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texts: The 16th president of the United States, <mask>, was assassinated in 1865. <mask> led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. <mask> was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier in Indiana. He was a lawyer, Whig Party leader, state legislator, and U.S. citizen. There is a congressman from Illinois. The opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act made him angry. He reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas when he became a leader in the new Republican Party.<mask> won the Presidency in 1860, sweeping the North. The pro-slavery elements in the South thought his success was related to the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery. <mask> called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union after the Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South. <mask>, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. The War Democrats and Radical Republicans wanted harsher treatment of the Southern Confederates. <mask>'s assassination was plotted by pro-Confederate elements and anti-war Democrats. He carefully distributed political patronage and appealed to the American people in order to manage the group.The Gettysburg Address appealed to many different feelings. <mask> scrutinized the strategy and tactics of the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He defusing the Trent Affair stopped British intervention. The end to slavery was engineered by his order that the Army and Navy protect and recruit former slaves. He promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned slavery across the country. <mask> was successful in his re- election campaign. He wanted to heal the nation through reconciliation.On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. <mask> is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history. <mask> was the second child of <mask> and Nancy Hanks <mask> and was born in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm in Kentucky. He was a descendant of <mask>, an Englishman who migrated from Norfolk to Massachusetts in 1638. The family traveled through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. <mask>'s paternal grandparents, Captain <mask> and wife Bathsheba, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in a raid.Thomas, <mask>'s father, witnessed the attack. The family settled in Kentucky in the early 1800s after Thomas worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee. It is assumed that Nancy was the daughter of Lucy Hanks, despite the fact that the heritage of <mask>'s mother is unclear. On June 12, 1806, Thomas and Nancy were married in Washington County, Kentucky. They had three children who died as infants. <mask> lost most of his land in court disputes over property titles. The land surveys and titles were more reliable when the family moved to Indiana in 1816.Indiana was a "free" territory and they settled in an "unbroken forest" in Hurricane Township. <mask> noted that the family's move to Indiana was partly due to land title difficulties. Thomas was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch Alcohol, dancing, and slavery were not allowed in the church where Thomas and Nancy were members. The Little Pigeon Creek Community was created after Thomas obtained clear title to the area. Nancy Lincoln died of milk sickness on October 5, 1818, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household that included her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old cousin, Dennis Hanks.<mask> was devastated on January 20, 1828, when Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son. On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Kentucky with three children of her own. <mask> called his stepmother "Mother". The hard labor associated with farm life was disliked by <mask>. His family said he was lazy for all his reading, writing and ciphering. His stepmother said he didn't enjoy physical labor, but he loved to read. The move to Illinois <mask> was largely self-educated.His formal education was from the nomadic teachers. He went to school for less than a year in Indiana and Kentucky at the age of 15 because of farm chores, but he learned to read and write at age seven. He was an avid reader and had a lifelong interest in learning. The King James Bible, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin were some of the books he read. <mask> gave his father all of his earnings from work outside the home until he was 21 after taking responsibility for chores as a teen. <mask> was tall, strong, and athletic, and was good at using an ax. During his youth, he was an active wrestler and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style.He was the county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the leader of ruffians. In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended <mask> family, including <mask>, moved west to Illinois, a free state. <mask> became distant from Thomas due to his father's lack of education. As Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Illinois, <mask> struck out on his own. He lived in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. <mask> was exposed to slavery in New Orleans, Louisiana, when he and some friends took goods by flatboat.<mask> was asked how he got his rhetorical skills. He said that he often came across the word "demonstrate" but didn't know what it meant. He left Springfield for his father's home to study until he could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid. When he moved to New Salem, <mask> met Ann Rutledge, his first romantic interest. They were in a relationship but not engaged by 1835. She died of a disease on August 25, 1835. Mary Owens was from Kentucky.<mask> agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens courted her for a while, but they both had second thoughts. He wrote Owens a letter saying he wouldn't blame her if she ended the relationship. <mask> and Mary Todd became engaged the year after they met. Robert Smith Todd was a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Kentucky. <mask> canceled their wedding on January 1, 1841, but they were married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. He was asked where he was going while he was preparing for the wedding.The couple bought a house in Springfield in the 19th century. Mary had a hired servant and a relative. <mask>'s work kept him away from home, but he was an affectionate husband and father of four sons. The only child to live to maturity was Robert Todd <mask>, who was born in 1843. Edward Baker <mask> died of Tuberculosis on February 1, 1850. <mask>, <mask>'s third son, died of a sickness at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "TAd" <mask>, died of heart failure at the age of 18 after surviving his father.<mask> was fond of children and the <mask>s were not strict with their own. When <mask> brought his children to the law office, William H. Herndon was annoyed. The father was too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon said that he kept his mouth shut because of his respect for <mask>. <mask> didn't note what his children were doing. Both parents were affected by the deaths of their sons. <mask> was thought to be suffering from clinical depression.Mary was committed for a time to an asylum in 1875 because of the stresses of losing her husband and sons. <mask> joined with a partner in the purchase of a general store in New Salem. <mask> sold his share of the business after it struggled. He ran for the Illinois General Assembly in March, advocating for improvements to the navigation on the Sangamon River. He lost the election because he lacked formal education, powerful friends, and money. During the Black Hawk War, <mask> interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia. After returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the attacker by the neck and the seat of his trousers, and tossed him.<mask> received 258 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct, which was eighth out of 13 candidates. <mask> served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued to read and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, <mask> borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books, and read law on his own. He said that he studied with nobody. <mask>'s second state house campaign as a Whig was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. He served four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives. He was a Canal Commissioner after he championed the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal.He was against both slavery and abolition, but voted to expand sufficing to all white males. The institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends to increase than abate its evils. He supported the American Colonization Society which advocated abolition in conjunction with the settlement of freed slaves. He practiced law in Springfield under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. During cross-examinations and closing arguments, <mask> emerged as a formidable trial combatant. He began his practice with William Herndon in the 19th century. <mask> professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".Economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements, and urbanization were favored by their party. <mask> sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives but was defeated by John J. Hardin. <mask> won the election after pulling off his strategy of gaining the nomination. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any of the other Whigs, he made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to two committees in the War Department. <mask> and Giddings collaborated on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill because of Whig opposition.<mask> spoke against the Mexican–American War, imputing to President James K. Polk's desire for "military glory, that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood". The failed proposal to ban slavery in the U.S. territory of Mexico was supported by him. <mask> drafted and introduced his Spot Resolutions. Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil" when the war began. Polk had to prove to Congress that the spot where blood had been shed was on American soil. <mask> lost political support in his district because the resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers. The Illinois newspaper dubbed him "spotty <mask>".<mask> regretted his attack on presidential war-making powers. <mask> promised to only serve one term in the House. Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, so he supported General Taylor for the Whig nomination. <mask> wanted to be the Commissioner of the General Land Office. He was offered the position of secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory. He didn't accept the post because he didn't want to disrupt his legal and political career in Illinois, a Democratic stronghold. <mask> handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".Twice a year he appeared in the Midstate county courts for 10 weeks in a row. In the midst of the nation's western expansion, <mask> handled transportation cases. <mask> initially favored those interests, but eventually represented whoever hired him. He was involved in a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. He received a patent for a flotation device in 1849. <mask> was the only president to hold a patent for the idea. <mask> was sole counsel in 51 cases of which 31 were decided in his favor, and appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases.The Illinois Central Railroad was one of his largest clients. The nickname "Honest Abe" came from his legal reputation. In an 1858 criminal trial, <mask> defended William "Duff" Armstrong, who was accused of murder. <mask> used a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an alibi witness. <mask> produced a Farmers' Almanac that showed the moon was at a low angle, making it hard to see. The man was acquitted. <mask> elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of his third cousin, Peachy Harrison, who was the grandson of <mask>'s political opponent.The man is Peter Cartwright. As Greek Crafton lay dying of his wounds, he confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. <mask> objected to the judge's decision to exclude the testimony from the confession. <mask> argued that the testimony was not subject to the hearsay rule. The judge reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, which resulted in Harrison's acquittal. The Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue of slavery in the territories, failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North. <mask> highlighted Clay's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.As

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texts: the debate about slavery in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became more acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in 1854, but it alarmed many Northerners who wanted to prevent the spread of slavery. In October 1854, <mask> commented on the act in his "Peoria Speech". <mask> repeated his opposition to slavery on his way to the presidency. The Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery," he said. I hate it. The injustice of slavery is what makes me hate it.<mask>'s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life. The Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue irreparably split the Whigs. <mask> thought he was a Whig, but others thought he was an Affirmative, and he did not oppose the extension of slavery. <mask> was against the creation of the Republican Party because it would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. <mask> was hopeful that the Whigs would be rejuvenated, but he was worried about the party's close relationship with the Know Nothing movement. <mask> was elected to the Illinois legislature but did not take his seat. <mask> sought election to the United States Senate after the elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act.The state legislature elected senators. He was unable to get a majority after leading in the first six rounds of voting. <mask> told his supporters to vote. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. <mask>'s decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and the antislavery Democrats to defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate. In 1856 there were violent political confrontations in Kansas and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. <mask> joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which established the Illinois Republican Party.Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories was endorsed by the convention platform. <mask> called for the preservation of the Union in his final speech at the convention. <mask> supported John C. Frémont and William Dayton for vice president at the June 1856 Republican National Convention. Former Secretary of State James Buchanan was nominated by the Democrats. <mask> became a leading Republican in Illinois after William Henry Bissell became Governor of the state. Dred Scott was a slave who was taken from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. Scott petitioned a federal court for his freedom after being returned to the slave state.In Dred Scott v. Sandford, his petition was denied. The Supreme Court Chief Justice wrote that blacks did not have rights in the Constitution. Dred Scott's decision to end the dispute over slavery in the territories caused further outrage in the North. <mask> said it was the result of a conspiracy by Democrats to support the Slave Power. He said that the founding fathers believed that all men were equal in certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. <mask> wanted to defeat Douglas in the U.S. Senate in order to win the election. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and that <mask>'s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.Douglas was supported by some eastern Republicans for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. This interference was resented by many Illinois Republicans. <mask> won the nomination with little opposition after the Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree on a Senate candidate. <mask> was very enthusiastic when he accepted the nomination. A house divided against itself cannot stand, that's what he said after he was nominated. I don't think this government can last permanently half slave and half free. I don't think the Union will be dissolved, but I think it will cease to be divided.It will either be all one thing or all the other. The danger of disunion was created by the speech. <mask> or Douglas would be selected by the Illinois legislature after the election. "<mask> is the strong man of the party and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won," said Douglas when he was informed of <mask>'s nomination. There were seven debates between <mask> and Douglas. The most famous political debates in American history had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. Both physically and politically, the principals stood in stark contrast.<mask> accused Douglas of distortion of the founding fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Local settlers were free to decide whether to allow slavery and Douglas accused <mask> of having joined the abolitionists. <mask> claimed that Douglas was part of a conspiracy to promote slavery. <mask> disobeyed the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, according to Douglas's argument. The legislature re-elected Douglas despite the Republican legislative candidates winning more popular votes. <mask> had a national political presence because of the issues he articulated. Most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support when <mask> purchased it.Newspapers frequently mentioned <mask> as a potential Republican presidential candidate in the aftermath of the 1858 election. <mask> wasn't popular in the Northeast and he wasn't sure if he would seek office. Several local papers endorsed <mask>'s candidacy after he told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination. <mask> made nearly fifty speeches while on the campaign trail. He quickly became the champion of the Republican party because of the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric. He was less appreciated in the east despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States. The account of <mask>'s position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling was written by the editor of the New York Tribune at that time.<mask> was invited by the New York Republicans to give a speech at Cooper Union on February 27, 1860, in which he argued that the founding fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He rejectedgroping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong, and insisted that morality required opposition to slavery. He appeared ugly to many in the audience. <mask> was brought into contention by his intellectual leadership. No man before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience. Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a "superb political move for an unknown candidate, to appear in one rival's state at an event sponsored by the second rival's loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery". <mask> said, "The taste is in my mouth a little."The Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. <mask> received his first endorsement from the campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois. <mask>'s supporters dubbed him "The Rail Candidate" because of his embellished frontier legend of clearing land and splitting fence rails. In 1860, <mask> described himself as being six feet, four inches, lean in flesh, weighing an average of one hundred and eighty pounds, dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes. The effective image of <mask> was written about by Michael Martinez. At times he was presented as the "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe". <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot at the Republican National Convention in Chicago on May 18.Hamlin, a former Democrat from Maine, was nominated for vice president. <mask>'s success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements. He was put over the top by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. <mask>'s managers focused on this delegation while honoring his order to "Make no contracts that will bind me". The Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government and most Republicans agreed with <mask>. <mask> did not believe in the prospects of civil war and his supporters did not believe that his election would lead to secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the convention and chose John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.The Constitutional Union Party was formed by a group of former Whigs and Know Nothings. Both <mask> and Douglas received votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge received votes in the South. Prior to the Republican convention, the <mask> campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. The people of the Northern states knew that the southern states would vote against <mask>. <mask> relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party as he gave no speeches. The leg work that produced majorities across the North was done by the party. Republican speakers focused on the platform and <mask>'s life story.The goal was to show the power of free labor, which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top. A Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed <mask>'s life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Many people wanted to visit him and write him. He had an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the attention that came his way. John George Nicolay, his personal secretary, would remain in that role during the presidency. <mask> was elected the 16th president on November 6, 1860. His victory as the first Republican president was due to his support in the North and West.There were no ballots cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he only won two of the 996 counties in the Southern states. The free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon, were carried by <mask> in the four-way race. <mask> won the electoral college with 180 votes to 123 for his opponents. The South was upset by <mask>'s election and planned to leave the Union before he took office. On December 20, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 The Confederate States of America adopted a constitution after six states declared themselves to be a nation. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas are border states.The Confederacy was declared illegal by President Buchanan and President-elect <mask>. On February 9, 1861, the Confederacy chose Jefferson Davis as its president. <mask> and the Republicans rejected the proposed compromise because it was contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. <mask> said "I will suffer death before I consent to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right." The Corwin Amendment to the Constitution was supported by <mask> when he took office. Slavery in states where it already existed would have been protected by that doomed amendment. A few weeks before the war, <mask> sent a letter to every governor telling them Congress had passed a resolution to amend the Constitution.<mask> addressed crowds and legislatures on his way to his inauguration. He gave an emotional farewell address when he left Springfield. The president-elect dodged assassins. He arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., and was placed under military guard. <mask> said in his address to the South that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states and that he wanted to ban the expansion of slavery in the North. This is the only significant dispute. The president made an appeal to the people of the South.We should not be enemies. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, to every living heart, and all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Legislative compromise was not possible because of the failure of the Peace Conference. The leaders of the insurrection did not propose rejoining the Union on any terms. <mask> and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be allowed to happen. <mask> looked back on the situation at the time and said that one of the parties would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it die. <mask>'s order to meet the request of Major Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, was seen by the secessionists as an act of war.The fight began after Confederate forces fired on the Union troops. According to Allan Nevins, the newly inaugurated <mask> made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion. Sherman was disappointed that he didn't realize that the country was sleeping on a volcano and that the South was preparing for war when he talked to <mask> during inauguration week. Donald concludes that, "his repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed hedhering to his vow not to be the first to shed blood." He promised not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of the conflicting positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot. On April 15, <mask> called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and preserve the Union, which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states.The states were forced to choose sides. Despite being exposed to Union lines, Virginia was given the designation of the Confederate capital. Over the next two months, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but not in Kentucky. Americans north of the Mason-Dixon

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texts: line fought to defend the nation. Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. The Army arrested local Maryland officials after local leaders burned critical rail bridges to the capital.There was a need for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. The Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney was petitioned by John Merryman, an official from Maryland. The lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman was only allowed to issue the writ by Congress. <mask> continued with the policy of suspension. The Union military strategy was shaped by <mask>. He used his authority to respond to the political and military crisis. He arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, and disbursed funds before Congress.Congress and the public supported <mask> for these actions. <mask> had to keep the war from becoming an international conflict because he had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states. It was clear from the beginning that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise would cause divisions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. <mask> refused to compromise on slavery. He was criticized by the Radical Republicans for taking too long in abolishing slavery. <mask> signed a law that allowed judicial proceedings to take away slaves who were used to support the Confederacy. The law signaled support for abolishing slavery.General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, freed slaves of the rebels without consulting Washington. <mask> canceled the illegal proclamation because it was politically motivated and lacked military necessity. The number of enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased. <mask> wanted to prevent foreign military aid to the Confederacy. While working closely with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, he relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward. In the Trent Affair, the U.S. Navy seized two Confederate envoys and Great Britain protested, but the U.S. cheered. The two diplomats were released by <mask>.<mask> painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. After complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, <mask> replaced the War Secretary with a new one. The federal government saved $17,000,000 due to the centralized activities of the War Department. He was a Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat. He worked more closely with <mask> than any other senior official. They say that Stanton and <mask> conducted the war together.Ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a decisive victory were two of <mask>'s priorities. <mask> met with his cabinet in the afternoon twice a week. Mary wanted him to take a carriage ride because she was concerned that he was working too hard. <mask> relied on a book written by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck for his edification. <mask> appreciated the importance of controlling strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. <mask> understood that defeating the enemy's army was more important than simply capturing territory. <mask> appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief after the Union's defeat at Bull Run.McClellan took months to plan his campaign. <mask> was frustrated by McClellan's slow progress and his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan blamed <mask>'s reservation of troops for the campaign's failure. McClellan was removed by <mask> in the 19th century. John Pope was appointed head of the new Army of Virginia after Henry Halleck was elevated. Pope was able to protect Washington from the attack because he was satisfied with <mask>'s desire to advance on the north. Pope was defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington.<mask> restored him to command of all forces around Washington despite his unhappiness with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope. The Battle of Antietam took place two days after McClellan's return to command. It was one of the bloodiest battles in American history, and it helped lead to <mask>'s Emancipation Proclamation. McClellan resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's army, while Don Carlos Buell refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. After the mid-term elections of 1862, <mask> replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were neutral on <mask>'s part. Burnside launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee in December.Desertions came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so <mask> replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. The Republicans suffered a lot of losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. Republicans gained votes in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but lost votes in the Irish and German strongholds, where many Southerners had lived for generations. In the spring of 1863 <mask> was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north ofRichmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston. Hooker resigned after the Battle of Chancellorsville and was replaced by George Meade. Despite <mask>'s demands, Meade failed to follow up after beating Lee in the Gettysburg Campaign. Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the western rebel states.The power of the Federal government to end slavery was limited by the Constitution. Slavery would be rendered obsolete if it was not allowed to expand. He wanted the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. In August and May of 1862, Major General David Hunter tried to get rid of slavery, but <mask> turned him down on the grounds that it was not within their power and would upset border states. The act banning slavery on all federal territory was signed by <mask>. <mask> approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional because it provided court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion. He planned to use the war powers of the commander-in-chief to take such action.The draft of the Emancipation Proclamation was reviewed by <mask>. <mask> concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. The Republican editor of the New York Tribune agreed with copperheads that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification. <mask>'s first obligation as president was to preserve the Union, and he said in a letter that he wished all men could be free, regardless of that. <mask> said that he felt more certain that he was doing right than he did in signing the paper. He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation, while Democrats warned that freed slaves posed a threat to northern whites. Three million slaves were liberated by the Union armies after the abolition of slavery in the rebel states.The policy was to include former slaves. In the spring of 1863, <mask> was ready to recruit black troops. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson, <mask> wrote, "The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once". General Lorenzo Thomas recruited 20 units of blacks from the Mississippi Valley by the end of 1863. <mask>'s earlier plans for colonies for freed slaves were included in the Proclamation. <mask> spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery. <mask> said that the nation was born in 1776 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.The war was dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality. He said that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and that the future of democracy would be assured. The most quoted speech in American history was the Address. <mask> was impressed by General Grant Grant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and the Vicksburg campaign. <mask> said he couldn't spare this man after Shiloh. He fights. <mask> believed the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters with Grant in charge.<mask> promoted Grant to supreme commander because of the failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg. Grant assumed command of the army. <mask> was worried that Grant might run for president. <mask> promoted Grant to Lieutenant General, a rank which had been vacant since George Washington's death, after he arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions. <mask> signed a new bill on the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate for approval for a promotion. The Senate confirmed his nomination on March 2, 1864. The Overland Campaign exacted heavy losses on both sides.When <mask> asked what Grant's plans were, the general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Grant's army moved south. <mask> traveled to Virginia to confer with Grant and Sherman. <mask> was able to mobilize support throughout the North. Grant was authorized by <mask> to target infrastructure in order to weaken the South's fighting ability. For its own sake, he emphasized the defeat of the Confederate armies. <mask>'s engagement became personal when the Confederate general Early raided Washington, D.C., yelling at him, "Get down."Efforts to discuss peace began as Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces. The Vice President of the Confederates led a group meeting. <mask> wanted to end the fighting but refused to negotiate as a coequal with the Confederacy. Grant had a siege on April 1, 1865. <mask> visited the capital of the Confederacy. Lee surrendered to Grant at the end of the war. <mask> ran for reelection in 1864 in order to unite the Republicans and War Democrats.<mask> used his patronage powers to build support and fend off the Radicals' attempts to replace him. The Republicans chose Johnson as their running mate. <mask> ran under the label of the new Union Party to broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans. <mask>'s re- election prospects were damaged by Grant's stalemates. <mask> asked his cabinet to sign a sealed envelope so that he could keep his promise to defeat the Confederacy if he lost the election. The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a failure, but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. <mask> increased Grant's strength with Republican party support.defeatism ended after Sherman's capture of Atlanta and David Farragut's capture of Mobile. Some leaders and soldiers in the Democratic Party were open about their admiration for <mask>. The National Union Party was united by the support of <mask>. The perfidy of the Copperheads was stressed by the Republican parties. 78 percent of Union soldiers were carried by <mask> on November 8. <mask> delivered his second inaugural address on March 4, 1865. He said the war casualties were God's will.The speech is engraved in the Lincoln Memorial, according to historian Mark Noll. <mask> said that Reconstruction Reconstruction preceded the war's end as he and his associates considered the fate of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. <mask> told the general how the defeated Confederates would be treated. <mask> wanted to find meaning in the war and didn't want to exclude the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he focused on how to rebuild the nation as one. <mask> led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals. <mask> was determined to unite the nation and not hurt the South.If they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance, those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners would be pardoned. While their administrations were restored, the Southern states needed leaders. <mask> appointed Johnson and Steele as military governors in Tennessee and Arkansas. In Louisiana, <mask> ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood if 10 percent of the voters agreed. <mask> was accused of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political ambitions. The Radicals passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which was vetoed by <mask>. The Radicals refused to seat representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<mask>'s appointments were designed to harness both moderates and radicals. The Radicals' choice to fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court was Salmon P. Chase, who <mask> believed would uphold his paper money policies. <mask> increased the pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery with the help of a constitutional amendment. An amendment was brought to Congress after he declared that an amendment would "clinch the whole matter". The first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority. After <mask>'s successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. On December 6, 1865, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.The federal government was only responsible for the millions of freedmen, according to <mask>. The Freedmen's Bureau bill was signed by him and was designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law allowed land to be leased for three years with the ability to purchase title for freedmen. <mask> announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control. Historians don't think it's possible to predict how Reconstruction would have gone had <mask> lived. According to David Lincove, Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current argue that <mask>'s experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather <mask>, in the presence of his father and uncles. <mask> said Indians were against his father and his family.<mask> was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, but he didn't see much action. <mask>'s policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He made appointments to his followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin using the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage. He had to protect Western settlers and railroads from Indian attacks. The Dakota uprising in Minnesota killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and alarmed the <mask> administration. Some thought it was a plan by the Confederacy to start a war. General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, was sent by <mask> to lead the Department of the Northwest.The Dakota Uprising was put down by <mask>'s order of thousands of Confederate prisoners of war. <mask> revoked the policy when the Confederates protested. Pope advocated the extinction of the Indians. He ordered the destruction of Indian farms and the killing of Indian

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texts: warriors. The Dakota was defeated at Wood Lake by Col. Henry H. Sibley and his troops. Pope thought the uprising was over by October 9. <mask> acted as the route of appeal when an unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives.<mask> commuted the sentences of all but one of the Santee Dakota ranchers who were convicted of killing innocent farmers. <mask> wanted to be gentle, but still send a message. Should any of the Dakota be spared, he faced threats of mob justice. Alexander Ramsey told <mask> that he would have gotten more presidential election support if he had executed all the Indians. <mask> said he couldn't afford to hang men for votes. <mask> used the strengths of his opponents in a way that increased his presidency. "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet," <mask> said.We had to hold our own people together. I looked at the party and concluded that the men were the strongest. I didn't have the right to deprive the country of their services. In her biography, she described the group as a Team of Rivals. The Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws was followed by <mask>. The Wade-Davis Bill was vetoed by <mask>. Millions of acres of Western government-held land were made available for purchase.Government grants for agricultural colleges were provided by the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act. The construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad was supported by the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was aided by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s. The Federal income tax and tariffs were passed to raise revenues for the government. <mask> signed the second and third Morrill tariffs. The first U.S. income tax was created when he signed the Revenue Act of 1861. The rates were increased with income.<mask> oversaw the expansion of the federal government's economic influence. The system of national banks was created by the National Banking Act. The US issued paper currency that was green on the reverse side. The Department of Agriculture was created by Congress. The editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft that gave them an opportunity to corner the gold market. The military seized the two papers for two days after <mask> attacked the media. <mask> is responsible for the holiday.Thanksgiving became a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It was occasionally proclaimed by the federal government. James Madison's presidency was 50 years ago. <mask> declared the final Thursday in November of 1863 to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June of 1864, <mask> signed the "Yosemite Grant", which provided federal protection for the area now known as the "Yosemite National Park". <mask>'s philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it." We have to take a man whose opinions are known.<mask> made appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer. Miller supported <mask> in the 1860 election. <mask>'s campaign manager in 1860 was David Davis, who was a judge in the Illinois court circuit where <mask> practiced. Stephen Johnson Field was a previous justice of the California Supreme Court. <mask>'s Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. <mask> believed Chase would support Reconstruction legislation and that his appointment united the Republican Party.<mask> appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts, but no judges to the United States circuit courts. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada became a free state on October 31, 1864. John Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, though he never joined the Confederate army. Booth hatched a plan to assassinate the President after attending a speech in which <mask> promoted voting rights for blacks. The <mask>s were going to attend a play with General Grant and Booth was going to assassinate them. Five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, <mask> and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin.Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of going to the play. Booth entered the back of <mask>'s theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of <mask>'s head, killing him. Major Henry Rathbone tried to wrestle with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. <mask> was taken across the street to the house after being attended to by Doctor Leale and two other doctors. <mask> died in the morning of April 15 after being in a coma for eight hours. He was saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages." <mask>'s body was loaded into a hearse and taken to the White House.President Johnson took the oath of office the next morning. After refusing to surrender, Booth was tracked to a farm in Virginia and shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26. Corbett was arrested for court martial after the Secretary of War ordered Booth to be taken alive. After an interview, he was declared a patriot and the charge was dismissed. The President was laid to rest in the East Room of the White House and in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 to April 21. The Lincoln Special funeral train carried the caskets containing <mask>'s and Willie's bodies for three weeks. The train traveled from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping in many cities for memorial services attended by hundreds of thousands.Many people gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing. One of four poems written about <mask> was composed by poet Walt Whitman. African Americans were moved by the fact that they had lost their leader. The deaths of so many men in the war caused the reaction. Historians noted that some <mask> detractors celebrated his death. The Lincoln Tomb contains the remains of <mask>, who was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield. <mask> was a religious skeptic as a young man.He was a big fan of the Bible. He respected the beliefs of others and was private about his position on organized religion. He didn't make a clear profession of Christian beliefs. <mask> had a tendency to quote Scripture. His three most famous speeches include allusions to Providence and quotes from the Bible. <mask> believed that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. His son Edward's death in 1850 made him more dependent on God.He wasn't a member of a church, but he did attend First Presbyterian Church with his wife. <mask> believed in "providence" in a general way, but rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals, and he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of Willie may have made him look toward religion for solace. He questioned the necessity of the war after Willie's death. He wrote that God could have either saved or destroyed the Union. The contest began. He could give the final victory to either side at any time.The contest continues. By 1865, <mask> believed in an all-powerful God that shaped events. On April 4, 1864, he wrote to a newspaper editor in Kentucky, "I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me." The nation's condition at the end of three years is not what either party or man expected. God can claim it. It seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, will pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.The cause, purpose, and result of the war were God's will according to <mask>. <mask>'s frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or may have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. <mask> told his wife on the day of his death that he wanted to visit the Holy Land. <mask> is thought to have had a number of health problems. The blue mass pills he took contained mercury. He may have suffered from mercury poisoning. There are claims that <mask>'s health was declining before he was killed.<mask> appears to show weight loss and muscle wasting in photographs. He may have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome. Historians have stressed <mask>'s redefinition of republican values. The Declaration of Independence was the "sheet anchor" of republicanism, according to <mask>. At a time when the Constitution was the focus of most political discourse, he did this. In the 1860 Cooper Union speech, <mask> presented Americans with a theory of history that offered a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism. He focused on the moral basis of republicanism instead of focusing on legality.All parties must agree to pull out of the contract if his position on war is to be believed. It was a national duty to make sure the republic remained in every state. The fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was made possible by the moral and religious beliefs of many soldiers and religious leaders from the north. <mask> was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. The preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened <mask>'s conservatism, according to William C. Harris. In his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform, James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation. Randall concludes that he was conservative in his avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.<mask> explored the nature of democracy in his first inaugural address. He said that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional constraints. He said that a majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereignty of a free people. The reunification of the states had consequences. Sometimes the term "the United States" has been used in both the singular and the plural. The dominance of singular usage by the end of the 19th century was influenced by the Civil War. <mask>, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the top three presidents according to surveys of U.S. scholars.According to Gallup, between 1999 and 2011, <mask>, Kennedy, and Reagan were the top-ranked presidents. <mask> was ranked number one by historians and second by legal scholars in a 2004 study. <mask> was a national martyr. He was seen as a champion of human liberty by the abolitionists. <mask>'s name was linked to the Republicans. <mask> was thought of as a man of outstanding ability by many in the South. He was said to be a classical liberal in the 19th century.According to Allen C. Guelzo, <mask> was a "classical liberal democrat, an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright, whose portrait <mask> hung in his White House office Schwartz argues that <mask>'s American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era, when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes. The dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. in 1922 helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. <mask> was the advocate of the common man who liberals claimed would have supported the welfare state in the New Deal era. According to Barry Schwartz, the memory of <mask> was a moral symbol that inspired and guided American life in the 1930s and 1940s. <mask> served as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful. Franklin D. Roosevelt used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan.Americans asked what <mask> would do. Since World War II, <mask>'s symbolic power has lost relevance, and this is indicative of fading confidence in national greatness. He thinks postmodernism and multiculturalism have made greatness less of a concept. During the Cold War, <mask>'s image was changed to a symbol of freedom and hope. <mask>'s role as the Great Emancipator was rejected by some African-American intellectuals in the late 1960s. Bennett called <mask> a white supremacist in 1968. <mask> told jokes that ridiculed blacks.Bennett argued that <mask> wanted to send freed slaves to another country. He was a moral visionary who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible, and he was retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day. The emphasis was shifted away from <mask> the emancipator to the idea that blacks were responsible for pressuring the government to free them from slavery. By the 1970s, <mask> had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, and his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage. <mask> was a favorite example of liberal intellectuals. In 2009, historian Barry Schwartz wrote that <mask>'s image suffered in the late 20th century. Donald stated in his 1996 biography that <mask> was endowed with the personality trait of negative capability and attributed it to extraordinary leaders who were content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts.In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named <mask> his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. <mask> has been portrayed by Hollywood in a flattering light. The penny and $5 bill have <mask>'s portrait on them. His likeness can be seen on many postage stamps. He did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of an 11-year-old girl. He was the first to do so. He is remembered in many places, including the capital of Nebraska.<mask> is the second Navy ship to be named after him. Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre is across the street from where he died. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in Springfield, Illinois. There is a carving of <mask> on Mount Rushmore, which is visited by 3 million people a year. There is an outline of Lincoln Tower, a list of civil rights leaders, and photographs of <mask>. Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, and Democracy, Penguin Press.The Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum has an official link to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and

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texts: Alfred "<mask><mask> is a former Irish footballer and manager who played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the English League. <mask> scored over 150 goals in the League of Ireland and over 50 in the English League. <mask> played for the Republic of Ireland. <mask> managed several teams in the League of Ireland after retiring as a player. In June 2003 <mask> was presented with a crystal vase by the Waterford City Council. In his playing and coaching career, <mask> spent most of his time at Waterford United. His family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchThe trio formed an all-<mask> half-back line in a league game in 1930. <mask> junior and Peter Fitzgerald made their League of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on St Patrick's Day 1957 in a 3–1 win over Bohemians, after seven seasons in the English League. He became a central figure in a team that dominated the League of Ireland. <mask> was player-manager of the side when they won their fifth league title in six seasons. He was the joint top scorer in the league in 1971 and 1972 with 22 and 20 goals. He is the 7th highest League of Ireland goal scorer with 153 goals. He won a benefit game in August 1971.He scored against AC Omonia in the European Cup. In June 1960, <mask> was sold by Waterford United to Aston Villa for a fee of £5,000. <mask> failed to make it to the Villa first team and only made 7 first team appearances, scoring 2 goals. <mask> won his first international cap for the Republic of Ireland while at Villa. <mask> made his debut for Doncaster in a 2–0 defeat to Brentford in the Football League Fourth Division on August 18, 1962, after signing for the club in the summer of 1962. He scored four goals in a single game as he helped the team to a record league win. <mask> scored 42 goals in three seasons with the club.He scored 2 more goals in the FA Cup and 7 in the League Cup. <mask> made 14 appearances and scored 2 goals for the Republic of Ireland national football team. He made his international debut on April 8, 1962, against Austria. In 1968, <mask> scored two goals for the Republic of Ireland, against Poland and Austria. He was a substitute in the Republic of Ireland's 1–0 home win against Poland on October 21, 1973. <mask> would return to Waterford United for two more spells as a coach. The club won the League of Ireland Cup in 1985 and the FAI Cup in 1986 under his leadership.He helped the club achieve promotion from the First Division in 1992. He was acting as a special advisor in 2005. <mask> has been the coach of several teams in the League of Ireland. He made history in 1981 when he became the League of Ireland's oldest ever scorer and the only player to score in four different League of Ireland decades. Roy Keane was given his debut as a manager by <mask>. He was the manager of Kilkenny City from 1995 to 1999 and in 1997 he guided them to the First Division title. <mask> remained active in junior football after leaving Kilkenny.Tramore F.C. won the first league in 50 years in 2000. <mask> established himself as a prominent businessman in the area while he was managing various League of Ireland clubs. He opened a sports shop in 1978 called <mask> <mask>'s Intersport. He has pubs in Ballybricken and Lombard Street. He settled with the Revenue Commissioners for over 100,000. At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season, <mask> is tenth in the all-time League of Ireland goal scoring list with 153 league goals. The League of Ireland Shield 1968–69 was the Top Four Cup.The players are from Doncaster. The players are from Limerick. The players are from Newport County A.F.C. The players are from Waterford F.C. The players are from St Patrick's Athletic F.C. The players are from Waterford F.C. Football managers from Republic of Ireland and League of Ireland.The players are fromCork Hibs F.C. The League of Ireland XI is made up of players.

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texts: <mask> was born Chaim Witz August 25, 1949. He is the bassist and co-lead singer of Kiss, a band he co-founded in the early 1970s. <mask> was born as Chaim Witz at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish immigrants from Hungary. His mother, Florence Klein, was born in Jnd and survived internment in Nazi concentration camps. She and her brother were the only survivors of the Holocaust. His father was a carpenter. <mask>' family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchHe practiced for hours on end. He has said that his family was poor. At age seven, he began to pick wild fruit and sell it on the side of the road. He moved to New York City with his mother at the age of eight. He has a son and three daughters with his father. <mask> changed his name to <mask> in the United States. After attending a Jewish religious school for a short time, he transferred to a public school.He attended Sullivan County Community College in New York and chose a stage name in tribute to Jumpin' <mask>. Klein had a lot of jobs in the city. He was an assistant to an editor of Vogue and a sixth grade instructor on the Upper West Side. <mask> was influenced by the Beatles. If it wasn't for the Beatles, I wouldn't be doing what I am doing now. I was watching The Ed Sullivan Show. There are boys with long hair and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611Four boys from the middle of nowhere were able to make that music. When he was a teenager, <mask> changed the name of his first band to the Missing Links. He formed the Long Island Sounds as a pun on Long Island Sound. He used to work at odd jobs on the side to make more money, like trading used comic books. <mask> attended Sullivan County Community College. The band recorded a demo called "Leeta", which was included in the Kiss box set. In the early 1970s, <mask> formed a rock band with Stanley Eisen and recorded one album, which was never released.<mask> and Stanley tried to fire their band members, but they were met with resistance, and they walked away from their record deal. They formed the "ultimate rock band" and started looking for a drummer. <mask> and Stanley started out as a trio after finding an ad placed by George Peter John Criscuola who was playing clubs in Brooklyn. During this time, there was also an album by Captain Sanity with members from the previous band. The ad they put in The Village Voice for a lead guitar player was responded to by Paul Frehley. The debut album of Kiss was released in 1974. <mask> became the driving force behind what became an extensive Kiss merchandising franchise, while Stanley took on the role of lead performer on stage.The wing design of Black Bolt is what inspired the eye section of his makeup. In 1983, when Kiss's fame was waning, the members took off their trademark make-up and enjoyed a resurgence in popularity that continued into the 1990s. The original drummer was voted out of the band and a replacement was sought. The new drummer was Paul Charles Caravello, who played for Kiss from 1980 until his death in 1991. The success of the 1996–1997 Alive Worldwide reunion tour was influenced by fan feedback about the original Kiss members reunion. Psycho Circus was released in 1998. Since then, the original line-up has once again dissolved, with Tommy Thayer replacing Frehley on lead guitar and Eric Singer replacing Peter Criss on drums.Liza Minnelli's entry into mainstream pop was managed by <mask>. <mask>, Stanley and McGhee became part of the ownership group that created the LA Kiss Arena Football League team, which played their home games at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The team folded. He has his own magazine, Gene Simmons Tongue Magazine, his own label, Simmons Records, and an animated series, My Dad the Rock Star. <mask>'s solo releases as well as albums by Kobra and the Lotus and Silent Rage can be found on Simmons Records. My Dad the Rock Star, a cartoon about a mild mannered son of a Gene Simmons-like rock star, is one of the television projects <mask> has been involved with. Romance is a show hosted by <mask> on the Oxygen cable television channel Rock School, a UK reality show in which <mask> tries to make a rock band out of a group of students of Christ's Hospital School in the first season.The second season of the show began with the episode. <mask> was a psychic on the American hidden camera prank show I Get That a Lot. He played himself in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode Long Road Home. Runaway was directed by Michael Crichton and starred Tom Selleck, Cynthia Rhodes and Kirstie Alley. Wanted: Dead or Alive was directed by Gary Sherman and starred Rutger Hauer. The film production company Erebus Pictures was founded by <mask> in March of 2015. <mask> plays bass and lead vocals are split between him and rhythm guitarist Paul Stanley in Kiss songs. "Rock and Roll All Nite", "Deuce", "A World Without Heroes", "I Love It Loud", "Calling Dr. Love", "Unholy", "Spit", and "Boomer" all feature <mask> singing lead.In addition to playing bass, <mask> is known for his long tongue, which he frequently sticks out while performing, and on stage is known for his demonic figure by vomiting fire and stage blood. <mask> is a science fiction and comic book fan and published several science-fiction fanzines, among them Id, which eventually merged with Stilletto to become Cosmos-Stilletto and then Faun. Among the fanzines he contributed to were BeABohema and Sirruish. He wrote in a letter of comment that he hadn't been active in fandom for five years. <mask> is married to Shannon Lee Tweed, a Canadian actress and former Playboy Playmate. They married after 28 years after they began dating in 1983. <mask> joked that he and Tweed were happily unmarried for 20 years.He said "marriage is an institution and I don't want to live in an institution". The Beverly Hills Hotel was where <mask> and Tweed wed. They have two children. He said that he fell in love with Diana Ross while dating Cher. <mask> can speak a number of languages. <mask> doesn't drink or use drugs. <mask> visited Israel in March of 2011.The trip was described as a life changing experience by him. He said that he is an Israeli. I'm not familiar with America. I'm an outsider. <mask> met his half-brother Kobi while there. <mask> is going to take Kiss to Israel. He said that he is an ardent supporter of Israel.He spoke in Hebrew and English at the press conference. <mask> supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration. He supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing on his website: "I'm ashamed to be surrounded by people calling themselves liberal who are, in my opinion, spitting on the graves of brave American soldiers who gave their life to fight a war that wasn't theirs." <mask> wrote about his love and support for the United States in a follow-up. I love this country and its people. In a country that was far away, America went into World War II and saved my mother from the concentration camps. I am alive because of America.You have a problem with me if you have a problem with America. <mask> sent a televised message of support to an Israeli soldier who was seriously wounded in fighting in Lebanon, calling him his "hero". <mask> regretted voting for Barack Obama and criticized the health care reforms in 2009. <mask> told CNBC that Obama was gravely misguided in his call for Israel and the Palestinians to negotiate a settlement based on the 1967 lines. You can't issue policy about the moon if you've never been there. Wouldn't it be great if the president lived in Washington D.C. and said, "Go back to your '67 borders in Israel'?" The United Nations was accused of being "the most pathetic body on the face of the earth" by <mask>.Artists who refuse to perform in Israel for political reasons are stupid, he stated during his visit to Israel in 2011. "America should be in business and it should be run by a businessman," <mask> said in an April 2012 interview. He attended a Friends of the Israel Defense Forces Gala in Beverly Hills in November of 2015. He called the people who refused to get the vaccine "evil" on November 10, 2021. <mask> is an advocate for ChildFund International. He traveled to Africa to visit his sponsored children, of whom he has more than 140. <mask> said that the trip reminded him that life doesn't treat everyone the same.<mask>'s family received the MEND Humanitarian Award for their philanthropic efforts and support for Mending Kids International. Mel Gibson presented the award. <mask> talked about his difficult childhood in Israel in his acceptance speech. He recalled how excited his mother was when she received a box. The Children Matter is a collaborative initiative with the charity MATTER that fights to get kids around the world access to health care. He is an advocate for public safety and encourages people to wear face masks. <mask> has bragged about havingbedded thousands of women.He claimed in 2010 that the tally was 5,000 and that he had a Polaroid picture of each liaison. <mask> was a guest on TSN's Off the Record with Michael Landsberg a number of years ago, where he told Thea Andrews that he had slept with thousands of women. Mark Tewksbury offered himself to <mask>, but <mask> declined. <mask> shook his head at Tewksbury off-camera in a 2012 National Post interview. "If you want to welcome me with open arms, I'm afraid you're also going to have to welcome me with open legs," he said. Gross said that it was a really obnoxious thing to say. <mask> wouldn't allow NPR to make the interview available online.Unauthorized transcripts can be found in Gross' book All I Did Was Ask. In August 2007, NPR aired part of the interview. <mask> told The Huffington Post that he was upset over Gross's "holier-than-thou" attitude, which included mislabeling his band Kiss as "the Kiss". <mask> was called an "asshole and a sex addiction" by Ace Frehley. <mask> described Islam as a "vile culture" in 2004, saying that Muslim women had to walk behind their husbands and were not allowed to be educated. He said that they think you're evil and want to come and live with you. Susan Carland, Australia's Muslim of the Year, argued that <mask>'s portrayal of Muslims was incorrect.<mask> said on his website that he had been talking about Muslim extremists. In 2005, <mask> was sued by a former girlfriend, Georgeann Walsh Ward, who accused <mask> of defaming her in the documentary When Kiss Ruled the World. In June of 2006 a settlement was reached. <mask> spoke out against music piracy in 2007, and called for file-sharers to be sued. He threatened more lawsuits and withholding new recordings if file-sharing continued. <mask> hit back with provocative comments once he was back online after Anonymous staged a second denial of service attack on his website. <mask> said in September that the death of rock was not a natural death.Rock was alive when he died of old age. It was killed. <mask> blames file sharing for the decline of the rock music scene. <mask> made comments in an interview with Songfacts.com that seemed to encourage people with depression to kill themselves. The comments drew criticism from Sixx who had suffered from depression in the past. Following his comments, Triple M and Power 97 pulled all Kiss songs from their lineup. <mask> apologized for the incident.<mask> made an appearance on Fox & Friends to promote a new book, but shortly afterwards, he burst into a staff meeting, unbuttoning his shirt and telling jokes. <mask> was banned from Fox News for life the next day. <mask> was in Dallas, Texas to host a charity event on January 28, 2011. <mask> Boulevard was named after him after he was given the key to the city. <mask> and Tweed visited Fort Hood to support the troops as part of the event. He was given the key to the city on June 15 of the same year. The Golden God award was given to <mask> by the magazine.A bass signed by <mask> was accepted into the collection of the National Museum of American History. The Axe bass will be cared for in our permanent collections, as it relates to the impact Mr. <mask> and his band Kiss have had on American culture. The story of Mr. <mask> should be preserved. An immigrant and son of a holocaust survivor, he used creative vision and entrepreneurial prowess to make a significant impact for our nation's popular culture, becoming an icon in American music and entertainment. <mask> is a board member of Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to improve music education in public schools. A&E's Gene Simmons Family Jewels visited a Little Kids Rock classroom and featured a segment on the show. He decorated a guitar with his son.<mask> was awarded the Golden medal by the Reial Circle Artstic de Barcelona. In 1994, <mask> appeared in a music video for "I'll Talk My Way Out of It" with actor Al Lewis and comedian Gilbert Gottfried. He was in a music video with other celebrities and regular people. <mask> is a playable character in Tony Hawk's Underground, unlocked when completing the story mode on Normal difficulty, and also appears with his Kiss bandmates in the Hotter Than Hell level to play one of three songs upon collecting the four K-I-S-S letters. <mask>'s character in Kiss: Psycho Circus: The Nightmare Child is called The Demon. The video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock features a large role for <mask>. The Kiss song "Love Gun" can be played in the game, thanks to the voice acting of the character Demigod of Rock.The Pokémon Obstagoon resembles <mask>'s K.I.S.S. The demon is a character. The studio albums <mask> asshole and Speaking in Tongues were released. In 2002, <mask> launched <mask> Simmons' Tongue, a men's lifestyle magazine. The magazine was discontinued after five issues. <mask> signed a management and production contract with Van Halen. He tried to get a record deal for the band with a variety of major record labels.He released them from their contract when there was no deal. <mask> worked for the Indy Racing League in marketing and publicity. <mask> performed in stadiums across South America in 2012 on the Rock N Roll All Stars tour. The project also featured several other Rock N Roll Hall of Famers, including Deep Purple's Glenn Hughes, Billy Idol's Steve Stevens, Collective Soul's Ed Rolland and Sebastian. On March 1, 2012 the line up and tour was revealed at a news conference hosted by the promoter. Simmons Family Jewels' series finale episodes featured the news conference and subsequent tour that <mask> was in attendance. <mask> and three other investors formed a restaurant franchise called Rock & Brews."The Vault" is a collection of all of <mask>' major works and sells for $2,000. <mask> was named the Chief Evangelist Officer of the Canadian cannabis company. <mask> has an investment stake in the company.

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texts: The cover of Nature's Window is a 1992 profile of <mask>. The painting on the cover was painted in 1988. Nationality is American, training is Philadelphia Museum School of Art, and movement is Wildlife. Born in 1926 in the small town of Mauch Chunk, in eastern Pennsylvania, he lost his father at a young age and lived with his mother and grandparents. When he was fifteen, he began to paint. His first painting was a portrait of Jesus, followed by a portrait of Abraham Lincoln which was presented to his high school principal. He was a member of the school soccer and basketball teams.After working at odd jobs for several years, I was persuaded to apply for a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art. His self-instructed talent earned him the opportunity, and he worked his way through school, including a stint as an extra for the Philadelphia Opera, graduating with honors in 1952. In 1955, he began his career as an illustrator in New York City. He befriended a wildlife photographer after working for a year for the Saturday Evening Post. In Weeki Wachi, Florida, Al Dorne told Fracé to "stick with it" after he sought advice from him. The inspiration to paint his first three wildlife paintings was found there. Within the next few years, he became one of the nation's most sought-after wildlife illustrators.He began a collaboration with Roger Caras. Last Chance on Earth: A Requiem for Wildlife was published in 1966 by Caras. They collaborated on twelve more books, the last of which was Source of theThunder: The Biography of a California condor in 1991. After his wife asked him to take a sabbatical from illustrating, he began painting for his own pleasure. He had observed an American eagle at Walking Dunes on the coast of Long Island. He put the painting in the closet because he wasn't sure how he felt about wildlife. His wife took the painting to a gallery in Mattituck, New York, to get a professional opinion and the gallery owners left it with them for display.It sold within two hours. He left the world of commercial illustration in 1973. He started a business relationship with Frame House. African Lion and Tiger were his first two limited edition print releases. In 1974 he relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, and went on a five-week trip to Africa, where he refined his skills in painting big cats, which became one of the hallmarks of his work. Frace adopted a principle called "the Three A's, in which he demands of himself that his paintings be artistic, alive, and accurate". One of the most successful wildlife artists of all time was made famous by the fact that over 100 of his paintings were issued as limited edition prints."America's premier wildlife artist" was how he was described by the early 1980s. According to a 1981 article, his "stature as a painter of the world's most beautiful animals is virtually unparalleled", and that he "never paints an animal he has not seen for himself or touched with his own hand". He was commissioned to paint the official portrait of 9Lives mascot Morris the Cat in 1976, as well as the National Retriever Club's 1983 stamp print. In 1982, the book, The Art of Charles Fracé, and a much more substantial profile, Nature's Window, were published. There are issues 4-7 in the p. 112. His work was featured in magazines. The feathers of birds in flight and the dense fur of a bear are two difficult features to capture in a painting.The Fracé Fund For Wildlife Preservation was established in 1987. Zoo Atlanta received their first donations of trees and foliage plants. In 1991, he was selected as one of four inaugural members of U.S. Art magazine's "Artists' Hall of Fame". The Denver Museum of Natural History received a Special Award of Merit in 1982.