texts: corps advanced quickly, reaching the Dvina River in 100 hours. He was well ahead of the rest of the army group.The two corps were tasked with encircling the Soviet formations in a pincer movement. After penetrating deep into the Soviet lines, his corps was the target of a counteroffensive by the Soviet 11th Army. <mask>'s 8th Panzer Division was cut off. The Red Army was able to stop <mask>'s advance at Luga because it was badly mauled. The corps regrouped. <mask> was given the 4th SS Polizei Division and the 8th Panzer was sent on anti-partisan duties. The attack was delayed many times.When <mask> received orders to begin the advance toward Leningrad, the assault on Luga was still going on. The X Corps was in danger of being encircled when he moved to his new headquarters at Lake Samro, so he was told to send his men towards Staraya Russa. The Red Army launched an offensive against Army Group North on August 12th, cutting off three divisions. <mask> returned to Dno Leningrad because he was frustrated with the loss of the 8th Panzer. His counteroffensive led to a major Soviet defeat when his unit encircled five Soviet divisions. 12,000 and 141 tanks were captured. His opponent, General Kachanov of the 34th Army, was executed for the defeat.<mask> tried to get rest days for his men, who had been fighting in poor terrain and poor weather since the start of the campaign. They were told to go east on Demyansk. He was informed that he would take over the 11th Army of Army Group South in Ukraine when he was near the city. In September 1941 <mask> was appointed commander of the 11th Army after its previous commander, Colonel-General Eugen <mask>, died when his plane landed in a Soviet minefield. During its advance into the Soviet Union, the 11th Army was tasked with invading the Crimean Peninsula, capturing Sevastopol, and pursuing enemy forces on the flank of Army Group South. Hitler wanted to cut off the Soviet supply of oil from the Caucasus and prevent the Red Army from using air bases. <mask>'s forces achieved a rapid breakthrough against the Soviets.After most of the neck of the Isthmus had been taken, his forces were substantially reduced, leaving six German divisions and the Third Army. <mask> complained of a lack of air support to contest Soviet air superiority in the region, as the rest of the Perekop Isthmus was captured slowly and with some difficulty. The road between Simferopol and Sevastopol was cut off on October 31st. The next day, the forces captured Simferopol. By 16 November, the 11th Army had captured all of the peninsula. The Red Army evacuated 300,000 people from the city. <mask> ordered an investment in the city after his first attack on the city failed.He launched another offensive by 17 December. On December 26 and December 30 the Soviets landed on the Kerch Straits to take back the peninsula. Most of the heavy equipment of the 46th Infantry Division was lost when they withdrew from the Kerch Peninsula in defiance of <mask>'s orders. <mask> sent most of his forces east to destroy the Soviet bridgehead after he canceled a planned restart of the attack. Stalin pushed the Soviet forces to conduct further offensives because they were in a superior position as they were able to re-supply by sea. The critical rail- and road-access points were not captured by the Soviet troops. <mask> was assigned major air support for the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula.<mask> had the 11th Army attack in the north because they were outnumbered on the ground. The Soviet troops left. The capture of 170,000 prisoners, 1,133 guns and 258 tanks was recorded in <mask>'s memoirs. On 16 May, he was captured. The Wehrmacht lost a lot of men. After a month's delay, <mask> focused once more on the capture of Sevastopol, a battle in which Germany used some of the largest guns ever built. Super- heavy Karl-Gert mortars and the "Dora" railway gun were brought in for the assault.On the morning of June 2, 1942, a furious barrage began. The bombardment continued for five days before the ground assault began. The 11th Army focused on the northern approaches to the city during the month of June. Both sides had high Casualties as the month went on. <mask> was aware of the need to act before the German offensive of 1942 reduced the availability of reinforcements and supplies. The operation was a success. Hitler promoted <mask> to Generalfeldmarschall on the same day that German forces entered the city.The city was taken over by the Germans on July 4. Manstein was involved in atrocities against the Soviet population, especially those committed by Einsatzgruppe D, one of several Schutzstaffel groups that were tasked with the elimination of the Jews of Europe. In the wake of Manstein's 11th Army, Einsatzgruppe D was provided with vehicles, fuel, and drivers. The Einsatzgruppe was planning to shoot Jews to prevent them from escaping. Captain Gunzert went to Manstein to ask him to stop the killings after he witnessed Einsatzgruppe D massacre a group of Jewish women and children. <mask> told Gunzert to forget what he had seen and concentrate on fighting the Red Army. The charges against <mask> related to Nazi maltreatment and killing of Jews and prisoners-of-war in the Crimea.After the capture of Sevastopol, Hitler felt that <mask> was the right man to command the forces at Leningrad, which had been under siege since September 1941. <mask> was transferred to the front with elements of the 11th Army. <mask> had a plan to cut off Leningrad's supply line at Lake Ladoga because he lacked proper forces to storm the city. The Red Army launched the Sinyavin offensive on the day he arrived. The offensive appeared to break through the German lines, lifting the siege on the 18th Army. <mask> was ordered to take offensive action by Hitler after he telephoned him directly. He launched a counteroffensive on September 21st that cut off the two Soviet armies.Throughout October, fighting continued. The Wehrmacht could not make a decisive assault on Leningrad because of attrition. The Soviet forces lifted the siege in January 1944. In 1942, the Wehrmacht launched a massive offensive against the Caucasian oilfields in an attempt to resolve their shortage of oil. Stalingrad, a key city on the River Volga, was captured by the 6th Army after German air attacks. His troops entered the city on September 12. There was street fighting and hand-to-hand combat.The goal of the counteroffensive was to encircle the German armies and trap them in the city. <mask> was appointed commander of the newly created Army Group Don, which was tasked with mounting a relief operation to reinforce the German hold on Stalingrad. The 6th Army would be able to hold on thanks to adequate air support, according to <mask>'s initial assessment. Gero was killed in battle in October 1942. The worst thing that happened to him was this. Winter Storm achieved some initial success. The 23rd, 6th, and 17th Panzer Divisions, as well as the supporting units of the LVII Panzer Corps, came under attack by the Soviet tanks at the Myshkova River on December 20th.The 6th Army should attempt to break out after <mask> made a request to Hitler. Both <mask> and Paulus were reluctant to disobey Hitler's orders. The conditions inside the city deteriorated due to the cold weather and inadequate supplies of food. Due to poor weather, a lack of aircraft, and mechanical difficulties, the Reichsminister of Aviation assured Hitler that the trapped 6th Army could be adequately supplied by air. <mask> tried to convince Hitler to allow Paulus to surrender. Paulus surrendered with his remaining 91,000 soldiers on January 31, 1943, despite Hitler's wishes. After the end of the war, only 6,000 survivors returned to Germany.<mask> thought he did his best for the 6th Army. The encircled men saw it differently, with American historians writing that <mask>'s message to Hitler on 24 November advising him that the 6th Army should not break out, along with Gring's statements that the Luftwaffe could supply Stalingrad, sealed the fate. Historians have pointed out that the events at Stalingrad in <mask>'s memoir were probably made up. "Because of the sensitivity of the Stalingrad question in post-war Germany, <mask> worked as hard to distort the record as on his massive involvement in the murder of Jews", wrote Weinberg. The Red Army launched an offensive of their own. The plan was to cut off the German Army Group A. After the launch of Winter Storm, the Soviet army had to reallocate forces to prevent the relief of Stalingrad, so the operation was scaled down.<mask> was forced to divert forces because of the offensive. The LVII Panzer Corps was prevented from joining up with the 336th Infantry Division, the 3rd Luftwaffe Field Division, and the 11th Panzer Division because of the attack. The Panzer Corps held a line along the river against the Soviets. The 11th Panzer Division was used to fight the Soviets. On the verge of collapse, the German units were able to hold the line, but the Italian 8th Army on the flanks was overwhelmed and destroyed. The Red Army planned a series of offensives in January and February 1943 to destroy the German forces in southern Russia. After the destruction of the remaining Hungarian and Italian forces during the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive, the German forces were cut off from the east of the country.The southern part of the German front was threatened by those operations. Army Group Don, Army Group B, and parts of Army Group A were united as Army Group South in February to deal with the threat. In February 1943, the Red Army broke through the German lines and took Kursk. <mask> repeatedly called for reinforcements as Army Groups B and Don were in danger of being surrounded. The city was ordered to be evacuated on February 15th after Hitler called for it to be held "at all costs". <mask> convinced Hitler that offensive action was needed in the area to regain the initiative and prevent encirclement after he arrived at the front. The troops were reorganised and reinforcements were brought in.The counteroffensive launched by <mask> on 20 February became known as the "backhand blow", as the Soviets believed that <mask> would retreat. Some 23,000 Soviet soldiers were killed by the Wehrmacht by 2 March. Hitler traveled to the front lines in the Ukranian on 10 March 1943 where he met with <mask> to discuss the situation. <mask> carefully assembled his available forces along a wide front to prevent their encirclement and the Germans regained the city after bloody street fighting. He was given the Oak Leaves for the Knight's Cross. Belgorod was captured on 18 March. <mask>'s counteroffensive resulted in the destruction of three Soviet armies and the retreat of three others.There were over 50,000 dead and over 15,000 taken prisoner by the Soviets in the preceding month. 600 tanks and 1,200 pieces of artillery were captured or destroyed. The spring thaw ended operations in the area by 23 March. The enemy was to be eliminated at Kursk. Hitler was concerned that a pincer attack on the Kursk salient would draw forces away from the Donets Basin. The ground was too muddy to move the tanks. The launching of the operation would be delayed while more troops were gathered in the area and the mud solidified.The Red Army moved in large numbers of reinforcements and their intelligence reports revealed the expected locations and timing of the German thrusts. One of the largest battles in history took place during the last German offensive on the Eastern Front. By the time the Wehrmacht launched their initial assault on July 5, 1943, the Soviet forces outnumbered them by three to one. Walter Model was in charge of the northern pincer, while <mask>'s Army Group South was in charge of the southern pincer. Both armies were slowed as the tanks were blown up and caught up in combat on a series of Soviet defensive lines. 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 By the 13th of July, Model's forces were moving away from Orel, where the Soviet army had launched Kutuzov.Heavy casualties were caused by <mask>'s forces penetrating the Soviet lines. He reached, but did not capture, Prokhorovka, his first major objective, which resulted in serious Soviet losses. On July 13th, after the Allies landed in Sicily, Hitler ordered a withdrawal. <mask> felt that the Soviet forces had exhausted their reserves in the area, so he didn't want to stop until his own reserves had been committed. The operation was called off by Hitler. Modern historians don't think that a successful German continuation of the offensive will happen. The Battle of Kursk was seen as a German victory by the Dnieper <mask>, as he believed he had destroyed much of the Red Army's offensive capacity.The Red Army was able to recover much faster than <mask> anticipated. <mask> moved his panzer reserves to the lower Dnieper because he didn't know there was a diversion. Army Group South was put under heavy pressure by a Soviet offensive. After two days of heavy fighting, the Soviet troops broke through the German lines and took Belgorod. Hitler sent reinforcements to the Grodeutschland, the 7th Panzer, the 2nd Das Reich, and the 3rd Totenkopf Divisions. Construction began of defensive positions along the Dnieper, but Hitler refused requests to pull back. Between 13 and 17 August, <mask> fought a series of battles near Okhtyrka and Bohodukhiv,

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texts: which resulted in heavy casualties as they ran into Soviet lines.He told the OKH that his forces in the Donets river area were holding a too-wide front with insufficient numbers and that he needed to either withdraw to the Dnieper River or get reinforcements. <mask>'s northern flank was threatened by continuous pressure from the Soviet forces. <mask> was able to close the gap between the 4th Panzer and 8th Armies after the Red Army threw their main reserves into the fight. <mask> was allowed to go back across the Dnieper on September 15. <mask> faced charges at his war crimes trial for ordering scorched earth actions during the withdrawal. Soviet losses in July and August included over 1.6 million casualties, 10,000 tanks and self-propelled artillery pieces, and 4,200 aircraft. German losses were more difficult to sustain as there were no more men and materiel to draw on.<mask> tried to convince Hitler to reorganize the high command and let his generals make more of the military decisions. <mask> withdrew to the west bank of the Dnieper in September 1943 in an operation that for the most part was well-ordered, but at times became disorganized as his exhausted soldiers became "unglued". Many Soviet civilians brought livestock and personal property with them when they traveled west. As had been the case throughout the campaign, the Red Army used maskirovka to disguise the timing and exact location of their intended offensive, but <mask> correctly deduced that the next Soviet attack would be towards Kiev. Many German generals' belief in Nazi racial theories made the idea that Slavs could manipulate German intelligence completely implausible. The outnumbered Fourth Panzer Army was met by the 1st Ukrainian Front. On 1 November, Vatutin first made a thrust near the north of Kiev and then attacked near the south.The German troops were taken completely by surprise when Vatutin captured the bridgehead and gained a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. On 6 November, Kiev was liberated. The 17th Army was cut off by the 4th Ukrainian Front in October. After receiving reinforcements, the Red Army continued to advance on the cities of Zhytomyr and Korosten, despite the fact that they were retaken in mid-November. Hitler turned down <mask>'s requests for more reinforcements. Hitler was told by <mask> that the Dnieper line was no longer viable and that he needed to retreat. <mask> again requested changes in the highest levels of the military leadership, but was turned down as Hitler believed that he alone was capable of managing the wider strategy.The Soviet offensive forced <mask> to retreat further west. He ordered the German XI and XXXXII Corps to break out of the Korsun Pocket without waiting for permission from Hitler. The Wehrmacht was well back of the river by the beginning of March. <mask>'s 1st Panzer Army became encircled on 21 March when Hitler's order to defend all positions to the last man was not received in time. <mask> tried to convince Hitler to change his mind. <mask> was relieved of his command by Hitler on March 30, 1944. <mask> was on the cover of the January 1944 issue of Time magazine with the caption "Retreat may be masterly, but victory is in the opposite direction".On 30 March 1944, <mask> received the Swords of the Knight's Cross and handed over control of Army Group South to Model during a meeting at Hitler's mountain retreat. Model's adjutant, Gnther Reichhelm, later described the scene and <mask>'s response: While on medical leave after surgery to remove a cataract in his right eye, <mask> recovered at home in Liegnitz and in a medical facility in Dresden. He was in danger of losing his sight because of an illness. <mask> was at a seaside resort on the Baltic on the day of the failed assassination attempt on Hitler's life. <mask> was not involved in the conspiracy even though he had met with three of the main conspirators. <mask>'s house was placed under watch by the Gestapo. When it became obvious that Hitler was not going to appoint him to a new post, <mask> bought an estate in East Pomerania, but he was forced to abandon it when the Soviets overran the area.On January 22, 1945, his home at Liegnitz had to be evacuated and he and his family took refuge in Berlin. <mask> tried to get an audience with Hitler in the Fhrerbunker but was turned away. After the war in Europe ended in 1945, he and his family moved further west into Germany. <mask> was being treated in a hospital in Heiligenhafen when he was arrested by the British and taken to a prisoner of war camp near Lneburg. <mask> was moved to Nuremberg in 1945. The Palace of Justice is the location of the Nuremberg trials of major Nazi war criminals. While there, <mask> helped prepare a document for the trial of the General Staff and the OKW.The myth that the Wehrmacht was not responsible for the events of the Holocaust rose as a result of this document. He gave oral testimony about the Einsatzgruppen, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the concept of military obedience, all of which were related to Hitler's order to shoot all Soviet political commissars. <mask> said he did not carry out the order. According to documents presented at Nuremberg and <mask>'s own trial, he received regular reports regarding the execution of hundreds of political commissars. He testified that soldiers under his command were not involved in the murder of Jewish civilians. During his testimony, Ohlendorf said that <mask> was aware of what was happening and that the Eleventh Army was involved. The General Staff and the OKW were declared not to be a criminal organisation.They decided that a collection of military officers was not a group as defined by article 9 of their charter. <mask> was held by the British as a prisoner of war at Island Farm in Bridgend, Wales, waiting to hear if he would face a war crimes trial. He kept apart from the other inmates, taking solitary walks, tending a small garden, and beginning work on the drafts of two books. The British author wrote to <mask> and others at Island Farm and visited inmates of several camps around Britain while preparing his best-selling 1947 book On the Other Side of the Hill. <mask> was described as an operational genius by Liddell Hart. The English edition of <mask>'s memoir, Verlorene Siege (Lost Victories), was arranged by Hart after the two remained in contact. In July 1948, the British cabinet decided to prosecute <mask> for war crimes.He and three other senior officers were transferred to await trial. Brauchitsch died in October and Rundstedt and Strauss were released on medical grounds in March 1949. <mask>'s trial took place from August to December 1949. Three of the charges <mask> faced were related to events in Poland and fourteen were related to events in the Soviet Union. maltreatment of prisoners of war, co-operation with the Einsatzgruppe D in killing Jewish residents of the Crimea, and using "scorched earth" tactics while retreating from the Soviet Union were some of the charges. The prosecution used an order <mask> had signed on 20 November 1941 to build their case that he knew about and was involved in the genocide. The "Jewish Bolshevik system" and the "harsh punishment of Jewry" were called for in the order.<mask> claimed that he asked for a draft of the order but didn't remember signing it. Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies wrote in 2008 that <mask> committed perjury when he claimed not to remember signing the Severity Order and that he agreed with Hitler's idea that the war against the Soviet Union was a war to destroy Judeo-Bolshevism. <mask>'s defence argued that his order calling for all Jews to be executed was justified because he wanted to protect his men from partisan attacks. Even if the orders were illegal, <mask> was not compelled to disobey them. The Nazi racial policy was found to be repugnant by <mask>. <mask> had no knowledge of or involvement in genocide according to 16 other witnesses. Paget called the Soviets "savages", arguing that <mask> showed restraint as a "decent German soldier" when fighting against the Soviets, who displayed "appalling savagery".One of the key points of the trial was whether or not <mask> was responsible for the activities of Einsatzgruppe D, a unit not under his direct control but operating in his zone of command. The prosecution claimed that <mask> had a duty to know about the activities of this unit and to stop their genocidal operations. Ronald Smelser and Benot Lemay believe that he perjured himself at his trial and at Nuremberg. <mask> was sentenced to eighteen years in prison after being found guilty on nine of the charges. He was found guilty of allowing subordinates to shoot civilians and shooting Soviet war prisoners. <mask>'s supporters in Britain and Germany protested. The sentence was seen as a political decision in Germany and the British press.In February 1950, the sentence was reduced to 12 years. Paget published a best-selling book in 1951 about <mask>'s career and trial, which portrayed <mask> as an honorable soldier fighting heroically despite overwhelming odds on the Eastern Front and who had been convicted of crimes that he did not commit. The cult surrounding <mask>'s name was helped by the book. His release on 7 May 1953 was partly a result of a recurrence of his eye problems but also the result of pressure by a number of people. Adenauer made Germany's re-armament contingent on the release of their war criminals, as well as the British wanting Germany to take part in the defence of Western Europe. In order to stop the spread of communism, it was necessary to remove the Jews from European society, according to Antisemitism <mask>. <mask> did nothing to prevent the killing of Jews and other civilians in the areas where his units were operating, and in which his Eleventh Army actively participated, according to his order of 20 November 1941.The 1941 letter <mask> sent to Otto Ohlendorf shows that he was aware of the Einsatzgruppen massacres. <mask> thought his men deserved the watches since they were helping Ohlendorf's men with their work. The only time that <mask> complained about the Einsatzgruppen was in this letter. The number of Jews killed in the Holocaust was overstated according to <mask>. During this time, antisemitism was common in Germany and throughout Europe, and <mask>'s attitude towards the Jews had its roots in his exposure to and assimilation of these views. His actions were a reflection of his loyalty to Hitler and the Nazi regime, as well as of his sense of duty based on traditional Prussian military values. His criticism of Hitler was based on their disagreements over the conduct of the war, not the regime's racial policies.Antony Beevor and Benot Lemay believe that <mask> had Jewish ancestry. The introduction of the Aryan paragraph was opposed by <mask>. He wrote a letter of protest to General Beck, saying that anyone who had volunteered to serve in the armed forces had already proven their worth. <mask> might have been interested in protecting his two grandnephews who were already serving in the Reichswehr. He may have been concerned about his Jewish heritage. The results of the investigation into <mask>'s ancestry are unknown because the report was not completed. <mask> was called on in 1955 by the Amt Blank to formulate plans for the re-founding of the German army, along with ten other former senior officers.He gave an analysis of strategic power considerations and the country's defence and spoke about whether the country should have a professional army or a conscripted army. The length of service for conscripts should be at least 18 months, according to his opinion. He came up with the idea to form a reserve force. In 1955, <mask>'s war memoir, Verlorene Siege (Lost Victories), was published in West Germany and was later translated into several other languages. The book was critical of Hitler and his leadership style. <mask>'s emphasis on the purely military aspects of the war, while ignoring the political and moral aspects, was seen by historians as a way for him to absolve himself and the high command of any responsibility for the events of the Holocaust. He became the center of a military cult which cast him not only as one of Germany's greatest generals, but also one of the greatest in history, because of his favorable portrayal of himself.He was described as a militrische Kult- und Leitfigur, a military cult figure and leading personality, by both the public and historians. Biographers, including Benot Lemay, feel that his focus on military matters to the exclusion of moral issues cannot be considered ethical. After his release from prison, <mask> and his wife lived in Essen and Bonn for a while before moving to a house near Munich. The second volume of his memoirs, "A Soldier's Life", was published in 1958. His wife, Jutta Sibylle <mask>, died in 1966. On <mask>'s 80th birthday, General de Maizire sent him a message. On the night of 9 June 1973, <mask> died of a stroke at the age of 85.The last surviving German field marshal was buried with full military honours. Hundreds of soldiers from all ranks attended his funeral. In <mask>'s obituary, the magazine said, "He assisted in the march to catastrophe--misled by a blind sense of duty." The Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords Knight's Cross, First Class of the Friedrich Order with Swords Hanseatic Cross, and the Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 were <mask>'s testimony at Nuremberg is contained in three files at the Yale University Avalon Project. There are books and articles. There is an English translation of Lost Victories.It was published in 1958. The book had an 8th ed. In 1964 and 1991. They were Bernhard and Graefe in 2009. The New York Review of Books: "How Wrong Was Churchill?" is one of the contemporary reviews. Field marshals of Nazi Germany, German anti-communists, German male non-fiction writers, German military personnel of World War I, German Protestants, and Nazis convicted of war crimes were recipients of the

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texts: <mask><mask> is best known for his work on one of the best neurologically understood behavioral patterns in animals. The main focus of his research was the weakly electric fish and the neural basis for its jamming avoidance response behavioral process. As an international scientist, he worked alongside other neuroethologists and researchers to further explain animal behavior in a comprehensive manner and through the application of a strict analytical and quantitative method. His life was dedicated to researching that which could be applicable to "all complex nervous systems", as well as the general principles of nature, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask> was born in Berlin, Germany, but moved to Mnster after death. He moved to San Diego, California, in 1972 after spending part of his early adulthood in Seewiesen. On September 8, 1994, <mask> was killed in a plane crash while on his way to deliver a lecture at the University of Pittsburgh.<mask>'s interest in ethology began at a young age when he met Konrad Lorenz, one of the founding fathers of modern ethology. His interest in fish and animal behavior flourished thanks to Lorenz's influence. He initially entered the University of Mnster in 1958, but moved to the University of Munich after Lorenz and fellow neuroethologist Erich von Holst established the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in a city approximately 20 miles from Munich. The year 1995 Between these two colleges, his studies were spread between a number of disciplines, which influenced his research into the neural bases of animal behavior. His ethological foundation was laid here, as he performed a quantitative analysis of the effect of motivational factors on the occurrence of various social behavioral patterns. His research continued to focus on the motivational behaviors of chiclid fish and crickets in Seewiesen.His work led to the testing and production of evidence that was contrary to Lorenz's theory of the psychohydraulic model of motivation. Despite the established research, he was willing to venture into new territories. When he moved to the University of California, San Diego in 1972 as a post-doctoral investigator, his status as a neuroethologist was further established. His appointment to faculty in 1973, then to the position of full professor of behavioral physiology in 1977 followed his decision to decline the position of Director at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Seewiesen. He published widely about the neural bases of the jamming avoidance response, the first example of an entire behavioral pattern that could be explained from sensory input to motor output. The built-in electric organ of Eigennmania was found to be adaptive for location of external objects and for communication. The year 1995<mask> continued to study the potentially more complex social behaviors. The decades' worth of work was expressed through the book, " Neural Nets in Electric Fish," in which he explains observed phenomena of the jamming avoidance response, the nature of the electrical stimuli, the neural networks triggering them, and even explains it with respect to other sensory and species' systems. He was a pioneer in the neuroethology community because of his inclination to successfully use computational methods. <mask> directed his fellow researchers and graduate students to explore behavioral phenomena through neuroscience. His openness with his graduate students was notable, as he encouraged them not only to use and learn new techniques and other interests in different fields, but was also willing to allow them independently started projects and papers published without being named as a co-author. His personal work utilized the useful aspects of both neuroscience and ethology, which addressed the single-unit interactions and more complicated patterned processes. His methodology was based on the belief that it would be the most promising if the behavior investigated is easy to understand.The patterns of behavior which still function while under restricted conditions are suitable. A list of the journal articles he helped to author can be found through the website. There is a complete list of Heiligenberg lab publications up to 2000 in Zupanc and Bullock's 2006 article titled "<mask>iligenberg: the jamming avoidance response and beyond?" Zupanc and Bullock were published in 2006). The website for the Heiligenberg Lab is at http://www.cnl.salk.edu/%7Ekt/Heiligenberg_Lab.html. Heiligenberg's dedication and research made him a leader in the community. He received several awards at the time of his death, including the Merit Award from the National Institute of Mental Health.<mask> has been an editor for the journal since 1981 and served as senior editor in 1994. The International Society of Neurologicalethology named a student travel award after him. Autrum, H. 1994, references Konrad Lorenz Erich von Holst and the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology. <mask> lived from 31.1.1938 to 8.9.1994. J Comp A 175 was published. Glenn Northcutt, Bullock, Theodore, and Cicourel. 1995.<mask><mask> is from San Diego. In Memoriam of the University of California. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 Catherine Carr. 1994. <mask>iligenberg. J Comput Neurosci 4.<mask>. 1969. The effect of chirps on a cricket's chirp. Z Vergl Physiol 65 is a medical journal. <mask>. 1965. There is a relationship between digging movements and aggressive behavior in cichlids.Anim Behav 13: 163-170. <mask>. 1977. A neuroscience approach to the principles of electric fish. New York: Springer-Verlag. <mask>. 1991.Neural Nets in fish. MIT Press is in Cambridge. Moortgat, K.T. The lab is named after Heiligenberg. The Heiligenberg Lab can be found at http://www.cnl.salk.edu/%7Ekt/Heiligenberg_Lab.html. Gunther K. H. Zupanc was born in 2004. An approach to behavioral neuroscience.Oxford University Press. Theodore and Zupanc are related. 2006 <mask> talks about the jamming avoidance response. J Comp Physiol A was published in 192. There were Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania and victims of aviation accidents in the United States.

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texts: <mask> is an American former professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball from 1974 through 1990 as a center fielder. In 1975, he became the first player to win the Most Valuable Player Award and the MLB's Freshman of the Year Award in the same year. <mask> was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007. <mask> was born in Chicago and graduated from El Monte High School in 1969. He was drafted by the New York Yankees but chose to attend the University of Southern California, where he was a member of the USC baseball team that won the College World Series in 1971 and 1973. He won a silver medal at the 1971 Pan American Games. He was the 41st overall pick in the second round of the MLB draft.<mask> played in Boston's minor league system from 1973 to 1974 with Double-A Bristol and Triple-A Pawtucket. In a Boston loss to the Milwaukee Brewers, <mask> made his major league debut. He played in 15 games through the end of the season. In 1975, <mask> had an outstanding season, batting.331 with 21 home runs and 105 runs. He won a Gold Glove Award for his defensive play and finished second in batting in the American League. <mask> became the first player to win both the Most Valuable Player Award and the Freshman of the Year Award at the same time in the same season, and the feat was duplicated by Suzuki in 2001. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The "Gold Dust Twins" were <mask> and Jim Rice. <mask> hit a home run and drove in five runs in Boston's seven-game loss to the Cincinnati Reds in the 1975 World Series. <mask> won three more Gold Gloves, and in 1979 he won the batting title with a.333 average, and finished fourth in the Most Valuable Player voting. From 1975 to 1980 he was an All-Star with Boston. He hit for the cycle on May 13, 1980. <mask> had a.308 batting average with               124 home runs in                                In January 1981 <mask> and Steve Renko were traded to the Angels.<mask> was limited to 76 games in his first year with the Angels due to a knee injury. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He played three more seasons with the Angels, batting.279 in 136 games in 1982,.272 in 118 games in 1983, and.279 in 142 games in 1984. His.299 average in 1982 was the closest he would come to hitting.300 again. <mask> and the Angels lost in the ALCS to the Brewers in 1982, despite winning the division. <mask> was the first player from a losing team to be honored as the ALCS Most Valuable Player. <mask> had a.611 batting average with 11 hits and a home run.<mask> was an All-Star in his first three seasons with the Angels, and he was the Most Valuable Player of the 1983 All-Star Game. <mask> appeared in 473 games with the Angels, batting.270 with 71 home runs and 270 RBIs. <mask> was included in The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time by Lawrence and Donald Honig. <mask> was a free agent after the 1984 season and signed a five-year contract with the Baltimore Orioles on December 11. His signing cost the ballclub three of its top five picks in the 1985 MLB Draft and was part of Edward Bennett Williams' ill-fated attempt to buy championships which resulted in last-place finishes in 1986 and 1988. <mask>'s time in Baltimore was most noted for his complaints about the Orioles' caps which he called "the hat with the funny little duck on it." <mask> played for the Orioles from 1985 to 1988 and had a.265 batting average with 87 home runs.On August 31, 1988, the Orioles traded <mask> to the Detroit Tigers. There was controversy about <mask>'s eligibility for the playoffs after Detroit traded for him. His acquisition was made on the day of the MLB trade deadline, and <mask> did not arrive in Chicago until after the deadline had passed, which meant he was ineligible for the playoffs. The player didn't need to report to his new team before the deadline if the transaction was completed by the deadline. Detroit finished one game behind Boston in the American League East. <mask> played 27 games for Detroit in the 1988 season, batting.222 with seven home runs and 19 RBIs. He played in over 100 games in 1989 and played well, batting.241 with 11 home runs.<mask> became a free agent in 1989. <mask>'s first and only National League team was the San Diego Padres. He played 90 games in the 1990 season, batting.240 with six home runs and 23 runs. He became a free agent again after the season. He did not play in the major leagues again after he was not invited to spring training by any team in 1991. In his 17-year career, <mask> had a batting average of.283 with 1,161 hits, 1,063 runs, 306 home runs, 388 doubles, 43 triples, and 72 stolen bases. He hit more than twenty home runs in seven consecutive seasons from 1982 to 1988.His career home runs place him in 13th place among center fielders. <mask> had a career fielding percentage of.988 at centerfield. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> was a nine-time All-Star, batting an overall 6-for-20 (.300) in All-Star Games with four home runs and ten RBIs, including the first grand slam in All-Star Game history, which he hit in the 1983 game. Stan Musial had six home runs in the All-Star Games. <mask>'s career was hampered by injuries caused by fearless play, such as a broken rib from crashing into an outfield wall, or knee injuries from breaking up double plays, and playing all-out defensively. He never played more than 150 games in a season.<mask> considers himself a member of the Red Sox family despite playing for five different teams. I'm a red-sock. I didn't want to leave the team. <mask> said that from 1973 to 1980 he was their property. I thought I would spend my entire career in Boston. Even though I was going to the Angels and playing for Gene Autry, it was tough. <mask> worked as a baseball color analyst for ESPN from 1991 to 1998 and did some College World Series and west coast MLB games.He is a spokesman for Gillette and occasionally entertains clients at Red Sox games from the Skybox. <mask> has raised thousands of dollars through charity work for Childhaven, a home for abused and neglected children, and the FACE Foundation, an animal charity. In the days leading up to the MLB All-Star Game, he has been a frequent participant in the All-Star legends and celebrity softball game. <mask> was selected by fans to the All-Fenway Team in 2012 after being selected into the USC Hall of Fame in 1994. <mask> and his wife, Natalie, reside in Carlsbad, California. He had two children from his first marriage. List of Major League Baseball home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball players who hit for the cycle

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