texts:
 Proof Set: Set of 9 coins in fitted case, 750 issued, comprising:
 200 rupees, gold, 27mm dia. ; (2,500 minted); Obverse: Elizabeth II; reverse design courting couple by <mask>. 10 rupees, silver, 35mm dia. ; Reverse design of a dodo by <mask>.1974 to 1975 World Wildlife Fund Silver Proof Coin Collection. In the early 1970s the WWF organised for each of twenty-four different countries to issue two proof silver crowns, each depicting some form of endangered species from their particular region of the planet. Mauritius issues the following two coins:
 50 rupees, silver, 42mm dia. Reverse Mauritius kestrel by C. <mask> (see below, originally this design was to be used on a 25 rupees coin). 1988, Mauritian Proof: 250 Rupees, gold. Obverse: The Rt. Hon.Jugnauth (designer unknown); reverse: Dodo design by C. <mask>. Malta (1972)
As a country under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, Malta decimalised its currency in the 1970s. In May 1972 a new set of Maltese coins was issued. The Malta pound, which was renamed Maltese lira (Lm) in 1983, was retained as the currency unit. The design rationale for the new coins was both to proclaim the country's independence and to feature the distinguished personalities, historical monuments and edifices, flora, fauna and folklore articles of Malta. These coins were designed by <mask>. Description
Eight coins were issued in the following denominations: 2 mils, 3 mils, 5 mils, 1 cent, 2 cents, 5

masks:
Christopher Ironside
Christopher Ironside
Ironside
Ironside
Christopher Ironside


type: original

texts:
 cents, 10 cents, 50 cents.The mils were in aluminium, the 1 cent in bronze, and the rest in cupro-nickel. These coins were struck as:
 2 mils in aluminium, 1g, 20,3mm dia., scalloped, 1972–1986 (100,000). Obverse design: Maltese cross (reference to the Knights of St John and the occupation of Malta). The Maltese cross is the national symbol of Malta and is displayed as part of the Maltese civil ensign. The obverse perimeter design of four fishes and the reverse design of plant leaves around edges with denomination in the centre standard to all coins. 3 mils in aluminium, 1,5g, 23mm dia., scalloped, 1972–1986 (71,000). Obverse design: Maltese bee wings outspread over a honeycomb.Historically the bee has long been the symbol of industry and hard work, while the honeycomb represents the manifestation of divine harmony in nature. 5 mils in aluminium, 2,1g, 26mm dia., scalloped, 1972–1986 (4,5M). Obverse design: figure of a water carrier. 1 cent in bronze, 7g, 26mm dia., round, 1972–1986 (10M). Obverse design: George cross. 2 cent in copper-nickel, 17mm dia. 1972–1986 (13M).Obverse design:  Knights Hospitaler wearing an elm. 5 cent in copper-nickel, 5,6g, 23mm dia., round, 1972–1981 (5M). Obverse design: temple altar found in the Mnajdra, a megalithic temple complex in Malta (UNESCO World Heritage Site). 10 cent in copper-nickel, 11g, 28,5mm dia., round, 1972–1981 (10M). Obverse design: Grand Master's barge. 50 cent in


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 copper-nickel, 13g, 32,9mm dia. 1972–1981 (10M).Obverse design: man with sword and shield flanked by two women. Kuwait (1976)

<mask> designed the obverse of a Kuwaiti coin commemorating the 15th anniversary of the National Day of the State of Kuwait, which remained uncirculated. It was struck as:

 2 Dinars in 50% silver and 50% nickel (although some descriptions state 99% silver), 28g, 38mm dia. 1976 ( 70,00 minted; uncirculated). Obverse carrying the profiles of Sheikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, who was the last Sheikh and first Emir of Kuwait and who witnessed the independence of Kuwait, and his half-brother Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah who succeeded him and was Emir at the time the coin was struck; reverse depicting the gate of the old wall of Kuwait City; a dhows, a traditional sailing boat used throughout the region; and, an oil derrick, the main source of wealth for the country. <mask> designed the obverse, while the reverse is not documented. Singapore (1985)
Singapore's second series of coins, designed by <mask> in about 1981, and put into circulation in 1985, were known as the Floral Series.The design brief was to highlight the botanical diversity of Singapore as part of a government effort to foster national pride and identity. The Vanda 'Miss Joaquim' orchid was chosen as the country's national flower in 1981. Description
 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent, 1 dollar denominations (design cir. 1980; circulation 1985 –

masks:
Ironside
Christopher Ironside
Ironside


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 current). The obverse design bears the Singapore Arms in the centre surrounded by the word "SINGAPORE" in the four official languages around the circumference of the coins. The year-date is below the Singapore Arms. These coins were struck as:
 1 cent in bronze, 2g, 18mm dia.1985–1990; copper-plated zinc 1992– current (636M). Stopped minting in 2002. Shows Singapore's national flower, Vanda Miss Joaquim. 5 cent in aluminium-bronze, 1,6g, 16mm dia. 1985– current (520M). Shows the fruit salad plant (Monstera deliciosa). 10 cent in copper-nickel, 2,8g, 19mm dia.1985– current (1,300M). Shows the star jasmine (Jasminum multiflorum). 20 cents in copper-nickel, 6g, 24mm dia. 1985– current (900M). Shows the powder-puff plant (Calliandra surinamensis). 50 cent in copper-nickel, 7g, 24mm dia. 2 Dec 1985– current (450M).Stopped minting 2007. Shows the yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica). 1 dollar in aluminium-bronze, 6g, 22mm dia. 28th Sept 1987– current (660M). Stopped minting 2006. Shows periwinkle (Lochnera rosea). There is a possibility that the original design work is stored in the National Archives,


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<mask> (October 29, 1914 – November 8, 1999) was born in Hendricks County, Indiana, and grew up in Indianapolis. She joined the Indiana Historical Society in 1937 and served as its director of publications and library, an editor of historical documents, and its first executive secretary until her retirement in 1984. In addition to her work at the IHS, Thornbrough was involved in historical editing projects for the Indiana Historical Bureau from 1947 to 1966 and spent twenty months in 1967–1968 as a manuscript specialist at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Thornbrough is best known for her contributions to editing historical documents. She is named as the editor of nearly twenty publications, the most notable include The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840, a Pulitzer Prize winner by R. Carlyle Buley; Journals of the General Assembly of Indiana Territory, 1805–1815; Indiana Election Returns, 1816–1851; three volumes in the governors of Indiana series (James B. Ray, Noah Noble, and Samuel Bigger); and The Diary of Calvin Fletcher, among others. The  Indiana Magazine of History's annual Thornbrough award and Indiana Association of Historians' annual fall lecture are named in honor of Thornbrough and her sister, Emma Lou. Early life and education
Born in Hendricks County, Indiana, on October 29, 1914, Gayle was the second child of Harry C<mask>, an engineer, and Bess Tyler, his wife. Gayle grew up in Indianapolis, where she graduated from Shortridge High School in 1932.She received an undergraduate degree from Butler University in 1937 and a master's degree from the University of Michigan in 1942. Thornbrough enjoyed the theater, music, and classical and modern literature. She also traveled extensively with her older sister, Emma Lou, who was an Indiana historian, author, and professor of history at Butler University. The sisters shared their childhood home throughout their lives.

masks:
Gayle Thornbrough
. Thornbrough


texts:
 Career
Thornbrough began her career as an editor in 1937, when she joined the Indiana Historical Society as its first full-time employee. Thornbrough became nationally recognized for her work in editing historical documents. She is listed as editor for nearly twenty publications, but also prepared more than fifty more for publication.Thornbrough was involved in historical editing projects for the Indiana Historical Bureau from 1947 to 1966 in addition to her work at the IHS. Early editing assignments for the IHS included Prehistory Research Series, "the earliest scholarly publication on Indiana archaeology," and as copyeditor for R. Carlyle Buley's book, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1950), a two-volume work that won a Pulitzer Prize. Thornbrough's editing projects, either alone or with fellow historian Dorothy Riker, resulted in the publication of several scholarly research tools that included Journals of the General Assembly of Indiana Territory, 1805–1815 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1950), Indiana Election Returns, 1816–1851 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1960), and three volumes in the governors of Indiana series (James B. Ray, Noah Noble, and Samuel Bigger). After Indiana archaeologist Glenn Albert Black died in 1964, leaving behind an uncompleted manuscript of his work at Angel Mounds, Thornbrough commissioned others to finish Angel Site: An Archaeological, Historical, and Ethnological Study (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1967) and edited the final manuscript to assure continuity of style. When the set of illustrations was stolen while they were in the printer's possession, Thornbrough secured replacements for 420 photographs and determined their placement in the book. Thornbrough left the IHS staff in 1967, when she went to work for the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. She spent twenty


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 months as a specialist in early U.S. history in its Manuscript Division. During Thornbrough's absence from Indianapolis, the IHS reorganized to establish a leadership role for her.She returned to Indiana in 1968 and began an eight-year tenure as the IHS's director of publications and library. One of <mask>'s major editing projects was leading a project team to publish The Diary of Calvin Fletcher (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1972–1983). Fletcher, a prominent Indianapolis resident, began his diary in 1820 and continued the effort with some periodic gaps for nearly twenty years. Reviewers commended the nine-volume work for its editing. <mask> was appointed the IHS's first executive secretary in 1976, following its reorganization as a separate entity from the Bureau, a state-supported historical agency. As an administrator and editor for the IHS, Thornbrough encouraged major historical research projects, funded a history of medicine position at Indiana University, released the album Indiana Ragtime (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1981), and supported the publication of the IHS's black history newsletter and its collection program in African American history. Thornbrough also encouraged efforts to microfilm Indiana newspapers.She retired from the IHS in September 1984. Death and legacy
<mask> died on November 8, 1999. A memorial tribute appearing in the Indiana Magazine of History in 2000 described her as "one of the most productive and influential historians in the history of the state." Honors and awards
<mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate from Indiana University in 1982. The Indiana Magazine of History'''s annual Thornbrough award, a tribute to <mask>, her sister, Emma Lou, and their contributions to the historical profession, recognizes the best article to appear in its pages. The Indiana Association of Historians' annual fall lecture was renamed to honor the

masks: Thornbrough Thornbrough Thornbrough Thornbrough Gayle


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<mask> (born 20 October 1983) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and is now a goalkeeping coach at Tottenham Hotspur. <mask> began his professional career at FC Utrecht in 2005, spending his first season on loan at FC Den Bosch. He transferred to Swansea City in 2011, playing three Premier League seasons and winning the League Cup in 2013. <mask> joined Tottenham Hotspur for £3.5 million in 2014, and announced his retirement in 2020. A full international for the Netherlands from 2008 to 2014, <mask> was included in their squads for two World Cups and UEFA Euro 2012, as back-up in all three tournaments. Club career

FC Utrecht
Born in IJsselstein to a Dutch mother and a Surinamese father, <mask> began his career at FC Utrecht. In order to gain more experience, he spent the 2005–06 season on loan to FC Den Bosch.He made his debut on 12 August 2005 against FC Emmen, the first of 35 appearances that season. In August 2006, <mask> made his debut for Utrecht against Willem II. Although he joined FC Utrecht as the third-choice goalkeeper, behind Franck Grandel and Joost Terol, his pre-season performances impressed manager Foeke Booy, and saw him promoted to first choice keeper at the start of the league season. During this first season <mask> played 33 out of 34 matches, and his position as number one at the club remained unchallenged thereafter. <mask> missed a handful matches during the 2007–08 season due to knee and shoulder injuries. He left Utrecht at the start of the 2011–12 season, having played 136 matches in the Eredivisie. Swansea City
In August 2011, <mask> joined Swansea City for a fee of around £1.5 million.He took the vacant number 1 shirt and made his debut for the

masks:
Michel Armand Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm
Vorm


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 club against Manchester City on 15 August 2011 in a 4–0 defeat. Although he conceded four goals, he also made eleven saves – more than any other Premier League goalkeeper, in a single match, in the whole of the 2011–12 season. In his second match for Swansea against Wigan Athletic, on 20 August, <mask> saved a 72nd-minute penalty from Ben Watson, to give Swansea their first ever point in the Premier League. On 6 November 2011, <mask> arguably saved Swansea from defeat against Liverpool and earned them the draw at Anfield by pulling off two outstanding saves to earn the clean sheet. On 10 December, he was instrumental in Swansea's 2–0 win over Fulham as he saved Clint Dempsey's 87th-minute penalty, with Swansea 1–0 up. During his first season with Swansea he helped keep 13 clean sheets in 37 league appearances. His performances were so impressive that he won three awards at the club's end-of-season dinner – Supporters' Player of the Year, Players' Player and the Away Player awards.On 27 September 2012, <mask> signed a new four-year contract with Swansea. On 28 October 2012, he was ruled out for up to eight weeks due to a groin injury picked up in a match against Manchester City. On 3 November 2013, in the South Wales derby against Cardiff City, <mask> was shown a straight red card by referee Mike Dean for a stoppage-time foul on Fraizer Campbell. The match ended 1–0 to Cardiff City. Tottenham Hotspur

On 23 July 2014, <mask> announced via Dutch radio that he would sign for Tottenham Hotspur to compete with Hugo Lloris. He signed on a four-year deal costing Spurs £3.5 million after three years at Swansea, joining on the same day as Swansea's Ben Davies made the same move and Gylfi Sigurðsson was exchanged as

masks: Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm


texts: part of the deal. The transfer was disputed by Utrecht, who complained to FIFA that they were contractually due 30% of the fee received by Swansea.FIFA rejected Utrecht's claim, and the case was heard in the Court of Arbitration for Sport in January 2016. He made his debut for Tottenham on 24 September, in the third round of the League Cup at home against Nottingham Forest. Despite conceding first to Jorge Grant, Tottenham won 3–1. <mask> featured again in the next round on 29 October, keeping his first clean sheet for the club as Tottenham defeated Brighton & Hove Albion 2–0. Eight days later he played his first UEFA Europa League match for Tottenham, a 2–1 win away to Asteras Tripoli. <mask>'s first league appearance for Tottenham came on 21 March 2015, after Lloris went off injured in the fourth minute of a home match against Leicester City. Tottenham won 4–3.On 5 April he made his first league start, a goalless draw against Burnley at Turf Moor. On 13 August 2016, <mask> made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season for Tottenham Hotspur in a 1–1 draw with Everton at Goodison Park, in which he replaced the injured Lloris after 35 minutes. <mask>'s contract was extended in 2018, however, in the 2018–19 season, he was replaced as the number two goalkeeper for Tottenham by Paulo Gazzaniga, having started in fewer games when Hugo Lloris was not available. After the 2018–19 season <mask> was released by Tottenham following the end of his contract with the club. Three months into the 2019–20 season, <mask> re-signed on a contract until the end of the season as cover for Gazzaniga who had stepped into the starting eleven to replace the injured Lloris. <mask> made his first appearance of the season in the FA

masks: Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm Vorm


texts:
 Cup match against Norwich City on 5 March 2020, which ended in a loss after a penalty shoot-out. On 27 July 2020, Tottenham confirmed that <mask> would be leaving the club following the end of the season.On 26 October 2020, <mask> announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 37.

International career
In 2006, he was a member of the Netherlands squad that won the UEFA U-21 Championship 2006 in Portugal. <mask> played his first match for the senior national team on 14 November 2008, replacing Henk Timmer at half time in a 3–1 home friendly win, conceding to Kim Källström within four minutes of coming on. He made his first start on 5 September 2009 in a friendly home match against Japan (3–0 win), followed up four days later by an impressive performance at Hampden Park during the World Cup qualifier Scotland – Netherlands, a match won 1–0 by the Netherlands. At Hampden Park, this was <mask>'s first competitive match ever outside the Netherlands. 2010 World Cup
<mask> was included in the preliminary squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. On 27 May 2010, Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk announced that the player would be part of the final squad of 23 participating in the FIFA World Cup. Before the start of the competition he was allowed to fly back to the Netherlands.During the World Cup, <mask>'s girlfriend Daisy delivered a son, Jaivy Waylon. The Dutch goalkeeper returned home for two days following his son's birth. Euro 2012
<mask> was included in the Netherlands squad for Euro 2012. Maarten Stekelenburg was Bert van Marwijk's first choice in goal, playing all three games as the nation exited in the group stage. 2014 World Cup
For the 2014 FIFA World Cup, coach Louis van


texts:
 Gaal included <mask> in the Netherlands squad, alongside young Ajax goalkeeper Jasper Cillessen who was first choice in goal and Tim Krul. Despite having a reputation for his penalty-saving abilities while at Swansea, Van Gaal opted to replace Cillessen with Krul in the penalty shootout during the quarter-final match against Costa Rica. <mask> came on for Cillessen in injury time of the 3–0 third place play-off win against Brazil in Brasília, thus ensuring that all 23 Dutch squad members played at the tournament.Coaching career
On 20 April 2021, following the sacking of José Mourinho and the appointment of Ryan Mason on an interim basis, <mask> was appointed interim goalkeeping coach at Tottenham Hotspur. Career statistics

Club

International
Source:

Honours
Swansea City
Football League Cup: 2012–13

Tottenham Hotspur
Football League Cup runner-up: 2014–15
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2018–19

Netherlands
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2010; third place: 2014

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
People from Nieuwegein
People from IJsselstein
Dutch people of Surinamese descent
Dutch footballers
Association football goalkeepers
FC Den Bosch players
FC Utrecht players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Premier League players
Netherlands under-21 international footballers
Netherlands international footballers
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Dutch expatriate footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Wales
Expatriate footballers in England
Association football goalkeeping coaches
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

masks: Vorm Vorm Vorm


texts:
Bernhard von Prittwitz (also  <mask> ,  Pret (t) ficz ; * around 1500 in Silesia; † 1561 in Trembowla ) was a Silesian officer in the service of the Polish Crown from the noble family those of Prittwitz. He was the squire and Starost of Ulanów (today Ulaniw), Bar (1540-1552) and Trembowla (1552-1561, today Terebovlia). Prittwitz was at that time Polish national hero and received after his military successes two honor names, which held themselves over generations: Bartłomiej Paprocki (1540-1614), the founder of the Polish heraldry, designated him in 1575 as "Terror Tartarorum", the "Terror of the Tartars" and "Krzysztof Warszewicki" ( Varsevitius , 1543-1603) called him 'Murus Podoliae' in 1598, the Wall of Podolia in order to successfully fight against the many raids of the Islamic Crimean Tatars and Nogai Tatars, those who settled in Budjak, Yedisan and Dobruja. Family
Prittwitz was the son of the landowner  Peter von Prittwitz , gentleman on the estates Gaffron, Rippin, Mangschütz and Kraschen (region Groß Wartenberg), Stronn (region Oels), as well as Haideberg and Myslniów (region Schildberg), and the  Ludmila of Stwolinsky . The Russian General of the Cavalry, Carl Baron von Prittwitz later said that he had repeatedly heard the rumor during his long stay in Poland, and especially in Warsaw, Bernhard's father Peter was already voivode of Podolia and had a love affair with Queen Bona Sforza, the wife of King Sigismund I of Poland. This should probably justify the personal benefits of Bernhard by Queen Bona (see below). But there were countless rumors about the foreign queen.Details about his first wife are unknown. From this marriage he had a son  Albert . In his second marriage in 1551 he was married to Barbara Zawadzka, also known as


texts:
 Branczlikowna, with whom he had son Jakob and a daughter. 'Jakob' 'later became Voivode. This 'Prittwitz' family living in Poland died out very soon. Life

Polish Captain (until 1540)

Prittwitz probably came from Silesia to Poland at a young age and entered the service of the Polish King Sigismund I, who before his accession Duke of Glogau and Opole, as well as royally- Bohemian governor of his elder brother, the King Vladislav of Bohemia and Hungary had been in Silesia. Both may have known each other from that time.Perhaps also because his father Peter had already been in Polish military service, since he owned two goods in Poland. In any case, son Bernhard is already mentioned in 1526 as a man at the Polish royal court. Later he also served as his successor Sigismund II of Poland. In 1537, Prittwitz is called a royal Captain and commander a flock of 120 horsemen. But probably since 1530 he provided his service in the border area to the "Tatar Empire". At that time, all the enemies of Christianity s and all non-Christian peoples of the Orient were called Tartars, predominantly the Turks. The city of Bar as well as the neighboring towns of Trembowla and Ulanów had been invaded by Tartars in earlier times.By 1538 Prittwitz must have already achieved first great merit in the fight against the Tartars and thus also the favor of Queen Bona Sforza, an Italian, because the Queen finally obtained the king, that contrary to the prevailing opinion of the "foreigner" Prittwitz im In 1538, the large estates around Koniacyn, in present-day Vinnytsia Oblast, were donated. But after all, Prittwitz's successes meant that he had to report in 1538/1539 even before the Polish Reichstag report. Also in 1539 Queen Bona provided for further benefits: It was


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 left to Prittwitz city and Scharawka Castle (55 km northwest of Bar) with all its goods for lifelong use, from 1550 as property. Starost of Ulanów, Bar and Trembowla (from 1540)
Finally, in 1540, Queen Bona entrusted him with the office of Starost of Bar, whose district belonged to her own. As a starost in the confines of Poland, <mask>'s main mission was to protect Podolia from Tatar expeditions that devastated the region every year. With the income of the starostie, he managed to maintain a regular troupe to defend the province against the Tatar attacks. The resources of the starostie being insufficient, it engaged many Cossacks who often paid themselves by plundering the lands of the sultan, sometimes supplying them weapons and clothes.The pay of a Cossack was in any case half as high as that of a horse archer. The other starosts of the confines Fyodor Sanguszko, starost of Bratslav and Vinnytsia on the Southern Bug, and Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, staroste of Kaniv and Cherkasy on the Dnieper did the same. At that time, only Polish noblemen were appointed to a "Starost" (Polish district administrator), which became - with the royal goods lying in this district - mostly hereditary - feud. Both in peace and in wartime, the Starost was the district captain, so in addition to his post as head of administration at the same time military Commander in Chief. So the appointment of a "foreigner" like Prittwitz to the Starost was an extraordinary honor. Prittwitz became "the man of providence for the Podolian lands" (source:  Pulaski ): The small fortress bar offered shelter and food for only 30 men. Therefore, Prittwitz gradually built up a new type of defense system.From Cheremissen and Cossacks he formed his own troop of about 300 men, which he


texts: housed in smaller, well-mounted groups in castle-like fortifications in villages in the area. In the border areas he also positioned spies. For the first time Prittwitz made it impossible for the Tartars to unexpectedly invade Polish settlements in the Bar district. Because of the new "warning system" it was now possible to concentrate the "flying border protection" within a very short time at the endangered spot. Also new was that the enemy was even attacked and persecuted until it was wiped out, trapped or killed. Prittwitz is said to have won more than 70 battles with the Tatars over the years. His defense system and his fighting technique were therefore taken over by all Cossacks.Thus, the Silesian Prittwitz became one of the first great Cossack leaders. Prittwitz became "the man of providence for the Podolian lands" (source:  Pulaski ): The small fortress bar offered shelter and food for only 30 men. Therefore, Prittwitz gradually built up a new type of defense system. From Cheremissen and Cossacks he formed his own troop of about 300 men, which he housed in smaller, well-mounted groups in castle-like fortifications in villages in the area. In the border areas he also positioned spies. For the first time Prittwitz made it impossible for the Tartars to unexpectedly invade Polish settlements in the Bar district. Because of the new "warning system" it was now possible to concentrate the "flying border protection" within a very short time at the endangered spot.Also new was that the enemy was even attacked and persecuted until it was wiped out, trapped or killed. Prittwitz is said to have won more than 70 battles with the Tatars over the years. His defense system and his fighting technique were therefore taken over by all Cossacks. Thus,


texts:
 the Silesian Prittwitz became one of the first great Cossack leaders. In March 1540, the Tatars had advanced to the city of Vinnytsia in northern Podolia. Prittwitz confronted them with a small group of Cossacks, drove them about 100 km to Ochakiv in the Jedisan, at that time one of the most important permanent places of the Ottoman Empire on the Black Sea, took away their rich prey and returned with Tatar women and children as prisoners. In 1541, Prittwitz invaded the Tartar territories again and pushed forward to Belgrad in the Budschak.In 1550, the Tartars, this time together with the Wallachians, re-entered the Polish Podolia and besieged the fortress bar, well equipped with weapons, with at least 56 large and 1,120 small barracks. Prittwitz resisted this time not only the siege and the attacks back, but brought the Tartars by their own breakout a great defeat. Later, when King Sigismund II August, out of political calculations, prohibited him from retaliating against the Tartars, Prittwitz instead provided better border and city fortifications within his area of responsibility. These safeguards were a prerequisite for the beginning of peaceful settlement. Thus, under the protection of the "glorious starost" Prittwitz, the entire region of Bar and Vinnytsia was populated, trade and agriculture began to flourish. During his tenure, not a single village in the Bar district has been cremated by Tatars. The fact is that many villages, towns and castles in Podolia have been rebuilt during this period.Silesian homeland
In all years Prittwitz has never stopped his contact with his Silesian homeland and his own family in Silesia. For example, B is B. Correspondence known with Duke Albrecht I of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1551/1552), the Grand Master


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 of the German Order or with the Brieger Duke George II (1554). Also, he had in his home the estate Stronn, which he shared in 1548 with his brother  Balthasar . Prittwitz had probably met Duke Albrecht of Prussia, whose mother Sophie was the sister of King Sigismund I, perhaps at the Polish court. Or as a young man he had already been in the Duke's service; After all, he was also known in Silesia as a reiter horseman leader. Prittwitz was very open to Protestantism - like the entire family, which became Protestant early on.Therefore, Prittwitz tried to promote 12,000 soldiers for Duke Albrecht in Poland in support of the Protestant struggle. "Terror Tartarorum"

Prittwitz's victorious battles against the Tatars, who after decades of suffering at the border finally made the population of Poland breathe a sigh of relief in the Tatar defense, had to attract a great deal of attention. He therefore enjoyed the greatest fame, greatest reverence and esteem even during his lifetime - especially among the Polish youth. For example, a grandson of Biecki, who served as King Sigismund I as a squire, explicitly asked for permission to learn equestrian service at Prittwitz. A legend also later reported: "Just as Osowski and Prittwitz told us that children who cried too much in the cradle were frightened by their names so that they would be silent." (Source: Johann Sinapius ). Prittwitz died in Trembowla in 1561.But even after his death, the enemies are said to have fled at the mere sight of Polish hosts - in the belief that the "Terror Tartarorum" still command them. Many years later, Ukrainian Cossacks are said to have sung the "Tartar Terror" in their war songs. A Polish chronicler reported back in 1726 that Prittwitz still stood in high esteem 170


texts:
 years after his death. And King John II Casimir Vasa is said to have set up a portrait of Prittwitz in his room. For his military achievements also speaks that only two years after Prittwitz 'death King Sigismund II in Poland a standing army erected to meet the renewed destruction in the border provinces by the Tartars, and long after his death the rhyme "Za Pana Pretfica wolna od Tatar granica" (At Prittwitz times the border was free of Tatars) was very popular in Poland. Prittwitz's gravestone once bore the inscription cited here in Latin:

  Wanderer, behold, how uncertain man's dwelling is;
  I came from Silesia;
  Podolia praises the deceased;
 'I taught the art of war to the army;' '
 "I have cut down Tartars, Turks and Wallachians;   therefore I was dear to the great king of the Sarmatians, Sigismund I.   I have received honorary testimonies and am celebrated in my mouth;   now I will be covered by this little mound,   abandoned by all;  "I have neither treasures, nor piety, nor my fate helped;
  not even my warfare took advantage of me;
  So if you are religious, I ask you not to forget the Prittwitz if you pass by here. Commemoration
 Street <mask>a Pretficza named after him in Wrocław.Street <mask>wicz named after him in Vinnytsia. See also
 Family of Prittwitz

References

Literature
 Hans-Georg von Prittwitz:  Bernhard Prittwitz from the House of Gaffron (Terror Tartarorum). Selbstverlag, Flensburg 1961. Robert von Prittwitz and Gaffron:  The v. Prittwitz'sche nobility sex. Publisher Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Wroclaw 1870, page 57f.Genealogical Handbook of the Nobility, Noble Houses A Volume VI, Volume 29 of the Complete Series, C. A. Strong Publisher, Limburg (Lahn) 1962, p. 310

16th-century births
1561 deaths
Polish military

masks:
Bernard
Bernard Pret


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<mask><mask> is an American journalist, author, and college professor. He was a senior editor at Forbes magazine's Midwest Bureau, a staff reporter at The Wall Street Journal, an investigative reporter in the Statehouse Bureau of  Cleveland's The Plain Dealer, and is the 2014 recipient of the Baldwin Fellowship at University of South Carolina where he is nearing completion of a PhD in Mass Communication (2017). Tatge taught journalism at DePauw University and Ohio University's E. W. Scripps School of Journalism and at University of South Carolina. He also worked as an adjunct professor at Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism, where he taught graduate journalism students about business, economics and finance. In 2010, Tatge published his first book, The New York Times Reader: Business and Economics. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago, the descendant of German and Irish immigrants who grew up on the north side of Chicago in the Portage Park neighborhood. Tatge attended Catholic schools, including St. Viator High School in suburban Arlington Heights, Ill.

Tatge graduated from high school and enrolled in Western Illinois University, studying social work.He planned to get a job after graduation working in the criminal justice system with juvenile delinquents. On the side, Tatge wrote for his school newspaper the Western Courier and WIU's Sports Information office. <mask> also freelanced for daily newspapers while at WIU, including the Galesburg Register Mail and Peoria Journal Star. Upon graduation, <mask> went to work running a small weekly and a small daily newspaper in Wisconsin. He moved up the Wisconsin State Journal in Madison, where he attended graduate school at the UW-Madison while working on the night copy desk. <mask> is a past Kiplinger Fellow in Public Affairs Reporting at Ohio State University where he completed his master's degree in journalism. The  fellowship was

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Mark W
. Tatge
Mark Tage
Tatge
Tatge
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 named after W.M.Kiplinger, W. M. Kiplinger editor and founder of the Kiplinger Letter. Kiplinger was one of OSU's first journalism graduates (1912) and he also founded Kiplinger's Personal Finance. Following in Kiplinger's footsteps, Tatge found that economics, not politics, was more fascinating. Upon graduation, Tatge embarked upon a career in business journalism. Tatge went on to complete his MBA at Ohio University. He holds a bachelor's degree from Western Illinois University. Tatge is chief executive of an editorial consulting/content management company, Deadline Reporter LLC.Work as an investigative reporter
<mask> has written about corporate misdeeds, starting with his coverage of the savings and loan scandal in Colorado Savings and loan crisis during the 1980s. <mask> chronicled how lax federal regulations allowed bank executives to speculate on land deals with depositors' money. The funny money deals sank Silverado Banking. The thrift collapsed in 1988, costing taxpayers $1.3 billion. <mask> spent eight years as the Cleveland Plain Dealer'''s statehouse investigative reporter uncovering corruption in state government. <mask>'s investigation into corruption at the Ohio Department of Insurance, entitled "Secrets of the Deal," was twice nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He was the lead writer on the magazine's Best Places for Business and contributed to Forbes 400 Richest Americans.Academic career
<mask> was awarded a visiting professorship at Ohio University endowed by the foundation established by the E.W. Scripps Co.. E.W. Scripps School of Journalism Director Thomas Hodson asked <mask> to join OU's faculty with the goal of developing a business writing program. Over the course of the next three quarters, <mask> wrote and received approval for a curriculum, put together a plan to raise money for an endowed chair in business journalism and he solicited donations on the school's behalf.

masks: Tatge Tatge Tatge Tatge Tatge Tatge Tatge


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 Additionally, he worked closely with faculty members to help re-write the school's curriculum, giving it a more digital focus as OU moves from quarters to semesters. The program Tatge initiated enrolled its first students in the winter of 2008-09. Students were given specialized training in
areas of accounting, finance, markets, the economy and trained how to use a Bloomberg Terminal.As part of plan <mask> devised
to help promote the program, he began appearing on the nationally televised Fox Business Network founded by OU alumnus Roger Ailes. Graduates of OU's business journalism program are now working as business journalists in New York City and Chicago. <mask> initiated a partnership with OU College of Business, where he taught courses jointly to students from both the College of Business and the College of Communication. business and communication. <mask> developed and taught courses in media management, magazine writing, business writing, online reporting, media literacy, media economics, information gathering and media law. In 2011, Tatge was named Eugene S. Pulliam Distinguished Visiting Professor of Journalism at DePauw University. Tatge advised media fellows at the Pulliam Center for Contemporary Media where students learn firsthand about journalism by working at DePauw's newspaper, radio and TV stations.Tatge also created a program in multimedia storytelling teaching students how to shoot, edit video and create websites. The Pulliam Visiting Professorship was created in 2000 with a gift from the family of Eugene S. Pulliam, a 1935 graduate of DePauw and former publisher of the Indianapolis Star and News, "to support and advance DePauw's strong tradition of graduating men and women who become highly successful and significant journalists." In 2014, Tatge was awarded the prestigious Baldwin Business and Financial Graduate Fellowship at the University of South Carolina. The fellowship is

masks: Tatge Tatge Tatge


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 funded by a $500,000 gift made by Kenneth W. Baldwin Jr., a 1949 USC journalism alumnus. Tatge is teaching, conducting research and developing financial literacy programming while pursuing a doctorate in mass communications. In 2016, Tatge was awarded USC's Graduate Teaching Award for "innovative and engaging approach to teaching business journalism." At USC, Tatge helped the school secure a $2.3 million chair in business journalism and he established a Baldwin lecture series bringing nationally acclaimed journalists such as New York Times Editor David Leonhardt and Center of Public Integrity Founder Charles Lewis to USC's campus.Most recently, in August 2016, <mask> and his co-author, Alex Luchsinger, won the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)  Graduate Student Interests Group's fifth annual Carson B Wagner Scholar-to-Scholar Award, for the presentation of their study, "Where Should We Eat? A Content Analysis Examining What Factors Yelp! Users Perceive Useful When Picking Restaurants" at this year's 99th convention in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tatge received a  plaque emboldened with the authors' name and the name of the study, as well as a check for $100. Books and media
<mask> is the author of The New York Times Reader: Business and Economics, He is also a contributing editor to: The Big Chill: Investigative Reporting in the Current Media Environment''. References

External links
<mask>ge Web site

Living people
American newspaper journalists
American investigative journalists
American editors
American male bloggers
American bloggers
1965 births
Ohio University faculty
Ohio State University School of Communication alumni
Ohio University alumni
Northwestern University staff
Western Illinois University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communication alumni
The Denver Post people
DePauw University faculty
21st-century American

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Tatge
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<mask>, KCB, CVO (9 May 1881 – 31 March 1938), known as <mask>  until 1923, served as Lloyd George's Principal Private Secretary (PPS) from 1912 to 1922 and was subsequently a director of both the Suez Canal Company and the Ford Motor Company Limited. Early life

<mask> was born in Wales in 1881. He was one of the five children of <mask>, a farmer from Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire, and he was a cousin of the Welsh Liberal MP <mask>. As a boy <mask> wrote poetry in Welsh and won prizes at eisteddfodau. He considered becoming a preacher, but decided on a career in teaching. After studying at Normal College, Bangor he moved to London where he taught for ten years while studying part time for a Bachelor of Science degree at London University. In July 1911 he was on the organising committee for the investiture of the Prince of Wales at Caernarvon, and it was there that he met Lloyd George, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, who offered him a job as one of his secretaries, which was accepted.Service with Lloyd George

When Lloyd George was appointed to the newly created post of Minister of Munitions  'JT', as he would become known in the political world, moved with him from The Treasury to the new Ministry in May 1915. JT accompanied Lloyd George on a visit to striking munitions workers in Glasgow in December 1915, noting that they were lucky to escape with their lives due to the anger of the shop stewards. In June 1916 JT moved to the War Ministry with Lloyd George when the latter was appointed Secretary of State for War, and in September of that year he accompanied Lloyd George on a tour of the Western Front, visiting Verdun, the Somme, and Ypres. When Lloyd George became Prime Minister and head of the coalition government in December 1916 JT moved with him to Number 10 Downing Street and served under him until his

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Sir John T Davies
J T Davies
John Thomas Davies
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Towyn Jones
John Thomas


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 resignation in October 1922. During his time at Number 10 JT made several trips abroad with Lloyd George. In November 1917 he attended the Rapallo Conference which had been convened to discuss how Britain and France could help the Italian forces. In May 1918 he became involved in the furore surrounding the Maurice Affair in which Lloyd George was accused of lying to the House of Commons about the number of troops on the Western Front.Lloyd George was exonerated when he was able to prove that the figures he provided had been given to him by General Maurice when the latter was Director of Military Operations. According to Frances Stevenson, who was Lloyd George's mistress and one of his secretaries, she and JT later came across an amendment to the figures and JT put the amendment on the fire, saying that no-one but he and Frances would ever know about it. When Lloyd George was away from London without JT they kept in touch by telephone, often speaking in Welsh so that any eavesdroppers would not be able to understand. From January to June 1919 JT was a member of Lloyd George's delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, and he also attended the follow-up San Remo Conference which took place in Italy in April 1920. In the late summer of 1921 JT was one of the party who accompanied Lloyd George to Gairloch in Scotland for meetings with representatives of de Valera concerning Irish Home Rule. When Lloyd George resigned as Prime Minister in October 1922 JT was made a Knight Commander of the Bath (KCB) and given a seat on the board of the Suez Canal Company. Several publishers invited him to write his memoirs of his time with Lloyd George, but he said that he didn't think that it was right to profit from his position.Company Directorships

Sir <mask>, as he then became known, served as a director of the Suez Canal Company


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 until his death in 1938. In June 1925 his suitability to be a director of the company was questioned in the House of Commons, as he had no business experience. Winston Churchill, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, explained that the three directors appointed by the British Government, of whom Sir <mask> was one, were chosen for their parliamentary and official knowledge, and that Britain's commercial interests were looked after by the non-official members of the board who were known as the London Committee. In 1937 Sir <mask> and the author Harry Greenwall were commissioned to write the official history of the Suez Canal, though the book remained unpublished at the time of Sir <mask>'s death as the Foreign Office did not want certain things which he had written to be made public. In December 1928 Sir <mask> became one of the four British Directors of the newly formed Ford Motor Company Limited. He was later also involved in Henry Ford's experiments with growing soya beans at the Fordson Estate in Essex. Sir <mask> and <mask> purchased a house in East Haddow, Essex to be near Sir <mask>'s work at the Fordson Estate.Sir <mask> was also a director of British Monomarks Limited, a company which provided identification marks for luggage and other items in case they were lost or stolen, and a director of West Coast Residential Estates Limited, a property company developing land in the Porthcawl area of Wales. Political Activity

After leaving the Civil Service Sir <mask> joined Lloyd George's Liberal Party. He became the senior trustee of Lloyd George's Political Fund, for which he also acted as both secretary and treasurer at different times. The Fund had been set up by Lloyd George using money given by wealthy Liberal donors, often in exchange for honours. After the 1923 General Election Sir <mask> represented Lloyd

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 George in negotiations with Asquith's Liberals concerning the reimbursement of election expenses out of the Fund. In November 1927 he was appointed secretary of the Fund, and as treasurer of the Fund in 1931 he was involved in organising the accommodation when Lloyd George's Liberals moved to new offices at Thames House. Sir <mask> was an active member of his local branch of the Liberal Party, the Hendon & Finchley Liberal Association, and hosted their summer garden parties in the grounds of his house.He was also  a member of the local branch of the League of Nations Union, which had been set up to promote international peace and influenced the foreign policy of the Liberal Party. Charity Work

Sir <mask> and <mask> did much charity work with Dame Henrietta Barnett and the Hampstead Garden Suburb Institute, which was at that time an Adult Education Centre. They held events for the Institute in the grounds of their home, and Sir <mask> was an active member of the institute's Council. Lady <mask> was involved with Dame Henrietta's work with the Children's Country Holiday Fund, which organised visits to the countryside for deprived children. Death

Sir <mask> died at his home The Meadow, Little Baddow, Essex on 31 March 1938. On hearing of his death Lloyd George said 'Sir <mask> was not only my private secretary through the most difficult years of my official life but he was always one of my closest friends. Of his work in Downing Street in the dark days of the War I cannot hope to use adequate terms.He was efficient, steadfast, and loyal in all things. I never found him wanting on a single occasion'. Personal life

In March 1913 Sir <mask> married Bessie Edwards from Handcross in Sussex. They had one daughter, Mary Gwenda. References

Ford Motor Company
Suez Canal
20th-century Welsh businesspeople
1881 births
1938

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<mask> (20 June 1869 – 27 November 1958) was a British painter and teacher who specialised in painting working horses. She is best known for the paintings of horses in military service she produced during World War One and for her illustrations to the 1915 edition of Anna Sewell's Black Beauty. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Bournemouth, the first child of solicitor Edwin Buckland Kemp-Welch. She showed an early excellence in art and exhibited for the first time when she was 14 years old. After attending a local art school, in 1891 she and her younger sister Edith moved to Bushey to study at Hubert von Herkomer’s art school. As one of Herkomer's best and most favoured students, she was able to set up her own studio, in an old former inn known as 'Kingsley'. In due course Kemp-Welch took over the running of the Herkomer School in 1905 and ran it until 1926, first as the Bushey School of Painting and then, after relocating it to her own home, as the Kemp-Welch School of Animal Painting.After 1928 the school was run by Kemp-Welch's former assistant Marguerite Frobisher as the Frobisher School of Art. While still a student Kemp-Welch had a painting, Gypsy Drovers taking Horses to a Fair shown at the Royal Academy in 1895. Kemp-Welch received further public recognition in 1897 when her painting Colt-Hunting in the New Forest was also shown at the Royal Academy. The painting was purchased by the Chantrey Bequest for 500 guineas, and is now in the British national collection at the Tate. In total, throughout her career Kemp-Welch had 61 paintings displayed at the Royal Academy. In 1902 Kemp-Welch was elected to the Royal Society of British

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Lucy Elizabeth Kemp Welch
Lucy Kemp Welch


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 Artists alongside Louise Jopling, becoming with her the first women to be admitted. In 1914 she became president of the Society of Animal Painters.In 1915 she provided illustrations to an edition of Anna Sewell's Black Beauty and used Robert Baden-Powell's horse Black Prince as a model. She had previously illustrated Round About, A Brighton Coach Office by M E King in 1896 and The Marking of Mathias in 1897. As well as pictures of horses, Kemp-Welch painted other animals, flowers and landscapes. She also painted at least two Boer War scenes, In Sight':Lord Dundonald's dash on Ladysmith, 1901, (Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter), and Sons of the City (private collection). Both of these featured horses in military action and led to several significant commissions for her during World War One. World War One

In December 1914, Kemp-Welch was engaged by the British Parliamentary Recruiting Committee to paint the artwork for the famous army recruitment poster, Forward! Forward to Victory Enlist Now which she signed, 'L.K.W 1914.'During World War One women were employed at Army Remount Depots in training and preparing horses for military service. Kemp-Welch was commissioned by the Women's Work Section of the Imperial War Museum to paint a scene at the largest such depot, one staffed entirely by women, at Russley Park in Wiltshire. The Museum authorities were unhappy with the painting, The Ladies Army Remount Depot, Russley Park, Wiltshire which Kemp-Welch first submitted but were aware of a larger and much better composition on the same subject that she had painted and intended to sell to a private client for £1,000. Kemp-Welch agreed that the second


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 painting, The Straw-Ride- Russley Park, Remount Dep't Wiltshire was the better of the two and agreed to sell it to the IWM to forefill her commission. However she was unable to agree a fee with the Women's Work Section and after protracted discussions, donated it free of charge to the Museum. In 1916 Kemp-Welch sought and was given permission to visit the Royal Field Artillery camp at Bulford on Salisbury Plain. The officer in command of the camp allowed Kemp-Welch to set up an easel while eight batteries of horse artillery were continually ridden towards her so she could sketch the horse teams in movement at close quarters.These sketches resulted in two large works, The Leaders of a Heavy Gun Team, now in the Royal Artillery Institution, and Forward the Horses. These paintings were shown at the Royal Academy in 1917 and Forward the Horses was purchased by the Chantrey Bequest for the Tate. Although popular images at the time, these painting are not without their critics as they provided a heroic view of warfare but one at odds with the reduced role of horse artillery in an increasingly mechanised conflict. As well as Bulford Camp, Kemp-Welch also made studies at several other Royal Artillery camps, notably several in Hampshire near Winchester. The resulting pictures included Big Guns to the Front, an image of shire horses pulling guns through a snowy landscape, which was shown to great acclaim at the Royal Academy in 1918 and was purchased for the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff in 1921. Later life
In 1924, for the Royal Exchange, Kemp-Welch designed and completed a large panel commemorating the work of women during World War One. From 1926


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 onwards she focussed on depicting scenes of gypsy and circus life and spent several summers following Sanger's Circus, recording the horses.Kemp-Welch resided in Bushey, Hertfordshire for most of her life, never marrying. A major collection of her works is held by Bushey Museum. They include very large paintings of wild ponies on Exmoor, galloping polo ponies, the last horse-launched lifeboat being pulled into a boiling sea, heavy working horses pulling felled timber and hard-working farm horses trudging home at the end of the day. The <mask>-Welch estate has been represented by Messum's Fine Art since 1975. Family
<mask>-Welch's younger sister Edith, who died in 1941, was also an artist as was her cousin Margaret Kemp-Welch (1874–1968). Edith Kemp-Welch, like her sister, also produced a poster for the British war effort. The poster featured an image of Britannia with the slogan "Remember Scarborough".<mask>'s live in companion, Marguerite Frobisher, was buried with her when she died in 1974. References

Further reading
 Harrington, P. (1993). British artists and war: The face of battle in paintings and prints 1700-1914. London: Greenhill. Messum, D. (1976). Life and Work of <mask>-Welch. London: Antique Collectors Club.Wortley, L. (1996). <mask>-Welch, 1869-1958: The Spirit of the Horse. London: Antique Collectors Club. External links

1869 births
1958 deaths
19th-century British women artists
19th-century English painters
19th-century English women
20th-century British women artists
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women
English women painters
Equine artists
People from Bournemouth
People from Bushey
Sibling artists
World

masks:
Lucy Kemp
Lucy Kemp
Lucy
Lucy Kemp
Lucy Kemp


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Hortense Eugénie Cécile Bonaparte (; , ; 10 April 1783 – 5 October 1837) was Queen consort of Holland. She was the stepdaughter of Emperor Napoléon I as the daughter of his first wife, <mask>s. Hortense later married Napoléon I’s brother, Louis Bonaparte, who had been made King of Holland, making her the sister-in-law to her step-father. She was the mother of Napoléon III, Emperor of the French; Louis II of Holland; and Napoléon Louis Charles Bonaparte who died at the age of four. She had also an illegitimate son, Charle, Duke of Morny, by her lover, the Comte <mask>lahaut. Early life

Hortense was born in Paris, France, on 10 April 1783, the daughter of Alexandre François Marie, Vicomte <mask>s and Joséphine <mask>rie. Her parents separated when she was five years old, and between the ages of five and ten she was sent to live in Martinique.Her father was executed on 23 July 1794, at the time of the French Revolution, a few days before the end of the Reign of Terror. Her mother was imprisoned in the Carmelites prison, from which she was released on 6 August 1794, thanks to the intervention of her best friend Thérèse Tallien. Two years later, her mother married Napoléon Bonaparte. Hortense was described as having been an amusing and pretty child with long, pale golden-blonde hair and blue eyes. She received her education at the school of Madame Jeanne Campan in St-Germain-en-Laye together with Napoléon's youngest sister Caroline Bonaparte, who later married Joachim Murat. She was sent to boarding school when her mother, Josephine, decided that she did not have enough time to raise children. There, she developed a love for fine art and music.Hortense was an accomplished amateur musical composer and supplied the army of her stepfather with rousing marches, including Partant pour la Syrie. She also enjoyed playing

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Joséphine de Beauharnai
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 games and particularly excelled at billiards. In 1802, at Napoléon's request, Hortense married his brother Louis Bonaparte. Hortense was reluctant to marry at first, but her mother persuaded her to accept for the political wellbeing/prosperity of the family. Queen of Holland

In 1806 Napoléon appointed his brother Louis as King of Holland, and Hortense accompanied her husband to The Hague. Hortense's negativity towards being appointed Queen of Holland was twofold. First, it was necessary for her to move there with Louis, with whom she did not get along, and second, she had to leave her life as a celebrated member of Parisian society.[3] She had hoped to be "a Queen of Holland in Paris", but Napoléon did not agree. She was eventually forced to depart with Louis to the Netherlands, where she arrived on 18 June 1806. Queen Hortense was pleasantly surprised when the Dutch public welcomed her warmly. She quickly became accustomed to life in the Netherlands and came to like the country. She attended official celebrations and ceremonies, visited the market-places where she made large purchases, and was much liked by the public, which annoyed her husband. She learned water-colour painting and made trips around the countryside. Nevertheless, she hated her stay there because of her relationship with King Louis.The couple lived in different parts of the palace and avoided each other at every opportunity, with Hortense describing herself as a prisoner. She also refused to give up her French citizenship and declare herself Dutch as Louis had done. In 1807 her first son died; she was subsequently allowed to stay in France, as the climate there was considered better for raising her other son Louis-Napoléon. She remained in France, again pleased by her status as a queen at the French court, until 1810, when Napoléon


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 remarried to Marie Louise of Austria. This forced Hortense return to the Netherlands and reconcile with her husband. When Napoleon married Marie Louise, Hortense returned temporarily to the Netherlands, but found that the Dutch did not welcome her. She considered this the end of her marriage, and left for France shortly before her husband abdicated the throne to their oldest living son, Napoleon-Louis Bonaparte, making him Louis II of Holland.Personal life

Hortense was now free to respond to the romantic overtures of the man whom she had long admired, Colonel Charles Joseph, Comte <mask>, a sophisticated, handsome man rumoured to be the illegitimate son of Talleyrand. They soon became lovers. In 1811, at an unspecified inn in Switzerland, close to Lake Geneva, Hortense secretly gave birth to a son by <mask>aut,
Charles Auguste Louis Joseph ( 21 October 1811 - 10 March 1865), created Duke of Morny by his half-brother, Napoléon III, in 1862. Only her brother Eugène, her closest companions, and <mask> Filleul <mask> (<mask> Flahaut's mother) were aware of her pregnancy and the subsequent birth. She had used poor health to explain her prolonged visit to Switzerland, the journey having been arranged by Adélaïde. Hortense cleverly disguised her pregnancy (she was, by then, in her sixth month) during the baptism of Napoléon's son, Napoléon II, when she was chosen to be one of the child's godmothers, an honour she shared with Madame Mère, mother of the Emperor. In 1814 Flahaut had an affair with the Comédie-Française actress <mask> Mars.When Hortense read the "passionate outpourings" of this actress in one of her letters to Charles his affair with Hortense was brought to an end. Although still deeply attached to Charles, and remaining in correspondence with him, she then made up her mind to release him. When, months

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 later, he had mentioned that he had met "a rich young woman who seemed to like him", Hortense begged him to forget the promises he had made to her. In October that year she went on a pilgrimage to the Benedictine shrine of Our Lady of the Hermits at Einsiedeln Abbey in the Swiss canton of Schwyz. After renouncing her claims on Charles, she presented a bouquet of diamond hydrangeas to the Virgin and a ring for the abbot, having been blessed, she wrote, with "so many consolations, such happiness at Einsiedeln not to wish that my memory remain there after I had left." Composer

Hortense <mask>s found love for music during her time in boarding school and there she became a self-acclaimed amateur composer (Beaucour, 2007). Though she did not have any known education in composition, it is said that she was a very talented singer and pianist.Fétis wrote about her in his article, Biographie Universelle des Musiciens, the following lines:
“<mask> was Queen Hortense’s singing-master when she was at Mad. Campan’s school; what her Majesty gained more especially from her lessons was a great capability of stint, she composed several pieces of this kind, among which is the one beginning with the words: ‘Partant pour la Syrie.’ This romance, which enjoyed a great vogue about 1810, again became popular in France after 1852.” While her step-father, Napoleon, ruled over France, she wrote marches and some of her songs were sung by the French Troops. Hortense was banished when Napoleon was defeated and there she wrote numerous pieces, mostly notably her 12 Romances she wrote for her brother Eugene. Although she was banished, Hortense’s home exemplified the spirit of French art culture. There she presented her arts for her many visitors. Famous artists of the time such as Franz Liszt, Alexandre Dumas, and Lord Byron came to visit

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 and listened to her piano performances. Hortense’s most famous composition ‘Partant pour la Syrie’ became the national hymn of France after her son Emperor Napoleon III instated it as such.(Last FM, 2010). French composer Camille Saint-Saens quotes “Partant pour la Syrie” in “Fossils” from his Carnival of the Animals. A collection of some of her writing, art, and compositions can be found in her “Livre d’art de la reine Hortense.”

Later years

At the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, Hortense received the protection of <mask> of Russia. At his instigation, she was granted the title of Duchess of Saint-Leu (duchesse de Saint-Leu) by King Louis XVIII on 30 May 1814. During the Hundred Days, however, Hortense supported her stepfather and brother-in-law Napoléon. This led to her banishment from France after his final defeat. During her banishment, Hortense began to focus on writing her memoirs, composing and publishing her musical works, as well as drawing and painting.Her home became a center for French art and culture. Established artists, composers, and writers were all fascinated by the banished queen in Switzerland. Despite her residence in Switzerland, Hortense remained involved in her sons’ lives. When one of her sons, Napoleon-Louis (Louis II of Holland) , died in the Italian revolt against Austrian rule, she helped the other, Charles-Louis Napoleon , escape to Paris. She traveled in Germany and Italy before purchasing the Château Arenenberg in the Swiss canton of Thurgau in 1817. She lived there until she died of cancer on 5 October 1837, at the age of fifty-four. She is buried next to her mother Joséphine in the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul church in Rueil-Malmaison.After her death, her remaining legitimate son Charles-Louis Napoleon returned to Paris where he became Emperor Napoleon III. With his newly instated


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 power, Napoleon III made one of his mother’s most popular compositions, “Partant pour la Syrie” a national hymn of France. A portrait of Hortense hangs at James Monroe’s Highland, the Virginia plantation home of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. It was one of three portraits given by Hortense to Monroe's daughter Eliza, who went to school with Hortense in France. (The other two portraits are of Hortense's brother <mask> Beauharnais and of Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, the headmistress of the school attended by Hortense and Eliza.) Eliza's daughter, Hortensia Monroe Hay, was named in honour of Hortense. Issue
With Louis Bonaparte she had three sons:
Napoléon Louis Charles Bonaparte (10 October 1802 - 5 May 1807) died at the age of four years old.Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (11 October 1804 - 17 March 1831) he married Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte on 23 July 1826. Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, later Napoleon III (20 April 1808- 9 January 1873) he married Eugénie <mask>x, Countess of Montijo on 29 January 1853. They had one son. With Charles Joseph, Comte <mask>, she had one son:
 Charles Auguste Louis Joseph (21 October 1811 - 10 March 1865), created Duke of Morny by his half-brother, Napoléon III, in 1862. See also
 Arenenberg

References

Further reading

 Scarisbrick, Diana (2019). <mask> Flahaut (1788–1867): A Scotswoman at the French Court. Cambridge

External links

Hortense - La Reine d'Hollande
Queen Hortense - A Life Picture of the Napoleonic Era - 1910 book by L. Mühlbach, as an eText from Project Gutenberg
 Spencer Napoleonica Collection at Newberry Library

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Beauharnais, Hortense <mask>, <mask> <mask>s
Beauharnais, Hortense <mask>s, Hortense <mask>s, Hortense <mask>-Leu, Duchess of, Hortense <mask>nais
Napoleon III
Parents of presidents of France
People of the Kingdom

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Eugène de
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<mask> (born Daisy Cartwright Risdon; 26 April 1887 – 20 December 1958) was an English film actress. She appeared in more than 140 films between 1913 and 1952. A beauty in her youth, she usually played in society parts. In later years in films she switched to playing character parts. Biography
Born in London, England, Risdon was the daughter of John Jenkins Risdon and Martha Harrop Risdon. She graduated from the Royal Academy of Arts in 1918 with high honours. She attracted the attention of George Bernard Shaw and was cast as the lead in his biggest plays.Besides her performances for Shaw, she was leading lady for actors including George Arliss, Otis Skinner, and William Faversham. She was also under contract to the Theatre Guild for many years. Risdon's film debut came in England, where she made 13 silent films. She came to the United States in 1912, and her first film with sound was Guard That Girl (1935). Her Broadway credits include Laburnum Grove (1935), Big Hearted Herbert (1934), Uncle Tom's Cabin (1933), For Services Rendered (1933), We Never Learn (1928), The Springboard (1927), Right You Are If You Think You Are (1927), The Silver Cord (1926), A Proud Woman (1926), Lovely Lady (1925), The Enchanted April (1925), Thrills (1925), Artistic Temperament (1924), Cock O' the Roost (1924), The Lady (1923), The Nightcap (1921), Heartbreak House (1920), Footloose (1920), Dear Brutus (1918), Humpty Dumpty (1918), Muggins (1918), Seven Days' Leave (1918), Misalliance (1917), The Morris Dance (1917), The Poetasters of Ispahan (1912),


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 Beauty and the Jacobin (1912), and Fanny's First Play (1912). In later years, she taught drama to patients at a veterans administration hospital near her Brentwood home. In 1916, she married silent film director George Loane Tucker, who died in 1921.In 1938, she married actor Brandon Evans, who died in April 1958. She was the great-aunt of actress Wendy Barrie-Wilson. <mask> died in December 1958 in St John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California, from a cerebral haemorrhage. Her body was donated to medical science. Herbillion
 Mountain Justice (1937) - Meg Harkins
 Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) - Cora Payne
 They Won't Forget (1937) - Mrs. Hale
 Dead End (1937) - Mrs. Connell
 Mannequin (1937) - Mrs.Cassidy
 Mad About Music (1938) - Annette Fusenot
 My Bill (1938) - Aunt Caroline
 Cowboy from Brooklyn (1938) - Mrs. Jordan
 The Affairs of Annabel (1938) - Mrs. Fletcher
 Girls on Probation (1938) - Kate Heath
 Tom Sawyer, Detective (1938) - Aunt Sally
 The Great Man Votes (1939) - Phoebe Ainslee
 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1939) - Widow Douglass
 The Man Who Dared (1939) - Jessie Carter
 Sorority House (1939) - Mrs. Scott
 The Girl from Mexico (1939) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 Five Came Back (1939) - Martha Spengler
 The Forgotten Woman (1939) - Margaret Burke
 Full Confession (1939) - Norah O'Keefe
 Disputed Passage (1939) - Mrs. Cunningham
 The Roaring Twenties (1939) - Mrs. Sherman
 Mexican Spitfire (1940) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940) - Jury Member
 Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) - Sarah Lincoln


texts:
 Honeymoon Deferred (1940) - Sarah Frome
 Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me (film) (1940) - Minerva
 Saturday's Children (1940) - Mrs. Halevy
 Sing, Dance, Plenty Hot (1940) - Agatha
 The Howards of Virginia (1940) - Aunt Clarissa
 Slightly Tempted (1940) - Ethelreda Knox
 Let's Make Music (1941) - Malvina Adams
 High Sierra (1941) - Ma
 Nice Girl? (1941) - Martha Peasley
 Mr. Dynamite (1941) - Achilles
 Footlight Fever (1941) - Aunt Hattie Drake
 The Mexican Spitfire's Baby (1941) - Aunt Della
 Paris Calling (1941) - Madame Jennetier
 Jail House Blues (1942) - Mrs. Alyosius McGonigle McGann
 The Man Who Returned to Life (1942) - Minerva Sunday
 The Lady Is Willing (1942) - Mrs. Cummings
 Mexican Spitfire at Sea (1942) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 Reap the Wild Wind (1942) - Mrs. Claiborne
 Are Husbands Necessary?(1942) - Mrs. Westwood
 I Live on Danger (1942) - Mrs. Morrell
 Mexican Spitfire Sees a Ghost (1942) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 Mexican Spitfire's Elephant (1942) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 Journey for Margaret (1942) - Mrs. Bailey
 Random Harvest (1942) - Mrs. Lloyd
 The Amazing Mrs. Holliday (1943) - Louise Holliday
 Mexican Spitfire's Blessed Event (1943) - Aunt Della Lindsay
 Never a Dull Moment (1943) - Mrs. Schuyler Manning III
 Higher and Higher (1943) - Mrs. Georgia Keating
 Weird Woman (1944) - Grace Gunnison
 The Canterville Ghost (1944) - Mrs. Polverdine
 In the Meantime, Darling (1944) - Mrs. Helen Corkery
 Tall in the Saddle (1944) - Miss Elizabeth Martin
 Blonde Fever (1944) - Mrs. Talford
 Grissly's Millions (1945) - Leona Palmor


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 A Song for Miss Julie (1945) - Mrs. Ambrose Charteris
 The Unseen (1945) - Mrs. Norris
 Mama Loves Papa (1945) - Jessie Todd
 The Fighting Guardsman (1946) - Mme. de Montrevel (uncredited)
 They Made Me a Killer (1946) - 'Ma' Conley
 The Walls Came Tumbling Down (1946) - Catherine Walsh
 Lover Come Back (1946) - 'Ma' Williams
 Roll on Texas Moon (1946) - Cactus Kate Taylor
 The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947) - Mrs. Prichard
 The Egg and I (1947) - Betty's Mother
 The Romance of Rosy Ridge (1947) - Emily Baggett
 Life with Father (1947) - Mrs. Whitehead
 Mourning Becomes Electra (1947) - Mrs. Hills
 High Wall (1947) - Mrs. Kenet
 The Bride Goes Wild (1948) - Mrs. Carruthers
 Bodyguard (1948) - Gene Dysen
 Sealed Verdict (1948) - Mrs. Hockland
 Every Girl Should Be Married (1948) - Mary Nolan
 Down Dakota Way (1949) - Dolly Paxton
 Guilty of Treason (1950) - Mother Mindszenty
 The Secret Fury (1950) - Dr. Twining
 Sierra (1950) - Aunt Susan
 Hills of Oklahoma (1950) - Kate Carney
 Bunco Squad (1950) - Jessica Royce
 The Milkman (1950) - Mrs. Laura Carter
 My True Story (1951) - Mme. Rousseau
 In Old Amarillo (1951) - Granny Adams
 Bannerline (1951) - Mrs. Margaret Trimble
 It's a Big Country (1951) - Diner on Train (uncredited)
 Scaramouche (1952) - Isabelle de Valmorin

References

External links

1887 births
1958 deaths
Actresses from London
20th-century English actresses
English film actresses
English silent film actresses
English stage actresses
British expatriate actresses in the United States
Deaths by intracerebral


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<mask> (born <mask>; born 11 September 1937) is a member of the Belgian royal family, who was Queen of the Belgians from 1993 to 2013, as the wife of the King Albert II. Early life and family background
<mask> was born in Forte dei Marmi, Tuscany, Italy, the seventh and youngest child of Fulco, Prince Ruffo di Calabria, 6th Duke of Guardia Lombarda  (1884–1946), who was a World War I Italian flying ace. Her mother was Donna Luisa Gazelli dei Conti di Rossana e di Sebastiano (1896–1989), a matrilineal descendant of the Marquis de Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution. She is of Italian and French ancestry and was hailed as one of the leading beauties of Europe in her youth. Queen <mask> is fluent in Italian, French, German and English. Less fluent, and the cause of occasional criticism, is her Dutch, the mother tongue of nearly 60 percent of Belgians. Marriage and family

In 1958, the Prince of Liège went to the Vatican to witness the coronation of Pope John XXIII.At a reception at the Belgian embassy, the Prince met Italian <mask> Ruffo di Calabria. "We were both shy, so we only talked a little. ", <mask> said later about their first meeting. Prince Albert later proposed marriage to <mask> and she accepted. Their engagement was announced at the Chateau of Laeken in 1959. The couple married at St. Goedele Cathedral in Brussels on 2 July 1959. They have three children together: Philippe of Belgium (b.15 April 1960), Princess Astrid of Belgium, and Prince Laurent. Health
In 2015, the court announced Queen <mask> was taking "a period of total rest"  following doctors' orders. They also announced that she had to cancel a planned visit to the Biennale in Venice. Further communications were kept private. The Queen sent a message to Grosio,

masks: Paola Marghta Maria Antonia Conglia Ruffo di Calria


texts:
 where she was expected to visit the residence of her aunt the Marchioness Margherita Pallavicini Mossi. Newspapers believed that the Queen suffered from a stroke during the holiday. The palace later announced she was being treated for a cardiac arrhythmia.Activities

Apart from her activities in the company of King Albert II, Queen <mask> devotes her time to social issues mainly in the social and cultural sphere. The Queen has demonstrated interest in the contemporary Belgian arts, visiting Venetian Biennale several times. She has acquired works of Jan Fabre, Michael Borremans and others for the Royal collection. The Queen has often met with such artists as Luc Tuymans and Dirk Braeckman. The Queen takes a keen interest in the protection and preservation of Belgium's heritage. She makes numerous visits to cultural sites, from Beguine convents to early 19th century industrial facilities. Queen <mask> is interested in both traditional and contemporary crafts, and takes every opportunity to encourage the exercise and teaching of craft professions.Queen <mask> keeps abreast of contemporary art and regularly supports major exhibitions and artistic performances both in Belgium and abroad. On the initiative of Queen <mask>, contemporary artists have had the opportunity to design and make original works within the Royal Palace of Brussels. In 1992, Queen <mask> established the Queen Paola Foundation. The foundation focused on integration and training for young people. The foundation's activities are geared towards social integration, support for teachers at all levels of the education system and schools in socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Queen <mask> is an honorary chairman of the Queen Elisabeth Music Chapel and Missing Children

masks: Paola Paola Paola Paola Paola Paola


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<mask>, born <mask> (18 December 1909 – 25 December 1997), code name Annette,  was an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), in World War II. She was the wireless operator for the Wheelwright network led by George Starr in southwestern France from August 1943 until the liberation of France from Nazi German occupation in September 1944. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. Cormeau was acclaimed for the quality and quantity of her wireless transmissions. SOE cryptographer Leo Marks said that in more than 400 transmissions Cormeau never made a single mistake. Cormeau also survived an unusually long time for wireless operators who were vulnerable to detection and capture by the German occupiers.She was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire from the United Kingdom and the Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre from France. Early life
<mask> Biesterfeld was born in 1909 to a Belgian consular official and Scottish mother. She was educated in both Belgium and Scotland. She was living in London when in 1937 she married Charles Emile <mask>, a chartered accountant. Her husband enlisted in The Rifle Brigade and in 1940 he was wounded in France and was sent back to the UK. Shortly afterwards he was killed when their London home was bombed. Her life was saved by a bathtub which fell over her head and protected her, although killing her unborn baby.She sent her two-year-old daughter Yvette to the countryside to escape the frequent bombing of London. World War II

Recruitment and training
Newly widowed, Cormeau decided to "take

masks:
Yvonne Cormeau
Beatrice Yvonne Biesterfeld
Beatrice Yvonne
Cormeau


texts:
 her husband's place in the Armed Forces" and she joined the WAAF as an administrator in November 1941 (Service No 2027172). While serving at RAF Swinderby she answered an appeal on the noticeboard for linguists, and was recruited by SOE and began training as an F Section wireless operator on 15 February 1943. She was promoted to the rank of Flight Officer. Her daughter, Yvette, was only two years old at the time. Cormeau placed her in a convent of Ursuline nuns in Oxfordshire where she remained until she was five. She did her SOE training with Yolande Beekman and Noor Inayat Khan.She was the only one of the three to survive her mission to France. On the night of 22 August 1943 Cormeau left RAF Tempsford and was parachuted into Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret,  east of Bordeaux. Her assignment was to work as the wireless operator on the SOE F Section Wheelwright circuit in Gascony. The leader of the circuit (or network) was George Starr, code name Hilaire, whom she had known before the war when living in Brussels. Her code name was Annette. She declined to take with her the cyanide pill offered by SOE to agents so they could commit suicide if captured. She arrived armed with a .22 revolver, but, on Starr's advice, she never carried it with her during her thirteen months in France.To be captured by the Germans while carrying a firearm or a cyanide pill was, he told her, a death sentence. Wireless operations
<mask> was a talented and accurate wireless (W/T) operator, being able to transmit 18 to 22 words per minute in Morse code, compared with the 12 words per minute of the average operator. This was important because the longer an operator (called a "pianist" in SOE slang) was on line the more likely the Germans were to find them using direction finding equipment.<ref>O'Connor, Bernard (2012),


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 Churchill's Angels, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, pp 119-120</ref>

The standard wireless transceiver issued to SOE wireless operators was the B Mark II, a cumbersome  machine concealed in a suitcase. It required the operator to extend a wire aerial  long. In the rural areas in which Cormeau worked she often stretched the aerial through a vineyard. The wireless could be powered by either AC (household) electricity or an automobile battery. Cormeau preferred to use a battery as she believed it was harder for the Germans to locate the source of the transmission and also because the villages in which she worked often lacked electricity.She carried the crystals for the machine and the codes separately in a hidden pocket of her briefcase. She preferred to use codes written on silk handkerchiefs rather than more cumbersome one-time pads made of paper. Early in her mission, SOE provided Cormeau with a much more portable Type A MK III wireless which weighed only  and was contained in an attache case.Escott, Beryl E. (2010), The Heroines of SOE, Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, pp. 116-117

The most important way for a wireless operator to avoid detection and arrest was to use the wireless only briefly (not more than 20 minutes per transmission), infrequently, and from widely different locations. The life of a wireless operator was lonely. The SOE's instructions were, "The ideal is for the W/T operator to do nothing but W/T work, to see his organiser [leader] as little as possible, if at all, and to have contact with the fewest possible number of the circuit." At work
In the first few months she was in France, Cormeau worked also as a courier for Starr.She was scheduled to do three wireless transmissions a week, which also involved coding and decoding messages. The


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 Wheelwright network was large in area and she changed her location often, never staying in one house more than three days. This was for her own security, as well as the security of the rural families who permitted her to stay with them and transmit from their homes and properties. As the Wheelwright network was large in area, she often had to bicycle up to  to change residences and to deliver or receive messages. While traveling around, she also identified fields that could be used to parachute supplies or as landing areas for airplanes and supplied the coordinates to SOE in London. She identified herself as a district nurse, thus giving her a reason for moving from place to place if stopped by Germans or the French police, the Milice, to check her papers. She was almost arrested by the Germans after being betrayed by an agent codenamed Rodolph.However, she continued to operate, despite being confronted by "wanted" posters in her neighbourhood which gave an accurate sketch of her appearance. She was stopped at a German roadblock with Starr; the pair was questioned while a gun was held to their backs. Eventually the Germans accepted her story and the false identification papers and she succeeded in passing her wireless equipment off as an X-ray machine.Escott, p. 110

In the early months of 1944, as the invasion of France by allies was anticipated, the tempo of activity by the resistance increased and Cormeau's work as a wireless operator became more demanding. She now transmitted several times a day and she stayed for lengthy periods in one place, the hilltop village of Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon, the headquarters of George Starr. The official historian of SOE, M.R.D. Foot described Cormeau's work:

[She was] a perfectly unobtrusive and secure craftswoman...She broke one of the strictest


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 rules of wireless security--i.e. always keep on the move--with success: she transmitted for six consecutive months from the same house.She could see for three miles from the window where she worked, which was one safeguard; a more effective one was that there was no running water in the village, so the Germans who knew there was an English wireless operator somewhere close by never thought of looking for her there. Cormeau sent over 400 messages to London, second only to Auguste Floiras of the Jockey network who operated for a longer period of time. She made arrangements for arms and supplies to be dropped for the local Maquis. She assisted in the cutting of the power and telephone lines, resulting in the isolation of the Wehrmacht Group G garrison near Toulouse. In June 1944, <mask> was shot in the leg while escaping from a German attack on Castelnau, but managed to escape with her wireless. The dress she wore on this occasion and the bloodstained briefcase she carried are on permanent display in the Imperial War Museum in London along with her WAAF officer's uniform. On 21 August, Toulouse fell to the French Forces of the Interior, the umbrella organisation of resistance fighters.Starr and <mask> drove into the city, American and British flags on their car. The liberation of southwestern France was complete. On 25 September, <mask> and George Starr departed France, nine days after Starr and Charles de Gaulle clashed and he ordered them out of the country. Honours and decorations
After the war she was appointed MBE, and decorated with the Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre, Médaille de la Résistance, and Palmes Academiques. Postwar
A year after the end of the war, Cormeau was demobilised with the WAAF rank of Flight Officer. She then worked as a translator and in the SOE section at the

masks:
Cormeau
Yvonne Cormeau
Cormeau


texts:
 Foreign Office. She became a linchpin of F Section veterans and arranged their annual Bastille Day dinner.<mask> and her daughter, Yvette Pitt, were reunited and lived in London. <mask> was one of the earliest members of the Special Forces Club in London and she was a committee member. She promoted Anglo-French relations. In her 70s, she married again to James Edgar Farrow, with whom she lived in Derbyshire. He predeceased her. She spent her later years at Tall Pines nursing home, formerly in Gally Hill Road, Fleet, Hampshire. After <mask>-Farrow died, she was survived by her daughter.Her memorial service was attended by representatives from both UK and French governments. She was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1989 when she was surprised by Michael Aspel. She was interviewed for the movie Charlotte Gray and described as the "real Charlotte" of the novel and film. She was an advisor to the BBC television series Wish Me Luck. References
 Squadron Leader Beryl E. Escott, Mission Improbable: A salute to the RAF women of SOE in wartime France, London, Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1991; ISBN
 Liane Jones, A Quiet Courage: Women Agents in the French Resistance, London, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 1990;
 Marcus Binney, The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War'', London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002;
 She was the subject of a 'This is Your Life' programme in November 1988

External links
Charlotte Gray film website with video interviews with Cormeau

 Imperial War Museum Interview

Notes

1909 births
1997 deaths
People from Shanghai
British Special Operations Executive personnel
Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Female wartime

masks:
Cormeau
Cormeau
Yvonne Cormeau


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<mask> (born July 22, 1932) is an American novelist. His best-selling novels are "seriocomedies" (also known as "comedy-drama"). His novel Even Cowgirls Get the Blues was made into a movie in 1993 by Gus Van Sant and stars Uma Thurman, Lorraine Bracco, and Keanu Reeves. Early life
<mask> was born on July 22, 1932, in Blowing Rock, North Carolina, to <mask> and Katherine Belle Robinson. Both of his grandfathers were Baptist preachers. The <mask> family resided in Blowing Rock before moving to Warsaw, Virginia, when the author was still a young boy. As an adult, <mask> has described his young self as a "hillbilly".<mask> attended Warsaw High School (class of 1949) and Hargrave Military Academy in Chatham, Virginia, where he won the Senior Essay Medal. The following year he enrolled at Washington and Lee University to major in journalism, leaving at the end of his sophomore year after being disciplined by his fraternity for bad behavior and failing to earn a letter in basketball. In 1953, he enlisted in the Air Force after receiving his draft notice, spending a year as a meteorologist in Korea, followed by two years in the Special Weather Intelligence unit of the Strategic Air Command in Nebraska. He was discharged in 1957 and returned to Richmond, Virginia, where his poetry readings at the Rhinoceros Coffee House led to a reputation among the local bohemian scene. Early media work
In late 1957, <mask> enrolled at Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), a school of art, drama, and music, which later became Virginia Commonwealth University. He served as an editor and columnist for the college newspaper, Proscript, from 1958 to 1959. He also worked nights on the sports desk of the daily Richmond Times-Dispatch.After graduating with honors from RPI in 1959 and indulging in some hitchhiking, <mask> joined the staff of the Times-Dispatch as a copy editor. In 1962, <mask> moved to Seattle to seek an M.A. at the Far East Institute of the University

masks:
Thomas Eugene Robbins
Robbins
George Thomas Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins


texts:
 of Washington. During the next five years in Seattle (minus a year spent in New York city researching a book on Jackson Pollock) he worked for the Seattle Times as an art critic. In 1965, he wrote a column on the arts for Seattle Magazine as well as occasionally for Art in America and Artforum. Also during this time, he hosted a weekly alternative radio show, Notes from the Underground, at non-commercial KRAB-FM, Seattle. It was in 1967, while writing a review of the rock band The Doors, that <mask> says he found his literary voice.While working on his first novel, <mask> worked the weekend copy desk of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. <mask> would remain in Seattle, on and off, for the following forty years. Writing career
In 1966, <mask> was contacted and then met with Doubleday's West Coast Editor, Luthor Nichols, who asked <mask> about writing a book on Northwest art. Instead <mask> told Nichols he wanted to write a novel and pitched the idea of what was to become Another Roadside Attraction. In 1967, <mask> moved to South Bend, Washington, where he wrote his first novel. In 1970, <mask> moved to La Conner, Washington, and it was at his home on Second Street that he subsequently authored nine books (although, in the late 1990s, he spent two years living on the Swinomish Indian reservation). In the 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> regularly published articles and essays in Esquire magazine, and also contributed to Playboy, The New York Times, and GQ.Michael Dare described <mask>' writing style in the following manner: "When he starts a novel, it works like this. First he writes a sentence. Then he rewrites it again and again, examining each word, making sure of its perfection, finely honing each phrase until it reverberates with the subtle texture of the infinite. Sometimes it takes hours. Sometimes an entire day is devoted to one sentence, which gets marked on and expanded upon in every possible direction until he is satisfied. Then, and

masks: Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins


texts:
 only then, does he add a period". When <mask> was asked to explain his "gift" for storytelling in 2002, he replied:

I'm descended from a long line of preachers and policemen.Now, it's common knowledge that cops are congenital liars, and evangelists spend their lives telling fantastic tales in such a way as to convince otherwise rational people that they're factual. So, I guess I come by my narrative inclinations naturally. Over the course of his writing career, <mask> has given readings on four continents, in addition to the performances that he has delivered at festivals in Australia and Mexico, and nightclubs in England and Germany. Awards and praise
In 1997, <mask> won the Bumbershoot Golden Umbrella Award for Lifetime Achievement in the arts that is presented annually by the Bumbershoot arts festival in Seattle. In 2000, <mask> was named one of the 100 Best Writers of the 20th Century by Writer's Digest magazine, while the legendary Italian critic Fernanda Pivano called <mask> "the most dangerous writer in the world". In October 2012, <mask> received the 2012 Literary Lifetime Achievement Award from the Library of Virginia. Other activities
During his brief stint in New York in 1965 <mask> joined the .In the mid-sixties, as a member of the Seattle Arts scene, <mask> reviewed art for several publications in Seattle, wrote essays for museum catalogs, organized gallery exhibits, and was the self-described ringleader in a "boisterous neo-Dada gang of guerilla artists, the Shazam Society". <mask> has defended, in print, Indian mystic Osho, although he was never a follower. <mask> spent three weeks at ceremonial sites in Mexico and Central America with mythologist Joseph Campbell, and studied mythology in Greece and Sicily with the poet Robert Bly. <mask> also traveled to Timbuktu. As of 2013, <mask> is a member of the Marijuana Policy Project's advisory board, alongside numerous other notable figures such as Jack Black, Ani DiFranco,

masks: Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins Robbins


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 <mask>, and Jello Biafra; he has been honoured at the Laureate Dinner of Seattle's Rainier Club that has also recognized other local figures, such as Charles Johnson, Stephen Wadsworth, Timothy Egan and August Wilson; and he sits on the board of directors of The Greater Seattle Bureau of Fearless Ideas (formerly 826 Seattle), "a nonprofit writing and tutoring center dedicated to helping youth, ages six to 18, improve their creative and expository writing skills, and to helping teachers inspire their students to write." Madame Zoe, a Richmond psychic and palm reader who once lived in Richmond's South Side, was fictionalized in <mask>' Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. In 2016 Richmond artists Noah Scalin and Thea Duskin recreated her bedroom as an installation in the art gallery at Chop Suey Books in Carytown in Richmond.Personal life

<mask> was a friend of Terence McKenna, whose influence appears evident in a couple of his books. A main character (Larry Diamond) in Half Asleep in Frog Pajamas advocates a theory similar to those of McKenna, involving the history and cultural influences of psychedelic plants. <mask> also spent time with Timothy Leary and the author has said that one of the protagonists in Jitterbug Perfume (Wiggs Dannyboy) exhibited certain characteristics of Leary's personality; <mask> has acknowledged using LSD with Leary. He is friends with Gus Van Sant, and performed the voice-over narration in Van Sant's film adaptation of Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. He has been friends with directors Robert Altman and Alan Rudolph, as well, and has had small speaking parts in five feature films. Partial bibliography
<mask> has written eight novels since 1971. He has also written numerous short stories and essays, mostly collected in the volume Wild Ducks Flying Backward, and one novella, B Is for Beer.Nonfiction
Guy Anderson (monograph—16 pages of biographical notes within a collection of Anderson's work) (1965)
Tibetan Peach Pie: A

masks:
Tommy Chong
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins


texts:
 True Account of an Imaginative Life (autobiography) (2014)

Novels
 Another Roadside Attraction (1971)
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1976)
 Still Life with Woodpecker (1980)
 Jitterbug Perfume (1984)
 Skinny Legs and All (1990)
 Half Asleep in Frog Pajamas (1994)
 Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates (2000)
 Villa Incognito (2003)

Collections
 Wild Ducks Flying Backward (2005) — a collection of essays, reviews, and short stories. Novellas
 B Is for Beer (2009)

Notes

References

 <mask> Papers, Collection Number M 90, Special Collections and Archives, James Branch Cabell Library, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va.

Further reading
Conversations with <mask>, edited by Liam O. Purdon and Beef Torry,  University of Mississippi Press, Jackson 2011

 available online

External links

 Dharma Yum - Weblog of the AFTRLife

Interviews and articles
The Syntax of Sorcery: An Interview with <mask> (2012)
Oral history interview with <mask>, 1984 Mar. 3, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution (1984)
From Blowing Rock to Windy Cliff: A Tentative Chronology
A biographical essay (2003)
Basking Robbins Interview (1985)
Salon.com mini-bio (2000)
Seattle Weekly interview (2000)
<mask>'s advice to writers
Notes From the Underground with <mask>; Archives of radio station KRAB, Seattle, July 7, 1967

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American satirists
Novelists from North Carolina
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
Writers from Seattle
Living people
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Postmodern writers
1932 births
Journalists from Virginia
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Virginia
Novelists from Washington (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
People from La Conner, Washington
Seattle Post-Intelligencer people
Hargrave Military Academy

masks:
Tom Robbins
Tom Robbins
Tom Robbins
Tom Robbins
Tom Robbins
Tom Robbins


texts:
<mask> (8 June 1918 – 4 March 1994) was an Irish-born New Zealand philosopher and logician whose principal scholarly works were concerned with modal logic and medieval philosophy. Biography
<mask> was born on 8 June 1918 in Waterford city, Ireland. His English parents <mask> and Gertrude Sparks moved to Scotland in the early 1920s, as a result of the Irish War of Independence. <mask> graduated MA with First Class Honours in Philosophy and English, and then in pure Philosophy, from the University of Glasgow. He then studied for a year at the University of Cambridge, before being called back to Glasgow as an assistant lecturer. Subsequently, he held lectureships at the University College of South Wales at Cardiff, and then the University College of North Wales at Bangor. In 1951 he was appointed to the first Chair in Philosophy at the Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, a position from which he retired in 1984.He died in Wellington on 4 March 1994. Career
Notable influences on <mask>' philosophical development included John Wisdom and Ludwig Wittgenstein, from whom he took classes at Cambridge; J. L. Austin, a leading exponent of ordinary language philosophy; and Arthur Prior, with whom he found much in common when they met in New Zealand. <mask> was a gifted and revered teacher who

masks:
George Edward Hughes
Hughes
George James Hughes
George
Hughes
Hughes