texts: <mask> is an American horror and dark fantasy author and a pioneer in the field of e-publishing. He has a strong website. When he was 8 years old, his parents brought home a typewriter and he started typing his stories. One of the first stories he told was about his pet mockingbird. His first horror story was about snakes taking revenge on St. Patrick and the people of Dublin. At the age of 17, he wrote his first work. He graduated from Washington and Lee University with a degree in English Literature.His first novel, Goat Dance, was written in 1987. Goat Dance was published in 1989 by Pocket Books. Pocket's second, third, and fourth novels were also published. The Children's Hour was published by Dell, but the imprint dropped its horror line four months later, leaving him without a publisher. The fifth novel, written under the name AndrewHarper, was adapted for the screen by Randall Frakes. The 2002 film, directed by John Hough and starring Patsy Kensit, was released as Bad Karma internationally and as Hell's Gate in the United States. In March 1999, he announced that he would be distributing his novel via email.Naomi was the Internet's first publisher-sponsored e-serial. It is the first major work of fiction to originate in cyberspace, according to Publishers Weekly. Four thousand mailing list subscribers received free chapters of Naomi on a weekly basis, boosting print numbers for the 2001 Leisure Books paperback version from the low 50,000 range to over 125,000. The small New York publisher committed to its horror line found a new publishing home with the Leisure imprint. You Come When I Call You and Mischief was published in 2000 and The Halloween Man was released in 1998. The author launched another e-book, Nightmare House, which was serialized on a weekly basis on the DouglasClegg mailing list at Onelist, and Cemetery Dance Publications published the print edition of the author's novella, which he had made available for free download on his website. There was a bidding war for sponsorship of the mailing list.Cemetery Dance paid a five-figure fee for his free email novel, which was published in hardcover the following year. The website offered readers multi-media along with the e-book. Leisure's first hardcover was The Infinite in 2001. The 2004 Shocker Award-winning collection, The Machinery of Night, was published by Clegg. Cemetery Dance Publications is one of his current publishers. The novels Red Angel and Night Cage were written under the name AndrewHarper. The series includes Nightmare House, Mischief, The Infinite, and The Abandoned, as well as The Necromancer and Isis.The Vampyricon trilogy includes The Priest of Blood, The Lady of Serpents and The Queen of Wolves. The Priest of Blood was a New York Times best seller. In 2006 he began his trilogy with Mordred, Bastard Son. The novel was nominated for an award. The Vampyricon Trilogy: The Definitive Special Edition was announced in 2009. The book was supposed to include all three Vampyricon novels, re-edited by the author, as well as an additional 50 to 100 pages of deleted scenes, and color and black and white artwork by the author. There is a limited edition of 300 copies and a lettered edition of 52 copies.The film was released in the United States as Hell's Gate. In a 2012 interview, Clegg praised Kensit's performance but noted, "in general it's not a very good movie." The Attraction, The Hour Before Dark, Dark of the Eye, and The Children's Hour have all been optioned for film. "<mask>g has become the new star in horror fiction, and The Hour Before Dark is his best and most exciting novel to date," said Peter Straub in 2002. This is pure imagination, and it is wearing skates. The Hour Before Dark was described as "suspenseful and relentlessly spooky" by Publishers Weekly. The Words, Clegg's contribution to the 2002 novella anthology Four Dark Nights, uses its expansive length to build the atmosphere and tension crucial for orchestrating its unsettling events, according to Publishers Weekly.Clegg lives in Connecticut with his husband and business partner. On November 17, 2005, <mask> and Silva were joined in a civil union. They were married on November 17, 2008. The couple have a lot of pets and enjoy hiking and biking. American novelists, American fantasy writers, American horror writers, American male novelists, American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transexual (LGBT) people from Virginia are included in the list.

masks:
Douglas Clegg
Douglas Cleg
Clegg


type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a Dutch film director, film writer and editor. He was raised in The Netherlands, Spain, Sierra Leone and Germany after being born in Amsterdam. <mask> received the award for his contribution to the documentary genre. He received a prize for his high achievements in European and world film art. The film, People I Could Have Been and Maybe Am, won twelve international awards, including the IDFA Best Mid-Length Doc Award. A loving relationship and a proper distance between a director and his characters makes possible a sensitive and accurate social portrait of souls adrift without ever placing us as a voyeur. The portable phone, a tool gadget and the director's play of shadows and lights reveal a poetry of survival and melancholy until the very end of the movie.The film was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 The Hollywood Reporter wrote that it was a solid, serious and promisingly distinctive feature-length debut, while Open Democracy stated that it was a dramatic documentary that illuminates the dignity of his subjects. Master classes in film have been conducted by Gerrets at Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisin Cuba. He was an examiner and mentor for the Master's Degree programme in Film at the Netherlands Film and Television Academy, Amsterdam. Gerrets was among the filmmakers who were asked to contribute to the documentary survey conducted by Sight and Sound.

masks:
Boris Gerrets
Gerrets


texts: The first and only premier of Northern Nigeria until his assassination in 1966 was <mask>, who was knighted as Sir <mask> in June 1910. The leader of the Northern Peoples Congress was a Hausa-Fulani. He became a government minister after being elected into the regional legislature. He tried to become Sultan of Sokoto before joining politics. The family of <mask> had a baby in 1910. His father held the title of Sarkin Rabah. He is a descendant of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, Uthman Dan Fodio.The clan is claimed to be descended from the Arabs through Uqba ibn Nafi who was an Arab Muslim. The author of Infaq al-Mansur claimed to be descended from Prophet Muhammad through his paternal grandmother's line. The Torankawa had ambivalence about defining Torodbe-Fulani relationships prior to the beginning of the Jihad. While maintaining a separate identity, they adopted the language of the Fulbe. The poorer people were the first to be recruited by the Toronkawa clan. The people who were included in Toronkawa clerics were Fula, Mande, Hausa and Berber. They spoke the Fula language, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.He learned the Qur'an, Islamic jurisprudence and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad at home. He attended the Sokoto Provincial School. He used to be known as <mask> Rabah. He became the English teacher at Sokoto Middle School after finishing school in 1931. The District Head of Rabah was made by the Sultan in 1934. He became a member of the Sultan's council after being promoted to the position of divisional head. He tried to become the Sultan of Sokoto at the age of 28 but lost to Sir Siddiq Abubakar III who ruled for 50 years.The Sultan made Sir <mask> <mask> the crown prince of Sokoto and promoted him to the Sokoto Native Authority Council. He was the Chief Political Adviser to the Sultan. He returned to the Sultan's Palace to work as the Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration after he was put in charge of the Sokoto Province. He joined Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa in the 1940s and became a member of the Northern People's Congress in 1951. He traveled to England in 1948, on a government scholarship, to study Local Government Administration. He was nominated to represent the province of Sokoto in the regional House of Assembly after returning from Britain. As a member of the assembly, he was a notable voice for northern interests and embraced a style of consultation and consensus with the major representatives of the northern emirates.He was a member of a committee that redrafted the Richards Constitution and attended a general conference. He was asked to take on leadership positions within Jamiyya Mutanen Arewa because of his work at the assembly and in the constitution drafting committee. In the first elections held in Northern Nigeria in 1952, Sir <mask> <mask> won a seat in the Northern House of Assembly and became a member of the regional executive council. In the Northern Region of Nigeria, he was the minister of works, local government and community development. The first premier of Northern Nigeria was <mask>. The independence of Nigeria in 1959 resulted in a plurality of parliamentary seats for the NPC. Nigeria's first indigenous federal government was formed by an alliance between the NPC and Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe's NCNC.The position of Prime Minister of the Federation was given to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as a result of the federalism formed in 1960. The indirect rule system of colonial Nigeria was embraced by the premier of Northern Nigeria. He was described as a progressive conservative by his biographer, John Paden, because he was an agent of change. His leadership characteristics were a blend of religious, traditional and modern values and he was performing different roles in the northern region. Sir <mask> <mask> instated the northernisation of the public service due to a limited number of qualified graduates from the region. Western education was not very important in the North because of indirect rule. Political leaders in the region felt that the number of Northerners in the public service was not as high as in the South.Due to political considerations, leaders in the region limited the recruitment of Southerners into the Northern regional service and found ways to push up the ranks of northerners in junior and senior position. The leaders retained the services of expatriates because they feared the southerners would take over the civil service. In 1949, a scholarship board gave grants to almost all Northerners with qualifications to enter universities. The Institute of Administration in Zaria taught administration courses in 1957. Northern representation in senior positions of the Federal service was a priority for political leaders in the zone. The Northern Nigeria Development Corporation (NNDC), Bank of the North and Northern Nigeria Investments. A partnership between the Commonwealth Development Corporation and NNDC was created to assist in the industrial development in Northern Nigeria.Traditional Koranic education in Northern Nigeria will be modernized. He established a commission and gave official recognition to the schools. Secular subjects and different classes for children were recommended by the commission. He wanted to build a school in every province of Northern Nigeria. His earlier years were characterized by his final years. He wanted the region to be at par with the Western and Eastern regions. The decision to replace both Southerners and Europeans in the Northern region's civil services with Northerners was criticized by opposition leaders.Prior to the 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat, the premier of the Western Region, Samuel Akintola, and the brigadier Samuel Ademulegun, warned Bello. The post- independence government of Nigeria was overthrown in a coup on January 15, 1966. He was the premier of Northern Nigeria at the time. This was the first coup in the history of Nigeria and it heralded the rise of the military in the country's politics. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was one of the political elites assassinated in the coup. At the time of his death, he had three wives. Hafsatu was his senior wife.He had three daughters with another woman. His daughters were followed by Lubabatu. The modernization and unification of the diverse people of Northern Nigeria was the greatest legacy. All human beings are endowed by God with rights that include life, liberty, equal opportunity, blessings and the legitimate pursuit of happiness, according to Reputation <mask> Bello. He had high morals and intellectual virtues. A number of monuments and localities around the country have been named in his honor. The university in Zaria is named after him.His portrait is on a banknote. The Nigerian First Republic is also read in the gallery. Sir <mask> <mask> visited the United Nations in New York City in July 1960.

masks:
Ahmadu Ibrahim Bello
Ahmadu Bello
Mallam Ibrahim Bello
Ahmadu
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Bello
Ahmadu
Bello
Ahmadu
Ahmadu
Bello


texts: <mask><mask> was a minister and leader in the Baptist church. He was a prominent activist for black civil rights and anti-lynching laws and was the pastor of one of the largest churches in the country. He was involved in establishing separate black Baptist national organizations and advocating for black leadership of Baptist institutions. On July 27, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 He studied at Lincoln University from 1872 to 1872 and worked on a farm until 1870. The Augusta Institute in Augusta, Georgia was renamed Morehouse College in 1872 after Reverend Joseph T. Robert. He was ordination in the Baptist church in December of 1875.He was appointed a missionary for the state of Georgia by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of New York and the Georgia Mission Society. He took charge of the First Baptist Church in Thomasville, Georgia, on July 1, 1879. He returned to the position of missionary for the State under the auspices of the American Baptist Publication Society after he resigned from this post. He resigned as pastor of the First African Baptist Church in Georgia on October 1, 1885. The church was one of the largest in the world. He was editor of the Georgia Sentinel a Baptist journal and a Baptist Newspaper about that time. The American Baptist leadership was dominated by white, segregationist leaders.<mask> proposed a black Baptist publication group and pushed for more publication of racial issues by the American Baptist Publication Society. <mask> and William J. were married in the late 1800s. Black leaders in Baptist organizations, as well as for black presidents at the Atlanta Baptist College and Spelman College, and more representation in the boards of trustees of the schools, were called for by white leaders. <mask>, White, and James C. Bryan called for black leadership at the Atlanta Baptist Seminary. <mask> was promoted to official leadership within the black Baptist church because of his outspokenness. <mask> was elected president of the colored Baptist Foreign Mission convention. Rev.The vice president was M. W. Gilbert of Nashville. <mask> was one of the leaders of a group of 350 leading black Georgians who met to push for education legislation and to opposed discrimination, particularly in chain gangs, Jim Crow laws on public transportation, and lynch law. He published a history of black Baptist churches. <mask> was praised by the white Baptist community for his work. The support did not extend to the white community in the late 1800s. The annual meeting of the black Baptist Foreign Mission Convention was held in Indianapolis in 1889. The train on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad only had a smoking car and a first class car.The delegates wanted to sit in a first-class car. The black men found seats in the white first-class car because they were promised a segregating first-class car. White passengers and rail conductors were unhappy and sent a telegram to each other. After the train stopped at the next stop in Georgia, a mob boarded the train and demanded the delegation leave. <mask> believed that they would have been killed if the conductor had not interfered. <mask> and Rev are two of the delegates. C. K. Spratling went to Indianapolis.An article about the event was published. <mask> was elected president and Solomon T. Clanton, J. E. Jones, and J. E. Farrer were chosen as vice presidents. A group of men were selected to go to Washington to demand protection for blacks in the South after the attack on <mask> and Spratling. The American Baptist Publication Society was pressured by the Convention to publish articles by black leaders. The writings of black Baptist leaders were published by the National Baptist Publishing Board. The leader of the American Baptist Publication Society claimed that there was no attempt to expand black representation in the society or in its publications. <mask> and the two others were kicked out of the American Baptist Publication Board for being outspoken.<mask> and Richard R. Wright were involved in a dispute with several other people. The leadership of the district nomination convention was at the center of the dispute. Lyons, Rucker, and Deveaux were supported by the patronage of Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute and were identified with light-skinned elites. The dispute within the Baptist church continued, and by 1890, <mask> and Bryan were calling for blacks to stop participating in the American Baptist Missionary Society's educational programs, although White was more friendly. <mask>'s congregation at the First African Baptist Church tried to remove him in 1893. Several charges of immorality were made against him, but they were not able to establish their case. At the 1893 black state Baptist convention, Charles T. Walker was supported by the cooperationists while <mask> was supported by the rebels.He won the election despite the accusations against <mask>. As a result of the conflict within his church, about 1,000 members left to form another branch - since the total size of the congregation was as many as 5,000, this did not cripple the church. William E.Holmes, an opponent of <mask> and White, changed his position and supported the cause. <mask>'s leadership in the church continued. He was the corresponding secretary of the Colored Baptist Foreign Mission Convention in 1895. In 1896, <mask> was president of the General Missionary Baptist Convention and continued to advocate for black decision makers in prominent positions. He was no longer in agreement with William White.White and Thomas J. Morgan were working to repair the strains, but their work only made <mask> more supportive of black nationalism. In 1897, White was editor of the Georgia Baptist and succeeded in isolating <mask> in <mask>'s call for a separate, black Baptist college, although <mask> did succeed in gaining support for the Publishing Board of the National Baptist Convention. The leader of the Georgia Republican Party was Alfred Eliab Buck. Buck presided over the electing of delegates to the 1896 Republican National Convention while he was the president of the Republican State Convention. <mask> would call it a "lilly white" slate, although it did include blacks, because of the dispute over the delegates. Many believed that <mask>'s friend, Richard R. Wright, would be a delegate. A representative of Buck's tried to adjourn the meeting and the Buck group left the hall.The <mask> and Wright group remained and <mask> took the chair, electing a new slate of delegates, including <mask>. Wright did attend as an alternate when he wasn't selected as a delegate. <mask>'s work in Georgia was widespread. He wrote or edited three Baptist journals, as well as two secular papers. The Augusta Sentinel Newspaper was started by a Rev. Richard R. Wright St. They are Charles T. Walker and <mask>. Wright was installed as president of Georgia's first black college.He helped found the publication group for the black National Baptist Convention. He was also president of the Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia. Many of his sermons were widely distributed and he strongly condemned violence against blacks. The November 5, 1893 example was "Sermon on Lunch Law and Raping". In 1900, <mask> was editor of the Baptist Truth, president of the Baptist Missionary Society, and treasurer of Central City College. He was the chairman of the committee that secured the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youth. He was a member of the Masonic Lodge.Death <mask> died on April 24, 1900. He was buried at the First African Baptist church, where he was the pastor. African-American Baptist ministers from the United States and Alabama Baptists from the 19th century.

masks:
Emanuel K
. Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love
Love


texts: <mask> was an Indian writer and academic. She moved to the USA after studying arts and comparative literature. She returned to India and taught at several universities as well as serving in various positions. She published more than 80 books in Bengali, including poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, translations and children's literature. She received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1999. <mask> was born in Calcutta into a Bengali family on January 13, 1938. She was the only child of the poet-couple who wrote under the pen name Narendra Deb and Nagendra Chandra Deb.She was named after Rabindranath Tagore. She saw people starving in the Bengal famine of 1943, as well as large numbers of refugees arriving in Calcutta after the partition of India. She attended two schools, Gokhale Memorial Girls' School and Lady Brabourne College. She obtained her MA in Comparative Literature from the Department of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University after obtaining her BA in English from the University of Calcutta. She received a PhD from Indiana University in 1964 after obtaining a second MA in comparative literature from Harvard University in 1961. She married an economist and lecturer at the Jadavpur University in 1959 and four decades later he would be awarded the prize. She finished her PhD at the University of California at Berkeley and Newnham College.She returned to Calcutta with her daughters after her divorce. She had one child that was adopted. Her hobbies included travelling and reading. She could read Hindi, Oriya, Assamese, French, German, Greek, Sanskrit, and Hebrew. Several international artists' colonies, including the MacDowell Colony in the United States, Bellaggio in Italy, and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim in Jerusalem, had a writer in residence. She was the chair of Creative Writing and Comparative Literature at Colorado College. She was a visiting professor at Harvard, Cornell, Columbia, Chicago, University of Toronto, British Columbia, and El Collegio de Mexico.She lectured on epic poetry at Oxford University. The Professor of Comparative Literature at Jadavpur University retired in 2002. She was a senior fellow at the University of Delhi. The Centre of Women's Development Studies in New Delhi was where the J. P. Naik distinguished fellow was from from 2003 to 2005. She attended the Festival of India USA in 1986 and represented India in many international conferences. She held executive positions in the International Comparative Literature Association and the International Association of Semiotic and Structural Studies. The vice-president of the academy for Bengali literature was <mask>.The West Bengal Women Writers' Association was founded by her. She was the founder secretary of the Indian National Comparative Literature Association. She was a member of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. She was a member of the Advisory Board for Bengali, Sahitya Akademi from 1978 to 1982, as well as the Member and Convenor of the Bharatiya Jnanpith Award Language Advisory Committee from 1975 to 1990. She was a member of the jury of the Jnanpith Award. More than 80 books were published in Bengali, including poetry, novels, short stories, plays, literary criticism, personal essays, travelogues, humour writing, and children's literature. She worked with the treatment of women in world epics and wrote several short stories about her.Her first collection of poems was published in 1959. Twelve years later, her second poetry collection was published. Her first novel Ami Anupam (I, Anupam) was published in 1976. The story is about middle class intellectuals who lead the youth in revolution and later contradict them. The Naxal movement, the identity crisis of Indian writing in English, and the breakdown of the second generation non-resident Indians are some of the social, political, and psychological problems that the author dealt with. Monsieur Hulo's Holiday was her first short story collection. Her essays, such as Nati Nabanita (Nabaneeta the Actress, 1983), are considered the best of her prose writing by critic Sanjukta Gupta.There is an account of a solo woman on a pilgrimage in her best-selling book. She documented her ride on a ration truck across India and Tibet in 1977. Her other works include Srestha kabita. She was a well-known children's author in Bengali for her fairy tales and adventure stories, with girls as protagonists, having first written for children in 1979. She was the editor of Bengali in the Modern Indian Novels in English Translation series. The Gouridevi Memorial Award, Mahadevi Verma Award, Celli Award from Rockefeller Foundation, and the Sarat Award from the University of Bihar are some of the national and international awards and honours that Recognition <mask> has received. The Big Little Book Award for children's literature was one of the awards she received.The fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India was given to her. She died of cancer in Kolkata. The University of Calcutta alumni are recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali.

masks:
Nabaneeta Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen
Dev Sen


texts: <mask> was a Korean independence activist and general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. He had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He moved to the newly independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army after fleeing into exile in China in 1918. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War and was sent to Taiwan as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China. Nine years was the length of his assignment there. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta after returning to South Korea following the April Revolution. He was a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party after he was elected to the National Assembly in 1967.He was nicknamed the "Five-star General" because he was one of the most experienced and high-ranked officers that commanded the early Republic of Korea Army. <mask> was born in 1898 and had a military career in China. He attended a primary school in China after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea. He returned to Korea at the age of 18. His involvement in the Osan School alumni association resulted in his imprisonment, but he later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School. <mask> fled into exile in China after his release. He was able to enter the Guizhou Military Academy thanks to an introduction.He used a number of different names in China, including the Korean name Choe Se-pyeong and the Chinese names Wang Hsiung and Wang Fu-kao. After graduating in 1920, he went to the Russian Far East to try to get Russian support for the Korean independence movement, but faced many setbacks, the first of which was the fratricidal killings of the in 1921. He went back into Northeast China late that year. He stayed there for a few years and then went back to teaching to make a living, but only for a short time. It was rumored that he wanted to court a woman with the same name as him, but romance between individuals with the same surname was not encouraged in traditional Korean society. He revealed his real name to many people. <mask> left Northeast China in order to protect himself from Japanese secret police who were more active in the region.He joined the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army. <mask>-jai was his second son. He was stationed at the fort after participating in the Northern expedition. The bombs used in the Sakuradamon assassination attempt against Emperor Hirohito were given to Lee Bong-chang and Bong Bong-gil by him when he was assigned to the latter post. He was an intelligence officer with the 19th Route Army. He was in charge of a course for Korean officer candidates at the Republic of China Military Academy in 1934. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1939 and lieutenant general in 1945.After the surrender of Japan, he continued to serve in the National Revolutionary Army for a few more years, and was assigned to the, in which he organised the repatriation of Koreans from Northeast China to the Korean peninsula. In August 1948, <mask> joined the Republic of Korea Army. The principal of the Korea Military Academy was assigned to him. In 1949, he finished writing the Outline of National Defense, one of the earliest works of the new country's Ministry of National Defense. <mask> became the commander of the I Corps after the Korean War broke out. The I Corps held a position north of Uijeongbu during the First Battle of Seoul. <mask> had his forces retreat to the south bank of the Han River and set up a defensive line, which they were able to hold for six days until North Korea recovered from the demolition of the Hangang.The time earned by this operation was credited with saving the Republic of Korea from communism. <mask> fought in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. His discharge was due to his disagreements with the American military officers. <mask> began his service as ambassador to the Republic of China after arriving in Taiwan in 1951. He was in the position until June 1960. General presented him with the Order of the Cloud and Banner in recognition of his military service to the Republic of China, as well as the second rank of the civilian Order of Brilliant Star. In the aftermath of the April Revolution, <mask> was one of a large number of high-level diplomatic personnel who resigned.<mask> served as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short time after Park Chung-hee's coup. After his resignation, he continued to play a role in foreign affairs, and in December 1961, he was dispatched to Niger to represent South Korea at the Republic Day celebrations. <mask> was a candidate for the Senate in 1960. He decided to run after he resigned from his ambassadorial post. He ran as an independent in the electoral district, facing off against multiple Democratic Party and Liberal Party candidates. He came in seventh place. <mask> was chosen as the ninth president in 1961.The Independence Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation was awarded to him in 1962. <mask> was one of six Korea Independence Party candidates. The party failed to get any seats. <mask> objected to the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. <mask> co-authored a series of op-eds with other people while the treaty negotiations were ongoing. <mask> intensified his activities in opposition to the treaty after it was signed. He became a founding member of the Citizens' Council for the Protection of the Fatherland on July 27.He issued a statement on behalf of the council calling for the National Assembly to be dissolved after he failed to achieve that goal. <mask> and ten other Republic of Korea Reserve Forces officers issued another statement calling on the armed forces to maintain political neutrality in the face of increasing public turmoil relating to the treaty. Two days later, <mask> and three co-signers of that statement were arrested and charged with criminal libel in relation to its contents, and were held at the prison. The four were charged with inciting rebellion on 7 September. On 25 October, <mask>'s three co-defendants were released on 50,000 bail, while <mask> was released on the official ground of severe illness. <mask> was elected to represent Mapo-gu in the National Assembly in 1967, after becoming a founding member of the New Democratic Party. In 1969 he was one of the founding members of the group that opposed the referendum that allowed Park to run for a third term as president.He became the acting head of the New Democratic Party after Yu Chin-san resigned two weeks before the May 1971 legislative elections. He became the official chairman of the New Democratic Party in July after winning his election. The New Democratic Party was riven by conflicts between <mask>'s group and the pro-Yu Chin-san group. The return of Yu Chin-san as party chairman was due to the absence of <mask>'s group at the party convention in September. The National Election Commission turned down <mask>'s application for an injunction against the Yu Chin-san group. After the October Restoration self-coup, Park Chung-hee dissolved the National Assembly, and just a month before the February 1973 elections, <mask>'s group broke off from the New Democratic Party. The Democratic Unification Party did poorly and only two of its candidates were elected.<mask> pledged to dedicate the remainder of his life to fighting for the return of democracy after the Democratic Unification Party leaders expressed regret for participating in the election. In 1974 he became one of the founding members of the, after he was one of thirty opposition politicians to sign a petition calling for constitutional reform and free elections. <mask> was elected the sixth president of the, an organisation for Korean independence activists and their families. He was re-elected in 1979. On August 8, 1980, <mask> died at his home in Yongsan-gu. He was survived by his family. Although a public funeral had been planned, <mask>'s family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the cemetery.<mask>'s funeral was presided over by a pastor from the church that he had been a member of. The family home was visited by roughly 1,500 people to pay their respects. There is a photo of <mask>'s second son <mask>-jai at the grave of his father.

masks:
Kim Hong il
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Young
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
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texts: <mask> was born on September 28, 1897 and died on June 27, 1961. He was born in 1897. The poet Abai influenced <mask>'s writings. The poet was a friend of the <mask> family and was highly revered by <mask>'s father and grandfather. He was taught to read and write by his grandfather. <mask>'s family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch The Arabic and Cyrillic script was taught to him by his grandfather.<mask> attended the Teacher's Seminary and the State University. <mask> is known for his plays. Enlik-Kebek was the first play he wrote and it was a story of two young lovers. He wrote plays that dealt with issues related to socialism. <mask> changed his focus to writing novels after writing plays. Two novels dealing with the life of a poet were written in the last twenty years of his life. Auezov drew and translated literature into the Kazakh language.The Government Inspector is one of the translations made by him. After studying in Kaskabulak, <mask> went to a Muslim madrasa. He moved to a five-year school when he was eleven. His father died in 1900 and his mother in 1912. The young <mask> was raised by his family. After a year of study in the madrasa, he was sent to the large Russian school. After graduating from the City College, <mask> <mask> attended a Pedagogical Seminary.<mask> finished the first seminary class with an award in 1912 and went on to complete his studies in 1919. He began to read Russian and other foreign classics around this time. The short stories, poems and articles written by Auezov began to be published. According to the testimonies of the pedagogues, the young Auezov was marked for his attention, gifts and slim build. The best football team in the city was represented by him. <mask> Auezov joined the faculty of a large state school and held various positions in the local government. Auezov married a girl named Raihan in the summer of 1917.They had a daughter together in 1918 who lived until 2009, and a son in 1919 who died in infancy. They got divorced in 1920. After graduating from the Philological Faculty of Leningrad State University, <mask> <mask> went on to complete his PhD. His endeavors as a professional writer began to take off during the 1930s. On June 27, 1961, <mask> <mask> died in Moscow. He was buried in the Central Cemetery. There is a bust on his grave.The name of the writer was continued after he died. The Auezov Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences was renamed. A literary memorial museum, a school, a street and an urban area are named after him. The M. O. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University was named after him. In different genres, Auezov wrote essays, short stories, and plays. He wrote a play called "Enilik-Kebek" in 1917 while he was studying at the seminary. The "Enilik-Kebek" play and the story "Korgansyzdyn Kuni", which was written in 1921, demonstrated to the world his great talent as a writer.From 1923 to 1923, he devoted all his energy to the literary arts. He wrote stories such as "Okygan azamat", "Kyr suretteri", "Uilenu", and "Eskilik kolenkesinde". He studied and graduated from the Faculty of Language and Literature at Leningrad University. Two of his novels, "Karash-karash" and "Kokserek", were highly acclaimed. Auezov began to work on themes of history. His works include "Enilik-Kebek", "Khan Kene", "Kilyzmaan", and "Aiman - Sholpan". He devoted himself to plays and prose for 20 years.He wrote several stories in the thirties, such as "Kasennin Kubylystary" and "Izder". A section from the future novel of the same name was included in a piece of prose he published in 1936. He wrote the "Abai" tragedy with the help of Leonid Sobolev. The great scientist and teacher, <mask>, worked on the history and training of personnel. He was the main author and editor of the multivolume "Kazak adebiet Tarihy". He wrote a monograph on the epic. He began writing a large-scale epic that described a new era in the future after the Abai Joly epic.His first book was called "Osken orken" and was published posthumously in 1962. The works of Auezov are associated with a period of blooming of Kazakh drama. He wrote and translated many classic works of world and Russian drama, such as The Inspector by Gogol, Othello and the Shrew by Shakespeare, as well as Spring Love and Officer of the Navy. He visited the United States in 1960 with a group of Soviet writers. In the summer of 1960, he began work on a series of essays. He began work on The Young Tribe in the summer of 1960. In March 1961, <mask> embarked on a visit to India that included participation in the work of the III International Congress for Peace in Delhi.His death in June of that year meant that he didn't get to go to England, the land of Shakespeare. He went to Moscow for medical tests in 1961. He had a heart surgery on June 27, 1961. <mask> listened to the memories of his grandfather that told of Abai and Kunanbay. The life of Abai the hero was an inspiration to <mask> Auezov. Auez was invited by Abai to mark the birth of his grandson. The sister of Auez was one of the wives of Kunanbai.<mask> married the granddaughter of the great poet, Magauov, and later became friends with the son of Abai Turagulom. Dilda was the first wife of Abai and she gave <mask> a lot of information. Eigerim was one of Abai's life partners who survived her husband for more than a decade. "Abai Joly" was written by <mask> for 15 years. It was translated into Russian. The first level award of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was given to two books of the novel "Abai" in 1949. This epic was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780It received rave reviews from readers all over the world. "Abai Zholy" is a novel written by <mask> Auezov. The first book of the series was published in 1942, the second in 1947 and the third in 1952. The fourth book was released in 1956. All of the books were renamed The Path of Abai. There are 7 chapters and one epilogue in the first and second books. The third book has 6 chapters, the fourth and one epilogue has 20 short chapters, and the entire epic has 20 short chapters.The name of each chapter shows the psychological state of the events. There is more drama, tragedy, sadness and sorrow when compared to positive and happy moments. In the first book we can see how the young and inexperienced boy grows up and at the end of the fourth book we see how he becomes an adult and eventually fails. The opera Abai was written by <mask> <mask>. A film of 8 parts was made in 1940. "Thumbnail" is a studio. The writer is M<mask> and the director is M.Levin.The operator is H.Nazaryants. "Abai nder" was written in 1945. There are 10 parts to the film. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. The movie was written by M.<mask> and G. It was Roshal. The director is G.Roshal, the operator is G.Pyshkova, and the cast is K.Kuanyshpaev, K.Badyrov, Sh.Aymanov, and S.Kozhamkulov."Shyndagy Shynar" was written in 1966. There are 10 parts to the film. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. S.Panov, G.Adilova, N.Zhanturin, Y.Nogaybaev were cast. "Caras-Caras" was written in 1969. "Kyryzfilm" is a studio. The film was written by Akim Tarazi and directed by B. Shamshiev."Kazakhfilm" is a studio. Director: T.Okeev; Operator: K.Kydyraliev; Cast: S.Chokmorov, K.Ualiev, K. Sataev. The writer, director and cast are from 1995. "Kazakhfilm" is a studio. Director: A.Amirkulov. A. Suleev is the operator. The award for bravery in the Great Patriotic War was won by G.Turykbaev, T.Zhamankulov, B.Rimova and F.Zhantileuova.The Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR has a certificate of Professor and aDiploma of Doctor of Science. M.V.Lomonosov was a professor at the Moscow State University. There are External links to the site Biography of Auezov Authors' Corner.

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Mukhtar Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Auezov
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Mukhtar
Auezov
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Auezov
. Auezov
Auezov


texts: The American football player and coach, government official, businessman, and broadcaster was namedLowellWesleyPerry. He was the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League, the first African American to broadcast an NFL game to a national audience, and Chrysler's first African-American plant manager. He held the position of Commissioner of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1975 to 1976. He was the director of the Michigan Department of Labor from 1990 to 1996. He was a board member of the NFL Board of Charities. He was born in Michigan. His father graduated from the University of Michigan in 1920.He was the youngest of four children. His father was a respected civic leader and he DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch He studied history at the University of Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan football team from 1950 to 1952. <mask> was a two-way player who was a safety on defense and also handled punt returns. He was a second-team All-American by the Central Press Association and a third-team All-American by the United Press after the 1951 season. He was the best defensive back in college football during the 1951 season.He was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Big Ten Player and by the United Press as a first-team player on its All-Midwest team. In three seasons at Michigan, he had 71 catches for 1,261 yards and nine touchdown. After three years, the career total of 1,261 receiving yards was not surpassed by another Michigan player, but Jack Clancy did it in four years. In 1951, he had five catches for 165 yards against Indiana. He had two more touchdown catches against Indiana. His 165-yard game against Indiana was the Michigan single-game receiving record for 15 years, until Clancy had 197 yards against Oregon State in 1966. At the University of Michigan, <mask> returned 42 punts for an average of 10.9 yards per return.The Pittsburgh Steelers drafted a military serviceman in the eighth round of the1953 NFL draft. His football career was put on hold due toROTC obligations. The United States Air Force gave him the rank of second lieutenant. The Bolling Air Force Team that included Al Dorow, Tommy O'Connell, and Johnny Lattner were all members of the Air Force. The military named him the outstanding football player. As an end, he joined the Pittsburgh Steelers. In a pre-season game against the Detroit Lions, he ran 93 yards for a touchdown.He had 14 catches for 334 yards and two touchdown in his first six NFL games. He returned 11 punts for 127 yards and nine kickoffs for 219 yards. In his sixth game of the season, he broke his hip and was forced to retire. A skinny 15 year-old boy and his dad were cheering on the Pittsburgh Steeler's new player,<mask>, as he roared whippet-like around the New York Giants' fabled 1956 defensive line and headed for the sideline. The boy's cheers turned to tears when the Giants' star hit the boy from behind, filling the stadium with a sickening 'crack'. As the stretcher carried my hero from the field, I was sad. He never played pro football again because of his injuries.He was in the hospital for 13 weeks after the injury. The NFL's first African American coach since the 1920s was hired by the Steelers in June 1957, and he was named ends coach. He worked as a scout for a team. He went to law school after working for the Steelers. In 1960, he received a law degree from Detroit College of Law. He was a law clerk to the U.S. District Court Judge Picard. He was hired in the personnel department of the gear and axle division of the Chevrolet Division.He left Chevrolet in 1962 to work for the National Labor Relations Board. In 1963, he began his career with Chrysler. He was a personnel specialist. In 1966 he was hired as a color analyst for CBS Television to broadcast games with play-by-play man Joe Tucker. He was the first African-American to broadcast a football game. After working as a television broadcasters, he returned to Chrysler where he became a personnel manager. He was named the plant manager of Chrysler's Eldon Avenue Axle Plant in 1973.He was the first African American to hold the position of plant manager. President Gerald Ford appointed him to be the commissioner of the U.S. in 1975. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. He first came to my attention when I saw his prowess on the gridiron at the University of Michigan. He made it and I didn't. He was very good at the University of Michigan and very good at the Pittsburgh Steelers. I have known him for a long time.I look at his career in Government and private employment as an example of what a person can do if they have the ability and desire. I think it's the government's gain to have <mask> with us, and Lynn Townsend probably is losing one of his finest young people in his Chrysler organization. He was the EEOC commissioner from 1976 to 1976. After one year, he resigned from the EEOC and returned to Chrysler. He was the director of the Michigan Department of Labor for six years before returning to government service. He held the position of director of the Office of Urban Programs until his retirement in 1999. <mask> is the current New York Knicks basketball executive and former University of Michigan coach, and he has a daughter and two sons.In January 2001 he died of cancer at a hospital in Michigan. There are links to the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor.

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Perry
Perry
Lowell Perry
Lowell
Scott Perry


texts: <mask> was the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. <mask> wasAppointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. <mask> was called the "Father of the Nation" for his leadership in the early days of the country. From 1749 to 1750, <mask>'s first public office was the official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. During the French and Indian War, he received his initial military training as well as a command. He became a delegate to the Continental Congress after being elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. He was the Commanding General of the Continental Army.He commanded American forces in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. The Constitution of the United States was adopted by Washington. He was elected twice by the Electoral College. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. While sanctioning the Jay Treaty, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality. His farewell address is considered a pre-eminent statement on republicanism and he set enduring precedents for the office of president.Washington had a complicated relationship with slavery. He forced his slaves to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. Congress passed laws protecting and curtailing slavery when he was president. His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death. She freed them so they wouldn't have an incentive to speed up her death. He tried to integrate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but fought against them during times of conflict. He advocated broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.He was described as the first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee after his death. <mask> is remembered by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. <mask> was promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The <mask> family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. <mask> migrated from England to the English colony of Virginia in 1656 and owned Little Hunting Creek on the river. The first of <mask>'s six children was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage.In 1755, the family moved to Little Hunting Creek. They moved to Ferry Farm in 1738 near the Rappahannock River. <mask>'s half-brother Lawrence took over Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. <mask> didn't have the formal education his brothers did, but he did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He was a draftsman and map-maker after he learned land surveying and mathematics. He was writing with "considerable force" and "precision" by early adulthood, but his writing lacked wit or humor. He attributed his failures to someone else's ineffectuality in pursuit of admiration, status, and power.Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax was the owner of Mount Vernon and Belvoir. <mask> spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property, after Fairfax became <mask>'s patron and surrogate father. He obtained a license from the College of William & Mary. Even though <mask> didn't serve the apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him the surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he took his oath of office on July 20, 1749. He continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains even after he resigned from the job. He owned almost all of the Valley by 1752. <mask> went abroad in 1751 to try to cure his brother's Tuberculosis.During that trip, <mask> contracted a disease that left his face scarred. <mask> leased Mount Vernon from Lawrence's widow Anne after his death in 1752. <mask> was inspired to seek a commission by <mask>'s service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia. <mask> was appointed a major and commander of one of the militia districts by Virginia's lieutenant governor. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. The British built forts along the Ohio River while the French built forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. <mask> was appointed as a special envoy.<mask> was sent to demand that the French leave the land that was being claimed by the British. <mask> was appointed to gather more information about the French forces and to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy. <mask> gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence about individuals taken prisoner by the French. The nickname Conotocaurius was given to <mask> by Tanacharison. The Susquehannock gave the nickname to his great-grandfather <mask> in the late 17th century. The French patrol stopped <mask>'s party on their way to the Ohio River. <mask> was received well at Fort Le Boeuf.The French refused to leave, despite the British demand to do so. After a few days of delay, Saint-Pierre gave <mask> his official answer in a sealed envelope, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. <mask>'s report was published in Virginia and London after he completed the mission in 77 days. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment in February 1754 after being ordered to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. When <mask> set out for the Forks in April, he learned that a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. He decided to take the offensive after learning that the French had made camp seven miles away. <mask> advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush the French.French forces were killed with muskets and hatchets in the Battle of Jumonville Glen, known as the "Jumonville affair". French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was killed while trying to get the British to leave. The French assumed that <mask> was responsible for the deaths of some of Jumonville's men. <mask> said his translator didn't communicate the French intentions. <mask> won over the French. The French and Indian War began because of this incident. He had been promoted to colonel upon the death of his commander, and he joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month.The conflict of command was caused by the fact that the royal commission outranked <mask>. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men and the battle ended in <mask>'s surrender. <mask> was offered a captaincy which he refused, after Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces. <mask> was an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led the British in expelling the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. The army was split into a main column and a flying column. The French and their Indian allies attacked the divided army after <mask> was left behind due to a severe case of dysentery. The mortally wounded Braddock was one of two-thirds of the British force that became casualties.The remnants of the force were allowed to disengage and retreat under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage. He had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat was shot. His conduct in the Battle of Fort Necessity redeemed his reputation, but he was not included in the planning of subsequent operations by the succeeding commander. <mask> was appointed the commander of the Virginia Regiment again with the rank of colonel after it was reconstituted in August 1755. <mask> clashed with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a group of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. <mask> pressed his case for a royal commission in February and January of 1757 after he was convinced that Braddock would grant him one. <mask> was humiliated, refused a royal commission, and agreed to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland because he was ruled in <mask>'s favor only in the matter of Dagworthy.The British Forbes expedition was assigned to capture Fort Duquesne. <mask> did not agree with General John Forbes' tactics. Forbes made <mask> a brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. <mask> saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured, while the French abandoned the fort and valley before the assault was launched. <mask> left his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. There were twenty Indian attacks on the frontier in ten months. Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies as the number of men in the regiment increased from 300 to 1,000.This was <mask>'s only unqualified success during the war according to some historians. He gained self-confidence, leadership skills, and knowledge of British military tactics even though he failed to realize a royal commission. <mask> supported a strong central government because of the destructive competition he saw among colonial politicians. <mask> married Martha Dandridge Custis on January 6, 1759, at the age of 26. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. Eleanor and <mask> Parke Custis were raised by Jacky and Martha "Patsy" Parke Custis. Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of her final child, making additional births impossible, since <mask>'s 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile.The couple didn't have any children together. He became a political figure when he was a planter of tobacco and wheat at Mount Vernon. The marriage gave <mask> control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children. His social standing increased as he became one of Virginia's wealthiest men. During the French and Indian War, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled a 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia. <mask> inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions and enlisted William Crawford to subdivide them. Crawford allotted to <mask>, who told the veterans that their land was unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase, leaving some feeling they had been deceived.He doubled Mount Vernon's population of slaves to more than 100 by the 18th century. <mask> supported <mask> Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. <mask> and another Virginia planter, William Payne, were involved in a physical altercation. <mask> ordered officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. <mask> apologized to Payne at a bar. Payne was expecting to be challenged. <mask> held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County for seven years beginning in 1758.While serving on the Forbes expedition, he plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages. He won the election with 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He became a critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies in the 1760s. <mask> imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting tobacco. He was in debt by 1764 due to his overspending and low tobacco prices. Because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. <mask> enjoyed fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.<mask> was included in the political and social elite in Virginia. He invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly people of rank, and was known to be very friendly with them. Legislation was presented in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. <mask>'s step-daughter died in his arms from epileptic attacks at the age of 12. He wrote to Burwell Bassett that it was easier to conceive than to describe the distress of the family. He stayed with Martha for three months. Prior to and during the American Revolution, there was opposition to British Parliament.His disdain for the British military began when he was passed over for promotion. He was opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, as well as the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains. Washington celebrated the repeal of the Stamp Act of 1765 because he thought it was an "Act of Oppression". The Declaratory Act was passed in March 1766. The American Revolution was spurred on by the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation. Washington was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> Mason drafted a proposal in May 1769 that called for Virginians to boycott British goods after the Townshend Acts were passed.The Coercive Acts, which <mask> referred to as an invasion of our rights and privileges, were passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for their role in the Boston Tea Party. He said Americans should not submit to tyranny since "custom and use shall make us as tame and submissive slaves as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway". He and <mask> drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which <mask> chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress and an end to the slave trade. <mask> attended both the First Virginia Convention and the First Continental Congress, where he was selected as a delegate. He helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods as tensions rose. On April 19, 1775, the American Revolutionary War began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The colonists were divided into two groups, one that wanted to remain subject to the King and the other that wanted to break away from British rule.The commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war was General Thomas Gage. <mask> left Mount Vernon to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia after hearing of the war. <mask> was nominated by Samuel and John Adams to be the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. <mask> was chosen because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was a leader who kept his enthusiasm in check. Congress elected him commander in chief the next day. <mask> gave an acceptance speech on June 16 after declining a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses.John Adams proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies after he was commissioned. <mask> was appointed "General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them", and instructed to take charge of the siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Major General Philip Schuyler and Major General Charles Lee were chosen by Congress to be his primary staff officers. Colonel Benedict Arnold was given responsibility for launching an

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George Washington
Washington
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Washington
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John Washington
George Washington
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texts: invasion of Canada by Washington. The French and Indian War General Daniel Morgan was also engaged by him. <mask> promoted Henry Knox to colonel and chief of artillery after he impressed Adams with his knowledge of ordnance. At the start of the war, <mask> opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army.Washington banned their enlistment after he was appointed. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the governor of Virginia made a promise to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower, Washington relented and overturned his ban. One-tenth of Washington's army were black at the end of the war. <mask> wanted to enforce the terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris by returning slaves freed by the British to slavery. He made the request to Sir Guy on May 6. All former slaves in New York City were allowed to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in November of 1783.After the war, <mask> was accused of questionable conduct as Commander in Chief by General Lee, who published a book about it. In a letter of May 30, 1785, <mask> of Lee's request to publish his account was assured that he would take the liberty to suppress such expressions as appeared to be the ebullitions of a disappointed and irritated mind. <mask> told Goddard to let the impartial and dispassionate world draw their own conclusions. In response to the growing rebellion, London sent British troops to occupy Boston. They made the city impervious to attack. The British were trapped in the city by various local militias. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere.He set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly equipped militia. Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms were initiated after consultation. <mask> ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness. He asked Gage to release captured officers from prison and treat them well. General Gage of command was replaced by General William Howe after King <mask> declared that the colonies were in open rebellion. The Continental Army was reduced by half to 9,600 men by January 1776 and had to be supplemented with the militia. When the Charles River froze over, <mask> was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications.In order to force the British out of Boston, <mask> agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, <mask>'s troops bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. British troops and Loyalists evacuated Boston on March 17 from 120 ships. <mask> entered the city with 500 men with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered vaccinations against the disease in New Jersey. He left civilian matters in the hands of local authorities in Boston. The first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War was the Invasion of Quebec.General Philip Schuyler was authorized by Congress to investigate and begin an invasion. General <mask> sent a support force to Quebec City after Benedict Arnold convinced him to do so. The aim of the campaign was to get French-speaking Canadians to join the revolution in order to take the Province of Quebec from Great Britain. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery and was almost captured by the British. Benedict Arnold left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces were defeated at the Battle of Quebec. On April 13, 1776, the Battle of Long Island Washington arrived in New York City and began to fortify the area.The abuses Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation was why he ordered his forces to treat civilians and their property with respect. The Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews was one of 98 people arrested for their involvement in a plot to assassinate or capture him. Washington's bodyguard was hanged for sedition. General Howe knew that the city of New York was crucial to securing the continent. <mask> was the leader of the British war effort in England. More than a hundred ships and thousands of troops arrived on Staten Island on July 2 to lay siege to the city. Congress declared the united colonies to be "free and independent states" after the Declaration of Independence was adopted.Howe's troop strength was mostly regulars, while <mask>'s was mostly raw recruits and militia. Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, as <mask> declared the American colonies to be traitors. <mask> chose to fight because of inaccurate information about Howe's army. Howe inflicted 1,500 casualties on <mask>'s flank in the Battle of Long Island. General William Heath was instructed by <mask> to acquire river craft. The army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, but General William Alexander was captured. <mask> was dispatched by Howe as "<mask>, Esq."It is futile to negotiate peace. <mask> did not want his men to be hanged if captured, so he refused to be addressed with diplomatic protocol. The earthworks on lower Manhattan Island were bombarded by the Royal Navy. <mask> listened to the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. <mask> abandoned it despite General Lee's objections as his army retired north to the White Plains. <mask> was forced to retreat to Fort Lee because of Howe's pursuit. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington.The retreat was delayed because <mask> was responsible. Loyalists in New York spread a rumor that <mask> had set fire to the city. When Lee was captured, patriotism fell to its lowest point. <mask>'s army was reduced to 5,400 troops and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia and setting up winter quarters in New York. Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him as he crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt due to lack of supplies, a harsh winter, and desertions. <mask> was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were not in favor of independence.<mask> and his generals launched a surprise attack on the Hessian garrison at Trenton, dubbed "Victory or Death", after Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware. The army was to cross the Delaware River in three divisions: one led by <mask> with 2,400 troops, another by General James Ewing with 700 and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader with 1,500. <mask> took the Pennington Road and Sullivan traveled south on the river's edge. <mask> ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats and 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 On Christmas night in 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware River and staked out the Jersey shoreline. His men followed across the ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow, with 40 men per vessel. They were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217They made it across with no losses. There were 18 field guns and frightened horses on the ferries. The ice and heavy currents made it difficult for Cadwalader and Ewing to cross. <mask> decided to take only his troops against the Hessians in order to avoid being seen returning his army to Pennsylvania. <mask> split his force into two columns after the troops spotted Hessian positions. Keep by your officers, for God's sake. At the crossroads, the two columns were separated.General John Sullivan's column advanced on River Road after taking the upper Ferry Road. See the map. The Americans were marching in the snow. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet. <mask> led them in a surprise attack on the Hessians. Colonel Rall was one of 22 killed, 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. On January 3, 1777, <mask> retreated across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania and launched an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured.The American Generals were being driven back by the British when <mask> arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Alexander Hamilton's cannons. The British surrendered in less than an hour after <mask>'s troops charged. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive. <mask>'s Continental Army took up winter headquarters in New Jersey, disrupting British supply lines and expelling them from parts of New Jersey. <mask> said the British could have defeated his troops before they were dug in. <mask>'s victories at Trenton and Princeton changed the course of the war.The British were still in control of New York after the winter campaign. Congress instituted harsher punishments for desertion to increase troop numbers. The British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms was defeated by <mask>'s victories. The British realized they were in a position to demand independence after hearing of the American victories. British General John Burgoyne led the campaign to capture Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 in order to divide New England and control the Hudson River. General Howe in New York took his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne. <mask> and de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York.<mask>'s army of less experienced men were defeated in Philadelphia. Howe marched into the nation's capital at Philadelphia after outmaneuvering <mask> at the Battle of Brandywine. The British were attacked in October. Some members of Congress considered removing <mask> from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. The matter was dropped after <mask>'s supporters resisted. After the plot was exposed, he resigned and returned to France. <mask> was concerned with Howe's movements during the campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south from Quebec.<mask> sent reinforcements north with Benedict Arnold, Gates' most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was not supported by Howe. He surrendered after the Battle of Saratoga, after being forced to retreat. <mask> suspected that Gates' victory would embolden his critics. The defeats of <mask>'s forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared. John Adams gave little credit to <mask>. Howe left America and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge in December 1777. They were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The British were well quartered in Philadelphia, paying for their supplies in pounds sterling. By February, the woodlands were exhausted of game, and there was an increase in desertions. Washington made many petitions to the Continental Congress. Something must be done after he received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions. Changes must be made.Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines after he recommended that they expedite supplies. Supplies began arriving in late February. Washington's recruits were transformed into a disciplined fighting force after Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's drilling. Von Steuben was made chief of staff by Washington. The French entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans after Burgoyne's defeat. The treaty amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain after it was approved by the Continental Congress. June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals after the British evacuated Philadelphia.The British were commanded by General Henry Clinton and he chose a partial attack on them. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without <mask>'s knowledge, and bungled their first attack. <mask> drew after an expansive battle. Washington moved his army outside of the city at nightfall as the British continued their retreat to New York. <mask> valued the safety of his army more than the towns of the British in his last battle in the North. <mask> was "America's first spymaster" because he designed an espionage system against the British. The Culper Ring was formed by Major Benjamin Tallmadge to collect information about the British in New York.Benedict Arnold had distinguished himself in many battles and <mask> ignored his disloyalty. British spymaster John André was supplied with sensitive information by Arnold in order to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Possible reasons for Arnold's treachery include his anger at losing promotions to junior officers or slights from Congress. He was deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by <mask>'s lack of support during his court-martial. <mask> agreed to the command of West Point in August. Arnold gave André plans to take over the garrison. Arnold escaped to New York after being captured by the militia.The commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort were recalled by <mask>, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife. <mask> took personal command at West Point. Clinton refused to allow <mask> to return André to the British in exchange for Arnold, even though <mask> had offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold. His last request was to face a firing squad, but he was hanged on October 2, 1780. General Clinton sent 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against the city. The British war effort was strengthened when they repelled an attack by the French naval forces. Britain's Indian allies were forced out of New York in the late 17th century after Washington Iroquois attacked the warriors of the Six Nations.More than 200 frontiersmen were killed by Indian warriors and Loyalist rangers in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. <mask> retaliated by ordering General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to destroy the villages and take their women and children hostage. They fled to Canada. The worst winter of the war was when <mask>'s troops went into quarters in New Jersey.

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