texts:
<mask> (January 1, 1873 – March 1, 1952) was a Mexican author and physician, best known for his fictional stories of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. He wrote novels, works for theatre and literary criticism. He is the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," and he influenced other Mexican novelists of social protest. Among <mask>'s first published writing were some short pieces for the magazine Gil Blas Cómico, where he wrote under the pen name of "Beleño", and his writing published under the heading Impresiones de un estudiante (Impressions of a Student) in 1896. His first novel, Maria Luisa, was written in 1907, followed by Los fracasados (The Failures) in 1908, and Mala yerba (Weeds) in 1909. The theme of his beginning novels are about fate. He wrote of the social life of Mexicans during the Díaz dictatorship.After experiencing the Mexican Revolution first-hand, his writing style became sarcastic and disillusioned. His first novel with the Revolution theme is Andrés Pérez, maderista in 1911, followed by Sin Amor (Without Love) in 1912, and his most popular, Los de abajo (The Underdogs) in 1915. He continued to write short works and novels influenced by the Revolution. It includes El camarada Pantoja (Comrade Pantoja) in 1937, Regina Landa in 1939, La nueva burguesía (The New Bourgeoisie) in 1941, and La maldición (The Curse, published posthumously) in 1955. These works mainly depicts the satirical picture of life in post revolutionary Mexico sharply and angrily stigmatizing demagoguery and political intrigue. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco to a small, but successful rancher, Evaristo <mask> and Paulina <mask>, on January 1, 1873. He grew up in a small farm owned by his father, which later influences the settings in many of his fictional works.He was

masks:
Mariano Azuela González
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela


type: original

texts: first admitted to a Catholic seminary at the age of fourteen, but soon abandoned his religious studies. He studied medicine in Guadalajara, Jalisco. He received his M.D. in 1899, practicing medicine first in his home town of Lagos de Moreno, and later, after the Mexican revolution, practiced in Mexico City. In 1900, he married Carmen Rivera, niece of Agustín Rivera, priest and historian of Lagos de Moreno. He went to have five sons and five daughters. Like most young students, <mask> was opposed to the dictatorship of the Díaz regime.During his days in the Mexican Revolution, <mask> wrote about the war and its impact on Mexico. When Porfirio Díaz was overthrown, <mask> was made Chief of Political Affairs of Lagos de Moreno in 1911 and state Director of Education of Jalisco in 1914 by president Francisco I. Madero. After Madero's assassination, he joined the Constitutionalist cause that sought to restore the rule of law. He traveled with the military forces of Julián Medina, a follower of Pancho Villa, where he served as a field doctor. His participation in the conflict gave him ample material to write Los de abajo (The Underdogs) (1915). He later was forced for a time to emigrate to El Paso, Texas when the counterrevolutionary forces of Victoriano Huerta were temporarily triumphant. It was there that he wrote Los de abajo, which was his first-hand description of combat during the Mexican revolution, based on his experiences in the field.It was first published as a serial in the newspaper "El Paso del Norte" from October 1915 to December 1915. The book did not receive general recognition until 1924, and it was hailed as a novel of the Revolution. Los de abajo (The Underdogs) depicts the futility of the Revolution, the opportunists in power, and the underprivileged majority of his country. He

masks: Azuela Azuela Azuela


texts:
 fought for a better Mexico, and he believed the Revolution corrected some injustices, but it has given rise to others equally deplorable. The Mexican Revolution’s Effect on <mask>’s Writing Career
Through studying the encyclopedic entries of Nicolás Kanellos, Brown Foundation Professor of Hispanic Studies teaching at the University of Houston, in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature discussing <mask>'s involvement in The Mexican Revolution, the strong influence and lasting impressions of the revolution on his writing career become evident. In his encyclopedia entry “<mask>, <mask> (1873-1952)”, Nicolás Kanellos underscores <mask>'s physical involvement in the war, and its influence on <mask>'s literary career. Kanellos begins by describing <mask> as, “one of Mexico’s greatest novelists and chroniclers of the Mexican Revolution” (Kanellos, 105).In describing <mask> as a “chronicler”, Kanellos immediately highlights one important feature of <mask> and his work, which is his tendency to record and portray history. In highlighting <mask>'s relationship between history and literature, Kanellos establishes the inseparability of political and global contexts within <mask>'s literary works; for example, <mask>'s novel “The Underdogs” recounts the events of The Mexican Revolution from the perspective of the rebel soldiers. Therefore, Kanellos emphasizes the existing relationship between history and its involvement in <mask>'s work. Kanellos then describes the reason as to why <mask>'s literary works are deeply infused with Mexican politics and history stating, “<mask>’s early career as a writer, in fact, was developed while participating in the Revolution first-hand as a physician in the army of Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa” (Kanellos, 105). The terms “first-hand” and “participating”

masks:
Mariano Azuela
Mariano Azuela
Azuela
Mariano
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela


texts:
 underscore <mask>'s physical involvement in the war. Kanellos’ use of the word “developed” then underscores the manner in which <mask>'s physical involvement paved the way for his writing to grow and mature as a result of his experiences participating in the Mexican Revolution. Kanellos stresses in his encyclopedic entry the persisting role of history and its portrayal in <mask>'s work, but he also emphasizes the manner in history, in particular the Mexican Revolution, essentially birthed <mask>'s writing career.In understanding the relationship between <mask>'s involvement in the Mexican Revolution and its effect on his writing career, the undertones of corruption and failed ideals in <mask>'s novels such as “The Underdogs” reveal a more personal perspective that highlights the contrasts between the reality of war and revolution in his novels. Cultural Identity in The Underdogs

In Margy McCrary's article, “The Aztec Connection: Exploring the Construction of <mask>'s Revolutionaries in The Underdogs”, she examines the description of Demetrio as a “full-blooded Aztec”. She argues he gains authority over the land, and constructs a cultural identity where he and Mexican peasants must establish in order to resist the Spanish conquerors. McCrary contends that the purpose of a revolution is to reject the identity of the colonizer, but in order to do this “some sort of unified identity is necessary for a group to revolt successfully” (McCrary 31). The pre-colonial Aztec is embodied by Demetrio Macías because he is connected to both his ancestors and the land. Demetrio is depicted as “riding proudly on his horse” with “pure-blooded Aztec cheeks”, however, Demetrio “seems devoid of any defined identity” because he never acknowledges a greater reasoning to his involvement in the revolution other

masks:
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Azuela
Mariano Azuela
Azuela
Azuela


texts:
 than either revenge or satisfaction in being the revolutionaries' leader (<mask> 72). This illuminates that <mask> may care about the revolution more than the characters do.McCrary further explains that on page seventy-two of the novel, Macias and his “men threw out their chests as if to breathe the widening horizon” and the “immensity of the sky” illustrating how Demetrio's freedom is connected to the earth itself and that Demetrio is a legitimate inhabitant of the land. Furthermore, the sense of freedom that Demetrio and the Mexican men feel on the land serves to “distance them from their oppressed identities as colonized beings” because they immediately forget their bleak lives as conquered peasants (36). By depicting Demetrio as a pure-blooded Aztec, <mask> reveals that he as an author is “displeased with the current, colonized identity of his people” and wishes to reconstruct a strong Mexican identity before it had “been influenced by the Spanish colonizers” (37). As a result, <mask> emphasizes the consequences of colonization because Demetrio is “so far separated from his own heritage and identity that he does not even recognize it consciously” (39). When Demetrio begins to forget his identity it results in “petty fighting, looting, and anarchy” (34). <mask> emphasizes Demetrio's heritage so that readers understand what is at stake if cultural identity is lost. Later life
In 1917 he moved to Mexico City where, for the rest of his life, he continued his writing, and worked as a doctor among the poor.In 1942 he received the Mexican National Prize for Literature. On April 8, 1943 he became a founding member of Mexico's National College, where he gave lectures on Mexican, French, and Spanish novelists, and on his own literary experiences. In 1949 he received the Mexican National Prize for

masks: Azuela Azuela Azuela Azuela Azuela


texts:
 Arts and Sciences. He died in Mexico City March 1, 1952 and was placed in a sepulchre of the Panteón Civil in the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres. 2015 Conference on <mask> and the Novel of the Mexican Revolution
On the anniversary year of his famous novel, The Underdogs, a conference was held in collaboration by the Chicano Studies departments of both California State University, Los Angeles and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). It was held on May 15–16 at California State University, Los Angeles and contained speakers who were scholars of either <mask> or the works of the Mexican Revolution. Partial list of works

Novels
María Luisa (1907).La rueda del aire (1908, The Air Wheel). Los fracasados (1908, The Losers). Los triunfadores (1909, The Winners). Mala yerba (1909, Bad Weed). Andrés Pérez, maderista (1911, Andrés Pérez, a Supporter of Madero). Sin Amor (1912, Without Love). Los de abajo (1915, The Underdogs) Partial Critical Edition.Los caciques (1917, The Bosses). Las moscas (1918, The Flies). Las tribulaciones de una familia decente (1918, The Tribulations of a Decent Family). El camarada Pantoja (1937, Comrade Pantoja)
San Gabriel De Valdivias: Comunidad Indegena (1938, San Gabriel de Valdivias: Indigenous Community). Regina Landa (1939). Niño (1939, Child)
Avanzada (1940, Advanced). La nueva burguesía (1941, The New Bourgeoisie).La marchanta (1944, The Merchantwoman). La mujer domada (1946, The Woman Shrew). Sendas perdidas (1949, Lost Roads). La maldición (1955, The Curse [posthumous]). Esa sangre (1956, That Blood [posthumous]). Fictionalized Biographies
Pedro Moreno (1935). Precursores (1935, Precursors).Novelettes
La malhora (1923, Evil Hour). El desquite (1925, The Revenge). La luciérnaga (1932, The Firefly). Essay Collections
Cien años de novela mexicana

masks:
Mariano Azuela
Mariano Azuela


texts:
 (1947, One Hundred Years of the Mexican Novel). Letters
Letters to Professor Pedro Manuel Gonzalez. Box 1, Folder 15., Manuel Pedro González Papers (Collection 1271). Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.Partial list of works translated into English
The Underdogs (1929). New York: Brentano's. Marcela: A Mexican Love Story (1932). Anita Brenner, Trans. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Incorporated. (A translation of Mala yerba)
Two Novels of Mexico: The Flies. The Bosses (1956).Lesley Byrd Simpson, Trans. Berkeley: University of California Press. The Underdogs (1963). Enrique Munguía, Trans. New York: New American Library. Two Novels of the Mexican Revolution (1963). Frances Kellam Hendricks and Beatrice Berler, Trans.San Antonio, Texas: Principia Press of Trinity University. (The Trials of a Respectable Family, and The Underdogs.) Three Novels (1979). Frances Kellam Hendricks and Beatrice Berler, Trans. San Antonio, Texas: Trinity University Press. (The Trials of a Respectable Family, The Underdogs, and The Firefly.) See also

Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco Madero
Chicana/o Studies
UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
The Underdogs

References

 This article partially draws on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, accessed 04:37, Nov 21, 2004 (UTC).That appears to have been drawn largely from his official biography at the Colegio Nacional, México. Re-accessed Sept 9, 2005. External links
 Website for 2015 Azuela Conference at CSULA

1873 births
1952 deaths
Writers from Jalisco
Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
19th-century Mexican writers
People of the Mexican Revolution
People from Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco
Mexican novelists
Male novelists
20th-century Mexican writers
20th-century Mexican male


texts:
<mask> (flourished 1142–1161) was an Anglo-Norman magnate during the reign of King Stephen of England (reigned 1135–1154) and King Henry II of England (reigned 1154–1189). Chesney was part of a large family; one of his brothers became Bishop of Lincoln and another Abbot of Evesham Abbey. Stephen may have named him Sheriff of Oxfordshire. Besides his administrative offices, Chesney controlled a number of royal castles, and served Stephen during some of the king's English military campaigns. Chesney's heir was his niece, Matilda, who married Henry fitzGerold. Background

Following King Henry I's death in 1135, the succession was disputed between the Henry's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, Theobald II, Count of Champagne—and Henry's surviving legitimate child Matilda, usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V. Matilda's brother, and King Henry's only legitimate son, <mask> died in 1120, leaving Matilda as Henry's only legitimate offspring. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to England, where her father married her to Geoffrey, Count of Anjou.All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare fealty to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry I died in 1135, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald acquiesced to his brother's usurpation. Matilda, though, was not reconciled to losing the throne, and secured the support of the Scottish king, David, who was her maternal uncle. In 1138 she also secured the support of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester the Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of Henry I. Most of the reign of King Stephen

masks:
William de Chesney
William


texts:
 was dominated by the efforts of Matilda and later her son, Henry of Anjou to oust Stephen from the throne. The height of the civil war was from 1142 to 1148, but it began in 1138 when Robert of Gloucester declared for Matilda, after previously supporting Stephen. Traditionally, historians have referred to the period of civil war as "The Anarchy", but recent scholarship has rejected the extreme view of the time period as lawless; most historians see the reign as disordered but not highly so, and Stephen as weak but not useless.Early life

Chesney was the son of <mask> <mask> and <mask> Langetot. The elder Chesney came from near Quesney-Guesnon in the Calvados region of Normandy, and held lands in England from Robert d'Oilly at the time of the Domesday Survey in 1087. Alice was the daughter of <mask> Langetot, who held lands of Walter Giffard at the time of Domesday. <mask>'s brother <mask> <mask> later became Bishop of Lincoln. His other siblings were Reginald, who later became abbot of Evesham Abbey, Hugh, Ralph, Hawise, Beatrice, Isabel, and Roger. Chesney was the uncle of Gilbert Foliot who became successively abbot of Gloucester Abbey, Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London. It is likely that it was one of <mask>'s sisters that married Gilbert's father, although there is no sure evidence of this.Chesney also mentioned as relatives the brothers <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask>, but the exact relationship is unknown. Chesney needs to be distinguished from another <mask> <mask>, who held the office of Sheriff of Norfolk between 1146 and 1153. Career

<mask> and his brother <mask> Chesney were leading supporters of King Stephen in 1141, and were both leaders in Stephen's army that gathered at Winchester. In 1143, <mask> <mask> was given control of the

masks:
Roger de
Chesney
Alice de
Ralph de
William
Robert de
Chesney
William
Alexander de
Chesney
Ralph de
Chesney
William de
Chesney
William
Roger de
William de
Chesney


texts: town and royal castle at Oxford. He also held the town and castle of Deddington, which he had acquired at least by 1157, and possibly earlier. Although he did not begin the fortifications at Deddington Castle, it is likely that he began the first stone defences at the site. Deddington was Chesney's most important holding in Oxfordshire, and the basis of his power in the county.Before he controlled Deddington, Chesney temporarily administered the lands of Robert d'Oilly, who had previously held Oxford Castle but had defected to the side of the Empress Matilda in 1141 and died a year later. D'Oilly's heir took refuge with Matilda when Stephen overran his lands two weeks after his father's death, leading to Chesney's control of the d'Oilly lands. Some historians have seen this holding of the lands as Stephen giving Chesney the d'Oilly barony, but the only evidence for this is that Chesney eventually owned a manor previously belonging to d'Oilly which does not necessarily mean that he received the whole barony. It is far more likely that Stephen gave Chesney parts of the lands of <mask> fitzOsbern, which had reverted to the king in 1075. Most of the known lands of fitzOsbern are known to have been owned by Chesney or by tenants who held the lands from him. Historians are divided in their views as to whether Chesney held the office of Sheriff of Oxfordshire. Whatever the exact office that Chesney held in Oxfordshire, the townsmen of Oxford referred to him as their "alderman" before such honorifics were in common use.In 1145, Chesney was forced to ask Stephen for help in fending off the approach of Philip, a younger son of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, who was threatening Chesney's control of Oxford. During the period 1142–1148 Chesney forced Gloucester Abbey,


texts:
 then under the abbacy of his nephew Gilbert Foliot, to pay him sums of money. Foliot, in one of his surviving letters, reprimanded his uncle for his behaviour, asking him "Which of God's poor around you have you not harmed?" In 1147, Chesney granted the island of Medley to Osney Abbey in the name of his father and brother Roger, as well as King Stephen, Queen Matilda and their son Eustace. After 1148, Chesney apparently began to hedge his bets as he appears in the company of Roger of Hereford, the Earl of Hereford, who was a firm supporter of Matilda's and her son Henry's cause. Chesney served again as the leader of Stephen's army at Wallingford Castle in 1153 and in August he was defeated by Henry of Anjou. The subsequent peace settlement, the Treaty of Wallingford, gave Henry the English throne after Stephen's death.A part of the treaty awarded control of Oxford Castle to <mask> Bussy. Although <mask> had lost control of the castle, none of his lands were confiscated. Early in 1154, Chesney was with Henry, as he was a witness on two charters of Henry's. After Henry's ascension to the throne, Chesney came to terms with the new king, and received confirmation of his lands from the king by 1157. He spent time in Normandy with Henry from 1159 through to 1161. He continued to receive favours from the king, such as exemption for payment of danegeld on his manor of Deddington in 1156. Chesney married <mask> Lucy, who was probably a relative of <mask> Lucy, another of Stephen's main supporters.He died sometime between 1172 and 1176. <mask>'s heir was his niece Matilda, whom King Henry II married to Henry fitzGerold, a royal chamberlain. Notes

Citations

References

12th-century English people
High Sheriffs of

masks:
Roger de
Chesney
Margaret de
Richard de
Chesney


texts:
<mask>va (; ; ; born 27 June 1983), better known as just Alsou, is an ethnically Tatar Russian singer and actress. She represented Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 in which she came second with the song Solo right after Denmark, giving her recognition across Europe. Alsou hosted the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 held in Moscow. Biography

Early life
Alsou was born in Bugulma, Tatar ASSR, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. Her father, Ralif Rafilovich Safin, who is of Bashkir descent, is a former LUKoil executive and a current member of the Federal Council, the upper chamber of the Russian parliament. He is also the owner of the FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi football team and was named the 100th richest citizen of Russia by Forbes magazine in 2004. Alsou's mother, Raziya Iskhakovna, is an architect of Volga Tatar descent.Alsou is a Muslim. She has an older half-brother called Ruslan (1973), an older brother called Marat (1977, not to be confused with tennis player Marat Safin), and a younger brother called Renard (1996). When Alsou was one-year-old, her family moved from Bugulma to Siberia. At age five, Alsou asked her parents for a piano. She was then allowed to attend a private music school. After living in Moscow due to her father's business, she then moved to New York City and later to the UK where she entered a private architecture college. While living in London, Alsou visited Russia often.In 1998, at the wedding of her brother Marat which was celebrated on the bank of the Moskva River, Alsou sat at the grand piano and sang I Will Always Love You. After this private performance her family began to persuade her to pursue a professional singing career. Later life
On 18 March 2006, Alsou married Yan Abramov, a millionaire, who comes from an ethnic Mountain


texts:
 Jewish family. Abramov allegedly proposed to her with a fireworks display. On 7 September 2006, Alsou gave birth to her first daughter, Safi'na, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. On 29 April 2008, Alsou gave birth to her second daughter, Mikella. On 10 August 2016, Alsou gave birth to her son, Rafael, at the Ihilov hospital in Tel-Aviv.Career

Beginning
At the age of 15 Alsou was introduced to music manager Valeriy Belotserkovskiy. She again performed "I Will Always Love You" and impressed the manager. He began work with Alsou the next day. Her debut Russian album was the self-titled Alsou (Russian: Алсу́) was released 16 September 1999. It was very successful in Russia and spawned 3 singles: "Zimniy Son" ("Winter Dream") "Vesna" ("Spring"), "Inogda" ("Sometimes"). After the huge success of Alsou's debut Russian album she was signed to Universal Music Russia and became its first domestic artist. By 2000 more than 700.000 legal copies of CD Alsou were sold in Russia.In 2000, Alsou recorded her first English language single "Solo" and was entered into the Eurovision Song Contest 2000, written by Andrew Lane and Brandon Barnes eventually finishing second overall. "Solo" went on to sell 100,000 copies and became the biggest selling single of all time in Russia, surpassed only by her next single, a duet with Enrique Iglesias entitled "You're My #1". `I really enjoyed performing with him in Kremlin and I hope our paths will cross again`. After her success in Eurovision 2000, Alsou began a large-scale tour of Russia. She celebrated her 17th birthday by performing in her native town of Bugulma, where 86,000 of the 120,000 population gathered in the main square to see her. Alsou performed "Solo" again at Congratulations, the 50th anniversary


texts:
 Eurovision concert in Copenhagen, Denmark, in October 2005. English career
During 2000–2001, Alsou began working on her debut English album also called Alsou, which was released in Russia on 28 June 2001.It was also released in (Germany), Norway, Poland, the Czech Republic and Malaysia. The lead single "Before You Love Me" was released in the UK on 30 April 2001, soon after charting at No. 1 on MTV Select and several TV appearances by Alsou. However, it only managed to chart at No. 27 in the UK Singles Chart. Later that year it was released in Germany and Australia. A follow-up single, "He Loves Me", was released only in (Germany) on 15 October 2001, with limited success.The album was cancelled in the UK, though released through 2001–2002 in several European countries and Malaysia. Between number albums
Alsou's debut Russian album was re-released twice – in 2001 and 2002, spawning two singles – "Osen" ("Autumn") and "Kogda Lubov Ko Mne Pridiot" ("When Love Comes To Me"). In the summer of 2002, Alsou began a tour of the former Soviet countries. Her new video for an up-and-coming single "Letyashaya Nad Oblakami" ("Flying Over The Clouds") was shown in Russian cinemas before the Russian romantic movie Atlantida. Alsou had recorded two songs for the movie. Trilogy and 19
In August 2002 more studio sessions began for a second Russian longplay. Alsou was also preparing for her concerts in Moscow at the same time.The "Trilogy" project was deemed by the local papers as one of the most "important social and cultural events". The uniqueness of the "Trilogy" idea was that no one singer in the world had ever given three completely different performances during a period of only 10 days. The first show was held in the "Rossiya" concert hall, where Alsou performed her old set


texts:
 entitled "Alsou And Her Authors", which had never been presented in Moscow before. The second show was an exclusive orchestral concert in Tchaikovsky Hall, where there are only 1,500 seats. The third show was a Europop show entitled "Solo". It was held in the Olympic Sport Complex and contained new Russian and English songs, with a fantasy-oriented set. After the third show, Alsou shot a video for the song "Vchera" ("Yesterday").On 23 January 2003, Alsou released her new Russian album entitled 19. The CD was received well by critics, and by April 2003 the sales had reached 500.000 copies. 19 spawned such singles as "Vsyo Ravno" ("Anyway"), "Vchera" ("Yesterday"), "Perviy Raz" ("The First Time"), "Mechty" ("Dreams") feat. Karl Frierson (mixed by Pit Baumgartner from De Phazz), "Letyashchaya Nad Oblakami" ("Flying Over The Clouds") and "Etkey" ("Father", a Tatarstan single). After success of 19, she was nominated for the First National Music Award, "Muz-TV". On 5 June 2003, after arriving in Moscow from working in foreign studios, Alsou unexpectedly found herself the winner of the "Best Female Artist" nomination. The voting was held all over Russia, and Alsou could not stop the tears of joy.To support the sales of album 19, Alsou gave successful performances in Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Israel and Kazakhstan. Second English album
For almost four years, Alsou worked on her second English album 'Inspired'. It was recorded in London and Los Angeles. The lead single, "Always on My Mind", was written by Alsou and Morten Schjolin. The video was filmed in May 2004 by well-known director Joseph Kahn. At the beginning of 2005, the single premiered on Capital FM and became the best news single of the week. However, despite the heavy UK promotion, a sexy video,


texts:
 touring as a support act with boyband Westlife, and performing in the London club G-A-Y, the commercial single was cancelled by Alsou's UK label Mercury Records, though physical copies were available for a short time.'Inspired' remains unreleased. <mask> is credited on most of the tracks recorded for Inspired. The album was produced by several of the industry's best producers including Rhett Lawrence and Bass Bros. Inspired features a cover version of Lionel Richie's "Hello". Another well-circulated track is the Nelly-featured "Wish I Didn't Know", though only a rough demo has leaked. The album is more guitar-flavored than Alsou's previous works. Originally it was intended to record the album with mostly ballads, but then the album's direction changed.At a meeting of the official Russian Alsou Fan Club in Moscow on 9 June 2013 the album 'Inspired' was given to the fan club members for free. The CDs were self-made by Alsou. It was the first time that the entire album came into the world. In 2006, Alsou recorded a wedding song, "Miracles", written by Alsou and her then-future husband Yan Abramov. It was released as a limited single for the guests of the wedding. The song is not part of the album 'Inspired'. The Main Thing and Tugan Tel
Alsou's third Russian album Samoe Glavnoe ("The Main Thing"), her first LP in 5 years, was released 31 March 2008 by Universal Music Russia.The singles from this album are "Nebo" ("Sky", released back in 2005), "Samoe Glavnoe" ("The Main Thing", 2006, the video was shot when she was pregnant though it is not visible), "A u moei ljubvi" ("And My Love Has...", 2007, shot in California desert and directed by Alan Calzatti). During 2008 Alsou recorded an album in Tatar language as well. Released in the fall and named Туган тел (Tugan Tel' |


texts:
 Mother's Tongue), the album includes several Tatar peoples' songs, others written specially for Alsou, some Tatar music instruments and a choir. All proceeds were given by Alsou and Universal Music for a sponsorship of talented orphans from Tatarstan. Non-musical work
In June 2004, Alsou performed in the British mystical thriller Spirit Trap with Billie Piper, Luke Mably, Emma Catherwood and Sam Troughton. The film premiered in August 2005. Alsou's self-written ballad "Teardrops" plays over the credits.The film got basically poor reviews and small returns at the box office, and it was soon released on DVD. A release of her second motion picture is awaited in 2008 – earlier in 2006 she starred in Russian historical drama "Vivat, Anna!" from a cycle of films about Russian monarchy. She also recorded a song for the movie, a melody from which serves as 1st track (Intro) of "Samoe Glavnoe". Plans
Alsou is currently selecting a single for her next Russian album of original songs she is working on. Currently she is also recording a double Russian album of lullabies and popular children songs. In the beginning of 2010, she started recording a jazz album with the help of George Benson.She has presented the final of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow. The hosts are normally required to translate monologue in French, to which she demonstrated quite fluently for the event. Six years later, she became one of the five jurors for Russian jury panel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015. Awards
Before Alsou turned 18, she had already achieved great success and was honored several times. The Honourable and The Peoples' Singer of Tatarstan Republic
 The Honourable citizen of Bugulma
 The Best selling Russian artist ("World Music Awards 2001")
 The Best Russian singer ("MTV Europe


texts:
 Music Awards 2001")
 The Best selling single of 2000 (National Russian "Record" award for "You're My #1")

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! colspan="3" style="background: cyan;" | World Music Awards
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Discography

Albums
All release dates are Russian unless noted otherwise
 Алсу (1999) – Her debut album in Russian, re-released in 2001 with the same title including two new songs
 Alsou (2001) – First album in English
 Мне приснилась осень (2002) – Second re-release of the debut album including five new songs
 19 (2003) – Second Russian album
 Самое главное (2008) – Third Russian album
 Родная речь. Туган тел (2008) – First album in Tatar
 Фея добрых снов (2011) – First album for children
 Inspired (2013) – Second English album, recorded in 2003–2005, only released during a fan club meeting as a free gift by Alsou
 Ты – это свет (2014) – Fourth Russian Album
 Письма, пришедшие с войны (2015) – Fifth Russian Album

English singles
 "Solo" (2000) – a European single released prior to Eurovision Song Contest
 "You're My #1" (2000, with Enrique Iglesias)
 "Before You Love Me" (2001) – the single peaked at No.27 in the UK Singles Chart and No. How High the Moon (2005, a guest appearance with Sting, Richie Sambora and Joss Stone, released worldwide on Les Paul's album American Made World Played). See also
 List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References

External links

 Official website

1983 births
Living people
People from Bugulma
Bashkir people
Volga Tatar people
Musicians from Tatarstan
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2000
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Russia
21st-century Russian singers
Russian pop singers
World Music Awards winners
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Russian Muslims
21st-century Russian women singers
English-language singers from Russia
Winners of the Golden


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<mask> (4 March 1760 – 5 March 1821) was a businessman and ship owner in the city of Stavanger in Norway. In 1790 he took control of the family business Jacob Kielland & Søn and soon became one of the wealthiest and most distinguished figures in the city. Around 1800, he commissioned the building of the large country house Ledaal, which would later become a royal residence in Stavanger. In 1815, he was elected to the Parliament of Norway, though was unable to assume office. His personal success also facilitated the rise to prominence of other members of the <mask> dynasty, who became influential in the commercial, cultural and public life of Stavanger and of Norway for more than a century. Career
<mask> was born in Stavanger as the only son of captain and businessman <mask> (1727–1788) and <mask> (1733–1784). He originally intended to be a teacher, and studied Classics for seven years with private tuition.In practice, due to his father's declining health and his being the only son, he took over his father's business. He acquired burghership in Stavanger in 1783, and after four years in his own trade company, he became a partner in his father's company in 1787. He also conducted several travels to the Nordic countries, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, in order to study trade and to build a business network. After the death of his father in 1788, he bought shares from his sisters. In 1790 he merged the trade company and his inherited properties, creating the company Jacob Kielland & Søn. The properties included a brickworks in Sandnes. The building of the country-house, Ledaal, was finished in 1803.As well as being a base for leisure and social gatherings, it also functioned as a small, private museum and library. Ledaal was acquired by Stavanger Museum in 1936, and opened as a royal residence in 1949. Jacob Kielland & Søn was also heavily involved in shipping. In 1801 the company owned one fregate, one barque, six brigs and one galeas. The company had benefitted from the French Revolutionary Wars, both from trade, since

masks:
Gabriel Schanche Kielland
Kielland
Gabriel Schanche Kielland
Jacob Jansen Kielland
Elisabeth Schanche


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 Denmark-Norway was neutral, and also because Kielland was engaged in insurance and, in this capacity, often made a good return when identifiable flotsam was auctioned. As the local vice consul for Great Britain from 1787, his intervention was able to secure respect for the neutrality of Denmark-Norway in 1793 and 1796 from British warships. He held several posts among the notable citizens of Stavanger: he became town lieutenant at a young age and, in 1784, was promoted to command the town vigilantes.In 1801, following the Battle of Copenhagen, the United Kingdom and Denmark-Norway became belligerents and it was the vigilantes of Stavanger who set up the city's coastal batteries. In the same year, failed crops led to lack of grain in Stavanger Amt. Jacob Kielland & Søn managed, for a good part, to uphold the grain supply. The same thing happened in 1807, when the Gunboat War broke out, an open war between the United Kingdom and Denmark-Norway. Kielland organized grain storage in an initial phase, although others took over. Kielland also contributed personally to funding the standing defence of Norway. The company experienced hardships during the war as many ships were taken by privateers, and trade became difficult.It survived the Gunboat War partly due to "pliable circumvention of taxes". In 1809, <mask>'s work during this very difficult time received recognition with the award of: Knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog. He resumed his role as British vice consul in 1816, but was now also consular agent for Prussia, from 1813, plus, from 1817, vice consul for the city-state of Hamburg. In 1815 he was elected to the Parliament of Norway, but illness prevented him from actually assuming office. When he died in March 1821, in Stavanger, he was one of the wealthiest people in the city. Family
In April 1783 he married Johanna Margaretha Bull (1758–1818), daughter of Jens Bull, himself a former son-in-law of Vincent Stoltenberg (1694–1763), ancestor of the Stoltenberg family. <mask> and <mask> had six children: four sons and two

masks:
Kielland
Gabriel
Johanna Kielland


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 daughters.The eldest son died young, as did the younger daughter, but the three sons who survived - Jens, Jacob and Jonas - all achieved success in their respective fields:
Jens <mask>: military officer
<mask> (1788-1863): successor as chairman of the family business
<mask> <mask> (1791-1852): politician

Following the death of his wife, <mask> also had a son with Inger Larsdatter Lura (1800-1874):
Søren Lura (1819-1866): a master cobbler at the age of 23. Through his second surviving son, <mask> (1788-1863), he became paterfamilias of two distinguished lines of descent. Confusingly, there is a Jacob Kielland in almost every generation of this families and sometimes within different branches of the same generation, so middle names are often used in reference, though even then many of the family names are still not unique. Children of Jens Zetlitz <mask> (1816-1881), grandson of <mask>land:
<mask> (1841-1915): priest and politician
<mask> (1843-1914): painter
<mask> (1849-1906): the famous De Fire Store writer
Tycho <mask> (1854-1904): jurist and journalist

In turn, <mask> (1841-1915) was both father and grandfather of prominent architects:
Jens <mask> (1866-1926): designer of several of the key buildings in Bergen
<mask> (1897-1972): his son, worked in Oslo. The daughters of <mask> (1788-1863) and Jens Zetlitz <mask> (1816-1881), provide the link to further prominent cousins, among whom the families:
Smith-Kielland
Sømme
Skavlan

Children of <mask> (1825-1889), naval officer and politician, grandson of Gabriel Kielland:
Axel Christian Zetlitz Kielland (1853-1924): Foreign Office mandarin
Christian Bendz Kielland (1858-1934): Home Office mandarin
Jonas Schanche Kielland (1863-1925): politician

Other distinguished people are likewise linked by marriage to this branch and members include:
Robert Kloster (1905-1979). References

1760 births
1821 deaths
People from Stavanger
Norwegian company founders
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Norwegian businesspeople in insurance
Norwegian people of the Napoleonic Wars
Knights of the Order

masks:
Bull Kielland
Jacob Kielland
Jonas Schanche
Kielland
Gabriel Kielland
Jacob Kielland
Kielland
Gabriel Kiel
Jacob Kielland
Kitty Kielland
Alexander Kielland
Kielland
Jacob Kielland
Kielland
Jacob Kielland
Jacob Kielland
Kielland
Jacob Kielland


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<mask> (February 20, 1897 – November 18, 1983) was an American painter, sculptor and print-maker most renowned for his self-portraits, character studies, and still lifes. Due to his technique and dark subject matter, he is often categorized among the Magic Realists and is sometimes referred to as the "master of the macabre". From a family of artists and artisans, <mask> emerged on the American art scene in the 1930s and established a reputation as one of the most enigmatic of the American Realists. He shocked, awed and upset the viewing public through his emphasis on the fragility of the body, flesh and the human condition with such works as The Lineman (1928), That Which I Should Have Done I Did Not Do (The Door) (1931), and The Picture of Dorian Gray (1943). His work to highlight the minute detail and texture of every surface often required him to spend years or decades on a single painting. While <mask>'s works can be found in museums throughout the United States, the most important repository of his works is at the Art Institute of Chicago. Life

Before the birth of <mask> and his identical twin brother <mask>, the <mask> family, formerly the "Albrecht" family, was already known for artwork and craftsmanship.<mask>'s paternal great-great grandfather Andreas Albrecht was a master gunsmith in Thuringia, Germany, a family trade passed down to <mask>'s grandfather Zachariah. Likewise, <mask>'s father Adam Emory <mask> was an Impressionist painter and student of Thomas Eakins who built his reputation on landscapes and idealized paintings of children. Youth and education (1897–1925)
<mask> and Malvin were born in 1897 near Chicago in North Harvey, Illinois, to Adam Emory <mask> and Clara Wilson <mask>. Through their youth

masks:
Ivan Le Lorraine Albright
Albright
Albright
Ivan Le Lorraine
Malvin Marr Albright
Albright
Ivan
Ivan
Ivan
Albright
Ivan
Albright
Albright


texts: and until the two were age eleven, their father would use the boys as models in his paintings. Adam likewise began to teach the two to draw at age eight: This included formal Eakins-esque drawing lessons and regular visits to the Art Institute of Chicago. Through their father, the boys were introduced to several prominent American Impressionists and Realists including Childe Hassam, Robert Henri, William Glackens, Maurice Prendergast, Edmund Tarbell and John Twachtman. As Michael Croydon, <mask>'s biographer, describes, these experiences laid the foundation for <mask> and his brother's later careers as painters.<mask>'s formal education and career prospects in his youth and early adulthood were relatively erratic. His family moved frequently due to his father's career and it wasn't until 1910 that they settled in Hubbard Woods where <mask> and Malvin could attend New Trier High School. By 1915 <mask> entered the College of Liberal Arts of Northwestern University, which he failed out of. In 1916 he began to study at the University of Illinois at Urbana, at the time considering careers in architecture or chemical engineering. It was not until 1918, after a family painting trip to Caracas, Venezuela, that <mask> began to take seriously the possibility of becoming an artist. That same year he publicly exhibited his first work – a watercolor study of the trees hear his home in Hubbard Woods entitled The Oaks in Winter – at the Art Institute of Chicago's Annual Watercolor exhibition. The entry of the United States into World War I likewise disrupted his early adult life as both he and his brother were both enlisted in the United States Army as part of the Medical Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces.While stationed in

masks: Ivan Ivan Ivan Ivan Ivan Ivan


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 Nantes, France between 1918 and 1919, <mask> produced at least eight sketchbooks of medical drawings illustrating surgeries and wounds in graphite and watercolor. While <mask> was not yet an accomplished draftsman, art historians and critics often cite these illustrations as the catalyst of <mask>'s interest in the fragility of the flesh and humanity for those suffering. After working in architecture and advertising briefly, in 1920 he and his brother both entered the Art Institute of Chicago. While Malvin studied sculpture, <mask> studied painting – each receiving standard, academic training in line with the Institute's traditional philosophy. He stayed there until he graduated in 1923, having exhibited The Philosopher (1922) and receiving Faculty Honorable Mention in both Life and Portrait Painting. Following his time at the Art Institute, he continued his studies at his father's alma mater the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts with the intention of learning from George Bellows. Bellows was, however, at the time on sabbatical in Europe and so <mask> instead chose to move to the National Academy of Design to study under Charles Webster Hawthorne.Having completed his formal education, in 1925 he and his brother Malvin rented a studio in Philadelphia and his professional career as an artist began. Early and mid-career (1925–1950)
Between 1925 and 1926, <mask>'s mature "baroque" formal style began to emerge, and in many cases the general public was not prepared for his "naked and uncompromising disclosure of the human condition." At the end of 1926, <mask> and his brother spent three months in southern California near San Diego. While there, <mask> produced several works that are representative of the maturity of his

masks: Albright Albright Albright Ivan Ivan Albright Albright Albright


texts: style, including I Walk To and Fro Through Civilization and I Talk As I Walk (Follow Me, The Monk) and I Drew a Picture in the Sand and the Water Washed It Away (The Theosophist). By 1927, he and Malvin returned to Illinois where their father Adam had repurposed an old Methodist church for use as the Albright Gallery of Painting and Sculpture. Due to the brothers’ proximity for the next two years, Malvin adopted the pseudonym Zsissly to avoid confusion with <mask>. It was during the years at this studio that <mask>'s style began to cause controversy: In May 1928 his painting The Lineman was used as the cover for the trade magazine Electric Light and Power.The magazine's readership thought the figure of the lineman was inaccurate and depressing; however, the painting was far more successful with art critics. Not long after, <mask> began working on paintings that emphasized the microscopic quality of surface as much as baroque form, beginning with Woman (1928). When Woman was displayed at the Toledo Museum of Art in the 17th Exhibition of Selected Paintings by Contemporary American Artists in 1929, the painting was met with protesters who first had the painting removed, followed by another group protesting the painting's removal. By 1931 and the Great Depression, <mask>'s career was becoming established and in July of that year he exhibited fourteen paintings at the Art Institute of Chicago alongside fellow artists George and Martin Baer. Following the completion of the monumental Into the World There Came a Soul Called Ida (1929–30), he began his decade-long obsession with his magnum-opus That Which I Should Have Done I Did Not Do (The Door) (1931). According to <mask>, the Depression didn't significantly affect his career

masks: Ivan Ivan Albright Albright Albright


texts: because people didn't buy his paintings "whether times were good or bad, [so] it didn’t make a bit of difference." Indeed, his father's success in art sales and real estate allowed <mask> to live comfortably through the 1930s.Nonetheless, as did many other artists of the period, <mask> participated in the Public Works of Art Project in Illinois. He was supposed to receive thirty-eight dollars per week in the program as a "class A" artist, but he maintained that he never received payment for his works. While in the project, <mask> completed two paintings: The Farmer's Kitchen (1933–34) and Self-Portrait (1934). The Farmer's Kitchen, now housed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, in particular suited the PWAP's expectations of images of hard-working Americans and is indeed thematically the closest of <mask>'s paintings to those of the popular Regionalists. The subject nonetheless allowed <mask> to display in the woman weariness and deterioration and thus to critique the positivist outlook of Regionalist artists like Grant Wood and Doris Lee. The 1940s brought a series of changes in <mask>'s life. His mother, Carla Wilson <mask>, died on May 8, 1939, and heartbroken, he, Malvin and Adam spent the next several summers painting in Maine.During this period, in 1941, <mask> completed work on The Door and began work on its de facto companion Poor Room – There Is No Time, No End, No Today, No Yesterday, No Tomorrow, Only the Forever and Forever and Forever Without End (The Window), which <mask> would continue to work on off-and-on for the next twenty-one years. Work on The Window experienced its first interruption when <mask> and Malvin were asked to paint for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer adaptation of The Picture of Dorian Gray,

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 directed by Albert Lewin. For his portrait, <mask> insisted on working under the same harsh lights as on the set, so to compensate he developed a new aggressive sensibility around color that would persist in his work into the 1970s. In 1946, <mask>'s personal life changed even more when on August 27, he married Josephine Medill Patterson Reeve, after which the couple briefly moved to Billings, Montana and then south to Ten Sleep, Wyoming before returning to Chicago. Upon the marriage, <mask> adopted Josephine's children and in 1947, the <mask>s had a son Adam Medill, and two years following in 1949 they had a daughter Blandina Van Etten. Late career (1950–1983)
The final interruption to <mask>'s work on The Window was the commission of the Portrait of Mary Block (1955–57), and indeed portraiture and self-portraiture dominates much of the output from the final part of <mask>'s career. Upon completing The Window in 1962, he immediately began work on a posthumous portrait of his father-in-law Captain Joseph Medill Patterson (1962–64), an officer during WWI and the founder of the New York Daily News.Likewise, while he and his family were vacationing in Aspen, Colorado in 1963, he executed the Aspen Self Portrait, objectively capturing the artist at age sixty-six.The decades of the 1950s and 1960s featured few large-scale works by <mask>, but did see him expand his horizons with travel. Between 1948 and 1964, <mask> produced a number of oils and gouaches with western themes. This was in part because, through Josephine and her sister Alicia Patterson Guggenheim, the artist acquired partial ownership of a ranch in Dubois, Wyoming. The ranch was a fitting setting for a series of Western-themed artworks including Roaring Fork,

masks: Albright Albright Albright Albright Albright Albright Albright Albright


texts: Wyoming (1948), The Purist (1949), The Wild Bunch (Hole in the Wall Gang) (1951), Tin (1952–54) and The Rustlers (1959, 1963–64). Likewise, upon Alicia's passing in 1963, <mask> and Josephine inherited her plantation in Georgia, just north of Jacksonville, prompting <mask> to take particular interest in the swamp as a subject. <mask>'s time in Georgia between 1963 and 1965 was in part, however, out of necessity as the city of Chicago decided to tear down his studio on Ogden Avenue to make way for a shopping mall. In addition, despite having been honored with a retrospective at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1964–65, <mask> felt ostracized by the artistic community of Chicago.Contemporary art was at the time dominated by Pop-Art and Minimalism, much unlike <mask>'s figurative style. In part to escape this "scene", <mask> and Josephine moved to Woodstock, Vermont in 1963, but were only able to begin living there full-time in 1965 when the property was fully renovated. It was there that <mask> completed what was arguably his last major work, If Life Were Life – There Would Be No Death (The Vermonter) (1966–77), using the model Kenneth Harper Atwood, a retired maple farmer and former member of the Vermont House of Representatives. While <mask> was seventy-five, the development of cataracts left <mask>'s eyesight increasingly deteriorating. Fortunately this was able to be reversed and in 1977 he had his first corneal transplant. That year, he gifted much of his work to the Art Institute of Chicago, and the following year his first biography by Michael Croydon was published. Despite the transplant giving <mask> a new sense of life, his health soon deteriorated.His last series of paintings

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 was a group of self-portraits executed between 1981 and 1983. The series was begun at the request of the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence for a self-portrait to add to their collection of self-portraits by great masters in honor of their 400th anniversary. While one of the paintings is now in the Uffizi, <mask> produced more than twenty-four in total in a variety of styles and media. The last of these he completed after a stroke and only a few days before he died on November 18, 1983. Style and works

 Artistic development

It was not until the 1930s that <mask> developed a consistent technique for his works. The technique included creating numerous detailed drawings, creating his own color palette and painting with hundreds of little brushes. <mask>'s time-consuming technique not only allowed for detailed depiction of the physical deterioration of objects and people, but enabled him to incorporate a multitude of slight shifts in point-of-view and highlight the relationships between the objects.<mask>’s combination of extreme realism with a violent and lurid color palette led art critics to categorize his work with the works of American Magic Realists. In the late 1950s and the 1960s he employed metalpoint for drawings. The Last of the Old WoodStock Inn was drawn in 1968, using silver-, platinum-, gold-, copper-, and brasspoint on VideoMedia paper. Themes through <mask>'s works include death, life, spiritual vs. physical, and the effects of time. The titles of his works were similarly complex. He would not name a painting until it was complete, at which time he would come up with several possibilities before deciding on one. For example, a painting of a window is titled Poor Room – There is No Time, No End, No Today, No

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 Yesterday, No Tomorrow, Only the Forever, and Forever and Forever Without End (The Window).The painting is generally referred to only by these last two words. Another painting, And Man Created God in His Own Image, had the words in the title reversed into God Created Man in His Own Image when it toured the Southern US to avoid controversy. Major works

 Into the World There Came a Soul Called Ida (1929–30)
This painting is a grotesque depiction of a woman who (based on the title) is named Ida. Within this painting there are several references to the idea that the human body is weak and that we are all trapped within our physical forms. There appears to be a conflict happening between the soul and the body. The figure is seated in a room that is cluttered and in a state of disrepair. She is looking into a hand mirror with a look of sadness on her face.One reading of this is that she is sad because of her age and lack of beauty. Some people believe she is an old actor or possibly a prostitute. Ida is akin to many of <mask>'s other works due to the dead and decaying look of the figure as well as the deeper (and often dark) meanings that are hidden within. That Which I Should Have Done I Did Not Do (The Door) (1931–1941)
One of his most famous paintings, titled That Which I Should Have Done I Did Not Do (The Door), took him ten years to complete and won top prize at three major exhibitions in New York City, Chicago, and Philadelphia in 1941. The prize at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York earned him a $3,500 purchase award towards the painting and its place in the permanent collection, but <mask> set the purchase price at $125,000. Instead he took First medal, allowing him to keep the work. This painting is

masks: Albright Albright


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 currently on view at the Art Institute of Chicago.The Picture of Dorian Gray (1943)

In 1943, <mask> was commissioned to create the titular painting for Albert Lewin's film adaptation of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. His naturalistic, exaggerated depictions of decay made him suited to create the image of the corrupted Dorian. His brother was originally chosen to do the beginning, uncorrupted painting of Gray. However, the painting used in the final film was from Henrique Medina. When changes to Medina's painting were needed to show Gray's fall, <mask> painted them. His painting of the corrupted Dorian Gray currently resides in the Art Institute of Chicago. Reputation and legacy
<mask>'s paintings can be found in some of the most prominent institutional collections in the United States, including the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the National Gallery of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.The largest and most important collection of <mask>'s artworks and archives is held at the Art Institute of Chicago, demonstrating his singular relationship with the institution. Between donations from the artist, his family and his patrons, the Institute now holds 137 paintings, drawings, prints and sculptures. In turn, the Institute works to promote his legacy through the publication of scholarly catalogues and exhibition of works. Major retrospectives of his work were held in 1964 and 1997. In addition, smaller exhibitions were held in 1978, 1984 and 2018.Sarah Kelly Oehler, “Introduction,” in
The Art Institute of Chicago's collection was the result of <mask>'s own savvy in cementing his reputation among high-level museums and


texts:
 collectors. During the 1940s and 1950s, <mask> repeatedly allowed prominent institutions to exchange works for superior examples: in 1947, the Institute exchanged Woman (1928) for Into the World There Came a Soul Called Ida (1929–30); and in 1956, along with financing from donors they traded Ida together with Heavy the Oar to Him Who Is Tired, Heavy the Coat, Heavy the Sea (1929) and Oh God, Herrings, Buoys, the Glittering Sea (1940) for <mask>'s masterpiece The Door (1931–1941). In 1977, <mask> gifted seventy-five of his personal collection to the museum, returning several works that had been traded before.Upon <mask>'s death, his widow Josephine Patterson <mask> donated an additional twenty self-portraits as well as a collection of archival materials, now held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The archive includes photographs, scrapbooks, sketches, notebooks, a film, and other materials documenting his life and career. References

 Bibliography

  Exhibition catalogue. Exhibition catalogue. Published following the exhibition Flesh: <mask> at the Art Institute of Chicago'', organized by and presented at the Art Institute of Chicago, May 4 – August 4, 2018. Exhibition catalogue. End notes

See Also

 Gertrude Abercrombie
Aaron Bohrod
Paul Cadmus
Jared French
William S. Schwartz
George Tooker
John Wilde

External links

 Oral history interview with <mask> <mask>, 5 February 1972.Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. —<mask>'s biographer. Irene Helen McCabe Cantine letters from <mask>, and related clippings, 1942–1983

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
1897 births
1983 deaths
American identical

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Ivan Albright
Ivan Le
Lorraine Albright
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 twins
Medill-Patterson family
New Trier High School alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
People from Woodstock, Vermont
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Twin people from the United States
Sibling artists
People from Harvey, Illinois
Federal Art Project artists
People from Warrenville, Illinois
Albright


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Captain <mask> (18 December 1888 – 19 December 1968) was an artist and First World War pilot. He is best known for his war art, especially his portraits of Allied Battle of Britain pilots. Family background
<mask> was born on 18 December 1888 in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, the second of five children. He attended Framlingham College 1902–07. His parents were Sir <mask> (14 January 1861 – 17 June 1929) and <mask> (née Archdale) (1862–1945) of Hopton House, Hopton, Norfolk]]. Sir Julian was the long-serving – from at least 1903 until 1914 – Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland (which became the Royal Automobile Club). In response to the Motor Car Act 1903 raising the speed limit to a mere 20 mph, in 1904 he went to the Isle of Man where, with permission of his cousin the Governor, he started the TT races.He was also an early member of the Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom, serving on its committees as early as 1909. This may have inspired his sons to join the Royal Flying Corps. The family had a strong military tradition going back several centuries. Orde's great-grandfather was Major-General <mask>. Military career

Orde served throughout the First World War, starting by becoming a second lieutenant in the Army Service Corps on 15 August 1914. He was a lieutenant when he qualified as a pilot for the Royal Flying Corps in a Maurice Farman biplane on 10 May 1916. Accordingly, on 10 June 1916 he was promoted from Flying Officer (Observer) to Flying Officer.On 1 August 1917 he was promoted to flight commander. Because he had served in the early part of the war, he was awarded the 1914 Star. He was a captain by time of his application for the medal in December 1917. His home address for delivery of the medal was given as Apsley House, Piccadilly – his father-in-law's house on Hyde Park Corner; Orde had married Lady Eileen Wellesley  daughter of Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington, in 1916. He was given the rank of temporary major

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Julian Walter Orde
Alice Georgiana Orde
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 on 16 August 1918. He relinquished his commission on 15 January 1919 on grounds of ill health, and retained the rank of captain. Both of <mask>'s brothers served in the war, and both died in a five-year period.His younger brother Herbert Walter <mask> joined the navy before the war. An episode of bravery aboard  in November 1914 saw him awarded the Distinguished Service Cross in April 1915. He died a month later when  was torpedoed off the Dardanelles. Their elder brother Michael Amyas <mask> – like <mask> a second lieutenant in the Army Service Corps – qualified as a pilot a few months before Orde, on 27 Oct 1915. He was shot down and listed as missing on 14 March 1916. He was taken prisoner and held until the end of the war. He died on 6 August 1920 in a flying accident on Salisbury Plain.He was 32. Artistic career
Throughout his life Orde strongly identified himself as an artist. In the early 1920s he had a painting studio in Paris. His entries in phone directories for forty years – from 1929 up to his death in 1968 – list him as him "<mask>, <mask>; Artist". In his book Pilots of Fighter Command: Sixty Four Portraits, <mask> wrote an essay explaining the circumstances of his portraits of World War II pilots. Having been hired to produce illustrations of bomber stations in the summer of 1940, Air Commodore Harald Peake from the Air Ministry saw some of <mask>'s drawings and was impressed by his portraiture. It was the height of the Battle of Britain and public attention was focused on the fighter pilots.Peake asked <mask> to make a large number of portraits of them, Orde enthusiastically agreed, and at the start of September set off to work. It is unclear how many portraits he drew in the year or so with RAF Fighter Command. Some sources say up to 300, though <mask> only lists 160 in his book Pilots of Fighter Command. What is clear is that he only drew a small fraction of "The Few". In no case did I choose the sitter myself. He was selected either

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Julian Orde
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texts: by Group Headquarters or by the station commander and, generally speaking, four or five in each squadron were chosen, the four or five who were considered the most valuable. So it was for them rather in the nature of a mention in dispatches, I merely being the scribe who wrote out the dispatch.Taking around two hours per picture, Orde drew men whose names have become familiar to those interested in the history of the Battle; Douglas Bader, Sailor Malan, Robert Stanford Tuck, Johnnie Johnson, Archie McKellar, John Freeborn. He usually created monochrome pictures of the men using charcoal and white chalk, though some colour portraits were painted, such as that of Bob Stanford Tuck and a second portrait of Sailor Malan. In drawing the cream of the pilots, names and uniforms soon became out of date as subjects were promoted and decorated. On finishing his drawing of Hugh Dundas, Orde joked, "I've left room for the DFC. The people I draw always seem to get it." Four days later Dundas did. The daily peril of these men's lives was apparent.<mask> states that some choices were killed before he had chance to draw them. Many did not live much longer after their portrait was done. John Drummond was drawn on 5 October 1940, shortly after landing from what turned out to be his final kill, and is pictured still in his aviator jacket instead of the uniformed outfit Orde commonly depicted. He died five days later. However, having flown in combat himself and lost both his brothers in military incidents twenty years earlier, the proximity of death will not have been new to Orde. Although all the pilots were lauded, <mask> was clear that there was an elite among them. Despite this, he was adamant that the airmen's extraordinary deeds were the doings of ordinary people.The drawings had already appeared in magazines even before the book was published, and have been continually reprinted in a wide variety of publications ever since. Orde remained a professional artist, and

masks: Orde Orde


texts:
 was still taking commissions for military portraits long after the war, such as one of Air Chief Marshal Sir James Robb in 1958. He was an inaugural painter-member of the Society of Aviation Artists, formed in 1955. In 1962 a book review in Flight magazine declared, "<mask>de...whom no-one has managed to convey more effectively the character and courage of RAF fighter pilots". His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Selection of World War II portraits

Family
Orde married Lady Eileen Wellesley (13 February 1887 – 31 October 1952), daughter of Arthur Wellesley, 4th Duke of Wellington, on 11 September 1916 at St Bartholomew-the-Great, Smithfield, London. <mask> died on 31 October 1952, aged 65.<mask> was remarried a year later, to Alexandra Dalziel. She died in London almost thirty years after her husband in May 1997, aged 89. They had two children. A daughter, Julian, was born on 31 December 1917. Julian had been a common name in the Orde family for generations, for both boys and girls. A second daughter, Jane, was born on 6 March 1921. The National Portrait Gallery has several photographs of Eileen and the children taken in May 1921.Julian became a poet, writer and actor. She married Ralph Abercrombie in London in 1949. She died in 1974, aged 56. Jane married David Macindoe (1 Sept 1917 – 3 March 1986), Vice-Provost of Eton College, in 1944. She died on 7 July 1995, aged 74. They had four children, Peter (who died in infancy), Sophia, Angus and Catriona. References

External links
Inventory of <mask>'s art held by the RAF Museum, including scans of many.1888 births
Royal Flying Corps officers
British World War I pilots
British war artists
20th-century English painters
English male painters
1968 deaths
People from Great Yarmouth
People educated at Framlingham College
World War I artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Army Service Corps

masks:
Cuthbert Or
Eileen Orde
Orde
Orde


texts:
<mask><mask><mask> FRCPsych (born 13 May 1963) is an English consultant psychiatrist, broadcaster and author of books about psychiatry. He is known for raising public awareness of psychiatric and mental health issues in the general media, has published five books and received numerous awards. In October 2008, Persaud resigned from his position as consultant psychiatrist at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, following a three-month suspension by the General Medical Council for dishonesty in plagiarising other sources in his book From the Edge of the Couch. Early life and academic career
Persaud is the son of Trinidad-born author <mask> and Professor <mask>. He was educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School and at University College London, where he read for his degrees in medicine and psychology, and wrote for the student newspaper Pi. In his first year at UCL he had to re-sit the examinations in anatomy, which he attributed later to availing himself too freely of the other educational opportunities there. He told the British Medical Journal that this left him "traumatised" and he compensated by virtually taking up residence in the college library, eventually achieving at least three degrees, four diplomas and a membership examination, including:

 BSc Degree in Psychology with First Class Honours, Department of Psychology, University College London (1984)
 MB BS Degree in Medicine, The School of Medicine, University College London (1985)
 DHMSA, Diploma in the History of Medicine, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (1988)
 Dip Phil (Diploma in Philosophy) Extra-Mural Department, Birkbeck College (1990)
 MRCPsych Membership of Royal College of Psychiatrists (1990)
 MPhil Master of Philosophy, Institute of Psychiatry (1992)
 Dip Hlth Econ, Diploma in Health Economics, Planning and Management, with Distinction, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1993)
 MSc Social Research Methods and Statistics, City University London (1995)

He was a psychiatric trainee at the Bethlem Royal Hospital and Maudsley Hospital in London, a research scholar and post-doctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins Hospital in the USA in

masks:
Rajendra '
Raj
' Persaud
Lakshmi Persaud
Bishnodat Persaud


texts:
 1990 and a research worker at the Institute of Neurology at UCL.In 2000 he was awarded a UCL Fellowship, and in 2005 he was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. He is also a Fellow of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. In 2002 he was voted one of the top ten psychiatrists in the UK by a survey of the Institute of Psychiatry and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, published in the Independent on Sunday newspaper. He is a Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University of London and has a Visiting Professor role at Gresham College for Public Understanding of Psychiatry. Plagiarism and suspension
In 2008, <mask> was suspended from practising psychiatry for three months by the General Medical Council, having admitted being guilty of nine cases of plagiarism. He subsequently left his consultant position with the South London and Maudsley NHS trust. His book From the Edge of the Couch contained material plagiarised from four academic articles written by nine authors.Four of his articles also contained plagiarised passages from an article and book by Thomas Blass, The Man Who Shocked the World. The case against him began after a complaint by the Church of Scientology. Media career
Persaud regularly appeared on radio and TV programmes, as either interviewee or presenter and was resident psychiatrist on the daytime television programme This Morning. In addition to writing regularly for The Daily Telegraph and The Independent, Persaud also had columns in the Times Educational Supplement, Cosmopolitan and Canary Wharf City Life magazine. He is a former presenter of the BBC Radio 4 psychology and psychiatry programme All in the Mind. He was a presenter for Travels of the Mind for BBC World Service. He is the joint editor of the Royal College of Psychiatrists "discover psychiatry podcasts".Persaud has appeared on talk shows such as Richard and Judy and Good Morning with Anne and Nick, promoting psychiatric treatments for mental health issues. With the general practitioner Mark Porter, he co-presented the live medical talk and phone-in TV programme Doctor, Doctor on Channel Five. Persaud's media work has earned him a


texts:
 mixed reception. Francis Wheen, then a Guardian columnist, wrote that he is "paid a lot of money for stating the obvious". In contrast, the comedian, GP and columnist Phil Hammond applauded Persaud for his populist appeal, saying Persaud is a "good media communicator" for the psychiatric industry, albeit lacking the sophistication of the late Anthony Clare. Persaud has worked in the NGO sector. He is a patron of OCD-UK, a British charity for people affected by Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).He also works with ActionAid and visited Bangladesh with the charity. Personal life
He lives in Central London and is married to Francesca Cordeiro, an eye surgeon of Goan descent who works at Moorfields Eye Hospital. They have a son and daughter. Awards
 John Jepson Prize, Special Commendation (1986)
 Osler Medal, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (1991)
 Denis Hill Prize, Bethlem Royal Hospital (1991)
 Young Scientist Award, Biennial International Schizophrenia Workshop, Badgastein, Austria (1992)
 Research Prize and Medal, Royal College of Psychiatrists (1993)
 Fellow of University College London (2000)
 Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2005)
 Morris Markowe Prize, Royal College of Psychiatrists (2005)
 Tony Thistlethwaite Award Commendation for Excellence, Medical Journalists' Association (2005)

Publications

 Staying Sane: How to Make your Mind Work for You. September 1997 (Metro). From the Edge of the Couch. March 2003 (Bantam Press).The Motivated Mind. March 2005 (Bantam Press). Simply Irresistible: The Psychology of Seduction – How to Catch and Keep Your Perfect Partner. January 2007 (Bantam Press). The Mind: A User's Guide. July 2007 (Bantam Press). References

External links

1963 births
Living people
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
Alumni of University of London Worldwide
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University College London
English psychiatrists
Medical journalists
People from Reading, Berkshire
English people of Indian descent
English people of Indo-Trinidadian descent
English Hindus
Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
People involved in plagiarism


texts:
<mask> (born 7 July 1962) is an Irish businessman and former reality television personality. He was a co-founder in 2000 of Smarthomes, which after initial success, failed in 2008–2010, and <mask> departed in 2010–11. He was a panellist on RTÉ's Dragons' Den from 2009–2011. <mask> was an active member of Fianna Fáil for 30 years, from 1981–2011, and sat on its National Executive twice (from 1985–87, and from 2009–11). He spent much of his career before Smarthomes working in Fianna Fáil, and in the Irish public service. <mask> ran as an independent candidate in the 2011 presidential election, finishing second to Michael D. Higgins. He ran again in the 2018 presidential election, finishing third.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Monaghan town, County Monaghan in July 1962. He was raised in a family of six in Ballyhaise, County Cavan. <mask> was effectively blind up until age 3 as a result of congenital cataracts. However, while corrective surgery improved his sight, <mask> describes himself as being "visually impaired". From September 1974 to June 1980, <mask> was educated at Saint Mary's National School in Glin and Saint Patrick's College in Cavan. Following his Leaving Certificate in June 1980, he attended Teagasc Agricultural College, in Ballyhaise, County Cavan where he received a National Certificate in Agriculture in June 1981. He said that he then worked on the college farm until a car accident in June 1983, which required a period of rehabilitation.In September 1985, <mask> went to Maynooth University where he earned a Diploma in Youth Work and Community Development in June 1987. During his tenure as Assistant CEO of the Louth Country Enterprise Board

masks:
Seán Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Seán
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher
Gallagher


texts:
 (1995–2000), <mask> studied for a Diploma in Management in the Dundalk Institute of Technology from 1997–1999, after which <mask> then completed an MBA in 2000, at the University of Ulster. Public service career
Much of <mask>'s early career from circa 1988 to June 2000, from when he was age 26 to when he was age 38, involved working with various Irish State bodies and departments. It is not clear whether these roles are full-time or part-time, and the non-public service activities he was engaged in (e.g. he is recorded as stating that he was a fitness instructor and massage therapist in the 1990s). From 1988 to 1990, <mask> said he worked as a Project Co-ordinator for the National Youth Council of Ireland and the Department of Health, and that he was the author of Drink Awareness for Young People, Ireland's first national alcohol education programme. From 1990 to 1993, <mask> worked as a full-time political advisor to then Fianna Fáil TD and Minister for Health Rory O'Hanlon.After O'Hanlon lost his cabinet minister position when Albert Reynolds came to power in Fianna Fáil in 1992, <mask> said that he was an Enterprise Officer for the Blanchardstown Area Development Partnership from 1993 to 1995. In May 1995, aged 32, <mask> moved to Blackrock in County Louth where he served as the Assistant CEO of the Louth County Enterprise Board. His role was to promote and support the development of micro businesses including the provision of financial support, training and mentoring. As part of this role,  he served as a Director of the Louth Tourism Company and Louth Leader Rural Development Agency. Business career

Smarthomes Limited (2000–2010)
In June 2000, <mask>, aged 38, left the Louth

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts: County Enterprise Board ("LCEB") to set up a company called Home Wiring Systems Limited ("HWSL") with electrical tool-maker, Derek Roddy. HWSL's plan was to provide the electrical systems modern homes needed (e.g. broadband systems, heating systems, alarm systems etc.), and HWSL would be, in effect, an electrical contractor. In 2001, HWSL got a start-up loan of €25,395 from the LCEB. In September 2002, <mask> and Roddy decided to re-brand HWSL and transferred HWSL into a new limited liability company, called Smarthomes Limited. Smarthomes won business awards, including the Deloitte "Fast 50 Award" in 2005, and <mask> was a finalist in the 2006 Ernst & Young "Entrepreneur of the Year". The company raised €750,000 in loans from Business Expansion Scheme ("BES") investors in 2005, and raised another €830,000 in grant-loans from Irish State agencies during 2004–2007. Smarthomes turnover grew from circa €1 million in 2004, to circa €7 million by 2006, when it made a peak pre-tax profit of circa €500,000, a 7% margin. In December 2006, the then Fianna Fáil Taoiseach Bertie Ahern opened their new offices, at which <mask> announced he planned to invest €10 million and create 100 jobs.However, in 2007, the business broke–even, and in 2008, the business lost €652,000, and it lost €540,000 in 2009. Despite the losses, filed accounts showed that <mask> and Roddy drew €542,500 from the company in 2008, and €316,000 in 2009. There were issues with the BES investors who had not realised that the company was paying rent and royalties to the Directors, however, by March 2010, they had converted their loans into equity in the company, and a new plan agreed, with the premises changed and patents

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts:
 returned from the Directors to the company. <mask> left Smarthomes in 2010 and sold his shares in 2011. Smarthomes returned to modest profitability in 2011–12, and while the company was still trading in 2017, the main focus of the Directors is their climote business. State Boards (2007–2012)
On 13 December 2007, Fianna Fáil Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment Mary Coughlan appointed him to the Board of InterTradeIreland, a North-South Irish trade body, until 2011. There was some controversy that his appointment came after the successful re-election of Fianna Fáil parliamentary party Chairman, Séamus Kirk, in the May 2007 general election, for whom <mask> was Director of Elections; and also that InterTradeIreland invested €41,970 into Smarthomes in 2007, and that <mask> had attended only 22 of the 36 Board meetings during his tenure.In January 2010, after <mask> was elected to the Fianna Fáil National Executive in 2009, Mary Coughlan appointed him to the Board of FÁS, until 2012. In June 2010, <mask> was also appointed by Fianna Fáil Minister for Transport, Noel Dempsey, to be Chair of the Drogheda Port Company, which he held until 2012. Irish Television (2009–2016)
In October 2008, <mask> was announced as an investor on the RTÉ One version of Dragons' Den. He continued as an investor in the 2009, 2010 and 2011 series. In August 2009, he took part in the Charity Lords of the Ring series, an amateur celebrity boxing reality television show, representing the National Council for the Blind of Ireland, and went on to win the show and earn €17,350 for his charity. In March 2016, <mask> appeared as a celebrity chef on TV3's cooking show, The Restaurant. General Consulting (since

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts:
 2009)
As Smarthomes was wound-down in 2009, <mask> began to concentrate on business consulting, motivational speaking and journalism, with resultant fees paid through his firm, Beech House Training and Consultants Limited ("BHTC").BHTC came under scrutiny during the 2011 Presidential campaign, and in October 2011, Professor of Management at UCD, Niamh Brennan, said that she had a "bad vibe", having read the BHTC accounts. The accounts also indicated that <mask> had funded at least one of his Dragons' Den investments through BHTC fees, and journalists questioned the level of <mask>'s net worth. In February 2018, Gareth Sheridan, the 28-year-old founder of vitamin patch start-up Nutribrand, appointed <mask> to its Board. In September 2018, it was reported that <mask> was one of two Directors of a regional industrial-office leasing company called Clyde Real Estate, and that his consulting company for motivational speaking was, Business Matters Limited. Political career

Fianna Fáil (1981–2011)
The Candidate Profile for Connacht/Ulster from the 9th Ógra Fianna Fáil youth conference in November 1984, lists <mask> <mask> age 22, and states that he joined Fianna Fáil in 1981, and by 1984 was Chair of Cavan Ógra Comhairle Dáilcheantair (constituency council). Various references are made to <mask> later becoming the national head of Ógra Fianna Fáil, and in a letter in 2009 to the Fianna Fáil party when seeking election to the Fianna Fáil National Executive, <mask> said: "I first served on the National Executive with Charlie Haughey from 1985 to 1987 when I was head of Ógra Fianna Fáil nationally". After leaving Ogra, <mask> said: "I later worked full time for the party in Fianna Fáil

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Seán Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts: headquarters, supporting members like yourself in raising much-needed funds for the work of the party."From 1990 to 1993, <mask> worked as a full-time political advisor to then Fianna Fáil TD and Minister for Health Rory O'Hanlon. O'Hanlon was part of Charles Haughey's cabinet, and lost his cabinet minister position when Albert Reynolds came to power in Fianna Fáil in 1992. In October 2011, <mask> said of his time with O'Hanlon: "I had a network of contacts built up within departments so good that other ministers would ring me to get things done. I just knew my way around the system". In October 2011, <mask> stated that he: "... did not have any connection with the party between 1993 [...] and 2007 when he acted as a campaign manager for Louth’s Séamus Kirk". In June 2006, <mask>, while still CEO of SmartHomes, became Director of Elections for Fianna Fáil Louth TD and parliamentary party Chairman, Séamus Kirk, whose seat was under threat from Sinn Féin. In the May 2007 general election, Kirk was successfully re-elected and topped the poll, even beating his fellow Fianna Fáil running mate, the then Minister for Justice, Dermot Ahern.In July 2008, <mask> hosted a €5,000 per-head fund-raising dinner for 40 people in the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Dundalk, County Louth for the new Taoiseach, Brian Cowen. The event became a source of controversy in the 2011 presidential election as to whether <mask> was specifically requesting, and collecting, cheques, or whether they were voluntary. In 2009, <mask> campaigned, and was successfully elected to the National Executive of Fianna Fáil representing the Louth branch. On 5 January 2011, he formally resigned from the National Executive. <mask> had


texts:
 also resigned from his local Louth Fianna Fáil Ravensdale Cummann in March 2010. 2011 presidential campaign

In May 2011, it was reported that <mask> would likely seek a nomination in the 2011 Irish presidential election. In June 2011, it was reported <mask> approached Fianna Fáil Oireachtas members to run as an Independent candidate, but with a "semi-detached" relationship to the party.In June 2011, he received the fourth and final required nomination, of a local council, and he handed in his nomination papers on 27 September 2011. <mask> was one of seven candidates, and launched his campaign at the Royal Hibernian Academy in Dublin on 2 October 2011. Throughout his campaign, <mask> adopted the use of social media as an alternative to posters. He had the highest number of followers of the candidates on Facebook, and the second highest on Twitter. On 25 September 2011, the first of six major RED C and MRBI opinion polls (see main Wikipedia article) in the campaign, ranked <mask> 2nd last at 11%. The first of eight television debates took place on 30 September 2011, and appearing on The Late Late Show alongside the other candidates, <mask> confirmed that he came from "the Fianna Fáil gene pool". The Irish Times described his performance as: "he struggled to give his idea play".On 6 October 2011, the second main opinion poll, from RED C, ranked <mask> 2nd, behind Higgins, at 20%. As <mask> rose in the polls in October, scrutiny came on his business dealings, and Fianna Fáil heritage (which were linked via State grants, and State Board appointments). Attention came to the €830,000 in State grants Smarthomes received, which exceeded to the total profits the company made for <mask>; and

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts: that his previous employer, the LCEB, had seed-funded his business with €25,395; and that <mask> had tried to avoid repaying this seed-funding. His appointment to three State Boards, some after being elected to the Fianna Fáil National Executive in 2009, were noted, however, <mask> responded that he donated some of the State Board fees to charity. After avoiding criticising Fianna Fáil, <mask> said: "the party had moved away from the grassroots". His post-Smarthomes dealings revealed inappropriate Director loans of €82,829, which had to be repaid. Journalists questioned whether he was a millionaire, and noted some Dragons' Den investments were paid via fees.After three further television debates on 4, 11 and 12 October 2011, a 16 October RED C poll, ranked <mask> 1st with 39% of the poll, with Higgins 2nd with 27%. After three television and radio debates on 18, 22 and 24 October, <mask> would maintain this rank, and increase polling to 40% by the final RED C poll on 22 October 2011, and the final MRBI poll on 23 October 2011. On Monday, 24 October, three days before the election, <mask> suffered a severe setback in the final debate on Pat Kenny's The Frontline, watched by an audience of 900,000. Martin McGuinness said that he had been contacted by an unnamed man (later verified as fuel-seller, Hugh Morgan), who would confirm that <mask> had collected a cheque for €5,000 after a 2008 Fianna Fáil fund-raiser, which <mask> had previously denied. Later in the show, Kenny, read out a tweet live on air, subsequently proven to be from an anonymous source, that the unnamed man would hold a press conference next day. McGuinness resumed his attack, and <mask>, acknowledging he knew the man,


texts: called him a "convicted criminal and fuel smuggler". <mask> then addressed the audience and, as the Irish Times would later chronicle: "he also made comments that had very unfortunate overtones for a man denying Fianna Fáil connections – including 'no recollection' and 'if he gave me an envelope'".On 25 October, Hugh Morgan made a statement claiming <mask> collected the cheque from him at Morgan Fuels in Armagh. <mask> denied this event occurred. Martin McGuinness said that he had "done a service" to the Irish people in bringing the affair to light. Further scrutiny came on the accounts of his consulting business, BHTC, from audience questions the previous night, and his Director's loan of €82,829 from BHTC. On 25 October, UCD Professor Niamh Brennan described the BHTC accounts to The Irish Times as having a "bad vibe". On 25 October, on Pat Kenny's radio show, <mask> questioned the motives of an audience member who asked about the €82,829 loan on The Frontline, however, a few minutes later, Glenna Lynch, a then-unknown housewife and mother of three with no political affiliations, called into the show to reveal herself as that audience member saying: "I think it's extraordinary that <mask> believes normal people, voters, don’t have the right to ask a question". On 27 October 2011, <mask> received 28.5% of first preference votes in the election, leaving him in second place behind Michael D. Higgins.On 30 October, The Guardian, chronicling the reasons for <mask>'s fall in support, reported that a final RTÉ poll showed that 28% of Irish voters changed their mind in the last week of the campaign, with 58% of those switching from <mask>. On 7 March 2012, the Irish Broadcasting Authority

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Seán Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts:
 of Ireland upheld <mask>'s complaint about unfair treatment regarding how RTÉ handled the unverified tweet on the final Pat Kenny debate. On 19 December 2017, it was reported that RTÉ agreed to pay <mask> a sum of €130,000 as part of a confidential legal settlement arising from the final Pat Kenny debate. 2018 presidential campaign

In August 2018, <mask> announced that he would seek a nomination to run for president again and contest the 2018 presidential election. On 10 September 2018, with the support of four county councils, <mask> became the second candidate in the 2018 election to secure a nomination, after the incumbent Michael D. Higgins (who has the right to nominate himself). On 16 September 2018, the second of 5 major opinion polls, ranked Gallgher a distant second place with 15%, compared to Higgins at 67%; which was to be the highest polling <mask> would reach in the campaign. On 23 September 2018, in an interview with the Irish Independent, when asked if he had campaigned on the social issues he had made part of his presidential platform, <mask> replied: "No, I didn't actively campaign....I can't campaign on every issue".When asked about what he would do with the €130,000 settlement he won from RTE (see above), he replied: "The money is there for my kids' education" (he has two children). <mask> raised the expenses of the office as an issue, and on 29 September 2018 told the Irish Independent that he would stay in Irish embassies when abroad rather than luxury hotels. On the first radio debate on 10 October 2018, <mask> said he was concerned at the "extravagance attached to the office", and that "We’ve heard stories of €3,000 a night hotels, the issue for us as


texts:
 taxpayers, we’re not in a position to see these figures". On 12 October 2018, <mask> called for a public audit of all presidential expenses, which the State rejected as already covered under existing transparency guidelines. On 12 October 2018, <mask> praised Higgins calling him an "inspiring politician", that the people of Ireland were tired of negative politics, and that <mask> wanted to "succeed Michael D, not replace". On 10 October 2018, the Irish Times when reviewing the candidates campaign videos, described <mask>'s video as an "electrifying exercise in grand patriotic baloney", and that it was "Fashioned lovingly from the finest garbage". On 15 October 2018, the Irish Times reported <mask> wrote to Higgins in the Aras regarding his inability to attend all televised debates calling Higgins "insulting to the people of Ireland and shows contempt for the integrity of our electoral process".The final major opinion poll before the election placed <mask> second, but his polling had fallen to 11%, with Higgins at 69%. On 26 October 2017, <mask> received 6.41% of the first preference vote, which ranked him in third place behind Peter Casey with 23.25%, and Michael D. Higgins with 55.81%. Personal life
<mask> married Irene McCausland in 1997, while he was working with the Louth Country Enterprise Board, and they divorced and annulled in 1999. In 2010, he married Patricia "Trish" O'Connor, a cosmetic company representative, from Kanturk, Co Cork. They used to live in Blackrock, County Louth, but now live in Delgany, County Wicklow, and have two children. <mask>'s profile in the Board report of the InterTradeIreland 2007 accounts, noted that <mask> was a 1st dan black-belt in both Judo

masks: Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher Gallagher


texts:
 and Karate. Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Fianna Fáil politicians
Reality show winners
Candidates for President of Ireland
Irish television personalities
Participants in Irish reality television series
People educated at St Patrick's College, Cavan
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni of Ulster University
People from County Cavan
Irish businesspeople
Alumni of Dundalk Institute of


texts:
Admiral Sir <mask>  (6 November 1796 – 23 June 1878) was a British Royal Navy officer, explorer of the Canadian Arctic, naturalist and artist. He was born in Stockport. Career
As a boy, he went to sea as a volunteer in the frigate  in 1808 and took part in the destruction of batteries on the Spanish coast. In the following year, he was involved in combat in the Bay of Biscay, until he was captured by the French. <mask> remained a prisoner at Verdun until the peace of early 1814; during this time he studied French and mathematics and practised his skills as an artist, which he later put to use in recording his travels through the Canadian Arctic. Following his release, <mask> served on  and  as a midshipman before volunteering to serve under John Franklin in his first expedition to the Arctic in 1818. <mask> also served under Franklin in his two overland expeditions to survey the northern coast of North America, first on the Coppermine expedition—when <mask> was responsible for all the surveying and chart making—and then the Mackenzie River expedition in 1824–1826, during which time he was promoted first to lieutenant and then to commander in 1825.Lacking appointment to a ship, <mask> was unemployed on the half-pay list, from 1827 to 1833. Back River Expedition
By 1832 nothing had been heard of the Arctic explorer John Ross since 1829, and plans were made to find him. <mask> proposed to take fur trade routes to the Great Slave Lake and follow the Great Fish River northeast to Ross's probable location. No white man had ever seen this river but it was known from Indian reports (it was later named the Back River). He left England in

masks:
George Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back


texts:
 February 1833, reached the Great Slave Lake in August where <mask> of the Hudson's Bay Company had built winter quarters at Fort Reliance at the eastern end of the lake. He located the river on 29 August and returned to the fort to winter. In March 1834 he received a packet of letters saying that Ross was back in England and telling him to explore the coast from Ross's King William Land to Franklin's Point Turnagain.This was the main unknown region, along with a few hundred miles eastward from Point Barrow and the area around King William Island which was completely misunderstood. He set out on 7 June 1834, passed Artillery Lake and Clinton-Colden Lake and reached the river on 28 June. He ran east down a river in the barren grounds with 83 rapids but only one portage. On 23 July he reached salt water at Chantrey Inlet. He explored the inlet, saw King William Island to the north and then unheroically but wisely turned back. He reached Fort Reliance on 27 September 1834 and England on 8 September 1835. The expedition's naturalist was Richard King, who contributed appendices on meteorology and botany to <mask>'s account of the expedition; he also wrote his own two-volume account of the expedition.Frozen Strait Expedition

In 1836, <mask> was promoted to captain by an Order in Council, a rare honour. The goal this time was the northern end of Hudson Bay at either Repulse Bay (now Naujaat) or Wager Inlet. From there he would drag boats overland to seawater and sail the unknown coast west to the Back River and Franklin's Point Turnagain. These were the two easternmost known points on the north coast west of Hudson Bay. The area

masks:
George McLeod
Back
Back