texts: Synesius's letters describes a silver plane as a gift for an official. An astrolabe is a device that uses the position of the stars and planets to calculate time and date. Predicting where the stars and planets will be on a given date is possible. An armillary sphere, which was globe-shaped, was a kind of astrolabe that used stereographic projection of the heavens to represent the heavens on a plane surface. A plane astrolabe was portable and could be used for practical measurements, whereas armillary spheres were large and normally used for display. The statement from Synesius's letter has been wrongly interpreted to mean that the plane astrolabe was invented 500 years before Hypatia was born.Theon had written two books about the armillary sphere in Ptolemy'sAlmagest and Memoirs on the Little Astrolabe. Theon's work was well-known to the Syrian bishop, who wrote his own work on Astrolabes. Theon may have studied Ptolemy's Planisphaerium in order to build an astrolabe. According to Synesius, Hypatia acted as a guide and mentor during the process of constructing the astrolabe, but did not design or construct it herself. In another letter, Synesius asked Hypatia to build him a hydroscope, a device that can determine the density or specific gravity of liquids. It has been claimed that the hydrometer was invented by Hypatia. The minute detail in which Synesius describes the instrument indicates that he assumes she has never heard of it, but that she will be able to replicate it based on a verbal description.The Roman author Remnius wrote a poem about hydrometers in the 2nd century AD, which may have been invented by him. Modern authors often credit Hypatia with having developed a variety of other inventions, but they may be discounted as spurious. The modern day reputation of Hypatia as a philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and mechanical inventor is disproportionate to the amount of surviving evidence of her life's work. As opposed to evidence, this reputation is built on myth. We don't have all of the evidence that would support it. New academic lecture halls continued to be built in Alexandria after the death of Hypatia. Simplicius of Cilicia, Olympiodorus the Younger, and Hierocles of Alexandria were some of the Neoplatonist philosophers who made astronomy observations, taught mathematics, and wrote lengthy commentaries on the works of Plato and Aristotle.Aedesia, Asclepigenia, and Theodora are the last female Neoplatonist philosophers. According to Watts, the sudden death of Hypatia left her legacy unguarded and triggered a backlash against her entire ideology. With her tolerance towards Christian students and willingness to cooperate with Christian leaders, she hoped to establish a precedent that Neoplatonism and Christianity could coexist and peacefully. Her death and the Christian government's failure to impose justice on her killers led future Neoplatonists such as Damascius to consider Christian bishops to be "dangerous, jealous figures who were also utterly unphilosophical." Philosophers adopted attitudes that emphasized pagan aspects of their beliefs system in order to create a sense of identity for them as pagans set apart from the Christian mass. Watts believes that the death of Hypatia brought an end to her particular variety of Neoplatonist philosophy. There was a forged anti-Christian letter under her name.Damascius blamed Bishop Cyril and his Christian followers for the murder of Hypatia. According to a passage from Damascius's Life of Isidore, Cyril's jealousy over her "wisdom exceeding all bounds and especially in the things concerning astronomy" led to her murder. The sole historical source is Damascius's account of the Christian murder of Hypatia. At the same time, Damascius was not a fan of Hypatia, and compared her to his own teacher, Isidore of Alexandria. Christian martyrs in Alexandria were dragged through the streets during the Decian persecution in 250. She was a Christian martyr because of her lifelong virginity. The legend of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, a virgin martyr said to have been exceedingly wise and well-educated, was based on the stories of the Decian martyrs.The earliest attestation for the cult of Saint Catherine is from the eighth century. Saint Catherine was confronted by fifty pagan philosophers who wanted to convert her to Christianity, but instead converted them to Christianity through her eloquence. Saint Catherine was said to be a student of Athanasius of Alexandria. In the Laodikeia of Asia Minor, <mask> was venerated as similar to St. Catherine. Two different accounts of her life are summarized in an entry in the Byzantine Suda encyclopedia. The first eleven lines are from Damascius's Life of Isidore. Most of the first eleven lines of the entry are from Hesychius's Onomatologos, but there is a claim that she was the wife of Isidore the Philosopher.This is a very puzzling claim, not only because Isidore of Alexandria was not born until long after Hypatia's death, and no other philosopher of that name contemporary with Hypatia is known, but also because it is contrary to Damascius's own statement The meaning of the word gyn used by Damascius to describe hypatia in his Life of Isidore may have been misinterpreted, according to Watts. The Byzantine and Christian intellectual Photios includes both of Damascius's books. In his own comments, Photios talks about his great fame as a scholar, but does not mention her death, which may indicate that he thought her scholarly work was more important than her fame. The second wife of Constantine X Doukas, the intellectual Eudokia Makrembolitissa, was described by the historian as a "second hypatia". John Toland used the murder of Hypatia as the basis for an anti-Catholic tract, changing the story and inventing elements not found in any of the ancient sources. In 1721, Thomas Lewis defended Cyril, rejected Damascius's account as unreliable, and argued that Socrates was biased against Cyril.In his Examen important de Milord Bolingbroke ou le tombeau de fanatisme (1736), Voltaire said that "hypatia was a believer in the laws of rational Nature and the capacities of the human mind free of dogmas." In an entry for his Dictionnaire philosophique, Voltaire once again portrayed Hypatia as a freethinking deistic genius brutally murdered by ignorant and misunderstanding Christians. The controversy over whether or not Cyril was responsible for her death is the focus of most of the entry. When one strips beautiful women naked, it is not to massacre them. In his monumental work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, the English historian Edward Gibbon expanded on Toland and Voltaire's misleading portrayals by declaring Cyril as the sole cause of all evil in Alexandria at the beginning of the fifth century. He commented on Cyril's continued veneration as a Christian saint, saying that "superstition would more gently expiate the blood of a virgin, than the banishment of a saint." Catholic authors, as well as some French Protestants, insisted that Cyril had no involvement in the murder and that Peter the Lector was solely responsible.The debates focused on the question of whether Peter the Lector had acted alone or under the orders of Cyril. The legend of Hypatia was spun as part of neo-Hellenism, a movement that romanticized ancient Greeks and their values. There was an increase in interest in the "literary legend of Hypatia". She had been killed by a "treacherous" priest and Cyril had converted her to Christianity. The epitome of "vulnerable truth and beauty" was portrayed by a French poet. She was portrayed as a victim of the laws of history in Leconte de Lisle's first poem. His second poem reverted to the Deistic portrayal of Hypatia as the victim of Christian brutality, but with a twist that fails to convince Cyril that Neoplatonism and Christianity are actually the same.The 1856 novel "hypatia; Or, New Foes with an Old Face" was originally intended to be a historical book, but instead became a typical mid-Victorian romance with a militantly anti-Catholic message. The novel was translated into several European languages and remained in print for the rest of the century. It promoted the romantic vision of Hypatia as "the last of the Hellenes" and was quickly adapted into a broad variety of stage productions, the first of which was a play written by Elizabeth Bowers, starring the writer herself in the title role. On January 2, 1893, a stage play adaptation of G. Stuart Ogilvie's novel "hypatia" opened at the Haymarket Theatre in London. The musical score for the title role was written by the composer, and it was originally played by Julia Neilson. The novel spawned works of visual art, including an 1867 image portraying Hypatia as a young woman by the early photographer Julia Margaret Cameron and an 1885 painting by Charles William Mitchell showing a nude Hypatia standing before an altar in a church. European philosophers and scientists described Hypatia as the last representative of science and free inquiry before a long medieval decline.The first famous "witch" punished under Christian authority was argued for in the History of the Witchcraft Trials by German authors Soldan and Heppe. When a main belt asteroid was named for her, she was honored as an astronomer. The craters on the moon were named for her and her father. The Rimae Hypatia are located north of the crater and south of the equator. In the 20th century, American writer Elbert Hubbard wrote a biography of <mask>. The book is fiction. Hubbard claims that Theon established a physical exercise program for his daughter which included fishing, horseback-riding, and rowing.He claims that Theon taught Hypatia that it was better to think wrongly than to never think at all. Hubbard claims that as a young woman, she traveled to Athens, where she studied under Plutarch. The biographical information is completely fictional and not found in any ancient source. Hubbard says that she presents modern, rationalist views in numerous completely fabricated quotations. The cover illustration for the book, a drawing of a young woman with her hair tied back in a classical style, has become the most widely reproduced image of her. The life and death of <mask>, who was adopted by feminists, began to be viewed in the light of the women's rights movement. Carlo Pascal claimed in 1908 that her murder was an anti-feminist act and brought about a change in the treatment of women, as well as the decline of the Mediterranean civilization in general.The book "hypatia or Woman and Knowledge" was published in 1925 by Dora Russell, the wife of Bertrand Russell. She chose the title because she was denounced by the Church and torn to pieces by Christians. It will most likely be the fate of the book. The death of hypatia became symbolic. According to Kathleen Wider, the murder of <mask> marked the end of Classical antiquity, while Stephen Greenblatt states that her murder "effectively marked the downfall of Alexandrian intellectual life". According to Christian Wildberg, Hellenistic philosophy continued to flourish in the 5th and 6th centuries. Lynn M. Osen relied on Hubbard's fictional biography as her main source of information in her 1974 book Women in Mathematics.Hubbard's biography was used as the main source of information in a medieval history course. The "Great Library of Alexandria" is being burned by militant Christians in a heavily fictionalized version of the story of Hypatia's death. The Library of Alexandria ceased to exist in any form centuries prior to the birth of Hypatia. The Greek journal "hypatia: Feminist Studies" was launched in 1984 and the US journal "hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy" was launched in 1986. There is a library and archive of feminine literary, artistic and scientific work in the United Kingdom and a women's retreat in the United States. The Dinner Party is Judy Chicago's large-scale art piece. The table runner has a depiction of a goddess weeping.According to Chicago, the social unrest leading to Hypatia's murder resulted from Roman patriarchy and the restoration of an original, primeval matriarchy. She concludes that the Library of Alexandria burned her writings when they were destroyed. In Search of Lost Time and Iain Pears's The Dream ofScipio are two of the major works of the twentieth century. Twenty-first century hypatia's life is fictionalized in many countries and languages. In Umberto Eco's 2002 novel Baudolino, the hero's love interest is a half-satyr, half-woman descendant of a female-only community of hypatias. Charlotte Kramer's novel Holy Murder: the Death of Hypatia of Alexandria portrays Cyril as a villain, while hypatia is described as a brilliant, beloved, and more knowledgeable of scripture than Cyril. Ki Longfellow's novel Flow Down Like Silver gives a behind-the-scenes look at why Hypatia started teaching.The novel Azazeel describes the murder of Hypatia through the eyes of a witness. Bruce MacLennan's book The Wisdom of Hypatia introduces Neoplatonic philosophy and exercises for modern life. The Plot to Save Socrates is a movie written and directed by Paul Levinson. In the TV series The Good Place, Lisa Kudrow's character is one of the few ancient philosophers who didn't defend slavery. Agora, directed by Alejandro Amenbar and starring Rachel Weisz as hypatia, is a heavily fictionalized dramatization of her final years. The popular conception of hypatia has been impacted by the film, which was intended to criticize contemporary Christian fundamentalism. It emphasizes the study of astronomy and mechanical sciences instead of her philosophy, and shows depictions of her being sexually assault by one of her father's Christian slaves, as well as the restrictions imposed on women by the early Christian church.There is no evidence that Hypatia ever studied the heliocentric model of the universe and the film inflates her achievements. Christians burn all of the scrolls of the Serapeum, leaving the building largely intact, in a scene from Carl Sagan's Cosmos. The Christians demolished the building because the Serapeum probably didn't have any scrolls at that time. The film implies that the goal of philosophy was "a mystical union with the divine", which is contrary to the teachings of Plotinus. See the history of women in science. The life of hypatia can be found in The life of hypatia can be found in The life of hypatia can be found in The life of hypatia can be found in The life of hypatia can be found in The life of hypatia can be pp.The life of hypatia was written by Socrates Scholasticus. John, Bishop of Nikiu, wrote The Life of Hypatia in his Chronicle. 61–63. The Internet Archive of Socrates of Constantinople, Ecclesiastical History, VII.15 is linked to by the International Society for Neoplatonic Studies. There were 415 deaths in the Documenta Catholica Omnia during the

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texts: <mask> is a billionaire American investor and hedge fund manager. He is the founder and CEO of a hedge fund management company. He is an activist investor because of his investment approach. <mask> was raised in Chappaqua, New York. <mask> is the chairman of a New York real estate financing firm. He is of Jewish descent. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1988 from Harvard College."Scaling the Ivy Wall: the Jewish and Asian American Experience in Harvard Admissions" was his thesis. He received an masters degree from Harvard Business School. The investment firm was founded in 1992 by Ackman and Berkowitz. Small investments in public companies were made by the firm. Ackman and Leucadia National bid for Rockefeller Center in 1995. Although they did not win the deal, the bid generated interest in Gotham from investors three years later, with $500 million of assets under management. By 2002, Gotham had become entrenched in litigation with various external shareholders who also owned an interest in the companies in which it invested.Despite an ongoing probe of his trading activities by New York state and federal authorities, in 2002 <mask> researched MBIA in order to challenge Standard & Poor'sAAA rating of its bonds. As part of his law firm's compliance with a subpoena, he was charged fees for copying 725,000 pages of statements from the financial services company. <mask> wants a division between MBIA's municipal bond insurance business and its structured finance business. He argued that MBIA was restricted from trading billions of dollars of credit default swap (CDS) protection that it had sold against various mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), and was using a second corporation, LaCrosse Financial Products. During the financial crisis of 2007, <mask> bought credit default swaps against MBIA corporate debt and sold them for a large profit. He reported 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 A feud developed between Ackman and Icahn over a deal.If Icahn were to sell the shares within 3 years and make a profit of 10% or more, he and <mask> would split the proceeds. Icahn paid for his shares. HRPT Property Trust paid $136.16 per share for Hallwood in 2004. Icahn owed <mask> and his investors about 4.5 million dollars. Icahn refused to pay. <mask> filed a lawsuit. Icahn had to pay $4.5 million plus 9% interest per year after eight years.In 2004, with $54 million from his personal funds and from his former business partner, <mask> started Pershing Square Capital Management. In 2005, the fast food chain Wendy's International was forced to sell its Tim Hortons chain. In 2006 Wendy's spun off Tim Hortons and raised $670 million for investors. After a dispute over executive succession that led <mask> to sell his shares at a substantial profit, the stock price collapsed, raising criticism that the sale of Wendy's fastest-growing unit left the company in a weaker market position. The new CEO was blamed for the poor performance. A 10% stake in Target Corporation was held by his fund through the purchase of stock and derivatives. In December 2010, his funds held a 38% stake in Borders Group and on December 6, 2010, he said he would finance a Barnes & Noble takeover.At a panel meeting in January 2009, <mask> defended his friend, saying, "Has Ezra committed a crime?" I think thatMerkin is an honest person, an intelligent person, an interesting person, and a smart investor. In April 2009, Merkin was charged with civil fraud by the State of New York for "secretly steering $2.4 billion in client money into Bernard Madoff's Ponzi fraud without their permission." The Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty was one of the victims of the settlement. In December 2012 a new closed-end fund was launched by Pershing Square Capital Management, which raised $3 billion in an IPO on Amsterdam's Euronext stock market. PSH was designed as a permanent capital vehicle so that investors wouldn't be able to withdraw funds directly. PSH has returned 17.1% since inception, 80% below the S&P 500.Penney shares in 2010, paying an average of $22 for 39 million shares or 18% of J.C. Penney's stock. <mask> stepped down from the board after an argument with fellow board members, ending his two-year campaign to transform the department store. The firm then owned 39.1 million shares of the Plano, Texas-based department-store chain at a price of $12.90 per share, resulting in a loss of approximately $500 million. In January 2015, LCH Investments named <mask> one of the world's top 20 hedge fund managers, after the fund delivered $4.5 billion in net gains for investors in 2014, bringing the fund's lifetime gains to $11.6 billion. Valeant Pharmaceuticals' outgoing CEO, J. Michael Pearson, and the company's former interim CEO, Howard Schiller, testified before the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging. The committee's concerns about repercussions to patients and the health care system posed by Valeant's business model DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask> said that his investment in Valeant was an endorsement of the company's strategy.<mask> sold his remaining Valeant position to the investment bank in March of last year. It has been estimated that the total cost of the position, including direct stock purchases and 9.1 million shares that were underlying stock options traded, was $4.7 billion. According to Forbes Magazine, Ackman has a net worth of US$1.9 billion as of July 25, 2020. It was on the Forbes 400. An estimated $1.4 billion was made by <mask> in 2020. In December 2012 Ackman issued a research report that was critical of Herbalife's multi-level marketing business model. Herbalife's stock price dropped after Ackman's hedge fund sold short the company's shares.The company released the results of a survey at an investor conference in January of last year. They wanted to buy products at a discount. The company announced on its June 2013 earnings call that it would begin referring to these discount buyers as members. A few months after <mask>'s initial comments, billionaire investor Carl Icahn challenged <mask>'s comment. Icahn bought shares of Herbalife. The stock price continued to show strength as Icahn continued to buy up HLF shares. Icahn owned more than 15% of the company.The number had fallen to 6.4% by November. <mask> spent $50 million on a public relations campaign against Herbalife in order to hurt the company's stock price. Bob Barr, a former congressman, called on Congress to investigate <mask>'s use of public relations and regulatory pressure in his short campaign. Senator Ed Markey wrote letters to federal regulators in order to get an investigation into Herbalife's business practices. The company's stock dropped after the letters were released. He told the Boston Globe that his staff did not inform him that <mask> stood to benefit financially from his actions and that he defended the letters as a matter of consumer rights. The New York Times reported in March of last year that <mask> had used tactics to undermine public confidence in Herbalife, including paying people to travel to and participate in rallies against it, and boosting its spending on donations to nonprofits.The Hispanic Federation and the National Consumers League sent letters to federal regulators. The people contacted by The Times admitted that they wrote the letters after being contacted by representatives from Pershing Square, or that they didn't remember writing the letters at all. The Hispanic Federation was one of the groups that Mr. <mask>'s team started to make payments to. By December 2, stock prices had fallen more than 50% from their January 8 high. An Herbalife distributor training session was released by Pershing Square Capital in 2005, in which an employee implied that the company's business model was not sustainable. The video had been subpoenaed by federal investigators, according to an unnamed source speaking to the New York Post. <mask> predicted in an interview that the company would experience an "implosion" in early 2016 due to federal scrutiny and debt.The Wall Street Journal reported on March 12, 2015, that prosecutors in the Manhattan U.S. attorney's office and the FBI were investigating whether people hired by <mask> made false statements about Herbalife's business model to regulators and others in order to spur investigations into the company and lower its In March 2015, the United States District Judge in Los Angeles, California, dismissed a suit against Herbalife that alleged the company was operating an illegal pyramid scheme. In response to the ruling, Herbalife stock increased in value. The FTC and Herbalife reached a settlement in July of 2016 that ended the agency's investigation into the company. Fortune estimated that <mask> lost $500 million on the day of the settlement. <mask>'s position on Herbalife led to a discussion on CNBC with Herbalife supporter Carl Icahn. Icahn claimed that going public with his short position would force <mask> into the "mother of all short squeezes".On November 22, 2013, <mask> admitted that his open short position in Herbalife was $400 million to $500 million in the red, but that he wouldn't be squeezed out and would hold the short to the end of the earth. In November of last year, <mask> said that he had covered his short-sell position and would continue to bet against Herbalife using put options with no more than 3% of his funds. After the company's stock price continued to rise, <mask> decided to build his position in United Technologies instead of exiting his bet against Herbalife. Ahead of the 2020 stock market crash, <mask> hedged Pershing Square's portfolio, risking $27 million to purchase credit protection, insuring the portfolio against steep market losses. The hedge made MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE On March 18, 2020, in an emotional interview with CNBC, <mask> called upon President Trump for a "30-day shutdown" of the American economy to slow the spread of coronaviruses and minimize loss of life and ensuing economic destruction. Without intervention, hotel stocks were going to zero and America could end as we know it, warned Ackman.<mask> was criticized for actively buying discounted equity stakes in the very companies he was warning could fail, however, he already had realized half of the gains before appearing during the CNBC interview. In a November 2020 interview, <mask> said that he had grown concerned about COVID-19 because he had seen the film Contagion and offered qualified praise for Trump's presidency. He did some harm as well. The largest blank check company IPO was filed in June of 2020. <mask>'s activities with Canadian Pacific Railway are described as paradigmatic of "engaged activism", which is longer-term in nature with correlated benefits to the real economy, and distinct from shorter-term "financial activism". According to <mask>, his first rule of activist investing is to make a bold call that nobody believes in. <mask>'s investing style has been praised by U.S. government officials, heads of other hedge funds, various retail investors, and the general public.His most notable market plays include shorting MBIA's bonds during the financial crisis of 2007, his proxy fight with Canadian Pacific Railway, and his stakes in Target Corporation and Valeant Pharmaceuticals. <mask> has claimed that Herbalife is a pyramid scheme designed as a multi-level marketing firm. His efforts were reported in the film. In January of last year, <mask> told investors that he was going to go back to basics by cutting staff, ending investor visits that were eating into his time, and hunkering down in the office to do research. As a result of these changes, his firm was one of the best performing hedge funds in the world in 2019. <mask> admires short sellers such as Andrew Left of Citron Research. <mask> personally contributed $6.8 million to the Center for Jewish History, where he spearheaded a successful effort to retire $30 million in debt.The three largest individual gifts the center has ever received were a donation from Bruce Berkowitz, founder of Fairholme Capital Management, and a gift from Joseph Steinberg, president of Leucadia National. <mask>'s foundation donated more than one million dollars to two organizations in New York City and N.J. He pledges to give at least 50% of his wealth to charity. The Pershing Square Foundation was founded in 2006 by <mask> and Karen to support innovation in economic development, education, healthcare, human rights, arts and urban development. The foundation is a major donor. The foundation has given more than $400 million in grants. The <mask>s were on The Chronicle of Philanthropy's "Philanthropy 50" list in 2011.<mask> was honored by the Challenged Athletes Foundation in July of last year for helping to raise a record $2.3 million. Michael Bloomberg was endorsed by <mask> as a potential candidate for President of the United States. He is a long-time donor to Democratic candidates and organizations, including Richard Blumenthal, Chuck Schumer, Robert Menendez, and the Democratic National Committee. He donated 26 million shares in the South Korean e-commerce company to three entities, one of which was his own foundation. On July 10, 1994, <mask> married Herskovitz, a landscape architect, and they have three children. On December 22, 2016 it was reported that the couple had separated. <mask> owned a business jet.<mask> got engaged to Oxman. Oxman and <mask> had a child together in the spring of 2019. <mask> with Pershing Square Capital Management. Who wants to be a millionaire? The Confidence Game was published in 2010. The year 1966 saw the birth of Living people American billionaires American chief executives of financial services companies American financial company founders American financiers American hedge fund managers American investors American money managers American stock traders

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texts: <mask> III is an American businessman and investor. When he became CEO of Apple Inc. on April 8, 1983, he left his position as vice-president and president of PepsiCo. In May 1987, <mask> was named Silicon Valley's top-paid executive with an annual salary of US$10.2 million. Although sales at Apple increased from $800 million to $8 billion under <mask>'s management, many attribute his success to the fact that Steve Jobs' visions and Steve Wozniak's creations had become highly lucrative. His departure from co-founder Steve Jobs's sales structure and <mask>'s decision to compete with IBM in selling computers to the same types of customers have caused controversy. Others say that the two clashed over management styles and priorities, Jobs focusing on future innovation and <mask> more on current product lines and profitability. <mask> was forced to step down as Apple CEO because he was opposed to licensing Macintosh software and was talking to Goldman Sachs about splitting Apple into two companies.Apple had $2 billion in cash and $200 million in debt when <mask> left. The introduction of the Pepsi Challenge, which allowed the company to gain market share from primary rival Coca-Cola, is one of the reasons that <mask> is an expert in marketing. He used similar marketing strategies throughout the 1980s and 1990s at Apple to mass-market Macintosh personal computers, and today he continues to speak and write about disruptive marketing strategies. A number of high-tech start-up companies are invested in and involved with <mask>. He is the Chairman of the PeopleTicker. Jeff Daniels portrayed <mask> in the film Steve Jobs, Matthew Modine portrayed him in the film Jobs, and Allan Royal portrayed him in the film Pirates of Silicon Valley. The son of a horticulturist and a Wall Street lawyer was born in New York City.<mask> and his brothers lived in New York for a while. He attended high school in Massachusetts. Brown University and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania gave <mask> a degree in Architectural Design. In 1963, <mask> started work at Marschalk Co. During his six-month training program at the Pittsburgh plant, <mask> joined the Pepsi-Cola division. At the age of 30, <mask> became the company's youngest marketing vice-president. One of the company's first consumer research studies was initiated by Sculley and involved 350 families.As a result of the research, Pepsi decided to launch new, larger, and more varied packages of their soft drinks, including the two-liter bottle. The Cola Wars took place in 1970 when Coca-Cola was deposed as the market leader by Pepsi. Most companies spent between $15,000 and $75,000 for each television spot, butPepsi began spending more on marketing and advertising, typically paying between US$200,000 and $300,000 for each television spot. Coca-Cola's classic marketing was intended to be overturned by thePepsi Generation campaign. After visiting a failing potato-chip factory in Paris, <mask> became president of the International Food Operations division. The only money-losing division of the company was the food division. To make the food division profitable, <mask> improved product quality, enhanced accounts, and established financial controls.The food division made US$300 million in revenues and $40 million in profit within three years. The Pepsi Challenge, an advertising campaign he started in 1975 to compete against Coca-Cola to gain market share, used heavily advertised taste tests. According to <mask>'s own research, Pepsi-Cola tasted better than Coca-Cola. In the early 1970s, a series of television advertisements featuring lifelong Coca-Cola drinkers were aired. The tests that choose the preferred product by the participant have been criticized as being biased. At the time, the Texas market had a significantly lower market share for Pepsi. The campaign increased the market share of Pepsi in that state.At that time, <mask> was senior vice-president of United States sales and marketing operations atPepsi. Coke was chosen by <mask> for the taste test. In 1977 <mask> was named the youngest president in the company's history. This was not the case, even though it was commonly called the CEO. At the time of his departure, he was the CEO of the company. Apple lured <mask> away from Pepsi in order to apply his marketing skills to the personal computer market. Steve Jobs asked <mask> if he wanted to sell sugared water for the rest of his life.Do you want to join me in changing the world? Apple's president, Mike Markkula, wanted to retire and believed that Jobs, who wanted to be the company's president, lacked the discipline and temperament needed to run Apple on a daily basis. With his recent success, Sculley would give Apple an image of greater reliability and stability. When he joined Apple, he got a $1 million signing bonus, $1 million in annual pay and 350,000 shares of Apple. Jobs and <mask> had an amazing partnership from the time they first met. <mask> helped Jobs launch the Mac with the most admired consumer marketing campaign of its time, and helped keep the aging Apple II generating much-needed cash. When Jobs took over the Macintosh project, he became the executive product manager and made all the product decisions.The Lisa computer, an innovative model designed by a team initially led by Jobs, had disastrous sales. When Jobs's Macintosh, the first of a new series of models with a black-and-white graphical user interface, was shipped to stores in January 1984, <mask> raised the initial price to $2,495 from the originally planned $1,995, allocating the additional money to hypothetically higher profit margins Macintosh sold well and received good reviews, but it did not eliminate the IBM PC. Some of the privileges of Jobs's elite development groups were trimmed. At the peak of the Macintosh success, Apple attempted to move unsold inventory of Lisa computers by changing it to "Macintosh XL" and positioning it as a top-of-the-line pro Macintosh model. There was a power struggle going on between Jobs and <mask>. He kept meetings going past midnight, sent out long faxes, and called new meetings at 7 am.Jobs was the general manager of the Macintosh division. <mask> was told by the Apple board of directors to limit Jobs' ability to launch expensive products. Jobs tried to get rid of <mask> from his leadership role at Apple. Apple's board of directors sided with <mask> and removed Jobs from his managerial duties after he found out about Jobs's plans. NeXT was founded after Jobs left Apple. According to <mask>, Jobs never forgiven him and their friendship was never repaired. Many things have changed since <mask> joined the company, but one journalist wrote that his "strategy has worked".When the Apple II went away, Wozniak worked to build a Macintosh market. The Macintosh Office was renamed to "Desktop Publishing". The PowerBook was introduced in 1991 under the direction of <mask>, who had learned several painful lessons after introducing the Macintosh Portable in 1989. System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system, added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. The classic Mac OS was replaced by Mac OS X in 2001. Revenue increased due to the success of the PowerBook. It appeared that Apple could do no wrong when it came to introducing new products and generating profits.The first golden age of the Macintosh was between 1989 and 1991 according to the magazine MacAddict. Apple's sales increased from $982 million in 1983 to $7.9 billion in 1993. If Apple did not license parts of the Macintosh graphical user interface to use in the Windows operating system, Microsoft would stop selling Microsoft Office for the Macintosh. Under pressure, <mask> agreed to the decision. The term personal digital assistant (PDA) was invented by <mask> about that time. In 1987, <mask> made several predictions. He predicted that the Soviet Union would land a man on Mars within the next 20 years and that optical storage media such as the CD-ROM would change the use of personal computers.The World Wide Web and the Internet fulfilled some of his ideas for the Knowledge Navigator. "The Dawn of a $3.5 Trillion Communications Mega-Industry: Information Access, Processing and Distribution in a Digital World" was a seminal speech given by <mask> as Chairman, CEO, and CTO of Apple Computer, Inc. This was the keynote address to a packed house at the Harvard Business School's Burden Auditorium as part of the inaugural student-run Harvard/MIT Communications 2000 Symposium. Apple's operating system ran on the PowerPC in the early 1990s. The act that <mask> acknowledged was his greatest mistake was targeting the dominant Intel architecture. Apple's board forced <mask> out after a bad first quarter in 1993 because of internal tension over the company's direction. On October 15, 1993 he resigned and was replaced by Michael Spindler.Three years later, Spindler was ousted. After leaving Apple on October 23, 1993, <mask> became chairman and chief executive officer of Spectrum Information Technologies, a New York-based company that held key computer patents for wireless data transmission. He resigned from the company four months later and filed a lawsuit against the president of the company. According to <mask>, he was misled when he was hired at Spectrum by not being told of SEC inquiries and aggressive revenue recognition accounting. MetroPCS became a public company on the New York Stock Exchange after it was acquired by T-Mobile. He built NFO Research from $25 million to $550 million in revenue and sold it for $850 million. He helped launch and advise several companies, including Hotwire.com, which became a billion dollar market cap public company.In 1997, <mask> became the chairman of Live Picture, a California-based company, to oversee its push into high-quality, low-bandwidth images over the internet. The company received US$22 million in venture capital. He remained an investor after leaving the company. Live Picture filed for federal bankruptcy protection in 1999 as part of a plan to be acquired. PopTech was founded in 1997 by <mask> and Bob Metcalfe. He joined the board of directors of Buy.com in 1998. He and Dennis M. Lynch launched Signature21 to provide marketing services to small to medium-sized businesses.The company was transitioned into a learning program in 2001. After months, Lynch left the company, while <mask> continued to work with small businesses. Cell phones and wireless plans were sold online. InPhonic was steered towards its successful IPO by Sculley's early leadership. The vice chairman of the board of directors was <mask>. InPhonic went bankrupt in 2007. The Wine Clip is a wine accessory product that claims to accelerate the aeration of wine by exposure to magnets.He helped in the founding of Verified Person Inc., an online pre-employment screening company. He is a member of the board of directors. OpenPeak is a maker of software for wireless consumer electronics, digital media, computers, and home systems. In the same year, <mask> became a partner. In March of 2006 <mask> was named Chairman of IdenTrust, a San Francisco-based firm that works to verify identity and boost financial security. The mistakes he made at Apple were explained in an interview by <mask> before he spoke at the Silicon Valley 4.0 conference. Apple's first hand-held mobile tablet PenMac was canceled and replaced by an agreement to work with Sharp Electronics on theNewton technology.The World's Most Powerful episode Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates was aired in 2003 and featured an interview with <mask>. He was interviewed about Steve Jobs and design by Cult of Mac. <mask> co-founded the data company with his business partner, David A. Steinberg, in 2007, and in January of this year, they re-launched it as a Big Data-Driven Marketing firm. On January 30, 2014, <mask> was a panelist at a forum organized by Zeta, which featured ad executives, marketers and NFL executive to discuss the changes in the way companies market and reach consumers since <mask>'s time at Apple in 1984 when the computer company featured what became one of the first In October of 2016 the name was changed to Zeta Global. Obi Mobiles is a brand aimed at the emerging markets. Obi Worldphone was the new name of the company.<mask> distanced himself from Obi Worldphone in September of last year. RxAdvance is a cloud-based platform that helps pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and insurers manage chronically ill patients living at home. Tom Campbell, a Republican, was running in the California Republican primary in 1992 to be the party candidate for the United States Senate. Campbell was a beneficiary of the fundraiser hosted by <mask>. Hillary Clinton was on a national education council with Sculley. Bill Clinton was supported by <mask> when he ran for president. Hillary Clinton sat next to Sculley during the first State of the Union address.In 1960, <mask> married Ruth, stepdaughter of Donald Kendall, with whom he had two children. In 1965, the couple divorced. He married Carol Lee Adams, the ex-wife of a former vice president, in 1978. In 2015, Adams filed a lawsuit accusing <mask> of hiding over $25 million in assets during their divorce proceedings. The spokesman for Sculley denied the allegations. <mask> married the vice president of Wittman Building Corporation in Palm Beach, Florida. Sculley broke down in tears when he saw Steve Jobs autograph in a sushi restaurant.The owner said that since they were retired from the frontlines of business, they could have enjoyed sushi at Steve's favorite restaurant and had a good time together, but he has passed away and now he's in heaven.

masks:
John Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Sculley
Career Sculley
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texts: The American lawyer who served as New Jersey Attorney General under Jim McGreevey was born in 1939. He resigned as Chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in the wake of the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. The partner and founding member of the law firm Wolff & Samson was an ally of Governor Chris Christie. On July 14, 2016 he pleaded guilty to a felony for conspiring to impede an airport project in order to get United Airlines to restore a discontinued flight to an airport in South Carolina. He was sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was the subject of the crime and was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine. He was born to a Jewish family in Newark and raised in New Jersey. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rutgers University in 1961, and a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965.He served as a judicial clerkship with Associate Justice Nathan L. Jacobs of the New Jersey Supreme Court. As the chief law enforcement officer for New Jersey, he served under Democratic Governor Jim McGreevey. He was in charge of the statewide Divisions of Criminal Justice, New Jersey State Police, Civil Rights, Consumer Affairs and Gaming Enforcement, as well as the Division of Law, which represents all executive departments in New Jersey State government. As Chairman of the New Jersey Domestic Security Preparedness Task Force, he worked with federal agencies to organize and direct counter-terrorism efforts throughout the New Jersey-New York area. Chris Christie was a close associate of the man. The Chairman of Christie's Transition Committee was served by the counsel to the gubernatorial election campaign of Chris Christie. As a federal monitor under the United States Department of Justice deferred prosecution agreement, he has acted as a court-appointed labor union Trustee.As a member of the Governor's Commission on Health Care Costs and as the Chairman of the Governor's Task Force on the Laws governing the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, he was appointed to a number of public positions. From 1982 to 1990 he was General Counsel to the New Jersey Turnpike Authority. He was appointed by the Supreme Court of New Jersey to serve on its Ethics Committee and was a member of the Court's Committee on Reporting of Court Decisions. He was a consultant to the Advisory Committee on Governmental Immunity. The New Jersey Bar Association Committee on Judicial and Prosecutorial Appointments was chaired by <mask>. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has a Board of Commissioners. The New Jersey Senate confirmed him as the agency's Chairman on January 25, 2011.Essex County, New Jersey's Star of Essex award was presented to <mask> during the county's annual Jewish Heritage Celebration. There were rumors after the death of United States Senator Frank Lautenberg. The United States Senate has a vacant seat. The New Jersey Attorney General was picked by Christie. It was revealed in subpoenaed e-mails that <mask> tried to retaliate against the PANYNJ Executive Director who criticized the Fort Lee lane closings. There was speculation that he was involved in the scandal. The official e-mails criticized the order to re-open the toll lanes for the George Washington Bridge, accusing the latter of stirring up trouble.Michael Chertoff was hired by <mask> as legal representation. The toll lane closings at the bridge caused an apology from the Commissioners on February 19th, but they did not mention that it was due to plans by some individuals to cause traffic jams. According to records released by a subpoena, <mask> was involved with day-to-day operations at the Port Authority. Several dealings between Wolff and the Port Authority have come under scrutiny for possible conflict of interest, according to a report by The Star-Ledger. The New York Times reported in March of last year that a comprehensive examination had shown the extent to which clients of <mask>'s law firm had profited from dealings with the Port Authority. The Times said that <mask> and his law firm benefited financially and that Christie benefited politically. Patrick Foye, the Executive Director of the Port Authority, said on February 25, that he doesn't believe the Chairman has moral authority to run the Port Authority.The New Jersey Working Families Alliance claimed that the chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey used his authority to benefit private clients of his law firm, and filed an ethics complaint with the New Jersey State Ethics Commission. The Bergen County freeholders (county legislature), which has no oversight over the PA, called for the resignation of both Chairman <mask> and the other five New Jersey appointees. Fort Lee and surrounding communities are included in Bergen County, which is the most populous New Jersey county. The Star-Ledger, The Record, The New York Times, Daily News, and the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders all called for his removal. Christie stood behind the chairman of the Port Authority in the wake of these matters. At a press conference on March 28, Christie announced that <mask>'s resignation from the Port Authority was effective immediately. The New Jersey State Ethics Commission did not have the authority to investigate the Port Authority Commissioners, according to the lawsuit.The suit was dropped in December. The Public Corruption Unit of the U.S. Attorney's Office in the Southern District of New York opened an investigation into the conduct of the Port Authority chairman. On March 7, 2014, federal prosecutors subpoenaed the Port Authority for documents related to <mask>'s private business interests, but withdrew the request on March 10, 2014, due to an investigation into the toll lane closures by Paul J. Fishman, United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. In January 2015, federal prosecutors subpoenaed records related to the personal travel of the former chairman of the transportation agency that operates the region's airports, and his relationship with United Airlines, as part of a probe into a flight route initiated by the airline. The route provided non-stop service between Newark and Columbia Metropolitan Airport in South Carolina, which is about 50 miles from a home where <mask> often spent weekends. The non-stop route was halted three days after the resignation of <mask>. The chairman's flight is the twice-a-week route with a flight leaving Newark on Thursday evenings and another returning on Monday mornings.The PANYNJ subpoenaed additional records in August of 2015. In September of 2015, top officials at United resigned. In April 2015, after reports of a "sprawling investigation", he retired from the company. He worked at the firm for 44 years. The firm was changing its name to Chiesa Shahinian & Giantomasi P.C. In the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, <mask> pleaded guilty to one felony count of conspiracy. The airline was forced to return the flight to Columbia because of the obstruction of the airport hangar project.He was sentenced to a year of home confinement at the South Carolina vacation house that was the subject of the crime and was ordered to pay a $100,000 fine. On April 4, Bill Brennan, a Democratic activist and candidate for Democratic nominee governor, filed a citizen's complaint in Newark municipal court stating that the confession of extortion and bribe was a confession of official malfeasance. Judge Marvin Adames ruled that Brennan did not have standing to bring the suit. There is a list of people involved in the Fort Lee lane closure scandal.

masks: Samson Samson Samson Samson David David Samson Samson David Samson Samson Samson Samson


texts: As a singer and composer,<mask> has a string of hit song credits from the 1960s onwards. She was one of the first female singer-Songwriters of the Rock and Roll period. "What the World Needs Now Is Love" was covered by The Searchers and "Bette Davis Eyes" was covered by Kim. <mask> has been reporting Beatles band members' news for Breakfast with the Beatles since 2009. <mask> was born in Hazel, Kentucky, to parents who were musically inclined. At six years old, she was singing on a radio show. She hosted her own radio program when she was 11.When life on the farm became too hard, the family moved to her mother's hometown of Aurora, Illinois, where her father resumed his career as a barber. They moved to Illinois where she attended high school. In 1955, when she was 13 years old, Sharon Lee Myers was featured in the local newspaper for her vocal talents and appearances at community gatherings, the local hospitals, and for various organizations. She hosted her own Saturday morning radio show on WMRO. The youngster can boast almost 11 years of voice training and experience and in the past she has toured most of the south making personal appearances. She has appeared on television 3 times and has sung on radio for 2 years. The CBS network affiliate in Chicago, Illinois broadcasted "Another guest appearance on Pee Wee King's popular Country and Western Television Show" on March 3, 1956.Sherry Lee is a busy young lady. She is on the radio every Saturday morning. She made appearances with the Pee Wee King Show in recent weeks. The young artist will appear at the West Aurora Junior High School auditorium on Sunday, March 4th for three shows at 2, 4, and 8 pm. She left school after her second year. She began to record under various names, with mixed success. The "16-year-old C&W singer of Batavia, Illinois" had recently signed to George Goldner's Gone label in New York as a rockabilly artist."I'll Be True" and "How Wrong I Was" were the only releases on Gone. The Big Rock 'n' Roll Show took place at the Paramount Theater in New York and the Uptown Theater in Philadelphia on July 3 and July 3, 1957, respectively. Eddie Cochran arranged for her to travel to California to meet his girlfriend, singer-songwriter Sharon Sheeley, who formed a writing, after her interpretations of country songs "Buddy" and "Trouble" gained the attention of rock and roll star. "Dum Dum" and "Heart in Hand" were produced by their partnership. In 1960, <mask> signed with Liberty Records after executives at Liberty thought the name Sharon Myers would not help sell records. In an interview with Fresh Air, <mask> said that she chose a cross- gender name. She could be heard as either male or female because of her low singing voice.She changed "<mask>" to "DeShannon" when she realized it was too similar to other people. The name stuck. She made the WLS Chicago radio survey with her single "Lonely Girl" in the late 1960s. A string of mostly flop singles followed. In 1962, "Faded Love" became her first US Top 100 entry. In February 1963. She did better with the Sonny Bono-Jack Nitzsche song "Needles and Pins" and the self-penned "When You Walk in the Room" in 1963."Needles and Pins" made it all the way to No. 40 in Canada, despite reaching the lower rungs of the US pop charts. 1. "Needles and Pins" and "When You Walk in the Room" became US and UK hits for The Searchers. A version of "When You Walk in the Room" by Pam Tillis topped the country charts in 1994, and the song was also recorded by ex- Byrds member Chris Hillman in 1998 and by ex-ABBA vocalist Agnetha Fltskog in 2004. The Ray Charles-style soul that DeShannon recorded didn't fare well on the charts. She kept her contract with Liberty because of her public profile rather than her recording career. The Everly Brothers and Ricky Nelson were friends with DeShannon.She and Bobby Vinton starred in the 1964 teen surf movie Surf Party. In February 1964 DeShannon supported The Beatles on their first US tour and formed a touring band. The song "Breakaway" was written by DeShannon and Sharon Sheeley. She wrote "Don't Doubt Yourself Babe" for Mr. Tambourine Man. The American West Coast sounds and folk music influenced her music. The songs "Dream Boy" and "Don't Turn Your Back on Me" were written by <mask> and Jimmy Page while <mask> was in England. "Come and Stay With Me", Faithfull's biggest UK hit, was written by <mask>.In 1965, there were 4. Cher covered the song on her debut album. It would be three more years before <mask> would record the song for herself. She appeared on Ready Steady Go! Hit love songs include "She Don't Understand Him Like I Do" and "Did He Call Today Mama?", written by DeShannon and Randy Newman. ", as well as writing "You Have No Choice" for him. In 1965, DeShannon recorded "What the World Needs Now Is Love", which went to No. 1 on the charts, and led to club tours and appearances on television.7 on the US charts. There is one in Canada. The 1969 film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice used <mask>'s recording of the song. She played a folk singer in the film C'mon, Let's Live a Little. DeShannon scored her next smash single and album in 1969 called "Put a Little Love in Your Heart". A gold disc was awarded to the self-penned single, which sold over one million copies. "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" was performed as the closing number at the Music for UNICEF Concert, broadcast worldwide from the United Nations General Assembly in 1979 and was covered in 1988 by Annie Lennox and Al Green.Dolly Parton had 9 in the Hot Billboard 100. "Love Will Find a Way" was a moderate hit. After moving to Los Angeles in 1970, DeShannon recorded two critically acclaimed albums, but they failed to produce the same commercial success as previous releases. She sang backup on both the title track and "Warm Love" on Van Morrison's Hard Nose the Highway album in 1973. New Arrangement was released by DeShannon. She co- wrote "Queen of the Rodeo" and "Bette Davis Eyes" with Donna Weiss. The latter became a worldwide No.Weiss and <mask> won the 1982Grammy Award for Song of the Year for their single for Kim Carnes. "Don't Let The Flame Burn Out" was a minor hit when she released You're the Only Dancer in 1977. 65 is in the Hot 100. In the 21st century, DeShannon continued to record. When You Walk in the Room, a new recording of her best-known songs, was released in 2011. Liz Phair played her in an episode of American Dreams. On June 17, 2010, DeShannon was in the Songwriters Hall of Fame.In 2012 she wrote and recorded "For Africa, In Africa", a song that was inspired by the need for action to provide clean water for the African Continent. DeShannon has appeared as a contributing entertainment broadcast correspondent reporting historical anecdotes and current touring and personal news and publicity pertaining to the two surviving Beatles for Breakfast with the Beatles on the weekends since October 2009. She had a brother who wrote songs. She was a companion of Jimmy Page and dated a Love guitarist. The song "Tangerine" was written by Page after the break up of his relationship with DeShannon. Her first husband was Liberty Records executive Irving "Bud" Dain, who died in 1967. Randy and DeShannon have been married since 1976.Noah was born in 1978. Breakin' It Up on the Beatles Tour was released in 1963. Don't Turn Your Back on Me was released in 1964. What the World Needs Now Is Love was released in 1968. The Early Years and Come and Get Me are both included in the high coinage collection. Surf Party and C'mon Let's Live a Little were both films.

masks:
Jackie DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
Jackie Dee
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon
DeShannon


texts: The co- founder of the dance research organization Cross-Cultural Dance Resources was an American anthropologist named <mask>. She has written and/or edited numerous books and articles, including contributions on dance-related subjects to multiple encyclopedias, such as writing the entry for " Music and dance in the United States" in the Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Her works include "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance" and "Theory and methods for an anthropology study of dance". She was named professor emerita at Northern Arizona University in 1987. She received the first annual award for "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research" in 1997. The "Save America's Treasures" program was launched in 2000 by the White House Millennium Council, which named the CCDR collection. On May 20, 1930, she was born to George V. and Leona Lavena (Moore) Wheeler in Kansas City, Missouri.Wheeler attended high schools in Des Plaines, Illinois and Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. She received a Bachelor of Specialized Studies degree in 1955, an MA in 1965, and a PhD from Indiana University in 1976, with her thesis being "Theory and methods for an anthropology study of dance." She married Thomas Samuel <mask> and had a child, Halla, in 1963. She was a reviewer for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin from 1960 to 1963. In 1969 she published "An anthropologist looks at ballet as a form of ethnic dance". The Board of Directors of Native Americans for Community Action was chaired by <mask>. She was a co- founder of the Southwestern Chapter of the Society of Ethnomusicology.She was a member of the Board of Directors of the Congress on Research in Dance from 1974 to 1977 and a member of the board of directors of Cross-Cultural Dance Resources from 1981 to 1982. The Herberger College of the Arts at Arizona State University was to be the new home of the CCDR collection. In 1992, <mask> was the series advisor for Dancing, an eight-part public television series on Thirteen/WNET. Awards 1996, "Outstanding Contribution to Dance Research", Congress on Research in Dance 1996, distinguished public scholar award, Arizona Humanities Council 2000, CCDR collection recognized by President Clinton's White House Millennium Council's "Save America's Treasures" project Her main goal is to challenge the field of western dance history in its inconsistent definitions of what dance is, and its racist and ethnocentric accounts of non-Western dance practices; she does this by arguing that ballet is a form of ethnic dance, a claim which both shocks the dominant narrative and The piece is divided into four parts, "Paradigm", "Definitions", and "Ethnicity of Ballet". The beginning of Kealiinohomoku addresses historically inconsistent and ethnocentric definitions of dance, used by western dance history scholars and choreographers to describe non-Western dance traditions.She works with the work of Walter Sorell, Lincoln Kirstein, Walter Terry and others. The previous work in the field of dance history illuminates a pervasive ethnocentric bias. She addresses the misconception of non-Western dance traditions as formless, frenzied, hyper-sexual, and the assumption that the dances formed spontaneously through community activity, but without dance leaders. She uses the example of dances of the Hopi people, which she studied from 1965, to argue that the Hopi dances are perfectly organized and never frenzied. The idea that all forms of dance reflect the cultural traditions within which they develop is what she introduces her anthropological definition of ethnic dance. All dance is ethnic for Kealiinohomoku. In the section Ethnicity of Ballet, Kealiinohomoku argues that ballet is ethnic because its aesthetic qualities reflect its origin heritages.Chivalry, courting, weddings, Christenings, burial and mourning customs are presented in ballets as well as aesthetic values in long, extended, slender bodies of dancers. Horses and swans can be seen in theflora and fauna of the stage, as can roses and lilies. She argues that to use the term appropriately would be to consider all dances ethnic, because they have mis-defined the term "ethnic" to mean "heathen, pagan, savage, or more recently exotic". Many scholars have used Kealiinohomoku's text as a jumping off point for their own research. In "On Dance Ethnography", Deidre Sklar explores how an ethnographic approach to dance offers cultural context to movement. She uses physical movement and discovery as research methods. Referencing Keallinohomoku's work and building upon it she concludes, "My point is that, not only does every dance genre emerge from and depend upon cultural traditions, so does every dance researcher and writer."What one sees and how she sees it are influenced by cultural background. There are many pieces of a progressive cultural project. " Music and dance of the Hawaiian and Hopi peoples" was written by Richard L. Anderson and Karen L. Field. Contemporary readings on art in small scale societies. 334– 347. There is a town in New Jersey. Charlotte J. Frisbie edited Explorations In ethnomusicology: essays in honor of David McAll.11–26 There is a Detroit Monographs in Musicology. Information workers in Detroit. "Hopi and Polynesian dance: a study in cross-cultural comparison" was published in 1986. Garland Library of Social Science. 452:164- 169. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Jonathan Z. Smith, Sam D. Gill, area ed.304-308. San Francisco:Harper San Francisco 1996, "Gestures," American Folklore: an encyclopedia, Jan Harold Brunvand, general editor. 1551:335. Garland is NY and London. "Hopi dance" is a dance by Gertrude Prokosch. The International encyclopedia of dance was published in New York. "Folk dance," Academic American Encyclopedia, was published in 1998.Barbara Winard is an editor. Grolier is a town in Connecticut. Music and dance can be found in the United States. The United States and Canada was edited by Ellen Koskoff. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, NY & London was published in 2002.

masks:
JoAnn Wheeler Kealiinohomoku
Kealiinohomoku
Kealiinohomoku
Kealiinohomoku


texts: Sir <mask> bin <mask>SI, also known as <mask>, was an Indian Muslim pragmatist, Islamic reformer, philosopher, and educationist in the 19th century. He was the father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement, and he was the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India. <mask>'s family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch He received an honor from the University of Edinburgh in 1889. <mask> became a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867 after retiring from the East India Company in 1876. He was noted for his actions in saving European lives during the War of Independence. He wrote The Causes of the Indian Mutiny as a critique of British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt.Sir <mask> began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organizing Islamic entrepreneurs because he believed that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook. <mask> established several schools and a scientific society for Muslims in the 19th century. The first Muslim university in Southern Asia was founded in 1875. <mask> called upon Muslims to serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of Indian Muslims. The Indian National Congress was criticized by <mask>. Sir <mask> has a strong legacy in Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Iqbal were influenced by him.The global Islamic reformation continues to be influenced by his advocacy of Islam's rationalist tradition and radical reinterpretation of the Quran to make it compatible with science and modernity. Sir <mask>'s name is found in many universities and public buildings in Pakistan. The 200th birth anniversary of Sir <mask> was celebrated on 17 October. The chief guest was the former President of India. The capital of the Mughal Empire, Delhi, was where <mask> Taqvi '<mask>' was born. The administrative position in the Mughal Empire was very important to his family. His maternal grandfather was a Wazir.The Emperor Akbar Shah II had a minister in his court. His paternal grandfather held a mansab. The court of Emperor Alamgir II has a high-ranking administrative position called "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan". Sir <mask>'s father was close to Emperor Akbar Shah II and served as his personal adviser. <mask> was born at a time when regional insurrections aided and led by the East India Company, which had replaced the power traditionally held by the Mughal state, reduced its monarch to figurehead. <mask> was the youngest of three siblings. Sir <mask> was raised in a wealthy area of the city in the house of his maternal grandfather.They were raised in a way that exposed them to politics. Sir <mask> was raised with rigid discipline and a strong emphasis on modern education by his mother. Shah Ghulam Ali, <mask>'s father's spiritual mentor, initiated his education in 1822. He was taught to read the Qur'an by a female tutor. He was educated in Delhi by the Muslim nobility. He started learning Persian and Arabic after attending a maktab run by a learned scholar in a house next to his ancestral home. He read the works of Muslim scholars.He was instructed in mathematics and astronomy. He pursued the study of medicine for a long time. Sir <mask> excelled in swimming, shooting and other sports. He was involved in the Mughal court's cultural activities. <mask>'s elder brother launched a weekly, which was one of the earliest Urdu newspapers of North India. Sir <mask> lived a typical life for an affluent young Muslim noble until the death of his father. He was given the title of Arif Jung by the emperor after his father's death.Sir <mask> continued to study in private despite the financial difficulties that ended his formal education. Sir <mask> decided to enter the service of the East India Company because he recognized the decline in Mughal political power. Indians were admitted to the colonial civil service in the 1860s. His first appointment was as a Serestadar. The clerk is responsible for record-keeping and managing court affairs. He was promoted to the title of deputy reader in the office of the Commissioner after he was transferred to Agra. He was appointed as the Munsif in 1841 and later transferred to Delhi.He was in Delhi until 1854 but only for two short-term postings. He was promoted to the post of Sadr Amin in 1856. Sir <mask> gained a lot of knowledge about British colonial politics while he was in the courts. Sir <mask> was the chief assessment officer at the court in Bijnor at the time of the Indian rebellion. The lives of many British officers and their family members were saved when he stood by them. Many civilians were killed in the conflict. The Muslim power centers of Delhi, Agra, Lucknow and Kanpur were severely affected.Several of his relatives died in the violence. He was able to save his mother from the turmoil, but she died because of the privations she had experienced. In 1858, he was appointed as Sadarus Sudoor, a high-ranking post at the court in Muradabad, where he began working on his most famous literary work, The Cause of the Indian Revolt. He was transferred to Aligarh in the late 19th century. He was elevated to the position of a sub- judge of small causes in 1864. In 1869, he accompanied his two sons, <mask> and <mask>, who were going to study in England. Sir <mask> settled in Aligarh after retiring from government service.He served on the Imperial Legislative Council from July to July 1880. The second term lasted until 1884. He was a member of the Legislative Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the North- Western Provinces. <mask>'s mother and maternal grandfather were both interested in his education. The Wazir in the Mughal court was also a teacher, mathematician and astronomer. Sufism had an impact on <mask> since he was a child. His maternal uncle was an expert in music and mathematics and influenced him in his early days.The influence of three schools of religious on <mask>'s outlook can be seen in his early theological writings. While Sir <mask> was in favor of religious forms in India, he was against the Indian Wahhabi movement. Sir <mask>'s style of writing was influenced by the style of prose and poetry of Ghalib and Zauq. He would visit the two Imams in his learning years. A teacher in Arabic at Agra College in the early 1840s who encouraged and corrected his early works was one of the influences on him. He used freedom of expression to bring reforms to the Muslim community. John Stuart Mill was one of the western writers who influenced his political thoughts.He modeled his own journals after the ones written by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. While continuing to work as a junior clerk, Sir <mask> began focusing on writing at the age of 23 and wrote at least 6000 pages. Sir <mask> <mask>'s career as an author began when he published a series of religious works. His early religious writings have his religious thoughts leaning towards the orthodoxy which slowly becomes independent with his increasing contact with the West. His early works show the influence of Sufism. The main themes of these works are popularising the practice of Prophet Muhammad as the one true path and the desire to reform the lives of Indian Muslims from religious innovations thus endeavoring for the purity of Islamic belief in India. His later religious writings such as his commentary on the Torah and Gospel and his essays on Muhammad were stimulated in response to Christian missionary activities in India and the aggressive view of British historians towards Islam.His first work was a biographical sketch of Prophet Muhammad, which was published in 1842. It was prose for reading from a book. His friend Nur al Hasan encouraged him to publish his second book, The Gift to Hasan. The tenth and twelfth chapter of Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi's Tuhfah-i Ithna Ashariyya was a critique of Shia beliefs. The tenth chapter deals with the Shia accusations against the Sahabi and the twelfth deals with the Shia doctrine of tawalli and tabarri. His third book, entitled Kalimat al-Haqq, was published in 1849. It is a critique of Sufi practices.The first part of the work is devoted to the idea of piri, in which he argues that Muhammad is the only valid pir. He wants reforms in the pir-murid relationship. The Sunna and the Rejection of Innovations was his fourth book. He criticized the religious practices and beliefs of his fellow Muslims, which he felt was mixed with innovation and deviated from the true Sunnah. He defended the Sufi practice of tasawwur-i-Shaikh in a letter published in 1852. The passages he translated were from al-Ghazali's Kimiya al Sa'ada. Sir <mask>wrat Wa 'I-injil'ala millat al Islam was published in three parts in English and Urdu from 1862 to 1865. While the first part deals with the Islamic approach to biblical writings, the second and third part contain commentary on the Book of Genesis and Matthew. He wrote Al-Khutbat al-Ahmadiyya fi'l Arab wa'I Sirat al-Muhammadiyya, a series of essays on the life of Prophet Muhammad. He was upset by the portrayal of Islam and Prophet Mohammad. The younger generation of Muslims might have doubts about the book. He took his son to England to get a first-hand look at Western civilization. While not agreeing with all of Darwin's ideas, he was a sort of theistic evolutionist like Asa Gray, and one of the first in the Islamic world, finding the arguments supporting such view through his own scientific research.<mask> began commentary on Quran in 1877. It was published as Tafsir ul-Quran in seven volumes and the last volume was published six years after his death. He analysed and interpreted 16 paras and 13 surahs of the Quran. In the first volume, he laid down 15 principles that he based his commentary on. In 1840, Sir <mask> compiled a book of chronological tables about the Timurid rulers of Delhi at the request of Robert N. C. Hamilton, his patron. It was published under the title Jam-i-Jum. The biographical data of the ruler of Delhi was compiled in Silsilat-ul-Mulk.The history he wrote on the city of Bijnor was destroyed during the rebellion. He wrote critical editions of books like Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. The two editions of Asar-us-Sanadid and Ain-e-Akbari are the most important historical works that brought him fame as a scholar. The book Asar-us-Sanadid (The Remnants of Ancient Heroes) was published in 1847. The buildings outside the city of Delhi, the buildings around the Delhi Fort, the monuments in Shahjahanabad and the last section present a brief historical account of the various settlements of Delhi and the prominent inhabitants of Delhi. The first book illustrations in India were drawn by Faiz <mask> and Mirza Shahrukh Beg. The second edition of Ansar-as-sanadid was released in 1854.The second edition is abbreviated and more factual than the first edition. Sir <mask> earned the reputation of a cultured scholar as a result of this work. It was translated into French in the 19th century. The book was presented to him by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The scholarly and illustrated edition of Ai'n-e Akbari was finished by Ain-e-Akbari. The first two volumes of the work were published in 1854. The second volume was destroyed in the rebellion that took place that year.After finishing the work, <mask> approached the great Ghalib to write a taqriz, a laudatory foreword, for it. A short Persian poem castigating the Ai'n-e Akbari, and by implication, the imperial, sumptuous, literate and learned Mughal culture of which it was a product, was produced by Ghalib. The book had little value even though it was an antique document. <mask> <mask> wasted his talents and time on dead things. He praised the "sahibs of England" who at that time held all the keys to the world. Sir <mask> <mask> gave up taking an interest in history and archaeology after praising the Ai'n-e Akbari. He edited two more historical texts over the next few years, but neither of them was anything like the Ai'n: a vast and triumphalist document on the governance of Akbar.<mask> was posted as a chief assessment officer at the court. The history of the mutiny was recorded in a book. He was worried about the consequences of the mutiny for his fellow Muslims. Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind, Loyal Muhammadans

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Syed Ahmad Taqvi
Syed Muhammad Muttaqi KC
Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Ahmad
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Ahmad
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Khan Bahadur
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Syed Ahmad
Syed Ahmad
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texts: of India, and Review on Dr. Hunter's Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against were all written by him. To create a relationship between the British authorities and the Muslim community. Sir <mask> supported the East India Company during the Indian Revolt, a role which has been criticized by some nationalists. The causes of the Indian revolt were studied in the booklet Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind published by <mask>.He rejected the idea that the conspiracy was planned by Muslim elites because they resented the diminishing influence of Muslim monarchs. He blamed the expansion of the East India Company on the ignorant British politicians. Sir <mask> told the British to appoint Muslims to help in administration to prevent haramzadgi. The biography of Sir <mask> states that he began to write the pamphlet "The Causes of the Indian Revolt" as soon as he reached Muradabad. The British had invented a theory to explain the causes of the Mutiny, but he refused to accept it. Sir <mask> did not wait for an English translation to send the Urdu version to the Mufassilat Gazette Press in Agra. He got 500 copies back from the printers.He was warned not to send the pamphlet to the British Parliament or the Government of India. Sir <mask> was begged to burn the books by his friend Rae Shankar Das. Sir <mask> said that he was bringing these matters to the attention of the British for the benefit of his own people and the government. He said that if he came to any harm while doing something that would benefit the rulers and the people of India, he would be happy to die. When he saw that Sir <mask>'s mind was made up and nothing could be done to change it, he cried and remained silent. After performing a supplementary prayer and asking God's blessing, Sir <mask> sent almost all the 500 copies of his pamphlet to England, one to the government and the rest to himself. The book was translated and presented to the council by the government of India and they accepted it as a friendly report.The foreign secretary called it an extremely seditious pamphlet. The author should be harshly dealt with unless he can give a satisfactory explanation, as he wanted a proper inquiry into the matter. No other member of the Council agreed with his opinion. Sir <mask> met the foreign secretary at the durbar after he was invited. He told Sir <mask> that if he really had the government's interests at heart, he wouldn't have made his opinion known in this way throughout the country. Sir <mask> only had 500 copies printed, the majority of which he sent to England, and one was given to the government of India. He had the receipt to prove it.He was aware that the view of the rulers had been distorted by the stress and anxieties of the times, which made it difficult to put the most straightforward problem in its right perspective. He didn't communicate his thoughts publicly because of this. He promised that he would personally pay for every copy that was found in India. At first, Beadon wasn't sure if <mask> was sure that no other copy had been distributed in India. Beadon never mentioned it again after <mask> reassured him. He was one of Sir <mask>'s strongest supporters. There were many official translations of The Causes of the Indian Revolt.The subject of many discussions and debates was formed by the one undertaken by the India Office. The pamphlet was translated by the government of India, but no version was made available to the public. The translation was finished by Sir <mask>'s friend, Colonel G.F.I. Graham was published in 1873. The life of Muslims who stood by the Loyal Mohammedans of India was chronicled in a series of pamphlets written by Sir <mask>. The first and second issues were published in 1860 and the third in 1861. The first issue highlighted the bravery of those Muslims who stood by the British, while the second featured an article on jihad in which he makes a distinction between jihad and rebellion.In August 1871 William Wilson Hunter, a Scottish historian and member of the Indian Civil Service published Indian Musalmans: Are They Bound in Conscience to Rebel Against the Queen? He argued that the Muslims were a threat to the Empire and that the Indian Wahabi movement was involved in the rebellion. Hunter equates rebellion with self-stylised jihadis. The prosecution of Muslims in India, especially in the North Western Provinces, was a result of his accusations. Sir <mask> wrote a rejoinder to the book after many Muslims found his arguments one-sided. From November 24, 1871 to February 23, 1872, he reviewed the book in The Pioneer in a series of articles. They were published in a book in England.Sir <mask>'s arguments were based on the Prophet's conduct. <mask> <mask> was a Muslim reformer who had a passion for education. While studying European jurisprudence, Sir <mask> realized the advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across India. Most Indian Muslims were suspicious of British influences due to the influence of traditional dogma and religious orthodoxy. Sir <mask> was starting to worry about the future of Muslim communities. Sir <mask>, a descendant of Mughal nobility, was aware of the decline of Muslim political power in India. Muslim communities in India were threatened by the animosity between the British and Muslims before and after the Indian Rebellion.Sir <mask> worked to promote loyalty to the Empire amongst Indian Muslims. One of the first religious schools to impart scientific education was founded by Sir <mask>, who was committed to working for the improvement of Muslims. Relief for the famine-struck people of North-West Province was organised by Sir <mask>. The Victoria High school was established by him while he was posted in Ghazipur. The Scientific Society was formed to promote educational reforms. He wrote an insightful tract on education titled Iltimas Ba Khidmat-e-Sakinan-e-Hind Dar Bab-e- Taraqqi Taleem in Ahl-e-Hind. Sir <mask> began working as an educator after he was transferred to Aligarh.The Scientific Society of Aligarh was rechristened after it was transferred from Ghazipur. Sir <mask> put together Muslim scholars from different parts of the country. Annual conferences, funds for educational causes, and a journal on scientific subjects were published by the Society. The socio-economic future of Muslims was threatened by their aversions to modern science and technology according to Sir <mask>. He struggled to find rational interpretations for jinn, angels, and miracles of the Prophets in many of the writings he published. His argument that riba referred to interest charges when lending money to the poor, but not to the rich, or to borrowers in trade or in industry, was one example. According to Sir <mask>, this was based on their own authority and deduction, rather than the Quran.He was awarded the Order of the Star of India from the British government on August 6, 1869, after he and his sons went to England. He was inspired by the culture of learning established after the Renaissance when he traveled across England. Sir <mask> came back to India to build a school that would teach modern education to Indians. On December 26, 1870, he established the Khwastgaran-i-Taraqqi-i-Talim-i-Musalman. It became a Fund Committee for the establishment of a school in 1872. Sir <mask> described his vision of the institution he proposed to establish in an article written sometime in 1872 and re-printed in the Aligarh Institute Gazette of 5 April 1911: I may appear to be dreaming and talking like Shaikh Chilli, but we aim to turn this MAO College into a University There will be mosques attached to each College.The College will have a dispensary with a Doctor and a compounder. Boys in residence will have to join the prayers at all five times. Students of other religions will not be required to attend this religious event. Bad and abusive words which boys generally pick up and get used to, will be strictly prohibited. The word "liar" will be treated as an abuse. They will have food either on tables of European style or on chaukis. The chewing of betels and smoking of cigarette are not allowed.Any punishment that is likely to hurt a student's self-respect will not be permissible. Shia and Sunni boys will not discuss their religious differences in the College or in the boarding house. It is like a dream at the moment. I pray that the dream will come true. On December 24, 1870, he began publishing the journal to spread knowledge and promote reforms in Muslim society. In order to reconcile tradition with Western education, Sir <mask> worked to promote reinterpretation of Muslim ideology. He argued in several books that scientific inquiry is important to being a good Muslim because the Qur'an requires an appreciation of reason and natural law.The committee under Sir <mask> issued proposals for the construction of a college. The secretary of the proposed school was appointed by the sub-committee. The committee toured the country in order to raise funds for the school which was established in Aligarh in 1875. The school was converted into a college two years later. After retiring from his career as a judge, he focused on developing the college and religious reform. The British supported Sir <mask>'s work. The large student body at Sir <mask>'s new institution was mainly drawn from the Muslim gentry and middle classes.MAO College had a large number of Hindu students. The first person to graduate from the college was a Hindu. Oriental subjects and religious education were included in the curriculum at the college. The first college principal was an Englishman, Theodore Beck, who was invited by <mask> to be the first chancellor. The college was transferred from Calcutta University to the Allahabad University in 1885. It established a law school and began publishing its own magazine in the 20th century. The college was turned into a university in 1920.Sir <mask> felt the need for a pan- India organisation to spread his ideas after founding the Anglo-Oriental College. The All India Muhammadan Educational Congress was established to help this cause. The first session of the Congress was held in 1886. The main goal of the organisation was to promote educational development among Muslims through conferences throughout India and transform the Anglo-Oriental College to the status of university. All India Muhammadan Educational Conference was changed to avoid confusion with the Indian National Congress. Sir <mask>'s desire to open institutions for Western education was opposed by the orthodox Indian Muslims. The foundation of Anglo-Oriental College was condemned by Imdad Ali.His opponents started periodicals to discourage Muslims from joining the Aligarh movement. He was condemned as out of the fold of Islam by many other schools. Kafir. According to J.M.S. The local clerics in Muslim India issued fatawa "declaring him to be a kafir" because of Baljon's ideas. He was accused of converting to Christianity. The founder of the Ahmadiyya movement criticized some of his writings.Jamal al-Din al-Afghani called him a "Naturist" in his periodical. Many of his friends, like Nawab Muhsin ul Mulk, had reservations about his religious ideas. In a letter to an acquaintance of his and <mask>'s, the founder of Darul Uloom Deoband expressed his admiration for their courage. If I will express my affection for him, it will be right. After hearing about his Fsid beliefs, I have deep complains and sorrow for him, as well as explaining some of his "noteworthy" mistakes. In his book Sir <mask> <mask>, a political biography notes that Sir <mask> was an educationist and reformer and not an academic thinker. The viceroyalty of Lord Ripon in India is one of the important events that shaped his political outlook.Sir <mask> was very religious. His political views were based on Islam. Sir <mask> was nominated to the Viceroy's Legislative Council. He testified about the need for more colleges and schools in India. Sir <mask> was an advocate of Hindu- Muslim unity and India's culture at the start of his political career. The Muhammadan Association was founded by Sir <mask> to promote political co-operation between Indian Muslims from different parts of the country. The All India Muhammadan Educational Conference promoted his vision of modern education and political unity for Muslims.He was the most prominent Muslim politician in India in the 19th century because of his works. Sir <mask> discouraged the involvement of Muslims in politics. Higher English education is the first priority for the Muslim community as opposed to politics, according to him. He refused to lend support to the National Muhammadan Association and the Muhammedan National Conference because he considered

masks:
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