texts: <mask> was a Roman general and leader. <mask>, a member of the First Triumvirate, led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and then became dictator of Rome from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. He was involved in the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. The First Triumvirate formed in 60 BC and dominated Roman politics for several years. The Roman Senate was against their attempts to amass power and they had the support of Cicero. <mask> rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic after a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars. He built a bridge across the Rhine river during his time in Britain.The standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC, was threatened by these achievements and the support of his veteran army. <mask> was ordered by the Senate to leave his military command and return to Rome. <mask> disobeyed the Senate's authority by marching towards Rome at the head of an army in 49 BC. <mask> was in a position of power and influence in 45 BC after he won the civil war. <mask> began a program of social and governmental reforms after taking control of the government. Many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic were given citizenship by him. He supported veterans and initiated land reform.He was proclaimed the "dictator for life" after centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic. The elites began to plan against him because of his populist and authoritarian reforms. On the Ides of March, 44 BC, <mask> was stabbed to death by a group of senators. The constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored after a series of civil wars. After defeating his opponents in the last civil war of the Roman Republic, Augustus, <mask>'s great-nephew and adopted heir, rose to sole power. The era of the Roman Empire began after Octavian solidified his power. Much of <mask>'s life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns.Cicero's letters and speeches are some of the contemporary sources. Suetonius and Plutarch have biographies of <mask>. <mask> is considered to be one of the greatest military commanders of all time. The title "<mask>" was used throughout the Roman Empire and later became a synonym for "Emperor". His political philosophy, known as Caesarism, inspired politicians into the modern era. The son of the legendary prince Aeneas is said to have descended from the patrician family of <mask> <mask>. One of the leading Alban houses, which settled in Rome around the mid-7th century BC, was the Julii.They were granted patrician status. A very old inscription on an altar in the theatre of Bovillae shows their offering of sacrifice according to the Alban rites. According to Pliny the Elder, the cognomen "<mask>" originated with a descendant who was born in the Caesarean section. The suggestions are that the first <mask> had a thick head of hair, that he had bright grey eyes, or that he killed an elephant during the Punic Wars. <mask> may have favored the latter interpretation of his name, as he issued coins with images of elephants. The Julii Caesares had a revival of their political fortunes in the early 1st century BC. Julia, <mask>'s aunt, married one of the most prominent figures in the Republic, as well as <mask>'s father, who ruled the province of Asia.His mother was from an influential family. <mask>'s childhood is not recorded. <mask> became the head of the family at the age of 16 after his father died suddenly. His uncle and his rival fought in the civil wars. Both sides carried out bloody purges of their political opponents. When <mask> was nominated as the new high priest of Jupiter, he was married to the daughter of the man who was in control of the city. <mask>'s connections to the old regime made him a target for the new one.He was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry, and his priesthood, but he refused to divorce Cornelia and went into hiding. The threat against him was lifted by the intervention of his mother's family. Sulla is said to have said that he saw many people in <mask>. He was able to pursue a military career because the high priest of Jupiter was not allowed to touch a horse, sleep outside of his own bed or look at an army. <mask> decided to leave Rome and join the army because he thought it would be safer far away from Sulla if the dictator changed his mind. He won the Civic Crown for his part in the Siege of Mytilene. <mask> denied that he had an affair with the king after he spent a long time at his court.<mask> felt safe returning to Rome after hearing of Sulla's death. He didn't have a lot of money, but he did have a modest house in Subura, a lower-class neighbourhood of Rome. He turned to legal advocacy and became known for his oratory accompanied by his high-pitched voice and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption. <mask> was kidnapped by pirates while crossing the Aegean Sea. Throughout his captivity, he maintained an attitude of superiority. The pirates wanted 20 talents of silver, but he insisted on 50. <mask> joked that after his release he would raise a fleet, chase and capture the pirates, and crucify them while alive.He fulfilled this promise in full, apart from one detail, and then he had their throats cut. A band of auxiliaries was raised to repel an incursion from the east after he was called back into military action. He was elected military tribune on his return to Rome. He was elected in 69 BC, and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia, including pictures of her husband in the funeral procession. His wife died as well. After his wife's funeral, <mask> went to serve his quaestorship in Hispania. While there, he encountered a statue of Alexander the Great, and realized that he was at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet, while he had achieved comparatively little.He married Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla, in 67 BC, but later divorced her after she was implicated in the Bona Dea scandal. In 65 BC, he was elected and staged lavish games that won him more attention and support. He ran for the post of chief priest of the Roman state religion in 63 BC. He faced two powerful senators. All sides made accusations of bribe taking. <mask> won comfortably despite his opponent's standing and experience. Cicero exposed Catiline's plan to seize control of the republic and several senators accused <mask> of involvement in the plot.<mask> was appointed to govern Hispania Ulterior, the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, after serving as in 62 BC. He needed to satisfy his debts before he could leave. Marcus Licinius Crassus was the richest man in Rome. <mask>'s debts were paid by Crassus in exchange for political support in his opposition to the interests of Pompey. <mask> left for his province to avoid prosecution for his debts and thus become a private citizen. In Hispania, he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as a hero by his troops; he reformed the law regarding debts, and completed his governorship in high esteem. <mask> was praised in 60 BC and again in 45 BC.The title was assumed by military commanders in the Roman Republic. An acclamation is needed for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph after an especially great victory. <mask> wanted to be the most senior magistracy in the republic. If he were to celebrate a triumph, he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony, but he would need to leave his command and enter Rome as a private citizen. He couldn't do both at the same time. The proposal to stand in absentia was blocked by the Senate. <mask> had a choice between a triumph and a consulship.<mask>, along with two other candidates, sought election as a consul in 60 BC. The election was so bad that one of <mask>'s opponents is said to have bribed Cato in order to win. <mask> and Marcus Bibulus won. <mask> made overtures to Pompey even though he was already in political debt. <mask> tried to reconcile Pompey and Crassus, who had been at odds for a decade. They had enough money and influence to control public business. The First Triumvirate was formed by the marriage of Pompey to Julia.Calpurnia was the daughter of a powerful senator. <mask> proposed a law for redistributing public lands to the poor, which was supported by Pompey and Crassus. The triumvirate's opponents were intimidated by Pompey filling the city with soldiers. <mask>'s armed supporters drove Bibulus from the forum after he tried to void the new law. His lictors had their fasces broken, two high magistrates accompanying him were wounded, and he had a bucket of excrement thrown over him. He retired to his house for the rest of the year because he was afraid of being killed. <mask>'s legislation was not impeded by these attempts.The year was referred to as the consulship of <mask> and <mask> by Roman satirists. After <mask>'s first year in office, the aristocracy tried to limit his power by giving the woods and pastures of Italy to him instead of the governorship of a province. <mask> was granted the governorship over Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum with the help of political allies. After the death of its governor, Pompey and his father-in-law Piso added Transalpine Gaul, giving him command of four legions. His immunity from prosecution was set at five years, rather than the usual two. <mask> left for his province after narrowly avoiding prosecution for the irregularity of his year in office. There was money to be made as a governor even though Conquest of Gaul <mask> was still in debt.Two of <mask>'s provinces were bordered on unconquered territory, and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable. Germanic tribes helped defeat some of Rome's Gallic allies at the Battle of Magetobriga. The Romans were worried that the tribes were going to migrate south to Italy. These tribes were defeated by <mask>. The tribes in the north-eastern part began to arm themselves. After an engagement against the united tribes, <mask> conquered the tribes piecemeal. The conquest of the tribes in the far north began by one of his legions.Rome was in turmoil and <mask>'s political alliance was coming undone when the Triumvirs held a conference in the spring of 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 <mask>'s governorship was extended for another five years by the Lucca Conference. A few pockets of resistance remained after the conquest of the north. <mask> had a base from which to launch an invasion of Britain. <mask> built a bridge across the Rhine and made a show of force in Germanic territory after repelling an incursion by two Germanic tribes in 55 BC. He claimed that the Britons aided one of his enemies the previous year, possibly the Veneti of Brittany, after he subdued two other tribes. Although he gained a beachhead on the coast, he could not advance because of his poor knowledge of Britain.He returned to Gaul for the winter after raiding out from his beachhead. He was better prepared and achieved more after returning the following year. Poor harvests led to revolt in Gaul, forcing <mask> to leave Britain for the last time. The internal division of the Gauls gave <mask> an easy victory over the Gallic tribes. The attempt to unite them against the Roman invaders came too late. At the Battle of Gergovia, he proved to be an astute commander, but <mask>'s siege-works at the Battle of Alesia forced his surrender. Gaul was effectively conquered despite scattered warfare the following year.During the Gallic Wars, the army fought against three million men, of whom one million died, and another million were enslaved, and destroyed 800 cities. Modern historians disagree with the casualty figures. Julia, <mask>'s daughter, died in childbirth while he was in Britain. <mask> tried to get Pompey to support him by offering his great-niece in marriage, but he declined. The failed invasion of the east was caused by the death of Crassus. The city was on the verge of a civil war. Pompey married the daughter of a political opponent of <mask> as an emergency measure.The Triumvirate was no longer alive. The tribunes vetoed <mask>'s proposal to end his command at once, but the consul ensured that it wouldn't be extended. Civil war fears grew as 50 BC progressed. On 1 December 50 BC, a <mask>'s Curio supporter proposed in the senate that Pompey and <mask> be disarmed. It received a lot of support but was vetoed. The senate refused to vote on <mask>'s renewed offer that he and Pompey disarm. <mask> was declared an enemy by the Senate and his tribunes were driven out of Rome.There is disagreement as to the specific reasons why <mask> marched on Rome, but the possibility of prosecution for actions in his consulship of 59 BC was unlikely. Prior to the civil war, his objectives were to secure himself an immediate second consulship and a triumph, having given up his victory in 60 BC to stand for his first consulship. <mask> was worried that his opponents would reject his candidacy, refuse to ratify the election result in which he was a victor, or deny him a triumph for Gaul. On January 10, 49 BC, <mask> crossed the Rubicon river with only one legion, the Legio XIII Gemina, and started a civil war. <mask> is said to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander, in Greek, "the die is cast". The Latin translation of the Greek imperative mood would be "alea iacta esto". The Senate fled to the south because they lacked confidence in Pompey's newly raised troops.Pompey did not intend to fight <mask>, who had only his Thirteenth Legion with him. <mask> wanted to capture Pompey before his army could escape. Pompey escaped before <mask> could catch him. <mask> left Italy under the control of Mark Antony. <mask> barely avoided a catastrophic defeat in the battle of Dyrrhachium after defeating Pompey's lieutenants, then returning east to challenge Pompey in Illyria. He defeated Pompey at Pharsalus in Greece in August of 48 BC. <mask> was appointed dictator in Rome, with Antony as his second in command, and then he resigned after 11 days.After the murder of the general, <mask> pursued Pompey to Egypt. <mask> received Pompey's severed head and seal-ring with tears in his eyes. He put Pompey's assassins to death. There was a civil war between the child pharaoh and his sister, wife, and co-regent queen, Cleopatra. <mask> may have sided with Cleopatra because of the pharaoh's role in Pompey's murder. He defeated the pharaoh's forces at the Battle of the Nile in 47 BC and installed Cleopatra as ruler. In the spring of 47 BC, <mask> and Cleopatra celebrated their victory with a triumphal procession on the Nile.<mask> was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs by the royal barge and 400 additional ships. <mask> and Cleopatra weren't married. <mask> continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage and probably fathered a son called <mask>. Cleopatra resided in <mask>'s villa just outside Rome across the Tiber on more than one occasion. <mask> was a dictator for one year in 48 BC. After spending the first months of 47 BC in Egypt, <mask> went to the Middle East and destroyed the king of Pontus; his victory was so swift and complete that he mocked Pompey's previous victories over poor enemies. <mask> visited Tarsus on his way to Pontus.Cicero said that Cassius was planning to kill him at this point. He went to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey's supporters. He lost to Labienus at Ruspina on January 4th, but rebounded to win at Thapsus on April 6th over Cato, who committed suicide. He was a dictator for 10 years after this victory. <mask> defeated the last remnants of opposition in the Battle of Munda in March 45 BC, after Pompey's sons escaped to Hispania. <mask> was re-elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC and 45 BC without a colleague. <mask> wasDictatorship and assassination while he was still campaigning in Hispania.<mask> pardoned almost all of his enemies and there was no public opposition to him. <mask>'s victory at Munda was celebrated in April with great games and celebrations. The triumph held after <mask>'s victory was found to be in poor taste by many Romans, as those defeated in the civil war had not been foreigners, but fellow Romans. When <mask> returned to Italy in 45 BC, he left his vast estate and property to his grandnephew, now known as <mask>. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus would be the next heir if Octavian died before <mask>. He left a large gift to the citizens of Rome. <mask> established a new constitution between his crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC and his assassination in 44 BC, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals.He wanted to bring order back to the Republic by suppressing all armed resistance in the provinces. He wanted a strong central government in Rome. He wanted to knit all of the provinces together. <mask> defeated Pompey and his supporters. He needed to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed so he assumed these powers by increasing his own authority and decreasing the authority of Rome's other political institutions. The most important of the reforms was his reform of the calendar. <mask>'s victories over Egypt, Gaul, and Pharnaces were granted by the Senate rather than over his Roman opponents.The spectators were moved to pity when Arsinoe IV was paraded in chains. There were gladiator contests and beast-hunts. A naval battle took place at the Field of Mars. Two armies of war captives fought to the death, each with 2,000 people, 200 horses, and 20 elephants. Some people complained about <mask>'s wasteful extravagance. <mask> sacrificed two rioters on the Field of Mars to stop the riot. <mask> wanted to pass an ambitious legislative agenda after the triumph.He ordered a census to be taken, which forced a reduction in the grain dole, and he decided that jurors could only come from the Senate or the equestrian ranks. The

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texts: law restricted the purchase of certain luxuries. He passed a law to speed up the repopulation of Italy by rewarding families with many children. He banned professional guilds since many of them were political clubs. A term-limit law was passed for governors. About a fourth of all debts were eliminated by the MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE The Temple of Venus Genetrix was built in the Forum of Caesar.The purchase of state-subsidised grain was tightly regulated by <mask> and the number of recipients was reduced to a fixed number. The distribution of land to 15,000 of his veterans was planned from 47 to 44 BC. His reform of the calendar was the most important change. The movement of the moon regulated the Roman calendar. Roman farmers were able to use the Egyptian calendar as a basis for seasonal planting because it was based on the sun. He added an intercalary/leap day at the end of February every fourth year to set the length of the year. The intercalary month at the end of February and two extra months after November were added to bring the calendar into alignment.The calendar opened on January 1st. The current Western calendar is almost identical to this calendar. He passed a few more reforms before his death. He ordered the rebuilding of Carthage and ordered officials to carry out his land reforms. The tax system was abolished and the Latin rights were extended throughout the Roman world. His assassination prevented the construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars, a huge theatre, and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria. He wanted to cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth and convert Ostia to a major port.He wanted to avenge the loss at Carrhae and conquer the Parthians. He instituted a huge campaign. The Senate named him censor for life and Father of the Fatherland, and the month of July was renamed in his honor. His assassination was used to justify the issuing of coins with his image on them and the placement of his statue next to the kings. He was granted a golden chair in the Senate, was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose, and was offered a form of cult with Antony as his high priest. <mask>'s political appointments are complex and uncertain. The dictatorship and the tribunate were held by <mask>, but he also held the proconsulship.The powers of the state seem to have rested on these magistracies. He resigned his dictatorship in 11 days after being appointed dictator in 49 BC. In 48 BC, he was reappointed dictator and in 46 BC, he was appointed dictator for 10 years. <mask> was given permanent tribunician powers in 48 BC, which made him sacrosanct and allowed him to veto the Senate at least one time. The Senate took action against the offending tribunes. <mask> had violated a tribune's sacrosanctity before. The treasury was opened by him after he marched on Rome in 49 BC.<mask> faced no opposition from other members of the Tribunician College after the impeachment of the two tribunes. When <mask> returned to Rome in 47 BC, the ranks of the Senate had been severely deplete, so he used his powers to appoint many new senators, which eventually raised the Senate's membership to 900. The Senate became subservient to him due to the appointments of his own partisans. <mask> passed a law to make it harder for another general to challenge him. <mask> gave himself the title of "Prefect of the Morals", which was a new office that had the same powers as the censors. He used these powers to fill the Senate with his own partisans, while technically not subjecting himself to the same checks to which the ordinary censors were subject. The precedent of requiring the Senate to give various titles and honours to him was set by him.He was given the title of "Father of the Fatherland" and "imperator". Coins bore his likeness, and he was given the right to speak first in Senate meetings. <mask> was able to reward his supporters because he increased the number of magistrates who were elected each year. <mask> tried to link the other provinces of the empire into a single cohesive unit by transforming Italy into a province. The process of merging the entire Roman Empire into a single unit would be completed by <mask>'s successor, the Emperor Augustus. <mask> resigned his position as sole consul in October 45 BC in order to allow the election of two successors for the rest of the year, since the constitution did not recognize a single consul without a colleague. In February 44 BC, one month before his death, he was appointed dictator.<mask> had a lot of authority vested in his lieutenants because he was often out of Italy. <mask> was about to start a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all of them. The magistrates were transformed from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the dictator. <mask> was scheduled to appear at the Senate on the Ides of March, which was the Roman calendar's 44 BC date. The Senators had a plan to kill <mask>. Antony went to head <mask> off after learning of the plot from a terrified liberator.The plan was to have Trebonius intercept him as he approached the portico of the Theatre of Pompey, where the session was to be held, and detain him outside. Antony fled when he heard the commotion. As <mask> arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his brother. The conspirators offered support. Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Cimber pulled down <mask>'s tunic when he waved him away. "Why is this violence?" <mask> asked Cimber. "Ista quidem vis est!"Casca made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck as he produced his dagger. <mask> caught Casca with his arm. "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" he asked in Latin. Casca yelled, "Help, brother!" "Adelphe, boethei" is in Greek. The dictator was struck out at by the entire group. <mask> was blinded by the blood and tripped and fell as the men continued to stab him on the lower steps of the portico.Around 60 men were involved in the assassination. He had been stabbed 23 times. The second wound to his chest was found to be lethal, according to Suetonius. The dictator's last words are a subject that scholars and historians disagree on. According to Suetonius, <mask>'s last words were the Greek phrase "Kai sy, teknon?" "You too, child?" in English.Suetonius thought that <mask> didn't say anything. <mask> pulled his toga over his head when he saw the conspirators. The Latin phrase "Et tu, Brute?" is the best known version in the English-speaking world. And you, Brutus? It's commonly rendered as "You too, Brutus?" It forms the first half of a macaronic line in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Then fall, <mask>.The True Tragedie of Richarde Duke of Yorke and <mask>fectus were both popular when the play was written. Shakespeare's source work was used for other plays. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators, but they fled the building. After marching to the Capitol, the group of people cried out to their beloved city: "People of Rome, we are once again free!" As soon as the rumour of what had taken place began to spread, the citizens of Rome locked themselves inside their houses. <mask>'s dead body lay on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it. <mask>'s body was cremated.A crowd at the cremation started a fire that badly damaged the forum and other buildings. The Temple of Caesar was built a few years after his cremation on the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum. Only the altar remains. There is a life-size statue of <mask> in the forum. After the death of <mask>, a series of civil wars took place, which culminated in the formation of the Roman Empire. The end of the Roman Republic was caused by <mask>'s death. The Roman middle and lower classes were enraged that a small group of people had killed <mask>.Antony, who had been drifting apart from <mask>, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. <mask> had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir and made him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic. The Forum was damaged when the crowd at the funeral threw dry branches, furniture, and clothing on to <mask>'s funeral pyre. The spark for the civil war was provided by the mob attacking the houses of Brutus and Cassius, who were repelled only with considerable difficulty. Antony didn't see the end of the civil wars with regard to <mask>'s adopted heir. While Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position, as he was only 18 when <mask> died. Antony needed soldiers, cash from <mask>'s war chests, and the legitimacy that <mask>'s name would provide for any action he took against Brutus and Cassius.The Second Triumvirate was formed after the passage of the lex Titia. <mask> was deified as Divus Iulius in 42 BC. The Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription because of <mask>'s murder. It killed many of its opponents in order to get funding for its legions in the second civil war. They were defeated by Antony and Octavian. Antony formed an alliance with Cleopatra to use Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. There was a third civil war between Antony and Cleopatra.The final civil war resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name <mask>, a name conveying religious, rather than political, authority. <mask> was going to invade Parthia and Scythia and then return to Germania through Eastern Europe. His assassination prevented these plans from happening. The conquests of Parthia and Germania were attempted by his successors. The first historical Roman to be deified was <mask>. He was given the title of Divus Iulius by decree of the Roman Senate on January 1st, 42 BC. The appearance of a comet was seen as confirmation of his divinity.Antony was appointed as his flamen shortly before his assassination, and he may have received divine honours during his lifetime. The cult of Divus Iulius was promoted by both Antony and Octavian. After the death of <mask>, the adoptive son of <mask>, Octavian, assumed the title of Divi Filius. <mask> is thought to have suffered from seizure. Some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria during the 80s BC, and that is one of the reasons modern scholarship is divided on the subject. His epileptic seizures may have been caused by a tapeworm in his brain. <mask> had at least four episodes of partial seizures.He may have had seizure in his youth. The biographer Suetonius was born after <mask> died. Some medical historians claim that there is a link between Epileptoid Seizures and Hypoglycemia. The "Caesar Complex" theory was published in 2003 by Harbour F. Hodder, who argued that <mask>'s decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his death was due to his temporal lobe epilepsy. "Come on my right hand, for this ear is deafness" is a line from Shakespeare. There was no mention of hearing impairment in the classical source. The playwright may have been using a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon made.Alexander covered his ear in order to hear the defence. The results of <mask>'s cerebrovascular episodes include headaches, vertigo, falls, sensory deficit, giddiness and insensibility, as well as syncopal episodes. According to Pliny the Elder, <mask>'s father and forefather died without apparent cause while putting on their shoes. These events can be linked to cardiovascular problems from strokes or heart attacks. <mask> may have had a genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. <mask> was described as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes" by Suetonius. The Latin alphabet of the period did not have the letters J and U, so <mask>'s name was rendered GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR.The letterform  is used in Latin inscriptions to save space. It was pronounced in Classical Latin as a.i.s jul.i.s kaesar]. Many historical writings were done in Greek in the days of the Roman Republic. <mask>'s principal assassin, Brutus, was sent to Athens for advanced training after being taught by Greek slaves. <mask>'s family name was written in Greek during his time. The pronunciation of his name is similar to that of the German Kaiser or Dutch keizer. The original diphthong began to be pronounced as a simple long vowels.In Italian and German regional pronunciations of Latin, the plosive before front vowels began to be pronounced as an affricate. The modern English pronunciation is derived from the French pronunciation, which became a fricative with the evolution of the Romance languages. "Render unto <mask> the things which are <mask>'s, and unto God the things that are God's" is a famous verse in the Bible. The title became Kaiser in German and Czar in the Slavic languages after the late first millennium. The last tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria. For approximately two thousand years, there was at least one head of state bearing his name. <mask> is one of the earliest and most widespread Latin loanwords in the Germanic languages, being found in the text corpora of Old High German, Old Saxon, and Old English.First marriage to Cornelia, from 84 BC until her death in 69 or68 BC, second marriage to Pompeia, from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC over the Bona Dea scandal, and third marriage to Calpurnia, from 59 BC until <mask>'s. His great-nephew by blood, who later became Emperor Augustus, was Posthumously adopted. <mask> believed that Marcus Junius Brutus was his illegitimate son, as his mother had been his lover during their youth. When Brutus was born, <mask> would be 15 years old. Junia Tertia was born in ca. Cicero believed that the daughter of <mask>'s lover was his natural daughter. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus was born in ca.<mask> loved Decimus Brutus like a son on several occasions. In case Octavius died before <mask>, this Brutus was named heir to the throne. Ronald Syme believes that Decimus was more likely to be <mask>'s son than Marcus. Julia and Pompey's grandchild died at several days old. Rumors of passive homosexuality were seen as a sign of submission by Roman society. According to Suetonius, his soldiers sang that <mask> may have conquered the Gauls, but he did not. According to Cicero, Bibulus, and others, he had an affair with a woman early in his career.<mask> was referred to as the Queen of Bithynia by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. <mask> denied the accusations many times throughout his lifetime, and even under oath on one occasion. This form of defamation was popular in the Roman Republic. Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that <mask> and Mamurra were lovers, but later apologized. Mark Antony claimed that he had earned his adoption by having sex with <mask>. Suetonius said that Antony's accusation of an affair was political. Augustus was the first Roman Emperor.<mask> was considered to be one of the best orators and prose authors in Latin. <mask>'s war commentaries are the only ones left. Some sentences from other works are quoted. His funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia, which was written in response to Cicero's published praise, is one of his lost works. Ancient sources mention poems by <mask>. One year of his campaigns in Gaul and southern Britain in the 50s BC are covered in seven books, while the last two years are written by Aulus Hirtius. The events of the Civil War were from <mask>'s perspective until after Pompey's death in Egypt.Some works have been attributed to <mask>, but others are in doubt. These narratives were written and published every year after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front". <mask>'s reputation was enhanced when he was away from Rome for long periods. They could have been presented as public readings. The Gallic Wars has been studied by first- or second-year Latin students as a model of clear and direct Latin style. <mask>'s autobiography is the most complete source for reconstructing his biography. <mask> wrote those texts with his political career in mind, so historians need to be careful with the exaggerations and bias contained in it.One of the first historical figures to fold his message scrolls into a concertina form was <mask>. The cult of personality of <mask> was started by the Roman emperor Augustus. The history of the Roman Empire is influenced by the traditions of the Octavian people. Historians try to make sense of the bias. Many rulers were interested in the historiography of <mask>. Histoire de Jules César was not finished by Napoleon III. The previous rulers were listed in the second volume.A monk was ordered by Charles VIII to translate the Gallic Wars. The Gallic Wars were placed in context by a topographic study ordered by Charles V. The Ottoman sultan translated the surviving editions of the Commentaries to Turkish. The first two commentaries and the last two were translated by Henry IV and Louis XIII of France. Politics <mask> is seen as the main example of Caesarism, a form of political rule led by a charismatic strongman whose rule is based upon a cult of personality, whose rationale is the need to rule by force, establishing a violent social order, and being a regime involving prominence of the The French Napoleon Bonaparte and the Italian Benito Mussolini are examples of people who have defined themselves as Caesarists. Bonaparte didn't only focus on <mask>'s military career but also on his relation with the people.Critics of this type of political rule use the word in a negative way. There are depictions of Battle record Chronology. William Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar, an opera by Handel, and an Alexandria Caesar cipher. The English translation of Suetonius: The Life of <mask> Caesar is cross-linked. 100 BC births 44 deaths 1st-century BC historians 1st-century BC Roman augurs 1st-century BC rulers 1st-century BC

masks:
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar Inter
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar Augustus
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Julius Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Julius Caesar
Caesar
Caesar
Julius Caesar
Caesar
Julius


texts: <mask>n was a United States Marine Corps colonel, World War II veteran, and a Central Intelligence Agency officer who died in Vietnam in 1975. He was involved in battles in the Pacific during the World War II. During the Solomon Islands campaign, he was shot in the right leg by a Japanese assassin while he was helping to move his fellow soldiers who were wounded out of danger. Gougelmann refused to allow the doctors to amputate his leg because he wanted to return to service. His convalescence lasted for two years after he kept his leg. He was decorated with a purple heart because of the injury he sustained in combat. The war was drawing to a close when he came back to active duty.Gougelmann was in the Corps until his honorable discharge in 1949. After the National Security Act of 1947 was signed into law by Truman, Gougelmann joined the Central Intelligence Agency, which was created from the Central Intelligence Group. The CIG had difficulties in attracting the best and the brightest, but the CIA had no such problems in its early years. Many of the nation's privileged youth were recent graduates of top educational institutions, such as Ivy League universities. The opportunity to serve the country at the beginning of the Cold War was viewed as a unique set of challenges. Gougelmann's first assignment was to Korea during the Korean War. He helped agents to get into the North.During the mid/late 1950s and early 1960s, his experience in covert operations was put to use in the CIA's attempts to overthrow Castro in Cuba. The Bay of Pigs Invasion may have been involved by Gougelmann. As the Cold War's active theater moved from Cuba to other parts of the world, the CIA's role with respect to Cuba was severely diminished. Gougelmann's assignments took him to Afghanistan as well as various locations in Europe. Gougelmann was assigned to South Vietnam. He continued to specialize in covert paramilitary operations work, coordinating boat raids against the North using Taiwanese nationals as civilians. Gougelmann's knowledge of covert operations methods was put to use in the domestic counter-intelligence work of a local governmental entity after he was assigned to the CIA's Saigon Station.Gougelmann and a local woman started a family life in a location for the first time in a long time. After retiring from the CIA in 1972, Gougelmann was living in Thailand as a civilian. He returned on his own after his family could not be evacuated prior to the North Vietnamese victory. He had trouble finding a way to get his family out of the country. As an American CIA officer would be a prime catch for the North Vietnamese, his continued presence was very unsafe. Although he tried his best to hide, he was eventually found during a search conducted by the police on the advice of a local Vietnamese on March 29, 1975. Gougelmann was taken into custody and kept in the main prison of the area.A French reporter who witnessed his arrest was seen by prisoners in Wing ED, where he was being kept. The government of Vietnam denied that they were holding him. Details of his imprisonment are limited and unconfirmed, and his treatment by the Vietnamese during his captivity is based on examination of the evidence after the fact. He was removed from the prison several times to be taken for interrogation, and government officials believe he was tortured during this time. Gougelmann's remains were released to U.S. authorities in 1977 after the Vietnamese government denied they were holding him for the rest of 1975. Gougelmann was tortured during his captivity, as evidenced by a large number of broken bones which appeared to have been broken and re-broken after healing, according to a postmortem examination by the U.S. government. In his book Slow Burn: The Rise and Bitter Fall of American Intelligence in Vietnam, Orrin DeForrest states that Gougelmann had been retired and living in Saigon with his wife.Gougelmann asked a friend to try to get his family, including his youngest son, Edward, who was born after Gougelmann's arrest, out of Vietnam and to America if he ran afoul of the Vietnamese. After contacting American government officials in the CIA, Congress, and other high-ranking government offices, the friend succeeded in obtaining visas which allowed the family to emigrate to the United States. Gougelmann was buried at Arlington National Cemetery after his remains were returned to the US. His grave is next to that of Francis Gary Powers. The CIA decided that Gougelmann's death was a result of official CIA activity that he had been involved with previously in Vietnam and granted him a star on the CIA Memorial Wall. Special Activities Division References are External links. Stars on the Wall was a Discovery Channel documentary about members of the CIA who were killed while on duty.The people who died in the Central Intelligence Agency, the people who died in prison, the people who died in torture, the people who died in Vietnam, the people who died in World War II, the people who died in Korea, the people who died in Vietnam, the people who died


texts: <mask> was born on December 31, 1966 and died on May 5, 2020. He wrote 700 songs in his native language. <mask> was popular in both the Netherlands and Suriname, both of which have significant Javanese diaspora population. <mask> was born in Indonesia in 1966. <mask>'s father was a comedian and singer-songwriter who often performed at the traditional ketoprak tobong theatrical stage. His brother was a comedian. <mask>'s childhood was full of fighting and misbehaviour according to his brother.<mask> moved to his uncle's house in Samarinda after dropping out of Junior High School in Surakarta. He went back to his hometown to start busking. He worked as a street busker in his hometown before moving to Jakarta. He said that when he arrived in Jakarta to pursue a career in music, he and eight of his friends slept in a narrow room. He said that the room is so narrow that they sometimes couldn't sleep on their side. The name "Kempot" was also used in Jakarta. <mask> said that at the time, they didn't have enough money to save because they spent all their money on drinks.He wrote many songs during this time, including "We Cen Yu", "Cidro", "Moblong-Moblong" and "Lerteler Meneh". <mask> said that the songs were popular among fellow buskers even though he hadn't released them officially. He wanted to pursue a music career. Didi used blank tapes and tape recorders to record his songs. Didi gave the song to the studios as a demo. <mask> said that the tape only reached the security desk. Didi applied for two labels.<mask> was called by Musica Studios because they were interested in his demo tape. <mask> and Pompi worked together to arrange music. Slowly but surely, the song "We Cen Yu" which was lined up as a single, became popular with the public. <mask> was offered to make a music video that would be aired on TVRI, the only nationwide television channel at that time. He appeared on the screen for the first time. The single "Cidro" was released in 1989 and did not become popular at the time. The song's theme was not in line with the mainstream comedy songs like "If Only the Moon Could Speak"The campursari style used by <mask> was not popular in the 1980s. Although "Cidro" had no success in Indonesia at the time of its release, it was a hit in the Netherlands and Suriname, two countries that have a significant Indonesian diaspora. <mask> was invited to perform there. <mask> left for the Netherlands in 1993. <mask> was surprised when he arrived in the Netherlands. He returned to the Netherlands in 1996. <mask> was more famous among the native people of the South American country.He recorded 10 albums from 1996 to 1998 which were only released in the Netherlands and Suriname. <mask> performed in the Netherlands twice and in Suriname 11 times, the most recent of which was when he received an award from President Bouterse. <mask>'s songs "Sewu Kutho" and "Stasiun Balapan" became hits in Indonesia. <mask>'s fame in his home country increased after his album Stasiun Balapan exploded in the market. The media began covering <mask>. He went to various television stations to promote his album. Didi recorded a second album after the success of the first one.He released a number of albums in the early 2000s. His popularity waned with the turn of the century, but he regained his prominence in the 2010s. The rise of Didi is part of a recent effort to raise up music that was previously considered "uncool", such as dangdut and qasidah. The exclusiveness of Didi's songs in Javanese fits with the pattern of gentrification. He said that Didi's rise to mainstream fame should not make him to be seen as weird or exotic. In April 2020, he streamed a live charity concert from his house and raised a huge amount of money to help Indonesians who are affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic. He pleaded with his fans not to go back home during the holiday season to prevent further spread of the coronaviruses.The style Didi worked in was a campursari, which means "mixture of essences", and it produced ballads with influences of pop music and the local styles kroncong and dangdut. Most of his songs are about sad love stories. During his later years, he earned the nickname "The Godfather of the Broken-Hearted" because of this. Aldo Sianturi is a "genius music conceptor" who is able to express the "depth and bitternes of love" in his lyrics, which are mostly written in Javanese, specifically the low ngoko register which is used as the daily speech by most. The death of Death <mask> happened on May 5, 2020. He is survived by his family. There are External links to 1966 births and deaths of 20th-century Indonesian male singers and 21st-century Indonesian male singers.

masks:
Didi Kempot
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi
Didi


texts: <mask> was a Polish Army major general and intelligence officer. He became chief of staff of the Home Army in July 1941 and its deputy commander in July 1943. <mask> was the son of Ksawery Peczyski, a Sanniki sugar-mill technician, and Maria Liczbiska, a teacher. Peczyski started school in czyca. He participated in a school strike in 1905 to support Polish independence from the Russian Empire. He continued his education in Warsaw. He started medical studies at Krakw University.He was a member of the patriotic-gymnastic Sok organisation while he was a medical student. He completed a military course conducted by a future Polish Army genera broni. Peczyski had a daughter, Maria, and a son, Krzysztof, who died during the Warsaw Uprising on 17 August 1944, of wounds sustained on the first day. Peczyski was on vacation near Wocawek during the outbreak of World War I. After the area had been occupied by the Germans, he was sent to work as a medic at a Russian-prisoner-of-war camp. He joined the Polish Legions after his release from German service. He commanded a platoon and a company while he was an officer in the 6th Legions Infantry Regiment.He was held at a camp in Beniaminw in July 1917. After his release from internment, he took up work at a social-service agency. In November 1918 Peczyski was accepted into the Polish Army and placed in command of a company. In March 1920 he was transferred to the Infantry Officer-Cadet School in Warsaw as a battalion commander. He attended the War College in Warsaw from September 1921 to September 1923. He returned to the Infantry Officer-Cadet School as a battalion commander after graduating with a General Staff officer's degree. He was posted to the Office of the Inner War Council in July of 1924.He began his service in the Second Department of Polish General Staff as chief of the Information Department. He was appointed chief of Section II in January 1929. He commanded the 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment (5 Puk Piechoty Legionw) in Wilno from March 1932 to September 1935, then returned to Section II. Peczyski was very supportive of marshal Jzef Pisudski. The Second Department had the longest-serving prewar chief, Peczyski. He was placed in command of the 19th Infantry Division in Wilno in January 1939 after being relieved of this post. His tenure as chief of Section II was ended by his wife's political activities.Peczyski may have made his greatest contribution to Allied victory in World War II when he proposed giving Polish knowledge of the German machine to the French and British. In case of war, Gen. Peczyski suggested to the chief of the Polish General Staff, General Wacaw Stachiewicz. In the first days of January 1939 [Smoleski] replaced him as the head of Section II. In January 1939 and July 1939 he represented the Polish side at the Paris conference. Five weeks before the outbreak of the war, the Poles gave their British and French allies a gift that laid the groundwork for later British cryptanalysis that produced the Ultra intelligence. "Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles the details of the German military, and of the operating procedures that were in use," wrote Gordon. Peczyski commanded a force in the rears of the invading German Wehrmacht after the outbreak of war.After the end of the September Campaign, he went to Warsaw to work for the Service for Polish Victory. He commanded the Lublin ZWZ district from July to April 1941. As the local Gestapo were closing in 1941, he returned to Warsaw and accepted the post of chief of staff of ZWZ. He was the Home Army deputy commander. He was promoted to major general in November 1943. He was in charge of sabotage operations against the German war machine. He was involved in the decision to start the Warsaw uprising.The Home Army chief of staff, Peczyski, was gravely wounded when the PKO savings-bank building on witokrzyska Street was bombed, and he could no longer carry out his duties. Peczyski was imprisoned by the Germans after the suppression of the Uprising. After his liberation by the Allies in 1945, he moved to London. The Order of Virtuti Militari Silver Cross of Independence Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta Cross of Valor is also known as the Gold Cross of Merit Home Army Cross. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza is a collection of documents. Edmund Charaszkiewicz wrote "Report on the Promethean Question" in Zbir dokumentw ppk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza had a collection of documents.The introduction to Zbir dokumentw ppk was written by Andrzej Grzywacz. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza has a collection of documents. 5–27. <mask> Kryska-Karski and Stanisaw urakowski wrote The Generals of Independnent Poland. "Gen. bryg." <mask> Peczyski died in 1985. Przywracani pamici is located in Polska Zbrojna."Ci, co wierzyli w Polsk," said Waldemar Strzakowski. "Powrt prochw generaa Peczyskiego" is a book about General Peczyski's return to Poland. 215 years ago. The Generals of the Second Republic was written by Zbigniew Mierzwiski. The score was 209–213. Lista starszestwa oficerw Legionw Polskich w dniu oddania. The German machine cipher was broken and how it was read by the Allies in World War II was edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek.The Hut Six Story was written by Gordon Welchman. There are External links at http://www.powstanie-warszawskie-1944.ac.pl/biog_pelczynski.htm.

masks:
Tadeusz Walenty Peczyski
Tadeusz Peczyski
Tadeusz
Tadeusz


texts: <mask> was an English actor, comedian and singer. He was known to a worldwide audience through his many film roles, among them Chief Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther series. When he was two weeks old, <mask> made his stage debut at the Kings Theatre in Southsea. He was accompanying his parents in a variety act. He was a member of the Entertainments National Service Association and worked as a drummer. During the war, he was a member of the Gang Show entertainment troupe, which toured Britain and the Far East. After the war, <mask> made his radio debut in ShowTime and went on to perform on various radio shows.The Goon Show, which featured <mask>, Spike Milligan, Harry Secombe, and Michael Bentine, ended in 1960. The film career of <mask> began in the 1950s. He also performed in other film genres and roles, even though the bulk of his work was comedy. I'm All Right Jack is one of the films demonstrating his artistic range. Casino Royale, The Party, Being There, and five Pink Panther films were made. <mask>'sVersatility enabled him to portray a wide range of comic characters using different accents and guises, and he would often assume multiple roles within the same film, frequently with contrasting temperaments and styles. Many of his films featured satire and black humor, and his performances had a strong influence on a number of later comedians.He was nominated three times for an Academy Award, twice for the Academy Award for Best actor, and once for the Academy Award for Best live action short film. He won the BAFTA Award for Best actor in a leading role twice, for I'm All Right Jack and The Pink Panther, and was nominated as Best actor three times. He won the Golden Globe in 1980 for his role in Being There, and was previously nominated three times in the same category. Turner Classic Movies says that <mask> is one of the most accomplished comic actors of the 20th century. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He claimed to have no identity outside of the roles he played. In the mid-1970s, when his physical and mental health were at their worst, he clashed with his directors and co-stars.He had three children from his first two marriages and was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He died from a heart attack. The Boulting brothers said that <mask> is the greatest comic genius this country has produced. On September 8, 1925, <mask> was born in Southsea, a suburb of Pompey. His parents were born in Yorkshire. Both were variety entertainers. <mask> was named after his older brother, who was stillborn.There were no other siblings for <mask>. The engraving of the pugilist Daniel Mendoza hung in <mask>' office. At one point, <mask> was going to use Mendoza's image for his company's logo. The crowd at the Kings Theatre in Southsea sang "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", which caused the infant to cry, when he was carried on stage by Dick Henderson. The family constantly toured, causing unhappiness in the young <mask>'s life. Spike Milligan considered <mask>' close relationship with his mother to be unhealthy for a grown man. Dennis Selinger, <mask>'s agent, said that "<mask> was an immensely shy young man, inclined to be dominated by his mother, but without resentment or objection".He spent a lot of time alone as a child. The <mask> family moved to Muswell Hill in 1935. St Aloysius' College is a Roman Catholic school that <mask> attended. The family didn't have a lot of money, but that didn't mean they couldn't afford private school for their son. According to <mask>, Sellers was fascinated, puzzled, and worried by religion from a young age, particularly Catholicism; Roger Lewis believed that soon after entering Catholic school, he was someone on the outside of the mysteries of faith. While his father's faith was according to the Church of England, his mother's faith was a different story. When Sellers received a candlestick from a synagogue for Christmas, he believed the gesture to be an anti-Jewish slur and was reduced to tears.A top student at the school, <mask> excelled in drawing. His natural talents shielded him from criticism by his teachers. The teacher told the other boys that the Jewish boy knew his catechism better than the rest of them. When his family was on the variety show circuit, <mask> learned stagecraft, but received conflicting encouragement from his parents. His father doubted <mask>'s abilities in the entertainment field, even suggesting that his son's talents were only enough to become a road sweeper, while his mother encouraged him. At St Aloysius College, <mask> began to develop his skills. He and Bryan Connon liked to listen to early radio comedy shows.Connon remembers <mask> imitating people on Monday Night at Eight. He had a talent for dialogue. Also, sketches. I would be the straight man. <mask> would do all the radio personalities and chuck in a few voices of his own invention as well. St. Aloysius College was evacuated during the Second World War. His formal education ended at fourteen because his mother wouldn't allow him to go.In 1940, the family moved to the north Devon town of Ilfracombe, where <mask>'s maternal uncle was the manager of the Victoria Palace Theatre. He became a box office clerk, an assistant stage manager and a lighting operator. He was offered a few acting parts. He was able to study actors such as Paul Scofield. <mask>'s first stage act under the name "Altman and Sellers" was launched after he became close friends with another man. <mask> began practicing on a set of drums that belonged to the band Joe Daniels and his Hot Shots. Daniels gave him instructions.<mask>'s temperament and artistic skills were suited by the instrument. He might have remained a jazz drummer had he not lacked his skills on the drums. As the war progressed, <mask> continued to develop his drumming skills, and played with a number of touring bands, including those of Oscar Rabin, Henry Hall and Waldini, as well as his father's quartet. During the war, the Entertainments National Service Association provided entertainment for British forces and factory workers. At these concerts, <mask> performed a comedy routine with his own singing on the ukulele. He joined the Royal Air Force in September 1943, although it is unclear if he volunteered or was conscripted; his mother tried to have him deferred on medical grounds. He wanted to be a pilot, but his eyesight made it hard for him to do ground staff duties.<mask> toured the UK before the troupe was transferred to India after he was accepted for the squadron leader's RAF Gang Show entertainment troupe. Although the duration of his stay in Asia is unknown, <mask> may have exaggerated its length. He served in Germany and France after the war. According to David Lodge, who became friends with <mask>, he was one of the best performers on the drums and developed a fine ability to impersonate military officers. After the war, <mask> made his final show with ENSA at the Thétre Marigny in Paris. He was posted back to England to work at the Air Ministry. <mask> only got sporadic work after he resumed his theatrical career.He was fired after one performance of a comedy routine, but the headline act persuaded the management to restore him. The Hippodrome in Aldershot billed <mask> as Britain's answer to Gene Krupa. <mask> ran at the Windmill Theatre in London for six weeks in March 1948, providing comedy turns in between nude shows. In 1948, <mask> wrote to the radio station. He made his television debut in New To You. He returned the following week after his act was well received. <mask> pretended to be Kenneth Horne, star of the radio show Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh, in order to get the attention of the radio producer.<mask> was called a "cheeky young sod" by Speer, but was given an opportunity to try out. He worked on Ray's a Laugh with Ted Ray after his brief appearance on ShowTime. In October 1948, <mask> was a regular radio performer, appearing in The Gang Show, Henry Hall's Guest Night and It's Fine To Be Young. The comedy series Third Division, which starred Harry Secombe, Michael Bentine and <mask>, was broadcast on the third programme. Bentine introduced <mask> to Spike Milligan while <mask> and Bentine visited the Empire. Jimmy Grafton owned the public house near Victoria where the four would meet up. Grafton edited some of the first Goon Shows and was dubbed the "Keeper of Goons and Voice of Sanity" by the four comedians.Anne Howe was an Australian actress who lived in London. The couple were married in London on September 15, 1951, after he proposed to her in April 1950, and their son, Michael, was born on April 2, 1954. The voice of Alfonso Bedoya was dubbed by <mask> in The Black Rose. He worked with Bentine, Milligan, and Secombe. On February 3, 1951, he sent a trial tape called The Goons to Pat Dixon, who accepted it. The first Goon Show aired on May 28, 1951. They appeared under the name Crazy People.The last programme of The Goons was broadcast on January 28, 1960. Major Bloodnok, Hercules Grytpype-Thynne, Bluebottle and Henry Crun were some of the main characters. The show reached up to seven million people in Britain, and was described by one newspaper as the most influential comedy show of all time. The effect it had on <mask> was that he launched his career on the road to stardom. The Goons made their feature film debut in 1951. In Let's Go Crazy, the earliest film to showcase <mask>'s ability to portray a series of different characters within the same film, he made another appearance opposite his Goons co-stars. In the British Lion Film Corporation comedy production, Orders Are Orders, <mask> was cast opposite Sid James, Tony Hancock, Raymond Huntley, Donald Pleasence and Eric Sykes.John Grierson believes that this was <mask>'s breakthrough role on screen and credits it with launching his film career. A police officer in John and Julie was one of the small roles that <mask> took on during his film career. He played opposite his hero Alec Guinness in The Ladykillers, which was directed by Alexander Mackendrick. <mask> considers <mask>'s first good role to be Harry Robinson, the Teddy Boy. The Ladykillers was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d, A Show Called Fred, and Son of Fred were all based on The Goons. The shows were on the new channel.The 32-year-old actor was cast as a projectionist in Basil Dearden's The Smallest Show on Earth after being impressed with <mask>'s portrayal of an elderly character in Idiot Weekly. The film is thought of as a minor classic of post-war British comedy. The Man Who Never Was was nominated for an award and was narrated by <mask>. In Mario Zampi's black comedy The Naked Truth, <mask> played a television star with a talent for disguises. <mask>'s difficulties in getting his film career to take off, and increasing problems in his personal life, prompted him to seek periodic consultations with astrologer Maurice Woodruff, who held considerable sway over his later career. After a chance meeting with a North American Indian spirit guide in the 1950s, <mask> became convinced that the music hall comedian Dan Leno, who died in 1904, haunted him and guided his career and life-decisions. The Grand Order of Water Rats was founded by Leno in 1890.In Val Guest's Up the Creek, <mask> starred with David Lodge, Lionel Jeffries, and David Tomlinson. According to Guest, he had written and directed the film as a vehicle for <mask>, and thus had started his film career. <mask> bought a reel-to-reel tape recorder to practice his voice. The film received rave reviews in the United States and was viewed as an important practice ground by Roger Lewis. Terry-Thomas and <mask> played comic villains in George Pal's Tom Thumb, a musical fantasy film. Terry-Thomas said that his part was perfect, but <mask>'s was terrible. He knew it and wasn't difficult about it.The performance was a landmark in <mask>'s career and his first contact with the Hollywood film industry. The Best of Sellers is a collection of comic songs and sketches, including Balham, Gateway to the South, where he plays a variety of comic characters. He made his first film with John and Roy Boulting in Carlton-Browne of the F.O., a comedy in which he played a supporting role. The Boultings, along with <mask> and Thomas in the cast, started filming I'm All Right Jack before the release of that film. In preparation for his role as Fred Kite, <mask> watched footage of union officials. The role earned him a BAFTA, and the critic for The Manchester Guardian believed it was <mask>'s best screen performance to date. Between Carlton-Browne of the F.O.Jack Arnold directed and starred in The Mouse That Roared, a film in which Jean Seberg also appeared. The elderly Grand Duchess, the Prime Minister and the innocent and clumsy farm boy were all played by him. The film was praised by critics. <mask> recorded a new series of The Goon Show after completing I'm All Right Jack. He took his 16mm cine-camera to Totteridge Lane in London over the course of two weekends and filmed himself. At the 1959 Edinburgh and San Francisco film festivals, the eleven-minute short film The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film was screened. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Live Action) in the latter festival.Songs For Swinging Sellers was <mask>' second album and reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. The Battle of the Sexes was a comedy directed by Charles Crichton. In 1960 <mask> played an Indian doctor in Anthony Asthqui's romantic comedy The Millionairess, which was based on a George Bernard Shaw play. He was not interested in the role until he found out Sophia would be his co-star. He said that he doesn't act with romantic, glamorous women like Harry Secombe. During filming, <mask> declared his love for her in front of his wife. At night, <mask> asked his son if he should divorce

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texts: his mother.Some people, including Spike Milligan, think the relationship was more than platonic, while others, including Graham Stark, think it was only a friendship. Anne said she didn't know if he had an affair with her. Nobody does. Roger Lewis observed that <mask> immersed himself completely in the characters he enacted during productions, that "He'd play a role as an Indian doctor, and for the next six months, he'd be an Indian in his real life." The novelty hit single "Goodness Gracious Me", which was produced by George Martin, reached number four in the UK Singles Chart in November 1960. A follow-up single by the duo, "Bangers and Mash", reached number 22 in the UK chart. <mask> and Sophia's album reached number five in the UK Albums Chart.He played a straight villain in Never Let Go. In 1961, <mask> made his directorial debut with Mr. Topaze, in which he also starred. The film was based on a play. In a small French town, <mask> portrayed an ex-schoolmaster who turned to crime to get rich. The public and critics didn't like the film and <mask> didn't refer to it again. He starred in Sidney Gilliat's Only Two Can Play, a film based on a novel. He was nominated for the Best British actor award at the 16th British Academy Film Awards for his role as John Lewis, a frustrated Welsh librarian whose affections swing between the glamorous Liz (Mai Zetterling) and his long-suffering wife Jean (Virginia Maskell).In 1962, <mask> played a retired British army general in John Guillermin's play, Waltz of the Toreadors. Guillermin considered the film "amateurish" after it was panned for its slapstick cinematic adaption. It was well received by the critics, and <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA award for his performance. In 1962, Stanley Kubrick asked <mask> to play the role of Clare Quilty in a film that starred James Mason andShelley Winters. After watching The Battle of the Sexes and listening to The Best of Sellers, he 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 Sellers doubted his ability to portray the part of a flamboyant American television playwright who was described by Sellers as "a fantastic nightmare, part homosexual, part drug addiction, part sadist". Sellers often reached a "state of comic ecstasy" according to Kubrick.Norman Granz, an American jazz producer, recorded portions of the script for <mask> to listen to so he could study the voice and get a free artistic licence. <mask> claimed that his relationship with Kubrick was one of the most rewarding of his career. Dilys Powell wrote in The Sunday Times that <mask> gave a firework performance, funny, malicious, only once for a few seconds overreaching itself, and in the murder scene which is both prologue and epilogue achieving the macabre in comedy. The Dock Brief, a legal satire directed by James Hill and co-starring Richard Attenborough, was released at the end of 1962. According to his son Michael, <mask> asked his sister Sarah who he wanted to love more, his mother or him. To keep the peace, Sarah said 'I love you both equally'. I said I love my mom.<mask> threw the children out because he didn't want to see them again. His marriage to Anne ended at the end of 1962. In 1963, <mask> starred as gang leader "Pearly Gates" in The Wrong Arm of the Law, followed by his portrayal of a vicar in Heavens Above! After his father's death in October 1962, <mask> decided to leave England and was offered the role of Inspector Clouseau in The Pink Panther, after <mask>v backed out of the film. As fate would have it, I got Mr., as he was desperately unhappy and ready to kill, but as he was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The sellers thanked God instead of Mr. Ustinov. The sellers accepted a fee for five weeks of work in Rome and Cortina.Two other actors,Capucine andClaudia Cardinale, had more prominent roles than <mask> in the film. According to <mask>, who wrote a biography of <mask>, his performance is comparable to that of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton. The Clouseau character in the script was created by <mask>, who created the personality, costume, make-up, moustache and trench coat. The Pink Panther was released in the UK in January 1964 and received a mixed reception from the critics, with one writing that <mask> had a "flawless sense of mistiming" in a performance that was "one of the most delicate studies in accident". The film was one of the top ten grossing films of the year despite being panned by the critics. At the 22nd Golden Globe Awards, <mask> was nominated for a Best British actor award, and at the 18th British Academy Film Awards, he was nominated for a Best actor award. Stanley Kubrick cast <mask> to appear in Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb.During the film's production, <mask> and Kubrick shared a love of photography and had the greatest of respect for each other. <mask> was asked to play President Muffley, Dr. Strangelove and Group Captain Lionel Mandrake. When it came to taking on these characters, <mask> was hesitant. According to some accounts, <mask> was invited to play the part of General Buck Turgidson, but turned it down because it was too physically demanding. The idea of having <mask> in so many of the film's key roles was that he would hold the fate of the world in his hands. <mask> was worried about accurately portraying the role of Kong and affecting the Texan accent. Terry Southern was asked to record a tape of Kong's lines.<mask> got enough control of the accent to shoot the scenes in the plane. After the first day of shooting, <mask> injured his ankle and couldn't work in the cramped cockpit set. Slim Pickens was re-cast as Kong. The three roles that <mask> undertook were distinct,variegated, complex and refined, and critic Alexander Walker thought that they showed his genius at full stretch. Muffley was a bland, placid intellectual, Mandrake was an unflappable Englishman, and Dr. Strangelove was a wheelchair-using fanatic. The film has three remarkable performances from Mr. <mask>, who plays the President, as well as an acceptable portrayal of the RAF officer, according to the critic for The Times. At the 37th Academy Awards and the 18th British Academy Film Awards, <mask> was nominated for an award for his performance in all three roles.A Shot in the Dark, an adaptation of a French play, L'Idiote, was filmed by <mask> between November 1963 and February 1964. The producers brought in a new director to replace the one that <mask> found boring. The script was turned into a comedy by <mask> Blatty and Herbert lom. During the filming of the movie, the relationship between the two actors became strained and they would not speak to each other. <mask>'s personality was described by others as difficult and demanding, and he often clashed with fellow actors and directors. Bosley Crowther noted the "joyously free and facile way" in which <mask> had developed his comedy technique. The Swedish actress who was in London to film Guns at Batasi met <mask> at the end of filming.Ten days after their first meeting, the couple married. When Ekland starred opposite attractive men, <mask> became anxious and jealous. After the wedding, <mask> began filming Kiss Me, Stupid, opposite Dean Martin and Kim Novak, in Twentynine Palms, California. The relationship between Wilder and <mask> became strained as both had different approaches to work. After having sex with Ekland on the night of April 5, 1964, <mask> suffered a series of eight heart attacks as a result of his use of amyl nitrites as a sexual enhancer. He was replaced on Kiss Me, Stupid by Ray Walston because of his illness. He said that "you have to have a heart before you can have an attack".After some time recovering, <mask> returned to filming in October 1964, playing King of the Individualists alongside Ekland in A Carol for Another Christmas, a feature-length United Nations special broadcast in the United States on the ABC channel on 28 December 1964. After the experience of filming, <mask> was reassured that his memory and abilities would not be affected by his heart attacks. In What's New Pussycat?, <mask> played the role of a perverted Austrian psychoanalyst, alongside <mask>'Toole, Romy Schneider, Capucine, Paula Prentiss and Ursula Andress. The film featured a love triangle and was written and directed by Woody Allen. <mask> was insured for $360,000 because of his poor health. The birth of a daughter, Victoria, was announced on January 20, 1965, by <mask> and Ekland. They moved to Rome in May to film After the Fox, an Anglo-Italian production in which they were both to appear.The film was directed by Vittorio De Sica. Tensions on the set were caused by <mask> trying to have De Sica fired. <mask> threw a chair at Ekland after he became unhappy with his wife's performance. The script was praised for its wit despite the conflicts. Following the commercial success of What's New Pussycat?, Charles Feldman again brought together <mask> and Woody Allen for his next project, Casino Royale, which also starred Orson Welles; <mask> signed a $1 million contract for the film ($ in dollars). Seven screenwriters worked on the project. According to Ekland, <mask> was so paranoid that he wouldn't trust anyone.<mask> demanded that the two shouldn't share the same set, as they developed a poor working relationship. He left the film before his part was done. The agent's part was written to cover the departure of <mask>. After leaving Casino Royale, <mask> was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. The day before the investiture at Buckingham Palace, <mask> and Ekland argued, with Ekland scratching his face in the process, and <mask> had a make-up artist cover the marks. The couple's marriage problems worsened during his next film, The Bobo, which 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 Three weeks into production in Italy, Sellers told the director to fire his wife because he wouldn't come back after lunch if she was on the set.The marriage was an atrocious sham according to Ekland. During the filming of The Bobo, <mask>'s mother had a heart attack and was taken to the hospital, but he remained on set. She died without <mask> seeing her. He regretted not returning to London to see her after she died. He was served with divorce papers by Ekland. Spike Milligan sent Ekland a telegram after the divorce was finalized. The Bobo was poorly received after it was released.The Party, in which he starred with Claudine Longet and Denny Miller, was <mask>'s first film appearance. He is a bungling Indian actor who received an invitation to a fancy dinner party. <mask> wrote that his character was an amalgam of Clouseau and the doctor in The Millionairess. He is played in a sympathetic and dignified manner by Roger Lewis. He played an attorney who abandons his lifestyle to become a hippie in I Love You, Alice B. Toklas. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and said that <mask> was back doing what he does best. The Magic Christian starred <mask> and Starr.Sir Guy Grand was portrayed by <mask>. The film was described as a "proto-Pythonesque adaption of Terry Southern's semi-free-form short novel" by the critic Irv Slifkin. The film was viewed negatively by critics. The film was described as a "brutal satire" by Roger Greenspun of The New York Times. There were two marriages, three Pink Panther films, and a serious role in Roy Boulting's A Day at the Beach. The film became the seventh most popular film at the British box office in 1970, according to The Times. The British Film Institute's Screenonline writes that although <mask> preferred playing romantic roles, he was always more successful in parts that sent up his own vanities and pretensions.The film was seen as a revival of his career. Where Does It Hurt? is one of <mask>'s next films. <mask>'s Ghost in the Noonday Sun was poorly received and his acting was seen as frenetic rather than funny. At the Tehran Film Festival in 1973, <mask> won the Best actor award for his role as a street performer in Anthony Simmons's The Optimists of Nine Elms. It would appear at one time that his career might have come to a conclusion due to the indifference of the early 1970s. <mask>, <mask>'s biographer, said that out of nine films in the period, three were never released and five flopped, while only There's a Girl in My Soup had been a success. He had been seeing a model named Miranda Quarry.The couple married on August 24, 1970, despite <mask>'s doubts about his decision to remarry. The Last Goon Show of All was recorded on 20 April 1972 and aired on 5 October. In May 1973, with his third marriage failing, <mask> went to the theatre to watch Liza Minnelli perform. He became entranced with Minnelli and the couple became engaged three days later, despite Minnelli's current betrothal to Desi Arnaz, Jr., and <mask> still being married. Their relationship ended a month later. <mask>'s friends were worried that he was having a nervous breakdown. John and Roy Boulting considered <mask> to be a deeply troubled man, distrustful, self-absorbed, and ultimately self-destructive.He was a complete contradiction. <mask> was out of character. When he was invited to appear on Michael Parkinson's eponymous chat show in 1974, he withdrew the day before, explaining to Parkinson that "I just can't walk on as myself". He appeared as a member of the Gestapo when he was told he could come on as someone else. After a few lines in keeping with his assumed character, he stepped out of the role and settled down, giving the audience an astonishing display of his virtuosity. In 1974, <mask> again claimed to have communicated with Dan Leno, who advised him to return to the role of Clouseau. In 1974, <mask> played Queen Victoria in a comedy film called The Great McGonagall.The film

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