texts: The founder of the world religion of Islam was an Arab religious, social, and political leader. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet who was inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings. The modern Ahmadiyya movement does not agree with the belief that he is the final prophet of God in Islam. The Quran and <mask>'s teachings formed the basis of Islamic religious belief as Arabia was united into a single Muslim polity. <mask> was born in Mecca. He was the son of two people. A few months before <mask>'s birth, his father died, and he was the son of a Quraysh tribal leader.<mask> was an orphan after his mother died. He was raised by his paternal uncle and his grandfather. He would go to the mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. <mask> said he received his first revelation from God when he was 40. In 613, <mask> started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete submission to God is the right way of life, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God. Meccan polytheists were hostile to <mask>'s followers for 13 years. He and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 in order to escape persecution.The Hijra is the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The tribes were united under the Constitution of Medina. After eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, <mask> gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. <mask> took the city with little bloodshed. He died a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage. Most of the Arabian Peninsula converted to Islam by the time he died. Muslims consider the "Word of God" on which the religion is based to be the revelations that <mask> received until his death.The Quran is one of the sources of Islamic law, along with <mask>'s teachings and practices. Four times in the Quran, the name <mask> is referred to as "praiseworthy". The Quran addresses <mask> in a number of ways, including prophet, messenger, servant of God, witness, bearer of good tidings, warner, and reminder. The Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe the words of God were revealed to <mask>. Most Quranic verse do not provide significant historical context, and the Quran provides minimal assistance for <mask>'s chronological biography. The earliest biographies of <mask> can be found in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era.Additional information about <mask>'s life can be found in traditional Muslim biographies. The Life of God's Messenger is the earliest written sira and is attributed to <mask>. Although the original work was lost, this sira is still present in works by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari. In his biography of <mask>, Ibn Hisham admits that he omitted certain things that would distress certain people. The history of <mask>'s campaigns by al-Waqidi is one of the earliest sources of history. The early biographies are unascertainable, but many scholars accept them as authentic. Scholars have been able to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and historical events.Traditions could have been subject to invention in the legal group, while historic events may have only been subject toential shaping. The hadith collections, accounts of verbal and physical teachings, and traditions attributed to <mask> are some of the important sources. Several generations after his death, his hieths were compiled by Muslims including <mask>-Bukhari. The hadith collections are considered to be accurate historical sources by some Western academics. Madelung does not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods, but only on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures. The lack of a traditional chain of transmission for biographical literature makes it unverifiable in the eyes of Muslim scholars. The Arabian Peninsula is mostly arid with volcanic soil making agriculture difficult.Mecca and Medina are two of the most prominent beings. Mecca was an important financial center for many surrounding tribes, while Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement. Communal life was important for survival in the desert because of the harsh environment and lifestyle. An important source of social cohesion was tribal affiliation. Arabs were either sedentary or nomadic. The nomadic groups traveled to find water and pasture for their flocks, while the sedentary focused on trade and agriculture. nomads did not view raiding caravans as a crimeIn pre-Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were seen as protectors of individual tribes and their spirits were associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. The Kaaba shrine in Mecca housed hundreds of idols of tribal patron deities, as well as being the site of an annual pilgrimage. Allt, Mant and al-'Uzz were worshiped as daughters of Allah. Christians and Jews were part of a monotheistic community in Arabia. Hanifs, native pre-Islamic Arabs who "professed a rigid monotheism", are sometimes listed alongside Jews and Christians in pre-Islamic Arabia. <mask> was a Hanif, one of the descendants of Abraham, according to Muslim tradition. There is no evidence for a historical Abraham or Ishmael.Communication routes were no longer secure during the second half of the sixth century because of political disorder in Arabia. The crisis was caused by religious divisions. Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area while Judaism was the dominant religion in Yemen. The region witnessed a decline in the practice of polytheistic cults and a growing interest in a more spiritual form of religion. Intellectual and spiritual reference points were provided by the faiths that many were reluctant to convert to. The Quraysh tribe that <mask> belonged to became a dominant force in western Arabia. The prestige of the Meccan sanctuary was reinforced by the formation of the cult association of hums, which tied members of many tribes in western Arabia to the Kaaba.Quraysh upheld the sacred months during which all violence was forbidden to counter the effects of anarchy. The economic consequences of the association of hums were important. Abu al-Qasim was born in Mecca in the year 570 and his birthday is believed to be in the month of Rabi' al-awwal. The Banu Hashim clan was part of the Quraysh tribe and was one of Mecca's prominent families. The Year of the Elephant is named after the failed destruction of Mecca that year by the Yemen's king, who supplemented his army with elephants. Some 20th century scholars have suggested different years. <mask>'s father died six months before he was born.Some western scholars don't agree with the tradition that he was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the desert after he was born. <mask> lived with his foster- mother and her husband until he was two years old. <mask> lost his mother at the age of six and became an orphan. <mask> was under the care of his paternal grandfather until he was eight years old. He was taken care of by his uncle Abu Talib. According to Islamic historian William Montgomery Watt there was a general disregard by guardians in taking care of weaker members of the tribes in Mecca during the 6th century, "<mask>'s guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for him." <mask> was with his uncle on Syrian trading journeys in his teens.According to Islamic tradition, when <mask> was nine or twelve, he met a Christian monk named Bahira who is said to have foreseen <mask>'s career as a prophet of God. It is difficult to separate history from legend when there is little known of <mask> during his later youth. He was involved in trade between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. He gained the nickname "al-Amin" (Arabic: ) meaning "faithful, trustworthy" and "al-Sadiq" meaning "truthful" due to his upright character. His reputation attracted a proposal from a successful businesswoman. The happy marriage was a result of <mask> agreeing to it. <mask> was involved with a well-known story about setting the Black Stone in place in the wall of the Kaaba.During renovations to the Kaaba, the Black Stone was removed. The Meccan leaders couldn't agree on which clan should get the Black Stone. They asked the 35-year-old <mask> if he wanted to make that decision. The first revelation by Gabriel to him happened five years before this event. He laid the Black Stone in the center with a cloth. The clan leaders held the corners of the cloth and together they carried the Black Stone to the right spot. One of <mask>'s visits to the cave was when he began to pray alone in the Quran.The first Quranic words were revealed in Quran 96:1. <mask> was very upset when he received his first revelations. After returning home, <mask> was reassured and consoled by his Christian cousin, Waraka. He was worried that others would dismiss his claims. According to a Shi'a tradition, <mask> welcomed Gabriel as if he was already there. <mask> gave himself to prayers and spiritual practices for three years after the initial revelation, during which he felt depressed. He was told to preach after the revelations resumed and he was reassured.Brown, pp. Sometimes it is revealed like the ringing of a bell according to <mask>. The sweat dropped from the Prophet's forehead as he was being inspired on a cold day. Since they are unlikely to have been forged by later Muslims, these descriptions may be considered genuine. <mask> believed he could distinguish his thoughts from the messages. One of the main roles of <mask> is to warn unbelievers of their eschatological punishment. The Quran provided examples from the history of extinct communities and warned <mask>'s successors of similar disasters.<mask> warned those who rejected God's revelation and gave good news for those who abandoned evil. The Quran tells <mask> to proclaim and praise the name of his Lord and not to associate other deities with God. The responsibility of man towards his creator, the resurrection of the dead, God's final judgment, and the signs of God in all aspects of life are some of the key themes of the early Quranic verse. Belief in God, asking for forgiveness of sins, HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax HairMax According to Muslim tradition, <mask>'s wife was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by <mask>'s cousin Ali and his friend Abu Bakr. <mask> began to preach to the public.Meccans ignored and mocked him, but a few became his followers. Younger brothers and sons of great merchants, people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe, and weak foreigners were the main groups of early converts to Islam. The polytheism practiced by the Meccan forefathers is said to have started the opposition in Mecca. The Quranic exegesis says that it began when <mask> began preaching. As his followers increased, <mask> became a threat to the local tribes and rulers of the city, whose wealth rested upon the Ka'aba, the focal point of Meccan religious life that <mask> threatened to overthrow. The Quraysh were the caretakers of the Ka'aba and were offended by <mask>'s denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion. <mask> was offered admission to the inner circle of merchants, as well as a marriage, as powerful merchants tried to convince him to abandon his preaching.He refused both of them. Tradition records the persecution of <mask> and his followers. The first martyr of Islam was killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith. A rock was placed on the chest of a Muslim slave to force him to convert. Some of <mask>'s followers founded a colony under the protection of the Christian emperor Aama ibn Abjar in the Kingdom of Aksum. Two migrations are mentioned by Ibn Sa'ad. Most of the Muslims returned to Mecca prior to Hijra, while a second group went back to Medina.Tabari and Ibn Hisham only talk about one migration to Ethiopia. Meccan persecution played a major role in <mask>'s decision to suggest that a number of his followers seek refuge among the Christians. According to the famous letter of Urwa preserved in al-Tabari, the majority of Muslims returned to their hometown as Islam gained strength. There is a completely different explanation as to why the Muslims returned from Ethiopia to Mecca. According to this account, initially mentioned by Al-Waqidi, but not by Tabari, but not by Hisham, and not by Ishaq, <mask> desperately hoping for an accommodation with his tribe, pronounced a verse acknowledging the existence of three. On the recommendation of Gabriel, <mask> withdrew the verse the next day, claiming that it was whispered by the devil. A mockery of the gods was offered."The Story of the Cranes" is also known as "Satanic Verses". The story says that this led to a general reconciliation between <mask> and the Meccans. Gabriel told <mask> that the two verses were not part of the revelation, but had been inserted by Satan. Notable scholars argued against the historic authenticity of the stories at the time. Al-Waqidi was criticized by Islamic scholars for being a liar. Strong objections to the incident continued past the tenth century, despite the fact that it received some acceptance. The story became the only acceptable orthodox Muslim position when the objections were rejected.In 616, the leaders of Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important Quraysh clans, declared a public boycott against Banu Hashim, their commercial rival, to pressure it into withdrawing its protection of <mask>. The boycott lasted three years but failed in its goal. During the holy pilgrimage months, all hostilities between Arabs were suspended and <mask> was able to preach. According to the Isra and Mi'raj Islamic tradition, <mask> experienced the Isra and Mi'raj, a miraculous night-long journey said to have occurred with the angel Gabriel. The Isra is said to have traveled from Mecca on a winged steed to the farthest mosque. During the Mi'raj, <mask> is said to have visited heaven and hell, as well as speaking with other prophets. The event is presented as a spiritual experience by the author of the first biography of <mask>, and later historians such as Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir present it as a physical journey.Some western scholars believe that the Isra and Mi'raj journey traveled through the heavens from the sacred enclosure at Mecca to the al-Baytu l-Mamur, which was the prototype of the Kaaba. The year 619 was known as the "Year of Sorrow" because of the deaths of Hijra <mask>'s wife and uncle. The leadership of the Banu Hashim clan passed to Abu Lahab, who was an enemy of <mask>. Abu Lahab withdrew the clan's protection over <mask>. The withdrawal of clan protection implied that blood revenge for <mask>'s killing would not be exacted. <mask> went to Ta'if, another important city in Arabia, and tried to find a protection, but his attempt failed and he ended up in physical danger. <mask> had to return to Mecca.The protection of the tribe of Banu Nawfal made it possible for a Meccan man to return to his hometown. People went to Mecca on business or as pilgrims. <mask> wanted to find a new home for himself and his followers. He found hope with some men from Yathrib. The Arab population of Yathrib were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because of their familiarity with monotheism. The Yathrib were jealous of Mecca's importance as a place of pilgrimage, and they hoped that by means of <mask> and the new faith, they could gain supremacy over Mecca. seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet <mask> after they converted to Islam from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina.The "Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba" is also known as the "Pledge of War". <mask>

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texts: encouraged his followers to emigrate to Yathrib. The Quraysh tried to stop the emigration. Almost all Muslims left. <mask> and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622CE. <mask> moved his followers to Medina, north of Mecca, after he was warned of a plot to assassinate him. The representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina invited <mask> to serve as chief arbitrator for the entire community due to his status as a neutral outsider.The dispute between the Arab and Jewish inhabitants of Yathrib lasted for around a hundred years before it ended. After the Battle of Bu'ath in which all clans were involved, it was obvious to them that the tribal concept of blood-feud and an eye for an eye was no longer workable unless there was one man with authority. The delegation from Medina said they would accept <mask> into their community and protect him as one of their own. Most of <mask>'s followers left Mecca to emigrate to Medina. Tradition says that the Meccans plotted to kill <mask> because they were alarmed at the departure. With the help of Ali, <mask> tricked the Meccans into thinking he was in the town. <mask> moved to Medina in 622.The people who migrated from Mecca were known as muhajirun. The first thing <mask> did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was to draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca. The legal forms of the old Arab tribes were substantially preserved by the community defined in the Constitution of Medina. The clans without great leaders were the first group of converts to Islam in Medina. The pagan population of Medina accepted Islam with some exceptions. The conversion of a Medinan leader to Islam was said to have influenced this. The ansar are Medinans who converted to Islam and helped Muslims find shelter.<mask> chose Ali as his brother because he instituted brotherhood between emigrants and supporters. The people of Mecca seized property of Muslim emigrants to Medina. The people of Mecca were at odds with the Muslims. The Quranic verse permitting Muslims to fight the Meccans was delivered by <mask>. <mask> received a revelation from God that he should be facing Mecca rather than Jerusalem during prayer, according to the traditional account. The tradition of facing Mecca during prayer began when <mask> adjusted to the new direction. <mask> ordered a number of raids to capture Meccan caravans, but only the 8th of them resulted in actual fighting and capture of prisoners.<mask> led hundreds of warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The caravan was attacked by Muslims at Badr. The Meccan caravan was aware of the plan. After receiving word that the caravan was safe, a Meccan force was sent to confront the Muslims. The Battle of Badr began. At least forty-five Meccans were killed in the battle, with fourteen Muslims dead. Abu Jahl was one of the Meccan leaders they succeeded in killing.Many of the prisoners were kidnapped. The victory was seen by <mask> and his followers as confirmation of their faith and he attributed it to an invisible host of angels. Practical problems of government and issues like the distribution of spoils were dealt with in the Quranic verse. <mask>'s position in Medina has been strengthened by the victory. The opposition became less vocal as a result. The advance of Islam was very bitter for the pagans who had not yet converted. There are two pagans, Asma bint Marwan and Abu 'Afak of the 'Amr b.The Awf tribe had insulted the Muslims. <mask> didn't disapprove of the killings because they were done by people from their own clans. Some consider this report to be a fabrication. Most of the tribes converted to Islam. <mask> was expelled from Medina the Banu Qaynuqa, one of three main Jewish tribes, according to some historians. According to al-Waqidi, <mask> told them to be exiled from Medina after they spoke for him. Following the Battle of Badr, <mask> formed alliances with a number of Bedouin tribes to protect his community from attacks.The Meccans wanted to avenge their defeat. To maintain economic prosperity, the Meccans needed to restore their prestige. The Meccans sent ambush parties to Medina while <mask> led expeditions against tribes allied with Mecca. The army of 3000 men was assembled by Abu Sufyan to attack Medina. A scout told <mask> of the Meccan army's presence. There was a dispute over how to repel the Meccans at the Muslim conference of war. It was suggested by <mask> and many senior figures that it would be better to fight within Medina and take advantage of the strongholds.Younger Muslims argued that huddling in the strongholds would destroy Muslim prestige. <mask> prepared the Muslim force for battle. The Battle of Uhud took place on March 23, 625, when <mask> led his force outside to the mountain of Uhud. Although the Muslim army had the advantage in early encounters, lack of discipline on the part of strategically placed archers led to a Muslim defeat; 75 Muslims were killed, including <mask>'s uncle who became one of the best known martyrs in the Muslim tradition. The Meccans did not chase the Muslims, but instead went back to Mecca and declared victory. <mask> was wounded and thought to be dead. The Meccans did not return due to false information about new forces coming to <mask>'s aid.The aim of the attack was to destroy the Muslims. The Muslims returned to Medina after burying the dead. There were questions about the reasons for the loss and <mask> said that the defeat was twofold: a punishment for disobedience and a test for steadfastness. Another attack on Medina was directed by Abu Sufyan. He gained support from the nomadic tribes to the north and east of Medina, using propaganda about <mask>'s weakness, promises of booty, and memories of Quraysh prestige. <mask> had a new policy to prevent alliances against him. He sent expeditions to break up alliances against Medina.<mask> heard of men massing against Medina, and reacted harshly. The assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was carried out by members of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. After the Battle of Badr, Al-Ashraf went to Mecca and wrote poems that roused the Meccans' grief, anger and desire for revenge. After expelling the Banu Nadir from Medina, <mask> allowed them to take some possessions as he was unable to subdue them in their strongholds. The rest of their property was claimed by <mask> in the name of God. <mask> caused his enemies to unite to destroy him. <mask>'s attempts to prevent a confederation against him were unsuccessful, though he was able to increase his own forces and stop many potential tribes from joining his enemies.The Quraysh military leader Abu Sufyan had a force of 10,000 men. The Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack after <mask> prepared a force of about 3,000 men. The idea is credited to a Persian who converted to Islam. The siege of Medina lasted for two weeks. After an ineffectual siege, the coalition decided to return home. The Quran talks about the battle in sura Al-Ahzab. The Banu Qurayza tribe, located to the south of Medina, entered into negotiations with Meccan forces to revolt against <mask>.The Meccan forces wanted reassurance that the confederacy would not be able to destroy <mask>. <mask>'s scouts sabotaged attempts to reach an agreement. The Muslims besieged the Banu Qurayza for 25 days after accusing them of treachery. The men of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded, along with the women and children, when they surrendered. The accuracy of the narrative was disputed by Walid N. Arafat and Barakat Ahmad. Arafat believes that Ibn Ishaq's Jewish sources, speaking over 100 years after the event, conflated this account with earlier massacres in Jewish history, and that he was considered an unreliable historian by his contemporary. Some of the tribe were killed, while others were enslaved, according to Ahmad.Arafat's arguments are not entirely convincing according to Watt. The Muslim community was destroyed in the siege of Medina. Their trade with Syria vanished after the failure. <mask> made two expeditions to the north after the Battle of the Trench. <mask>'s wife was accused of adultery while returning from one of these journeys. When <mask> announced he had received a revelation that confirmed Aisha's innocence, he directed that the charges of adultery be supported by four witnesses. The Muslims did not perform the Hajj because of Quraysh enmity.In the month of Shawwal 628, <mask> ordered his followers to obtain animals and to prepare for a pilgrimage to Mecca, saying that God had promised him the fulfillment of this goal in a vision when he was shaving his head. The Quraysh dispatched 200 cavalry to stop the Muslims. <mask> allowed his followers to reach al-Hudaybiyya by taking a more difficult route. According to Watt, <mask>'s decision to make the pilgrimage was based on his dream and he was also demonstrating to the pagan Meccans that Islam did not threaten the prestige of the sanctuaries. The emissaries traveled to and from Mecca. There were rumors that one of the Muslim negotiators, Uthman bin al-Affan, had been killed by the Quraysh. If the situation deteriorated into war with Mecca, <mask> called upon the pilgrims to stay with him.The pledge under the tree became known as the "Pledge of Acceptance". The Muslims and Quraysh signed a treaty after news of Uthman's safety allowed negotiations to continue. The main points of the treaty were cessation of hostilities, deferral of <mask>'s pilgrimage to the following year, and agreement to send back Meccans who left without permission from their protectors. Many Muslims didn't like the treaty. The Quranic sura "Al-Fath" assured them that the expedition must be considered a victory. The benefit of the treaty was realized by <mask>'s followers. The Meccans were required to identify <mask> as an equal, cessation of military activity allowing Medina to gain strength, and the admiration of Meccans who were impressed by the pilgrimage rituals.The Battle of Khaybar was started by <mask> after he signed the truce. The truce of Hudaybiyya may have been a result of housing the Banu Nadir who were inciting hostilities against <mask>. According to Muslim tradition, <mask> sent letters to many rulers, asking them to convert to Islam. Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire was one of the people he sent letters to. <mask> directed his forces against the Arabs in the Battle of Mu'tah after the truce of Hudaybiyya. The truce of Hudaybiyyah was in effect for two years. The tribe of Banu Khuza'a had good relations with <mask>, while their enemies, the Banu Bakr, were allied with the Meccans.A group of people were killed in a raid by the Bakr clan. Some sources say that the Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and that a few took part in the fighting. <mask> sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. Either the Meccans would pay blood money for the dead among the Khuza'ah tribe, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null. The Meccans accepted the last condition. They sent Abu Sufyan to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty after realizing their mistake. <mask> was getting ready for a campaign.<mask> traveled to Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. <mask> took control of Mecca. Ten men and women who were guilty of murder or of sparking off the war and disrupted the peace were excluded from the amnesty. Some were later pardoned. Meccans converted to Islam and <mask> destroyed all the statues of Arabian gods around the Kaaba. According to reports, <mask> spared paintings or frescos of Mary and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased. The conquest of Mecca is discussed in the Quran.After the conquest of Mecca, <mask> was alarmed by a military threat from the confederate tribes who were raising an army double the size of <mask>'s. The Banu Hawazin were enemies of the Meccans. The Banu Thaqif adopted an anti-Meccan policy due to the decline of the prestige of Meccans. The Battle of Hunayn was won by <mask>. <mask> organized an attack against northern Arabia because of their previous defeat at the Battle of Mu'tah and reports of hostility against Muslims. Half of the 30,000 men assembled were untroubled by the damning verse which <mask> threw at them. <mask> received the submission of some local chiefs of the region after he did not engage with hostile forces at Tabuk.He ordered the destruction of pagan idols in Eastern Arabia. Taif was the last city to fight against Muslims. <mask> refused to accept the city's surrender until they agreed to convert to Islam and allowed men to destroy the statue of Al-Lat. emissaries were sent to surrender to <mask> after the Battle of Tabuk. To benefit from the spoils of war, many bedouins submitted to <mask>. Their code of virtue and ancestral traditions were alien to the system of Islam and they wanted to maintain independence. <mask> requires a military and political agreement in order to refrain from attack on the Muslims and their allies, and to pay the Zakat, the Muslim religious levy.<mask> completed his first true Islamic pilgrimage at the end of the tenth year after migration to Medina, setting the precedent for the annual Great Pilgrimage. On the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah <mask> delivered his farewell sermon at Mount Arafat. <mask> told his followers not to follow pre-Islamic customs. He said that a white has no superiority over a black except by piety and good action. He abolished old blood feuds and disputes based on the tribal system and asked for old pledges to be returned as implications of the creation of the new Islamic community. <mask> asked his men to be good to women because they are powerless captives in their homes. You took them in God's trust, and legitimated your sexual relations with the Word of God, so come to your senses people, and hear my words.He forbade his followers to leave their wealth to a testamentary heir and forbidd false claims of a client relationship to the deceased. The sacredness of four lunar months was upheld by him. The Quranic verse that was delivered during this event was: "Today I have mastered your religion, and completed my favors for you and chose Islam as a religion for you" According to Shia tafsir, <mask>'s successor was named at the pond of Khumm a few days after Muslims returned from Mecca. <mask> fell ill a few months after the farewell pilgrimage and had to be hospitalized. He died at the age of 62 or 63 in the house of his wife. With his head resting on his wife's lap, <mask> asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods, which were seven coins.Academics Reit Haylamaz and Fatih Harpci say that Ar-Rafiq Al-A'la is referring to God. <mask> was buried in a house. The Mosque of the Prophet was expanded during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I. The Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun built the Green Dome in the 13th century, but the green color was added in the 16th century. The tombs next to <mask> include those of his companions, as well as an empty one that Muslims believe awaits Jesus. <mask>'s tomb was stripped of its gold and jewel ornamentation when Medina was taken by Saud bin Abdul-Aziz in 1805. The one of <mask> is said to have narrowly escaped after his followers destroyed nearly every tomb dome in Medina.When the Saudi militias retook the city in 1925, they were able to keep it. In the interpretation of Islam, burial is to take place in secret graves. The Saudis don't like the practice of pilgrims going to the tomb. In the last years of his life, <mask> united several of the tribes of Arabia into a single Arab Muslim religious polity. There was disagreement over who <mask>'s successor would be. Abu Bakr was nominated by Umar ibn al-Khattab, <mask>'s friend. Abu Bakr was confirmed as the first Caliph.The choice was disputed by some of <mask>'s companions, who claimed that he had designated his cousin and

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texts: son-in-law as the successor. The Ridda wars, also known as the "Wars of Apostasy", took place after the Byzantine forces were defeated, and Abu Bakr had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes. The pre-Islamic Middle East was ruled by two empires. The region was devastated by the Roman–Persian Wars, making them unpopular with local tribes. The lands that would be conquered by Muslims had many Christians who were disaffected from the Eastern Orthodox Church. Muslims conquered Mesopotamia, Byzantine Syria, Byzantine Egypt, large parts of Persia and established the Rashidun Caliphate within a decade. According to William Montgomery Watt, religion for <mask> was not a private and individual matter, but the total response of his personality to the total situation in which he found himself.To the religious and intellectual aspects of the situation but also to the economic, social, and political pressures to which contemporary Mecca was subject was what he was responding to. There are two important political traditions in Islam, according to Bernard Lewis. He thinks Islam is like a revolution when it is introduced to new societies. Historians agree that Islamic social changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery and the rights of women and children improved on the status quo of Arab society. Islam "from the first denounced aristocratic privilege, rejected hierarchy, and adopted a formula of the career open to the talents", according to Lewis. In the Arabian Peninsula, society focused on the changes to perceived identity, world view, and the hierarchy of values after <mask>'s message. The plight of the poor was addressed by economic reforms.As <mask>'s power grew, he demanded that tribes who wanted to ally with him implement the Zakat in particular. <mask> is depicted by two of his companions in <mask>-Bukhari's book. In the 17th century, calligraphic panels (Turkish: hilye) became an art form of their own in the Ottoman Empire. Household <mask>'s life can be divided into two periods: pre-hijra in Mecca from 570 to 622), and post-hijra in Medina from 622 to 632. Rayhana bint Zayd and Maria al-Qibtiyya are said to be <mask>'s 13th and 14th wives. After the migration to Medina, eleven of the thirteen marriages occurred. At the age of 25, <mask> married a woman who was 40 years old.The marriage lasted for 25 years. <mask> did not marry another woman during this marriage. After Khadijah's death, Khawla bint Hakim suggested to <mask> that he should marry Sawda bint Zama, a Muslim widow. arrangements to marry both are said to have been requested by <mask>. <mask>'s marriages were mostly contracted for political or humanitarian reasons. The women were either widows of Muslims killed in battle or belonged to important families or clans with whom it was necessary to honor and strengthen alliances. When she was six or seven years old, she was betrothed to <mask>, with the marriage not being finalized until she reached puberty, according to traditional sources.At marriage, she was a virgin. Modern Muslim authors who calculate Aisha's age based on other information, such as a hadith about the age difference between her and her sister Asma, estimate that she was over thirteen and perhaps in her late teens at the time of her marriage. <mask> married several more women after moving to Medina. Preparing food, sewing clothes, and repairing shoes were some of the household chores performed by <mask>. The wives debated and even argued with him, as he had accustomed them to, and he listened to their advice. Fatimah Zahra is said to have been one of the four daughters with <mask>. One of his daughters, Fatimah, died before him.Fatimah was <mask>'s only daughter according to some Shi'a scholars. Maria al-Qibtiyya had a son named Ibrahim who died when he was two years old. Nine of <mask>'s wives are still alive. <mask>'s favourite wife, who survived him by decades, was instrumental in helping assemble the scattered sayings of <mask> that form the Hadith literature for the Sunni branch of Islam. Fatimah's descendants are known asSharifs, syeds or sayyids. The honorific titles in Arabic are 'noble' and'sayed' or'sir'. They are respected by both Sunni and Shi'a because they are <mask>'s descendants.<mask> bought a slave, freed him, and then adopted him as his son. He had a wetnurse as well. The Prophet <mask> bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves. He stressed the virtue of freeing slaves and the fact that slave owners treat their slaves well. <mask> held slaves in the highest esteem and treated them as human beings. The belief in <mask>'s prophethood is the main aspect of the Islamic faith. In Shahadah, every Muslim proclaims that there is no god but God and that <mask> is a Messenger of God.The basic tenets of Islam are the Shahadah. The Shahadah is the first words a newborn will hear, and children are taught it immediately. The shahadah is repeated in the call to prayer. Non-Muslims are required to recite the creed in order to convert to Islam. <mask> is believed to be the last prophet sent by God. The Quran is a confirmation of Revelations that went before it and a full explanation of the Book from The Lord of the Worlds. The book of Moses was a guide and a mercy.The believers of Islam are told to say "Say: we believe in God and that which is revealed unto us, and that which was revealed unto Abraham and Ishmael and Jacob and the tribes." We don't differentiate between them, and we have surrendered to Him. <mask> is credited with several miracles. Many Muslim commentators and some Western scholars have interpreted the Surah as referring to <mask> splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they began persecuting his followers. Denis Gril, a Western historian of Islam, believes that the Quran doesn't describe <mask> performing miracles, and that the supreme miracle of <mask> is identified with the Quran itself. <mask> was badly injured when he was attacked by the people of Ta'if. The tradition says that an angel appeared to him and offered revenge against the attackers.<mask> prayed for the guidance of the people of Ta'if after rejecting the offer. The Sunnah covers a wide range of activities and beliefs, including religious rituals, personal hygiene, and burial of the dead, as well as mystical questions involving the love between humans and God. The Sunnah has a great degree of influence on the Muslim culture. "may peace be upon you" is a greeting that Muslims all over the world use. The Quran does not contain many details of major Islamic rituals such as daily prayers, the fast and pilgrimage. Muslims love and venerate <mask>. There are stories of <mask>'s life and his miracles in popular Muslim thought and poetry.Qasidat al-Burda, also known as the "Poem of the Mantle", is a well-known, and widely held, healing, spiritual power of the Egyptian Sufi al-Busiri. <mask> is referred to as "a mercy (rahmat) to the worlds" in the Quran. The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining <mask> as a rain cloud stretching over lands and reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth. <mask>'s birthday is celebrated as a major feast throughout the Islamic world, except in Saudi Arabia where public celebrations are discouraged. Muslims follow the Arabic phrase all llahu alayhi wa-sallam (may God honor him and grant him peace) or the English phrase peace be upon him when they say or write the name of <mask>. In casual writing, the abbreviations SAW (for the Arabic phrase) or PBUH (for the English phrase) are sometimes used; in printed matter, a small calligraphic rendition is commonly used. From the end of the first Islamic century, Sufism The Sunnah contributed to the development of Islamic law.The prophet of Islam was viewed as a perfect human being by Muslim mystics who were seeking for the inner meaning of the Quran and the inner nature of <mask>. Sufi orders trace their spiritual descent back to <mask>. Islamic religious art is focused on the word, which is in line with the hadith's prohibition against creating images of sentient living beings. Mosques are decorated with Quranic inscriptions, not images or sculptures, and Muslims generally avoid depictions of <mask>. The interdiction against images of <mask> is more strict in Sunni Islam and Ahmadiyya Islam than in Shias. Both Sunnis and Shias have created images of <mask>, but Islamic depictions are rare. Most depictions of <mask> have 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611The earliest depictions of <mask> come from 13th century Anatolian Seljuk and Ilkhanid Persian miniatures. When Persia's Mongol rulers converted to Islam, competing Sunni and Shi'a groups used visual imagery, including images of <mask>, to promote their interpretation of Islam's key events. Influenced by the Buddhist tradition of representational religious art predating the Mongol elite's conversion, this innovation was unprecedented in the Islamic world. The Timurid dynasty lasted through the early 16th century, and the tradition of realistic depictions lasted through 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The Ilkhanid and Timurid artistic style of covering <mask>'s face with a veil to obscure his features was initiated by the Safavaids, who made Shi'i Islam the state religion. Some of the unveiled images were defaced. Mosques were never decorated with images of <mask>.The night journey was popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. In the 19th century, Iran saw a boom of printed and illustrated books, with <mask>'s face veiled, aimed at children in the manner of graphic novels. These were basically "printed manuscripts". Millions of historical reproductions and modern images are available in some Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey and Iran, but are unknown in most other parts of the Islamic world. Byzantine sources give the earliest documented Christian knowledge of <mask>. Both Jews and Christians believed <mask> to be a false prophet. The Confessor is a Greek writer from the 9th century.John bar Penkaye is the earliest source of Syriac. The earliest European literature often refers to <mask> in a bad way. Middle Ages Europe Latin-literate scholars had access to a lot of biographical material about <mask>. They viewed <mask> as a person who was willing to sacrifice his life for the sake of his religion. European literature of the time portrayed <mask> as a worshipper of Muslims, similar to a god. Brunetto Latini's 13th century Li livres dou tresor depicts <mask> as a former monk and cardinal, while Dante's Divine Comedy was written in the early 20th century. <mask> was portrayed in a similar way after the Reformation.The first to present a more positive view of <mask> was Guillaume Postel. <mask> was praised because he did not deviate from the natural religion. <mask> was described as a gifted political leader and a just lawmaker by Henri de Boulainvilliers. He says that he is a messenger who God uses to confound the Oriental Christians, to liberate God from the rule of the Romans and Persians, and to spread the knowledge of the unity of God from India to Spain. In his play Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophte, he vilifies <mask> as a symbol of fanaticism, but in a published essay in 1748, he calls him a "sublime and hearty charlatan". In his Social Contract, Rousseau "brushes aside hostile legends of <mask> as a trickster and impostor, presents him as a wise legislator who wisely fused religious and political powers." In his Zoroaster, Confucius and Muhammad, which was published in 1787, Pastoret compares the lives of these three "great men", "the greatest legislators of the universe", and their careers as religious reformers and lawgivers.He argues that the Quran is the most important book of cult and morals and that it defines the unity of God with an "admirable concision." The "legislator of Arabia" was a great man and the accusations of immorality are not true. <mask> was described as a great man and a model lawmaker by Napoleon Bonaparte. <mask> is described as a silent great soul, one of those who cannot but be in earnest by Thomas Carlyle in his book Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History. Muslim scholars cite Carlyle's interpretation as proof that Western scholarship supports <mask>'s status as a great man. Ian Almond says that German Romantic writers generally held positive views of <mask>. John Tolan quotes Heinrich Heine, who said in a letter to a friend that "I must admit that you, great prophet of Mecca, are the greatest poet and that your Quran... will not easily escape my memory".William Montgomery Watt and Richard Bell argue that <mask> was sincere and acted in good faith and that he was ready to endure hardship for his cause. Watt says that <mask> might have mistaken his subconscious for divine revelation. Watt and Lewis argue that it is impossible to understand Islam's development if you view <mask> as a self-seeking impostor. <mask> was able to be successful because of his belief in his vocation. Other religions think that the Bah Faitherate <mask> is a prophet. His teachings have been superseded by those of Bah'u'llh, the founder of the Bah faith and the first Manifestation of the current cycle. <mask> is an important prophet of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.Since the 7th century, when <mask> was criticized for preaching monotheism and for vituperation of the Jewish faith, criticism of <mask> has existed. Western and Byzantine Christian thought <mask> to be a perverted man, a false prophet, and even the Antichrist, as he was frequently seen in Christendom as a demonic being. Thomas Aquinas criticized <mask>'s promises of pleasure in the afterlife. Modern religious and secular criticisms of Islam concern <mask>'s claim to be a prophet, his morality, his ownership of slaves, his treatment of enemies, his marriages, and his psychological condition. The invasion of the Banu Qurayza tribe in Medina and <mask>'s sexual relationships with slaves were accused of being sadism and merciless. See also Ashtiname of Muhammad Arabian tribes that interacted with <mask> Companions of the Prophet. There are1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556"An Islamic perspective on domestic violence". The International Law Journal 195 is published by the Fordham International Law Journal. US edn. Encyclopedias Further reading Books Musa, A.Y. "Winged Words" is a review of the book "The Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam" by Anne Carter. No. 43, no. pp. 17 June 2021.11–15. Muammad is in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the

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Muhammad
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texts: <mask> was born on July 29, 1989 in England and is a professional footballer. <mask> began his career with his hometown club, where he scored 41 goals in 128 appearances from his debut in 2007. His form earned him his only England cap, but he missed over a year with an injury. <mask>'s father and paternal grandparents were from Spain and he was born there. His father was born in England and grew up in Spain. He was a footballer. <mask> has two sons.He attended two schools in the town. After progressing through the youth ranks at the club, <mask> was promoted to the senior squad at the end of the 2006–07 season after signing a contract with the club. The seven youth players available at the time were not the only ones he was signed from. In the 1–0 defeat to Bristol City on December 29, 2007, he came on as a late substitute for Stephen Jordan. <mask> spent the entire season on loan at the Scottish First Division club. On match days, he continued to train with the Clarets. He made his debut a day later in the 3–0 defeat against Celtic in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup.He came on as a substitute. After his first start against Livingston, he faced a six-week absence due to fatigue and lack of fitness. His first match back on 1 March saw him come off the bench to score a consolation in the last minute and his first professional goal away at Morton which ended in a 2–1 defeat. He stayed with Stirling until the end of the season, but these goals weren't enough to keep them up, and they were demoted after finishing bottom of the table. <mask> was given his first appearance of the 2008–09 season on September 23, 2008, when he scored his first goal for the club in the League Cup third round against Cottagers, coming on as a late substitute and securing a win. He scored two goals against Queens Park Rangers in the FA Cup and then against Spurs in the League Cup semi-final, equalising the tie on aggregate and making it 4–4 late on. His first league goal was in a 4–2 victory over Crystal Palace.He scored a stunning goal three days later in an emphatic 5–0 home victory overNottingham Forest, which later on won him the accolade of Clarets goal of the season. His first start for the Clarets came a month later in the Championship match against Queens Park Rangers. After victories over Reading and a 1–0 Championship play-off final win over Sheffield United, <mask> was a part of the team that was promoted to the premier league. He replaced Steven Thompson in this match. <mask> was unable to break into the first team after he injured an ankle while playing for the reserves. He was on a one-month loan to Barnsley. He scored on his debut.<mask> was the top goal scorer in the 2010–11 season with 15 goals and 14 league goals. He won two awards at the end of the season. <mask> scored four goals in the first round of the League Cup. In normal time, his first two were from the penalty spot, with the other two from open play in extra time to make the score 6–3. His first and second league goals of the season came in a 5–1 win againstNottingham Forest, opening the scoring and adding a second goal 10 minutes later. He scored a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 win away to Hull City. He scored again three days later in a 4–0 win at home.He scored his first goal of the year in the third round of the FA Cup. He scored his first league goal of 2012 in a 2–0 win away at Middlesbrough. On 31 January, he scored two goals. He scored again the following match in a 1–1 draw at home to Peterborough United, this time he scored a terrific solo goal, dribbling the ball from near the centre circle before scoring. This was his 17th goal of the season. <mask> earned a place in the Championship PFA Team of the Year after finishing the season with 21 goals. In the summer of 2012 <mask> was subject to a lot of interest from Premier League clubs, and on 23 May, it was reported that Cardiff City had made an offer for him.On May 28, it was reported that Burnley had accepted a substantial offer. <mask> signed for Saints on a four-year deal that was reported to be in the region of £7 million. On the opening day of the 2012–13 season, <mask> started against Manchester City and was replaced by Rickie Lambert in the 55th minute. In the League Cup, he scored two goals in a 2–0 win against Wednesday. <mask> scored his first goal in the premier league. In the third round of the FA Cup, he scored his first goal for Saints. He opened the scoring in a 2–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford, before two goals from Wayne Rooney turned the match around.He scored the final goal in the home win. He continued his fine run of form with goals in a 2–1 home win over reigning European champions Chelsea and in a 2–0 away victory against Reading. <mask> scored his first goal of the season in a League Cup win. He scored his first goal in the league in a 2–0 win overSwansea City. He scored the fastest goal of the season in the 15th second of a 3–1 loss to Chelsea. <mask> scored for the Saints in a 4–3 FA Cup third round win over his former team. <mask> scored five goals in four matches in March to reach 15 goals for the season.He injured his knee during a match against Manchester City. <mask> will be out of the World Cup for eleven months due to a knee injury. He did not play a single match because of this injury. <mask> signed a new four-year deal with the team. He made his first competitive appearance for 16 months on 6 August, when he came in for the final 18 minutes of a 2–0 away victory in the third qualification round of the U.S. cup. He scored his first goal since his return in a 1–1 home draw with FC Midtjylland in the first leg of the play-off. He scored his first goal in nearly two years on August 27th, 2016 against Sunderland at St. Mary's, coming on late to equalise and rescue a point for Saints in a 1–1 draw.He came on as a 90th-minute substitute in the EFL Cup Final at Wembley Stadium. <mask> signed a four-year contract with West Bromwich in July of last year. He made his debut for the club in the opening game of the season, a 1–0 win over Bournemouth. His first goal for the Baggies came ten days later in the second round of the EFL Cup, in a 3–1 win over League Two side Stanley. <mask> was accused of racial abuse by Gatan Bong during the 2–0 victory over the Seagulls. West Bromwich issued a club statement in support of <mask> after the charges were found not proven by the Football Association. The officials failed to notice that <mask> had clearly bundled the ball into the net when he scored the tying goal against Villa.He admitted to doing so, but said it wasn't intentional. <mask> was re-signed by Burnley on a two-year contract for an initial fee of £5 million, with another £5 million to be paid after 12 months. <mask> scored four goals in a victory over Rochdale in the League Cup. <mask> was called up for the England under-21 squad in February 2011. He made his international debut in a friendly against Italy under-21 in February of 2011, coming on as a substitute in the 60th minute. <mask> was called up to the full England squad for the first time on November 7, 2013. He won his first cap for England in a match against Chile.Player of the Year: 2010–11 Player of the Year: 2010–11 Team of the Year: 2011–12 Championship The website 1989 births living people who play football. The players are from the F.C. The players are from Barnsley F.C. The players are from the F.C. The players are from West Bromwich. Football players are English people of Spanish descent.

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Jay Rodriguez
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texts: Lewis Burwell "<mask><mask> was a United States Marine Corps officer. He served in World War II and the Korean War as a senior officer after fighting guerillas in Haiti and Nicaragua as part of the Banana Wars. He became a lieutenant general when he retired in 1955. <mask> is a decorated Marine. He received 5 Navy Crosses and aDistinguished Service Cross. <mask> is second behind Eddie Rickenbacker for citations of the nation's second-highest military award for bravery. After 37 years of service, <mask> retired from the Marine Corps in 1955.He died in 1971 at the age of 73. Matthew and <mask> were the parents of early life Puller. Puller's ancestors who came to America from England in 1621 migrated to the colony of Virginia. Puller's father died when he was a child. Puller was a big fan of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. He wanted to join the United States Army to fight in the Border War with Mexico in 1916, but his mother wouldn't let him because he was too young. Puller left the Virginia Military Institute in August 1918 because he wanted to go where the guns were.He was inspired by the 5th Marines at Belleau Wood and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a private. After graduating from the Marine Corps, he attended its non-commissioned officer school and officer candidates school. Puller was put on inactive status 10 days after graduating from OCS because of the reduction in force from 73,000 to 1,100 officers and 27,400 men. The Gendarmerie d'Haiti was ordered to serve as a lieutenant by the United States during the war in Haiti. While the United States was working with Haiti, he participated in forty over engagements against the Caco rebels and tried to regain his commission twice. He was an adjutant to Major Alexander Vandegrift in 1922. Supply Run Puller was ordered to deliver supplies to Mirebalais and Lascahobas.The two small towns were located in a region where there was a significant presence of Caco guerrillas under the command of Benot Batraville. Twenty-five mounted Haitian Gendarmes were part of <mask>'s supply party. Puller kept his force moving quickly to avoid being attacked by the Caco. The small force of Gendarmes led by Puller ran in to an equally surprised column of about one hundred Cacos coming from the opposite direction around a bend in the road. Puller ordered his horse to attack the Cacos. The Gendarmes charged beside him and scattered the Cacos, who used guerilla tactics and rarely stood their ground if attacked by a significant force. The Cacos fired a few shots at the Gendarmes and then dispersed to make the pursuit more difficult.Puller couldn't chase the evasive Cacos because of the burden of the pack mules. A dead Caco bandit was found after the clash ended. This skirmish was Puller's first engagement in the occupation and he showed his leadership skills from the front. Puller and his force of Gendarmes delivered supplies to Mirebalais. Puller went to Lascahobas to deliver the final supplies and then returned to Port-au-Prince to complete his supply run. The new duty to begin offensive operations against the Cacos was to ambush the Puller. Puller had a force of one hundred Gendarmes who were supported unofficially by about the same number of female camp followers.Augustin B. Brunot was Puller's acting chief assistant. Puller recruited a Haitian private named Jean Louis Cermontout after seeing him return from a successful patrol with severed heads, and he was one of the pro-American Haitians added to Puller's force. Puller was given advice by Brunot and Lyautey. They told him that government patrols had little chance of catching the Cacos as they hid during the day, only emerging to ambush them if they had superior numbers. Puller's supply run was rare because the Cacos knew the terrain and had good intelligence. The night patrols would have a better chance of surprising them if the Cacos were encamped at night. Puller observed campfires and heard drums while patrolling along a ridge-top trail.Puller and some Gendarmes went to scout, while Brunot remained with the rest of the Gendarmes. The noise was a celebration at the guerrilla camp. Puller came up with a plan to ambush the Cacos. Puller placed the main body of men in a line facing the bandit camp and sent the smaller crews with three Lewis machine guns to the flank in a position where they covered the enemy rear. Puller executed the ambush after Gendarmes got into position. Puller had predicted that when the main body of men opened fire at first light, the surprised bandits fled into the fields of fire of the machine guns, where they were killed. There were a lot of gamecocks and machetes.<mask> and his Gendarmes feasted on abandoned supplies while using the game cocks for cockfighting after their victory. Puller gained experience and learned the quirks of small wars as he participated in more patrols. Puller would conduct more offensive operations against the Cacos. Puller went on a patrol with Brunot and a mixed force of American Marines and Gendarmes. When another group would relieve them, they would stay out for ten days. The unit, using night movements, made contact with a small band on October 31 and killed two of the enemy and captured four rifles, machetes, and swords. Three suspected bandits were arrested on November 1.<mask> and his men entered a small village of grass shacks on the afternoon of November 4, 1919. Brunot was told by a priest that a high ranking Cacos leader had a camp fifteen miles away. They decided to kill or capture him. Puller took a small patrol of Marines and Gendarmes out. <mask>, Brunot, and Private Jean Louis found a bandit guard post when they came upon the remains of a bonfire. Puller's group was challenged by a sentry armed with a rifle. The sentry couldn't see them because his bonfire had been put out by the rain.Brunot spoke in his Haitain accent and the guard let them through. <mask>, Brunot, and Jean Louis were able to enter the camp and find many huts and lean-tos. Puller sent Brunot to gather the rest of the patrol to assault the camp as <mask> and Jean Louis took firing positions on the ground. Puller aimed his rifle at a man he thought was Georges, but waited for the main attack to begin. Puller had to shoot the Caco in order to start the battle. <mask> and Jean Louis fired at fleeing figures as the marines and Gendarmes rushed forward. Caco was found dead after the government forces took over the camp.<mask>'s patrol took rifles, swords, and machetes. George's rifle was identified by his initials in the stock. <mask> and his patrol left their base at Mirebalais after spending the night at the camp. <mask> and Brunot led a patrol of Gendarmes. They attacked a camp just before dawn. <mask> and his Gendarmes killed ten Cacos and captured two rifles. They were in garrison for a few days after the raid of the Cacos camp.Benot Batraville became the next leader of the Cacos after the assassination of Charlemagne Péralte. <mask> and Brunot were part of the patrol. Brunot spotted a Caco force that turned out to be Batraville's, but before he could get his force into position for an attack, the Cacos broke camp and fled. Puller had better luck, with two Cacos killed and sixteen captured. Batraville was killed by a Marine patrol on May 19, 1920, ending the fighting in Haiti. The last significant Caco leader surrendered a month later. There were more patrols by the Gendarmes and American Marines in the following year.The Caco camp was penetrated by Herman H. Hanneken in September 1920. The country was declared to be completely tranquil by the military commander in June of 1921. <mask> was recommissioned as a second lieutenant on March 6, 1924 after returning to the United States. There is a report on the topic of "03158." He was assigned to the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in July of 1926 and in San Diego, California, in 1928, after completing assignments at the Marine barracks in Norfolk, Virginia. <mask> was awarded his first Navy Cross for his actions from February 16 to August 19 1930, when he led five successive engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces. He was awarded a second Navy Cross after completing the year-long Company Officers Course at Fort Benning, Georgia, and returning to Nicaragua from September 20 to October 1, 1932.The last major engagement of the Sandino Rebellion took place near El Sauce on December 26, 1932. Puller was prepared to conduct operations against the Sandinista rebels. Puller left on a patrol. Puller was ordered to head northeast after moving eastward for a five-day sweep. The patrol camped in a village each night. In the afternoon of June 4, the company was at San Antonio cooking a steer in preparation for a trek into the uninhabited area around Mt. Kilande.Puller sent the Guardia to investigate a thousand yards beyond the town after hearing gunshots to the north. The Guardia encountered six rebels who may have been Sandinistas. One of the rebels was killed by the Guardia. The bandit had a rifle and revolver. On June 6, the patrol moved toward the village of Los Cedros when it encountered an equally surprised force of Sandinistas who were on top of a brush covered hill that sloped about 175 yards down to the trail. The patrol returned fire after the Sandinistas opened fire. Puller yelled for his men to charge as he dashed up the rise.<mask>'s men joined in the attack and fired their weapons. <mask> and his Guardia were able to dodge small arms fire and crude improvised grenades thrown by the rebels. The rebels were routed. <mask> and his men stumbled onto a camp. <mask>'s force suffered no casualties after seven dead rebel bodies were found. Two rifles, one pistol, and ten machetes were found by <mask>'s patrol. Two of the seven dead rebels were leaders of the group, and rosters and papers were found in the rebel camp.<mask>'s company came back to Jinotega. <mask> left on a new patrol on June 12. <mask>'s patrol did not find anything. <mask> and his men returned to their base on June 20. <mask>, William "Ironman" Lee, and their men joined another government patrol of thirty men under the command of Lieutenant M.K. There is a person named Chenoweth. The American-Nicaraguan force left Jinotega.Puller picked up more Guardias at Santa Fe. <mask>'s men killed two bandits after patrolling. <mask>'s large group operated for nearly two more weeks, often splitting into two patrols with one following the other. The reinforced unit came back to base on July 12. <mask> and his Company M went out on a patrol again on November 6, 1930, after trying to ambush the rebels. <mask>, Lee, and twenty-one men went to search for the enemy. The patrol picked up a trail of bandits who were pillaging small ranches.<mask>'s patrol caught sight of the enemy at 9:00 A.M. on November 19 and pursued them for three miles, wounding at least one of them. Puller's patrol decided to surprise the bandits. The patrol set up an ambush hiding themselves along a trail when a manager of a local finca spotted them and walked up to them to give them information on a rebel band. The patrol moved on after the ambush was compromised. <mask>'s patrol reported into Corinto Finca on November 20 for supplies and pack animals, then left on the same day to check out a report of a rebel concentration. Guapinol is from Spain. Puller and his patrol were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The patrol came across a trail on the morning of 25 November. At 10:30 A.M., the Guardia under Puller spotted about ten rebels amongst some fallen trees. The enemy fled after Puller's men opened fire. The rebels had four buildings with log barricades in front and a hundred-foot cliff in the back. There were many rebels who fought. The rebels threw their belongings into the ravine and then clambered down on ropes and ladders, which they pulled down after themselves. The enemy was gone by the time the Guardia worked their way down into the draw.Two dead bandits and some supplies were found by <mask>'s patrol. Puller was certain that the bandits who went over the cliff had died. One of <mask>'s previous operations wounded a minor chief of the rebels. After three weeks of patrolling, <mask>'s unit withdrew and returned to Jinotega. Puller discovered a trail which seemed to be used by the rebels. <mask> and Lee gathered 40 Guardia Nacional members for a raid against the rebels. <mask>, Lee, and the Guardia left.The patrol came by the northwest from the bank of the Auyabal river. <mask>'s patrol was attacked on September 26. Lee used a Lewis machine gun to keep the enemy pinned down while the Guardia Nacional worked their way up the slope opposite the ambush party. They were able to fire into the emplacements when they gained the crest. At least 16 rebels were killed when <mask>'s men penetrated the center of the camp. Two men were killed and four were wounded in <mask>'s force. Puller went back to Jinotega to get medical care for the wounded.During <mask>'s withdrawal, his patrol was attacked twice, but he fought off the ambushers. At least eight rebels were killed by <mask>'s Guardia. <mask>'s force arrived at Jinotega on September 30 after raiding the rebel camp. Sandinista rebels were rumored to be planning an attack on a ceremony that was going to commemorate the completion of the Len El Sauce railway. On December 26, 1932, an expedition of eight American marines and 64 Nicaraguan National Guardsmen were sent to El Sauce. <mask>'s force of American marines and Nicaraguan national guard were on their way to their destination when they were attacked by the rebels from both sides of the tracks. <mask> and Lee immediately engaged the rebels.The Marines and Guardia Nacional were able to drive off the rebels after a firefight. Three people were killed and three were wounded in <mask>'s victorious force. Thirty one rebels were killed and 63 horses were captured by <mask>'s force. Two days later, <mask> and Lee were promoted. <mask> commanded a unit of China Marines at the American Legation in

masks:
Chesty
" Puller
Puller
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Martha Puller
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texts: Beijing, China. He served aboard a cruiser in the Asiatic Fleet, which was commanded by Chester W. Nimitz. <mask> was an instructor at The Basic School in Philadelphia, where he trained Ben Robertshaw, Pappy Boyington, and Lew Walt.He served as the commanding officer of 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines (2/4) from August 1941 to May 1940 and then as the executive officer from May 1940 to May 1939. On August 28, 1941, Major <mask> returned to the U.S. He was given command of 1st Battalion, 7th Marines of the 1st Marine Division after a short leave. The 7th Marines formed the nucleus of the newly created 3rd Marine brigade and arrived to defend Samoa on May 8, 1942. They rejoined the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal on September 18, 1942, after they were redeployed from the brigade. <mask>'s quick thinking saved three of his companies after he led his battalion in a fierce action along the Matanikau. The companies were cut off by a larger Japanese force.Puller ran to the shore, signaled a United States Navy destroyer, and then directed the destroyer to provide fire support while landing craft rescued his Marines from their precarious position. The officer-in- charge of the group of landing craft was killed while covering fire from his landing craft for the Marines as they evacuated the beach and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" was awarded to <mask> for his actions. <mask> was awarded his third Navy Cross in the Battle for Henderson Field. One of the two American infantry units defending the airfield was commanded by Puller. The Marines and the 3rd Battalion of the U.S. Army fought together. In a firefight on the night of October 24–25, 1942, lasting about three hours, 1/7 and 3/164 sustained 70 casualties; the Japanese force suffered over 1,400 killed in action, and the Americans held the airfield.He nominated one of his men. There are medals of honor for John Basilone. He was wounded on November 9. <mask> was made an executive officer. <mask> was awarded his fourth Navy Cross for his overall performance of duty between December 26, 1943 and January 19, 1944. When the battalion commanders of 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) and later, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (3/6), were under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, he masterfully reorganized the battalion and led the successful attack against heavily fortified Japanese defensive positions. He was promoted to colonel on February 1, 1944, and by the end of the month he was the commander of the 1st Marines.One of the bloodiest battles in Marine Corps history took place in September and October 1944, and <mask> received his first of two Legion of Merit awards. Puller was able to order assaults against the well-entrenched enemy despite the fact that the 1st Marines had lost 1,749 men. The commanding general of the 1st Marine Division was ordered by the corps commander to pull the 1st Marines out of the line. Samuel D<mask>, <mask>'s younger brother, was killed in the summer of 1944 on Guam. After returning to the United States in 1944, <mask> was named executive officer of the Infantry Training Regiment at Camp Lejeune and then the commanding officer. He commanded the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor after he was made director of the 8th Reserve District at New Orleans. <mask> was once again the commander of the 1st Marines at the outbreak of the Korean War.He was awarded the Silver Star medal for his part in the landing at Inchon. He was awarded his second Legion of Merit for leadership from September 15 to November 2. From November 29 to December 4 he was awarded the U.S. Army'sDistinguished Service Cross for heroism in action, and from December 5 to December 10 he was awarded the Navy Cross for heroism. He said the famous line, "We've been looking for the enemy for some time now" during that battle. We've found him. We're surrounded. That makes things simpler.<mask> was promoted to brigadier general in January 1951 and was assigned to the 1st Marine Division. His superior was Major General O.P. on February 24. The commander of the Army, Major General Bryant Moore, died. <mask> was temporarily in charge of the 1st Marine Division after Smith's transfer. He left for the United States on May 20, 1951 after completing his tour of duty. He was the assistant commander of the division until June 1952 after he took command of the 3rd Marine Division. The Troop Training Unit Pacific was taken over by him.He was promoted to major general in September of 1953. After the Korean War, <mask> took command of the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He was promoted to lieutenant general after he suffered a stroke and retired from the Marine Corps. His nickname was related to the way his barrel chest stood out due to his aggressive stance, with legends claiming that a steel plate had been inserted by surgeons to treat a battle wound. Puller wrote "I agree with you 100%" in a handwritten addition to a letter. Prior to Guadalcanal, I had been called a lot of names, but why 'Chesty'? Do you mean the steel part?<mask>, Jr. was a Marine lieutenant in the Vietnam War. Lewis Jr. lost both legs and parts of his hands in a mine explosion while serving with 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines. Lieutenant General <mask> was emotional when he saw his son for the first time. Lewis Jr. won a Pulitzer Prize for his book. He killed himself in 1994. <mask>'s son-in-law was the commanding officer of two heavily reinforced rifle companies of the 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines. Hill  881 South, a regional outpost vital to the defense of the Khe Sanh Combat Base during the Battle of Khe Sanh, was defended by Colonel Dabney's force during the entire period.The recommendation papers for the Navy Cross were lost after the helicopter carrying them crashed. Colonel Dabney received the Navy Cross on April 15, 2005, at the Virginia Military Institute. Puller was related to a U.S. Army general. He is buried in the historic cemetery next to his wife in Christ Church Parish in Saluda. <mask> received six military awards, including five Navy Crosses and one U.S. ArmyDistinguished Service Cross. He was one of two U.S. servicemen to receive five Navy Crosses. The First Navy Cross citation was given to Puller for distinguished service in the line of his profession.At LaVirgen on 16 February 1930, at Los Cedros on 6 June 1930, and at Moncotal on 22 July 1930, First Lieutenant Lewis B<mask>, United States Marine Corps, successfully led his forces into five successful engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces. Lieutenant Puller dealt five successive and severe blows against organized banditry in the Republic of Nicaragua because of his intelligent and forceful leadership without thought of his own personal safety. The United States Marine Corps Captain, Lewis B<mask>, was awarded the Second Navy Cross for his exceptional service while in command of the Guardia Patrol from 20 September to 1 October 1932. Lieutenant <mask> and his command of forty Guardia penetrated the isolated mountainous bandit territory for a distance of from eighty to one hundred miles north of Jinotega, his nearest base. At a point northeast of Mount Kilambe, in a well-prepared position armed with not less than seven automatic weapons and various classes of small arms, a force of one hundred fifty people ambushed this patrol on September 26, 1932. The Second in Command, Gunnery Sergeant Lee, was seriously wounded and reported dead. The Guardia immediately behind Lieutenant Puller in the point was killed by the first burst of fire, Lieutenant Puller with great coolness, courage and display of military judgment, so directed the fire and movement of his men that the enemy were driven first from the high ground on the right of hisThe Guardia losses of two killed and four wounded are indicative of the severity of the enemy resistance. This signal victory in jungle country, with no lines of communication and a hundred miles from any supporting force, was largely due to the persistence of the patrol commander. The patrol returned with the wounded to Jinotega. The enemy was defeated on both occasions. The Commanding Officer of the First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, during the action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, received the third Navy Cross citation for extraordinary heroism. While Lieutenant Colonel <mask>'s battalion was holding a mile-long front in a heavy downpour of rain, a Japanese force, superior in number, launched a vigorous assault against that position of the line which passed through a dense jungle. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> not only held his battalion to its position until reinforcements arrived three hours later, but also effectively commanded the augmented force until late in the afternoon of the next day.By his dedication to duty and cool judgment under fire, he prevented a hostile penetration of our lines and was largely responsible for the successful defense of the sector assigned to his troops. For extraordinary heroism as Executive Officer of the Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, serving with the Sixth United States Army, in combat against enemy Japanese forces at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, from 26 December 1943 to 19 January 1944. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> was given temporary command of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines from January 4 to January 9. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> unhesitatingly exposed himself to rifle, machine-gun and mortar fire from strongly entrenched Japanese positions to move from company after the commanding officer and executive officer had been wounded. In keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service, his leadership and fighting spirit under the most hazardous conditions contributed to the defeat of the enemy. The Commanding Officer of the First Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), was awarded the Fifth Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism during the Korean War. Colonel <mask> drove off repeated and fanatical enemy attacks upon his defense sector and supply points as he fought continuously against a vastly outnumbering hostile force.Although the area was frequently covered by machine-gun fire and intense mortar fire, he coolly moved along his troops to insure their correct tactical employment, reinforced the lines as the situation demanded, and successfully defended the perimeter, keeping open the main supply routes for the movement of the Division. During the attack from Koto-ri to Hungnam, he was the Division rear guard, repelling two fierce enemy assaults which threatened the security of the unit, and personally supervised the care and prompt evacuate of all casualties. He served to inspire his men to heroic efforts in defense of their positions and assured the safety of much valuable equipment which would otherwise have been lost to the enemy. Colonel <mask> and the United States Naval Service have the highest credit for his skilled leadership, courage and devotion to duty. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the distinguished service cross to Colonel Lewis B. "<mask><mask>, United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces In keeping with the highest traditions of the military service, Colonel <mask>'s actions contributed to the breakthrough of the First Marine Regiment.The President of the United States of America presented the Silver Star to Colonel Lewis B. "<mask><mask>, United States Marine Corps, for his bravery while commanding the First Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy forces during the amphibious landing that resulted in the capture of Inchon, Korea. His actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Military Service and contributed to the success of this operation. In addition to his military awards, <mask> has received numerous honors due to his service in the Marine Corps. The facility was named after Puller and his wife. The ship was named after him. Puller Hall is the headquarters building for the 2nd Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team.Route 33 is called the General Puller Highway. <mask> is buried in a county. The United States Postal Service honored <mask> with a stamp on November 10, 2005. <mask> <mask> is the Marine Corps' mascot. It's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's possible that it's Chesty XII). He is an English bulldog.The Mobile Landing Platform will be named after <mask>. <mask> was buried next to his wife at Christ Church Parish Episcopal in Virginia after he died. Puller is a well-known figure in the folklore of the U.S. Marines. "Good night, Chesty, wherever you are!" is a common incantation in U.S. Marine Corps boot camp. <mask> Puller never quits! Marines chant "It was good for <mask> Puller" and "Tell <mask> Puller I did my best" during recruit training. Chesty is a symbol of the esprit de corps of the Marines.<mask> <mask> was a good Marine and a good Marine was he. The U.S. Marines will tell each other to do one for Chesty. Puller demanded good equipment and discipline when he came upon a second lieutenant who had ordered an enlisted man to salute him 100 times for missing a salute. Puller told the lieutenant, "You were correct in making him salute you 100 times, Lieutenant, but you know that an officer must return every salute he receives." I will keep count if you return them all. Puller was fined $100 for accidentally discharging a pistol indoors while on duty in Hawaii, but the charge for his men was only $20. The book Marine! is popular in popular culture.The Life of <mask> Puller is about his life as a Marine. The book Chesty Puller's Rules of Success, written by Bill Davis, Col, USMC (ret), explores 20 of Puller's "self-imposed principles of action" he gleaned from numerous meetings with the legendary General. The book Chesty: The Story of Lieutenant General Lewis B<mask> is a complete biography of his life. A 1976 film documentary was directed by John Ford. Puller is played by an American actor. In the Vietnam War movie The Boys in Company C a boot camp sergeant has the men repeat the line "Good night Chesty, wherever you are" followed by one of them asking "Who the F--- is Chesty?" The Marine Corps History Division has a list of historically notable United States

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. Puller
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Lewis Puller
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Chesty
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Pullerton
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Chesty
. Puller


texts: <mask> was a scholar of Sanskrit literature. She helped popularize Indian literature in the U.S. and was the president of the Association for Asian Studies. On August 8, 1940, she was born in New York City and attended Great Neck High School in New York. She was one of three siblings. She earned her B.A. at Columbia University. She received her M.A. in philosophy from 1959 to 1962. Indic studies from 1962 to 1964.She was awarded a B.A., was elected to a national organization, and was awarded a prize. magna cum laude was given at Barnard in 1962. <mask> earned a PhD in Indic Studies from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. She was one of the last of the scholars trained by W. Norman Brown. She was made an assistant professor in 1968 and promoted to a full professor in 1977 in the department of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures at Barnard College in New York City. The Award in Higher Education was given to Dr. <mask> by the National Council of Women. She was made a Professor of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures in 1983.<mask> frequently traveled to India. Many works of Sanskrit poetry and drama were edited and translated by <mask>. The Caurapancasika Attributed to Bilhana was one of the poems that included Bhartrihari. All of the texts were published by Columbia University Press. Her translation of the most popular of the Hindu texts was a huge success. Her work introduced a broad American audience who had not heard the Bhagavad Gita before. She was known among the academic community in humanities and South Asian studies for her ability to present Indian poetry to the lay person in a way that was aesthetically pleasing and academically rigorous.She popularized Indian literature. <mask> was proud of her role as advisor to the director of the production of the Mahabharata, which was mounted at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1978 and televised on the Public Broadcasting Service, an event that was seen as watershed in responsible popularization. <mask> wrote a number of articles and edited a number of books, including Explaining India's Sacred Art: Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch, a work dedicated to her former teacher. The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture from 1000 B.C. was published in 1989. She planned and conducted a symposium at the National Humanities Center in October 1985 in conjunction with the Festival of India in the United States. She published a book called Love Song of the Dark Lord in 1977. <mask> published a translation of the Spanish poems of Pizarro de Rayo in 1979.The future direction of Barnard and Columbia was shaped by <mask>. She was part of the editorial board of the Columbia University Press series of Translations and served on the executive committee of the Southern Asian Institute at the School of International Affairs. She fought hard to make sure that students' talents were rewarded with grants and research posts. <mask> was the first woman to be a pioneer in the field of female scholars. She was a member of the P.E.N. She was president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1990 and was on the Board of Directors of the American Council of Learned Societies. <mask> received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Ford Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Social Sciences Research Council.During the final months of her life, she continued to work from her hospital bed, finishing her translation and analysis of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which was published posthumously as Yoga: Discipline of Mind and Spirit. She died of cancer in New York's Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center on April 19, 1993 and was survived by her husband, daughter, sister, and brother. Other References 1940 births 1993 deaths American Indologists and Columbia University alumni Presidents of the Association for Asian Studies.

masks:
Barbara Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts: <mask> was a Spanish bishop and author. He was a chronicler to Charles V. His first book appeared in pirate editions. This pseudo-historical book of incidents and letters from the life of Marcus Aurelius was translated into nearly every language of Europe. According to scholar and translator Méric Casaubon, no book besides the Bible was so often translated as Relox de principes, or Dial of Princes. In addition to his book of Marcus Aurelius, <mask> wrote eight other books, some of which were published in the 17th and 18th century. He was born in the province of Cantabria and spent some of his youth at the court of the queen of Castile.He entered the Franciscan order in 1505. During Charles V's travels to Italy and other parts of Europe, he traveled in the royal entourage. His most well-known work, entitled The Dial of Princes (Reloj de prncipes in its original Spanish), was published in 1529 and is said to be a mirror for princes. Before the end of the century there were several translations in Latin, Italian, French, German, Dutch and English. The two earliest English translations were by Lord Berners and Thomas North. The book was first published in 1528 as Libro Aureo. The author's claim that the book was drawn from an imaginary manuscript in a library belonging to the Medicis in Florence caused a literary controversy.The Lives of the Ten Roman Emperors is one of the four works published in a single volume in Valladolid in 1539, in imitation of the manner of Plutarch and Suetonius. Edward Hellowes' The Favored Courtier is known in the English translation as the society of the royal court. The figure of the courtier was brought to a different level by the work of Baldassare Castiglione, who was called the greatest courtier of his age. If you wake up in the middle of the night, you should praise the Lord in the worship of the Almighty. For no other reason than to keep up with the world, they stay awake all night at the court. The Danubian Farmer, which appeared in different versions in the Libro ureo and the Reloj de prncipes, has been argued to be a metaphor. There was a death in Mondoedo.He was related to <mask> <mask>. The first, a period of great popularity throughout Europe peaking in the mid- to late-sixteenth century; the second, a period during which <mask>'s works were censured on style grounds; and the third, a period during which <mask>'s works were censured on style The liberties he took in his pseudo-histories led to the attitude of censure towards his work. <mask> Rha was incensed by the fact that <mask> had written a book. Pierre Bayle's judgement in his Dictionary Historical and Critical is indicative of a negative view of <mask>'s work prevailing during the late Renaissance and Enlightenment periods. He became a Franciscan monk after the death of the queen of Castile. He was made a preacher to Charles V after making himself known at court.He made himself ridiculous to good judges by pretending to write books, and he should have been happy with the glory he got by his tongue. His high-flown style, full of antitheses, is not the greatest fault of his works. An ill taste, and a wrong notion of eloquence, put him upon such a way of writing, which was an inconsiderable thing, if compared with his extravagant way of handling history. He broke the most sacred and essential laws of it, and shewed that no man was ever so deserving of the character of Chronicler to Charles V. He had a bad excuse when he was censured, that all other histories are too uncertain to be credited. If the French are to blame for having highly valued such a book, the Spaniards who have esteemed it still more, deserve more to be laughed at. Strong cases for his importance have been made in book-length studies by Ernest Grey, Joseph R. Jones, and Horacio Chiong Rivero.The complete works of <mask> can be found at Filosofia. The Fundacin Juan March in Madrid hosted a lecture on the life and works of <mask> by the scholar and editor Emilio Blanco. Libro ureo de Marco Aurelio was written in 1528. Lord Berners was written by John Bourchier. There was a dispraise of the life of a courtier and a commendacion of the life of the labouryng man. The Diall of Princes was written by Sir Francis Bryan. The Dial of Princes, London: <mask> Tottill and Thomas Marshe, 1568.Edward Hellowes wrote A Looking Glasse for the Court. Sir Francis Bryan and Thomas Tymme wrote to the Emperour Charles the fifth. Edward Hellowes was born in London in 1575. A chronicle of the emperours of Rome. Edward Hellowes wrote a book about the inuention of the art of nauigation. White, 1595) Mount Caluarie, the Second Part, was printed by A. Islip. Spanish Letters: Historical, Satyrical, and Moral was written by Sir Thomas North.The mysteries of mount Calvary, trans., was written by John Savage. Rev. Orbley Shipley wrote A Looking Glasse for the Court. Sir Francis Bryan and Jessica Sequeira. Sublunary Editions is in Seattle,WA. Further reading, Alborg, José Luis. Historia de la literatura espaola was written by Edad Media.Edicin ampliada. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1981 The case of <mask> <mask> is considered to be one of the best examples of judging a literary career. Patrick Cheney and <mask> edited The Author from Antiquity to the Renaissance. The University of Toronto Press published a book in 2002. 165–5 Castro is from Américo.Hacia Cervantes. Tercera (considerable renovada) edicin. The year was 1967, and it was Madrid: Taurus. Concejo and Pilar. <mask> <mask>, un ensayista. The Instituto de Cooperacin Iberoamericana is located in Madrid. René Costes.<mask> <mask> wrote Sa Vie, Son uvre. Bibliothque de l'école des hautes. Paris, 1925. Ernest Grey. The author is a forgotten Renaissance author. The University of Nijhoff was founded in 1973. <mask>.Libro aureo. In Hispanique. Ed. R. Foulche-Delbosc was published in 1929. <mask>. Obras Completas. There are 2 tomes.Ed. There is a person named Emilio Blanco. Turner was in Madrid in 1994. Jones, Joseph R. <mask> <mask>. Twayne Publishers was in Boston in 1975. Lupher is the author of Romans in a New World: Classical Models in Spanish America. The University of Michigan Press was published in 200350–56 Augustin. L'Espagne de son temps. was written by <mask> <mask> Droz was born in 1976. 884pp. Rivero, Chiong. The rise of pseudo-historical fiction is related to Fray <mask> <mask>'s novelizations.New York: Peter Lang. John Garrett <mask>. The English of the Tudors had Spanish literature. The year 1899. The Biblioteca Digital Hispnica has a digital version of the manuscript of some letters by Marcus Aurelius.

masks:
Antonio de Guevara
Guevara
Diego de
Guevara
Guevara
Guevara
Pedro de
Guevara
Guevara
Guevara
Guevara
Richarde
Antonio de
Guevara
Frederick A
Antonio de
Guevara
Antonio de
Guevara
Antonio de
Antonio de
Antonio de
Guevara
Antonio de
Guevarae
Antonio de
Guevara
Underhill