texts: <mask><mask> was a 19th-century American art lecturer, art educator, and writer. She contributed to art literature for half a century. As far as is known, Adsit was the first woman to enter the insurance field in the United States. She had a great literary ability and good business sense. At the age of 13, she took charge of her own affairs. Her editor kept her identity a secret because of her early writings. She acknowledged their authorship many years later.She assumed the entire charge of her husband's business and general insurance agency after he died. After a successful career in this line, she sold the business and started writing again. She wrote articles for the London Art Journal about "The Black and White in Art" and "Etching and Engraving". She began a course of classes for study after this. Her name was associated with art education both in the U.S. and abroad, and for many years she delivered these lectures in the principal cities of the U.S. In 1901, Adsit died. <mask>. Warren was born in New York.She was descended from the Warrens of Massachusetts on her father's side and the Robinsons of New England on her mother's side. Her early life was a discipline in self-dependence, which aided and stimulated the development of an inherited force of character, enabling her to combat and conquer adverse conditions, overcome obstacles and from childhood mark out for herself and steadily pursue a career that achieved success. She took charge of herself at the age of 13. She was able to pay her college expenses by teaching and journalism. Career Adsit wrote for the New York City Baptist Register, the Boston Recorder, the New-York Tribune and the Western Literary Messenger. Her earlier work was mostly in the line of poetic effusions and several series of "lay sermons" under the signature of "Probus." On account of their latitudinarianism on theologic questions, these sermons aroused intense antagonism in clerical circles.There were heated and lengthy discussions after each publication. The unknown was found guilty of heresy by a general council and the sermons were condemned. The series was completed and the writer's identity was kept between herself and the editor, and not until many years later, when she confessed, that she was the writer. The thought of the clergy, along with the world at large, had expanded, and the sermons were no longer under proscription. She was married to Charles Davenport Adsit on December 13, 1862. She lived at 11 North Division Street for the next three years. She developed an ideal home by alternating literary, charitable and church work with her domestic duties.They moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1865 after her husband died. The entire charge and management of the general insurance agency was assumed by Adsit. She won public favor as she gave assurance of ability until the work was crowned with such success as to leave no cause for further prosecution, despite protests from family friends and jealousy from business competitors. Adsit sold the business and resumed writing. Her work ranged from politics to science and art. A request for a series of articles on the "White and Black in Art" was brought to her by her contributions to the London Art Journal. She visited the studios of artists, as well as the workshops of engravers, gathering firsthand the necessary information, even to the practical use of the tools of each craft, after finding no satisfactory data for thorough investigation in books.This work took an entire year to complete. The demand for parlor conversation on the topics which so absorbed Adsit to open her home to groups of ladies and gentlemen, who cared to take up the study in earnest, was months before the articles were completed. She gave lecture courses in almost all the principal cities of the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th century. Her name was associated with art education in the U.S. and abroad. Adsit was a competent and thorough critic of art. Her criticisms of prints were sought by connoisseurs. Her success was due in part to the fact that her work was simply the expression of her personality, with an enthusiasm which carried her audience.The writer said that most of the art interest in <mask>'s work was due to her. She gave not only wholesome advice, but also substantial aid to all working women, because of her own adverse experiences. Her home in Milwaukee was a center of art and social interchange. She was buried at the Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee. There are links to births and deaths of 19th-century American writers and 19th-century American women writers.

masks:
Nancy H
. Adsit
Nancy H
Adsit


type: paraphrased

texts: The invention of bentwood furniture was pioneered by <mask>, a German-Austrian cabinet maker. Career was the son of the master tanner. In 1819, he set himself up as an independent cabinetmaker. He married Anna Grahs, with whom he had seven sons and six daughters. Only five of the sons were alive when they were young. In the 1830s, Thonet tried to make furniture out of wooden slats. The Bopparder Schichtholzstuhl (Boppard layerwood chair) was his first success.The glue factory that made the glue for this process was acquired by Thonet. His attempts to patent the technology failed in Germany, Great Britain, France and Russia. In order to have light, strong wood bent into curved, graceful shapes, he had to form it in hot steam. He was able to design furniture that appealed to fashion in a way that was completely different from the heavy, carved designs of the past. Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich invited Thonet to the Vienna court after meeting him at the Koblenz trade fair. In the next year, he was able to present his furniture and chairs to the Imperial Family. After the establishment got into financial difficulties, Thonet sold it and moved to Vienna with his family.The Carl Leistler establishment had the interior decoration done by his sons. He and his four sons opened their own shop in 1849. After a few years, he transferred the company to his sons. He produced his Nr in 1850. There is one chair. He received a bronze medal for his Vienna bentwood chairs at the Great Exhibition in London. His international breakthrough was this one.He was awarded the silver medal at the next World's Fair as he continued to improve his production methods. He opened a new factory in Moravia in 1856. The chair was made in 1859. The name is Konsumstuhl Nr. There is a coffee shop chair. 50 million chairs have been produced and still in production today. The industrial production of a chair was allowed for the first time because of the innovative bending technique.The former no.14 was revolutionary. It was possible to make it in work-sharing processes because it could be disassembled into a few components. The chair could be exported to all nations of the world in simple, space saving packages. It was a gold medal for the 1867 Paris World's Fair. The chair was at the time. The way for Thonet to become a global company was cleared by 14. There were a lot of pieces of furniture.The rocking chair no. became an icon of design history. In the 19th century, there were successful models no. 1 from 1860. 18 and no. The elegant no. 56 was around 1900. The so-called postal savings bank chair, by Otto Wagner, was one of the things Le Corbusier liked the most. Two million different products were manufactured and sold worldwide in 1912. The first Thonet furniture factory was built in the town of Koryany using their father's plans.There will be five more production sites in Central Europe in the coming years. The oldest bentwood furniture factory in the world is located in Bystice Pod Hostnem. The seventh and last production site was added in Frankenberg in 1889. After World War I and World War II, this one was the only one owned by the family. It was the head office until today. In 1871, <mask> died in Vienna. There were sales locations in Europe as well as Chicago and New York City.The firm's history is displayed in a museum in Frankenberg. In 1976 the company was divided into two. The companies are not related. In 2006 there was a change in the name of the company. The success of the company began with the work of master joiner <mask>. The name Thonet has stood for high-quality, innovative and elegant furniture since he founded his first woodworking shop in 1819. The company's head offices and production facilities are in Frankenberg.The company's business is still being run by the company's direct descendants in the fifth and sixth generation. The collection includes famous bentwood furniture, tubular steel classics, and current designs by famous contemporary architects and designers. The name "toe-net" is pronounced with a hard beginning and ending. ner referred to the design of the Mbeldesign der Wiener Moderne. Knstler is the author of the ed. Eva B. Ottillinger is Exhib. A cat.The Hofmobiliendepot was in Vienna from March 20 to October 7. 149-151,. <mask> Mbel is a person by the name of Albrecht Bangert. Bugholz-Klassiker was founded in 1830. Hans H. Buchwald: Form from Process was written by Heyne. The chair is made of wood. The Carpenter Center for the visual arts is in Cambridge, Mass.Danko, Peter. There were thoughts on "Fine Woodworking" in January/February 1985. Giuseppe Del Ducca. The man is <mask>. The year 1999 began on 9 November. "Galerie Thonet." Galerie Thonet.The year 1999 began on 8 November. Gatsura, Genrih was written by Henry. THONET FURNITURE. There is a furniture market in Imperial Russia. In 2001, there was an article titled "Andrea Gleininger: der Kaffeehausstuhl Nr." 14 is <mask>t. Birkhuser is in M.Mbel aus gebogenem was written by Heinz Khne. There is a Blick in the Sammlung. There is a book called "Bopppard 2000 Heinz Khne: Thonet Bugholz-Klassiker". There is an Einfhrung in die Schnheit. The Labelart WebPage design was created in 1999. The chair is from Vienna. There are 14.The year 1999 began on 9 November. The author is Brigitte Schmutzler. <mask> was the Sthle. Landesmuseum, Koblenz 1996, William. The furniture is antiques. The August 1996 edition of Architectural Digest. It is referred to as thonet.American Craft December 1990: 42–45 It is referred to as thonet. The name of the company is Gebrder Thonet. Alexander von Vegesack talks about the classic furniture in bent wood and tubular steel. In New York, 1997, RENZI/THILLMANN, Silvana Editoriale, Milano, LARA, Natascha/THILLMANN, WOLFGANG, Bugholzmbel in S. There are External links at the Museum of Applied Arts, MAK Vienna, and Museum Boppard.

masks:
Michael Thonet
Michael Thonet
Michael Thonet
Thonet
Michael Thonet
Michael Thone
Michael


texts: The Japanese impresario was responsible for organizing many international exhibitions in the late 19th and early 20th century. Most Japanese sources claim that the Japanese Exhibition King was born in the town of Gonohe, Aomori in 1859 or 1865. His early life is not known. According to a biography from the Aomori Prefectural Library, he went to Tokyo with the intention of entering Keio Gijuku but was unsuccessful. He came first to America in 1884, according to a 1916 profile in California's Magazine. The beginnings of his career are not known. In 1893 he presented his first idea of an exploitation of Japan on the Midway, which proved highly successful, both as an informative and popular exhibition and as a financial venture.Within a few years, he would become known as the "Japanese Exposition King" because his name did not appear among the main organizers of that exposition. The success of Kushibiki was due to his collaboration with another Japanese organization. In the 19th century, Japanese villages and tea gardens were organized at the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition, Atlantic City, the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition, and the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition. Aside from the names and dates of expositions in which they participated, there are few descriptions of what sorts of work Kushibiki and Arai actually did at the expositions they organized, but it can be surmised that they operated as independent entrepreneurial managers or contractors. Excellent collaboration skills and little need for recognition are some of the things that Kushibiki did well with both American and Japanese associates. Five years after they received no attention in the American press, they were declared the best Japanese showman in America. The Japanese commissioner requested a place off the Midway for a high class attraction for the Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition.The Sino-Japanese War was won by Japan and they wanted international recognition. The stratagem didn't work. "Though located in another part of the park, the Japanese Village may be considered a part of the anthropological display of the Midway group," wrote a local historian. The racist depiction of the Chinese Village with its "queer creatures that are almost savages" and theater of "crude acting and dancing" was omitted from the official guidebook, but the Japanese exhibits were spared the indignity. The Midway at the Omaha Exposition in 1898, where "the German Village, the Streets of Cairo, the Temple of Palmistry, the Japanese Tea-Garden, and a hundred others, offer their various tempting delights," could not attract much attention. In addition to their exposition work, Kushibiki and Arai ran a Japanese tea garden and nursery in Atlantic City. They took on private landscaping work.They were hired in 1899 to build a fernery for wealthy Philadelphia siblings John and Lydia Morris. To create the distinctive subterranean grotto, Morris hired Japanese garden makers to arrange one hundred tons of local Wissahickon schist into rockery formations resembling a cave or mountain cliff with delicate waterfalls, a flowing stream bed, and a goldfish pond. Entering the fernery felt like a journey through a personal terrarium once the plants took hold of the rocky surfaces. The garden contained over one thousand ferns and was considered one of the best displays of filmy ferns in cultivation. Two of Japan's first motion picture projectors were brought along with Arai and Kushibiki when they returned to Japan in 1896. In February, Arai began screening a dozen films from the Edison Company in Asakusa. The theater opened the previous year by actor-playwright Kawa Otojir, and in March Arai arranged screenings.The meeting would have far-reaching effects. According to Joseph Anderson, "<mask>" was looking for his next Japanese novelty. The New Theatre would be introduced to American ladies and gentlemen on the tour. The troupe was going to perform at the 1900 Paris exposition. At the very least, such a trip could help pay the expenses for getting to the exhibition in Paris. The Kobe hospital where Kawakami was convalescing after an illness was visited by <mask> in 1899. The Miyako Shimbun, a Kyoto newspaper, reported on March 1 that Kawakami was going to leave in 20 days with his wife, niece, and an 18-member troupe.When they left 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The troupe arrived in San Francisco on May 21 and found that Kushibiki wasn't there to take care of them. He couldn't afford to sponsor them because of a major loss in his business. Kosaku Mitsuse, a Japanese lawyer, became their manager. Sadayakko was the main attraction of the troupe. There was no way to get out of it. She was going to be an actress.Within weeks, Mitsuse had ruined the troupe through mismanagement and theft. The promotion of Sadayakko as an actress was the main reason for their success. She became a major international star when they returned to Japan. The "Fair Japan" was held at the Buffalo, New York Pan-American Exposition in 1901. He had a tragic accident on the morning of July 27 while trying to catch a trolley car. He lost his left leg when it caught under the wheels. One of the best known among the Pan-American concessionaires was described by the Buffalo Evening News.A second operation was performed when gangrene set in. It was thought he stood a small chance of recovery, but a strong constitution pulled him through. He was hospitalized at the end of August and his partner, Mr. Arai, was in charge of the Japanese village. Heobbled through the Midway on crutches as he made his first appearance at the exposition since the accident. Despite his misfortune, he was still a debonnaire. The South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition was going to open on December 1, 1901, so Kushibiki had little time to organize his next "Fair Japan" in Charleston. There is a recreated Japanese rock garden inside the Fair Japan concession.geisha girls attended a tea house with quaint booths The theatre entertained fairgoers with actors, jugglers, and tumblers. Admission to the theatre was 15 more than the price of admission. The exposition ended on June 20, 1902. In the summer of 1903, there were at least three New York projects underway. Luna Park, an amusement park on Coney Island whose feature attraction was A Trip to the Moon, was the first. "Japan by Night" installation and concession for the rooftop garden at Madison Square Garden was created to accompany a Japanese-themed play.Japanese writer Yone Noguchi worked as a curio-seller, selling things between 7 and 12 dollars a night, and stayed through the summer, as it was "awfully jolly to do such a thing upon the roof full of fresh air and music." The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held in St. Louis from April 30 to December 1, 1904. The Japanese government gave $400,000, plus $50,000 from the Japanese colonial government of Formosa, and over $250,000 in Japanese commercial and regional government investments. There was a replica of Kyoto's famous Kinkakuji in the garden. The "Fair Japan on the 'Pike'" was a private concession controlled by the Fair Japan Company. "Louis." A large Nimon-style gate was built at a cost of $25,000 to recreate the famous portal at Nikko.The exposition was important because the war continued through the whole of it. Thirty geisha had left Yokohama and were expected to arrive on April 25. Before and during the exposition, the local press mentioned <mask>'s popularity in St. Louis. He was described as an interesting personality by the St. Louis Republic. The Japanese are fond of emulating the modern business methods of the big Western Republic. He was described as "an exceedingly intellectual Japanese, and highly popular among all his brethren of the amusement world" by the World's Fair Bulletin. The organizers of the exposition received little official credit.The Japan Commission at the St. Louis exposition has a president, vice-president, eleven commissioners, six experts, three secretaries, and four attaches. At his next exposition, held in Portland, Oregon the following year, he was appointed as one of Japan's three Commissioners. He was appointed Second Vice- President of the Executive Commissioners' Association, making him the only non-American member of the exposition's executive committee. The opening of the exposition on June 1 was just days after the Japanese navy destroyed the Russian fleet in the Tsushima Straits. The Portland Commissioners did not include Saburo. He became interested in Texas rice production after the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Houston Chamber of Commerce invited Japanese farmers to the region. Houston is the center of the rice industry.There was a rice plantation in Matagorda county, Texas, that was divided among the Japanese colony at St. Louis. He moved to El Campo, where he grew oranges and figs. He was in the business for a long time. In 1906 there was an extensive exhibit of the art goods of Japan in Venice, California. He was the Commissioner General of the Japanese exhibit in Virginia the year after. He held the position of Director General of the Florida International Exposition after moving the Japanese exhibits to Jacksonville. The 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition was supposed to be held in 1907, but was delayed to avoid a conflict with the Jamestown exposition.The exposition ran from June to October. The south entrance of the expo had a Japanese torii gate with Totem pole style pillars with illuminated eyes. The Japan–British exhibition was held in London and Paris in 1910. The exhibition ran from 14 May to 29 October 1910, but the company that ran it was Imre Kiralfy's Exhibition Company. One garden party he organized for the Franco-Japanese Society on 10 May 1912 had jujitsu, koto and violin music, art, acrobatics and refreshments. There was not enough time for the final tea ceremony. The 1914 opening of the Panama Canal was celebrated in San Francisco and San Diego.San Francisco won federal and state support, but San Diego was able to raise private funding. For most of 1915, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition and Panama–California Exposition ran at the same time. The Japanese Government gave $50,000 to help organize the San Francisco exposition. San Francisco's Marina District is where the Panama–Pacific International Exposition took place. The Great Buddha of Kamakura and the Kinkakuji temple at Kyoto were replicas of which most of its buildings and grounds were dismantled. Several structures, including a pagoda and a temple gate, were moved to the Japanese Tea Garden in Golden Gate Park, which still remains in operation. The impact of the work of Kushibiki and Arai on American perception of Japan was enormous.The expositions they organized were visited by hundreds of millions of people. Most of the buildings and gardens organized by Kushibiki and Arai have been lost due to age, fire, war, and changing tastes. The gardens and tea-houses at Jackson Park, Chicago, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco still bear traces of their work. The California expositions ended the American exposition organizing efforts. He wanted to bring American attractions to Japan, such as famous baseball players, after returning to Japan. His success was limited. He worked as a manager for air shows.There was a plan to bring Babe Ruth and the New York Giants to Japan in 1920. There was no planned American tour for popular naniwabushi singer Yoshida Naramaru in 1917. The Japan Chronicle reported in 1920 that a man was in talks with the city of Osaka about creating a park called the "American Park." The report seems rather doubtful as far as its plans are concerned, concluded the editor. K<mask>, a show man well known among Americans and Japanese, died on July 28, 1924. One of the first Japanese in America and Europe to introduce Japanese tea gardens and gardens was known as the "Japanese Exposition King," according to his obituary in the Japanese American Commercial Weekly. He was the first Japanese to introduce the biplane and the moving picture machine.There are people from Aomori Prefecture who work in the entertainment industry.

masks:
Kushibiki
Kushibiki
Kushibiki
. Kushibiki


texts: A former presidential candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party of Nigeria, Onosode was a technocrat. He emerged as one of Nigeria's leading educated chief executives when he was at the helm of NAL merchant bank of Nigeria. He rose to become a leader in Nigeria's corporate environment. He was a former president of the Nigerian Institute of Management. He founded the Gamaliel & Susan Onosode Foundation in order to help improve education in Nigeria. He attributed his success as a disciplined civil servant and corporate administrator to the fact that he was raised by a disciplined father in a suburb of Delta State. Onosode has chaired businesses and initiatives throughout his career.He was a former chairman of the Presidential Commission on Parastatals, as well as a former chairman of the Nigeria LNG Working Committee. He was the Chairman of the oldest smilng operator in Nigeria. The Director of Budget was Onosode. He was the President of the Nigerian Institute of Management and a Fellow of the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank. He was elected to membership of the Board of Fellows of The Institute of Bankers of Nigeria in 1998. Onosode was the inaugural President of the Institute of Stockbrokers, the Chairman of the University of Uyo's Governing Council, and the President of the Association of Pension Funds of Nigeria. He was a fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters.There are degrees of Obafemi Awolowo University, the University of Benin, the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, and the University of Lagos. The Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary had a degree in 2002. He saw his career go through different sectors of the Nigerian economy. <mask> Onosode tried to bring a disciplined approach to public finance, even though he was a part of a profligate democratic experiment. Towards the end of 1983, when public confidence in the economic direction of the country was eroded and accountability was lacking in government subsidies to public enterprises, he was brought in to find solutions to the lackluster performance of public enterprises. His honest and disciplined approach earned him respect from other administrations. The first in the nation to tackle comprehensively was the Onosode report, an outgrowth of his role as the chairman of the commission to review Nigerian parastatals.The report identified five major defects in planning which it believed had become evident by the end of 1983: public capital expenditure rose during the oil boom at a much faster rate than Nigeria's physical, technical or financial abilities. Huge expenditure on particular industrial projects did not yield expected returns because of inappropriate choices in their selection, size, design, location and management. Government policies did not take into account Nigeria's resource base and comparative advantage. Planning problems for the private sector were created by frequent changes in fiscal and monetary policies. The basic strength of the economy and the need to encourage domestic production were not reflected in the exchange rate of the naira. In 1995 he became the Chairman of the Niger Delta Environmental Survey, a non-governmental organisation that conducted scientific studies on environmental and social impact assessment of oil exploration. The survey was funded by Shell.The federal government and communities have not been made public despite the survey reports apportioning responsibilities and blame for much of the environmental degradation in the region on oil operators. He was an alumni of the University of Ibadan, and contributed a lot to see through philanthropic and governing matters. He was the former leader of the University. He started Good News Baptist Church in his Sitting Room because he was a Christian. Good News Baptist Church is a large church of over 2,000 people and ranks high in the Nigerian Baptist Convention in terms of missions. The Global Missions Board of the Nigerian Baptist Convention was chaired by <mask> <mask>. In addition, <mask> is the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, which is the oldest degree awarding theological institution in the country.He died on September 29, 2015, after a battle with bone cancer. In Nigeria, <mask> Onosode was known as a disciplined technocrat. His character earned him nickname like "Mr. Both "Integrity" and "Nigeria's Incorruptible Man". The legacy of his philanthropy was transferred into the corporate world with the founding of GAMSU. Today, the organisation exists to give support to Nigeria's education system, and to provide seamless and flexible solutions to the problems associated with learning in Nigeria. Awards are given to excellent students in secondary schools and scholarships are given to university students.The Lagos Business School received a donation from the organisation to build a research facility in memory of <mask> Onosode. A partnership with General Electric healthcare institute allowed GAMSU to train 45 nurses in Lagos as part of a drive to improve the maternal mortality rate in Nigeria. The organisation provides facilities to help create a better teaching and learning experience. The old residence of the legendary <mask> <mask> is where the Foundation's office is located. Nigerian bankers, University of Ibadan alumni, and people from Delta State are some of the people who have died.

masks:
Gamaliel
Gamaliel
Onosode
Onosode
Legacy Gamaliel
Gamaliel
Gamaliel
Onosode


texts: <mask> is an American television host, comedian, and writer. He hosted NBC's The Tonight Show with <mask> from 1992 to 2009. The <mask> Show aired weeknights at 10:00pm on NBC. <mask> hosted The Tonight Show with <mask> again on March 1, 2010 after it was canceled in January due to a timeslot and host controversy. On February 6, he hosted his last episode. He was in the Television Hall of Fame that year. He has hosted <mask>'s Garage and You Bet Your Life.<mask> gives automotive advice in his Popular Mechanics column. He writes "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times. <mask> was born April 28, 1950 in New Rochelle, New York. Catherine was born in Greenock, Scotland, and came to the United States at age 11. His father was an insurance salesman who was born in New York to immigrants from Italy. Leno graduated from high school in Massachusetts. He obtained a bachelor's degree in speech therapy from the college where he started the comedy club.Patrick was a Vietnam War veteran who became an attorney. <mask> made his first appearance on The Tonight Show in 1977. He played a minor role in the 1976 episode "J.J. in Trouble" of Good Times and the same year in the pilot of Holmes & Yo-Yo. He played roles in American Hot Wax and Silver Bears after an uncredited appearance in Fun with Dick and Jane. He has appeared in several films and television shows from that period, including Almost Heaven, Going Nowhere, One Day at a Time, Americathon, Polyester, The Wild One, and Do the Carmine. He starred in the 1989 film Collision Course with Pat Morita. He frequently appeared on Late Night with David Letterman.He was on Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour for three weeks in 1983 and 1984. <mask> was a regular substitute host on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982. A book and a movie are based on the story of this turbulent transition. <mask> was a stand-up comedian throughout his Tonight Show tenure. He was given a contract extension by NBC in 1988. <mask> signed a contract extension with NBC in 2004, keeping him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009.In 2004, O'Brien signed a contract with NBC to replace <mask> as the show's host in 2009. <mask> was accused of violating the guidelines of the Writers Guild of America when he wrote his own monologue for The Tonight Show. The WGA denied that there were private meetings with NBC and Leno. Leno answered questions in front of the Writers Guild of America, West trial committee in February and June 2009, but he was not on the list of strikebreakers. On April 23, 2009, Leno went to the hospital. He came back to work on Monday, April 27. The canceled Tonight Show episodes were his first in 17 years as host.<mask> told People magazine that the illness was for exhaustion. <mask> was one of a few celebrities who appeared as defense witnesses in the trial of Michael Jackson. Leno testified that he wasn't asked for any money or coaching in the phone conversation with the accuser, but the calls seemed scripted. Leno was not allowed to tell jokes about Jackson or the case, which had been a fixture of The Tonight Shows opening monologue. But he and his show's writers used a legal loophole by having Leno briefly step aside while stand-in comedians took the stage and told jokes about the trial. Roseanne Barr was one of the stand-ins. The court ruled that Leno could continue to tell jokes about the trial as long as he did not discuss his testimony.<mask> devoted an entire monologue to jokes about Michael Jackson. The <mask>o Show continued to lead all late-night programming in the ratings, which led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network when his commitment to NBC expired. On May 29, 2009, he left The Tonight Show and on June 1, 2009, O'Brien took over. On December 8, 2008, it was reported that Leno would remain on NBC and move to a new hour-long show at 10 p.m. It would follow a similar format to The Tonight Show, be filmed in the same studio, and retain many of <mask>'s most popular segments. The Jay Leno Show aired on September 14, 2009. It was announced at the Television Critics Association summer press tour that it would feature one or two celebrities, occasional musical guests, and keep the popular "Headlines" segments, which would be near the end of the show.First guests included Jerry Seinfeld, Oprah Winfrey, and a short sit-down with West discussing his controversy at the MTV Video Music Awards, which had occurred the night before. In their new roles, neither O'Brien nor Leno succeeded in delivering the viewing audiences the network anticipated. On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that Leno would move from his 10 p.m. weeknight time slot to 11:35 p.m., due to a combination of pressure from local affiliates, who were suffering, and both <mask>'s and O'Brien. Leno would shorten his show from an hour to 30 minutes. The Tonight Show would move to 12:05 a.m., the first post-midnight time slot in its history, in order to accommodate the 2010 Winter Olympics. NBC could move the show ahead to 12:05 a.m. without penalty under O'Brien's contract. On January 10, NBC confirmed that Leno would be moved from prime time to late night on February 12.NBC offered O'Brien two options: an hour-long 12:05 am time slot or to leave the network. On January 12th, O'Brien issued a press release stating that he wouldn't continue with Tonight if it moved to a later time slot. The Tonight Show is not The Tonight Show. On January 21, it was announced that NBC had struck a deal with O'Brien: He would leave The Tonight Show, receive a $33 million payout, and his staff of almost 200 would receive $12 million in the departure. His last episode aired on January 22, 2010. On March 1, 2010, <mask> returned as host of The Tonight Show. According to Variety, <mask>'s Tonight Show had 4 million viewers in the second quarter of 2010, compared to 5 million in the second quarter of 2009.The show's second-quarter ratings were its lowest since 1992, but it was still the most watched late night program. On April 3, NBC announced that <mask> would leave The Tonight Show in the spring of 2014. Billy Crystal, who was the first guest on the first version of <mask>'s show, was one of the guests on the final show. Leno does an average of 200 live performances a year in venues across the United States and Canada and at charity events and USO tours. He was a guest on the finale of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. He played a small part in the premiere of The Late Late Show with James Corden. He was invited to appear on Late Show with David Letterman, but he turned it down.Leno hosted a one-hour <mask>'s Garage special on CNBC, and the show has aired as a prime time series on the cable channel since 2015. In Tim Allen's comedy series Last Man Standing, Leno played a mechanic named Joe Leonard, who worked in a store owned by Allen's character. Leno hosted the third revival of the game show You Bet Your Life. It was renewed for a second season. From 2001 to 2016 Leno did voice acting, such as The Crimson Chin on The Fairly Odd Parents and Billy Beagle of Mickey and the Roadster Racers. <mask> has been criticized for his role in the 2010 Tonight Show conflict. Leno said in a 2004 Tonight Show clip that he would allow O'Brien to take over.<mask> said at the time that he did not want O'Brien to leave for a competing network. Five years from now. I think it's fair to say I'm no Johnny Carson, because there's only one person who could have done this into his 60s. <mask> described The Tonight Show as a dynasty, saying, "You hold it and hand it off to the next person." I don't want to see all the fighting. "Conan, it's yours!" he said at the end of the segment. See you in five years!Rosie O'Donnell was among O'Brien's most vocal and vehement supporters, calling Leno a "bully" and his actions "classless and kind of career-defining". The co-author of <mask>'s book Leading with My Chin told the Los Angeles Times that Leno should walk. He has everything to lose by going back. People will look at him differently. He will be seen as the bad guy. In 2009, Leno received a small amount of criticism for asking West how his dead mother would have felt about the incident at the MTV Video Music Awards. During his appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in 2006 he said it was unlikely that Leno would ever give up The Tonight Show.During the conflict, <mask> was a guest on Late Show with David Letterman. <mask> has been accused of changing the content of his monologues from his previous stand-up material. "Comedians who don't like <mask>o now, and I'm one of them, we're not like, '<mask>o sucks'; it's that," said the actor and comedian. Leno faced criticism for expressing his support for Ellen DeGeneres despite a workplace investigation into toxic behavior and sexual harassment claims against the producers of The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Dick Ebersol, a former Saturday Night Live producer and NBC Sports chairman, spoke out against those who criticized Leno. "This has definitely crossed the line," said Jeff Gaspin, chairman of NBC Universal Television Entertainment. One of the hardest working people in television is <mask>.He's being pulled into this and it's a shame. Several comedians voiced their support for Leno. <mask> said that NBC had assured him that O'Brien would not be allowed to leave his contract and that they would not let either host leave. He said that all of the decisions were made by NBC. He appeared on the January 28, 2010 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show in an attempt to repair some of the damage done to his public image. <mask>'s influences include Johnny Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, David Brenner, George Carlin, Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, and Rodney Dangerfield. Leno has been credited with inspiring Dennis Miller and Jerry Seinfeld.<mask> has been married to Mavis since 1980 and they have no children. During his first season as host of The Tonight Show, <mask>'s mother and father died within a year of each other. Patrick, Leno's older brother, died of cancer at the age of 62. Leno's jaw has been described as mandibular prognathism. He stated in the book Leading with My Chin that he did not want to endure a lengthy healing period with his jaws wired shut because he was aware of surgery that could reset his mandible. Leno has a learning disability. He says he only needs four or five hours of sleep each night.He doesn't drink, smoke, or gamble. He likes to visit car collections and work in his private garage. Leno lives off of his money from his stand-up routines and has not spent any of the money he earned from The Tonight Show. He made $32 million in 2005. He received a Doctor of Humane Letters degree from the college. He and his wife donated $100,000 to the Feminist Majority Foundation in 2001 to educate the public about the plight of women in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Mavis <mask> is a member of the Feminist Majority.In 2009, Leno donated $100,000 to a scholarship fund at Salem State College in honor of the man who gave Leno his start at his jazz club. The charity that benefited from the sale of Leno's car was helping wounded war veterans recover by providing them with temporary housing. Since 1985, Leno has been the grand marshal of the Love Ride, a motorcycle charity event which has raised more than 14 million dollars for various charities. Leno has a vehicle collection of almost 300 vehicles. He also has a website and a TV program called <mask>'s Garage, which contains video clips and photos of his car collection in detail, as well as other vehicles of interest to him. Bernard Juchli is Leno's garage manager. Among his collection are two Doble steam cars, a sedan and a roadster that were owned by Howard Hughes, the fifth Duesenberg Model X known to survive, and one of nine remaining 1963 Chrysler Turbine Cars.The 1925 Baker Motor Vehicle is one of the antique electric cars in the collection. He gives advice about various automotive topics, including restoration and unique models, such as his jet-powered motorcycle and solar-powered hybrid, in his Popular Mechanics column. Leno writes for The Sunday Times and reviews high-end sports cars. The company that developed the video game L.A. Noire was opened by Leno. The team was able to recreate their images as accurately as possible because of Leno's collection. Leno made jokes about Obama and Kerry at the Genesis Prize ceremony in Jerusalem, accusing them of trying to break the U.S.'s relationship with Israel. In a 2015 interview with The Jerusalem Post, Leno said, "I always considered Israel to be the only democracy in the Middle East, because every Israeli voter seems to have his own political party."He said that Israel's relations with other Middle East countries look like "bully" to the rest of the world. The Tonight Show with <mask> has an interview with the New York Times.

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Leno
Jay Leno
Jay Leno
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Jay Leno
Jay Leno
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texts: <mask>. was born in Charleston, South Carolina on October 27, 1882 and was admitted to the United States Military Academy on June 19, 1900. His military career began in the first half of the 20th century. He 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 During the height of World War II, he was the commander of the U.S. Army, Pacific. He was the Commanding General of the U.S. Army in the Pacific Ocean Areas and the military governor of Hawaii. <mask> attended the University of Grenoble, France, and the Army War College after being commissioned from the United States Military Academy. He was a liaison officer in the American Expeditionary Force during World War I.He was attached to the U.S. Embassy in Rome. He wrote "West Point-An Intimate Picture of the National Military Academy". <mask> commanded the 1st Cavalry Division before World War II. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he moved the War Department Bureau of Public Relations to set up the defense of California. He was made Commanding General of the Hawaiian Department, Military Governor of Hawaii, and all Army personnel in the Pacific Ocean and Mid-Pacific Areas in 1943. As Commander of all Pacific Army personnel, he had administrative or what is called UCMJ authority of all Army units, while tactical or what is called today operational Joint control fell to Fleet Admiral <mask>. He was in charge of all Army preparations.He was the first senior Army general officer to ever serve as a Joint forces commander. After graduating from the United States Military Academy, <mask> was ordered to join the 14th Cavalry. During the Philippine War, he served in the field against the Moros tribesmen. He was awarded the Silver Star and the Purple Heart for bravery in action against hostile Moros tribesmen after he was wounded in action. He left his battalion on October 21, 1905. Returning to the United States, he was with the 14th Cavalry at the Presidio of San Francisco, California for the 1906 earthquake which led his cavalry troop from the Presidio as part of the Government's response to the earthquake and subsequent firestorm. He was an assistant instructor of modern languages at West Point until August 13, 1911.On October 4, 1911, 1st Lt <mask> returned to San Francisco, California, after sailing for his second Philippines tour with the 14th Cavalry at Camp Stotsenburg. He joined the 23d Infantry at Texas City and Fort Clark, Texas, on March 4, 1912. He was the Assistant Professor of English at West Point from June 1917 to August 1914. On July 9, 1917, Captain <mask> was appointed Aide to Major General T.H. Barry, who commanded the Central Department, Chicago, Illinois. The American Expeditionary Force was getting ready to go to France. Major <mask> sailed with General Barry from New York to France. <mask> was an observer with foreign armies until January 9, 1918.On June 14, 1918, he was assigned to the Operations Division, General Staff, AEF as Liaison Officer for G.H.Q Allied Headquarters and with American Armies, Corps, and Divisions during the combat operations of 1918. Allied missions were escorted by him. <mask> was the Operations Officer Representative at Advance G.H.Q. and the Liaison Officer with Headquarters, 1st Army for the opening of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. <mask> joined the Reparations Board, Peace Commission, Paris from January 28 to February 28, 1919. Colonel <mask> was attached to Headquarters, 10th French Army, Mayence, Germany until June 1, 1919, as part of the Army occupation forces. <mask> joined the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C. after returning to the United States on July 6, 1919. <mask> returned to his regular grade of Captain in March 1920.Captain <mask> joined the Office of the Chief of Cavalry on August 9, 1920 and remained there until January 28, 1921. The Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters, Philippine Department, Manila was held by Major <mask> until April 6, 1923, when he returned to the United States to attend the Command and General Staff School. After graduation in September of 1926, Major <mask> was ordered to Rome, Italy to serve as Military Attache. In March 1928, a lieutenant was promoted. Colonel <mask> joined the 13th Cavalry at Fort Riley, Kansas. He became the Head of Department of Tactics on March 2, 1929, after he became the Commanding Officer, Provisional Battalion and Executive Officer. After graduating from the Army War College on June 30, 1933, he served in the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department until December 7, 1935.Soon to be promoted to Colonel, he was given command of the 5th cavalry. Colonel <mask> assumed command of the 2nd cavalry brigade in June of 1938. He assumed command of the 1st Cavalry Division on October 10, 1940. He became the Director of Public Relations in Washington, D.C. on February 11, 1941. After Pearl Harbor, General Marshall sent him out to assess the extent of the allied situation in the Pacific theater. General Marshall was requested by General MacArthur to have Gen <mask> return to command the Army Corps in Australia. Gen <mask> reported the inappropriateness of US forces being placed under the command of foreign officers to Gen Marshall after he returned to Washington.This was based on his experiences in World War I. The rumor was that his report cost him the Corps command. In June 1943, he was promoted to lieutenant general and assigned as Commanding General of the Hawaiian Department, Military Governor of Hawaii, and all Army personnel in the Pacific Ocean Areas and Mid-Pacific. He was the commander of the U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area by mid-1944. As the administrative commander he oversaw all the Army's planning, logistical preparation, training, and force deployment efforts as part of the overall U.S. Joint forces island hopping campaign that led to surrender of Japan. The major central and mid-Pacific battle was fought by his Army ground and air forces. The front row of senior leaders witnessed the formal surrender of Japan.General <mask> built up an extensive training operation on the Hawaiian Islands to train military personnel in amphibious operations, jungle fighting, and other command and support operations. The construction of Fort Shafter's headquarters buildings took 49 days. The "Pineapple Pentagon" has been the planning and operational support centers for soldiers of the U.S. Army, Pacific since 1944. On December 7, 1941, General Walter Short and the Territorial Governor of Hawaii declared martial law in Hawaii. In late 1943 a test case challenging the suspension of the right of habeas corpus was brought to court by the commanders who succeeded Short. <mask> was charged with contempt and fined $5,000 by a federal judge after he refused to allow two German Americans to appear in court. He was pardoned by Roosevelt.There was a controversy during this period. General <mask> disagreed with Marine General Holland Smith's removal of Army General Ralph C. Smith from command of the Army 27th Division. General <mask> questioned if Marine General Smith had the authority to relieve Army General Smith and if the relief was justified by the facts. The media controversy over Pacific war strategy led to a bitter inter-service relationship in the Pacific Theater. There was a difference of opinion between the U.S. Navy/USMC and the U.S. Army. Gen Holland Smith's poor treatment of the Army personnel under his control was one of the reasons for this. He retired in October 1946, at the age of 64.General Richarson died on a vacation in Italy. He was promoted to full general on July 19, 1954. The official War Department Biography states that Major General <mask><mask> died on February 20, 1941.

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texts: The Norwegian-American economist and sociologist, who died in 1929, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. The Theory of the Leisure Class was written by Veblen. Veblen is thought to be the founding father of the economics school. Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology" is known as the Veblenian dichotomy. Veblen attacked production for profit as a leading intellectual in the US. His emphasis on consumption influenced economists who critiqued capitalism, fascists, and technological determinism. <mask> was the son of Norwegian-American immigrant parents and was born on July 30, 1857.He was one of twelve children. On September 16, 1847, his parents moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with little funds and no knowledge of English. Despite their limited circumstances as immigrants, <mask>'s knowledge in carpentry and construction, coupled with his wife's supportive perseverance, allowed them to establish a family farm in Rice County, Minnesota. The Veblen farmstead became a national historic landmark in 1981. At age 5, Veblen began his education. He learned English from his neighbors and school. His parents read a lot of Norwegian literature with and around their family on the farmstead.<mask>'s parents were able to provide their children with formal education because of the prosperity of the family farm. <mask> and his siblings received training in lower schools and went on to receive higher education, unlike most immigrant families of the time. The first daughter of Norwegian immigrants to graduate from an American college was Veblen's sister, Emily. <mask> became a professor of physics at Iowa State University and the father of one of America's leading mathematicians, <mask>. Veblen's Norwegian background and his isolation from American society have been seen as essential to the understanding of his writings. David Riesman believes that his background as a child of immigrants meant that Veblen was left out of his parents' previous culture, but that his living in a Norwegian society within America made him unable to accept the available forms of Americanism. Veblen was emigrating to America when he left the Norwegian society that he lived in.In 1874, Veblen was sent to attend a college in Minnesota. He showed both the bitterness and the sense of humor early in his education. Veblen studied economics and philosophy under the guidance of John Bates Clark, who went on to become a leader in the new field of neoclassical economics. Veblen came to understand the nature and limitations of hypothetical economics as Clark initiated him into the formal study of economics. Veblen took courses in the fields of philosophy, natural history, and classical philology. Herbert Spencer's works inspired many preconceptions of socio-economics within the realm of philosophy. His studies in natural history and classical philology shaped his formal use of the disciplines of science and language.After graduating from Carleton in 1880, Veblen went east to study philosophy. He studied under Charles Peirce. After failing to get a scholarship there, he moved on to Yale University, where he obtained a Doctor of Philosophy in 1884, with a major in philosophy and a minor in social studies. His thesis was titledEthical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution. He studied at Yale under renowned academics such as Noah Porter and William Graham Sumner. Veblen had two primary relationships with his wives. There is no evidence that he had sexual liaisons with other women.Ellen Rolfe, niece of the college president, was Veblen's first wife. They were married in the late 19th century. Some scholars think that the demise of the relationship was due to Ellen's inability to bear children, while others think it was due to womanizing tendencies. She asked for her autopsy to be sent to her ex- husband, Veblen. Ellen's reproductive organs did not develop normally and she was unable to bear children. A book written by Veblen's stepdaughter claimed that Veblen treated her sister more like a sister than a wife and that she was not interested in a wife relationship. Veblen was married to a former student in 1914 and became stepmother to her two daughters.They had a happy marriage for most of the time. Ann was described by her daughter as a socialist and an advocate of unions and workers' rights. After he married Ann, they were expecting a child together, but it ended in a stillbirth. Veblen didn't have any children of his own. After his wife Ann's premature death in 1920, Veblen became active in the care of his stepdaughters. When he moved to California,Becky looked after him and was with him when he died. Veblen had a high salary from the New School.Veblen invested his money in the stock market. After returning to northern California, Veblen lost the money he had invested and lived in a house that once belonged to his first wife. He lived there until his death in 1929, earning up to $600 a year from royalties and $500 a year from a former Chicago student. Veblen was unemployed for seven years after graduating from Yale in 1884. He was unable to get a university position despite having strong letters of recommendation. His research on "Ethical Grounds of a Doctrine of Retribution" may have been undesirable. Veblen's thesis has been missing from Yale since 1935.Joseph Dorfman's 1934 book, "Thorstein Veblen and His America", was the only book he ever studied. William Graham Sumner, an evolutionary sociologist, advised the dissertation, which studies such evolutionary thought as that of Herbert Spencer. Some historians think that he failed to get a job because he was uneducated in Christianity, while others think that he was prejudiced against Norwegians. Veblen did not have a degree in divinity. It didn't help that Veblen openly identified as an agnostic, which was very rare for the time. Veblen went back to his family farm, where he had claimed to have recovered from Malaria. He read a lot after recovering from those years.In his book The Higher Learning in America, he claimed that true academic values were sacrificed by universities in favor of their own self-interest and profitability. Veblen went to Cornell University to study economics after leaving the farm. Veblen became a fellow at the University of Chicago with the help of Professor Laughlin. The Journal of Political Economy was one of the many academic journals created during this time at the University of Chicago. Veblen used the journal to write. His writings began to appear in other journals, such as the American Journal of Sociology. Veblen taught a number of classes at the University of Chicago.The Theory of the Leisure Class was <mask>'s first and best-known book. <mask>'s position at the University of Chicago did not improve immediately. He was denied a raise after the completion of his first book. The students at Chicago thought Veblen's teaching was dull. His teaching style was boring. <mask>'s personal affairs were more excusable. He had extramarital affairs while at the University of Chicago.Veblen was ridiculed for being unfaithful and being a womanizer. It was very difficult for him to find another academic position because he was forced to resign from his position. According to one story, he was fired from Stanford after he disapproved of Veblen's support of Chinese workers in California. Jane Stanford was dead by 1905 and Veblen was appointed in 1906, which casts doubt on this story. Veblen accepted a position at the University of Missouri with the help of Herbert J. Davenport. Veblen didn't like his stay at Missouri. It was due to his position as a lecturer being of lower rank than his previous positions.The town of Columbia, Missouri, where the university was located was disliked by Veblen. The Instincts of Worksmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts was one of his best-known books and was published in 1914. Veblen published Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution after World War I. He contrasted the authoritarian politics of Germany with the democratic tradition of Britain, noting that industrialization in Germany had not produced a progressive political culture. Veblen moved to Washington, D.C. in 1917 to work with a group that was commissioned by President Wilson to analyze possible peace settlements for World War I. There were a number of different changes in his career path. Veblen worked for the United States Food Administration.<mask> moved to New York City to work as an editor for a magazine. He lost his editorial position after the magazine shifted its orientation. <mask> made contacts with several other academics. Beard, James Harvey Robinson, and John Dewey. The New School for Social Research was founded by a group of university professors. The New School emerged in 1919 from American modernism, progressivism, and the democratic education. The group was open to students and intended for them to have an unbiased understanding of the existing order.<mask> was involved in the development of The New School from 1919 to 1926. He wrote The Engineers and the Price System during this time. Veblen proposed a soviet of engineers. The view that engineers would overthrow capitalism was a novel view according to Yngve Ramstad. Marx was invited to teach at the New School by Veblen to help organize a movement of engineers with others. Taylor was a follower of the scientific management theory. Scott, who listed Veblen as being on the temporary organizing committee of the Technical Alliance, later helped found the technocracy movement.Influences on Veblen American pragmatism distrusted the idea of the absolute and instead believed in free will. pragmatism believed that people use their free will to shape the institutions of society. Veblen based many of his theories on this as an element of causes and effects. Veblen's critique of natural law and the establishment of his evolutionary economics were shaped by this pragmatist belief. Veblen was skeptical of laissez-faire economics. He spent summers at a cabin on Washington Island in Wisconsin. He was able to translate the Laxdla saga into English thanks to the knowledge he gained on the island.The foundation for the perspective of institutional economics was laid by <mask> <mask>. Veblen was an economist, but he was also a sociologist who rejected the idea of the economy as a static entity. Veblen believed that the economy was embedded in social institutions. Veblen looked at the relationships between the economy and social and cultural phenomena. The study of institutional economics viewed economic institutions as part of the cultural development process. Economic institutionalism allowed economists to explore economic problems from a perspective that incorporated social and cultural phenomena. It allowed economists to see the economy as evolving.<mask> wrote about the role of the leisure class in fostering wasteful consumption in his most famous work, The Theory of the Leisure Class. Veblen used the term "Persist consumption" in his first work to mean spending more money on goods than they are worth. The term originated during the Second Industrial Revolution when a new class of people emerged from capital wealth. He says that members of the leisure class are those who use their social power and prestige to impress the rest of society. Veblen said that social status becomes earned and displayed by patterns of consumption rather than what the individual makes financially. Veblen argued that people in other social classes try to emulate the leisure class because they are influenced by this behavior. A society characterized by the waste of time and money is a result of this behavior.The Theory of the Leisure Class focused on consumption rather than production. Veblen uses Conspicuous leisure as the primary indicator of the leisure class. To engage in leisure is to show one's wealth and status, as productive work is seen as a sign of weakness. Participation in productive work became a sign of inferiority as the leisure class increased their exemption from productive work. Conspicuous leisure worked well to designate social status in rural areas, but it was no longer enough to show strength. There are more obvious displays of status, wealth, and power in urban life.

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Veblen
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texts: Veblen wrote about leisure class in The Theory of the Leisure Class.He traces the economic behaviors back to the beginning of the division of labor. When a division of labor began, high-status individuals within the community practiced less labor intensive and less productive work. Farming and cooking are examples of activities practiced by low-status individuals that are more economically productive. Veblen says that high-status individuals could afford to live their lives leisurely, engaging in symbolic economic participation, rather than practical economic participation. These individuals were able to engage in leisure for extended periods of time because of their higher social status. The leisure class lived their lives of leisure as a sign of high status. The leisure class protected and reproduced their social status and control within the tribe through, for example, their participation in war-time activities, which while they were rarely needed, still rendered their lower social class counterparts dependent upon them.Veblen described the leisure class as exempt from industrial labor. The leisure class participated in intellectual or artistic endeavors to show their freedom from the economic need to participate in economically productive manual labor. Not having to perform labor-intensive activities did not mark higher social status, but rather, higher social status meant that one would not have to perform such duties. The leisure class used charitable activities as one of the ultimate benchmarks of the highest standard of living, according to the assessment of the rich Veblen. Veblen suggests that those who have money to share should get something in return. Behavioral economics shows that rewards and incentives are very important in decision making. There is benefit for everyone involved when the rich shift their mindset from feeling like they have to give their hard-earned money to feeling proud and honored.Veblen referred to communities without a leisure class as "non-predatory communities" in The Theory of the Leisure Class. Veblen believed that inequality gave housewives something to focus on. The leisure class did not help anyone in the long run. Veblen had a theory of business enterprise. Veblen identified business as the owners and leaders whose primary goal was the profits of their companies but who, in an effort to keep profits high, often made efforts to limit production. Through higher rates of unemployment, "business" negatively affected society as a whole by obstructing the operation of the industrial system. Veblen identified business leaders as the source of many problems in society, which he felt should be led by people who understood the industrial system and its operation, as well as having an interest in the general welfare of society at large.The state of affairs in which one's abilities function as inadequacies or blind spots is called trained incapacity. When circumstances change, people's past experiences can lead to wrong decisions. <mask> wrote The Instinct of Workmanship and the Industrial Arts in 1914. In his book Permanence and Change, Kenneth Burke expanded upon the theory of trained incapacity. <mask> and other American institutionalists were indebted to the German Historical School for their emphasis on historical fact and a broad, evolutionary framework of study. Veblen admired Schmoller, but criticized some other leaders of the German school because of their over-reliance on descriptions, long displays of numerical data, and narratives of industrial development that did not have an underlying economic theory. Veblen's own theory was added to the approach.Evolutionary economics was developed by Veblen based on Darwinian principles and new ideas. Veblen saw economic organization as a process of ongoing evolution, unlike the neoclassical economics that emerged at the same time. Veblen did not accept any theory that highlighted any factor of an inner personal motivation. He said that the theories were "unscientific". The human instincts, workmanship, parental bent, and idle curiosity drove the evolution. Veblen wanted economists to understand the effects of social and cultural change on the economy. The Theory of the Leisure Class has a major role to play.The ability to engage in "conspicuous leisure" and "conspicuous consumption" are what Veblen termed "conspicuous consumption" by rich and poor alike. Veblen argued that consumption is used to gain and signal status. Veblen said that through "conspicuous consumption" often came "conspicuous waste". The predatory attitude of culture has become the spiritual attitude of the individual according to him. Veblen was sympathetic to state ownership. Veblen's views are compatible with Marxism, socialism, or anarchism. Veblen first suggested the Veblenian dichotomy in The Theory of the Leisure Class, and made it an analytical principle in The Theory of Business Enterprise.Veblen wants institutions to determine how technologies are used. Some institutions are more solemn than others. Veblen's idealized economist would like to identify institutions that are too wasteful, and pursue institutional "adjustment" to make instituted uses of technology more "instrumental". Veblen defines "ceremonial" as related to the past, supportive of "tribal legends" or traditional conserving attitudes and conduct, while the "instrumental" orients itself toward the technological imperative, judging value by the ability to control future consequences. The theory suggests that, although every society depends on tools and skills to support the life process, every society also appears to have a "ceremonial" structure of status that runs contrary to the needs of the "instrumental" aspects of group life. The Veblen Dichotomy can be used to think about digital transformation. John R. Commons and Legacy Veblen co-founded the American school of institutional economics.The Association for Institutional Economics is a group of economists who adhere to this school. The Journal of Economic Issues is published by the Association for Evolutionary Economics. Theories of the concept of "differential accumulation" are included by some unaligned practitioners. Veblen's work is relevant and not just for the phrase "conspicuous consumption". His evolutionary approach to the study of economic systems is gaining traction again and his model of recurring conflict between the existing order and new ways can be used to understand the new global economy. The New Gilded Age and the contemporary processes of refeudalization have been compared by some authors. Veblen is cited in the writings of feminist economists.Veblen believed that the behavior of women reflected the social norms of their time and place. Veblen thought that women in the industrial age were victims of their barbarian status. Veblen was a progenitor of modern feminism because of this. <mask>'s work is often cited in American literary works. He is featured in The Big Money by John Dos Passos, as well as in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and Sinclair Lewis's Main Street. George W. Stocking, Jr., a pioneer in the field of industrial organization economics, was one of Veblen's PhD students. Stephen Leacock was a Canadian academic and author who went on to become the head of the Department of Economics and Political Science.Theory of the Leisure Class can be seen in Leacock's 1914 satire. <mask> is not well known in Norway. <mask> was honored by Clinton as a great American thinker. The books were published in 1899. There is a theory of the leisure class. New York. You can find it at the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg.1904. There is a theory of business enterprise. Charles Scribner's Sons is in New York. In 1914. The State of the Industrial Arts and the Instinct of Workmanship. New York. In 1915.The Industrial Revolution and Imperial Germany. New York. 1917. An inquiry into the nature of peace. New York. You can also find it at Project Gutenberg. The year 1918.The Higher Learning in America is a Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men. B. W. Huebsch was born in New York. 1919. There is a place of science in modern civilisation. B. W. Huebsch was born in New York. PDF is also available at Project Gutenberg. 1919.The common man and vested interests. B. W. Huebsch was born in New York. The year 1921. The price system and engineers. B. W. Huebsch was born in New York. 1923. The case of America includes absentee ownership and business enterprise.B. W. Huebsch was born in New York. The articles were published in 1884. "Kant's Critique of Judgement." There is a journal of speculative philosophy. 1891. There are some neglected points in the theory of socialism. The Annals of AAPSS were published in 1892.There is a definition of capital and the source of wages. The Quarterly Journal of Economics is a journal. The year 1892. "The Overproduction Fallacy." The year 1893. The Journal of Political Economy published "The Food Supply and the Price of Wheat" in 1894. The Army of the Commonweal.JPE. 1894. There is an economic theory of women's dress. There is a popular science monthly. 1896. There is a review of Karl Marx's 'Poverty of Philosophy'. JPE.1897. There is a review of "Sozialismus". JPE. 1898. There is a review of Gustav Schmoller's "ber einige Grundfragen der Sozialpolitik". JPE. 1898.There is a review of Turgot's 'Reflections'. JPE. 1898. Economics is not an evolutionary science. QJE. 1898. The beginning of ownership.The American Journal of Sociology is a journal. 1898. The Irksomeness of Labor and the Instinct of Workmanship. Ajs. 1898. The Barbarian Status of Women. Ajs.1899–1900. The first and second parts of "The Preconceptions of Economic Science." QJE. 1901. "Industrial and Pecuniary employments." The publications of the AEA were published in 1901. "Gustav Schmoller's 'Economics'."QJE. "Arts and Crafts." The year 1903. There is a review of "Der moderne Kapitalismus". The year 1903. Review of J.A. "Hobson's Imperialism" is a song by JPE.In 1904. An early experiment in trusts. In 1904. Review of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. In 1905. JPE describes credit and prices. In 1906.The place of science is in modern civilization. In 1906. "Professor Clark's Economics" is a program on QJE. In 1907. "The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers" was published by QJE. 1907. "Fisher's Capital and Income" is in the Political Science Quarterly.In 1908. "On the nature of capital" In 1909. The rate of interest is called Fisher's Rate of Interest. Political science is Quarterly. 1909. The Limitations of Marginal Utility.JPE. In 1910. "Christian morals and the competitive system" is in the International J of Ethics. In 1913. The Journal of Race Development has a piece titled "The Mutation Theory and the Blond Race". In 1913. "The Blond Race and the Aryan Culture" is a Bulletin of the University of Missouri.In 1915. The Opportunity of Japan is in the Journal of Race Development. In 1918. "On the General Principles of a Policy of Reconstruction" was written by the National Institute of Social Sciences. The year 1918. "Passing of national frontiers", dial. The year 1918."Menial servants during the period of war" The year 1918. Public, "Farm Labor for the Period of War". The year 1918. "The War and Higher Learning" is on the dial. The year 1918. "The Modern Point of View and the New Order" is on the dial.1919. The Intellectual Pre-Eminence of Jews in Modern Europe was reported in Political Science Quarterly. In 1919. On the nature and uses of sabotage. 1919. "Bolshevism is a Menace to the Vested Interests". 1919."Peace", dial. 1919. The Captains of Finance and the Engineers were mentioned. 1919. The Industrial System and the Captains of Industry were discussed. 1920. The Review of J.M.Keynes' Economic Consequences of the Peace was published in the Political Science Quarterly.1925. There is an economic theory in the calculable future. 1925. The Laxdla saga has an introduction. The Veblenite is a site dedicated to <mask> <mask>, collecting biography, works, and some analysis. The Washington Island Heritage Conservancy has a site detailing restoration efforts. The University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center has a guide to the Thorstein Veblen

masks: Veblen Veblen Veblen Veblen Veblen Thorstein Veblen


texts: <mask> was an American football coach, basketball coach, and athletic director. He was the head football coach at East Texas State University from 1964 to 1985. He is the winningest head coach in the history of the Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football program. Growing up in the West Texas town of Lamesa, Texas, <mask> excelled in football, basketball, and track and field at the high school. He attended Texas Tech University after graduating high school. After joining the military, he did not participate in athletics due to World War II. When the war ended, he returned to school in Lubbock, where wartime rules allowed him to compete.He was the quarterback for the Texas Tech football team from 1947 to 1949 and was a multi-sport athlete. In three seasons as the Red Raiders starting quarterback, he led them to three Border Conference titles and appearances in the Raisin Bowl and Sun Bowl. He graduated from Texas Tech at the top of his class. After he was given the job of head football coach and head basketball coach at Paris Junior College in Paris, Texas, he and his wife moved to Northeast Texas. The head football coach had a 32–1 record while the basketball coach had a 39–49 record. He was named athletic director for PJC because of his success on the court and on the field. He attended graduate school at East Texas State University in Commerce, Texas, 40 miles southwest of Paris, where he received a master's degree in 1957.He was an assistant football coach at East Texas State University. The Lions had six winning seasons, three Lone Star Conference Championships, two LSC second-place finishes, and two Tangerine Bowl victories under the leadership of Sikes. The Lion offense was made incredibly potent by mixing in Sikes' T formation power running with <mask>' penchant for throwing the Football. The combination gave the Lions great success, winning conference and bowl titles, and sending many players to the National Football League. The spring of 1964 saw the sudden death of Sikes and the naming of <mask> as his successor. In his third year, the Lions won the 1966 Lone Star Conference championship, their first of four. The Lions won the conference in 1969 and 1968.At the end of the 1971 season, <mask> had a record of 40–37–1 with two conference titles, one second-place finish, and four winning seasons. In the 1972 season, the Lions were picked to finish fourth in the conference, but lost to a rival and then went on to win six straight games to climb into the national polls. The Lions finished the season with two wins. The Lions were ranked fourth in the nation and invited to the national playoffs. The University of Central Oklahoma Bronchos were the top ranked team in the nation in the first round. The Lions shocked the nation and routed UCO 54–0 in the national semi-finalists, earning them a spot in the National Championship game against the second ranked Carson-Newman College Eagles. Commerce was chosen to host the Championship game.On a bitterly cold December day in front of a packed Memorial Stadium, the Lions won the national title. Will Cureton, Harvey Martin, Autry Beamon, Aundra Thompson, and Tim Collier were on the team. The Lions were named the National Team of the Year and the Lone Star Conference Coach of the Year. After winning the National Championship, he continued to have success and made East Texas State a contender in the Lone Star Conference. He had six seasons of seven wins or more, and went back to the post season in 1974 with a 7–10 tie against Bethune-Cookman in the Florida Central Classic Bowl. The Lions made a serious run at a national title, winning a Division Championship and going to the National Semi-Finals, but lost to the eventual national champion. The conference championship was won by the Lions in 1983.Prior to the 1985 season, he announced that he would be stepping down at the end of the season. He ended his career with a third-place finish. Michael Trigg, Wade Wilson, Wes Smith, Kyle Mackey, and Alan Veingrad were all coached by <mask>. The head coach of the Texas team won four conference titles, three second-place finishes, and one division championship while he was there. During his time in Commerce, a number of future professional football players were coached by notable players. Super Bowl XII's Most Valuable Player is Harvey Martin of the Dallas Cowboys. White was a member of the All Pro team.Wade Wilson was the quarterback for the Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, and Dallas Cowboys. Kyle was the starting quarterback for the New York Jets. Will Cureton will be the starting quarterback. The Minnesota Vikings have a Cornerback named Autry Beamon. Aundra Thompson-Green Bay Packers, Wes Smith-Green Bay Packers, and Mike Trigg-Minnesota Vikings are all in the Arena Football League. The BC Lions are in the Canadian Football League. The Green Bay Packers won the Super Bowl.Personal <mask> lived in Commerce, Texas, and was an active member of the football program at A&M-Commerce. Margaret died in 2012 after 62 years of marriage. He had a son, Ray, and two daughters, Kathy and Lu Anne. In the summer of 2012 he was hospitalized after contracting the West Nile virus, but he was treated and released a week later. He enjoyed fishing and was a member of the First Baptist Church of Commerce. The field at Memorial Stadium in Commerce was named after him. The man died in Texas after a brief illness.Texas A&M University Commerce Athletic Hall of Fame (1988) Lone Star Conference Athletic Hall of Fame (2004).

masks:
Ernest Ray Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins


texts: Sir <mask> was an Australian politician. From 1968 to 1987 he was the longest-serving and longest-lived premier of the state. He has become one of the most well-known and controversial figures of 20th-century Australian politics because of his uncompromising conservatism, political longevity, and the institutional corruption that became synonymous with his later leadership. Bjelke-Petersen's Country (later National) Party was in control of the state despite receiving a smaller number of votes than the other major parties. The nickname of "the Hillbilly Dictator" was earned by Bjelke-Petersen. Over the course of his 19 years as premier, he tripled the number of people who voted for the CP and doubled the party's percentage vote. After the Liberal Party pulled out of the coalition government in 1983, Bjelke-Petersen reduced his former partners to eight seats.Bjelke-Petersen tried to become prime minister in 1985 but the campaign was aborted. Bjelke-Petersen was a divisive figure and earned himself a reputation as a "law and order" politician with his repeated use of police force against street demonstrators and strongarm tactics with trade unions. The royal commission into police corruption looked into his administration's links with state government ministers. After resisting a party vote that replaced him as leader, Bjelke-Petersen resigned from politics on December 1, 1987. Two of his state ministers, as well as the police commissioner Bjelke-Petersen had appointed and later knighted, were jailed for corruption offences and in 1991 Bjelke-Petersen, too, was tried for perjury over his evidence to the royal commission; the jury failed to Bjelke-Petersen was born in New Zealand and lived in a small town in the south of the country. The Bjelke-Petersen family are from Australia.Carl, Bjelke-Petersen's father, was a Lutheran pastor. The family moved to Australia in 1913 to start a farm. The young Bjelke-Petersen was left with a limp. Carl Bjelke-Petersen was often in poor health. Bjelke-Petersen left formal school at the age of 14 to work on his mother's farm, and later went to correspondence school and took an extension course on the "Art of Writing". He taught Sunday school and preached in nearby towns. Bjelke-Petersen began land clearing and peanut farming on the family's second property in 1933.He was able to begin work as a contract land-clearer because of his efforts. He found a way to connect a heavy anchor chain between two bulldozers. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Obtaining a pilot's licence early in his adult life, Bjelke-Petersen also started aerial spraying and grass seeding to further speed up pasture development. After failing in a 1944 ballot against the sitting member to gain Country Party endorsement in the state seat of Nanango, Bjelke-Petersen was elected in 1946 to the Kingaroy Shire Council, where he developed a profile in the Country Party. He was elected secretary of the local Nationals branch at the age of 36 after gaining the support of local federal member and shire council chairman Sir Charles Adermann and Sir Frank Nicklin. He would hold this seat for 40 years.Bjelke-Petersen was an opposition member of the Labor Party for eleven years. Florence Gilmour became a significant political figure in her own right after she married Bjelke-Petersen. Nicklin's Country Party came to power in 1957 after a split in the Labor Party. The situation at the national level was reversed. The provincial cities between them have more people than the Brisbane area. The Country Party was stronger than the Liberal Party. The Country Party has been a senior partner in the Coalition since 1925.In 1963, Nicklin appointed Bjelke-Petersen as minister for works and housing, a portfolio that gave him the opportunity to give preferential treatment to backbenchers by approving the construction of schools, police stations and public housing in their electorates. He was an acting minister for education, police, Aboriginal and Island Affairs, local government and other areas. He would remain in the cabinet until 1987. Only Thomas Playford IV, who served in the South Australian cabinet without interruption from 1938 to 1965, served longer as a federal or state cabinet minister. Jack Pizzey was elected deputy Country Party leader after Nicklin retired in January 1968. After just seven months in office, Pizzey died of a heart attack. Gordon Chalk was sworn in as the interim premier.The Country Party had 27 seats while the Liberals had 20. Chalk would have been the premier if the Liberals had taken senior status. Bjelke-Petersen threatened to pull the Country Party out of the Coalition unless he became the premier. Bjelke-Petersen was sworn in as premier on August 8, 1968, after seven days after Chalk accepted the inevitable. He was the Police Minister. Within months of becoming premier, Bjelke-Petersen encountered his first controversy over allegations of conflict of interest. The right to search for oil over 150,000 km2 near Hughenden was given to him by the authority he paid for in 1959.The day after he incorporated the company, he entered an agreement to sell a majority of the company's shares to an American company. The Mines Minister gave his consent a week later after he asked for it the day before. Bjelke-Petersen took the matter to the High Court after the Taxation Commissioner ruled that the windfall was a taxable profit. Justice Taylor ruled that the six million percent gain from the authority came from a profit-making undertaking. Bjelke-Petersen bought a million shares in Exoil after Artesian transferred its authority to the new company. Three weeks after becoming premier, Bjelke-Petersen's government gave two companies, Exoil NL and Transoil NL, six-year leases to prospect for oil on the Great Barrier Reef north of Cooktown. The premier's financial involvement in the companies was revealed at a press conference in March 1969 by the leader of the opposition.Bjelke-Petersen resigned his directorship of Artesian in favor of his wife. The Country Party won 26 seats, a third of the parliament's 78 seats, as a result of the state's electoral malapportionment at the 1969 election. There was further controversy. The public float of Comalco, a mining company that had direct dealings with the government and senior ministers, was bought by a number of people, including Florence Bjelke-Petersen. The first day of trading was double the price the ministers paid. The Country Party state branch changed its policy to forbid the acceptance of preferential share offers by ministers or members of parliament after rejecting claims of a conflict of interest. In October, the Country Party lost a by-election in the Gold Coast seat of Albert, prompting several nervous MPs to make plans to oust Bjelke-Petersen as leader and replace him with Ron Camm.Bjelke-Petersen was able to survive a party room vote by a margin of one after producing a proxy vote of an uncontactable MP. Plans by Country Party members to support a Labor Party vote of no confidence in parliament were quashed after the intervention of party president Robert Sparkes, who warned that anyone who voted against Bjelke-Petersen would lose their status as the party's candidate at the next election. Bjelke-Petersen seized on the visit of the South African rugby union team in 1971 to consolidate his position as leader with a display of force. There were anti-apartheid demonstrations in southern states and a match in Brisbane was scheduled for July 24, 1971, the date of two by-elections. Bjelke-Petersen declared a month-long state of emergency on 14 July, giving the government almost unlimited power to quell what the government said was expected to be a climax of violent demonstrations. More than 500 police were transported from other parts of the state. 40 trade unions staged a strike in the week before the match.A crowd of demonstrators mounted a peaceful protest outside the Springboks' Wickham Terrace motel and were chased on foot by police moments after being ordered to retreat, with many police attacking the crowd with batons, boots and fists. It was one of a number of violent attacks by police on demonstrators. The football game was played in front of a large crowd. The state of emergency, which gave the government the appearance of being strong- willed and decisive, helped steer the government to victory in both by-elections held on match day. Police Special Branch member Don Lane became a political ally of the premier. Bjelke-Petersen gave the police union an extra week's leave for every officer in the state and praised them for their "restraint" during the demonstrations. He described the tension over the tour as a game of chess in the political arena.He said the crisis put him on the map. The Country-Liberal coalition won 26 seats with 20% of the vote at the 1972 Queensland state election, six months before the Labor Party's victory at the 1972 Australian federal election. It was the first state election after a 1971 electoral redistribution that added four seats to the parliament and created four electoral zones with a weightage towards rural seats. Bjelke-Petersen developed a high level of sophistication in dealing with news media, thanks to the guidance of Allen Callaghan, a former Australian Broadcasting Corporation political journalist. He joked that he fed the chooks, established direct telex links to newsrooms where he could feed professionally written media releases, and distributed press releases on deadline so journalists had very little chance to research news items. The media coverage made the premier's public profile rise quickly. The prime minister described the premier as a "Bible-bashing bastard" after Bjelke-Petersen began regular media and parliamentary attacks on the Labor government.The pair clashed over the federal government's plans to stop the sale of coal to Japan, take over the administration of Aboriginal affairs, and move the Australian border to a point halfway between Australia and New Zealand. The proposal for Medicare, a publicly funded universal health care system, was opposed by Bjelke-Petersen. The battles helped consolidate Bjelke-Petersen's power as he used the media to argue that he was under threat from the "socialist" federal government. The premier's single-engine aircraft was upgraded to a twin-engine aircraft in 1973. Bjelke-Petersen, a licensed pilot, used it to visit far-flung parts of the state to campaign and boost his public profile. The Country Party changed its name to the National Party in 1974 to broaden its appeal. The prime minister offered the Democratic Labor Party senator Vince Gair, a bitter opponent of the government, the position of ambassador to Ireland as a way of creating an extra vacant Senate position.Gair's seat was hoped to be won by the Labor Party. The opposition kept Gair away from the Senate President and ensured he voted in a Senate debate late that night to avoid any move to backdate after Gair had resigned from the Senate. The Governor was advised by the Cabinet to issue writs for five, rather than six, vacancies, denying Labor the chance of gaining Gair's Senate spot. The intention was to have Gair's seat declared a casual vacancy so that Bjelke-Petersen could fill it until the next election. The Irish government accepted Gair's appointment in March, according to Labor. The Senate debate over many days was never resolved, but it was irrelevant when the double dissolution was called. Bjelke-Petersen called a state election in October 1974 and declared it would be fought on the policies of the federal Labor government.In the five-week campaign, the premier visited 70 towns and cities and drew record crowds to public meetings. Labor's caucus was called a "cricket team" by observers after it was left with just 11 seats in the legislature. The seat that Labor retained was in the north. The National Party, contesting its first state election under the new name and fielding candidates in just 48 seats, lifted its vote from 19.7 percent to 28 percent, creating a threat for the Liberal Party, and also picked up a number of city seats. Labor leader Perc Tucker was ousted by the Nationals. Bjelke-Petersen was named "Australian of the Year" by the Australian newspaper due to the singular impact he has on national political life. Bjelke-Petersen played a key role in the political crisis that brought down the government of the time.Bjelke-Petersen requested from the Labor Party a short list of nominees to replace Milliner, who died suddenly in June 1975. Mal Colston, an unsuccessful Labor candidate in the 1970 election, was rejected by Bjelke-Petersen because he was nominated by the ALP. Albert Field was selected by Bjelke-Petersen as a political novice who was critical of the Whitlam government. Field was on leave from October 1975 after the High Court challenged his appointment. The Coalition led by Malcolm Fraser did not give a pair to balance Field's absence. The Coalition had control over the Senate. Fraser blocked the passage of the Supply Bills through Parliament, denying the government the legal capacity to appropriate funds for government business and leading to his dismissal as Prime Minister.During the election campaign, Bjelke-Petersen claimed that police investigations had uncovered damaging documentation in relation to the Loans Affair. These allegations were never made public. For much of Bjelke-Petersen's time in office, taxation reform was the lowest taxed state in Australia. The removal of state death duties by Bjelke-Petersen cost his state $30 million in revenue. Many New South Wales and Victorian residents sought to establish their permanent address inQueensland as a result, so other states followed suit and abolished the tax on property transactions. Four years after the introduction of football pools, the government granted a casino licence on the Gold Coast, despite allegations of corruption and favouritism. The issue of police powers and civil liberties was raised at the time of the 1971