texts: <mask> is an Argentine rugby union coach and a former international rugby player. He played in the Rugby World Cup for Argentina in 2007, and was a professional player in France for 10 years. He has coached at the highest level in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and was most recently the head coach of the Argentine national team. A sporting family has a Ledesma. <mask> played for Stade Franais between 2006 and 2011. In 1990 <mask> started his senior career as a flanker for Curupayt. He was praised throughout his playing career for his conversion to hooker.He became an U19 Argentina international in 1992 and represented his district in youth level before moving up to senior level in 1994. He made his international debut in 1996. He captained the side against Japan in September 1998 after starting in the XV. He started in every game for the first time in the Rugby World Cup in 1999, but they lost to France in the quarter-finals. After two seasons with Narbonne, <mask> earned his first professional contract. <mask> signed with Castres Olympique ahead of the Rugby World Cup, where Argentina failed to advance past the group stage. <mask>'s first experience at the top level in Europe was with Castres.By 2005, he had earned over 35 caps for Argentina and 80 professional appearances at French club level, and later joined the newly formed Top14 competition. <mask> earned his 50th test cap during Argentina's victory over Scotland. They earned a clean sweep of their 2005 end-of-year tour campaign with a 39–22 victory over Italy the following week. <mask> was successful in the 2006/07 season. He helped his country earn their first win over England in over a decade, and also helped his club win the European Challenge Cup title, their first since 1999. It was the first appearance in a French final for Clermont since 2001 and they lost to Stade Franais. Argentina made it to the semi-finals of the Rugby World Cup in 2007, after topping their pool with victories over France and Ireland.Argentina defeated Scotland 19–13 in the quarter-finals but lost to South Africa 37–13. They finished third in the World Rugby Ranking after defeating France 34–10 in the Bronze final. In 2008 and 2009, Clermont lost in the finals to Perpignan and Toulouse, respectively. The holders Perpignan were defeated 19–6 by Clermont. <mask> helped his side advance to the knock-out stage of the Heineken Cup, but they lost to Leinster 29–28 in the quarter-finals. At the end of the 2010–11 Top 14 season, <mask> announced that he would retire, and his last professional club game was a 29–6 loss. He was selected for his fourth World Cup in 2011.<mask> helped his side finish second in the pool stage, losing only to England. New Zealand defeated Argentina 33–10 in the quarter-finals. It was <mask>'s final appearance for his nation when he came off at the 70th minute. <mask> was considered one of the best in his position at the World Cup by The Daily Telegraph. After the Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and <mask>'s retirement, he returned to France to begin his coaching career. He was forwards coach at Stade Franais where he helped improve the team to seventh in the Top 14 and to the top of the European Challenge Cup. They were knocked out by Toulon in the semi-finals.<mask> joined the Montpellier coaching set-up in June of 2012 Montpellier bowed out in the quarter-finals to Castres in his first season at the club. They were eliminated by Clermont at the same stage in Europe. At the end of the regular season, Montpellier finished second and avoided the quarter-finals to face Castres in the semi-finals. Castres finished on top. Montpellier won six of their first nine games of the season. The club lost a further three games at Top14 level after back to back defeats in the European Rugby Champs Cup.<mask> resigned from his position at Montpellier after a poor run of form. The head coach followed a month later. In January 2015, <mask> joined the New South Wales Waratahs Super Rugby team. The Waratahs scrum made great strides after he joined the side as a set piece consultant. The Waratahs' place in the semi-finals was confirmed after their win in round 18 of the Australian conference. The Waratahs lost to the Highlanders. In July 2015, <mask> was appointed as the forwards coach for the Rugby World Cup.He made the scrum a strength rather than a weakness. The scrum helped the Wallabies win the Rugby Championship title and top their pool in the World Cup, with victories over England and Wales. The All Blacks defeated the Wallabies 34–17 in the 2003 World Cup final, after they had defeated Scotland and Argentina in the quarter and semi-finals. After being appointed head coach of the Jaguares in October 2017, <mask> remained with the Wallabies as forwards coach. It would be <mask>'s first stint as head coach after six years of assisting at the highest level. His first match in charge was a defeat to the Stormers. In round 4, <mask> defeated his former side, the Waratahs, 38–28.<mask> led his side to seven wins in a row, the longest winning streak in the team's history. The Jaguares earned a place in the quarter-finals for the first time, but were knocked out by the Lions after losing 40–23. After Daniel Hourcade resigned as Argentina's head coach in June of last year, it was speculated that the new head coach would be <mask> or Quesada. On 1 August, it was officially announced that <mask> would replace Hourcade as the head coach of the Pumas, with the latter being announced as <mask>'s replacement at the Jaguares on 8 August. <mask> signed a three-year deal with the UAR, which would see him make six consecutive appearances at a World Cup across playing and coaching during the Rugby World Cup. <mask> brought back an overseas player from France after naming 14 uncapped players in his squad for the Rugby Championship. <mask>'s first match in charge was a 34–21 loss to South Africa.Argentina won in Australia for the first time in 33 years in the fourth round. Argentina could have finished third at the end of the Championship after leading Australia at half time. Australia scored 38 unanswered points in the second half to win. Argentina lost to Ireland, France and Scotland in the November test window. The Pumas narrowly lost to New Zealand in the opening round of the Rugby Championship. Argentina lost all three games of the Championship and finished bottom of the table. During the 2020 Tri Nations Series, <mask>'s team defeated the All Blacks for the first time.On February 9, 2022, it was announced that he had left his post as head coach after a winless campaign in the Rugby Championship. Argentina won the Rugby World Cup in 2007, the Pan American Championship in 1998 and the European Challenge Cup in 2007.

masks:
Mario Ledesma Arocena
Pedro Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
Ledesma
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Ledesma


type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> is a French-Moroccan Muay Thai fighter. He was a WPMF European champion. <mask> has faced a number of Muay Thai fighters. <mask> started practicing Muay Thai at the age of 12. He won the WPMF European 142 lbs title on April 9, 2011. The legendary Saenchai defeated <mask> at the Phoenix Fighting Championship in Lebanon. In the inaugural event of All Star Fight, Buakaw Banchamek knocked out <mask> in the first round.The Glory Featherweight Contender Tournament at Glory 47: Lyon was held on October 28, 2017. <mask> was knocked out by Serhiy Adamchuk in the Semi-Final of the Glory 53: LilleFeatherweight Contender Tournament. <mask> was supposed to make his ONE Championship debut on September 6 against Saemapetch Fairtex, filling in for an injured Rafi Bohic. The fight was removed from the event. <mask> made his ONE debut on November 8, 2019. He faced Sangmanee Sor Tienpo. Hlali lost the fight by a unanimous decision.The Fight League had titles and accomplishments. WPMF European 142 lbs. is the Championship World Professional Muaythai Federation. FFSCDA National 140 lbs. is the Championship Fédération Franaise de Sports de Contacts et Disciplines. Sangmanee Sor Tienpo has a Muay Thai record. Glory 47: Lyon, France, is a decision that was made on October 28, 2017. The Fight League vs. WLF was Decision 3. The decision was made on the 27th of May 2016 at Rajadamnern Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand.Saenchai Muaythaigym is a Muaythaigym that is located in France. The time fight 3 is in France and the decision is in Thailand. There is a style that says "background:white colspan" and another that says "loss" and another that says "super-X por". Bobo Sacko was in Time Fight 2 and the decision was 3:00. The style of the background is white colspan. Modibo Diarra and Pramuk are from France and they are both associated with the decision of La Nuit Des TITANS. Win, Yoan Ha Van, and La Nuit du Muay Thai VII are all from France.

masks:
Hlali
Hlali
Hlali
Azize Hlali
Azize Hlali
Hlali
Hlali
Hlali


texts: The area now called Mexico and Central America is the focus of <mask><mask>'s work. All aspects of the ancient Maya civilization have been studied by his work. He was the first to decipher Maya hieroglyphs and interpret Maya art and iconography at an early age. He is the youngest person ever to receive a fellowship. He teaches at the University of Texas at Austin and his current research focuses on Maya, Aztec and ancient Mesoamerican images and texts. He is the son of the archaeologist George E<mask> and the writer, artist and illustrator <mask>. He spent a lot of time with his parents on archaeological digs.He was interested in Maya culture, especially their art and hieroglyphs, and began reading scholarly works at age 10. He made original contributions to the field of decipherment and began working with Linda Schele. <mask> gave his first paper at the age of 12 at the Mesa Redonda de Palenque. The nature of Maya writing from the 1980s to the present was discovered by <mask>. By 1985 scholars had realized that there were two types of signs in the script. Due to an understanding of the visual nature of the script, only a small amount of Maya texts could be read in their original language. <mask> showed that signs could have many variations and forms.There were a number of breakthrough because of the principles behind graphic variation and structure. <mask> proposed the decipherments of many new syllables and logograms in the 1980s and 1990s, which in turn provided a more firm basis for a new wave of linguistic analyses of Maya texts during the 1990s and early 2000s. <mask> has contributed to many studies of Maya art, history and religion at the sites of Copn, Palenque, Tikal, La Corona, San Bartolo and Xultun. In the late 1990s, he came up with a new interpretation of the history surrounding the Teotihuacan's "arrival" to the Maya area. <mask>'s work focused on field documentation of Maya sculpture and inscriptions at a number of sites. He is involved in several ongoing excavation projects in Mexico. <mask> has been researching the iconography and script of central Mexico.He presented a new interpretation of the Calendar Stone of Tenochtitlan, suggesting that it is not an image of an Aztec deity but a portrait of the emperor. The purpose of <mask> was to depict the Tenochca ruler at the center of the universe. Career <mask>'s work on Maya writing led to a fellowship in 1984. He is the youngest person ever to receive that award. <mask> continues to make major contributions in the field of epigraphy, particularly related to the decipherment of the Maya script used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica. Coe (1992) is an example. The documentary film "Breaking the Maya Code" featured his insights into the structure and content of Maya writing.He completed his B.A. <mask> received his PhD in Anthropology from Vanderbilt University in 1995. He was a senior lecturer at Harvard's Department of Anthropology before starting at the University of Texas in 2004. His publications include Ten Phonetic Syllables, which laid the groundwork for the now-accepted methodology of Maya hieroglyphic decipherment. In 2003 he published a volume in the ongoing Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions series, devoted to drawings and photographs of sculpture from Piedras Negras. Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya was co-authored by his father. His book, The Order of days, explored the important role of time and cosmology in Classic Maya civilization, while also debunking the 2012 phenomenon claim that the Maya viewed 2012 as the end of their elaborate calendar.The three temples of the Cross Group complex at Palenque will be analyzed in a new book. <mask> is the director of The Mesoamerica Center at The University of Texas at Austin, which studies ancient American art and culture. He is in charge of the Casa Herrera, UT's academic research center in Antigua, Guatemala, which is devoted to studies in the art, archaeology and culture of wider Mesoamerica. The Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection has a collection of Ten Phonetic Syllables. The inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque are part of the first part of the series.

masks:
David S
. Stuart
. Stuart
Gene Strickland Stuart
Stuart
Research Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart
Stuart


texts: <mask> was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist who was considered to be one of the most important theorists of the development of modern Western society. His ideas are influential in social theory and research. <mask> was one of the fathers of sociology along with Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and mile Durkheim, but he was also a historian. <mask> proposed that for any outcome there can be multiple causes. <mask> was a key proponent of methodological anti-positivism, arguing for the study of social action through interpretive (rather than purely empiricist) methods, based on understanding the purpose and meanings that individuals attach to their own actions. Understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and the ensuing sense of "disenchantment" was <mask>'s main intellectual concern. The rise of capitalism and modernity is associated with the rise of a new way of thinking about the world according to his thesis.<mask>'s other thesis combines economic sociology and the sociology of religion, emphasizing the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the origins of capitalism. The rise of market-driven capitalism and the rational-legal nation-state was attributed to the rise of ascetic Protestantism by <mask> in his seminal work, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. <mask> suggested that the spirit of capitalism is inherent in Protestant religious values. The Protestant Ethic would form the earliest part of <mask>'s broader investigations into world religions, as he later examined the religions of China and India, as well as ancient Judaism, with particular regard to their differing economic consequences and conditions of social stratification. <mask> defined the state as an entity that successfully claims a "monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory". He would be the first to classify social authority into different forms: charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal. Modern state institutions are increasingly based on rational-legal authority according to <mask>'s analysis of bureaucracy.<mask> made contributions to economic history, theory, and methodology. The critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School would be influenced by his analysis of modernity and rationalisation. The German Democratic Party was founded by <mask> after the First World War. He was an advisor to the committee that drafted the ill-fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919. He died of pneumonia after contracting Spanish flu. His family moved to Berlin in 1869, but he was born in Erfurt in 1864. He was the oldest child of <mask> and his wife.He was a lawyer, a civil servant, and a parliamentarian for the National Liberal Party in the German Reichstag. Fallenstein came from a wealthy background and partly descended from French Huguenot immigrants. <mask>.'s father was a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures while overlooking religious and philanthropic causes, and his mother was a Calvinist who sought to lead an ascetic life. As a result of <mask>'s involvement in public life, his home was immersed in both politics and academia. The <mask> brothers passed their formative years in this intellectual atmosphere. <mask> gave his parents two historical essays, "About the Course of German history, with Special reference to the Positions of the Emperor and the Pope" and "About the Roman Imperial Period from Constantine to the Migration Period". It has been argued that <mask>'s thought and methodology was influenced by the fact that he secretly read all forty volumes of Goethe's works.He read works by philosophers before entering university. After a year of military service, <mask> transferred to the University of Berlin as a law student. After his first few years as a student, <mask> spent a lot of time drinking beer and fencing and became estranged from his father. He worked as a junior lawyer at the same time he was studying. <mask> passed the Referendar examination in 1886, which was comparable to the bar association examination in the British and U.S. legal systems. <mask> earned his law doctorate in 1889 after writing a thesis on the history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages. The longer work, On the History of Trading Companies in the Middle Ages, based on South-European Sources, was published in the same year.<mask> completed his habilitation, Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law two years later. <mask> joined the University of Berlin's faculty, lecturing and consulting for the government. Marriage In 1893, <mask> married his distant cousin, later a feminist activist and author in her own right, who was instrumental in collecting and publishing <mask>'s journal articles as books after his death, while her biography of him is an important source for understanding <mask>'s life. They wouldn't have children. The marriage gave <mask> financial independence, allowing him to leave his parents' household. <mask> took an interest in contemporary social policy after completing his degree. He joined the Verein fr Socialpolitik, a new professional association of German economists affiliated with the historical school, in order to find solutions to the social problems of the age and who pioneered large scale statistical studies of economic issues.He joined the left-leaning Evangelical Social Congress. The ostflucht is the influx of Polish farm workers into eastern Germany as local labourers migrate to Germany's rapidly industrialising cities. The beginning of <mask>'s renown as a social scientist was marked by the fact that he wrote a large part of the final report. The degree of <mask>'s support for the Germanisation of Poles and similar nationalist policies is still debated by modern scholars. <mask>'s lecture on "The Nation State and Economic Policy" 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 <mask> was appointed professor of economics at the Albert-Ludwigs University in 1894 after moving to Freiburg with his wife. There, <mask> became a central figure in the so-called "<mask> Circle", composed of other intellectuals, including his wife.<mask> was active in the Evangelical Social Congress. Economics and legal history were the focus of his research. <mask>.'s father died two months after a fight with his son. <mask> became prone to depression, nervousness and insomnia, making it difficult for him to fulfill his duties as a professor. He left his course unfinished in the autumn of 1899 because of his condition. <mask> and his wife traveled to Italy at the end of the year after spending the summer and autumn in a sanatorium. He wouldn't return to teaching until 1919.The personal chronology of <mask>'s mental illness was destroyed by his wife. The chronicle was destroyed because of the fear that <mask>'s work would be discredited if it were known that he had a mental illness. After <mask>'s great productivity in the early 1890s, he did not publish any papers until late 1903. He was free from those obligations when he accepted a position as associate editor of the Archives for Social Science and Social Welfare. His works from this period are of primary interest to modern scholars, and his new interests lie in more fundamental issues of social sciences. In 1904, <mask> began to publish some of his most seminal papers in this journal, notably his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which became his most famous work and laid the foundations for his later research on the impact of cultures and religions on the development of economic systems During his lifetime, this essay was the only one of his works that was published as a book.His most important intellectual contributions include some of his works written posthumously and dedicated to the fields of sociology of religion, economic and legal sociology. <mask> participated in the Congress of Arts and Sciences in the United States in 1904 in connection with the World's fair in St. Louis. <mask> visited relatives in Mt. and a monument was placed at their home. Airy, North Carolina. Despite his partial recovery in America, <mask> felt that he was unable to resume regular teaching and continued on as a private scholar, aided by an inheritance in 1907. He resigned as the first treasurer of the German Sociological Association in 1912 after co-founding it in 1909. <mask> tried to form a left-wing political party to combine social-democrats and liberals.Many liberals were afraid of social-democratic revolutionary ideals. <mask> was appointed as a reserve officer in charge of organizing the army hospitals at the end of 1915 after volunteering for service at the outbreak of World War I. During the course of the war, <mask>'s views on the war and the expansion of the German empire changed. Early on, he supported nationalist rhetoric and the war effort, though with some hesitation, seeing the war as a necessity to fulfill German duty as a leading state power. <mask> was one of the most prominent critics of the Kaiser's war policies. <mask> supported calls for constitutional reform, democratisation, and universal suffrage after attacking the Belgian annexation policy. <mask> joined the worker and soldier council in 1918.He was an advisor to the Confidential Committee for Constitutional Reform and served in the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. Motivated by his understanding of the American model, he advocated a strong, popularly elected presidency as a constitutional counterbalance to the power of the professional bureaucracy. He defended the emergency presidential powers that became part of the Weimar Constitution. These provisions were used by Hitler to subvert the rest of the constitution and institute rule by decree, allowing his regime to suppress opposition and gain dictatorial powers. <mask> tried to run for a parliamentary seat as a member of the liberal German Democratic Party. Friedrich Ebert, the new social-democratic President of Germany, may have been prevented from appointing <mask> as minister or ambassador because of his principled positions against the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the Treaty of Versailles. <mask> commanded a lot of respect, but little influence.<mask>'s role in German politics is controversial today. We have this German revolution to thank for the fact that the left controlled the city government of Berlin while <mask> was campaigning for his party. We don't see anything else besides dirt, muck, and horse-play. The madhouse and the zoological gardens have Liebknecht in them. <mask> believed that many countries were guilty of starting the war, not just Germany, and he was critical of the Versailles Treaty, which he believed unfairly assigned "war guilt" to Germany. <mask> argued that in the case of this war there was only one power that wanted it to happen and that was Russia. The German invasion of Belgium in 1914 was an innocent act on the part of the Germans.In January 1919, after <mask> and his party were defeated for election, <mask> delivered one of his greatest academic lectures, "Politics as a Vocation", which reflected on the inherent violence and dishonesty he saw among politicians. In nine out of ten cases, politicians are windbags puffed up with hot air about themselves. They don't feel the burden they need to shoulder, they just intoxicate themselves with romantic sensations, and they are not in touch with reality. <mask> began teaching again after 1919 at the University of Munich, after being frustrated with politics. Major works from that period include the General Economic History, Science as a Vocation, and Politics as a Vocation. He was the head of the first German university institute of sociology, but never held a professorial position in the discipline. Some right-wing students held protests in front of his home while colleagues and students attacked his response to the German Revolution.<mask> died of pneumonia after contracting the Spanish flu. <mask> had not finished writing his sociological theory at the time of his death. His widow helped prepare it for publication. <mask> describes Methodology Sociology as a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order to arrive at a causality explanation of its course and effects. <mask> distinguished himself from Durkheim, Marx, and other classical figures in that his primary focus would be on individuals and culture, and unlike theorists such as Comte and Durkheim, he did not consciously attempt to do so. <mask> focused on the individual and their actions, whereas Durkheim focused on the society. There is structure and action.<mask> valued ideas as motivating actions of individuals, at least in the big picture, compared to Marx, who argued for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas. <mask> said that social action must be understood through how individuals subjectively relate to one another. The study of social action through interpretive means must be based on understanding the subjective meaning and purpose that individuals attach to their actions. Social actions can be easily identifiable and objective, but much more subjective ends and the understanding of those ends by a scientist is subject to yet another layer of subjective understanding. <mask> said that the creation of fool-proof, universal laws in social sciences is more difficult than in natural sciences because of the importance of subjectivity. Overall, <mask> supported the goal of objective science, though he noted that it is ultimately an impossible goal: The principle of methodological individualism, which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities. Nations, cultures, governments, churches, corporations, etc.<mask> argues in the first chapter of Economy and Society that only individuals can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable action. <mask> said that social phenomena can only be understood scientifically if models of the behavior of individuals are captured. <mask>'s methodology was developed in the context of a wider debate about methodology of social sciences, the Methodenstreit. <mask>'s position was close to historicism, as he understood social actions as being heavily tied to particular historical contexts and its analysis required the understanding of subjective motivations of individuals. The use of comparative historical analysis is emphasized by <mask>'s methodology. <mask> was interested in explaining how a certain outcome was the result of various historical processes rather than predicting an outcome of those processes in the future. <mask>'s theory of bureaucracy, also known as the "rational-legal" model, attempts to explain bureaucracy from a rational point of view.<mask> argued that bureaucracy is based on the general principle of precisely defined and organized across-the-board competencies of the various offices which are "underpinned by rules, laws, or administrative regulations." <mask> notes three aspects that "constitute the essence of bureaucratic administration" in the public sector, and "the essence of a bureaucratic management of a private company" in the private sector. The duties and capacity to force others to comply are described in the regulations. Regular and

masks:
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Max Weber
Weber Jr
Weber
Weber
Max Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
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Weber
Weber Jr
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Weber
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Weber
Max Weber
Weber
Max Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
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Max Weber
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texts: continuous execution of the assigned duties is supported by hiring people with particular qualifications. <mask> would explain bureaucracy through nine main characteristics/principles. Uniform principles of placement, promotion, and transfer in an administrative system Careerism with systematic salary structure Hierarchy, responsibility and accountability Subjection of official conduct to strict rules of discipline and control Supremacy of abstract rules <mask> noted that real bureaucracy is less optimal and effective than his ideal-type model.<mask>'s principles can be used to analyze individual levels in an organization. When implemented in a group setting, some form of efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved. The Bureaucratic Model emphasizes qualification, specialization of job-scope, hierarchy of power, rules, and discipline. Complicated and unclear are the weaknesses of bureaucracy Competencies, efficiency and effectiveness. In a dehumanized bureaucracy, with every worker having to specialize from day one without rotating tasks for fear of decreasing output, it can contribute to boredom. Employees can sometimes feel like they aren't part of the organization's vision. They don't have a sense of belonging in the long term.This type of organization invites exploitation and underestimates the potential of the employees, as creativity of the workers is brushed aside in favor of strict adherence to rules, regulations and procedures. The main theme of <mask>'s work is rationalisation and the question of individual freedom in an increasingly rational society. The relationship between psychological motivations, cultural values and beliefs, and the structure of the society is usually determined by the economy. <mask> understood rationalisation as the individual cost-benefit calculation, second as the wider bureaucratic organisation of the organisation, and third as the opposite of understanding the reality through mystery and magic. The fate of our times is typified by rationalisation and intellectualisation and by the "disenchantment of the world". <mask> began his studies of the subject in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in Protestantism and especially in Calvinism shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain. Secularisation of calling is a way of expressing piety towards God in the Protestant religion.The rational roots of this doctrine became incompatible with and larger than the religious and so the latter were eventually discarded. In his studies on bureaucracy and on the classification of legitimate authority into three typesrational-legal, traditional and charismatic of which the rational-legal is the dominant one in the modern world, <mask> continued his investigation. <mask> said that society's movement towards rationalisation was described in these works. The development of highly rational and calculating capitalism could be seen in the economy. <mask> believed that rationalisation was one of the main factors that set the European West apart from the rest of the world. Features of rationalisation include increasing knowledge, growing impersonality and enhanced control of social and material life, as well as deep changes in ethics, religion, psychology and culture. While admitting that rationalisation was responsible for many advances, including freeing humans from traditional, restrictive and illogical social guidelines, he also criticized it for dehumanising individuals as "cog in the machine" and curtailing their freedom.The world is moving from polytheistic religions to monotheistic ones and finally to the Godless science of modernity as a result of rationalisation. The historian of religion claims that <mask> does not see a dichotomy between rationalisation and magical thinking and that he actually referred to the sequestering and professionalisation of magic. The processes of rationalisation affect all of society, removinglime values from public life and making art less creative. In a critique of rationalisation, <mask> notes that modern society is a product of individualism, yet at the same time, the society created in this process is less and less welcoming of individualism. <mask>'s work in the field of sociology of religion began with the essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and continued with his analyses in The Religion of China, The Religion of India, and Ancient Judaism. His sudden death in 1920 prevented him from following Ancient Judaism with studies of early Christianity and Islam. The three main themes within the essays were the effect of religious ideas on economic activities, the relation between social stratification and religious ideas, and the distinguishable characteristics of Western civilisation.<mask> believed religion to be a core force in society. <mask> wanted to find reasons for the different development paths of the cultures of the Occident and the Orient, but without judging or valuing them, like some of the contemporary thinkers who followed the social Darwinist paradigm. Calvinist ideas had a major impact on the social innovation and development of the economic system of the West, but they were not the only factors in this development. <mask> mentioned the rationalism of scientific pursuit, merging observation with mathematics, science of scholarship and jurisprudence, rational systematisation and bureaucratisation of government administration and economic enterprise. According to <mask>, the study of the sociology of religion focused on one part of the Western culture, the decline of beliefs in magic, or what he referred to as "disenchantment of the world". The socio-evolutionary model of religious change proposed by <mask> shows that societies have moved from magic to polytheism, then to pantheism, monotheism and finally ethical monotheism. As the economic stability allowed professionalisation and the evolution of ever more sophisticated priesthood, this evolution occurred.As societies grew more complex and power in the society became more centralized, the concept of a single, universal God became more popular. <mask>'s most famous work is the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. It has been argued that this work should not be viewed as a detailed study of Protestantism, but as an introduction to <mask>'s later works, especially his studies of interaction between various religious ideas and economic behavior as part of the rationalisation of the economic sphere. The thesis in the essay is that Calvinist ideas influenced the development of capitalism. The post-Reformation shift of Europe's economic centre away from Catholic countries such as France, Spain and Italy was noted by him. societies with a more developed capitalist economy were those with more Protestants. Most successful business leaders were Protestant.Christian religious devotion had historically been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit, as <mask> argued that Roman Catholicism impeded the development of the capitalist economy in the West. Calvinism was shown by <mask> to be supportive of rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities dedicated to it. There are many reasons to look for the beginnings of modern capitalism in the religious ideas of the Reformation. The Calvinist ethic motivated the believers to work hard, be successful in business and invest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures. The idea of calling meant that each individual had to take action as an indication of their salvation; just being a member of the Church was not enough. Predestination made it possible for a material wealth to be taken as a sign of salvation in the afterlife. The believers justified pursuit of profit with religion because they were motivated by a highly moral and respected philosophy, instead of being fueled by morally suspect greed or ambition.It was the Protestant religious ideology that led to the capitalist economic system. Marx's thesis that the economic base of society determines all other aspects of it is often viewed as a reversal of this theory. <mask> abandoned research into Protestantism as his colleague began work on a book about the social teaching of the Christian Churches and Sects. <mask> believed that Troeltsch's work already achieved what he wanted in that area: laying the groundwork for a comparative analysis of religion and society. <mask>'s "Protestant ethic" is the basis of the phrase "work ethic" used in modern commentary. When the idea of the Protestant ethic was used to apply to the Japanese people, Jews and other non-Christians, it lost its religious connotations. <mask>'s second major work on the sociology of religion was The Religion of China.The text was edited and translated by Hans H. Gerth. The person is Wang. Those aspects of Chinese society that were different from Western Europe were the focus of <mask>. He questioned why capitalism did not develop in China. He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development, Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom and Chinese religion and philosophy, as the areas in which Chinese development differed most from the European route. Confucianism and Puritanism are not mutually exclusive types of rational thought, each attempting to prescribe a way of life based on religious dogma. Both of them valued self-control and restraint.Both of those qualities were used to reach the final goal, but there was a key difference between them. Puritanism's goal was to create individuals who are "tools of God", while Confucianism's goal was to be a cultured status position. The enthusiasm for action was common in Protestantism, but rare in Confucianism. Actively working for wealth was not a proper Confucian. <mask> states that the difference in social attitudes and mentality between the West and China contributed to the development of capitalism in the West. <mask>'s third major work was The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. He deals with the structure of Indian society, with the orthodox doctrines of Hinduism and the Heterodox doctrines of Buddhism, with modifications brought by the influence of popular religiosity and finally with the impact of religious beliefs on the secular ethic of Indian society.Hinduism in India was seen as a barrier to capitalism by <mask>. The Indian caste system made it difficult for individuals to advance in the society beyond their caste. Economic activity was seen as unimportant in the context of the advancement of the soul. <mask> used his previous work on China to discuss similarities of the Asian belief systems after he finished his research on society and religion in India. The meaning of life was seen as mystical by the beliefs. The educated elite follow the guidance of a prophet or wise man, while the uneducated are guided by magic. There was no plan or meaning to the everyday life of educated and uneducated people in Asia.<mask> compared the ethical prophecies from the Near East region to the exemplary prophecies found on the Asiatic mainland, focusing more on reaching to the educated elites and enlightening them on the proper ways to live one's life, usually with little emphasis on hard work and the material world. The countries of the Occident were unable to follow the path of the earlier Chinese and Indian civilisations because of their differences. Ancient Judaism was an attempt to prove the theory. <mask> attempted to explain the factors that resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity in Ancient Judaism. He contrasted the innerworldly asceticism of Western Christianity with the mystical contemplation of India. <mask> said that some aspects of Christianity wanted to change the world. When compared to Far Eastern religions, this fundamental characteristic of Christianity stems from ancient Jewish prophecy.<mask> claimed that Judaism was as important to the rise of the modern state as the Roman and Hellenistic cultures were. <mask>'s death in 1920 prevented him from following his planned analysis of Psalms, the Book of Job, Talmudic Jewry, early Christianity and Islam. <mask> suggested that members of different social classes adopt different belief systems, or theodices, to explain their social situation. <mask> added ethical considerations to the subject of religion and expanded the concept of theodicy. There is an ethical part of religion that includes: Soteriology, how people understand themselves to be capable of a correct relationship with supernatural powers, and Theodicy, how to explain evil or why bad things seem to happen to those who seem to be good people. There is a separation of theodicies with regard to class. Theodicies of fortune emphasize the idea that privileges are a blessing.The affluent embrace good fortune theodicies, which emphasize that prosperity is a blessing of God and that misfortune is a sign of evil and that suffering in this world will be rewarded in the next. Denomination and racial segregation can be applied to class structure within society. <mask> defines the importance of societal class within religion by examining the difference between the two theodicies and what class structures they apply. There was a contribution of higher class outcomes and more education among Protestants because of the Protestant "work ethic", which is attached to the theodicy of fortune. Those without a work ethic believed misfortune would lead to wealth and happiness in the afterlife. One example of how this belief of religious theodicy affects class is that those of lower status, the poor, cling to deep religiousness and faith as a way to comfort themselves and provide hope for a more prosperous future, while those of higher status cling to the sacraments or actions that prove There are two theodicies that manifest within religiously similar groups.The U.S. American "mainline" Protestant churches with upper class congregation generally promote order, stability, and conservatism, and in so doing proved to be a powerful source of legitimation of the status quo and of existing disparity in the distribution of wealth and power. Pentecostal churches find their roots in people with misfortune. These churches may support change intended to advance the cause of justice and fairness. The theodicies of these churches reinforce segregation by social class. One of <mask>'s most influential contributions is his essay "Politik das Beruf" (Politics as a Vocation), in which he defines the state as an entity that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force. <mask> proposed that politics is the sharing of state power between different groups and that political leaders are those who wield this power. <mask> believes that a politician must not be a man of the Christian ethic.One cannot have the injunction to 'turn the other cheek' in the Sermon on the Mount. According to <mask>, an adherent of such an ethic should not be seen as a saint for it is only saints that can follow it. A politician needs to have both a passion for his vocation and the ability to distance himself from it in order to be considered a saint. The ideal types of political leadership are charismasmatic authority, traditional authority, and legal authority. He believes that every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained elements that can be analysed. The instability of charismatic authority causes it to become a more structured form of authority. A "traditional revolution" can be led by sufficient resistance to a ruler.The move towards a rational-legal structure of authority using a bureaucratic structure is inevitable. This theory can be seen as part of the social evolutionism theory. He suggests the inevitability of a move in this

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texts: direction with his broader concept of rationalisation. In his masterpiece Economy and Society, <mask> described many ideal types of public administration. One of the most enduring parts of his work was his study of the bureaucratisation of society. <mask>'s studies of bureaucracy led to the popularisation of the term. Weberian civil service is a classic, hierarchically organised civil service of the Continental type and is one of the aspects of modern public administration that goes back to him.As the most efficient and rational way of organizing, <mask> saw bureaucratisation as the key process in the ongoing rationalisation of the Western society. <mask> listed several preconditions for the emergence of the bureaucracy, which resulted in a need for a more efficient administrative system. Development of communication and transportation technologies made more efficient administration possible and democratisation and rationalisation of culture resulted in demands that the new system treat everybody equally. <mask>'s ideal bureaucracy is typified by hierarchical organisation, delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, action taken (and recorded) on the basis of written rules, bureaucratic officials needing expert training, rules being implemented neutrally and career advancement depending on technical qualifications. <mask> saw bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organisation and even indispensable for the modern state, but also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms and the ongoing bureaucratisation as leading to a "polar night of icy darkness", in which increasing rationalisation of human life traps individuals in the aforementioned Entrepreneurs and politicians are needed to counteract bureaucrats. Social class, social status and political party are conceptually distinct elements in <mask>'s theory of social stratification.Karl Marx's simpler theory of social class that ties all social class to what people own is different to the three-component theory of stratification. The issues of honour and prestige are important in <mask>'s theory. <mask>'s essay Classes, Staende, Parties was the first published in his book Economy and Society. Social class is based on economically determined relationship to the market and is one of the components of <mask>'s theory. All three dimensions have consequences for what <mask> called "life chances", which are opportunities to improve one's life. <mask> scholars maintain a sharp distinction between the terms status and class, even though people tend to use them interchangeably. As part of his effort to understand the unique development of the Western world, <mask> produced a detailed general study of the city as the characteristic locus of social and economic relations, political arrangements, and ideas that eventually came to define the West.This resulted in a monograph, The City. In 1924 it was incorporated into the second part of his Economy and Society as the 16th chapter, "The City (Non-legitimate Domination)". <mask> argued that Judaism, early Christianity, theology, and a variety of specialized trades all shaped the city's cultural evolution and that it was MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE The rise of a unique form of "non-legitimate domination" that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination was seen in the history of medieval European cities. The new domination was based on the power of the citizens of the city. Economics <mask> regarded himself primarily as a political economist, and all his professorial appointments were in economics, though his contributions in that field are largely overshadowed by his role as a founder of modern sociology <mask> was a member of the "Youngest" German historical school of economics.<mask>'s influence on economics is hard to discern because of the great differences between that school's interests and methods and those of the neoclassical school. Economy and Society is a collection of essays that <mask> was working on at the time of his death in 1920. The final organization and editing of the book was taken over by his widow. The last German form was published in 1921. <mask>'s views regarding sociology, social philosophy, politics, social stratification, world religion, diplomacy, and other subjects are covered in the composition. The German edition of Economy and Society was edited by Johannes Winckelmann based on the papers that <mask> left at his death. The English versions of the work were published in 1968.There are different organization of the different volumes as a result of the different editions in German and English. The book is usually published in two volumes, one in German and one in English, and is more than 1000 pages long. <mask>'s defence of "Methodological individualism" in the social sciences was an important break with that school and an embracing of many of the arguments that had come before it. The Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter came up with the phrase methodological individualism in 1908 as a way of referring to the views of <mask>. <mask>'s theses state that social research can't be fully descriptive because understanding some phenomenon implies that the researcher must go beyond mere description and interpret it. The model of the "rational economic man" (homo economicus), which is at the heart of modern mainstream economics, can be taken as a methodological justification for this. <mask> accepted the marginal theory of value and taught it to his students.<mask> attacked the claims that the marginal theory of value in economics reflected the form of the psychological response to stimuli as described by the Weber-Fechner law after he published an article in which he drew a sharp methodological distinction between psychology and economics. <mask>'s article has been cited as a definitive refutation of the dependence of the economic theory of value on the laws of psychophysics by Lionel Robbins, George Stigler, and Friedrich Hayek, though the broader issue of the relation between economics and psychology has come back into the academic <mask>'s best known work in economics concerned the preconditions for capitalist development, particularly the relations between religion and capitalism, which he explored in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism as well as his other works on the sociology of religion. The rise of modern capitalism was aided by bureaucratic political and economic systems that emerged in the Middle Ages, while the case of ancient capitalism was hampered by a different social and political structure based on conquest, slavery. His critique of Marxism, his analysis of the history of commercial partnerships in the Middle Ages, and his work on the economic history of Roman agrarian society are some of the other contributions. <mask>'s work influenced Frank Knight, one of the founding fathers of the Chicago school of economics, who translated <mask>'s General Economic History into English in 1927. <mask> was the only economist who dealt with the problem of understanding the emergence of modern capitalism from the angle which alone can yield an answer to such questions, that is, the angle of comparative history in the broad sense, according to Knight.One of the most important forms of rationalisation associated with the development of modern capitalism is economic calculation. <mask> critiqued socialism as a system that lacked a mechanism for allocating resources efficiently because of his preoccupation with economic calculation. In a completely socialised economy, prices would not exist and central planners would have to resort to in-kind economic calculation. This type of coordination would be inefficient because it would not be able to solve the problem of imputation. The relative values of capital goods are determined. The argument against socialism was made independently by Ludwig von Mises. <mask> had a significant influence on Mises, whom he befriended when they were both at the University of Vienna in the spring of 1918, and on several other economists associated with the Austrian School in the 20th century.Friedrich Hayek elaborated the arguments of <mask> and Mises about economic calculation into a central part of free market economics's intellectual assault on socialism. <mask>'s thinking was influenced by German ideals, particularly neo-Kantianism, which he had been exposed to through his professorial colleague at the University of Freiburg. The neo-Kantian belief that reality is chaotic and incomprehensible is an important part of <mask>'s work. <mask>'s opinions about the methodology of the social sciences are similar to those of Simmel. <mask> came to think of ethics as obsolete in a modern age lacking in religious certainties. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy can be seen. The "darkly tragic and agnostic shade to <mask>'s ethical worldview" is due to the deep tension between the Kantian moral imperatives and a Nietzschean diagnosis of the modern cultural world, according to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy.<mask>'s life was influenced by Marxism and the writings of Karl Marx. <mask> views conflict as inevitable and does not see a utopian spirit in it, even though he shares some of Marx's concern about bureaucratic systems being able to advance their own logic to the detriment of human freedom and autonomy. Karl Lwith contrasted the work of Marx and <mask> with 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 The influence of his mother's Calvinist religiosity is evident throughout <mask>'s life and work as he maintained a deep, lifelong interest in the study of religions. <mask> belonged to the "Youngest" German historical school of economics, which was represented by academics such as Gustav von Schmoller and his student. Even though Weber's research interests were very much in line with this school, his views on methodology and the theory of value differed significantly from those of other German historicists and were closer to those of Carl Menger and the Austrian School. Some of Weber's theories, including his interest in the sociology of Far Eastern religion and elements of his theory of disenchantment, were shaped by his interaction with contemporary German occult figures.He visited the Ordo Templi Orientis at Monte Verit before he articulated his idea. He developed elements of his theory of charisma after observing George, who was a German poet. <mask> never joined George's circle despite disagreeing with many of his views. Gustav Grser at Monte Verit may have been <mask>'s first exposure to Taoism. <mask>'s theories of disenchantment have been re-analyzed by some German and American scholars. Economic sociology, political sociology, and the sociology of religion were some of <mask>'s most influential work. He is one of the founding fathers of modern sociology along with Karl Marx and mile Durkheim.<mask> was instrumental in developing an antipositivist, hermeneutic, tradition in the social sciences. He is a member of the same tradition as his German colleagues, who stressed the differences between the methodologies appropriate to the social and the natural sciences. Sociology was presented as the science of human social action, which was separated into traditional, affectional, value-rational and instrumental. <mask> was seen as a historian and an economist in his own time. The depth of <mask>'s social theory can be seen in the fact that many of his works were collected, revised and published posthumously. C. Wright Mills produced significant interpretations of his writings. <mask>'s works have been critiqued for their personal interpretation of a functionalist, teleological perspective.Theodor Adorno was influenced by <mask>. Some elements of his thought were emphasized by other people. The early death of <mask> was a disaster for Germany according to the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises. The German people of today would be able to look at an example of an 'Aryan' who would not be broken by National Socialism if <mask> had lived longer. Karl Jaspers described <mask> as "the greatest German of our era". The death of <mask> felt like the German world had lost its heart. <mask> was thought to be the greatest scholar in Germany of the 19th century by a Harvard professor.There are similarities between the work of Foucault and <mask>, both of which are concerned with how people lead their lives. Foucault goes further than <mask> in offering two methods for the individual to resist rationalization, by looking at the history of the development of rationalization in genealogy, the factors that influenced this rationalization, and how power relations and current are. Critical responses to <mask>'s explanations are very specific to historical periods. Despite the fact that <mask> did write in the early twentieth century, his ideas are still relevant for understanding issues like politics, bureaucracy, and social stratification today, according to some academics. <mask>'s historical analysis has claims that many scholars disagree with. Schumpeter argued that capitalism began in Italy in the 14th century. In Milan, Venice and Florence, the small city-state governments led to the development of capitalism.In the 16th century, the commercial center of Europe was located in Antwerp. Scotland did not have the same economic growth as the Netherlands, England and New England. The Netherlands, which had a Calvinist majority, industrialised much later in the 19th century than predominantly Catholic Belgium, which was one of the centers of the Industrial Revolution on the European mainland. Schumpeter's argument was expanded by the hypothesis that Calvinism hurt the development of capitalism by leading to the development of the labour theory of value. There is an extensive list of <mask>'s works. <mask> wrote in German. His unfinished works are most likely contained in the original titles printed after his death.The names of the translations do not reveal what part of the original they contain. According to the critical <mask>-Gesamtausgabe (Collected Works), <mask>'s writings are generally cited. Interpretations of <mask>'s liberalism can be found here. 1960. <mask> is an intellectual. New York is Doubleday. R. Collins was born in 1986.There is a Weberian Sociological Theory. Cambridge University Press is in New York. Dalla comunit al diritto moderno was written by Realino Marra. The formazione giuridica was done by <mask>. La libert degli ultimi uomini was written in 1886. Capitalismo e anticapitalismo can be found in <mask>. Storia di e sociologia del Roma diritto nella genesi dell'opera weberiana.<mask>s is a Konstruktionslogik. Sozialkonomik is related to Theorie. <mask>'s concept of sociology wasRevisited against the background of his juristic and economic provenance within the framework of "social economics" The most important work on <mask>'s life has been done. <mask>'s main writings on law were translated. <mask>s deutsch-englische familiengeschichte, J.C.B. was written by Guenther Roth. There is a large collection of the German original texts.The editor is Dr. Albert Benschop. There were 19th-century German philosophers, 19th-century German writers, and 20th-century German

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texts: The King of Imerina was known as Andriamasinavalona. He made a huge impact on the social, political and economic life of Imerina. The expansion of his territories and the unification of certain principalities that had become locked in violent conflict were among these. He created a large public square at Andohalo outside the gates of the city and named a number of other locations within the city. He took possession of a distant hill and renamed it a lodging for his son, and the royal city that developed there has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site. There were many innovations of Andriamasinavalona. He created two additional noble castes and defined their rights, responsibilities and restrictions, and was responsible for introducing the tradition of the red parasol as an indicator of royalty.The king was able to increase the firearms, cannons and gunpowder available for the defense of the kingdom because of the trade with the Sakalava kingdom. The Betsimitatatra rice fields were raised to help prevent famine. In order to strengthen the defenses of the kingdom, <mask> divided his realm into four quadrants. One son kidnapped the king and held him hostage for seven years because he was interested in expanding his own realm. A mock human sacrifice was committed by the king after his release. After his death, his sons launched military campaigns against one another to seize each other's territories, triggering 77 years of civil war. The golden age of justice, harmony and prosperity is remembered in the island nation today.The prince was born in the historic Merina capital of Alasora to his father and mother. His older brother was named king after his father's death. He ascended to the kingship of Imerina after his brother's deposition. The deposed king tried to regain the throne after fleeing to the west. The power struggle between the older brother and the younger brother resulted in the emergence of two royal traditions. There are different versions of oral history about the battle at Ambohibato. He named the battle site Ankazonorona because it was where newly enthroned kings would receive their first expression of authority from their subjects.Before making certain decisions, he introduced the practice of gathering his subjects to consult and get their consent. Subsequent rulers in Imerina continued this practice. The family produced nine sons and one daughter. The children of four of his wives went on to rule their own kingdoms. The children of four other wives would give up their claims to the throne. The descendants of the wives who gave up their claim to the throne were ennobled by him. One of the wives adopted a girl named Andriamanitrinitany.She was housed with her adoptive mother at Ambohipeno and died without producing children of her own, although she adopted a child who was most likely the son of her sister. The king of significant achievements is remembered in Imerina. He was credited with unifying a number of warring principalities in Imerina and expanding the territory of the kingdom to its largest extent. The Andohalo town square is outside the gate of Antananarivo and was created by him. The current name of the city is Antananarivo, based on the names of similar sites in the nearby village of Antananarivokely. The Betsimitatatra rice fields were increased during his reign. He imported the kingdom's first cannons for its defense and increased the number of guns and gunpowder in Imerina.Plates made from sea turtle skin were one of the innovations. He strengthened the social order by creating two new noble castes, putting in place further restrictions and responsibilities for each, and decreeing the right of every woman to choose her own husband. The political administration of Imerina became more defined under the rule of Andriamasinavalona. The number of andriana sub-castes was increased from four to six and additional roles and territories were designated for each group, both within the neighborhoods of Antananarivo and in the countryside surrounding the capital. Members of subcastes were not allowed to stay for extended periods in the territories reserved for others and were required to live within their designated territories. The power of local administrators was strengthened by the creation of a series of new decrees. The king's reign was marked by a seven year dry spell that caused a famine.The king tried to purchase rice from his fief. The town had a surplus but the local leader refused to sell it. The residents of Antsahatovoka decided that it was unnecessary for the king to purchase rice from them since there was no rice available to share. Finally, he wanted to purchase rice in Andraisisa. The local leader gave the king large shares of food and a tribute of silver after he refused his money. The leader of the fief was promised a reward. All he wanted was the love of his wife.He gave a large piece of land to the west of the territory to show his appreciation, and declared that Andriasisa would become a great fief. He expanded the Betsimitatatra rice fields around Antananarivo to increase their rice production. The precedents set by earlier Merina kings Andrianjaka and Ralambo led to the reorganization and refinement of the noble class. The tradition of the royal parasol was introduced to Imerina by the Zazamarolahy caste, which was composed of nobles descended from Andrianjaka's children. He ordered that their tombs be topped with a small wooden house with no windows or a fire and containing their worldly wealth, where their spirit could return after death. Unlike other noble subcastes, the Zazamarolahy didn't have to live in a particular neighborhood, as Andriamasinavalona acknowledged the privilege of future rulers to determine the proximity of these most influential nobles according to the particularities of changing circumstances. The right to a new sub-group within the Zazamarolahy narrowed the pool of potential future sovereigns.The descendants of the royal wives gave birth to the king's four designated heirs. This new sub-class of nobles allowed for the selection of new rulers. The four wives of King Andriamasinavalona's children who were not chosen to rule one of the four districts of Imerina were assigned the noble sub-caste of "Andriamasinavalona" and transferred this ranking to their descendants. The king said that members of this sub-caste would live in the southern part of the neighborhood of Andohalo. Although not authorized to rule the kingdom, the Andriamasinavalona gained the right to become masters of the fief and construct tranomasina on their tombs. They were given the honor of carrying out sacrifice requested by the king. The individual fiefs that the Zazamarolahy and the Andriamasinavalona ruled were centered around the hill towns.In this way, nobles lived in close proximity to their people and provided for them. New rules were established to strengthen the authority of the tompo-menakely. Inhabitants of the fief paid taxes to the local lord, and offered him the hindquarters of slaughtered zebu as a tribute. The property of those who died without children would be shared by the king and the parents who adopted them paid a fee to the lord. Any work or task ordered by the tompo-menakely was bound to be executed by the inhabitants of the fief. The authority of the lord was very independent and interference of the king was very rare due to the close kinship ties between the king and the Zazamarolahy sub-castes. The Zana-tompo, also known as the Zana-tompo, were considered to be elders, and so kings would now select their wives and royal food tasters from among this caste.circumcision was an honor reserved for the Zana-tompo. The king ordered them to live in the countryside south of the capital. The Zana-tompo lived in the village of Ambohimalaza. Junior nobles were the Andrianamboninolona, Andriandranando, and Zafinandriandranando. They were not included in most of the rules imposed on other noble castes. They were made responsible for maintaining a key dike that supported irrigation of the capital's rice paddies, producing the silk used to make the king's clothing, and conscripting soldiers for the king's army. They were responsible for gathering used hoes for the royal blacksmiths to melt down and then supervise the artisans as the metal was crafted into nails, shackles and other forged objects.The territory of the Andrianamboninolona, designated generations before by King Andrianjaka, extended from Ambohitantely eastward to Ambatolampy and north to the east of Andohalo. The neighborhoods reserved for the Andriandranando were laid to the northeast of Andohalo and extended from the road to the west to the east. Within the capital city, the Zanaralambo would live in the southwest, Ambodivoanonoka to the east, and Andohalokely in the north. Each group had a village outside the capital. The Andrianamboninolona lived in several places. The Andriandranando lived in many places. The Zanaralambo lived in Lazaina, Ambatofotsy and Masindray.There are new roles for noble sub-castes, as well as sacred royal advisers and custodians of ancestral traditions related to circumcision. The clan was formed by the descendants of Andriampirokana and his two sons. The tradition of circumcision in Imerina was established thanks to the friendship of King Ralambo and Andriampirokana. The clan made the collection of water gourds and mats for use in the ceremony responsibility. The Antehiroka were tasked with delivering royal benedictions, receiving hasina on behalf of the king, and wrapping the dead in the traditional lambamena shroud. Ampamaho is the location of their clan tomb. They were told that they should live in the countryside.At the time of <mask>'s reign, the highlands around Imerina were wracked with violent conflict among minor princedoms centered around fortified hill towns. A number of principalities in the territory bordering his own were united, and the boundaries of Imerina were expanded to include Fanongoavana to the west and Ombifotsy to the east. He imposed strict submission to his own authority when he brought each territory under his control. He was the first Merina ruler to rule over the entire province of Imerina due to his diplomatic and political conquests. The first territory to be incorporated into Imerina was Fanongoavana. Threats to his kingdom's security led Andriampanarivofomanjaka to secretly travel to the Rova of Antananarivo. He was accompanied by seven advisers who explained to their master that he was the king.The union of their territories was sealed when <mask> married Ranavalontsimitovy. After announcing the union to his people, he spoke with the leaders of the Bezanozano people to convince them to join the kingdom. The territory of Ombifotsy was ruled by a man who had a friendly relationship with another man. The two agreed to a challenge: each would leave


texts: his palace at the same time and walk toward the other's palace until they met. They crossed paths at the Ombifotsy river in honor of their friendship and the peace agreement between their two territories. The son of Andriambahoakafovoanitany built a stone to commemorate the agreement. One of Andriambahoakafovoanitany's sons administered the four parts of Imamo.Ambohimanga, a site of spiritual and historical significance, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001. According to oral history, a distant hill named Ambohitrakanga was first remarked when he noticed a bonfire on its southern face 24 kilometers away from his rova at Antananarivo. The eastern part of the Kingdom of Imerina was divided into four quadrants in 1710, and the current name of the hill is Ambohimanga. The greatest point of controversy was the decision to divide his kingdom among his four favorite sons. After his death, the nephew of his sister's son would replace his own sons and rule all of Imerina as a united whole. The desire to reorganize the kingdom in accordance with traditional notions of symbolic unity is what may have led to the decision to divide Imerina into four sub-kingdoms. The kingdom would be better defended by four brothers than by one alone, and that they could support one another in warding off attackers from the outside.The guardian of Matsatso, one of the three most prominent royal idols, was asked which of his sons should rule after him. After the king promised no ill reaction to the decision, the guardian declared the successor to be Andrianavalonimerina. The king wanted the successor to be another son, Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana. He sent one of his wives to the guardian's house in order to see if the prophecy was true. The guardian was put to death by the king because he thought the cook was dishonest and intended to seize power himself. The guardian of Soratra fled when he was told that only the king could choose his successor. According to oral history, <mask> gathered the people at Andohalo to announce his decision.He requested the presence of his adviser and elder, who said "I have no lamba." The elder sent the lamba back with the corners torn off, after the king sent him a lamba to wear. The king returned the lamba and the elder trampled it. The king's kabary was attended by Andriamampandry, who declared "What's been torn can be mended, and what's been dirtied can be cleaned." The king said he would divide his kingdom into four parts, each one a fief to be inhabited by his four favorite sons, who would participate in royal decision-making without being made kings themselves. The capital of the western principality was located at Ambohidratrimo, while the capital of the northern principality was at Ambohimanga. The southern principality was ruled by Andriantomponimerina.The danger of administering the kingdom in this way was warned on several occasions by Andriamampandry. He put a hen in the middle of a room and then put a rooster in each corner. The king was left speechless after the roosters attacked one another. The elder brought four eagles to the king. When the basket was opened 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 Once his four sons got a taste of power, the king would not be any better off. The elder advised the father to exclude his sons from having a part in the decision-making responsibilities of the kingdom, but he ignored it.The king was given a very explicit warning. The people of Andohalo were gathered to hear a speech when a bull ran into the crowd. Many people were gored or trampled to death, several pregnant women miscarried, and the gathering dispersed in chaos as a result of the panic. He warned the king that more blood would be spilled before the earth would be quenched when he took responsibility for the loose bull. The king was criticized for his concern over the relatively few deaths at the gathering, in light of the number of people who would die as a result of his division of Imerina. He predicted that the prince would unite Imerina and lead it back to greatness. The man hung his head in shame after he didn't respond to the person.According to the 19th century transcription of Merina oral history, Andriamampandry privately assessed the leadership qualities of each of the four sons with disappointing results. The prince killed the parrot and served it as food. The elder said that he was a gun that loads itself. A pot of honey was given to the oldest son, who smashed it in order to eat it all. After saying that the kingdom had become a pot of honey without a lid, he implied that the first one to come would be free to take all the bounty for himself. The elder remarked, "This man can't resist the temptation to eat, despite the fact that the prince ordered him to be prepared as a meal." The prince's wife demanded that he give them a lemon and a weaver's stake, which he did.The prince was carrying an axe and a rope. The prince asked to borrow the two items, then ordered a servant to use the axe and rope to butcher a zebu, put some of the best meat in a basket, cook the rest of the good meat for their meal, and set aside the ribbed part of the tripe. The elder spent the night at the village after eating with the prince. The prince returned the rope and axe, gave him a basket of fine meat for his wife, and declared "These are the parts for the axe" as he prepared to leave. The rope is attached to the neck. The omasum was striated. Andriamampandry was impressed by the foresight of the prince.He related the incidents to the father, who decided to test his sons by calling them together to his house, and then observing how they slept on the bed they shared there. "You are the king, and yet you don't understand?" asked Andriamampandry as he rebuked him for having his head highest on the pillow. According to oral history, Andriantomponimerina temporarily took over from his father at Ambohidratrimo. Once the sons of the king had been installed in their territories, Andriantomponimerina tested his authority by imposing a particular hairstyle upon the Marovatana people he ruled, in disregard of the promise that the king had made to respect the diverse customs and taboos of I The king and his sons prepared for war after the Marovatana reminded the king of his vow. The prince had an opportunity to seize power. The prince hid himself in a trench and ordered his people to tell his father that he was there.Upon the king's entrance into the residence, Prince Andriantomponimerina was locked up, despite the fact that he was carrying reeds as a symbol of peace. The prince repeatedly offered to free the king if the king would agree to transfer power to him. Andriantomponimerina told his brothers that the king had decided to live with him at Ambohidratrimo, preventing them from taking action against him. The prince's half-brother Andrianentoarivo was chased from his fief by the king's designated successor, Andriambonimena. In order to consolidate his grip on power, Andriantomponimerina sent a messenger to the Sakalava king requesting his support. The Sakalava threatened to attack the prince if he didn't release the king from his captivity. According to one version of the oral history, the prince wanted to increase his personal wealth because he failed to use the king as a pawn to gain power.Every citizen of Imerina was obligated to contribute, and those who had no money sold their children or themselves into slavery in order to raise the necessary funds. The prince at Ambohidratrimo released the king after the money was placed in seven baskets. According to another version of the story, the prince sent two hunters to free the king by digging an escape passage under the wall of his enclosure. The prince was invited to the capital by a messenger who said that the king had decided to hand power to Andriantomponimerina. The prince was welcomed throughout the city with cheers, singing and dancing. He stripped the prince of his rank and power after receiving him. There are two different stories about a ritual of human sacrifice conducted after the man's imprisonment.The king's imprisonment had weakened his authority and could lead the population to revolt against him, according to one version of the oral history. If a citizen offered his life for the king, this gesture would indicate the public was still loyal to him. The people were asked to request a volunteer who was willing to have his throat slit to make way for the king. This proposal was made to honor the new Besakana palace that the king ordered rebuilt. The man was named Trimofoloalina. In the first version of the story, royal advisers bound him with ropes and laid him on the ground to the west of the Masoandro palace, but rather than kill the man they symbolically "sacrificed" him, they poured rooster blood mixed with water. He was bound and hoisted to the top of the central pillar of the new building, and his ear was nicked to allow blood to fall on the pillar to purify it.The king asked Trimofoloalina to name a reward for his bravery. The man asked that he and his descendants be spared from the death penalty for any crime they commit, and he was granted the reward. He died in 1710 when one of his wives accidentally pushed him from the elevated bed where they slept. He was buried in the royal tombs. After the king's death, his sons fought one another in an effort to expand their realm, in opposition to the idea of unity. Imerina was wracked with conflict for 77 years, until the kingdom was once again united during the reign of Andrianampoinimerina. The golden age of prosperity, justice, abundance and harmony was celebrated in the reign of Andriamasinavalona.He is described as a kind and just ruler in oral histories. His name is usually invoked when paying tribute to the ancestors or making a binding pledge. Ellis stated that the character of the chieftain is held in the highest regard. He introduced many important improvements and exercised great care over his district. His name is always mentioned in the public kabarys with a degree of reverence, and his memory, laws and customs are still held in the greatest respect. There are Malagasy monarchs, 17th-century monarchs in Africa and 18th-century monarchs in


texts: <mask>d af Qvalstad was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. The Declaration of Independence to the Parliament was presented by him, as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland. <mask> was the first Head of State of independentFinland and the Chairman of the Senate. He was the Prime Minister from 1930 to 1931. Although Svinhufvud was a strong opponent of communism and the Left, he did not become a President embraced by all the people. From the 1920s until the end of the World War II, Svinhufvud's sharp line as a defender of Finland's legal rights was appreciated more. Since communism and the Soviet Union collapsed, appreciation of Svinhufvud has begun to increase.<mask> <mask> Svinhufvud af Qvalstad was born in Sksmki. He was the son of Pehr Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, a sea captain. <mask> Evind was two years old when his father drowned. He was born at the home of his paternal grandfather, Per Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, who was a provincial treasurer of Hme. The Svinhufvuds are a noble family from Dalarna, Sweden. After the Great Northern War, an army lieutenant in the reign of Charles XII moved to Rapola. The family was ennobled in Sweden in 1574 and then introduced to the Finnish House of Nobility in 1818.Rapola and Svinhufvud were sold after Svinhufvud's grandfather shot himself. He attended a high school in Sweden. He attended the Imperial Alexander University of Helsinki at the age of 16. He obtained a Bachelor's degree and a Master of Arts degree in the same place. He graduated with a Master of Laws degree in 1886. Svinhufvud married Ellen Timgren in 1889. They had six children, including Yngve, Ilmo, Aino Mary, and Eino.Svinhufvud worked as a lawyer, a district court judge, and a deputy judge before becoming a politician. He was a member of the Senate's law-drafting committee when he was 31 years old. He worked in the committee for six years. In 1894 and 1899–1906, Svinhufvud was a member of the Estate of Nobles in the Diet of Finland. He wanted the easy life of a rural judge and moved to the Court of Appeal as an assistant judge in 1901. Imperial Russia initiated a Russification policy for the Grand Duchy in 1899. Svinhufvud became a judge in the Court of Appeals as a result of legislative and constitutional resistance.The Russian Governor of Uusimaa was accused by the court of using violence to break up a demonstration against military call-ups. Bobrikov demanded that they be stopped, and when this didn't happen, he used a decree which the Finns regarded as illegal to dismiss sixteen officials of the court, including Svinhufvud. After his dismissal, Svinhufvud became a strict constitutionalist who viewed the resistance of judges and officials as a question of justice, not believing that political expediency offered compromises. He moved to Helsinki to work as a lawyer and was involved in both the Diet and a secret society. In 1905, Svinhufvud played a key role in the creation of a new parliamentary system and in 1906 he was elected to the new Parliament. Svinhufvud served as a member of Parliament four times. He was appointed as a judge in Heinola in 1906 and tried to stay out of politics.He was elected Speaker of the Parliament in 1907 because the majority of the Social Democrats considered him the best-known opponent of illegality. In 1909 and 1910, the Parliament was dissolved due to <mask>'s parliamentary opening speeches. He was Speaker until 1912. Svinhufvud served as a judge. Russian officials were replaced with Russians during the First World War. Svinhufvud was exiled to Siberia in 1914 after he refused to obey the orders of the Russian procurator, which he considered illegal. He spent his time in Siberia hunting and mending his clothes, still keeping a secret contact with the independence movement.He promised to come back with the help of God and Hindenburg. The person who sent him to Svinhufvud was arrested when he walked to the police station. I'm going home now. He was honored as a national hero. Independence and the Civil War Svinhufvud was appointed as Chairman of the Senate on 27 November 1917, and was a key figure in the announcement of Finland's declaration of independence on 6 December 1917. He went to meet the man who gave his official recognition of the independence of the Finns. The meeting in Svinhufvud's biography was authorized by Svinhufvud's Senate.During the Civil War, Svinhufvud sent pleas for help to Germany and Sweden. He became an active monarchist as a result of the conflict. He resumed his function as Head of Government after escaping via Berlin-Stockholm in March 1918. He pardoned 36,000 Red prisoners in the autumn of 1918. <mask> became the Regent on 18 May and remained as the Head of State after he stepped down as Chairman of the Senate on 27 May. After Germany's defeat in World War I, Svinhufvud withdrew from public life and was only active in the anti-communist Suojeluskunta-mil. He was the Prime Minister and President in 1925, but he wasn't elected.After the emergence of the anti-communist Lapua movement, President Relander appointed him as Prime Minister of Finland. Mannerheim was appointed Chairman of the Defence Council after Svinhufvud was elected President because of the Lapua movement's fear of having fought the Civil War in vain. The Lapua movement's exploits were resisted by him. The members of parliament were arrested. There was a so-called Mntsl Rebellion in February of 1932, when the Suojeluskunta-Militia and the Lapua Movement demanded the Cabinet's resignation. The President's broadcast radio speech, in which he called on the rebels to surrender and ordered all Civil Guard members who were heading for Mntsl to return to their homes, was the turning point. Svinhufvud believed that the President had the right to choose the Cabinet ministers after consulting the parliamentary parties.The minority government of Toivo M. Kivimki lasted for 3 years and 10 months. Svinhufvud believed that it could fight the Great Depression and that Kivimki had a strong personality like himself. When a right-wing Conservative member of Parliament proposed in 1934 that a government led by the President be given an absolute veto power over the laws passed by the Parliament, Svinhu was involved. Svinhufvud believed that the President had enough power to lead the country if he had a strong personality. If the Social Democrats could be kept out of the Cabinet, it would be better for the country. He thought that they would implement too radical reforms that would lead the society into chaos. He admitted to the German Ambassador that he would be unable to keep the Social Democrats in the opposition if he were re-elected.They were the largest political party in the country with over 40% of the deputies. The Social Democrats and the Agrarian party voted against him in the Presidential election of 1937. He wasn't re-elected. At the end of the Winter War, he tried to get an audience with both Hitler and Mussolini but was unsuccessful. He was in favor of an expansionistic war during the Continuation War. Svinhufvud loved hunting and precision shooting. <mask> died at Luumki in 1944, while Finns were seeking peace with the Soviet Union.He did not want the name of his house to be Finnicized. Cabinets Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate Svinhufvud II Cabinet Honours Awards and decorations include the Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty. Vilho Siivola played Svinhufvud in the film. Literature sources include the Declaration of Independence Ukko-Pekka. The year is 1928. Johanna von Hrschelmannin pivkirjan kertomus presidentti: Erkki Rikknen. The year 1931.Erkki Rikknen: Suuri juhlapiv. The year 1932. Suomen leijona: Svinhufvud itsenisyysmiehen. Docendo. There are External links to Pehr Evind Svinhufvud. The University of Helsinki has a Faculty of Arts. P. E. Svinhufvud is a person from Hme Province.

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Pehr Evind Svinhuvu
Svinhufvud
Pehr
Evind
Pehr
Svinhufvud
Svinhufvud
Svinhufvud


texts: <mask> was the first President of Abkhazia. Abkhazia's de jure independence from Georgia was not recognised by the international community during <mask>'s two terms as President from 1994 to 2005. He was a member of the first parliament to be elected in the Soviet Union. <mask> was born in the village of Lower Eshera in the Abkhaz ASSR. <mask> received a PhD from the Tbilisi State University after graduating from the Historical Department of the Sukhumi Pedagogical Institute. He was the head of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Moscow and later the Russian foreign and Prime Minister. He served as the director of the Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History from 1987 until 1989 when he was elected a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.He quickly emerged as one of the most active proponents of the Abkhaz cause after he became involved with national issues. <mask> forged close ties with the hardliners in Moscow, particularly with the parliamentary chairman Anatoly Lukyanov and other members of the hardline communist groups in Moscow that were responsible for the August 1991 coup attempt. He was a member of the first parliament to be elected in the Soviet Union. <mask> was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia. Georgians believed that <mask>, a popular figure in the Abkhaz, helped to start the violence in July 1989. <mask> tried to rule Abkhazia relatively single-handedly, but avoided for the time being, since he consolidated his power relatively quickly and reneged on pre- election promises to increase the representation of Georgians in Abkhazia's autonomous structures. The Georgian concession on the reform of the electoral law gave the Abkhaz wide over-representation in the Supreme Soviet.Ardzinba started a practice of replacing ethnic Georgians in leading positions with Abkhaz when he created the Abkhazian National Guard. <mask> claimed in July 1992 that Abkhazia was strong enough to fight Georgia. Ardzinba and his group were ousted by a Georgian military force in August of 1992. Gudauta is a home to the Soviet-era Russian military base. The war against the Georgian government was aided by <mask>'s contacts with the Russian hardliners. The Abkhazian parliament elected <mask> to the presidency after Georgians were forced out of Abkhazia, a move that was condemned by Georgia and the United Nations. He was re-elected as president of Abkhazia in the first direct polls in 1999.His health deteriorated in 2003 and he installed an authoritarian regime. He once stated that Georgia's independence is not negotiable, and he has tried to align the state with Russia, whose political and economic support was essential to the republic. He was a leader of the Abkhaz side and met the presidents of Russia and Georgia. Most of the pre-war Georgian population of Abkhazia were deprived of the right to return, and those who remained were subjected to ethnic cleansing under his rule. <mask> was criticized by the international community after issuing a decree banning the Jehovah's Witnesses. <mask> was criticized for failing to bring stability to Abkhazia and for his low public profile. He hadn't appeared in public since 2002.The role of governing the state had been left to the Prime Minister. He was in poor health and was treated in Moscow. Despite increasing calls from the opposition for him to resign, he stated that he would finish his term, which was supposed to end in October 2004, but did not because of disputes over the election of his successor. There were calls for him to be removed from office. Although the Abkhaz Constitution allows for impeachment, there were no serious steps taken to bring it about. He was unable to run for a third term due to constitutional restrictions, and it is unlikely that his health would have allowed him to do so. He was replaced by Sergei Bagapsh, the winner of the presidential election of 12 January 2005 held one month after the 2004 election.Ardzinba's health was in decline and he died in 2010. <mask> passed away on 4 March 2010 at the age of 64. He was in Moscow at the time. He was taken there the previous week. The death was1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 His wife and daughter are his survivors. Sergei Bagapsh, the President of Abkhazia, said that his service to the Abkhaz people was boundless.In remembrance of Ardzinba, three days of mourning were declared in Abkhazia. The President of Abkhazia's official site has links to other things.

masks: Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba Ardzinba