texts: <mask> was a Saudi Arabian terrorist and founder of the Pan-Islamic militant organization. The United Nations Security Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, and various countries have designated the group as a terrorist group. The September 11 attacks in the United States were carried out by al-Qaeda under <mask>'s leadership. He was a member of the <mask> family. <mask> was a Saudi millionaire and founder of the Saudi Binladin Group. His mother was from a secular middle-class family. He was born in Saudi Arabia and studied at university in the country until 1979 when he joined the Taliban in Afghanistan.He funneled arms, money, and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan and gained popularity among many Arabs. He formed al-Qaeda in 1988. He was forced to leave Sudan in 1996 after the US pressured him to do so. He declared a war against the United States after establishing a new base in Afghanistan. <mask> was on the FBI's list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 US embassy bombings. The September 11 attacks, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 3000 people and prompted the United States to start the "War on Terror", were masterminded by <mask>. He was the subject of a decade-long international hunt.The FBI offered a $25 million bounty for information leading to the capture of <mask>. On May 2, 2011, <mask> was shot and killed by US Navy Seals inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he lived with a local family from Waziristan. On the orders of President Barack Obama, members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (SEAL Team Six) and the Central Intelligence Agency conducted a covert operation. There is no universally accepted standard for transliterating Arabic words and Arabic names into English, but <mask>'s name is most frequently rendered as "<mask> <mask>". The FBI, CIA, and other US governmental agencies have used either "Usama bin Laden" or "Usama bin Ladin". "Oussama ben Laden" and "Ussamah bin Ladin" are less common. "Binladen" is one of the spellings used by his family in the West.The nasab bin means "son of" and is the basis of the decapitalization of bin. The spellings with o and e come from Afghanistan, where <mask> lived for many years. <mask> <mask>'s full name is <mask> <mask> <mask> <mask>. "Mohammed" refers to <mask>'s father <mask> <mask>, "Awad" is his grandfather, and "<mask>" is not <mask>'s great-grandfather. The Arabic language would refer to him as "<mask>" or "<mask> bin <mask>", not "<mask>" alone, as "<mask> Laden" is a patronymic, not a surname in the Western way. According to <mask>'s son, <mask> <mask> never registered the family's name. The kunyah "Ab 'Abdllh" was assumed by <mask> <mask>.His admirers referred to him as the "Prince", "Emir", "Sheik", or "Sheik al-Mu". The nickname "Lion" and "Lion Sheik" were earned by the word usmah, which means "lion". <mask> was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, a son of <mask> Awad <mask>, a billionaire construction magnate with close ties to the Saudi royal family, and <mask>'s tenth wife, Syrian Hamida al-Attas. In 1998, <mask> said he was born on March 10, 1957. Even though it was generally accepted that <mask> was born in Riyadh, his birthplace was not listed in the initial FBI and Interpol documents. After <mask> <mask> was born, <mask> <mask> divorced Hamida. Mohammed recommended Hamida to Mohammed al-Attas.Hamida was married to Al-Attas in the late 1950s or early 1960s. The couple had four children and <mask> had three half-brothers and one half-sister. The <mask> family made $5 billion in the construction industry. <mask> was raised as a Sunni Muslim. He attended the Al-Thager Model School from 1968 to 1976. He graduated from King Abdulaziz University with a degree in economics and business administration. He may have earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979 or public administration in 1981.<mask> attended an English-language course. One source described him as hard working, while another 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work. He was interested in writing poetry, reading with the works of Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery and Charles de Gaulle, as well as black stallions and association football, which he enjoyed playing at centre forward. The personal life of bin Laden began when he was 17 years old and ended when he left Afghanistan on September 9, 2001. Bin Laden's other wives were married to other men. Bin Laden's marriage to a sixth wife, named unknown, was annulled soon after the ceremony, according to some sources.Between 20 and 26 children were fathered by <mask>. The children of <mask> fled to Iran after the September 11 attacks. <mask>'s personal life is detailed in the memoir of his bodyguard, Nasser al-Bahri. He describes him as a strict father who loved taking his large family on shooting trips and picnicking in the desert. Mohammed Bin <mask>, the father of <mask>, died in an airplane crash in Saudi Arabia in 1967. <mask> <mask>, the head of the <mask> family, was killed in 1988 when he accidentally flew a plane into power lines. According to Lawrence Wright's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Looming Tower, a number of <mask>'s close friends confirmed that he was tall and thin.He was measured to be roughly after his death. <mask> was left-handed and had an olive complexion. He wore a white shirt. The traditional Saudi male keffiyeh was no longer being worn by <mask>. <mask> was described as mild-mannered and soft-spoken. <mask> believed that civilians from enemy countries, including women and children, were legitimate targets for jihadists to kill. According to Michael Scheuer, who led the CIA's hunt for <mask> <mask>, the al-Qaeda leader was motivated by a belief that US foreign policy has harmed Muslims in the Middle East.The threat to US national security arises not from al-Qaeda being offended by what America is but rather by what America does. In a letter published in late 2002, <mask> criticized the US for its secular form of governance, calling upon Americans to convert to Islam and reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gambling, and usury. <mask> believed that the restoration of Sharia law would be the only way to reestablish order in the Muslim world. Secular government, pan-Arabism, socialism, communism, and democracy were all opposed by him. He was a follower of the Athari school of Islamic theology. Qutbism has been called after being promoted by Sayyid Qutb. Afghanistan was thought to be the only Islamic country in the Muslim world by <mask>.<mask> often talked about the need for violent jihad to right the wrongs done to Muslims by the United States and other non-Muslims. He called for the removal of the United States from the Middle East, as well as from every Islamic country of the world, and for the elimination of Israel. His viewpoints and methods of achieving them led to him being designated as a terrorist by scholars, journalists, and analysts. Law enforcement agencies in Madrid, New York City, and Tripoli indicted him on terrorism charges. In 1997, he criticized the United States for not labeling the bombing of Hiroshima as terrorism. The revenge killing of Americans was justified because he claimed that Islamic law allows believers to attack invaders even if they use human shields. The classical position was intended as a legal justification for the accidental killings of civilians under very limited circumstances, not as a basis for the intentional targeting of noncombatants.He claimed in a 2002 letter that since the United States is a democracy, all citizens bear responsibility for its government's actions, and civilians are therefore fair targets. <mask>'s overall strategy was to lure larger enemies such as the Soviet Union and the United States into a long war of attrition in Muslim countries in order to achieve his goals. He believed that the economic collapse of the enemy countries would be caused bybleeding them dry. This strategy is expressed in Al-Qaeda manuals. <mask> spoke of "bleeding America to the point of bankruptcy" in a 2004 tape. There are a number of errors and inconsistencies in <mask>'s arguments. He invoked democracy as an example of the deception and fraudulence of the Western political system, and as the reason civilians are responsible for their government's actions and so can be punished by death.In a later statement he compared the Western democracy of Spain favorably to the Muslim world in which the ruler is accountable. The idea that the will of the people must necessarily reflect the will of an all-knowing God has never been heard of by <mask>den. Most of the negative events in the world were the result of Jewish actions, according to <mask>. In a 1998 interview with a Pakistani journalist, <mask>den claimed that the United States and the United Kingdom were ordered to kill as many Muslims as they could by Israeli Jews. In a letter released in 2002, he stated that Jews controlled the civilian media outlets, politics, and economic institutions of the United States. In a May 1998 interview with ABC's John Miller, <mask>den stated that the Israeli state's ultimate goal was to annex the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East into its territory and enslave its peoples. He accused the US of stirring up anti-Islamic sentiment and stated that Jews and Muslims could never get along.He claimed that the US State Department and US Department of Defense were controlled by Jews for the sole purpose of serving the Israeli state's goals. He warned against alleged Jewish conspiracies, saying they were masters of usury and leaders in treachery. Either in this world or the next, they will leave you nothing. The four main enemies of Islam are heretics, America, and Israel, according to the ideology classes of <mask>'s al-Qaeda organization. <mask> was against music because of his religious beliefs. He was interested in machinery and plants, but not chilled water. <mask> wrote a letter urging Americans to work with President Barack Obama to save humanity from the harmful gases that threaten its destiny, as he believed climate change to be a serious threat.After leaving college in 1979 <mask> went to Pakistan, joined Abdullah Azzam and used money and machinery from his own construction company to help the Mujahideen resistance in the Soviet–Afghan War. He told a journalist that he was "outraged that an injustice had been committed against the people of Afghanistan." The United States, Saudi Arabia, and China provided billions of dollars in financial aid and weapons to the mujahideen in Afghanistan. He did not receive any training from the US during the 1980s. His followers did not. Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency gave large amounts of both to the Afghan mujahideen. There were some who bled to the Arabs fighting the Soviets.<mask> had a relationship with Hamid Gul, who was a three-star general in the Pakistan army and head of the ISI agency. The training of militant groups was done by the Pakistan armed forces and the ISI, not the United States. There is no evidence of contact between the CIA and Bin Laden in the archives. It seems clear that <mask> had a relationship with Saudi intelligence, even if he wasn't a Gip agent. Ali Mohamed was Bin Laden's first trainer. Maktab al-Khidamat funneled money, arms, and fighters from around the Arab world into Afghanistan. The <mask> family fortune was used to pay for air tickets and other services for jihadi fighters.<mask> trained volunteers from across the Muslim world to fight against the Soviet-backed regime in Afghanistan. <mask> set up a base in eastern Afghanistan for many of his own soldiers. <mask> was involved in some combat activity against the Soviets from this base. The battle was the center of attention in the Arab press. He became popular with many Arabs during this time. The Gilgit massacre took place in May 1988 when large numbers of Shias were killed in response to rumors of a massacre of Sunnis. Shia civilians were also raped.The founder of India's Research and Analysis Wing claims that the massacre was in response to a revolt by the Shias of Gilgit. He claimed that the Pakistan Army forced <mask> <mask> to lead an armed group of Sunni tribals from Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province into Gilgit to suppress the revolt. <mask> had split from Maktab al-Khidamat. <mask> wanted a bigger role for the military. One of the main points leading to the split and creation of al-Qaeda was Azzam's insistence that Arab fighters be integrated among the Afghan fighting groups instead of forming a separate fighting force. Notes of a meeting of <mask> and others on August 20, 1988, indicate that al-Qaeda was a formal group by that time. A list of requirements for membership included listening ability, good manners, and making a pledge to follow their superiors.The group's real name wasn't used in public statements because it was a closely held secret. According to his research, al-Qaeda was formed at an August 11, 1988, meeting between several senior leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and <mask>, where it was agreed to join <mask>'s money with the expertise of the Islamic Jihad organization and take up the jihadist cause elsewhere after. <mask> <mask> returned to Saudi Arabia as a hero of jihad after the Soviet Union left Afghanistan. The Soviet Union was thought to have been brought down by his legion. While working for his family business, <mask> was involved in opposition movements to the Saudi monarchy. He offered to send al-Qaeda to overthrow the Yemen Socialist Party government in South Yemen, but was turned down. He tried to assassinate YSP leaders but was stopped by the Saudi Interior Minister after the President of Yemen complained.He was upset by the tribal fighting. He worked with the Saudi GID and the Pakistani ISI. The Parliament of Pakistan was lobbied to carry out an unsuccessful motion of no confidence against the Prime Minister. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, putting the Saudi kingdom and the royal family at risk. Saddam's appeal to pan-Arabism could be inciting internal dissent with Iraqi

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texts: forces on the Saudi border. <mask> met with King Fahd and Saudi Defense Minister Sultan, telling them not to depend on non-Muslim assistance from the United States and others. When Sultan asked how <mask> would defend the fighters if Saddam used chemical and biological weapons against them, he replied "We will fight him with faith."The Saudi monarchy invited the deployment of U.S. forces in Saudi territory after rejecting <mask>'s offer. <mask> publicly denounced Saudi dependence on the U.S. forces, arguing that the Quran prohibited non-Muslims from setting foot in the Arabian Peninsula and that two shrines of Islam, Mecca and Medina, the cities in which the prophet Muhammad received and recited Allah's message, should only be <mask> tried to get the Saudi Ulama to issue a fatwa against the American military deployment, but senior clerics refused out of fear. They tried to silence <mask> because of his criticism of the Saudi monarchy. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division was deployed in the desert 400 miles from Medina after landing in the north-eastern Saudi city of Dhahran. On November 8, 1990, the FBI raided the New Jersey home of El Sayyid Nosair, an associate of Ali Mohamed. There were plans to blow up New York City skyscrapers.This was the earliest discovery of terrorist plans outside of Muslim countries. Nosair was convicted in connection to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and later admitted guilt for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City in 1990. <mask> was kicked out of Saudi Arabia in 1991 after he criticized the Saudi alliance with the United States. He and his followers relocated to Sudan in a deal brokered by Ali Mohamed. The bodyguards in <mask>'s security detail were personally selected by him. Their arsenal included machine guns and missiles. <mask> tried to play a role in the civil war in Afghanistan by urging Hekmatyar to join the other mujahideen leaders in negotiating a coalition government.US intelligence monitored <mask> in Sudan using operatives to run by daily and to photograph activities at his compound, and using an intelligence safe house and signals intelligence to surveil him and to record his moves. In Sudan, <mask> established a new base for his operations. He bought a house on Al-Mashtal Street and a retreat on the Blue Nile. He invested a lot in agriculture and businesses during his time in Sudan. The Sudan agent for the British firm Hunting Surveys built roads using the same bulldozers he used to build mountain tracks in Afghanistan. He had fought in the war against the Soviet Union with many of his labourers. He was popular with the people and generous to the poor.He criticized the King of Saudi Arabia. In 1994 he stripped <mask> of his Saudi citizenship and persuaded his family to cut off his $7 million a year stipend. The core of al-Qaeda was made up of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and <mask>. The Egyptian President was the target of an assassination attempt in 1995. Sudan expelled the EIJ after the attempt failed. The US State Department accused Sudan of being a sponsor of international terrorism and <mask> of operating terrorist training camps in the Sudanese desert. According to Sudan officials, the stance became obsolete as the political leader lost influence in their country.After expelling <mask>, American officials refused to meet with the Sudanese even though they wanted to. The State Department allowed US intelligence officials to visit Sudan in 2000. The 9/11 Commission Report states that the State Department and the CIA learned in 1995 that Sudanese officials were discussing with the Saudi government the possibility of expelling <mask>. Billy Waugh, a CIA paramilitary officer, was denied permission to go after Bin Ladin after he was tracked down in Sudan. The Sudanese were encouraged to pursue this course by the US Ambassador. The Saudis revoked <mask>'s citizenship because they didn't want him. Sudan's minister of defense, Fatih Erwa, claimed that Sudan offered to hand <mask> over to the United States.There was no evidence that this was true. The Sudanese were told to expel <mask>. There was no indictment against <mask> in any country when Ambassador Carney asked for more from the Sudanese. In February 1996, Sudanese officials began approaching officials from the United States and other governments, asking what actions of theirs might ease foreign pressure. <mask> was offered to be deported to Saudi Arabia and the Saudis were asked to pardon him. US officials were aware of these discussions by March. Saudi officials wanted <mask> out of Sudan.They revoked his citizenship and wouldn't tolerate him in their country. <mask> escaped at least one assassination attempt that he believed to have been the work of the Egyptian or Saudi regimes, and was paid for by the CIA. <mask> was allowed to leave for a country of his choice due to the increasing pressure on Sudan from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United States. He forged a close relationship with Mullah Mohammed Omar after returning to Jalalabad, Afghanistan on a charter flight in 1996. The 9/11 Commission said that the expulsion from Sudan weakened <mask>. Most of the Afghan Arabs who left with <mask>den became terrorists as a result of the expulsion, according to some African intelligence sources. According to various sources, <mask> lost between $20 million and $300 million in Sudan, the government seized his construction equipment, and he had to liquidate his businesses.In August 1996, <mask> declared war against the United States. By 1996 the Americans were still in Saudi Arabia despite the assurances of President George H. W. Bush that all US forces would be withdrawn once the Iraqi threat had been dealt with. Bush chose not to destroy the remnants of Saddam's regime. The "evils" of the Middle East came from America's attempt to take over the region and its support for Israel, according to <mask>. Saudi Arabia was turned into an American colony. He issued a fatw against the United States in 1998. The title was "Declaration of War against the Americans in the Land of the Two Holy Places".Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam, are referred to as "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in Saudi Arabia. The occupation in the fatw refers to US forces based in Saudi Arabia for the purpose of controlling air space in Iraq. Bin Laden and al-Qaeda raised money from the donors of the days of the Soviet jihad and from the ISI to set up more training camps in Afghanistan. Ariana Afghan Airlines provided false identifications to members of <mask>den's terrorist network, as well as ferried Islamic militants, arms, cash, and opium through the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan. The airline was run by the arms smuggler Viktor Bout. The head of the CIA's bin Laden unit concluded that Ariana was being used as a terrorist taxi service. It is believed that the first bombing attack involving <mask>den was the December 29, 1992 bombing of the Gold Mihor Hotel in which two people were killed.The justification for the killing of innocent people was developed by al-Qaeda after this bombing. According to a fatwa issued by Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, the killing of someone standing near the enemy is justified because an innocent bystander will find a proper reward in death. The general public was not issued a fatwa. In the 1990s, <mask>'s al-Qaeda helped jihadis in Algeria, Egypt, and Afghanistan. In 1992 or 1993, <mask> sent an emissary, Qari el-Said, with $40,000 to Algeria to aid the Islamists and urge war rather than negotiation with the government. Their advice was followed. The war that followed resulted in the deaths of up to 200,000 Algerians.In January 1996, the CIA launched a new unit called Bin Laden Issue Station, code-named "Alec Station", to track and carry out operations against <mask>'s activities. Michael Scheuer is a veteran of the Islamic Extremism Branch of the CTC. The Luxor massacre, in which 62 people were killed, was funded by <mask>. <mask> moved his operations to Tarnak Farms in the south after the Northern Alliance threatened to overrun Jalalabad in 1997. There was an attack in the city of Mazar-i-Sharif. <mask> helped cement his alliance with the Taliban by sending several hundred Afghan Arab fighters along to help the Taliban kill between five and six thousand Hazaras. In February 1998, <mask> <mask> and Ayman al-Zawahiri co-signed a fatwa in the name of the World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, which declared the killing of North Americans and their allies an "individual duty for every Muslim" to liberate the al-Fatwa <mask> said that North Americans are easy targets. He told the journalists that they would see the results in a short time. The al-Qaeda congress was held on June 24, 1998. On August 7, 1998, hundreds of people were killed in a series of truck bomb explosions at the United States embassies in East Africa. The attacks brought <mask> <mask> and Ayman al-Zawahiri to the attention of the US public for the first time. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the bombings. On August 20, 1998, President Bill Clinton ordered a series of cruise missile strikes on Sudan and Afghanistan in response to the embassy bombings.The Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center told President Clinton in 1998 that al-Qaeda was preparing for attacks in the United States. On June 7, 1999, the US Federal Bureau of Investigation placed <mask> on its Ten Most Wanted list. The Radisson SAS Hotel in Amman, tourists at Mount Nebo, and a site on the Jordan River would have been targets in a triple attack on January 3, 2000. The plan was stopped by the arrest of the terrorist cell, the sinking of the bomb-laden boat, and the arrest of the terrorist. A former US State Department official claimed in October 2001 that militant elements of the former Sarajevo government were protecting extremists with ties to <mask> <mask>. Rzeczpospolita, one of the largest Polish daily newspapers, reported in 1997 that the Nordic-Polish SFOR brigade suspected that a center for training terrorists from Islamic countries was located in the Bocina Donja village. In 1992, hundreds of volunteers joined an all-mujahedeen unit in an abandoned hillside factory, a compound with a hospital and prayer hall.According to Middle East intelligence reports, <mask> financed small convoys of recruits from the Arab world through his businesses in Sudan. The document forger for the group of Algerians accused of planning the bombings in the United States was identified as Karim Said Atmani. He was a roommate of the man arrested at the Canada– United States border in 1999 with a car full of bomb-making materials. A French court found him guilty of colluding with <mask> <mask>. The Bosnian government conducted a search of passport and residency records at the request of the United States, which revealed that other former Mujahideen who were linked to the same Algerian group or to other groups of suspected terrorists had lived in the area north of Sarajevo in the past few years. In December 1999 he was arrested in Jordan on suspicion of involvement in a plot to blow up tourist sites. A second man with Bosnian citizenship, Hamid Aich, lived in Canada at the same time as Atmani and worked for a charity associated with <mask> <mask>.The New York Times reported in 1997 that those arrested confessed to serving with Bosnian Muslim forces. The men who were captured admitted to having ties with <mask> bin <mask>. The press reported in 1999 that the Bosnian government granted Bosnian citizenship to <mask> and his assistant in 1993. After the September 11 attacks, the Bosnian government denied this information, but later it was found that Aodouni was arrested in Turkey and had a Bosnian passport. The Bosnian embassy in Vienna, which issued the passport, could not have known who <mask>den was at the time because he did not personally collect his passport. Three men believed to be linked to <mask> were arrested in Sarajevo in 2001. Imad El Misri was one of the three Egyptians.The paper said that two of the suspects had Bosnian passports. The head of Albania's State Intelligence Service said that Osama was running a terror network in Albania to take part in the Kosovo War under the guise of a humanitarian organisation. During his trial, Claude Kader testified about its existence. Four members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad were arrested in Albania in 1998 and extradited to Egypt. Islamic leaders in Western Europe helped organize the mujahideen fighters. During his trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, former Serbian President Slobodan Miloevi said that <mask>'s al-Qaeda had a presence in the Balkans and aided the Kosovo Liberation Army. He said <mask> used Albania as a launching point for violence in the region and Europe.The KLA was being aided by al-Qaeda but the US decided to cooperate with the KLA and thus indirectly with <mask> despite the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was supported by the United States, according to Miloevi. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, <mask> said, "what the United States is tasting today is nothing compared to what we have tasted for decades." The humiliation and contempt has been known by our umma for over eighty years. Its sons are killed, its blood is spilled, and it is not governed according to Allah's command. No one cares. The War on Terror was launched by the United States to destroy the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to prevent future attacks.The CIA's Special Activities Division led the hunt for <mask>. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, there is irrefutable evidence linking al-Qaeda and <mask> to the September 11 attacks. The UK government concluded that al-Qaeda and <mask> <mask> were responsible for the September 11 attacks, despite the fact that the evidence presented is not sufficient to prosecute the case. <mask> initially denied being involved in the attacks. On September 16, 2001, <mask> read a statement denying responsibility for the attack. In a videotape recovered by U.S. forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, <mask> was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge. On December 13, 2001, the tape was broadcast.The translation's merits have been questioned. Dr. Abdel El M. Husseini is an Arabist. It is not the same as the Arabic when it is used to prove the guilt of <mask>. <mask> abandoned his denials in the 2004 video. He said he directed the hijackers. Four days before the American presidential election, <mask> accused George W. Bush of being negligent in the hijacking of the planes. According to the tapes, <mask> claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel.In two tapes aired by Al

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texts: Jazeera in 2006 <mask> <mask> said, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers." ... The nineteen brothers were entrusting me with the raids. In the tapes he was seen with Ramzi <mask>-Shibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi, and Wail al-Shehri, as they made preparations for the attacks. The support of Israel by the United States, presence of the US military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the US enforcement of sanctions against Iraq were identified as reasons for the September 11 attacks. Libya issued the first official arrest warrant against <mask> on March 16, 1998. Silvan Becker, agent of Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, and his wife Vera were killed in Libya in 1994.At the time of his death, <mask> was wanted by the Libyan government. On June 8, 1998, a grand jury in the United States indicted <mask> <mask> on charges of conspiracy to attack defense utilities of the United States, as well as charges of being a major financial backer of al-Qaeda. On November 4, 1998, <mask> <mask> was indicted by a Federal Grand Jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on charges of Murder of US Nationals Outside the United States, Conspiracy to Murder US Nationals Outside the United States, and Attacks on a Federal Facility Result The evidence against <mask> included courtroom testimony by former al-Qaeda members and satellite phone records from a phone bought for him in the United States. The Taliban decided not to extradite <mask> due to insufficient evidence and the fact that non-Muslim courts lacked standing to try Muslims. <mask> was added to the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list on June 7, 1999, following his indictment along with others for capital crimes in the 1998 embassy attacks. Before the bombing of Afghanistan in October 2001, assassination attempts and requests for the surrender of <mask> from the Taliban of Afghanistan were unsuccessful.The United Nations imposed sanctions against Afghanistan in 1999 in order to get the Taliban to extradite Clinton. On October 10, 2001, <mask> appeared as well on the initial list of the top 22 FBI Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by the President of the United States George W. Bush, in response to the September 11 attacks. A group of thirteen fugitive terrorists, including <mask>, were wanted for questioning about the 1998 embassy bombings. <mask> is the only fugitive listed by the FBI. The Taliban refused to extradite <mask> <mask> despite multiple requests. If there was evidence of <mask> <mask>'s involvement in the September 11 attacks, they would try him before an Islamic court. The Taliban offered to turn over <mask> <mask> to a third-party country for trial in return for the United States ending the bombing of Afghanistan.President Bush said that this was no longer negotiable and that there was no need to discuss guilt or innocence. We know he's guilty. <mask> bin <mask>'s criminal charges were dropped by the United States of America on June 15, 2011. Since the presidency of Bill Clinton, the United States government has wanted to capture <mask> <mask>. Shortly after the September 11 attacks it was revealed that President Clinton had signed a directive authorizing the CIA to capture and bring <mask> to the United States to stand trial after the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Africa. On August 20, 1998, 66 cruise missiles launched by the United States Navy in the Arabian Sea hit <mask>'s training camps in Afghanistan, missing him by a few hours. The plan to capture or kill <mask> was aborted by the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan, as well as by foreign operatives working on behalf of the CIA in 2000.The Clinton administration's obsession with <mask> was criticized by Robert Oakley before the September 11 attacks. The US government offered a $25 million reward for information leading to the capture or death of <mask> <mask> after the September 11 attacks. On July 13, 2007, the Senate voted to double the reward to $50 million. An additional $2 million was offered by the Air Transport Association. The White Mountains were believed to be where <mask> was hiding. According to The Washington Post, the US government concluded that <mask> <mask> was present in Afghanistan in late 2001 and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals Intelligence officials assembled what they believed to be decisive evidence, from contemporary and subsequent interrogations and intercept communications, that <mask> began the Battle of Tora Bora inside the cave complex along Afghanistan's mountainous eastern border.The CIA unit dedicated to capturing <mask> was shut down in 2005, according to the Washington Post. Between August 14 and August 16 of 2007, US and Afghanistan forces raided the mountain caves. The military was drawn to the area after learning of a pre-Ramadan meeting held by al-Qaeda members. They did not find either <mask> <mask> or Ayman al-Zawahiri after killing dozens of al-Qaeda and Taliban members. On October 7, 2008, in the second presidential debate, Barack Obama promised to kill <mask>. We are going to crush al-Qaeda. That is the most important national security priority.INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The Bush administration's policy of lumping all terror threats from al-Qaeda to Hamas to Hezbollah was rejected by President Obama. In December 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that there was no reliable information on <mask>den's location for years. In December 2009, the top US commander in Afghanistan said that al-Qaeda would not be defeated unless its leader, <mask> <mask>, were captured or killed. He said that <mask>den's survival emboldens al-Qaeda as a franchising organization across the world, and that Obama's deployment of 30,000 extra troops to Afghanistan meant that success would be possible. "I don't think we'll be able to defeat al-Qaeda until he's captured or killed", McChrystal said. Killing or capturing bin Laden wouldn't end al-Qaeda, but the movement could not be eradicated while he was still at large, according to him.President Obama ordered a covert operation to kill or capture <mask>. The White House announced on May 2, 2011, that he had been killed in his compound in Pakistan. George W. Bush referred to <mask> <mask> in a CNN film clip as "I want justice" after the September 11 attacks. There is a poster out west that says "Wanted: Dead or alive". <mask> retreated further from public contact to avoid being captured. There were a lot of press reports about <mask>'s location and even his death. None were proven.Pakistan was often identified as his hiding place after military offensives in Afghanistan failed to find him. <mask> and the al-Qaeda leadership were based in the Waziristan, according to a letter from Atiyah Abd al-Rahman to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. In the letter, translated by the United States military's Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Atiyah instructs Zarqawi to go to Waziristan so that they can meet with the brothers of the leadership. According to Al-Rahman, <mask> and al-Qaeda have many of their own problems. According to The Washington Post, the letter has been deemed authentic by military and counterterrorism officials. In August 2007, Al-Qaeda released time-sensitive and professionally verified videos showing <mask>'s continued survival. The Taliban and the Afghan people were denied any knowledge of the September 11 attacks by <mask>.Satellite-aided geographical analysis led to the identification of three compounds in Parachinar as <mask>'s likely hideouts. According to the New York Daily News, the hunt for bin Laden was centered in the Chitral District of Pakistan. According to Rohan Gunaratna, captured al-Qaeda leaders confirmed that <mask> was in Chitral. In the first week of December 2009, a Taliban prisoner in Pakistan said he had information that <mask> was in Afghanistan. The prisoner said that he met a person who had seen <mask> in Afghanistan about 20 days earlier. On December 6, 2009, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the United States had no reliable information on the location of bin Laden. Pakistan's Prime Minister Gillani denied that <mask> <mask> was in Pakistan.The US high command believed that the capture or killing of <mask> was important, according to a report on December 9, 2009. On February 2, 2010, Hamid Karzai arrived in Saudi Arabia for an official visit. There was a discussion of a possible Saudi role in the reintegrate Taliban plan. An anonymous official of the Saudi Foreign Affairs Ministry said during the visit that the kingdom had no intention of getting involved in peacemaking in Afghanistan unless the Taliban severed ties with extremists. On June 7, 2010, the Kuwait newspaper Al-Seyassah reported that <mask> was hiding out in northeastern Iran. The Australian repeated the claim on June 9. The report turned out to be false.On October 18, 2010, an unnamed NATO official suggested that <mask> was alive, well, and living comfortably in Pakistan, protected by elements of the country's intelligence services. A senior Pakistani official denied the allegations and said that the accusations were meant to put pressure on the Pakistan government ahead of the talks. Pakistan's Dawn newspaper obtained a report based on interrogation of his three surviving wives that detailed his movements while living underground in Pakistan. In a 2010 letter, <mask> chastised followers who had misinterpreted al-tatarrus, an Islamic doctrine meant to excuse the killing of non-combatants in unusual circumstances, to justify massacres of Muslim civilians. <mask> condemned the attack on members of a hostile tribe by the Taliban in Pakistan, as there were casualties of noncombatants. <mask> wrote that the tatarrus doctrine needs to be reexamined based on modern-day context and clear boundaries. He wanted a code of conduct that would limit military operations in order to avoid civilian casualties.In Yemen, <mask> urged his allies to seek a truce that would bring the country stability or at least show the people that we are careful in keeping the Muslims safe on the basis of peace. He called attention to the extreme poverty caused by warfare and advised al-Shabab to focus on economic development. He told his followers to focus on education and persuasion instead of confrontations with Islamic political parties. <mask>'s suspected location was pinpointed by various US intelligence outlets just before his death. It was thought that <mask> was hiding near the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, but he was found in a three-story windowless mansion in Abbottabad. The Pakistan Military Academy is southwest of <mask>'s mansion. In 2005, images of the compound were taken, but the compound was not present in 2001.<mask> <mask> was killed in Pakistan in the early hours of May 2, 2011. The operation, code-named Neptune Spear, was ordered by United States President Barack Obama and carried out in a US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operation by a team of United States Navy Seals from the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group. The raid on <mask>'s compound was launched from Afghanistan. After the raid, reports stated that US forces had taken <mask>'s body to Afghanistan for positive identification, then buried it at sea in accordance with Islamic law, within 24 hours of his death. This account has been called into question, for example, the absence of evidence that there was an imam on board, where the burial was said to have taken place. The compound was demolished in February 2012 to prevent it from becoming a neo-Islamist shrine. The property of the former hideout will be used to build an amusement park in Pakistan.Pakistan's prime minister claims that his country's intelligence led the CIA to <mask> <mask>. It was widely reported by the press that <mask> was killed by Robert J. O'Neill, however, it has also been discredited by witnesses who claim that <mask> was already dead by the time he arrived. According to Navy Seal Matt Bissonnette, <mask> was hit by two shots to the side of his head after leaning out of his bedroom doorway to survey Bissonnette and a point man. Allegations of Pakistan-support protection of <mask> <mask> was killed within the fortified complex of buildings that were built for him, and had been his home for at least five years. The compound was less than 100 kilometers from Pakistan's capital and less than a mile from the Pakistan Military Academy. The New York Times Magazine reported that ISI Director General Ahmad was the one who knew about <mask>den's location. In a 2015 London Review of Books article, investigative reporter Seymour M. Hersh claimed that <mask> had been a prisoner of the ISI at the Abbottabad compound since 2006 and that the ISI knew of the US mission in advance.Both stories were denied by the US and Pakistan. It seems very unlikely that <mask>den could have been killed in Pakistan without the knowledge of the state. Pakistan's United States envoy, Ambassador Husain Haqqani, promised a "full inquiry" into how Pakistani intelligence services could have failed to find bin Laden. He said that <mask>den had a support system. Was that support system within the government of Pakistan or within the society of Pakistan? It was argued that <mask>den lived in the compound with a local family and never used the internet or a mobile phone, which would have made locating him much easier. Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari denied that his country's security forces sheltered <mask>den, and called any supposed support for <mask>den by the Pakistani government baseless.Government officials said that the country's limited resources had been devoted to its war against the Pakistan Taliban, not to find or shelter <mask>den. There is no evidence that Pakistan knew of <mask>'s presence in Abbottabad. In light of Pakistan's role in the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, documents from the Abbottabad compound show that <mask>den was wary of contact with Pakistan's intelligence and

masks:
Osama
bin Laden
bin al
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
Osama
Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Osama
Osama
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin La
Osama
bin Laden
bin La
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Bin Laden
Bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Osama
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Bin Laden
bin La
bin Laden
bin La
bin La
bin La
bin La
bin La
bin La
bin Laden
bin La


texts: Outside Music is a Toronto-based Canadian alternative country singer-songwriter signed to by <mask>. Ryan Adams' musical style is often compared to that of <mask>. His influences include Leonard Cohen and Hank Williams. In 2006 he was named Toronto singer-songwriter of the year by NOW magazine. <mask> has toured Canada, the UK, the United States, and Europe, and has played shows with Kathleen Edwards, Jim Cuddy, Blue Rodeo, Hawksley Workman, and Dolly Parton. He was editor-in-chief of a University of Toronto literary journal when he was a university English major. In the Junction neighbourhood of Toronto, a working-class community centred around an intersection of four railway lines, <mask> was born and grew up.He was raised in an Irish-Catholic family and wanted to be a writer. He majored in modern poetry and English literature at the University of Toronto. He dropped out of school because of his musical career. If the music thing doesn't work, he's going to finish his university studies in English. No Never Alone is the first album by <mask>. He worked as a bartender to pay for the recording. "I would often do a studio session during the day and then head straight to work until 4 or 5 in the morning," he said.In the UK, the album was compared to Ryan Adams by Comes with a Smile, who proclaimed that a major new talent has landed. Uncut magazine in the UK described the album as "an incredible breakthrough", and also referred to <mask> as a master of gothic understatement. No Never Alone was released in Canada after gaining attention in the UK. The Devil on a Bench in Stanley Park was released on October 6, 2006 through Six Shooter Records. The first attempt at a second album was called In the Fall and was recorded a year before he scrapped it. He thought a second album should have more of an assured sense about it because he was dissatisfied with the first one. A step up the ladder is what a second step forward should be.You're saying, "hey, I'm still here". You're saying, "hey I'm here and I've challenged myself and I've hopefully done something that I haven't done before" To challenge himself and create the album he wanted, <mask> wrote a new set of songs and recorded them in eight days with his band. The Galaxie Rising Star Award was given to The Devil on a Bench at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival. Man Descending was released on April 8, 2008 through Six Shooter Records. Man Descending is a collection of short stories by Guy Vanderhaeghe. "A man descending is propelled by inertia; the only initiative left him is whether or not he decides to enjoy the passing scene," said a line from the book.He said that the line really resonated with him. All of the characters in the book were dealing with the same kind of inertia in their lives. I made little threads into songs. The album has guest performances by Ron Sexsmith, Jenn Grant, Catherine MacLellan, Hawksley Workman, and Joey Wright. Man Descending is a nominee for the Polaris Music Prize. 1 spot for the album in 2008. 5 spots on Exclaim!Wood, Wires & Whiskey is up for Contemporary Album of the Year at the Canadian Folk Music Awards. Man Descending is a much more mature album than The Devil on a Bench in Stanley Park, despite being recorded in just three days, according to an interview. The songs "Alberta Breeze" and "San Sebastian" were written for In the Fall, the album that <mask> scrapped in 2006 and was re recorded for Man Descending. A documentary series called City Sonic was 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 The series had him reflect on his time at the Cameron House. The Early Widows was released on May 4, 2010 on Six Shooter Records. After collaborating with Ondaatje on a theatrical adaptation of the novel, Rutledge wrote several songs with a single character in mind.Ondaatje received official credit for co-writing several of the songs. Hawksley Workman is credited as a musician on the album and also as a co-writer with Darrell Scott. He released his fifth album, Valleyheart, on his new label, Outside Music. <mask> produced it. The artist has released four more studio albums. Early Winters <mask> is a member of the band Early Winters, a collaboration with Canadian musician/producer Dan Burns, American musician Zac Rae, and British singer-songwriter Carina Round. He has acted on stage in productions of Ondaatje's Divisadero and Sarah Ruhl's Eurydice.He was the musical director for a production of Max Frisch's The Arsonists. The co-host of HGTV Canada's backyard builds was married to <mask>. Discography 2004: No Never Alone, 2006: The Devil on a Bench in Stanley Park, and 2010: The Early Widow.

masks:
Justin Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge
Rutledge


texts: <mask> is an English author, lecturer and historian. Trinity Catholic High School is in London, England. Dozens of historical novels and a number of nonfiction history books have been written by <mask>. The man was born in 1946 and spent his early years in the city. He went to Ushaw College in Durham for three years to study for the Catholic priesthood, which he did not pursue. He obtained a First Class Honours Degree in History and a PhD in Edward II from Oxford University. He is a historian who lectures on historical mysteries.He received an Order of the British Empire for his services to education. He has been the Headmaster at Trinity Catholic High School in London for over 30 years. Historical mysteries have been published in the Middle Ages, Classical, Greek, Ancient Egyptian and other periods. P.C. writes both fiction and non-fiction under his own name. Under the pen names Anna Apostolou, <mask>, Ann Dukthas, C. L. Grace, and <mask>, as well as under the names <mask>. His works include The Sorrowful Mysteries of Brother Athelstan, the <mask> medieval mysteries, and the Canterbury Tales of Mystery and Murder. The Roger Shallot mysteries were written by <mask> Klausner.A review by Mike Ripley, an acclaimed author and regular contributor of SHOTS Crime and Mystery magazine, states that a literary agent once told him how to solve historical mysteries. They know the lesson is coming but they don't want to listen to it. <mask> went out of his way to break the rule. His latest novel and the seventh in his 'Ancient Egyptian Mysteries' series, "The Spies of Sobeck" starts with historical notes by the author, as well as a map and a list of characters and their position in the hierarchy of Egypt in 1477BC. The reader is left in no doubt that they are going to get a history lesson and that it is a positive master class from <mask>. In more than fifty novels over a variety of historical settings, <mask> has proved that when he gives a history lesson, readers sit up straight and pay attention. The Times "Murder They Write: 100 masters of crime" list was published as a supplement to the Times on 18 April 1998.The list was compiled by book critics and authors. The Historical Mystery Appreciation Society gave him the Herodotus Award for his excellence in the writing of historical mysteries. One of The Times'' Best of this year's crime novels was Treason of the Ghosts. The UK Channel Five documentary, The Secret Life of Elizabeth I, was based on his book. The theory that Elizabeth I may have had a secret love child was explored. Secrets of the Virgin Queen 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 There are some controversial theories as to why Elizabeth never married.The 13th-century reign of Edward I of England was the setting for the <mask> series. Satan in St Mary's was released in 1986 and Spy in Chancery was released in 1988. Murder Wears a Cowl was released in 1992 and The Song of a Dark Angel was released in 1993. The Nightingale Gallery, The House of the Red Slayer, Murder Most Holy, The Anger of God, and By Murder's Bright Light were written by <mask>. The White Rose Murders is a series written by C. L. Grace. The Eye of God, The Merchant of Death, The Book of Shadows, Saintly Murders, and A Feast of Poisons were written by Nicholas Segalla. There was an ancient Greece. The Egyptian Mysteries centered around the character of Amerokte, the chief judge of the temple of Ma'at, who became the investigator of the conspiracy against the BC Queen Hatusu.The mask of Ra was released in 1998 and the assassins of Isis was released in 2004. The Season of the Hyaena was set during the reign of Edward II of England and features a lady in the service of his wife. The mother of <mask> the Great and the presbyter of Rome were both involved in murder mysteries. The Queen of the Night is a novel by Murder Imperial. Alexander the Great Mysteries is a novel by The Godless Man. The Secret Life of Elizabeth I, The Great Crown Jewel robbery of 1303 and The Death of the Red King are examples. MysteryNet.com was accessed on 14 April. People from the Order of the British Empire are English people of Irish descent.

masks:
Paul Charles Dominic Doherty
Doherty
Michael Clynes
Paul Harding
Paul C
Hugh Corbett
Michael ClynesHarriet
Paul
Paul Doherty
Doherty
Hugh Corbett
Paul
Constantine


texts: A former professional basketball player who played eight seasons in the NBA is named <mask>. He played basketball for Duke. The Charlotte Bobcat drafted <mask> with the 12th overall pick in the NBA draft. <mask> was a former NBA player. <mask> and Wayne Ellington were teammates at Episcopal Academy in Pennsylvania. He lettered and earned all-conference honors in golf as a freshman and scratch golfer, and was a two-time league champion in the high jump and triple jump in track and field. <mask> was ranked as the 18th-best high school senior.After seeing limited playing time off the bench during his freshman year, <mask> moved into the starting lineup as a sophomore and averaged 12.7 points per game. During his junior year, <mask> led the team in scoring and was a First-Team All-ACC award winner. The 2nd seed in the NCAA tournament is Duke. <mask> decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2009 NBA draft, where he was drafted 12th overall by the Charlotte Bobcat. A multi-year deal was signed by <mask> on July 8, 2009. The third-year option on <mask>'s contract was picked up on October 29, 2010. The year would be a big one for <mask> with the Bobcats.Despite finishing with the worst record in the history of the NBA, <mask> was an effective scorer and was one of the only bright spots on the team. <mask>'s career numbers included minutes per game (33.3), field goal percentage (45.9%), assists per game (2.3), and points per game (15.1). He was the main offensive weapon for the team late in the season. <mask> had a career high in points in a win over the Boston Celtics. He matched that total against the Knicks seventeen days later. The Bobcats made <mask> a restricted free agent after they extended a qualifying offer to him. The team re-signed <mask> on July 30.On January 8, 2015, <mask> scored a season-high 31 points to help the Hornets win the fourth straight game with a 103–95 victory over the Toronto Raptors. <mask> exercised his player option with the Hornets on June 17, 2015. On June 24, 2015, <mask> was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Nicolas Batum. <mask> scored 19 points, including a career high tying 4 three-point shots, in a win over New Orleans. <mask> joined the Philadelphia 76ers on July 9, 2016 He was not retained by the 76ers. <mask> had an operation on his hip on August 2, 2017, and missed the entire NBA season to fully recover.<mask> tried to make a comeback to the NBA after undergoing a third surgical procedure on his hip. In September of last year, he worked out for teams, but tore his leg in a pickup game. He joined the Charlotte Hornets' broadcast team at Fox Sports Southeast for the second half of the season. He retired from the NBA on April 30, 2019.

masks:
Gerald Henderson Jr
Henderson
Gerald Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson


texts: <mask> was the Roman emperor from 98 to 117. <mask> is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the second-greatest military expansion in Roman history after Augustus, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death. He was the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace within the Empire and prosperity in the Mediterranean world. Italica is an Italic settlement in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica where <mask> was born. He was born in the senatorial family, despite being designated as a provincial by some writers. During the reign of emperor Domitian, Trajan rose to prominence. In 89 Trajan was a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis.The old and childless Nerva was unpopular with the army and succeeded in September 96. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, he decided to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died in 98 and was succeeded by his son. Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column are some of the enduring landmarks of Rome, thanks to his extensive public building program. Arabia Petraea was created when he annexed the Nabataean Kingdom. The new province possessed many valuable gold mines, as a result of his conquest. Trajan's war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of the capital Ctesiphon.<mask> died of a stroke in the city of Selinus after he fell ill while sailing back to Rome. His ashes were laid to rest under Trajan's Column after he was deified by the Senate. <mask>'s cousin Hadrian succeeded him on his deathbed. <mask> is one of the few rulers whose reputation has lasted nineteen centuries. The Senate wanted the new emperor to be "luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan". <mask> was considered a pagan. The idea of the Five Good Emperors was popularized by the 18th-century historian Edward Gibbon, after Machiavelli mentioned the five successive good emperors from Nerva to Marcus.The Commentarii de bellis Dacicis, written by Trajan or a ghostwriter and modeled after Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, is lost with the exception of one sentence. The Getica is a book by Trajan's personal physician. Arrian wrote the Parthica, a 17-volume account of the Parthian Wars. The political history of <mask>'s rule can be found in Book68 in the Roman History. The best surviving contemporary sources are Pliny the Younger's Panegyricus and Dio of Prusa's orations. Both are adulatory perorations, typical of the High Imperial period, that describe an idealized monarch and an equally idealized view of Trajan's rule, and concern themselves more with ideology than fact. The tenth volume of Pliny's letters contains his correspondence with Trajan, which deals with various aspects of imperial Roman government, but it is neither intimate nor candid, as it is an exchange of official mail.Much of the text of the letters that appear in this collection over <mask>'s signature was written and/or edited by Trajan's Imperial secretary. Discussion of Trajan and his rule in modern historiography cannot be avoided. Non-literary sources are useful for reconstructing his reign. Marcus Ulpius <mask> was born in the city of Italica in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain. He may have been born in 56 AD. Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, his father's side Ulpia Gens appears to have hailed from the area of Tuder (modern Todi) in Umbria, at the border with Etruria, and on his mother's side. Italica was founded in 206BC as a Roman military colony of Italic settlers, though it is not known when the Ulpii arrived there.It is possible that <mask>'s ancestors married local women and lost their citizenship at some point, but they recovered their status when the city became a municipium with Latin citizenship in the 1st century BC. Marcus Ulpius <mask>, a senator and general from the Gens Ulpia, was the son of a Roman noblewoman and sister-in-law of the second emperor. Marcus Ulpius <mask> commanded the Legio X Fretensis in the First Jewish-Roman War. <mask> was one of many well-known Ulpii that continued after his death. His niece was Salonina Matidia. Italica was the patria of the Ulpii. It is thought that <mask> spent his first months or years in Italica before moving to Rome and then, perhaps at around eight or nine years of age, he would have returned to Italica.64–65. The Domus Traiana, the family home in Rome, was located on the Aventine Hill, and excavation findings under a car park in Piazza del Tempio di Diana are thought to be the family's large suburban villa with exquisitely decorated rooms. He rose through the ranks of the Roman army and served in some of the most difficult parts of the Empire's frontier. <mask>'s father was the Governor of Syria and he remained as Tribunus legionis. After his father's replacement, he seems to have been transferred to an unnamed Rhine province, where he engaged in active combat duty. In 86, <mask>'s cousin Aelius Afer died, leaving his children Hadrian and Paulina orphans. <mask> and Publius Acilius Attianus became co-guardians of the two children.<mask>, who was in his late thirties at the time, was made an ordinary Consul for the year, which was a great honor, as he was just above the minimum legal age for holding the post. The prominence of his father's career can be explained by the fact that he had just been made a patrician. Apollodorus of Damascus was brought to Rome by Trajan and later married Pompeia Plotina, a woman from the Roman settlement at Nmes. Trajan was strongly inclined towards homosexuality, in contrast to the usual bisexual activity that was common among upper class Roman men of the period, according to later authors. <mask>'s homosexuality was remarked on in a way that reflected a change of mores that began with the Severan dynasty, but an earlier author made reference to Trajan's marked personal preference for the male sex. Hadrian, pages of the imperial household, the actor Pylades, and a dancer called Apolaustus were some of Trajan's purported lovers. Abgar VII's beautiful son, Arbandes, would dance for Trajan at a banquet if Trajan had made an ally out of him.As the details of <mask>'s military career are obscure, it is only certain that in 89, as legate of Legio VII Gemina in Hispania Tarraconensis, he supported Domitian against an attempted coup. The VII Gemina legion was returned to Legio in Hispania Tarraconensis after <mask> remained in the region after the revolt was quashed. He held a commission as governor on either Pannonia or Germania Superior after his 91 consulate, which was held with Acilius Glabrio. The details that would stress personal attachment between Trajan and the "tyrant" would be avoided by Plinywho. Since Nerva was unpopular with the army, he needed the military's support in order to avoid being executed. In the summer of 97, he named Trajan as his adoptive son and successor because of his military merits. According to contemporary literary sources, Trajan's adoption was imposed on Nerva.Although an emperor could not be coerced into doing something, if this were the way in which <mask> was raised to power, then it was worth it. According to Alice Knig, the idea of a natural continuity between Nerva's and Trajan's reigns was created by authors writing under Trajan. The future Emperor Hadrian brought word to Trajan of his adoption, according to the Augustan History. Hadrian was retained on the Rhine frontier by <mask> as a military tribune, and became aware of the circle of friends and relations with which Trajan surrounded himself. As a token of his influence, he became a consul for the third time. Some ancient sources say that he built a bath named after him on the Aventine Hill in Rome, or that Trajan built a bath named after him, in either case a signal of honour as the only exception to the established rule that a public building in the capital could not be named after The emperor Decius expanded the baths to emphasize his link to Trajan.Hadrian was told by Sura about his selection as imperial heir. Tacitus, the historian, acknowledged the military and oratory virtues of Sura, but at the same time resented his rapacity and devious ways, according to a modern historian. <mask> received the title of Germanicus for his skillful management and rule of the Imperial province as governor of Upper Germany. Trajan succeeded to the role of emperor after Nerva died. It's possible that he had first to assure himself of the loyalty of the armies at the front and that's why he chose not to go towards Rome. Trajan understood the importance of improving the empire's frontiers and his vision for future conquests required the improvement of surveillance networks, defences and transport along the Danube. Trajan ordered Prefect Aelianus to attend him in Germany, where he was executed "put out of the way", and his post was taken by Attius Suburanus.<mask>'s accession could qualify as a successful coup. <mask> gave the people of Rome a direct gift of money. The donative to the troops was reduced. The emperor's dealings with the Curia and Senate strained the relationship between the two. <mask> was able to build a consensus in the Senate by faking reluctance to hold power. His late ceremonial entry into Rome in 99 was somewhat downplayed. The idea that an emperor derives his legitimacy from his adherence to traditional hierarchies and senatorial morals was developed by Pliny.He could point to the republican character of his rule. <mask> exhorted the Senate to share care-taking of the Empire with him at the inauguration of his third consulship on January 1st, 100. Trajan did not share power with the Senate in a meaningful way, something that Pliny admits candidly: "It depends on the whims of a single man who, on behalf of the common welfare, has taken upon himself all functions and all tasks". One of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the Senate's sphere of authority, such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of Achaea and Bithynia into imperial ones in order to deal with the excessive spending on public works by local magnates. Trajan was a good emperor in that he approved or blamed the same things that the Senate would have approved. If Trajan was an autocrat, his deferential behavior towards his peers made him a good monarch. The idea is that Trajan used moderatio instead of contumaciamoderation.According to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the Imperial Roman Age, <mask> was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear, and more by acting as a role model. The Roman Senate gave Trajan the honorific of optimus, meaning "the best", because of his popularity among his peers. <mask>'s role as a benefactor was the main reason for the title. The orations of Dio of Prusa argue that Trajan's ideal role was a conservative one. As a Greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places, and possibly an official friend to the emperor, Dio saw Trajan as a defender of the status quo. In his third kingship oration, Dio describes an ideal king ruling through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler. No formal entry of such "friend" into the Roman administration was involved in the informal arrangement of being "friend" to Trajan.<mask> ingratiated himself with the Greek intellectual elite by recalling to Rome many people who had been exiled by Domitian and then returned in a process begun by Nerva. He had a good relationship with one of Trajan's legates, who had arbitrated a boundary dispute between Delphi and its neighbours. It was clear to Trajan that Greek intellectuals and notables were not allowed to fancy themselves in a privileged position. It was official policy that Greek civic elites be treated according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their Roman rulers, as Pliny said in one of his letters at the time. Trajan replied to the complaint of an audit of the city's accounts by saying that he wanted the inspections to be ordered. Trajan forbidNicomedia from having a corps of firemen because he was concerned that they would turn it into a political society. <mask> and his aides were bored and alarmed by the claims of Dio and other Greek notables to political influence based on what they saw as their "special connection" to their Roman overlords.The statue of Trajan was placed in a building complex where the emperor's wife and son were buried in order to incur a charge of treason. Trajan dropped the charge. The office of corrector was supposed to be used to curb independent political activity among local notables in the Greek cities. The post was conceived as a reward for senators who chose to make a career solely on the Emperor's behalf. The post was conceived as a means of "taming" both Greek notables and Roman senators. <mask> admitted into the Senate that a number of prominent Eastern notables were already slated for promotion during Domitian's reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrate. According to one inscription, the Galatian notable and "leading member of the Greek community" was a descendant of several Hellenistic dynasties.The general Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus was the grandfather of Severus. The descendant of Herod the Great was a prominent Eastern senator. Trajan created at least fourteen new senators from the Greek-speaking half of the Empire, an unprecedented recruitment number that opens to question the "traditionally Roman" character of his reign, as well as the "Hellenism" of his successor Hadrian. Many of Trajan's new Eastern senators were not new to the Senate because they were mostly powerful and wealthy men with more than local influence. The fact that the Romans were seen by most of the Greek notables as aliens persisted after Trajan's reign. One of Trajan's senatorial creations from the East was a monument left behind by a member of the Royal House of Commagene. Trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from the members of the ruling urban oligarchies.Local senatorial families were like his own in the West. The families of Greek notables were in the East. The Greeks had a common sense of cultural superiority and disdain for Roman rule. To be left in peace, to be allowed to exert their right to self-government, and to be excluded from the provincial government, was what the Greeks wanted from Rome. The Romans didn't want to do this because the Greek notables didn't want to keep the common people under control, thus creating the need for the Roman governor to intervene. The personal role played by Dio of Prusa in his relationship with Trajan was an excellent example of Greek alienation. Trajan is said to be engaging publicly in conversations with Dio, which is described by Philostratus as Trajan's close friend.Nevertheless, as a Greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for Rome, Dio of Prusa was actually a target for one of <mask>'s authoritarian innovations: the appointing of imperial correctores to audit the civic finances of the technically The main goal was to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighbours. The trail of unfinished or ill-kept public utilities was the most visible consequence of this. Competition among Greek cities was mostly for marks of pre-eminence, especially for titles bestowed by the Roman emperor. The cities were ranked according to how they were to be treated by Rome. grandiose building plans gave the cities the chance to compete with each other over "extravagant, needless... structures that would make a

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texts: show". Junior and less wealthy members of the local oligarchies were disinclined to fill posts as local magistrates because of the high personal expense involved.The Roman authorities had an interest in assuring the cities' solvency and therefore ready collection of Imperial taxes, and they liked to play the Greek cities against one another. Spending inordinately on civic buildings was not only a means to achieve local superiority, but also a means for the local Greek elites to maintain a separate cultural identity. "These poor Greeks all love a gymnasium, they will have to content with one that suits their real needs", wrote Trajan. The first corrector was charged with a commission to deal with the situation of the free cities, as it was felt that the old method of ad hoc intervention by the Emperor and/or the proconsuls had not been enough to curb the pretensions of the Greek notables. The objective of the embassy from Prusa was to elevate the city to the status of a free city, an "independent" city-state exempt from paying. Prusans did not have to travel to be judged by the Roman governor, but they did have the right to become the head of the conventus. The consequences of the financial mess caused by Dio and his fellow civic officials were dealt with by the imperial governor of Bithynia, Pliny."It's well established that the cities' finances are in a state of disorder", Pliny once wrote to Trajan, "plans for unnecessary works made in conjunction with local contractors being identified as one of the main problems." As the cities' financial solvency depended on the councilmen's purses, it was necessary to have more councilmen on the local city council. The best way to achieve this was to lower the minimum age for holding a seat on the council, making it possible for more sons of the established oligarchical families to join and contribute to civic spending. The city of Prusa was granted an increase in the number of council members to the displeasure of the existing councilmen. In Claudiopolis, the public bath was built with the money from the entrance fees paid by the "supernumerary" members of the council. According to the Digest, it was Trajan's decree that when a city magistrate promised to build a particular public building, it was incumbent on his heirs to complete it. The Roman empire was taken to its greatest expanse by the Conquest of Trajan.Rome's two wars against Dacia were the beginning of the conquests, an area that had troubled Roman politics for over a decade. After <mask>'s Rome was reduced to a client kingdom in the first war, the Empire of the trans-Danube border group of Dacia was formed. In exchange for accepting client status, Decebalus received both a generous stipend and a steady supply from Rome, according to the provisions of his earlier treaty with Rome. Roman troops have the right of passage through the Dacian kingdom in order to attack the Marcomanni, Quadi and Sarmatians. The opinion of senatorial opinion was never forgiven for paying what was seen as a "tribute" to a "barbarian" king. The Dacian kingdom was an organized state that was capable of developing alliances of its own, making it a strategic threat and giving Trajan a strong motive to attack it. One can summarize Trajan's justification for war based on five factors: recent Dacian aggression against Rome, an unsatisfactory peace settlement between Dacia and Rome, a dangerous flow of Roman deserters over to Dacia, and Roman subsidies.In May of 101, <mask> launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom, crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the Dacian army at Tapae, near the Iron Gates of Transylvania. It wasn't a decisive victory. <mask> put off campaigning for the year in order to regroup and reinforce his army after they took heavy losses in the encounter. The battle was considered a Roman victory and <mask> tried to consolidate his position, including other major engagements, as well as the capture of Decebalus' sister as depicted on Trajan's Column. The following winter, King Decebalus launched a counter-attack across the Danube further downstream, forcing Trajan to come to the aid of the troops in his rearguard. The Dacians and their allies were defeated in two battles. After <mask>'s army advanced further into Dacian territory, Decebalus was forced to submit.He had to give up his war machines and give up some regions of his kingdom in order to return runaways from Rome. <mask> was given the title Dacicus after returning to Rome. The peace of 102 had returned Decebalus to the condition of more or less harmless client king; however, he soon began to rearm, to again harbour Roman runaways, and to pressure his Western neighbours, the Iazyges sarmatians, into allying themselves with him <mask> was prevented from treating Dacia as a protectorate because of Decebalus' efforts to develop an anti-Roman bloc. The plan that failed was an attempt on Trajan's life by some Roman deserters. Longinus, prisoner Trajan's legate, poisoned himself while in custody. The Roman-occupied territory north of the Danube was invaded by Decebalus in 105.The Syrian port of Laodiceaand XXX Ulpia Victrix may have been the location of the new legions, which were raised by Trajan prior to the campaign. Half of the entire Roman army was composed of troops assembled in the middle and lower Danube by 105. The Rhine was the main military axis of the Roman Empire after the Dacian wars. Between 150,000 and 175,000 Roman troops were involved in both campaigns, while Decebalus could dispose of up to 200,000. Estimates for the Roman forces involved in Trajan's second Dacian War include around 86,000 for active campaigning with large reserves retained in the provinces, and possibly less than 50,000 for Decebalus' forces and absent allies. The Romans sought to storm the fortresses of the Dacians in a fierce campaign that consisted mostly of static warfare. The Romans took and destroyed the stronghold of Decebalus.A controversial scene on Trajan's column just before the fall of the capital suggests that Decebalus may have offered poison to his remaining men as an alternative option to capture or death. Decebalus committed suicide when he was cornered by the Roman cavalry. His severed head, brought to Trajan by the cavalryman Tiberius Claudius Maximus, was later exhibited in Rome on the steps leading up to the Capitol and thrown on the Gemonian stairs. The treasures were not found in the capital when it was captured, but they were found when a nobleman named Bikilis was captured. The treasures were buried under a temporarily diverted river and the captive workers were executed to retain the secret. Rome was filled with huge amounts of gold and silver. The new city was built on a different site north of the hill citadel holding the previous capital.The capital city was conceived as a civilian administrative center and provided the usual Romanized administrative apparatus. There is no evidence that there is a province of peregrine cities in Roman Dacia. The natives lived in scattered rural settlements according to their own ways. The existing quasi-urban Dacian settlements disappeared after the Roman conquest. The most important being Apulum was only acknowledged as a city after Trajan's reign. <mask> at the rearguard created the new cities ofNicopolis ad Istrum andMarcianopolis, which were the main regional effort of urbanization. A vicus was also created.The city of Oescus became a Roman colony after its garrison was redeployed. The fact that these former Danubian outposts ceased to be frontier bases and were now in the deep rear acted as an inducement to their development. Some of Dacia was not permanently occupied. The lands extending from the Danube to the inner arch of the Carpathian Mountains were permanently included in the province. The northern part of the Roman province was known as an "excrescence", with ill-defined limits stretching from the Danube to the Carpathians. This may have been intended as a basis for further expansion within Eastern Europe, as the Romans believed the region to be flatter, and thus easier to traverse, than it actually was, and they also underestimated the distance from those vaguely defined borders to the ocean. The defence of the province was given to a single legion, the XIII Gemina, which was stationed at Apulum and was able to strike either west or east at the borders.The indefensible character of the province did not seem to be a problem for Trajan, as the province was conceived more as a sally-base for further attacks. Even in the absence of further Roman expansion, the value of the province depended on the strength of the Roman empire. Trajan annexed it as a province of the Roman Empire. The Empire's finances were aided by the acquisition of Dacia's gold mines, managed by an imperial procurator of equestrian rank. Commercial agricultural exploitation on the villa model, based on the centralized management of a huge landed estate by a single owner, was poorly developed. The use of slave labor in the province seems to have been relatively undiscovered, and evidence points to work in the gold mines being conducted by means of labor contracts. The victory was celebrated by the construction of two cenotaphs, one in Moesia and the other in Rome.One of Rome's client kings died in 106. The manner and formal reasons for the annexation of the Nabataean kingdom are not clear. There is evidence that shows a military operation with forces from Syria and Egypt. A papyrus found in Egypt shows that Roman legions were stationed in the area around Petra and Bosrah by 107. Hegra, over south-west of Petra, was the furthest south the Romans occupied (or, better, garrisoned, adopting a policy of having garrisons at key points in the desert). Arabia Petraea (modern southern Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia) was gained by the empire. The Roman road was built from Aila to Limes Arabicus.The Roman East had been provincialized as a result of the annexation as it was the last client kingdom in Asia west of the Euphrates. The Roman army was able to cross the river swiftly and in numbers, as well as to send in reinforcements, even in winter, after <mask> ordered the building of a massive bridge over the Danube. The Iron Gates region of the Danube was reformed by Trajan. The road along the Iron Gates was carved into the side of the gorge. Trajan commissioned a canal to be built around the Iron Gates. A marble slab was found near the site of a Roman fort. The slab was dated to the year 101 and commemorates the building of at least one canal that went from the Kasajna tributary to the Ducis Pratum.The placement of the slab at Caput Bovis suggests that the canal extended to this point or that there was a second canal downriver. Trajan built monuments and roads in his native Hispania. The last and greatest forum Rome had ever seen was built by Trajan. It was dedicated on January 1st, 112 years after it was started, and used a space created by Domitian who removed a section of the Quirinal Hill. The design of Apollodorus of Damascus included a triumphal arch entrance, a vast forum space, peristyles, a basilica, Trajan's Column, and libraries. When Emperor Constantius II visited Rome in the fourth century, it was in use for 500 years. The complex in Rome was designed to accommodate Trajan's Market and was largely financed from the campaign's loot.He was a prolific builder of triumphal arches, as well as a builder of roads such as the Via Traiana, the extension of the Via Appia from Beneventum to Brundisium, and the Via Traiana Nova, a mostly military road between Damascus and Aila. The gladiatorial festival in Rome was hosted by Celebratory Games Trajan. Combining chariot racing, beast fights and close-quarters gladiatorial bloodshed, this gory spectacle reputedly left 11,000 dead (mostly slaves and criminals, not to mention the thousands of ferocious beasts killed alongside them) and attracted a total of five million spectators over the course of the festival. The care bestowed by Trajan on the managing of such public spectacles led the orator Fronto to state approvingly that Trajan had paid equal attention to entertainments as well as serious issues. Fronto concluded that neglect of serious matters can cause more damage than neglect of amusements. Fronto said that amusements were a way to assure the general acquiescence of the populace, while the more serious issue of the corn dole was only for individuals. During this period of peace, Trajan wrote to Pliny the Younger, telling him not to accept anonymous denunciations in the interests of justice as well as the spirit of the Christians of Pontus.Non-citizens who admitted to being Christians and refused to recant were to be executed. People were sent to Rome for trial. The Roman currency was devalued by decreasing the silver content of the denarius from 93.5% to 89.0%. The emperor was able to mint more denarii because of this devaluation and the large amount of gold and silver he acquired. Trajan withdrew from circulation silver denarii before the previous devaluation achieved by Nero, something that allows for thinking that <mask>'s devaluation had to do with political ends, such as allowing for increased civil and military spending. He formalised the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy. General funds, as well as food and subsidized education, were provided by it.The program was supported by a combination of estate taxes and philanthropy. The scheme functioned by means of mortgages on Italian farms, through which registered owners received a lump sum from the imperial treasure, and were expected to pay yearly a proportion of the loan to the maintenance of an alimentary fund. Parthia's decision to put an unacceptable king on the throne of Armenia provoked Trajan to start his last campaign. Trajan refused to accept diplomatic approaches from the Parthians intended to settle the imbroglio peacefully. It is difficult to assign a proper context to the literary accounts of Trajan's Parthian War because they are scattered. Modern historians theorize that Trajan's decision to wage war against Parthia had economic motives, as he built a new road from Bostra to Aila on the Red Sea. The control of Charax on the Persian Gulf was important in order to lower import prices and limit the drain of precious metals created by the deficit in Roman trade with the Far East.There is no doubt that Charax traded with the Roman Empire, as it is well documented in a contemporary Palmyrene epigraph, which tells of various Palmyrene citizens honoured for holding office in Charax. The possibility of extending Roman dominance into the Persian Gulf itself was offered by Charax's rulers at the time. The appointment of a Palmyrene citizen as satrap over the islands was made by a Parthian king. The rationale behind <mask>'s campaign was to break down a system of Far Eastern trade through small Semitic cities under Parthia's control and to put it under Roman control. Syrian veterans, along with Syrian traders, had an important role in <mask>'s colonization of Dacia. He recruited Palmyrene units into his army to support his goal of annexing Charax. Trajan was bound to annex the whole of Mesopotamia if the Parthians interrupted the flow of trade from the Persian Gulf and caused trouble at the Roman frontier on the Danube.The supposed Parthian control over the maritime Far Eastern trade route was at best conjectural and based on aselective reading of Chinese sourcestrade by land through Parthia seems to have been unhampered by Parthian authorities. Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been shared by many people within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it. According to

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