Goodall
Hurley
Charles Goodall
Hurley
Charles Goodall


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 welfare while his brother Frederick suffered from polio before his death in a car crash and his brother Robert died during the Korean War. His grandmother had been born a slave in 1862. He graduated from Muncie Central High School in 1945, and served in the United States Army for two years until 1947. He was later given a honorary degree from Ball State University. <mask> married Fredine Wynn, with whom he had two children, in 1948.He was a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Career

Early politics

<mask> served as recording secretary and vice-president of the UAW-CIO Local 532 and as a delegate to the CIO's convention. He and John Blair became the first black firefighters in Muncie's history when they took their jobs on April 1, 1958. <mask> served on the board of the NAACP in Muncie and on the executive committee of the Indiana NAACP. <mask> was appointed to the Human Rights Commission by Mayor John Hampton in 1966, and served until he declined to be reappointed in 1969. He was later appointed by the Human Rights Commission to replace Lanny Carmichael as its executive director in 1977. However, the commission voted six to three to appoint Carl C. Wilson as executive director instead after <mask> rejected the position.<mask> was unable to take the position as he held another city job, working for the fire department, and would not be eligible for retirement until January 1978. Local politics

<mask> announced on February 13, 1970, that he would run for one of two seats on the Muncie Community School board against incumbents Jack Peckinpaugh and J. Wesley Wray. He won in the election by placing second out of six candidates, behind Peckinpaugh, after spending $1,265 during the campaign and took office on July 1, 1971. He received large amounts of support from majority black precincts with him receiving 550 votes compared to Peckinpaugh's eight and Wray's eleven in the 12th precinct. He was the first black person to serve on the school board in Muncie. During his tenure on the school board he unsuccessfully attempted to increase the size of the board from five to seven members

masks: Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall


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 with four being elected through districts. On the school board <mask> served as secretary from 1972 to 1973, vice-president from 1973 to 1974, and president from 1974 to 1975.In 1972, he was selected to chair the Indiana delegation to the National School Boards Association's national convention. He was selected to serve as chair of the Central Region of the National Caucus of Black School Board Members in 1974, and was one of twenty people chosen to serve on the Indiana School Boards Association's legislative committee in its 1975 session. He announced on February 15, 1974, that he would not seek reelection and was replaced by Stephen D. Slavin, who took office in 1975. However, Slavin died in a plane crash on November 9, 1975, and <mask> was selected by an unanimous vote to fill the remainder of Slavin's term starting on November 17, and ending on July 1, 1979. John Shepherd, a member of the Muncie city council, resigned on August 2, 1976, while facing criminal charges and <mask> was mentioned as a possible replacement, but <mask> refused stating that he had a commitment to the school board. Democratic Party

<mask> was selected to serve as a committeeman from the 12th precinct for the Delaware County Democratic Party. During the 1979 election he served as the chair of James A. Johnson's city council campaign and later co-chair his campaign alongside Dan Kelley in 1983.He was the campaign coordinator in Muncie for Richard Heath's county sheriff campaign in the 1982 election. In 1987, he and Ruth Dorer, a Delaware County councilor, were selected to co-chair the precinct coordinating committee for James P. Carey's mayoral election campaign. He opposed Senator Vance Hartke and formed an organization opposing him in the 1976 election due to Hartke's support for George Wallace's presidential campaign. <mask> supported Senator Birch Bayh during the 1980 election and served in the Indiana Blacks For Senator Birch Bayh committee and Bayh's steering committee in Delaware County. He supported Wayne Townsend during the 1984 gubernatorial election. <mask> was selected to serve as secretary of the


texts: Indiana Democratic Party in 1989, and served until his resignation on November 23, 2004. He was selected to serve as the chair of Baron Hill's 1990 senatorial campaign.During the 1976 Democratic president primary he supported Jimmy Carter and was elected as a delegate for him from Indiana's 10th congressional district to the Democratic National Convention. Although <mask> had received more votes than anybody else running he was not selected to serve as a delegate due to a rule which gave presidential candidates the ability to approve or disapprove delegates. He was not on the approved delegate list and he later stated at a Credentials committee hearing that his "only crime, seems to be that I was not anointed from on high". Joel Ferguson, a member of the Credential committee, stated that the rule was in place to prevent the state parties from sending delegates who did not truly support the candidate, but that the rule should not be used against deserving and duly elected delegates. Senator Alan Cranston, the chair of the committee, praised <mask> stating that he "won the hearts and admiration of the committee" and the committee reprimanded Bill K. Trisler, the chair of the Indiana Democratic Party. He was given a position as an alternate delegate after alternate delegate Ronald E. Davenport took over the position of at-large delegate Beatrice Woods. During the 1980 Democratic presidential primary he supported Carter and served as a delegate for him from the 10th congressional district to the Democratic National Convention.He criticized Ted Kennedy and his supporters for attempting to change the rules to allow delegates to support the candidate of their own choice instead of the one they were pledged to. He stated that he "would not like to see the convention go back to the smoke-filled rooms". Jack Watson had <mask> ask the Indiana delegation to support a plank at the convention supporting the deployment of the MX missile defense system. During the 1984 Democratic presidential primary he supported Senator John Glenn and served on Glenn's Indiana steering committee. <mask> and the Indiana

masks: Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall


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 Black Legislative Caucus supported a rule change, which was accepted, for the allocation of delegates to reduce the percentage of the vote required to obtain delegates from twenty percent to ten percent. He stated that it was "possible for Mondale to get 45 percent, all the others to get less than 20 percent, and Mondale gets all the delegates". <mask> supported Jesse Jackson after Glenn dropped out.He served as a temporary member on the credential, platform, and rules committees at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. He served as the chair of the Indiana Coalition for Better Government, an organization that came from the Black Political Caucus that was founded by supporters of Jackson's presidential campaign. During the 1988 Democratic presidential primary the coalition supported Jackson. He served as a delegate to the 1992 Democratic National Convention for Bill Clinton. He was the oldest member of Indiana's delegation to the 2004 Democratic National Convention. Indiana House of Representatives

Elections

During the 1978 election <mask> filed to run for the Democratic nomination for a seat in the Indiana House of Representatives from the 38th district which was seventy-five percent white. The seat was held by Representative Leo Voisard, a member of the Democratic Party.Voisard announced that he would not seek reelection after <mask> filed and he endorsed Larry Dotson, who served as his campaign treasurer during the 1976 election, to succeed him. Johnson served as his campaign chair and Raymond White served as his treasurer. He defeated Dotson and Doug Collins the primary and American Party nominee June Osterman in the general election. The Republicans chose to not run a candidate as they believed that an uncontested race would reduce the black vote in other elections. J. C. Williams attempted to run with the Republican nomination, but ended his campaign after he was told that he wouldn't receive support from the party. <mask> was the first black person elected to the state house from Delaware County. He was sworn in on November 21, and resigned from the school board on January 1,


texts:
 1979, where he was replaced by Bill Burns.No other black person would serve on Muncie's school board until Carl Kizer Jr.'s appointment to the board in 1993. He was reelected in the 1980 election without opposition. <mask> was reelected without opposition in the 1982 election despite John Hampton, the chair of the Delaware County Republican Party, stating that the Republicans would appoint a candidate as he  thought "we've got a shot at beating him". <mask> announced that he would seek reelection in the 1984 election on January 28, 1984, the same day that J.A. Cummins, a public defender, announced that he would challenge him in the Democratic primary. Kelly, a former member of the city council, served as <mask>'s campaign manager while White served as his treasurer. He defeated Cummins, Robert Raines, Edgar Smith, and George Boxell in the Democratic primary while winning a majority in every precinct except for two majority white ones where he received a plurality.He defeated Republican nominee Mark Anthony in the general election after raising $7,385 during the campaign compared to Anthony's $491. He defeated Republican nominee Stephen Ramsey, an union organizer, in the 1986 election after raising $10,500 during the campaign compared to Ramsey's $1,100. Gary R. Rice, a member of the Delaware-Muncie Metropolitan Plan Commission, had initially ran against <mask> with the Republican nomination, but dropped out on July 17, 1986, citing his workload and Ramsey was selected to replace Rice by an unanimous vote. He defeated Republican nominee Herbert A. Vollmar in the 1988 election after spending $4,400 compared to Vollmar's $3,900. He won in the 1990 election without opposition after raising $12,018 and spending $4,364. <mask> announced on November 25, 1991, that he would not seek reelection and Republican nominee Frederick Wenger was elected to succeed him. A Democrat wouldn't be elected from the district until Tiny Adams won in the 1996 election.Tenure

During <mask>'s tenure in the state house he served on the Cities and Towns, Election and Apportionment, Labor, Public Safety, and Financial

masks: Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall Goodall


texts:
 Institutions committees. He was the ranking minority member on the Labor and Public Safety committees. He served as vice-chair of the Labor committee and co-chair of the Public Safety committee alongside Representative John Matonovich.<mask> was selected to serve as the assistant Democratic floor leader in 1988. <mask> was selected to serve as the assistant Democratic floor leader in 1988. He ran for the position of majority floor leader in 1990, but lost on the first ballot to John R. Gregg. In 1980, he was subpoenaed as a character witness in a trial for Willie J. Seals and Albert Dew who were accused of selling stolen luxury cars.<mask> was selected to serve as the first chair of the Indiana Caucus of Black Democratic Elected Officials in 1980. He was one of the founding members of the Indiana Black Legislative Caucus and served as its chair until his retirement. Governor Robert D. Orr appointed him to serve on the Indiana Job Training Coordinating Council in 1984. He was appointed to serve on the Indiana Economic Development Council by Governor Evan Bayh in 1990. Later life

<mask> was diagnosed with prostate cancer after returning from the 1992 Democratic National Convention. His autobiography, Inside the House: My Years in the Indiana Legislature, was released in 1995, and he later published Voices from the Past, a book about the lives of former slaves, in 2000. He worked as a visiting scholar to Ball State University and was selected to serve for three months as the first citizens' representative on the editorial board of The Star Press.His wife died in 2009, and <mask> died on May 12, 2021. Political positions

<mask> proposed a constitutional amendment in the state house to require certain appointments by the governor to be approved by the Indiana Senate. The state legislature passed a resolution written by <mask> which praised Carter for the freeing of the fifty-two hostages held during the Iran hostage crisis. He voted against legislation to lower the minimum age to serve as a state representative from twenty-one to eighteen. He supported removing the sales tax on residential


texts: utilities. In 1982, <mask> sponsored legislation alongside Representatives B. Patrick Bauer and Stan Jones to increase taxes to prevent a $452.1 million budget deficit. He supported repealing the ban on lotteries in the Constitution of Indiana and supported legislation to allow residents of Gary, Indiana, to hold a referendum on whether or not to legalize casino gambling.The National Federation of Independent Business gave <mask> a score of 50% in 1986. He was endorsed by the AFL–CIO during the 1980 election and the organization later gave him an 100% score in 1984. <mask> and Representative Merle O. Brown introduced legislation to allow for collective bargaining by government workers. He stated that success for black people in society relied on black churches or organized labor and that he thought "every black member of the Muncie City Council has come from organized labor". <mask> accused the Republicans of reducing the voting power of minorities during redistricting after the 1980 census. He criticized their plan for splitting minorities into different congressional districts such as splitting Anderson and Muncie from being together in the 10th congressional district into the 2nd and 6th congressional districts.He was also critical of the creation of multi-member districts with three representatives being elected stating that those districts combined two white suburban areas with one minority urban area. <mask> and Representative Bill Crawford proposed legislation to create single member districts in 1983. He introduced legislation to implement a none of the above on general election ballots for all offices. <mask> sponsored legislation written by Representative Marc Carmichael which would allow for same-day voter registration. He introduced legislation targeting the Ku Klux Klan which would have made acting with malice against people based on race, color, or religion while disguised or burning a cross a class D felony with a punishment up to four years in prison and a $10,000 fine. Crawford, <mask>, and civil rights activists asked the United States Department of Justice to investigate


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 two incidents at the Indiana State Reformatory where five inmates were stripped naked and beaten by fifteen to twenty guards. The Indiana Civil Liberties Union gave him a score of 100% in 1984.During his tenure in the state house he sponsored legislation to recognize a holiday in honor of Martin Luther King Jr., who he had met during the Montgomery bus boycott, before it was adopted in Indiana in 1986. The National Organization for Women endorsed him during the 1984 election and donated $700 to his campaign. In 1990, the state house voted fifty-six to forty-three, with <mask> against, in favor of legislation to prohibit the use of public facilities and employees for abortions, abortions after twenty weeks with the exception of rape, incest, or to save the woman's life, and to implement a twenty-four hour waiting period. <mask> sponsored legislation to guarantee the First Amendent rights for student newspapers and yearbooks in 1991, after the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in a case that an administrator's censorship of a student publication did not violate the student's freedom of speech. The legislation passed in the state house, but failed in the state senate. The legislation was later passed as an amendment to legislation requiring immunizations for students, teachers, and school employees in 1992. Electoral history

Bibliography

 A History of Negroes in Muncie (1976)
 The Other Side of Town in Middletown (1994)
 Inside the House: My Years in the Indiana Legislature (1995)
 African American Pioneers on the Muncie Fire Department: A First Hand Account (1997)
 A Comprehensive Look at the People of Delaware County (1999)
 Voices from the Past: A Collection of References to African American Community in the State of Indiana (2000)
 Underground Railroad: The Invisible Road to Freedom Through Indiana (2000)
 Those Who Made a Difference: Volume 1 (2003)

References

1927 births
2021 deaths
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
School board members in Indiana
Indiana Democrats
People from Muncie, Indiana
Ball State University alumni
Military personnel from Indiana
Writers

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<mask> (born August 30, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle who played his entire career for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the 49ers in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Central Michigan. High school career
While attending Rockford High School (Rockford, Michigan), <mask> earned two letters in football and two in track. He was named Grand Rapids Press Dream Team member. During his high school career, he caught 24 passes for 559 yards, and earned seven touchdowns as a prep senior. <mask> was ranked No.13 overall prospect by the Detroit Free Press and No. 49 by the Detroit News. <mask> was also a standout track and field athlete for the Rockford High School track team. During this time he set three school records. In the 200-meter dash, he set a record with a time of 21.9 seconds. In the 4 × 100 metres relay, he placed with a time of 42.56 seconds, and in the 4 × 200m relay, he finished with a time of 1:27.86 minutes. He also placed sixth in state in the 200 meters to earn all-state honors.The team was fourth in the 4 × 100m, fourth in 4 × 200m and sixth in 4 × 400m. His time of 21.9 seconds in the 200 meters ranks as the fastest among offensive linemen ever in the NFL. College career
<mask> received an athletic scholarship to attend Central Michigan University, where he played for the Central Michigan Chippewas football team from 2004 to 2007. <mask> began his career as a tight end. He added 80 pounds to his 6' 5" frame without sacrificing footspeed. He played in 11 games as a true freshman, catching 11 passes for 130 yards and one touchdown and posted a career-high two catches for 34 yards and a touchdown against Eastern Michigan University. Due to his size, <mask> was moved to the offensive line during his sophomore season.He started all 11 games at right tackle. He started all 11 games at left tackle and did not allow a single sack. He recorded 53 knockdown blocks and was part of an

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 offensive line that helped CMU average 418.8 yards of offense per game. He also blocked for CMU's single-season total yardage record holder, Kent Smith. <mask> helped pave the way for true freshman Ontario Sneed to run for 1,065 yards and earn Freshman All-America honors. <mask> was invited to play in the 2007 East–West Shrine Game and he was named a preseason All-MAC First Team selection by Athlon Sports and MAC Report Online. <mask> was a dominant player at left tackle.Known for his size, <mask>'s speed was a rare exception. He ran a 4.70 seconds in the 40-yard dash at CMU's junior pro day. <mask> was part of an offensive front that helped CMU boast a 1,000-yard rusher in three consecutive seasons. He was a key part of an offensive line that allowed Kent Smith to pass for at least 2,000 yards in 2004 and 2005. <mask> played alongside former Cincinnati Bengals lineman Adam Kieft, who was also his high school teammate at Rockford High School. Professional career

<mask> was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round, 28th overall, in the 2007 NFL Draft. The pick was acquired after the team traded into the first round with the New England Patriots giving up their 2008 first round pick (which became Jerod Mayo) and a 2007 fourth-round pick (which was subsequently traded to the Oakland Raiders for wide receiver Randy Moss).He was named the starting right tackle over Kwame Harris on August 28, 2007. He finished the season with all 16 starts and allowed 8 sacks. In the 2008 NFL season, <mask> was moved to left tackle starting every game, allowing just 8.5 sacks. Prior to the 2009 season, <mask> signed a six-year contract extension with the 49ers through the 2017 season. He missed seven games of the season with a sprained knee, but managed to start all the other 9 games allowing just 3 sacks and having no penalties called against him. On October 30, 2011, he caught a pass from a tackle eligible formation for a key first down in the 49ers' 20-10 victory over the Cleveland Browns.

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 On December 27, 2011 <mask> was named to the 2012 Pro Bowl and started at left tackle for the NFC.He started every game for the 49ers during the 2011 season as they rushed for over 2,000 yards. On December 26, 2012, <mask> was named to the 2013 Pro Bowl. He started every game for the 49ers that season, despite a small scare involving a concussion. The 49ers finished 4th in the regular season, with 2,491 yards of rushing offense, 3rd in the league with 5.1 yards per carry, and tied for second in the league for the number of runs of at least 20 yards in length. At the end of the 2012 season, <mask> and the 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII. He started in the game, but the 49ers fell to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 34–31. He signed a two-year extension in the 2014 offseason to extend his tenure through the 2019 season.In 2017, <mask> started 15 games at left tackle, missing one game with an eye injury, on his way to his sixth Pro Bowl. On April 17, 2018, <mask> signed a restructured contract with the 49ers which gave him a pay raise over the next two seasons. On June 5, 2019, <mask> signed a two-year contract extension with the 49ers through the 2021 season. <mask> reached another Super Bowl in the 2019 season, but the 49ers lost 31–20 in Super Bowl LIV to the Kansas City Chiefs. On April 25, 2020, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL after 13 seasons, following the 49ers' acquisition of Trent Williams. He was released with an injury settlement on May 1, 2020. Personal life
<mask> is married to former professional soccer player Carrie Dew.They have two daughters, Grace and Audrey. He has hosted a video blog known as the "Joe Show" for the 49ers website. References

External links
San Francisco 49ers bio

1984 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Central Michigan Chippewas football players
San Francisco 49ers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Michigan
People from Rockford,


texts: <mask>. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was an American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873, and prior to that as the 25th speaker of the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1869. Originally a Whig, then part of the short-lived People's Party of Indiana, and later a Republican, he was the U.S. representative for  from 1855 to 1869. <mask> was known for his opposition to slavery while serving in Congress, and was a founder of the Republican Party. During his first term as speaker he led the effort to pass the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery. When it came before the House for a final vote in January 1865, he emphasized his support by casting a vote in favor—by convention the speaker votes only to break a tie. Chosen as Ulysses S. Grant's running mate in the 1868 election, the pair won easily over Democratic Party nominees Horatio Seymour and Francis Preston Blair Jr. As was typical during the 19th century, <mask> had little involvement in the Grant administration. In addition to his duties as president of the U.S. Senate, he continued to lecture and write for the press while in office.Believing Grant would only serve one term, in 1870 <mask> attempted unsuccessfully to garner support for the 1872 Republican presidential nomination by telling friends and supporters he would not seek a second vice presidential term. When Grant announced that he would run again, Colfax reversed himself and attempted to win the vice-presidential nomination, but was defeated by Henry Wilson. An 1872–73 Congressional investigation into the

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 Crédit Mobilier scandal identified <mask> as one of several federal government officials who in 1868 accepted payments of cash and discounted stock from the Union Pacific Railroad in exchange for favorable action during the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Though he vociferously defended himself against charges, his reputation suffered. <mask> left the vice presidency at the end of his term in March 1873, and never again ran for office. Afterward he worked as a business executive and became a popular lecturer and speechmaker. Colfax suffered a heart attack and died at a railroad station in Mankato, Minnesota, on January 13, 1885, while en route to a speaking engagement in Iowa.He is one of only two persons to have served as both speaker of the House and vice president, the other being John Nance Garner. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in New York City on March 23, 1823, the son of <mask> <mask> Sr. (1792–1822), a bank teller, and Hannah Stryker (1805–1872), both of Dutch ancestry, who had married on April 25, 1820. His grandfather, <mask>, served in George Washington's Life Guard during the American Revolution and married Hester <mask>, the second great granddaughter of Philip Pieterse <mask>. and a cousin of General <mask>. <mask> became a general in the New Jersey Militia after the Revolution and commanded a brigade during the War of 1812. <mask> <mask> Sr. contracted tuberculosis and died on October 30, 1822, five months before <mask> was born. His sister Mary died in July 1823, four months after he was born.After the senior Colfax's death, Colfax's mother and grandmother ran a boarding house as their primary means of economic

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William Colfax
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Philip Schuyler
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 support. Colfax attended school in New York City until he was 10, when family financial difficulties caused him to end his formal education and take a job as a clerk in the store of George W. Matthews. <mask> and George Matthews were married in 1836, and the family moved to New Carlisle, Indiana, where Matthews ran a store which also served as the village post office. There, Colfax became an avid reader of newspapers and books. The family moved again in 1841, to nearby South Bend, Indiana, after Matthews became St. Joseph County Auditor. He appointed Colfax as his deputy, a post which Colfax held throughout the eight years Matthews was in office. Newspaper editor
In 1842, Colfax became the editor of the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press, owned by John D. Defrees.When Defrees moved to Indianapolis the following year and purchased the Indiana Journal, he hired <mask> to cover the Indiana Senate for the Journal. In addition to covering the state senate, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune, leading to a friendship with its editor, Horace Greeley. In 1845 Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register. He owned the Register for nine years, at first in support of the Whigs, then shifting to the newly established Republican Party. Whig Party politician
While covering the Indiana Senate as a journalist, Colfax also served as the body's assistant enrolling clerk from 1842 to 1844. In 1843, several South Bend residents formed a debating society in which members researched and discussed current events and other topics of interest, and Colfax became a prominent member. The

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Hannah Colfax
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 organization's success led it to create a moot state legislature, in which members introduced, debated, and voted on bills in accordance with the rules of the Indiana General Assembly.As with the debating society, <mask> was a prominent member of South Bend's moot legislature. <mask>'s success in the debating society and moot legislature made him prominent enough to take part in politics, and he was selected as a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention, where he was selected as one of the gathering's secretaries and supported Zachary Taylor for the presidency. He was next elected as a delegate to Indiana's 1849–1850 state constitutional convention. <mask> was the 1851 Whig nominee for Congress in the district which included South Bend, but narrowly lost to his Democratic opponent. His loss was attributed to his constitutional convention opposition to a measure that prevented free African Americans from settling in Indiana. In 1852, <mask> was a delegate to the Whig National Convention and was selected to serve as a convention secretary. He supported Winfield Scott for president, and after Scott was nominated, Colfax took an active part in the campaign, both through making speeches and authoring and distributing newspaper articles and editorials.In 1852, <mask>'s political supporters encouraged him to make a second run for the U.S. House, but he declined. U.S. Representative (1855–1869)
In 1854 <mask> ran for Congress again, this time as nominee of the short-lived Indiana People's Party, an anti-slavery movement which formed to oppose the Kansas–Nebraska Act. <mask> won and was reelected six times, and he represented Indiana's 9th congressional

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 district from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1869. During his House service, <mask> became a member of the leadership as chairman of the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, a post he held from 1859 to 1863. Know Nothing party affiliation
In 1855 <mask> considered joining the Know Nothing Party because of the antislavery plank in its platform. He was selected, without his knowledge, to be a delegate to the party's June convention, but had mixed feelings about the party and subsequently denied having been a member. Although he agreed with many Know Nothing policies, he disapproved of its secrecy oath and citizenship test.By the time of his 1856 campaign for re-election, the new Republican Party had become the main anti-slavery party, and <mask> became an early member. Opposition to slavery
<mask> was identified with the Radical Republicans in Congress, and was an energetic opponent of slavery. His June 21, 1856 "Kansas Code" speech attacking laws passed by the proslavery Legislature in Kansas became the most widely requested Republican campaign document. Then, as the 1860 presidential election approached, <mask> traveled frequently, delivered many speeches, and helped bind the various Republican and antislavery factions together into a unified party that could win the presidency. Civil War

Before Lincoln's inauguration, <mask>'s name was put forward by Indiana Republicans for appointment as postmaster general. President Lincoln wrote him a warm letter stating that he considered him qualified and foretelling "a bright future" for the 37-year-old, but that he had already promised a cabinet position to another Hoosier, Caleb Blood Smith. At the start of

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texts: the Civil War Major General John C. Frémont commanded Union Army forces in St. Louis, Missouri.On September 3, 1861 Confederate General Sterling Price defeated Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. During the battle, Price's Confederate troops under Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, Kentucky. Frémont was blamed for not reinforcing Lyon, who had been killed in the fighting. On September 6, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, under Frémont's authority, took Paducah without a fight and established a Union supply base in Kentucky. Colfax, concerned over the Confederate Army's occupation of Kentucky and threatened Union security of Missouri, decided to visit Frémont. After his arrival in St. Louis, Colfax met Frémont on September 14, 1861, and petitioned him to send troops to cut off Price from capturing Lexington. Colfax believed Frémont had 20,000 troops under his command in St. Louis.Frémont informed Colfax that he only had 8,000 troops in St. Louis and was unable to spare any. In addition Frémont told Colfax that Lincoln and federal authorities in Washington had requested him to dispatch 5,000 of his troops elsewhere. Colfax suggested that Frémont reply that he could not spare any troops or Missouri would be lost to the Confederacy. Frémont declined, recognizing that he had a reputation for being insubordinate because he had earlier imposed a controversial August 30 edict that put Missouri under martial law and emancipated rebel slaves beyond what was included in Lincoln's Confiscation Act, and not wanting to appear unwilling to follow the instructions of his superiors. Price captured Lexington on September 20 and


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 threatened to take the whole state of Missouri. Frémont finally responded on September 29, arriving at Sedalia with 38,000 troops and threatening to trap the rebels against the Missouri River. Price abandoned Lexington, and soon was forced to abandon the state headed to Arkansas and later Mississippi.On November 1, seven weeks after <mask>'s visit, Frémont ordered Grant to make demonstrations along the Mississippi against the Confederates, but not to directly engage the enemy. The following day Frémont was relieved from command by Lincoln for refusing to revoke his August 30 edict. On November 7, Grant attacked Belmont drawing Confederate troops from Columbus and inflicting Confederate casualties. In February 1862, Grant, in combination with the Union navy, captured Confederate Forts Henry and Donelson, forcing Polk to abandon Columbus. The Confederate army was finally pushed out of Kentucky after Union General Don Carlos Buell defeated Confederate General Braxton Bragg at the Battle of Perryville in October 1862. Speaker of the House
<mask> faced a difficult reelection campaign in 1862 due to strong antiwar sentiments in Indiana, but won a narrow victory over Democrat David Turpie. Among the incumbents defeated that year was Speaker of the House Galusha Grow.When the 38th Congress convened in December 1863, <mask> was elected speaker, despite President Lincoln's preference for someone less tied to the Radical Republicans. Altogether, <mask> was elected speaker for three congresses:
38th Congress <mask> <mask> (R–IN) – 101 (55.50%) Samuel S. Cox (D–OH) – 42 (23.08%) Others – 39 (21.42%)
39th Congress <mask> <mask> (R–IN) – 139 (79.43%) James Brooks

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 (D–NY) – 36 (20.57%)
40th Congress <mask> <mask> (R–IN) – 127 (80.89%) Samuel S. Marshall (D–IL) – 30 (19.11%)

During his first term as speaker, <mask> presided over the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, and helped secure congressional passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which, when ratified by the states, abolished slavery. Though it is unusual for the speaker to vote, except to break a tie, <mask> directed the clerk to call his name after the roll call vote had been taken. He then cast the final vote in favor of the amendment to much applause from its supporters in the House. Reconstruction
In 1865, <mask>, along with author Samuel Bowles and Lieutenant Governor of Illinois William Bross, set out across the western territories from Mississippi to the California coast to record their experiences. They compiled their observations in an 1869 book called Our New West. Included in their book were details of the views of Los Angeles, with its wide panorama of vast citrus groves and orchards, and conversations with Brigham Young.On September 17, 1867, <mask>, along with Senator John Sherman, addressed a Republican meeting in Lebanon, Ohio on the political situation in Washington. <mask> said he was firmly against allowing those who participated in the Confederate rebellion to be reinstated in office and control Republican Reconstruction policy. <mask> affirmed that he was not in any way for repudiating the debt caused by the Confederate rebellion. <mask> said Congressional reconstruction would give security and peace to the nation as opposed to President Johnson and his southern Democratic policies. Colfax favored Johnson's impeachment saying

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 Johnson was recreant, a usurper, and was unfaithful in executing the Reconstruction laws of the land in granting a general amnesty to Southerners who had participated in the rebellion. Colfax told Republicans who were tired of Reconstruction to leave the party and join the Democrats. Election of 1868

During the 1868 Republican Convention the Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant for president.<mask> was selected for vice president on the fifth ballot. <mask> was popular among Republicans for his friendly character, party loyalty, and Radical views on Reconstruction. Among Republicans he was known as "Smiler <mask>." Grant won the general election, and <mask> was elected the 17th Vice President of the United States. On March 3, 1869, the final full day of the 40th Congress, <mask>, who was to be sworn into office as vice president the next day, resigned as speaker. Immediately afterward, the House passed a motion declaring Theodore Pomeroy duly elected speaker in place of <mask>. In office for one day, his is the shortest tenure of any speaker of the U.S. House.Vice presidency (1869–1873)

Colfax was inaugurated March 4, 1869, and served until March 4, 1873. Grant and Colfax, 46 and 45 respectively at the time of their inauguration, were the youngest presidential and vice presidential team until the inauguration of Bill Clinton and Al Gore in 1993. Colfax and John Nance Garner, the first vice president under Franklin Roosevelt, are the only two vice presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming vice president, and since the vice president is the President of the Senate, they are the only two people to have served


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 as the presiding officer of both Houses of Congress. Italian unity
On Friday, January 6, 1871, from Washington, D.C., in a letter published in the New York Times, Colfax recognized and rejoiced in King Victor Emmanuel II's victory of unifying Italy and setting up a new government in Rome. Colfax encouraged Italy to form a Republican government that protected religious freedom, regardless of faith, and the civil rights of all individuals, including those who lived in poverty. Colfax said, "for out of this new life of civil and religious liberty will flow peace and happiness, progress and prosperity, with material and national development, and advancement as surely as healthy springs flow from fountains of purity." Election of 1872

Prior to the 1872 Presidential election, Colfax believed that Grant would only serve one term as president.In 1870 <mask> announced he would not run for political office in 1872. <mask>'s announcement failed to garner prominent support among Republicans for a presidential bid, as he had planned, while Grant decided to run for a second term. In addition, Liberal Republican interest in <mask> as a possible presidential candidate alienated him from Grant and the regular Republicans. (The Liberal Republicans believed that the Grant administration was corrupt and were against Grant's attempted annexation of Santo Domingo.) <mask> reversed course and became a candidate for the Republican vice presidential nomination by informing his supporters that he would accept it if it was offered. However, <mask>'s previously stated intent not to run in 1872 had created the possibility of a contested nomination, and Senator Henry Wilson

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 defeated <mask> by 399.5 delegate votes to 321.5. Grant went on to win election to a second term, and Wilson became the 18th vice-president of the United States.Crédit Mobilier scandal
In September 1872, during the presidential campaign, Colfax's reputation was marred by a New York Sun article which indicated that he was involved in the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Colfax was one of several Representatives and Senators (mostly Republicans), who were offered (and possibly took) bribes of cash and discounted shares in the Union Pacific Railroad's Crédit Mobilier subsidiary in 1868 from Congressman Oakes Ames for votes favorable to the Union Pacific during the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Henry Wilson was among those accused, but after initially denying a connection, he provided a complicated explanation to a Senate investigating committee, which involved his wife having purchased shares with her own money, and then later canceling the transaction over concerns about its propriety. Wilson's reputation for integrity was somewhat dampened, but not enough to prevent him from becoming vice president. Colfax also denied involvement to the press, and defended himself in person before a House investigative committee, testifying in January 1873 that he had never received a dividend check from Ames. Despite his protests of innocence, the congressional investigation revealed that in 1868 Colfax had taken a $1,200 gift check for 20 shares of Crédit Mobilier stock from Ames. Colfax had deposited $1,200 in his bank account at the same time Ames recorded that he had paid Colfax $1,200.Making matters worse for Colfax, the investigation also revealed


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 that Colfax had received a $4,000 gift also in 1868 from a contractor who supplied envelopes to the federal government while Colfax was chairman of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, and so had influence in the awarding of such contracts. Afterward, a resolution to impeach the vice president was introduced in the House, but failed to pass by a mostly party-line vote, mainly because the incidents took place during his tenure as congressman (not as vice president), and because just a few weeks remained in his term. His political career ruined, Colfax left office under a cloud at the end of his term, and never ran for office again. His only consolation on that bitterly cold March day was a hand-written letter from Ulysses Grant. In it, the president wrote,

Lecturer and business executive
After leaving office in March 1873, Colfax began to recover his reputation, embarking on a successful career as a traveling lecturer offering speeches on a variety of topics. His most requested presentation was one on the life of Abraham Lincoln, whom the nation had begun to turn into an icon. With an expanding population that desired to know more details and context about Lincoln's life and career, an oration from someone who had known him personally was an attraction audiences were willing to pay to hear, and Colfax delivered his Lincoln lecture hundreds of times to positive reviews.In 1875, he became vice president of the Indiana Reaper and Iron Company. On February 12, 1875, having returned to Washington, D.C., to give a lecture, he advised his friends in Congress who were frustrated over the slow pace of action: "Ah! the way to get out of politics is to


texts:
 get out of politics." He had remained popular in his home area, and was often encouraged to run again for public office, but he always declined. Finally, in April 1882, when pressed to consider becoming a candidate for his old U.S. House seat in the upcoming election, Colfax announced in a letter to the South Bend Tribune that, while he deeply appreciated how much his friends wanted him to run for public office again, he was satisfied by the 20 years of service he had given during the "stormiest years of our nation's history." He also said that he was enjoying his life as a private citizen, and would neither be a candidate nor accept any nomination for any office in the future, stating, "only ambition now is to go in and out among my townsmen as a private citizen during what years of life may remain for me to enjoy on this earth." Personal life

Colfax was married twice:
 On October 10, 1844, he married his childhood friend Evelyn Clark.She died in 1863; they had no children. On November 18, 1868, two weeks after winning the vice presidency, he married Ellen (Ella) M. Wade (1836–1911), a niece of Senator Benjamin Wade. They had one son, <mask> <mask> III (1870–1925), who served as mayor of South Bend, Indiana, from 1898 to 1901. He assumed office at the age of 28, and remains the youngest person to become mayor in the city's history. Colfax was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF). In 1850, Colfax and members William T. Martin of Mississippi and E. G. Steel of Tennessee were appointed to prepare a ritual pertaining to the Rebekah Degree and present a report at the 1851 annual meeting. On September 20, 1851, the IOOF approved the

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 degree and Colfax was credited as its author and founder.In 1854 <mask> was initiated into the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at DePauw University as an honorary member. Death and burial

On January 13, 1885, Colfax walked from Mankato, Minnesota's Front Street depot to the Omaha depot, about three-quarters of a mile (1 kilometer) in  weather, intending to change trains on his way to Rock Rapids, Iowa, to give a speech. Five minutes after arriving, <mask> died of a heart attack brought on by the extreme cold and exhaustion. He was buried at City Cemetery in South Bend. A historical marker in Mankato's Washington Park, site of the former depot, marks the spot where he died. Historical reputation
Colfax's 20 years of public service ended in controversy in 1873 due to the revelation that he was involved in the Crédit Mobilier scandal. He never returned to seek political office in part because he believed that it was best to stay out of politics once leaving office, and in part because he was content with his life as a private citizen.Because of his success as a lecturer, his reputation was somewhat restored. Towns in the U.S. states of California, North Carolina, Illinois, Washington, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Texas, and Louisiana are named after him. Schuyler, Nebraska, named after Colfax, is the county seat of Colfax County, Nebraska. The ghost town of Colfax, Colorado, was named after him, as was Colfax County, New Mexico. Colfax Avenue in South Bend is named in his honor. Colfax's home of his adult years stood on that street, at 601 W. Market St. The city later renamed the street in his honor.The Colfax home was demolished and a Seventh Day Adventist

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 church stands on the spot in 2019. There is another Colfax Avenue in Mishawaka, Indiana, the city just east of South Bend. The main east–west street traversing Aurora, Denver and Lakewood, Colorado, and abutting the Colorado State Capitol is named Colfax Avenue in the politician's honor. There also is Colfax Place in the Highland Square neighborhood in Akron, Ohio, in Grant City in New York City's Staten Island; in Minneapolis, Minnesota; in Roselle Park, New Jersey; and a Colfax Street on Chicago's South Side. There is a Colfax Street leading up Mt. Colfax in Springdale, Pennsylvania, in Palatine, Illinois, in Evanston, Illinois, and Jamestown, New York. Dallas, Texas, and one of its suburbs, Richardson, each have separate residential roads named Colfax Drive.There is also a Colfax Avenue in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles and in Concord, California, as well as in Benton Harbor, Michigan. Colfax School was built in South Bend and opened in 1898 just a few blocks from the Schuyler Colfax home. The school building still stands in 2019 at 914 Lincoln Way West, although it is no longer a school and today is known as Colfax Cultural Center. In the '50s and '60s, one of the downtown movie theaters was The Colfax. There is a Colfax Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Schuyler-Colfax House in Wayne, New Jersey, which was built by Colfax's ancestors, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Media portrayals
Actor Bill Raymond portrayed Colfax during his time as Speaker in the 2012 Steven Spielberg film Lincoln.Raymond was in his early seventies when the film was made while <mask> was in his early forties during


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<mask> (born August 8, 1984) is a Bangladeshi-Norwegian political cartoonist, illustrator and animator. He is a self-taught cartoonist who is renowned for his contribution to cartoons both on the internet and in print media. In Bangladesh, he is best known as "Cartoonist Arif" for anti-corruption cartoons. He's won multiple awards for Anti-Corruption cartoons from Transparency International Bangladesh and the Daily Star. He was the first and former guest cartoonist of International Cities of Refuge Network (ICORN). He is a publisher of cartoon magazine Toons Mag and the organizer of international cartoon contests and exhibitions. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in a small village called Tetiar Kanda in Shahjadpur, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.When <mask> <mask> was in the Preschool, Arif's father left his wife and children and remarried. Arif's parents got divorced afterward and his mother went back to her family's village, taking Arif and his sister along. They were broke and his mother was depressed. Whatever she was to inherit from her father had already been given to her husband in dowry, so she had nothing to get by. Arif, with his mother and sister, lived in a room with their grandmother. Arif's maternal grandfather was a pious man and had two wives. Arif's mother was among the children from his first marriage, but he had come to live with his second wife during those years.It meant he barely saw his first wife. Arif was enrolled in the a nearby school there. Arif and his family struggled for money. His mother started farming chickens for some pocket money. His uncles and aunts helped out by gifting Arif's mother goat and sheep cubs and he used to take care of the cattle when he returned from school. Arif went to a village school back then, which was far away from his grandfather's house. Arif had to walk a very long way to go to school every day.Their village did not yet have access to electricity so, in the evening, he had to study by the tame flame of

masks:
Arifur Rahman
Arifur Rahman
Arifur
Rahman


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 a kerosene lamp. He was a self-taught cartoonist and started drawing at an early age. His first cartoon was published in 2004 in a satire magazine called Bichhu by the Daily Jugantor. Every day, he drew cartoons and sent them to the newspapers for publishing. That is how he created a name for himself as a cartoonist. Education
He studied both in Bangladesh and in Norway. 2001–06, <mask> <mask> studied for a Bachelor of Arts at the National University of Bangladesh.2012-13 studied Visual Arts at Nansen Academy, Lillehammer, Norway. 2014-16 studied 3D and Animation at Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway. Career

Cartooning in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, he was famously known as “Cartoonist Arif.” In April 2004, Arif's cartoon was published in the satire magazine, “Bicchu” under the Daily Jugantor. Since then, he has been drawing political satire cartoons and comic strips instead of paintings. He drew every day and sent his work off to newspapers. Almost all the daily newspapers in Bangladesh regularly published his cartoons back in the day. During 2004–2007, he drew a large number of cartoons for various Bangladeshi newspapers, such as The Daily Jugantar, Bhorer Kagoj, Samakal, Jaijaidin, Amar Desh, Ittefaq and Prothom Alo.He was noticed by people and known as "Cartoonist Arif" around Bangladesh. He was recognized by fellow and legendary Bangladeshi cartoonists like Rafiqun Nabi, Shishir Bhattacharjee, and Ahsan Habib. In 2005, <mask> won the third prize in a contest titled Pin Hunt that was put on by The Daily Prothom Alos periodical, Alpin (আলপিন), and won third prize in the Anti-Corruption Cartoon Competition arranged by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) in 2006, as well as first prize in the Anti-Corruption Cartoon Competition arranged by The Daily Star in 2007 and in the same year, The Daily Prothom Alo appointed him to draw cartoons as a contributing cartoonist. Cartoon controversy in Bangladesh

<mask> <mask>'s cartoons were regularly

masks: Arifur Rahman Rahman Arifur Rahman


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 published in the satirical weekly supplement of The Daily Prothom Alo, Alpin, but the one published in the 17 September 17, 2007 edition stirred quite a bit of controversy. The cartoon features a conversation between a little boy and an older man. The apparently funny and harmless cartoon hurt a group of people's Islamic religious sentiments and Arif was sued for his cartoon. Some people led by acclaimed religious influencers chose to call for a nationwide strike in Bangladesh on the back of the incident.Alpin was discontinued and the editor, Sumanta Alam, was fired, effective immediately. The editor of The Daily Prothom Alo, Matiur <mask> promised never to publish <mask> <mask>'s cartoon in his newspaper again. And last, but not least, Arif was arrested at his Dhaka residence on September 18, 2007. He was arrested for being a “traitor” and for “hurting the religious sentiments” under the blasphemy and emergency law of Bangladesh. The trial under Blasphemy Law

Imprisoned on the 18th of September, 2007, <mask> <mask> stayed in prison for six months and 2 days. While in prison, Arif was heartbroken and felt very helpless. He felt wronged by his people and the country.He decided while sitting behind the bars that he would create a platform for the artists and art enthusiasts where they could express their talent and enjoy mindful art without any limitations or without the fear of being misunderstood, wrongfully judged or censored. On 4 February 2008, the High Court ruled Arif's detention illegal, dropped all charges brought against him and ordered his immediate release. But he was not released right away. He was finally freed on 20 March 2008, but the struggle continued for Arif as he found it hard to pursue his cartooning dreams like he used to. He could not continue his studies due to the scandal as universities would not admit him because of his controversial background. In 2009, another case was filed against him in a court in Jessore, Khulna for the very

masks: Rahman Arifur Rahman Arifur Rahman


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 same cartoon published in 2007. The court in Jessore sentenced him to two months of rigorous imprisonment and fined him 500 Bangladeshi Taka, or another seven days in prison for impiety.Many Bangladeshi newspapers refused to publish any more of Arif's cartoons but some of them, the likes of The Daily Ittefaq and The Daily Prothom Alo, however, agreed to publish them under a pseudonym. Arif was disheartened with that turn of events. His desire to create an uncensorable cartooning platform only got stronger with these unpleasant incidents fanning the fire. In 2010, the Government of Norway willingly granted Arif political asylum as his life came to a standstill in Bangladesh and his life was under constant threat. Arif wanted to stay back in his beloved motherland but he was not able to because of his controversy, as he was labeled by his 2007 scandal. Arif also came to fear for his life as one threat after another kept on coming in all shapes and forms. He had no option but to emigrate to Norway on 30 November 2010, and start a new life there for himself and his ambitions.He cannot enter his beloved Bangladesh ever again without being prosecuted. Cartooning in Norway
In Norway, his cartoons were published in various newspapers and magazines, such as Akershus Amtstidende, Ny Tid, Syn og Segn, Samtiden, Aftenposten, Østlandposten, Østlands-Posten, Bladet Vesterålen, Avisa Nordland, Glåmdalen, Stavanger Aftenblad and Melding til Stortinget by Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway). Attack on cartoon exhibition
On March 1, 2017, <mask> <mask> had an exhibition in Drøbak, where some new Syrian refugees appeared in the exhibition place before opening and took two of his drawings. One of the drawings was from 2007 from Bangladesh and another one was a criticism of the education system, “Madrasa Education System” in Bangladesh. Online media and publishing platform

<mask> <mask> founded Toons Mag on November 1, 2009. With it, <mask> <mask>'s ambition was to create a

masks: Arifur Rahman Arifur Rahman Arifur Rahman


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 platform for artists around the world to express themselves without ever being concerned about being shut up by others. Toons Mag was everything Arif had dreamed of and more.To this day, Toons Mag promotes freedom of expression and encourages cartoonists around the world to contribute to it to enrich their cartooning expertise. It has also been holding the International Cartoon Contest and Exhibition every year since 2015 and its venues are scattered around Europe and Asia. Hundreds of cartoonists from around the globe participate in the contest and the selected artworks are exhibited in selected venues each year. So far, it has held exhibitions in over forty venues around the world. Toons Mag is exclusively edited by <mask> <mask> and it continues to be an untameable advocate of free speech. Cartoonists and writers from around the world willingly contribute to Toons Mag to showcase their talent and fulfill their potential. In 2015, Toons Mag was nominated for the Best of Online Activism by The BOBs (Best of the Blogs), sponsored by Deutsche Welle and won it with an outstanding number of votes to its credit.Toons Mag also awards The Cartoonist of the Year Medal every year for outstanding contributions to cartoons since 2016. <mask> <mask> is the one behind Toons Mag's excellence and it has become a mirror of who its founder is at heart. Exhibitions
Since 2000 to present, his artwork and cartoons have been exhibited in more than 40 places, including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Morocco, Turkey, France, Croatia, Slovakia and the United States. International initiatives
<mask> <mask> organized multiple International Cartoon Contest and Exhibitions through the cartoon Magazine Toons Mag to support children's rights, women's rights, freedom of expression, and gender equality. Children in War

In 2015, organized the International Cartoon Exhibition "Children in War" to focus on the suffering of children in war and conflict areas, such as in Syria,


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 Yemen, Afghanistan, Iraq. One hundred and twenty-eight cartoonists participated in 51 different countries. On 10 September 2015, the exhibition was opened by Bishop Atle Sommerfeldt in The Norwegian Cartoonist Gallery (Avistegnernes Hus), Drøbak.It was a moving exhibition, which was exhibited in Oslo, Nesodden, Bergen, Stavanger, Haugesund, Kristiansand in Norway, and Norrköping, Sweden. The event was supported by The Norwegian Cartoonist Gallery and Fritt Ord. Women's Rights

To draw the global awareness about women's rights, the cartoon competition was organized by <mask> <mask> and Toons Mag. 567 cartoonists were participated from 79 different countries with 1,625 drawings, and 12 cartoonist was won the award out of 567 cartoonists. A selection was represented in the Women's Rights exhibitions, which opened in Drøbak, Bangalore and Uttar Pradesh on International Women's Day, 8 March 2016. The drawings in the exhibitions deal with women's rights and limitations; the lack of education, forced marriage, female genital mutilation, violence, discrimination, legal protection, and workload. On 10 December 2016, it was exhibited in the Brain Sneezing Gallery in the Prešov Wave Club, Slovakia.The event was supported by The Norwegian Cartoonist Gallery, Fritt Ord, Indian Institute of Cartoonist, Brain Sneezing Gallery, Prešov Wave club, EEA funds, and the Slovak Republic. Freedom of Expression

This exhibition was organized to support freedom of expression. It has five hundred and eighteen cartoonists who participated from 83 countries, submitting 1,556 cartoons, and 12 cartoonists were won the award out of 518 cartoonists. The exhibition opening was in three countries, Norway, India, and Slovakia. Per Edgard Kokkvold, writer and former newspaper editor inaugurated the exhibition, in Drøbak. In Lillehammer, Norwegian musician Moddi Knutsen, inaugurated the exhibition and Norwegian political cartoonist Roar Hagen announced the award winner. It was also exhibited in

masks: Arifur Rahman


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 Kýchanie Mozgu – Brain Sneezing gallery, Prešov, and Košice, Slovakia, as well as in the Slovak embassy in Oslo, Norway.Later on, it was exhibited on Eidsvoll, Norway. The event was supported by The Norwegian Cartoonist Gallery, Fritt Ord, Norwegian Festival of Literature in Lillehammer, Brain Sneezing Gallery, Prešov, and Indian Institute of Cartoonist. Politics
In 2018, <mask> <mask> became a member of the Socialist Left Party of Norway. He was elected deputy of the local party committee and was nominated as a candidate in the Frogn Municipality election 2019. Awards and achievements

 2005, <mask> <mask> won third prize in the Pin Hunt put on by The Daily Prothom Alo’s periodical, Alpin (আলপিন). 2006, he won third prize in the Anti-Corruption Cartoon Competition arranged by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB). 2007, he won first prize in the Anti-Corruption Cartoon Competition arranged by The Daily Star.2008, he won a special achievement award in the Anti-Corruption Cartoon Competition arranged by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB). 2008, he won the special achievement award from Cartoonist Rights Network, International. 2011, he won the special achievement award for the short animation film, Try. 2015, Arif received the Cartoonist Pedro Memorial Grant from the Norwegian Artist Federation. 2015, the online magazine, Toons Mag, founded and edited by him, won The BOBs (Best of the Blogs) sponsored by Deutsche Welle for Best of Online Activism. References

External links

 Official Website
 Cartoon Site

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Bangladesh
Bangladeshi prisoners and detainees
Bangladeshi cartoonists
Editorial cartoonists
Bangladeshi comics artists
Bangladeshi animators
Norwegian animators
Norwegian comics artists
Norwegian editorial cartoonists
Norwegian cartoonists
1984 births
Living people
People from Sirajganj District
People from Rajshahi Division
People from Akershus
People from Frogn
Bangladeshi emigrants

masks: Arifur Rahman Arifur Rahman


texts: General <mask>-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a four-star general who became the sixth President of Pakistan after declaring martial law in 1977. He served as the head of state from 1978 until his death in a plane crash in 1988. He remains the country's longest-serving head of state and Chief of Army Staff. Educated at St. Stephen's College, Delhi and the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun, Zia saw action in World War II as a British Indian Army officer in Burma and Malaya, before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a tank commander in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. In 1970, he led a military training mission to Jordan, proving instrumental to defeating the Black September insurgency against King Hussein. In recognition, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto appointed Zia Chief of Army Staff in 1976 and awarded him the Hilal-i-Imtiaz medal. Following civil disorder, Zia deposed Bhutto in a military coup and declared martial law on 5 July 1977.Bhutto was controversially tried by the Supreme Court and executed less than two years later for allegedly authorizing the murder of Nawab <mask> Khan Kasuri, a political opponent. Assuming the presidency in 1978, Zia played a major role in the Soviet–Afghan War. Backed by the United States and Saudi Arabia, Zia systematically coordinated the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet occupation throughout the 1980s. This culminated in the Soviet Union's withdrawal in 1989, but also led to the proliferation of millions of refugees, with heroin and weaponry into Pakistan's frontier province. Internationally Zia bolstered ties with China and the United States, and emphasized Pakistan's role in the Islamic world, while relations

masks:
Muhammad Zia
Muhammad Ahmed


texts: with India worsened amid the Siachen conflict and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the Khalistan movement. Domestically, Zia passed broad-ranging legislation as part of Pakistan's Islamization, curbed civil liberties, and heightened press censorship. He also escalated Pakistan's atomic bomb project, and instituted industrialization and deregulation, helping Pakistan's economy become the fastest-growing in South Asia, overseeing the highest GDP growth in the country's history.After lifting martial law and holding non-partisan elections in 1985, Zia appointed <mask> Junejo Prime Minister but accumulated more presidential powers via the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. After Junejo signed the Geneva Accords in 1988 against Zia's wishes, and called for an inquiry into the Ojhri Camp disaster, Zia dismissed Junejo's government and announced fresh elections in November 1988. <mask>-ul-Haq was killed along with several of his top military officials and two American diplomats in a mysterious plane crash near Bahawalpur on 17 August 1988. To this day, Zia remains a polarizing figure in Pakistan's history, credited with preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity, but decried for weakening democratic institutions and passing laws encouraging religious intolerance. He is also cited for promoting the early political career of Nawaz Sharif, who would be thrice elected Prime Minister. Zia is credited with stopping an expected Soviet invasion of Pakistan. Former Saudi intelligence chief Prince Turki Al-Faisal, who worked with Zia during the 1980s against the Soviets, described Zia in the following words: "He was a very steady and smart person with a

masks:
Muhammad Khan
Muhammad Zia


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 geo-strategic mind, particularly after the invasion by Soviets.He was very dedicated in preventing the Soviet invasion of Pakistan." Early life and family

<mask>-ul-Haq was born into a Punjabi Arain family in Jullundar, Punjab Province of British India, on 12 August 1924. Zia-ul-Haq was the second child of <mask> Ali, who worked in the administrative corps of the Army GHQ of India Command of British Armed Forces in Delhi and Simla, prior to the independence of India from British colonial rule in 1947. Zia's father was noted for his religiosity, and insisted that his seven children offer their daily morning prayers and learn the Qur’an. Due to his father's role in the civil service, Zia spent his childhood between the hill station of Simla and Jalandhar as Akbar Ali followed the British administration north during the summers. After completing his initial education in Simla, Zia attended Delhi's prestigious St. Stephen's College, an Anglican missionary school, for his BA degree in History, from which he graduated with distinction in 1943. He was admitted to the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun, graduating in May 1945 among the last group of officers to be commissioned before the independence of India.During his collegiate years, he was noted as an extraordinary talent. In 1947, while his family was in a refugee camp, Captain Zia was the escort officer for the last train of refugees to leave Babina, an armoured corps training center in Uttar Pradesh, a difficult journey that took seven days, during which the passengers were under constant fire as communal violence broke out in the aftermath of Partition. In 1950, he married Shafiq Jahan, a relative, and the daughter of a

masks:
Muhammad Zia
Muhammad Akbar


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 Ugandan-Indian doctor from Kampala. Begum Shafiq Zia died on 6 January 1996. Zia is survived by his sons, <mask>-ul-Haq, (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1960) and his daughters, Zain (born 1972), a special needs child, Rubina Saleem, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980, and Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid. Military service
Zia was commissioned in the British Indian Army in the Guides Cavalry on 12 May 1943 after graduating from the Officer Training School Mhow and fought against Japanese forces in Burma in World War II. After Pakistan was created following the Partition of India in 1947, Zia joined the newly formed Pakistan Army as a Major in the Guides Cavalry Frontier Force Regiment.He also served in 13th Lancers and 6 Lancers. He was trained in the United States during 1962–1964 at the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff College, Quetta. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Zia is said to have been the Assistant Quartermaster of the 101st Infantry Brigade. Role in Black September and protection by Gul Hasan

Brigadier Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as the head of a Pakistani training mission to Jordan. Zia-ul-Haq became involved on the Jordanian side of the military conflict against Palestinians known as Black September. Zia had been stationed in Amman for three years prior to Black September.During the events, according to CIA official Jack


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 O'Connell, Zia was dispatched north by King Hussein to assess Syria's military capabilities. The Pakistani commander reported back to Hussein, recommending the deployment of a RJAF squadron to the region. Zia-ul-Haq then went on to plan the  Jordanian offensive against the Palestianians and commanded an armoured division against them. O'Connell also reported that Zia personally led Jordanian troops during battles. According to the testimonies provided by Major-General A.O. Mitha, it was the Army Chief of General Staff, Lieutenant
General Gul Hasan's lobbying at the Army GHQ which also saved then Brigadier Zia-ul-Haq from being terminated. Brigadier Zia had been recommended to be court-martialled by Major-General Nawazish in his submission to President Yahya Khan for disobeying GHQ orders by commanding a Jordanian armoured division against the Palestinians, as part of actions during Black September in which thousands were killed.It was Gul Hasan who interceded for Zia after which Army Chief General Yahya Khan let Zia off the hook. Ascent to Chief of Army Staff

He was then promoted as Lieutenant General and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in 1975. On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto  approved then-three star rank general Lieutenant-General Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be elevated to four-star rank. At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were: <mask>, Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed, Azmat Baksh Awan, Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and <mask>-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior

masks:
Muhammad Shariff
Muhammad Zia


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 lieutenant-generals. However, the senior most at that time, Lieutenant-General Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry. Husain Haqqani argues that Bhutto chose Zia ahead of many senior officers for ethnic and caste reasons, thinking than an Arain would not make alliance with the predominantly Pashtun and Rajput military officers in order to overthrow him, and this is also the reason why he let Zia push for more Islam in the armed forces, like when he changed the army's credo to “Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabil Allah” or when he offered books of Mawdudi to his officers as prizes during various competitions, despite the strong ideological antagonism between Bhutto and the Islamist thinker.Planning of coup

Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed; the democratic socialists alliance who had previously allied with Bhutto began to diminish as time progressed. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Vali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NAP), also a socialist party. Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan Province for alleged secessionist activities and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Sherpao, in a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar. Civil disorders against


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 Bhutto
Dissidence also increased within the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the murder of leading dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human rights and killing large numbers of civilians. 1977 parliamentary elections
On 8 January 1977, a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA).Bhutto called fresh elections, and PNA participated fully in those elections. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was a high voter turnout in the national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. Coup d'état

Soon, all the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime. Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest.On 21 April 1977, Bhutto imposed martial law in the major cities of Karachi, Lahore and Hyderabad. However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. Zia planned the