texts: that year when Seahorse arrived from the West Indies. Despite attempts to protect the town, nine known cases of the disease appeared in Boston by May 27, and by June the disease was spreading at an alarming rate. The area was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Business in the capital of the Bay Colony was disrupted for weeks due to the combination of exodus,Quarantine and outside traders' fears. Guards were stationed at the House of Representatives to keep Bostonians out. The death toll reached 101 in September and the Selectmen were powerless to stop it. Legislators gave a thousand pounds from the treasury to help the people who could no longer support their families.On June 6, 1721, an abstract of reports on inoculation by Timonius and Jacobus Pylarinus was sent to local physicians. He didn't get a response. Dr. Boylston tried the procedure on his son and two slaves, who were grown and a boy. All came back in about a week. By mid-July, Boylston inoculated seven more people. Boston was free from smallpox by February 26, 1722, after the epidemic peaked with 411 deaths. More than three-quarters of the deaths in Boston during 1721 were due to cases.There were six deaths from Boylston's inoculated people. The people of Boston were horrified by Boylston and Mather's crusade. Both Boylston and Mather had furious Obloquies and Invectives. Boylston couldn't perform it again after Boston's Selectmen consulted a doctor who claimed the practice caused many deaths. Writers who opposed the practice were published by the New England Courant. Some historians argue that the editorial stance was a result of the contrarian positions of editor-in-chief James Franklin, a brother of Benjamin Franklin. Several arguments proving that inoculating the smallpox is not contained in the law of Physick, either natural or divine, was posted by John Williams from Boston.Douglass held a medical degree from Europe. In November 1721, someone threw a lighted grenade into the house. John Williams stated that there were only two laws of medicine, sympathy and antipathy. He thought that inoculation was the creation of one, not a sympathy for a wound or a disease. It violated the natural laws of medicine because it turned health care practitioners into those who harm rather than heal. Williams' Puritan beliefs were entwined in every aspect of his life, and he used the Bible to state his case. Jesus said that it was not the healthy who needed a doctor, but the sick.William Douglass advocated a more secular argument against inoculation, stressing the importance of reason over passion and urging the public to be pragmatic in their choices. He wanted ministers to leave the practice of medicine to physicians and not meddle in areas where they lacked expertise. One not to be undertaken lightly, the vaccine for smallpox was a medical experiment of consequence. In the early years of the colony, ministers were expected to stay out of state and civil affairs, and he believed that not all learned individuals were qualified to doctor others. He felt that inoculation caused more deaths than it prevented. He said that the only reason that Mather had success was because he used it on children who were more resilient. He vowed to speak out against the spread of infections.The battle betweenDouglass and Mather lasted far longer than the epidemic, and the literature accompanying the controversy was both venomous and vast. The Puritans favored the inoculation experiments. The use of inoculations was openly promoted by <mask>'s father, Increase <mask>. The Puritans believed that the will of God was to be discerned in nature as well as in revelation. Williams wondered if the vaccine was fighting with the most High or if it was one of the strange works of God. He warned his readers that attempting to shield themselves from God's fury would only serve to "provoke him more". The Puritans didn't know why God was showing them disfavor through smallpox.They could be back in their "errand" if they didn't address their bad ways before trying a cure. Puritans believed that creating a wound and poisoning it was against the healing art. They had to follow the Ten Commandments and be good neighbors. The Sixth Commandment, "thou shalt not kill", was one of the main objections against the procedure. It was not the will of God and therefore "unlawful" that Williams maintained that the subject of inoculation could not be found in the Bible. He said that inoculation violated The Golden Rule because he would have done to others what one neighbor would have done to him. With the Puritans' source of all decision-making being the Bible, there was a lack of scriptural evidence that worried many.By the day, a solution to the crisis was becoming more urgent because of the death toll from the smallpox epidemic. Quarantine and other efforts, such as balancing the body's humors, did not slow the spread of the disease. Reports of suffering and loss due to the disease caused a mass panic among the people. By 1700, smallpox had become one of the most devastating epidemic diseases in the Atlantic world. He argued the procedure was not outside of Puritan principles and that inoculation was against the will of God. He wrote that "whether a Christian may not use this Medicine (let the matter of it be what it will) and humbly give Thanks to God's good Providence in discovering of it to a miserable World; and look up to His Good Providence (as we do in the use of any How strange is it that Men who call themselves Physicians betray their philosophy, as well as their invectives against this Practice?The Puritan minister began to believe that God had given them the means to save themselves despite the fact that they were both good and bad. "None that have used it ever died of the Small Pox, tho at the same time, it were so malignant, that at least half the People died, that were infections with it in the common way," said Mather. Puritan pastors Benjamin Colman and William Cooper supported Mather while he was experimenting with the procedure. The general population eventually accepted the practice of inoculation due to first-hand experiences and personal relationships. It was because people were able to witness the procedure's consistently positive results within their own community that it became widely utilized and supported. There was a change in the practice after 1721. The debate over inoculation would continue even after the epidemic of 1721–22 despite the fact that <mask> and Boylston were able to demonstrate the efficacy of the practice.After overcoming considerable difficulty and achieving notable success, Boylston traveled to London in 1725 where he published his results and was elected to the Royal Society in 1726, with Mather formally receiving the honor two years prior. One of the first recorded experiments on plant hybridization was conducted in 1716, using different varieties of maize. He described the results in a letter to his friend James Petiver, who later became the basis of the Linnaean system of plant classification. The concept of genetic dominance may have been developed by <mask>. <mask> was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1713. John Winthrop the Younger was the first colonial American to join that body. His adversaries questioned his credentials due to the fact that the published lists of the Society's members did not include his name.The Society responded that the published lists only included members who had been in person and who were entitled to vote in the society's yearly elections. In May 1723, Mather's correspondent John Woodward discovered that the nomination had not been voted on by the full assembly of fellows, despite it being approved by the council in 1713. The members proceeded to vote after Woodward told them of the situation. Robert Boyle's work influenced Mather's enthusiasm for science. Heliocentrism was promoted in some of his sermons by Mather, who was a popularizer of the new scientific knowledge. He argued against the generation of life and compiled a medical manual that he hoped would assist people who were unable to procure the services of a physician. The only comprehensive medical work written in America was this one.Many of the folk remedies included in the manual were considered unscientific or superstitious, but some of them are still valid. Mather advocated hygiene, physical exercise, and avoidance of tobacco smoking, as well as outlined an early form of germ theory. The professionalization of scientific research in America was promoted by Mather in his later years. The Royal Society was given the first quantitative meteorological observations in New England by Grafton Feveryear in 1727. The Royal Society's curator of experiments, John Theophilus Desaguliers, collaborated with the Harvard graduate, who was sponsored by Mather. He may have been the first American to practice science professionally, as he became the first professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Harvard. Slavery and racial attitudes were part of <mask>'s household.Records show that over the course of his lifetime, Mather owned at least three slaves. Like the vast majority of Christians at the time, but unlike his political rival Judge Samuel Sewall, Mather was never an abolitionist, although he did publicly condemn the illegal and inhuman aspects of the Atlantic slave trade. Slaveholders should treat their slaves humanely and instruct them in Christianity in order to promote their salvation, according to the book The Negro Christianized. Mather paid a teacher to teach black people in the area how to read. Black Africans were "of one Blood" with the rest of mankind and that blacks and whites would meet as equals in Heaven. After a number of black people carried out arson attacks in Boston in 1723, Mather asked the white Bostonians if the black population had always been treated according to the Rules of Humanity. Is it possible that they are treated as Beasts of Burden and not as Blood with us?Black slaves should be Christianized on religious grounds in order to make them more patient and faithful servants of their masters. In The Negro Christianized, Mather argued that a Christian could not enslave another Christian. The African slave Onesimus was purchased for him by his congregation in 1706. Onesimus was manumitted by Mather despite his efforts to convert him to Christianity. He preached against pirates and wanted to minister to them. Faithful Warnings to prevent Fearful Judgments, Instructions to the Living, from the Condition of the Dead, and The Converted Sinner were some of the pamphlets and sermons he produced. The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea and Remarkables in the Way of Wicked Men were written.<mask> preached at the trials of pirate Captains William Fly, John Quelch, Samuel Bellamy, William Kidd, Charles Harris, and JohnPhillips, while Increase preached at the trial of Dutch pirate Peter Roderigo. The daughter of the Irish Catholic witch "Goody" Ann Glover, who had also preached, was jailed along with the other piracy convicts. The things that William Fly and his crew have done are not reasonable. You can't say anything to Justify the Robberies. There is a cry of Blood going up to Heaven against you if an Horrible Murder is charged against you. <mask> was twice widowed, and only two of his 15 children survived him. He was buried on the day after his 65th birthday in Boston's North End.A lot of <mask>'s works were printed, including a large number of his sermons. His first full book, Major Memorable Providences, on the subject of witchcraft, was sent to London in 1692. Pillars of Salt, along with other similar works, was published in 13 years. <mask>'s greatest work was published in 1702 when he was 39. The process of the New England settlement is described in the book. The canonized saints of the Catholic church are not referred to as "saints" in this context. Pietas in Patriam: The life of His Excellency Sir William Phips was published in London in 1697 and is one of the seven books.Despite being one of <mask>'s best-known works, some have openly criticized it, labeling it as hard to follow and understand, and poorly paced and organized. One of the best efforts at documenting the establishment of America and growth of the people has been praised by other critics. The Christian Philosopher was the first systematic book on science to be published in America. He wanted to show how religion and science were compatible. It was based on The Christian Virtuoso. The 12th-century Islamic philosopher Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail is said to have inspired Mather. The novel's main character, Hayy, was viewed by Mather as a model for his ideal Christian philosopher and monotheistic scientist.In order to convert the Native American Indians to Puritan Christianity, Mather viewed Hayy as a noble savage. The Lord's Supper was translated by his cousin. <mask> is a rock band. The Handsome Family's 2006 album Last days of Wonder is named in reference to the book Wonders of the invisible world, which was written in 1693 and is said to be "madness oozing under the surface of things." One of the stories in Revenge of the Lawn is called Cotton Mather

masks:
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texts: <mask> was a Hungarian physician, hypnotist, and author who gained fame in Hungary and abroad. The medical clinic established by Vlgyesi and Ara Jeretzian saved the lives of 400 Jews during World War II. Vlgyesi was an agent of the Hungarian Secret Service. His parents were brahm (Adolf) Vlgyesi and Hermina (Mria) Klein. The Zldvadsz restaurant and the Trieszti nk pub were owned by his father. Vlgyesi's mother invested in apartment houses after his death. Vlgyesi and his family converted to Lutheranism in the 70s.At the age of 17 he discovered his ability to hypnotize. The girl was catatonic for three days. Medical training and military service began in 1912 at the University of Medicine in Hungary. He was deployed in 1916, before graduating from medical school, to the battle fought between Hungarian and Russian troops on the Dniester River, where he recalls, "I was doing my medical supervising circuit on horseback on a beautiful sunny morning in May, and listening with a smile to the trivial Vlgyesi received his medical degree in 1917 and soon after established a successful private practice, which was initially shared with the celebrated lay hypnotist Alfréd Pethes. Vlgyesi was a teaching assistant at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Hungary. He was certified as a neurologist after serving as a surgeon.He was one of the founding members of the Trade Union of Physicians in 1917. In 1918-1919, he was the Chief Paramedic of the Hungarian Red Army, after serving at the Military Command. In 1945 he was commissioned Major in reserve. He was sentenced to death for inciting the paramedic corps against the Communist regime, but escaped to Transdanubia, where he volunteered to the Hungarian National Army. After the Soviet occupation of Hungary in 1945, he was awarded a medal for the Hungarian Soviet Republic. He was an assistant physician at the Departments of Neurology and Orthopedy during the interwar period. Jnos Hospital is a hospital.He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Vlgyesi focused his practice on treating trauma from the war. He discovered that the "victims of so-called peace" were the same as the victims of war. He scheduled his patients so that they would spend a lot of time in the waiting room with other patients, who were told to "talk about anything except your illness." Informal group therapy is a useful form of therapy. Vlgyesi published a book in 1920 about hypnotism in modern medicine. There were 250 articles and 25 books in Hungarian, English, French, German, Spanish and Russian written by Vlgyesi during 50 years of medical practice.Between 1917 and 1963, he treated more than 62,000 patients using hypno-suggestive therapy. His fame came from his experiments with animals rather than humans, an important aspect of his research that is largely forgotten by historians. In his works, Vlgyesi described how animals can become hypnotized and frozen in a state of catalepsy. He wanted to show the biological origins of hypnotic states in both man and animals. He maintained that the ability to hypnotize animals suggested that verbal suggestion was not the only method of hypnotism, and that these techniques were applicable to humans as well. Vlgyesi was sued by Andor Fischer in 1939 for not paying for the photos he was hired to take of hypnotized animals. The photos were copies of drawings of animals that were not hypnotized.The photo of the bear that Vlgyesi claimed had been hypnotized, was actually taken in a Hungarian circus after the animal had been tortured, and the chains were erased from the photo. The court denied the claims. Vlgyesi gave a lecture at Yale University in 1939. He was received by many people, including Clark Hull, William Brown, and Carl Jung. The temperaments of women and men, mysticism, love, war, happiness, civilization, and personal anecdotes were all discussed in Vlgyesi's writings. A 1942 published review of one of Vlgyesi's books describes that, "the opus as a whole is uninterpretable, moreover, it is even not clearcut because of its mosaic-like nature in which professional knowledge is merged with anecdotes, and mysticism." Vlgyesi was tried to recruit by Gring to form a "national group" of psychiatrists in Hungary to support the Nazi regime.Vlgyesi did not support the establishment of such a group. Hungarian newspapers made reference to Vlgyesi's relationship with Gring. During the Arrow Cross period in Hungary, an attempt was made to convert Vlgyesi's correspondence with Gring into a "protected Jew" status. Vlgyesi requested exemption from anti-Jewish regulations on account of his "counterrevolutionary conduct" against the Hungarian Soviet Republic and his military service and decorations. Vlgyesi was only allowed to serve for a short period of time after volunteering for the Hungarian Army. Between April and November 1944, he worked at the Szt. His own clinic was established at his apartment.The Arrow Cross Party took control of Hungary in 1944 and began rounding up and deporting Jews. The apartment building where Vlgyesi and his family lived was converted into a medical clinic staffed by mostly Jewish doctors and nurses. Jews, Arrow Cross soldiers, and Russian soldiers were all treated at the clinic. The effort was led by a Christian named Ara Jeretzian who obtained false and real permits at great personal risk to operate the clinic in defiance of official orders to resettle all Jews in another part of town. Vlgyesi's reputation as a world-famous psychiatrist helped keep the clinic open. A life-sized portrait of Vlgyesi in a gold-plated frame was covered with a life-sized portrait of Szlasi, leader of the Arrow Cross Party, which saved hundreds of lives. Jeretzian's memoir states that he harbored Vlgyesi's wife in his apartment in order to avoid being deported during the Arrow Cross period.As the space was still being used to treat patients, Vlgyesi turned angry at Jeretzian for delaying the restoration of Volgyesi's apartment. The Soviets imprisoned and tortured Jeretzian for six months, causing Volgyesi to complain. In 1945, Vlgyesi praised the Red Army in a newspaper article, and later claimed that he had been in contact with the Soviet military counterintelligence services. He was expelled from the Social Democratic Party before it merged with the Communist Party of Hungary. Vlgyesi continued to receive patients at his private practice while he worked at the Péterfy Hospital. The Communist Party of Hungary criticized Vlgyesi for his unscientific methods and expelled him from the Trade Union of Physicians. He was readmitted quickly.In 1949, Cardinal Jzsef Mindszenty, the leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary, was convicted of treason against the Communist People's Republic of Hungary in a show trial widely condemned by the international community. Mindszenty was tortured so much that he had to sign a confession. Cardinal Jzsef Mindszenty, the leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary, was accused of being "preparing" Vlgyesi for his 1949 show trial. There is no evidence that he was involved in the trial in the Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security, the memoirs of Mindszenty, or the books in which the documents of the case were published. According to Margit Balogh's monumental biography of Mindszenty, the story of Vlgyesi's hypnotism was made up by Lszl Sulner, a handwriting expert involved in the trial. The US Consulate in Austria was suspicious of the claims of hypnotism and drugs being used on Mindszenty. The story was published in the Chicago Sun-Times.According to a document from the Radio Free Europe archives, Vlgyesi prepared Mindszenty for the trial. According to reports, Vlgyesi's colleagues cut off social contact with him because of his role in the Mindszenty trial. The Voice of America reported in the spring of 1963, that Vlgyesi hypnotized Mindszenty following orders from the leader of the State Protection Authority. The report seems to have resulted in Vlgyesi and his wife being denied entry visas to Canada, and a delay in being issued visas to the United States, making it impossible for them to visit their daughter and her newborn daughter there. The Hungarian Secret Service continued to monitor Vlgyesi until at least May 1963. In 1962, Vlgyesi agreed to be an Informant to the Hungarian Secret Service. Vlgyesi was asked to spy on a number of people with whom he had family, professional, and social ties, such as his sons-in-law, and his patients.Volgyesi's main motivation for agreeing to spy for the regime was to get permission for him and his wife to travel abroad, as all three of their children had left Hungary. The spiritualist circles co-led by Vlgyesi were trying to convince patients to choose specific surgeons to perform operations in exchange for large payments, warning that the patients would otherwise die. He tried to contact dead Nazi leaders from the spirit world in order to get regime change in Hungary. The 20th century saw the births of Hungarian Jews and psychiatrists.


texts: <mask> wrote travel books about Spain. He moved to Spain in 1830 after travelling extensively and collecting notes and drawings. After returning to England, he wrote an account of his travels in A Handbook for Travellers in Spain, which was published in 1845. He befriended many important art and literature figures. <mask> made illustrations for his own and his friends' books. The elder son of <mask> was born on April 21, 1796, and his wife was the daughter of Benjamin Booth, East India Company Director. <mask> graduated from Trinity College, Oxford with a B.A.The year 1817. He was a great fan of the Duke of Wellington despite being a Whig. He traveled on the Continent at the end of the Napoleonic Wars, visiting France, Germany, Austria and Italy, as well as his first wife, who he married in 1824. She was an illegitimate daughter of George Capel-Coningsby, 5th Earl of Essex. <mask> entered Lincoln's Inn in 1819 and was called to the Bar in 1822, but never practised. His real interest was in the fine arts and he had a collection of old master prints. He and his wife issued etchings after the two masters.Three of the Fords' six children died in infancy. Mrs. <mask> decided to go to Spain because of her health concerns. They stayed in Seville from October 1830 to October 1833, but only for the summers of 1831 and 1833, which were cooler. He wrote about the rivalry between Marie Guy-Stéphan and Maria Brambilla. He bought a lot of Spanish paintings and drawings from the British Vice-Consul, Julian Benjamin Williams. Some of the works included were by Murillo, Zurbarn and Alonso Cano. He bought a Ribalta at Valencia.He was going to send the paintings to the auction. Some of these were purchased. Williams is likely to have introduced <mask> to local artists José Gutiérrez de la Vega and José Domnguez Bécquer. He mentions two other painters in his correspondence, one of them being Antonio Maria Esquivel (1806–57). In the late 18th century Ford was to house and patronise the British artist, John Frederick Lewis. <mask> befriended the Scottish artist, David Roberts, in England, but he never met him in Spain. During their travels in Spain, <mask> and his wife made many topographical drawings of the area.Many of the buildings he drew were later to disappear. <mask> kept detailed notebooks of what he saw. He traveled through Andalusia, Extremadura, Northwest Spain and several times to Madrid. He traveled from the Mediterranean coast to Barcelona and from Eastern Spain to Madrid in the late 19th century. The north and southeast of the country were not visited. He bought a lot of Spanish books during his stay. He purchased items at the Heber, W. B. Chorley and Riego sales, which gave him a better idea of the areas he did not visit.He relied on friends such as Henry Unwin Addington, the British minister in Madrid, and Pascual de Gayangos, an arabist, to provide him with more recent publications. <mask>'s wife was in poor health after they returned to England and the couple lived separately. <mask> bought a house close to the eastern boundary in 1835. He built a Moorish-style summer house and created a Spanish style garden there. He wrote an article for John Murray's Quarterly Review in which he compared the local cob to the Spanish tapia buildings. This was the beginning of many contributions to the Quarterly, mainly on Spanish subjects, which continued until 1856. Murray submitted the manuscript of George Borrow's account of thegypsies of Spain to <mask>, who recommended publication.<mask>, because of his own personal commitments, but also puzzlement about its content, felt unable to review Lavengro, which resulted in a literary friendship that came to an end in 1851. <mask>'s topographical knowledge of the area may have prompted Murray to invite <mask> to write a handbook for Spain. <mask> married the Hon after the first Mrs. <mask> died. Cranstoun was born in 1836. The girl was born in 1840. He and his wife traveled to Italy. Handbook for Travellers in Spain was Ford's most famous work.The first draft took until the end of 1843 to complete and was partially printed in 1844, but was abandoned in 1845 because of its hostility to the Spanish government, the cult of Mariolatry, and Spanish military incompetence. The revised edition appeared in two volumes in July 1845. It remained a highly opinionated, strongly Protestant view of Spain, but still provided very detailed knowledge of the country and offered specialist information about the fine arts, including, most notably, a detailed consideration of the collections of the Prado. It is a delight for its erudition, prejudice and dry wit. It is one of the few guide books that is considered a classic of travel literature. The first edition sold 2,000 copies by the end of the year. Gatherings from Spain was issued in Murray's Home and Colonial Library at the end of 1846 as a single-volume handbook after Murray wanted a single-volume handbook.The Handbook was published in 1847. Two of his friends, Sir Edmund Head and William Stirling, wrote surveys of Spanish art in the 19th century. The second Mrs. <mask> died of Tuberculosis in January 1849. In 1843 <mask> published a life of Velzquez in thePenny Cyclopaedia and in 1851 on a tour of the north of England and Scotland with Mrs <mask>'rediscovered' the Rokeby Venus in North Yorkshire. The first public display of it was at the Manchester 1858 Art Treasures exhibition. <mask>'s health was failing by the time he published the third edition of the Handbook, which was restored to two volumes and contained much new material. He wrote "Andalucia, Ronda and Granada, Murcia, Valencia, and Catalonia; the portions best suited for the invalid" in 1854.He died of Bright's disease on August 31, 1858. His widow Mary gave him a collection of pictures. <mask> was married to Harriet Capel, who died in 1836. They had six children, of which he was the only one who was still alive. The marriage of <mask> and the sister of the 10th Lord Cranstoun took place on February 28, 1838. Margaret 'Meta' <mask>, who was born in October 1840, married Oswald John Frederick Crawfurd in 1899 and died in 1899. On January 23, 1849, <mask> died.The third wife of <mask> was a daughter of Sir Arscott Ourry Molesworth, 7th Baronet. Cecilia Betham was <mask>'s niece. After leaving Trinity College in the summer of 1817, <mask> took an educational trip to Germany and Austria. The highlight of his stay in the city was a meeting with Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven gave an engraved portrait of himself, and composed a short Allegretto for string quartet in B minor for <mask> in his presence during his visit. The piece was unknown when it was put up for auction in 1999. The Bodmer Library is in Cologny, Switzerland.A Handbook for Travellers in Spain was written by John Murray and <mask>. The edition was suppressed. Abandoned before publication, ends in the middle of the page. There is a copy in the British Library. John Murray wrote a handbook for travellers in Spain. Ian Robertson wrote the New Ed. 3 volumes.John Murray had gatherings from Spain and London. Everyman Ed., Thomas Okey, Brinsley <mask>, and later reps. Pallas Athene 2000 was written by Ian Robertson. Robertson, Ian, <mask> and Michael Russell were included. A full biography up to 2002 can be found in the biography. The name of the person is Alberich, José. The hispanista hispanofobo is located in Sevilla, the Universidad de Sevilla.F.J. Rodriguez is from La Sevilla de Richard Ford. Fundacin El Monte 2007, exhibition catalogue, Sevilla. The man is <mask>. The exhibition catalogue of Viajes por Espaa is located in Madrid. The Bulletin of George Borrow was published in 1991. 'I saw the Diamond in the Mass of Rubbish', <mask> and his friendship with George Borrow, Proceedings of the George Borrow Conference 1991, ed. Gillian Fraser was in Toronto in 1992.<mask> was a picture collector and patron in Spain. <mask> was in Spain. The book collector was published in 1995. The Book Collector by <mask> was published by The Spanish Library of Richard Ford. The correspondence between Edmund Head, <mask> and William Stirling was published in 2015. The literary correspondents of Constable. The 3 vols of Edinburgh, Edmondston and Douglas were published in 1873.J.F<mask>, Brinsley. Burlington Magazine, LXXX, 1942, contains a picture of Lewis and <mask>. The book handbook was written by <mask>. Instituto Diego Velzquez was founded by <mask>. The exhibition catalogue was written by <mask> in Spain. The Ford Collection was written by <mask>. Cosas de los Ingleses!Madrid, Editorial Complutense. The Espaa Pintoresca de David Roberts is located in Malaga. 2004. Spanish Culture, The Texas Quarterly, 14, 1971, 67-79 was written by Thomas Glick. <mask>: Letters to Gayangos was published in 1974. The George Borrow Bulletin reported on <mask> in Sevilla. W.G. is a person.The Listener is the best travel book in English. Howarth, David, Mr. Morritt's Venus: <mask>, Sir William Stirling-Maxwell and the 'Cosas de Espaa'. October 1999, 37-44, Apollo, CI, no          . In Memoriam, Fraser's Magazine, Hughes, Thomas, <mask>. The Life, Writings and Correspondence of George Borrow was written by William Ireland. The Las Cosas de Richard Ford was written by Medina Casado and others. H.V. Morton.A stranger in London in 1955. R.E. Prothero. The letters of <mask> were written in London. The Handbook for Travellers in Spain was written by <mask>. The Transactions of the Devonshire Association were published in 1958. Los Curiosos Impertinentes, Serbal, Madrid and Barcelona are in the 2nd Ed. Shorter, Clement King, George Borrow and his Circle'' was published in London in 1913.There are letters in the public collections. The British Library is in London. The Hispanic Society of America is in New York. The Massachusetts Historical Society is in Boston. Mitchell Library is in Glasgow. The National Library of Scotland is in Edinburgh. The Record Office is in Norfolk.<mask>'s letters are not published. There were deaths of British Hispanists and English travel writers.

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Richard Ford
Richard Ford


texts: Nr i Dn Muammad Salm was the fourth Emperor of the Mughals and ruled from 1605 until his death. His name in Persian means 'conqueror of the world', 'world-conqueror' or 'world-seizer'. The fictional tale of his relationship with the Mughal courtesan, Anarkali, has been widely adapted into the literature, art and cinema of India. The third son of Akbar and his favorite Queen, Mariam-uz-Zamani, was born on August 31, 1569. Akbar wanted the blessing of holy men to have a son after his previous children died in infancy. Shaikh Salim Chisti was named after him. With a "respectable" knowledge of Turkic, the Mughal ancestral language, Salim grew up fluent in Persian and premodern Hindi.The prince succeeded to the throne eight days after his father's death. His reign began at the age of 36 after he ascended to the throne with the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi. The son of Jahangir tried to take the throne based on Akbar's will to become his next heir. He was confined in the fort of Agra after being defeated. Prince Khurram was Jahangir's favourite son. As punishment, his younger brother was handed over and he was partially blinded and killed. In 1622, Jahangir sent his son, Prince Khurram, to fight for his country.After his victory, Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. In order to smooth his own path to the throne, Khurram murdered his blind older brother. Jahangir was able to retain power despite the challenge from within his family. The East India Company persuaded King James to send a royal envoy to the Agra court. He resided at Agra for three years. At the Mughal court, he may have been his drinking partner, as he arrived with gifts of "many crates of red wine" and asked Jahangir what beer was. How did it happen?Permission and protection for the East India Company factory was obtained immediately after the mission. While no major trading privileges were conceded, Roe's mission was the beginning of a Mughal- Company relationship that would develop into something approaching a partnership and see the EIC gradually drawn into the Mughal nexus. The Emperor did not mention Roe in his own diaries, despite the fact that he was a valuable source of information on Jahangir's reign. In order to negotiate peace with Abbas I of Persia, Emperor Jahangir sent his tahwildar, Khan Alam, accompanied by 800 troops and 10 howdahs decorated in gold and silver. Khan Alam returned with valuable gifts from both the Khanates of Central Asia and the Safavid Persia. Jahangir contemplated an alliance between the Ottomans, Mughals and Uzbeks against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals. He wrote a letter to the Ottoman Sultan.Due to his death, Jahangir's ambition did not materialise. The highest military rank of the empire after the emperor was made a mansabdar of ten thousand. He commanded a unit in the Kabul campaign when he was just twelve years old. At the time of his betrothal to his cousin, he was twelve thousand years old. Mariam-uz-Zamani was the descendant of Raja Bharmal and Salim's maternal uncle. The marriage took place on February 24th. Jahangir named her Shah Begum and she gave birth to a baby girl.A number of accomplished girls from the Rajput and Mughal families married in quick succession. One of his early favourite wives was a Rajput princess. The marriage took place at the bride's residence. The future Shah Jahan, who was Jahangir's successor to the throne, was named after Jahangir. The daughter of Raja Rai Singh was married to him in June of 1586. He married the daughter of Sultan Abu Said Khan Jagatai in July 1586. He married Sahib-i-Jamal Begum, daughter of Khwaja Hassan of Herat, a cousin of Zain Khan Koka.The daughter of Bhim Singh was married to him in 1587. The daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas was married to him. Zohra Begum was married to him in October 1590. He married the daughter of a Raja. He married Kanwal Rani, daughter of Ali Sher Khan, on 11 January 15 92. He married a daughter of a Kashmiri. In January/March 1593, he married the daughter of Ibrahim Husain Mirza and the daughter of Kamran Mirza.He married a daughter of Ali Khan Faruqi. He married a daughter of another man. He married the daughter of a Subadar of Kabul and Lahore on June 28, 1688. He married the daughter of a senior member of the Imperial Household. He married Koka Kumari Begum, eldest daughter of Jagat Singh, on June 17, 1608. He married the daughter of a man. The daughter of Emperor Humayun was married to him at some point.The beautiful and intelligent Mehr-un-Nisaa was married to Jahangir on May 25th, 1611. She was the widow of a man. Immediately after their marriage, Mehr-un-Nisaa became his chief consort and favourite wife. She was attractive to Jahangir because she was witty, intelligent and beautiful. She was called the 'Light of the Palace' before she was given the title of 'Nur Jahan'. Her abilities range from fashion designing to hunting. There is a myth that she killed four tigers with six bullets.It is an important place in the history of Jahangir. Ali Quli Beg Ist'ajlu was the widow of a rebel officer. He had earned the title "Sher Afgan" (Tiger tosser) from Emperor Akbar after throwing off a tiger that had leaped to attack him on the top of an elephant. Akbar was greatly affected by the bravery of the young Turkish bodyguard accompanying him and awarded him the captaincy of the Imperial Guard at Burdwan, Bengal. After learning of Jahangir's orders to have him slain to possess his beautiful wife, Mehr Un Nisaa, the governor of Bengal Qutubuddin Koka was instructed to kill him. The widowed Mehr-Un-Nisaa was brought to Agra along with her nine-year-old daughter and placed in the Royal harem in 1607. She was given the title of "Light of the World" by Jahangir after he married her.Most travellers' reports say that Jahangir met her after the death of her first husband, despite the fact that there is no evidence that he was guilty of that crime. Ellison Banks Findly's biography is available for a full discussion. The loss of Kandahar was due to Prince Khurram's refusal to obey her orders. The leader of affairs when the Persians besieged Kandahar was Nur Jahan. She ordered Prince Khurram to march, but he didn't. His refusal was due to her behavior towards him, as she was favouring her son-in-law at the expense of Khurram. Shahryar might be promoted and he might die on the battlefield, according to Khurram.Kandahar was lost to the Persians because of the fear that forced Khurram to rebel against his father. During the last years of Jahangir's reign, she struck coins in her own name. The empire continued to be a war-sensitive state under Jahangir. The Rana of Mewar was Jahangir's most irksome foe. The Ahoms of Assam guerilla tactics gave the Mughals a hard time in the northeast. Jahangir's victories in the Deccan and Northern India consolidated the empire. In 1620, Jahangir fell sick, leading to the familiar quest for power.In order to have a living male heir to the throne when Jahangir died, Nur Jahan married her daughter to Shahryar. In the year 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the Emperor Akbar, along with Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan and brother of Nur Jahan. After many ferocious encounters, Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 and ordered the surrender of the Bundela. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he remained a fugitive until his death. The Jahangir Mahal, a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha, was ordered to be completed by the victorious Jahangir at the age of 26. Ali Kuli Khan commanded Jahangir's forces and they fought Lakshmi Narayan of Koch Bihar. After accepting the Mughals as his suzerains, Lakshmi Narayan established a garrison at Atharokotha.The Mughal ship Rahimi was seized by the Portuguese in 1613 due to its large cargo of 100,000 rupee and Pilgrims who were on their way to Mecca and Medina for the annual Hajj. Mariam-uz-Zamani was the mother of Jahangir and Akbar's favourite consort. She was given the title of 'Mallika-e-Hindustan' by Akbar and subsequently referred to as the same during Jahangir's reign. The "great pilgrimage ship" was the largest Indian ship that sailed in the Red Sea. The Mughal court was incensed when the Portuguese refused to return the ship and passengers. The fact that the patron of the ship was the revered mother of the current emperor compounded the outrage. The Portuguese town of Daman was taken over by Jahangir.He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would lead to colonization of the Indian sub-continent. The state of Mewar was ended by Jahangir. The Rajputs were made to submit with great loss of life and property because of the campaign against them. Islam Khan I was posted by Jahangir to subdue Musa Khan. During the reign of Akbar, the rulers of Kangra Fort came under mughal vassalship. The submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region resulted from the siege and fort being taken in 1620.In the state of Kashmir, the district of Kistwar was conquered. Death Jahangir went to Kashmir and Kabul to get his health back. He went from Afghanistan to Kashmir and back because of a cold. Jahangir died on the journey from Kashmir to Lahore. The entrails were removed to be embalmed and buried in Kashmir. The body was buried in Shahdara Bagh, a suburb of Lahore, after palanquin conveyed it to the city. A popular tourist attraction is the elegant mausoleum.Prince Khurram, Jahangir's third son, took the regnal name Shah


texts: Jahan. Jahangir's sons were with Shah Begum, daughter of Raja Bhagwant Das. The daughter of Khwaja Hasan is with Parviz Mirza. Muhammad Khurram was with the daughter of Udai Singh of Marwar. Jahandar Mirza was born with a concubine. Shahryar Mirza had a concubine. Sultan-un-nissa Begum and Shah Begum were Jahangir's daughters.Iffat Banu Begum was born on 6 April 1589). The daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas is named Daulat-un-nissa Begum. The daughter of a Mertia man is with Bahar Banu Begum. The daughter of Udai Singh Of Marwar was married to Begum Sultan Begum. The daughter of Khwaja Hasan was born on 21 January 1591). The daughter of Khwaja Hasan was born on October 14, 1594. The daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch was born in January 1595).The daughter of Ibrahim Husain Mirza was born on August 28, 1595). The daughter of Udai Singh Of Marwar is known as Lutzza-un-Nissa Begum. The first ambassador to the Mughal court was from England. In 1617, Jahangir was warned that if the young and charismatic Prince Shah Jahan turned the English out of the province, "then he must expect we would do our justice upon the seas". The English were allowed to trade in Gujarat in the year 1618. Jahangir's personal belief structure was not understood by many contemporary chroniclers. Although most others shied away from that term, they did not feel as though they could call him an orthodox Sunni."For he envies the Prophet Mohammed, and sees no reason why he should not be as great a prophet as he and therefore professed himself so, he found many disciples that flatter or follow him." At this time, one of those disciples was the current English ambassador, though his initiation into Jahangir's inner circle was devoid of religious significance, as he did not understand the full extent of what he was doing. Jahangir hung a picture of himself with a gold chain around his neck. All the great men that wear the King's image are given a medal of gold as big as six pence. It would have caused a lot of scandal in London. There was no problem since there was no intent. One of these disciples was promoted to Chief Justice.It is not clear if any of the people who became disciples abandoned their previous religion in order to strengthen the bond between the emperor and his people. Despite his casual use of the term 'atheist', he could not put his finger on Jahangir's real beliefs. The emperor was either the most impossible man in the world to be converted, or the most easy, for he loves to hear and has so little religion yet that he can well abide to have any derided. This does not mean that all Muslims were happy with the situation in India. In a book written on statecraft for Jahangir, the author advised him to understand the intimations of the 'ulama.' Many Sunnis were hopeful at the start of his regime because he seemed less tolerant of other faiths than his father had been. A powerful group of orthodox noblemen gained increased power in the Mughal court at the time of his accession and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and the architect of his eclectic religious stance.The citadel of orthodoxy in Muslim India was held by nobles like Shaykh Farid. Jahangir had killed a Sikh in prison and was sentenced to death for it. His lands were taken away and his sons were imprisoned because Jahangir suspected him of being involved in the rebellion. It is not known if Jahangir understood what a Sikh was, or if he had captured many of the simple-hearted Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam by his ways and manners. It is clear from Jahangir's own memoirs that he disliked Guru Arjan before he was executed, yet he supported his son's rebellion. Jahangir moved quickly to destroy Jains. One of his court historians states, "One day at Ahmadabad it was reported that many of the infidel and superstitious sect of the Seoras [Jains] of Gujarat had made several very great and splendid temples, and having placed in them their false gods, had managed to secure aThe Emperor Jahangir ordered them to leave the country and their temples to be destroyed. He was taken aback. "The worthless religion of the Hindus is this," he said and ordered his men to destroy the idol. He heard about a jogi doing strange things and ordered his men to destroy the place. Jahangir is open to multi- religious influences. Jahangir used to visit a Hindu. Jahangir used to abstain from non-vegetarian food during the 12 days of the Jain Paryushan festival out of respect for the ascetic who made a great impression on him.No other work of the Frank European painters has ever been seen like the European curtain sent to Jahangir. One of his audience halls had European screens. Christian themes merited a mention in the Tuzuk. A piece of ivory was given to him by one of his slaves. The figure of Jesus is shown below a tree in the last scene. One person has placed his head at Jesus' feet and an old man is talking to Jesus. Sayyid Ahmad and Henry Beveridge think that it may have been the work of a European slave who presented it to Jahangir.If a European style had come to influence Mughal art, the slave would not have claimed it as his own design, nor would he have been believed by Jahangir. Art Jahangir was interested in art and architecture. Jahangir recorded events that occurred during his reign, descriptions of flora and fauna that he encountered, and commissioned court painters such as Ustad Mansur to paint detailed pieces that would accompany his vivid prose. In 1619, he put pen to paper in awe of a royal falcon delivered to his court from the ruler of Iran. He recorded his command that Ustad Mansur paint a portrait of it after it died. A lot of the art Jahangir commissioned was bound and displayed in elaborate albums of hundreds of images. Jahangir stated in his autobiography that he was able to determine the artist of a portrait by simply looking at a painting.He said that Jahangir took his art very seriously. He kept paintings from Emperor Akbar's period. An excellent example of this is the painting done by Ustad Mansur, son in law of legendary Tansen. In addition to their aesthetic qualities, paintings created under his reign were closely catalogued, dated and even signed, providing scholars with fairly accurate ideas as to when and in what context many of the pieces were created. During a time of stable political control, Jahangir had the opportunity to order artists to create art to accompany his memoirs, according to Milo Cleveland Beach. He used his wealth and time to chronicle the lush natural world of the Mughal Empire. When Jahangir was in Rahimabad, he had his painters on hand to capture the appearance of a specific tiger that he shot and killed, because he found it to be particularly beautiful.When the Jesuits saw the delight Akbar held for them, they sent more and more of the same to the Mughals. They thought the Mughals were on the verge of conversion. Both Akbar and Jahangir studied this artwork very closely and replicated it, adopting much of the early iconographic features and later the pictorial realism for which Renaissance art was known. Jahangir was proud of his court painters. The Emperor had his painters copy a European miniature several times in order to create a total of five miniatures. To the delight of Jahangir, he challenged Sir Thomas Roe to pick out the original from the copies. Jahangir was a pioneer in adapting European styles.The British Museum in London has a collection of 74 drawings of Indian portraits dating from the time of Jahangir. These portraits are a unique example of art during Jahangir's reign because faces were not drawn in full, including the shoulders as well as the head. Jahangir and Claudius were weak men who were in their wrong places as rulers. The king of the Deccans, Selim Sha, got of the man's father, according to the man who visited Jahangir's court in 1609. Niccolao Manucci began his discussion of Jahangir by saying, "It is a truth tested by experience that sons diminish what their fathers gained in the sweat of their brow." According to John F. Richards, Jahangir's addiction to wine and opium was partly to blame for his frequent withdrawal to a private sphere of life. In the 1939 Hindi film Pukar, Jehangir was portrayed by Chandra Mohan.In the movie Anarkali, he was portrayed by Pradeep Kumar. D. K. Sapru played him in the 1955 Hindi film Adil-E-Jahangir. He was portrayed by ANR in a 1955 film. In the 1960 Hindi film Mughal-e-Azam, he was portrayed by Dilip Kumar. The younger Jahangir was played by Jalal Agha. He was portrayed in a movie by a man. He was portrayed in a film by a man.He was portrayed in a TV series by a man. A detective story about a missing gold coin of Jahangir written by an Indian film maker and starring his famous character Feluda. It was made into a television film in 1998. He was portrayed by Milnd Soman in the 2000 TV series. He was portrayed in a TV series by a man. Initially, Ayaan Zubair Rahmani played young Salim. In the TV Series Siyaasat, he was portrayed by two people.The role of prince Salim was played by Pawan Singh in the Indian television sitcom. Shaheer Sheikh portrayed him in the series. The role of the prince was once again played by Pawan Singh. Literature Jahangir is a main character in both The Feast of Roses and The Twentieth Wife. Jahangir is a main character in both the novel Ruler of the World and the sequel The Tainted Throne. Jahangir is a character in a novel. Jahangir is a character in a novel.<mask> is a main character in the novel. Timeri Murari wrote a novel called Taj, a Story of Mughal India. Jahangirnama Hiran Minar Sheikhupur and Badaun References are External


texts: From Indiana's Sixth Congressional District, <mask> served three terms as a U.S. Representative. The first woman from Indiana to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives was from Terre Haute. She was the second woman Representative from the Midwest and the first who was not succeeding a male relative. She was the first American woman to become a delegate to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. The outspoken, independent-minded farmer from Vigo County became known for her support of flood control measures and repeal of prohibition, as well as her opposition to communism. The appropriation for the Wabash River basin was the most significant accomplishment for Jenckes. Jenckes voted with the majority of the Democrats in the U.S. Congress, but she did not always follow their lead.Despite the public ridicule she received, Jenckes became concerned about the communist propaganda she believed to be. Jenckes was an American Red Cross volunteer for more than twenty years after retiring from Congress. During the Hungarian uprising of 1956, she gained national attention for her efforts to assist five Catholic priests in their escape from Hungarian prisons. Jenckes spent the final years of her life in Indiana. <mask> Somes was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on November 6, 1877, the daughter of <mask> Somes and Mary Oliver Somes. She was the youngest student in the school's history when she joined at the age of eleven. She left high school early to take two years of courses at a women's college.<mask>, a Terre Haute farmer and grain dealer, married Jencks when she was thirty-four. They managed a farm along the river. Jenckes assumed sole responsibility for their management after her husband's death in 1921. Their only child, a daughter named <mask>, died of Tuberculosis at the age of twenty-two. Jenckes, who had been involved in farming in Vigo County, Indiana, since her marriage in 1912, was well aware of the damage that frequent river flooding could do to farms. During the 1920s, Jenckes reported that her farm had flooded nine times. Jenckes took a more active role in flood-control efforts after she and other local farmers formed a group.Juncos was the association's secretary. Jenckes was one of two women from the Terre Haute area who traveled to the Democratic National Convention in Houston, Texas, to join others in successfully lobbying for the inclusion of one of her association's flood-control plans as a plank in the Democratic Party's national platform. The secretary of the National Rivers and Harbors Congress was <mask>. Jenckes was the first woman from Indiana to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. She was re-elected to the two succeeding Congresses after being elected as a new Deal Democrat to represent Indiana's Sixth Congressional District. <mask> was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1933 to 1939. The year after Indiana's Sixth Congressional District was created, Jenckes's first campaign for a seat in Congress began.The district extended north from Vigo County to Warren County. The forty-four-year-old Jenckes spent a lot of time campaigning in the new district. She delivered more than two hundred speeches. During her campaign, Jenckes focused on repeal of prohibition, which she felt was contributing to the decline in grain prices, along with her previous record and efforts related to flood control. Jenckes had to defeat two incumbents in order to win her first election. The Democratic incumbent, Courtland C. Gillen of Greencastle, Indiana, was defeated in the party's primary in May 1932. She defeated Fred S. Purnell, who had represented the northern counties in a district that was lost in the reorganization, in the general election.Jenckes, who was one of four women in the United States who ran for a seat in Congress in 1932, easily won election in the Democrats' landslide election of 1932. In the new congressional district, Jenckes received 54 percent of the vote to Purnell's 46 percent. Jenckes quickly distinguished herself in Congress even though she didn't get the assignment she wanted on the Agricultural Committee. The Mines and Mining, Civil Service, and District of Columbia committees were assigned to Jenckes. After the conclusion of the 74th Congress, Jenckes left the Mines and Mining committee, but retained her membership in the Civil Service and District of Columbia committees. An advocate of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies, Jenckes favored the repeal of prohibition and supported agricultural issues. During her first term in Congress, Jenckes voted in favor of the Cullen-Harrison Act, which allowed for the production, transportation, and sale of beer, despite her campaign promise to repeal prohibition.The Agricultural Adjustment Act was declared invalid by the U.S. Supreme Court after she voted in favor of it. Jenckes sought to provide the city's voters with a greater voice in their government, to reduce the workload of its firefighters, and to monitor its schools through her work on the District of Columbia Committee. Jenckes was an advocate for veterans and American workers. She supported the Patman Greenback Bonus Bill, which extended a pay bonus to World War I veterans, and encouraged the adoption of the Railroad Retirement Act. Jenckes did not always follow the Roosevelt administration's lead when it came to New Deal initiatives. In her first vote in Congress, she voted against the Economy Act of 1933 because it would reduce veterans benefits, a move that Jenckes had promised her constituents she would not allow. Jenckes's biggest accomplishment was to get an appropriation for the Wabash River basin that became law.In 1934, Jenckes defeated Purnell by a margin of 383 votes out of 135,000 cast, to win her second term in Congress. Jenckes spoke more about women's issues during her second term in office. Jenckes's self-identification as a champion of women's interests and presenting herself as someone who could offer a feminine perspective on legislative issues were two themes that characterized the remainder of her congressional career. Jenckes was endorsed by the National Woman's Party and advocated for political equality for women. Jenckes supported policies that would benefit women as well as consumer and business interests. Jenckes acknowledged that drug industry members persuaded her to support the cause, but she urged Congress to reduce taxes on cosmetics. Jenckes argued that the taxes on cosmetics were unfair to working women.Jenckes voted with the majority of the New Deal Democrats even though she was ambivalence about some of the programs. She refused to accept Social Security benefits after she voted in favor of the Social Security Act. Jenckes thought that giving dole to people took away their self respect. Due to Roosevelt's victory, Jenckes won a third term in the U.S. House in 1936, only a few weeks after her daughter's death from Tuberculosis. In her later years, Jenckes became more conservative. She petitioned Congress to ban the Works Progress Administration from competing in construction projects because she felt they were unfair to the building trades. Jenckes advocated for congressional funding for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.Jenckes was active in efforts to eliminate what she believed to be subversive activities in America, and she was vocal in her opposition to communism. Legislation that required the American flag to be flown atop federal buildings was introduced by Jenckes because of her strong interest in national symbols. Jenckes publicly stated that she believed the lack of American flags flying atop public buildings in Washington, D.C. was due to the efforts of communist propagandists and called on other Americans, especially women, to join her anticommunist crusade. These comments made Jenckes a controversial figure throughout her years in Congress. Her advocacy of women's interests was overshadowed by her patriotism and anticommunist views. In 1935 Jenckes supported an amendment to a Washington, D.C. appropriations bill that banned communism in the city's public schools. Conflicts between Jenckes and other members of the District of Columbia Committee were caused by disagreements over the bill that repealed the amendment.After being re-elected to her third and final term in Congress, Jenckes continued to create controversy about her anticommunist comments and distrust of Russia and Japan. In 1937, she advocated for the removal of cherry trees in Washington, D.C., that Japan had given to the United States at an earlier time as a gift of friendship. Jenckes thought that Japan's trees were a symbol of disloyalty and a way to open the way for their spies and propagandists, so she suggested that they be replaced with American cherry trees. Jenckes was the first American woman to be appointed as a delegate to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. She attended the annual gathering to promote peace and cooperation in an effort to establish representative democracies. She urged the U.S. government to demand repayment of loans made to European countries during World War I in order to discourage rearmament. Jenckes argued that a strong defense was the best way to keep the United States out of war.<mask>, a Democrat in a heavily Republican congressional district, was unsuccessful in his attempt to be re-elected in 1938. Jenckes's work on her behalf did not save her from defeat, as her actions generally reflected her district's conservatism. Noble J. Johnson narrowly defeated Jenckes in the general election. Jenckes was one of seventy Democrats who were defeated for re-election that year. After retiring from the U.S. Congress in 1939, Jenckes remained in Washington, D.C., where she was a volunteer for the American Red Cross for nearly two decades. She still held her anticommunist views. When Jenckes was seventy-nine, she gained national attention for her efforts to assist five Catholic priests in their escape from prisons in Hungary to the United States.Jenckes was a liaison between the American government and the Hungarian freedom fighters. In 1969 Jenckes returned to Indiana. She returned to Terre Haute in 1971 after living in Indianapolis for two years. Jenckes died on January 9, 1975, at the age of 97, after being moved from her home in Terre Haute, Indiana, to a local nursing facility. She was buried in Terre Haute's Highland Lawn Cemetery. During the New Deal-era, Jenckes was one of the more colorful politicians. Despite the public ridicule she received, she remained a steadfast anticommunist.It has been said that Jenckes was a Cold War warrior. "<mask> Ellis Jenckes Papers, Manuscript Division, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis 1877 births 1975, deaths Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana Indiana Democrats."

masks:
Virginia Ellis Jenckes
Virginia Ellis
James Ellis
Ray Jenckes
Virginia
Jenckes
Jenckes
Jenckes
Virginia


texts: <mask> was an American banker, businessman, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector, and politician. He established a large business empire before moving into politics. The boom years of the 1920s and the Wall Street crash of 1929 were presided over by him as Secretary of the Treasury. In the aftermath of World War I, <mask> favored policies that reduced taxation and the national debt. The leading figure in the institution was <mask>, who began working at his father's bank in the early 1870s. He established another financial institution, the Union Trust Company. By the end of 1913, Union Trust held more money in deposits than any other bank in Pittsburgh, and the second-largest bank in the region.In the course of his business career, he owned or helped finance companies such as the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Old Overholt whiskey, Standard Steel Car Company, and the Pittsburgh Coal Company. He was a major donor to the Republican Party during the Progressive Era. The Secretary of the Treasury was chosen by the president in 1921. Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were both members of the Republican Party. After World War I, <mask> wanted to reform federal taxation. He argued that a progressive income tax would generate more tax revenue for the government. The Revenue Act of 1921 and the Revenue Act of 1924 enacted some of the proposals, but they were not fully realized until the Revenue Act of 1926.The national debt was reduced in the 1920s. During Coolidge's presidency, <mask>'s influence in state and national politics reached its zenith. It would be fair to call the Coolidge administration the reign of Coolidge and <mask>, according to journalist William Allen White. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression caused the national reputation of <mask> to fall. The Hoover administration tried to revive the economy and maintain the international economic order, but he opposed direct government intervention in the economy. After Congress began impeachment proceedings against <mask>, President Hoover shifted him to the position of United States ambassador to the United Kingdom. After Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the 1932 presidential election, <mask> returned to private life.In 1933, the federal government launched a tax fraud investigation on <mask>, leading to a high-profile case that ended with his estate paying significant sums to settle the matter. The National Gallery of Art was established shortly before his death. The National Portrait Gallery was a result of his philanthropic efforts. <mask>'s paternal grandparents migrated to the United States from Ireland in the 18th century. They settled in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, with their son. Sarah Jane Negley, an heiress descended from some of the first settlers of Pittsburgh, was married to <mask>, who established a successful legal practice in Pittsburgh. Thomas and his wife had eight children, five of which survived to adulthood.<mask> was the sixth child of Thomas and Sarah. After becoming a prominent member of the local Republican Party, <mask> was elected to a position on the Pennsylvania court of common pleas. <mask> attended a school built by Thomas because he was suspicious of both public and private schools. After leaving his position as a judge, <mask> established a bank. Despite being in his early teens, <mask> joined his father at the bank and became a valued employee. <mask> never graduated from Western University, which was later renamed the University of Pittsburgh. <mask> worked at a lumber and coal business for a short time after leaving Western University.The national and local economy was devastated by the Panic of 1873. By late 1874, the bank's deposits had reached the level they had been before the start of the Panic, thanks to <mask>. In 1876, he was given power of attorney to direct the operations of the bank. One year later, Thomas introduced his son to Henry Clay Frick, a customer of the bank who would become one of Mellons's closest friends. Thomas continued to be involved in the bank's activities after he turned over full ownership to his son. Richard B<mask> joined T. Mellon & Sons as a co-owner and vice president. The bank's activities were expanded during the 1880s.The Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce was a national bank that was authorized to print money. The Union Insurance Company, City Deposit Bank, Fidelity Title and Trust Company, and the Union Trust Company were found by <mask>. He became a director of the Pittsburgh Petroleum Exchange and a co-founder of two natural gas companies that collectively held 35,000 acres of gas lands. <mask> would manage the properties on behalf of Thomas, his parents, and his brothers. All of Thomas' assets were transferred to <mask> in 1894. The businesses <mask> ran were small in the 1890s, but still employed seven people. The Pittsburgh Reduction Company was founded in 1889 to become the first successful industrial producer of aluminum.The establishment of aluminum factories in Pennsylvania and New York could not have been done without the help of <mask> and Richard. The company became one of the most profitable ventures invested in by the Mellons and was renamed in 1907. The Crescent Oil Company, the Crescent Pipeline Company, and the Bear Creek refinery were established by the Mellon family. Ten percent of the oil exported by the United States was produced by the family's vertically integrated companies. The Mellons sold their oil interests in 1895 due to the difficult economic conditions caused by the Panic of 1893. <mask> and Richard invested in the company at the same time they sold their oil concerns. In 1898, the brothers gained majority ownership of the company and replaced its founder and president, Edward Goodrich Acheson, with Frank W. Haskell.The vice president of the Trade Dollar Consolidated Mining Company was invested in mining concerns. Henry Clay Frick hosted many people for poker games, including inventor George Westinghouse. After establishing the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, <mask> became one of the club's first members. The South Fork Dam was built to support an artificial lake that the club used for fishing and boating. The Johnstown Flood of 1889 killed 2,000 people and destroyed 1,600 homes. In the aftermath of the flood, the club was found to have no legal responsibility for the flood. He donated $1,000 to a relief fund, though he didn't comment on the flood.By the late 1890s, John D. Rockefeller had amassed a substantial fortune, but his wealth paled in comparison to that of <mask>. The Union Trust Company emerged as one of <mask>'s most important and profitable holdings after he expanded the company's activities to include commercial banking in the late 1890s. National Glass and several other companies were underwritten with capital from Union Trust. The Pittsburgh Coal Company and the Monongahela River Coal Company contributed 11 percent of the coal production of the United States when he established them. The Union Steel Company specialized in the production of nails and barbed wire. Carnegie gave his consent to venture into the steel industry even though he had fallen out with Frick. The New York Shipbuilding Corporation became a major shareholder after the Spanish–American War because of the growing emphasis on naval power.The National Bank of T. Mellon & Sons was reorganized in the 19th century. The Union Trust Company was controlled by the three of them in a new business arrangement. The Union Savings Bank, which accepted deposits by mail, was established in the first years of the 20th century. The Union Steel Company, which was bought out by U.S. Steel, was one of the investments that paid off handsomely. The Standard Steel Car Company was created in partnership with three former U.S. Steel executives. The Guffey Company was established as a result of the Texas oil boom. The Guffey Company was reorganized as Gulf Oil in 1907 after the removal of Guffey as the head of his company.According to David Cannadine, the "most significant individual in the economic life and progress of western Pennsylvania" in the first decade of the 20th century was Mellon. Several companies based in Pittsburgh were devastated by the Panic of 1907. Most of the investments experienced a quick recovery after 1907. After he helped prevent the company from going into bankruptcy, he became an investor in the company. By the end of 1913, the Farmer's Deposit National Bank was controlled by the Union Trust Company, which held more money in deposits than any other bank in Pittsburgh. The coking oven that was pioneered by Frick was more sophisticated than the one that was co-owned by <mask>. He was a director of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the American Locomotive Company.The Union Trust Company and other Mellon institutions provided millions of dollars in loans to the United Kingdom and France in order to finance World War I. The Old Overholt whiskey distillery was purchased by <mask>, Richard, and datememe datememe. Old Overholt was one of the most respected whiskey producers in the country. As prohibition became more popular, Frick and Mellon removed their names from the distilling license but retained ownership of the company. It is believed that the company was able to get a permit due to the connections of the Treasury Department. Overholt was able to sell existing whiskey stocks to druggists. He left his share to Mellon when he died.In 1925, under pressure from prohibitionists, <mask> sold his share of the company. His father supported the Republican Party and he donated to state and local party leaders. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was influenced by state party boss Matthew Quay. The rise of progressivism and the antitrust actions pursued by the presidential administrations of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson dismayed <mask>. He was against the investigations into Alcoa, which was signed a consent decree rather than going to trial. In the aftermath of World War I, he provided financial support to Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans. The Republican National Convention chose Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as the party's presidential nominee despite <mask>'s hopes that Senator Philander Knox would win the nomination.During the presidential campaign, he served as a key fundraiser for Harding, and he strongly approved of the party's conservative platform. Frank Lowden, John W. Weeks, and Charles Dawes were all considered for the position of Secretary of the Treasury by the Harding administration. Pennsylvania Republican leaders like Senator Boies Penrose and Governor Sproul supported <mask>'s potential appointment to the cabinet, even though he was little-known outside of banking circles. Due to concerns about privacy and a belief that his ownership of various businesses, including Old Overholt distillery, would be a political liability, <mask> was reluctant to enter public life. He wanted to retire from active participation in business and a cabinet position was a great way to end his career. The United States Senate confirmed the appointment of <mask> as Secretary of the Treasury in February 1921. Though his supporters believed that he was highly qualified to address the economic issues facing the country, critics of the Harding administration saw the appointment as a sign that he would "reseat the power of special privileged interests, the powers of avarice and greed, the powers that seek self."Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was distrusted by many of the same Senate Republicans who supported <mask>'s candidacy. Richard sold his banking stock to his brother, but he continued to hold his non-banking stock. During his time in public service, <mask> was involved with the major decisions of his business empire through Richard and other business associates. At one point in the 1920s, he paid more in federal income tax than any other individual, even though his fortune continued to grow. In the midst of the Depression of 1920–21, the Treasury Secretary focused on balancing the budget and paying off World War I debts, but he was not interested in international affairs or the unemployment rate. He did not believe in teetotaling himself and viewed the law as not being valid. An update of the federal tax code was the top priority.With the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913, the income tax became a major part of the federal government's revenue system, while federal taxation on income increased during World War I to provide funding for the war effort. Major reforms to the federal income tax in the aftermath of World War I were "inevitable", but the exact nature of the tax system in the 1920s was debated by conservatives and progressives within the Republican Party. The redistributive nature of the taxation system that had been left in place by the Wilson administration was rejected by <mask>. Some conservatives in the party favored the abolition of the income tax in favor of high tariffs, excise taxes, and a national sales tax, but <mask> did not join them because of the high debts left over from the war. The retention of a progressive income tax would be an important source of revenue for the federal government. His so-called "scientific taxation" was designed to maximize federal revenue while minimizing the impact on business and industry. The reduction of the surtax was one of the central tenets of the tax plan.The reduction would not affect federal revenue because it would lead to greater economic growth. He hoped that tax reform would encourage high earners to move their savings from tax-exempt state and municipal bonds to higher yield industrial stocks. Much of the tax plan that he proposed had been developed by former Wilson administration officials, but the press referred to it as the "Mellon Plan". The top marginal income tax rate was set at 73% by the Revenue Act of 1918. Due in part to the size of the U.S. public debt, which had grown from $1 billion before the war to $24 billion in 1921, the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1918 remained in place when Harding took office. In 1921, the Treasury Department and the House Ways and Means Committee prepared a bill setting the top marginal rate at the level advocated by <mask>, but opposition in the Senate from progressives limited the size of the tax cuts. The Revenue Act of 1921 raised personal tax exemptions and lowered the top marginal tax rate after Congress passed it.The bill differed from what he had originally proposed. He was against theBonus Bill because he feared it would interfere with his plans to reduce debt and taxes. Congress failed to override the veto of the bill, which was vetoed by Harding. As the economy recovered from recession and began to experience the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, <mask> emerged as one of the most renowned figures in the Harding administration. The congressman referred to <mask> as the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton. Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as Vice President in August 1923, after the death of President Harding. Both Coolidge and <mask> shared similar views on most major issues, including the need for further tax cuts.It would be fair to call the Coolidge administration the reign of Coolidge and <mask> according to William Allen White, a contemporary journalist. The publicity campaign was designed to convince wavering congressmen to support the tax plan. The efforts were opposed by a coalition of Democrats and progressive Republicans. In February 1924, the

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texts: House Ways and Means Committee approved of a bill based on <mask>'s plan, but an alliance of progressive Republicans and Democrats engineered passage of an alternative tax bill written by Democrat John Nance Garner. In June 1924, Coolidge signed the Revenue Act of 1924, which included income tax rates and increased the estate tax. Coolidge called for more tax cuts when he signed the bill. The amendment that would have barred the issuance of tax-exempt securities and authorized a bonus to World War I veterans was rejected by Congress.Congress created the Board of Tax Appeals in order to adjudicate disputes between taxpayers and the government. After one presidential term, he decided to remain in the cabinet in order to preside over the full enactment of his taxation proposals. Both the Democrats and Robert La Follette, the third-party candidate in the 1924 presidential election, denounced <mask>'s tax proposals as a device to relieve multi-millionaires at the expense of other taxpayers. Coolidge was re-elected by a decisive margin because of the strong economy and the scandals of the Harding years. The victory of Coolidge was seen as a mandate to pursue his favored economic policies. After the 1924 elections, Congress immediately began working on a bill to lower tax rates on the highest earner. The revenue act Coolidge signed reduced the top marginal rate to 25%.The Revenue Act of 1924 and the Revenue Act of 1921 were both similar to the Revenue Act of 1926. The act raised the personal exemption for federal income taxes, abolished the gift tax, reduced the estate tax rate, and repealed a provision that required the public disclosure of federal income tax returns. The country's national debt dropped from $24 billion in early 1921 to $19.6 billion at the end of the 1926 fiscal year, as the booming economy fostered a $400 million budget surplus. Government revenues increased a lot under the plan. With his top priority of tax reform accomplished, <mask> turned over management of the Treasury Department to his deputy. They wanted to repeal the estate tax and cut the corporate tax. The corporate tax was cut, but the estate tax was not.The construction of several buildings in the Federal Triangle was a result of <mask>'s efforts. "In no other nation, and at no other time in the history of the world, have so many people enjoyed such a high degree of prosperity or maintained a standard of living comparable to that which prevails throughout this country today," said <mask> in 1928. Benjamin Strong Jr. and other central bankers took the lead with regard to international monetary policy, but they still had some influence in foreign affairs. He recognized that Britain and other countries would not be able to pay their debts without a revision of the terms. In 1923, Britain promised to pay off its debts over a 62-year period in an agreement brokered by the British Chancellor of the Exchequer Stanley Baldwin. The adoption of the Dawes Plan led to debt settlements with several European countries. The United States and France agreed to a deal that reduced France's debt and set terms for repayment.Coolidge surprised many by announcing that he wouldn't seek another term in August 1927. Many conservatives within the party opposed Hoover's candidacy, but the decision left Hoover as the presumed front-runner for the 1928 presidential election. The conservative resistance to Hoover was centered around the influential leader of the Pennsylvania delegation at the 1928 Republican National Convention. Though they had maintained an amiable relationship in public, Hoover was distrusted by <mask>, Hoover resented his engagement in the affairs of other cabinet departments, and he feared that a President Hoover would move away from his tax policies. Republicans urged him to run for president, but he thought he was too old. Coolidge and Hughes didn't listen to <mask>'s appeals to run. In the months before the 1928 Republican Convention, <mask> kept his neutrality in the presidential race, but with no compelling alternative Republican candidate willing to run, he threw his support behind Hoover.Hoover won the Republican nomination on the first ballot of the convention and went on to defeat Al Smith in the 1928 presidential election. The Secretary of the Treasury decided to stay on despite expectations that he would retire. Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson and Secretary of Labor James J. Davis are the other two cabinet members to serve in the same post. Lower interest rates contributed to a booming economy, but they also encouraged stock market speculation. The Federal Reserve Board began raising interest rates in response to the dangers of speculation and a booming stock market. The Federal Reserve Board raised the discount rate to six percent in August 1929, after Mellon favored another interest rate increase. The activity on the stock market continued to grow despite the higher rate."Black Tuesday" was the worst crash in the history of the New York Stock Exchange. The crash didn't have a huge effect on the U.S. economy because most Americans didn't own stock in the market. He was opposed to an interventionist economic policy designed to address the stock market crash, and he had little sympathy for the speculators who lost their money. In mid-1930, the discount rate would reach two percent, and in order to pass a bill for temporary, across-the-board tax cuts, <mask> immediately began calling for cuts to the discount rate. Even if it meant shutting down entire industries, <mask> was in favor of asset liquidation to balance budgets. Many believed that the economy had already suffered the worst effects of the stock market crash. The Smoot–Hawley Act raised tariffs to one of the highest levels in U.S. history, but he did not object.The economy went into a deep slump in the late 1930s despite the optimism of Hoover and <mask>. Democrats won control of Congress in the 1930 mid-term elections despite numerous banks failing. As the economy declined, so did his popularity, which was further damaged by his opposition to another bonus bill for veterans. In the late 19th century, the country entered a deep depression and, at Hoover's request, <mask> negotiated a moratorium on German debt repayments. After returning to the United States in August 1931, he was confronted by another series of bank failures. The Bank of Pittsburgh was one of the banks that failed. The National Credit Association was a voluntary initiative among the larger banks that was designed to assist failing institutions.Congress and the Hoover administration established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to provide federal loans to banks after the National Credit Association failed to stem the tide of bank failures. With the unemployment rate approaching twenty percent, <mask> became one of the most "loathed leaders" in the United States. Hoover was urged not to use the government to intervene in the depression. The economic recessions of 1873 and 1907 were part of the business cycle because they wiped out the economy. In his memoirs, Hoover wrote that he was told to liquidate labor, stocks, farmers, and real estate. Get the rottenness out of the system. High costs of living will come down.People will pick up wrecks from less competent people. Faced with a large deficit, <mask> and Mills called for a return to the tax rates set by the Revenue Act of 1924, as well as new taxes on automobiles, gasoline, and other items. Many of the Treasury Department's proposals were included in the Revenue Act of 1932. In early 1932, Congressman Wright Patman of Texas initiated impeachment proceedings against <mask>, accusing him of violating federal laws designed to prevent conflicts of interest. He was unable to counter Patman's charges because of his falling popularity. The position of ambassador to the United Kingdom was offered to <mask> by Hoover. Mills replaced his boss as Secretary of the Treasury as <mask> accepted the post.He received a warm reception when he arrived in Britain in April of 1932. He watched the collapse of the international economic order from his post. He convinced the British to allow Gulf Oil to operate in Kuwait, a British protectorate in the oil-rich region of the Persian Gulf. Hoover was defeated in the presidential election by Roosevelt. After twelve years of government service, <mask> left office when Hoover's term ended in March 1933. The power vacuum in Pennsylvania Republican politics was caused by the deaths of Knox and Penrose. Their support helped ensure the elections of Senator David A. Reed and Senator George W. Pepper in 1922.The leadership of the state party was challenged by William Scott Vare of Philadelphia and Gifford Pinchot, who won the 1922 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, as they were unable to assert the same level of control that Boies Penrose had. In the 1920s, <mask> continued to exert an important influence on Pennsylvania politics, especially in senatorial elections and in Allegheny County. The progressive allies of Governor Pinchot took control of the state Republican Party in the early 1930s. In the months leading up to Roosevelt's inauguration, many financial institutions failed, but the Union Trust Company, Mellbank Corporation, and Mellon National Bank were all able to stay open. The 1933 Banking Act, which required separation between commercial and investment banking, was opposed by Mellon. The free market system that had produced one of the largest economies in the world was undermined by the various New Deal policies. Other New Deal policies, such as regulations on utilities and coal mines, and laws designed to promote labor unions, affected Mellon's business empire.The Revenue Act of 1934 and the Revenue Act of 1935 were designed to increase taxation on top earners and corporations. Harvey O'Connor published a popular and unfavorable biography of <mask>'s Millions after he left office. In 1933, Democrats won control of Allegheny County and the following year, Joseph F. Guffey won the Senate election in Pennsylvania. He spent most of his final years in Washington because of his unpopularity in Pittsburgh. Several high-profile tax evasion prosecutions were conducted by the Roosevelt administration in the 1930s. The Attorney General began an inquiry into <mask>'s tax history after he was accused of tax evasion. Between February 1935 and May 1936, the Board of Tax Appeals heard a case in which the federal government accused <mask> of tax fraud.The details of his business career were previously unknown to the public. In 1936, he was diagnosed with cancer. He died on August 26, 1937, after his health declined. His death was noted by newspapers across the country. One of the most important industrial and financial figures of our time has passed away, as stated by the Secretary of the Treasury. Trinity Episcopal Church Cemetery is in Upperville, Virginia. After <mask>'s death, the Board of Tax Appeals exonerating him of all tax fraud charges.After learning that Fannie Larimer Jones was suffering from Tuberculosis, he broke off his relationship with her. After this experience, he stopped courting women. In 1898, while traveling with Frick and his wife to Europe, <mask> met a young English woman. After a period of courting, the couple married in 1900. Ailsa was born in 1901. She was unhappy in her marriage and disliked living in Pittsburgh. She began an affair with Alfred George Curphey at the end of 1903.In 1907, she gave birth to a son, Paul. The reconciliation was short-lived, as Nora took up with Curphey again and requested a divorce the following year. <mask> agreed to a separation to avoid a public scandal. A law that required a jury trial in divorce proceedings was amended by the Pennsylvania legislature after <mask> persuaded them to do so. The divorce proceedings were extensively covered by the media. The divorce settlement that was agreed on in 1912 was largely on <mask>'s terms. The man did not remarry.After moving to the Hudson Valley, the two children alternated living with either of their parents. Harvey Arthur Lee was a British-born antiques dealer who was 14 years her junior. Two years after the Lees' divorce, Paul asked his mother to change her name back to <mask>. In the 1920s, Ailsa was courted by several influential men, including Otto Christian von Bismarck, Robert Horne, and Gelasio Caetani. The greatest society event that the nation's capital had witnessed since before World War I was the marriage of Ailsa and David K. Bruce. After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Paul worked at a bank. He became a well-known philanthropist in Virginia.<mask> was succeeded as the head of the financial empire by Richard King <mask>. In the early 1900s, he began donating to local organizations, such as the YMCA, after abandoning philanthropy for much of his life. In 1913, he and his brother, Richard, established the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research as a department of the University of Pittsburgh. The Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the institute. The land on which the Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Chapel were constructed was one of the major donations made by the alumni president of the University of Pittsburgh. The University of Pittsburgh is estimated to have received over $43 million in donations. Encouraged by Charles Carstairs.The mid-to-late 1890s was when <mask> began collecting art. During the 1920s, his collection was considered to be one of the finest art collections in Washington, as he purchased pieces from both Joseph Duveen and Knoedler. According to Cannadine, he purchased half of the "greatest paintings" from the Soviet Union's Hermitage Museum in the early 1930s. The paintings were given to the National Gallery of Art. The national art museum in Washington will be modeled after the National Gallery in London. The federal government would pay for the upkeep of the national art museum that was established in 1936 after President Roosevelt was presented with an offer to establish it. The offer was conditioned on the establishment of a board of trustees.Despite the ongoing tax case against <mask>, the Roosevelt administration accepted the offer and Congress passed legislation authorizing the construction of the National Gallery of Art on his terms. The National Gallery of Art opened in 1941. The National Portrait Gallery is named after David E. Finley Jr., a friend and former employee of <mask>'s. The 33rd and highest degree was raised by <mask>. The Andrew W. Mellon Memorial Fountain in Washington was dedicated in 1952 by Harry S. Truman. Washington, D.C. is home to the Andrew W. Mellon Building. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation is the product of the merger of the Avalon Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation, and the US Coast Guard cutter <mask> is named in his honor.The cartoon figure in black top hat and tails with white mustache on the board game Monopoly is an example of popular culture. In the fifth, eighth and twelfth episodes of the third season, <mask><mask> is the Secretary of the Treasury. His character is played by James Cromwell. In the alternate history/time travel story "A Slip in Time", <mask> was the President of the United States when the First World War was avoided. In Matt Stoller's book, "Goliath: The 100 Year War Between Monopoly Power and Democracy," there are unflattering chapters about congressman Wright Patman and Roosevelt administration lawyer Robert H. Jackson. See also List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in

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