texts: <mask> was an English man who in two celebrated court cases fascinated and shocked Victorian society in the 1860s and 1870s. The son of a London butcher went to sea as a boy, spent a year in Chile, and worked as a butcher and stockman in Australia in the middle-to-late 1850s. The heir to the Tichborne estates and baronetcy, who had been declared lost at sea in 1854, was claimed to be by Thomas Castro in 1866. During the lengthy court proceedings that followed Castro's claim, there was evidence that he might have been trying to secure the Tichborne fortunes by imposture. In the case of Castro, the jury found that he was not Roger Tichborne and that he was <mask>. He was sentenced to fourteen years in prison. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217He confessed to being <mask> in 1895, but then changed his mind. He died in 1898 and his family allowed a coffin plate with his name on it to be placed on the coffin, not because his claim had been conceded, but because legal means of preventing such an outrage existed. Commentators have generally agreed with the court's verdict, but some 20th-century analysts have raised doubts about the most likely identity, and have suggested that there is still a doubt. <mask> was a butcher and proprietor of ships' stores. He left school early to work in his father's shop. He was an employee of the ship Ocean. In June 1849, the ship left for South America and went to the small town of Melipilla.He befriended the Castro family while he was in Chile. As a seaman, he went back to London. He arrived at Hobart in May 1854. There, he worked for several butchers. There is evidence that he was a heavy drinker. The case of 'Fane v. Orton' was reported in the Mayor's Court by the Mercury. After being a witness against Frederick Dight in an earlier Supreme Court trial, the charge of obtaining money under false pretenses was dismissed by the court.He appears to have pursued gold prospecting, mail-running and pastoral station hand-work, with a suggestion of bushranging and even murder, from 1855 to the mid-1860s. On November 16, 1854, the passenger on the 'Eclipse' left Hobart for Port Albert on the coast of Victoria. He worked on the 'runs' in the district. While employed at one he was said to have written 'on a fly-leaf of one of the station novels' and this was later offered as evidence that he did not have the education that would have been expected of Tichborne. The seal was broken. <mask> made a vow on this book. Although not a book.I am a man of bone blood and flesh. If possible, I will find the man. That broke the seal. I will punish him according to the laws of My Countrie, and he appeared in a subscription list in May 1856. In April 1859, a letter to the editor of the 'Gippsland Guardian' mentions the name of the person who was in charge of the Dargo station. He was fond of dogs and children in his letters to England, as well as his girlfriend in Wapping. There was a personal notice in a newspaper in May 1856 that said if this should meet the eye of <mask>, formerly of 69, Wapping, London, he will hear of his friends.The question of when the correspondence may have ended was raised after he left for Victoria. In August 1865 advertisements appeared in Australian newspapers asking for information about the fate of Roger Charles Tichborne, who went missing off South America in 1854. Lady Tichborne, the missing man's mother, believed that her son was still alive. The courts had 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 The missing Sir Roger was claimed to be by a butcher named "Thomas Castro" who came forward through his lawyer. He had some knowledge of the missing man's background and family history, but many of his assertions were false. He was invited to come to England to be recognised after writing to Lady Tichborne.He stayed at Essex Lodge with Lady Tichborne. She moved out because she was offended by the use of alcohol and tobacco by the invited guests. According to most historians, <mask> may have encountered Roger Tichborne, whose identity he adopted, at some point during his travels. Jack Whicher, a Scotland Yard detective, discovered that he visited Wapping immediately after arriving in England in December of 1865. When this visit was made public, it was shown to be proof that the person was <mask>. He was accepted as Roger by many family servants and professional advisers, even though Lady Tichborne recognised him as her son. Rohan McWilliam considers the amount of recognition remarkable, given the physical bulk and unrefined manners of the Claimant, as compared with the Roger Tichborne of 1854.The rest of the family thought the person was not real. Despite the death of Lady Tichborne in 1868, he was able to obtain financial support for the prosecution of his claim. After a lengthy civil hearing, the jury dismissed Sir Roger's case and he was arrested and tried for perjury under the name of Thomas Castro. After the trial, the jury decided that he was not Roger Tichborne and that he was <mask>. He was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment and served 10 before being released on licence in 1884. He continued to press his claim after his release, but eventually lost his following. In 1895, for a fee of several hundred pounds, he published a confession in The People that he was <mask>.He styled himself once again as Sir Roger Tichborne after he repudiated his confession. He was given a pauper's burial after he died in poor circumstances. The Tichborne family allowed a card bearing the name "Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tichborne" to be placed on the coffin before its interment. "No legal means existed to prevent a named coffin plate from being attached to the Baronet's title," stated author Bernard Falk. The modern consensus is that the family information was obtained from gullible or self-serving supporters. In his 1957 account of the case, Douglas Woodruff insists that there must be at least some degree of doubt as to the true identity of the person. If <mask> embarked with a wife and retinue and crossed the world, knowing that they would all be penniless, the improbability of it would be beyond the bounds of sanity.During the 20th century, <mask>'s cause was upheld by his oldest daughter, one of four children he had with his wife. He was a fictionalized character in Tom Castro, The Implausible Impostor, written between 1933 and 1934 and published in A Universal History of Iniquity in 1935. The Tichborne Claimant was a drama about the case. There are 1836 births and 1898 deaths of people from Wapping.

masks:
Arthur Orton
Arthur Orton
Orton
George Orton
Arthur
Arthur Orton
Arthur Orton
Arthur Orton
Arthur Orton
Orton
Arthur Orton
Orton


type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a prominent teacher and school administrator in the state of Washington. She was the first woman to serve as president of the Washington Education Association and the first woman on the board of trustees at the State Normal School at Cheney. She was active in civic and state politics in the early 20th century despite being unsuccessful in her attempt to become Washington's Supt of Public Instruction in 1912. <mask> was born on March 7, 1860 in Newark, Ohio. She was the daughter of Catherine and John Simpson. Her parents were from England and Germany. She had a sibling.<mask> did not receive her degree from Denison University, but she did receive her education in a city normal school. She received her education degree from Ohio State University. <mask> came to Washington in 1889 to teach at the Lincoln School, a public elementary school. <mask> began teaching at the Lincoln School in 1889. The school used to hold classes in the basement of the church. The school was relocated to a brick building on Cowley Street, which she described in a letter to a friend as a brick building with four classrooms. The school's location made her work more challenging, as <mask> explained in her letters, the building had no running water initially, and the lack of graded streets in the early 1890s made access to the school difficult.<mask> taught at the school for several years before being promoted to service as the building's principal, a job she held at the Lincoln School from 1893 until 1928. She had to rebuild the school after catastrophic fires in 1903 and 1926. <mask> worked for public education beyond the confines of the Lincoln School. She presented at the state conference of the Washington Education Association in 1898. She was appointed to the library committee in January 1905 by Warren W. Tolman, the school board president. <mask> ran as the Democratic nominee for state school chief in 1912 and advocated a policy of "progression and modern ideas." Despite her identification as a Democrat, one newspaper remarked on the existence of a non-partisan club of women that organized specifically to assist with her campaign, which included both Progressive and Republican women in the club's leadership.<mask>'s platform was to make education more relevant to the everyday lives of students. <mask> believed that rural Washington schools needed to focus on agriculture and domestic science for the future housewife, with a closer relation between the farm and the school. School and home gardens were favored by <mask> for urban students. She advocated for citizenship education for all students. <mask> lost a three-way race against C.E. to place third statewide with 72,916 votes. The winner was the Republican nominee, Josephine Corliss Preston, who received 96,756 votes. The Colville Examiner published appointments made by the governor.<mask> was announced as a trustee for the Cheney normal school. She was the first woman to serve on the board. <mask> gave the opening address at the dedication of the new building on May 22, 1915, when he was chair of the board of trustees. <mask> Hall was named after her at the dedication of the school's first dormitory on February 4, 1916. She was the guest of honor on the occasion, and was invited to ignite the first fire in the hall's main fireplace: she made some brief remarks about "the various ways in which a woman's residence hall could have a salutary influence on girls coming from many different The first fire at the campus's second dormitory, Senior Hall, was kindled by her on July 9, 1920. At the graduation ceremony, she handed diplomas to graduates.<mask> visited the students of the Normal School while she was a Trustee. She spent the weekend in Monroe Hall in June 1918. <mask> was a regular at senior class dinners. <mask> was honored with a dinner in 1924. In the summer of 1921, <mask> purchased two vases to decorate Monroe Hall. <mask> was active in public service throughout her life. She was the first woman teacher to testify in court about the enforcement of the city's truancy law.<mask> was the first woman president of the WEA and the second woman in the United States to serve as president of a state educational association. <mask> was active in Democratic party politics after 1912. She was one of four women named as delegates to the 1916 Democratic National Convention that nominated Woodrow Wilson. <mask> was a member of the "Democratic Platform Committee" for the Washington State Democratic Party. <mask> was the president of the Women's Auxiliary of the Episcopal Diocese of Spokane in 1931. She assisted with the training of teachers in 1936 when she was chairing the recreation committee of the municipal parks board. <mask>'s obituary claims they were married in 1884, whereas <mask> <mask>'s obituary claims they were married in 1886.The couple did not have any children. After the Great Fire of August 4, 1889, they moved from Newark, Ohio, to Seattle, Washington. William A<mask> was an accountant. He worked with Theodore Reed as a deputy city auditor. After about a decade and a half, he became a manager of the company that built many railways, dams, and other projects throughout the western United States. He died of a stroke at the age of 80. <mask> was the principal of the Lincoln School when she woke up to a prowler in her home.The police were called and nothing was reported stolen after she screamed and frightened the person. <mask> died at the age of 93 on September 11,1953 at the Jane O'Brien Sanitarium. She is buried at a cemetery. Ohio State University College of Education and Human Ecology alumni are from Washington.

masks:
Mary Ann Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
Monroe
William Allison
Monroe
. Monroe
Monroe
Monroe


texts: <mask> was a British theologian, missiologist, missionary and author. As a missionary in India, <mask> became affiliated with the Church of South India and the United Reformed Church, becoming one of the Church of South India's first bishops. <mask> is best known for his contributions to missiology and ecclesiology. He is known for his involvement in both the dialogue regarding ecumenism and the Our Culture movement. His stature and range is comparable to the "Fathers of the Church", as many scholars believe his work laid the foundations for the contemporary missional church movement. <mask> was born in 1909 in England. He was educated at a boarding school.During his time at Queens' College, Cambridge, he converted to Christianity. He moved to Glasgow in 1931 to work with the Student Christian Movement. He worked as a Church of Scotland missionary at the Madras Mission in 1936 after graduating from Cambridge in 1933. He married Helen Henderson in September 1936 and they went to India with one son and three daughters. He had a sister who was a regular worshipper at the URC in the 70s and 80s. In 1947, the Church of South India, an ecumenical church formed from several Protestant churches, appointed Newbigin as one of their first bishops, a surprising career path for a Presbyterian minister. In 1959 he became the General Secretary of the International Missionary Council and oversaw its integration with the World Council of Churches.When he returned to India as Bishop of Madras, he stayed there until he retired in 1974. He was non-violent. <mask> and his wife Helen left India in 1974 and traveled overland back to the UK using local buses with two suitcases and a backpack. <mask> was a lecturer at the Selly Oak Colleges for five years. The Presbyterian Church of England was part of the British denominations linked with the Church of South India. He took on the pastorate of Winson Green URC in retirement and supported people visiting prisoners. The General Assembly of the URC was chaired by him.He preached at Elizabeth II's Scottish Country House Balmoral Castle and continued his prolific writing career that established him as one of the most respected and significant theologians of the twentieth century. After returning to England from his long service as a missionary, he tried to communicate the need for the church to reestablish itself in post-Christian Western culture, which he viewed not as a secular society without gods but as a pagan society. Modern scientific cultures had uncritically come to believe in objective knowledge that was unaffected by faith-based presuppositions. The discussion of the distinction between facts and values emerged from the Enlightenment, and Newbigin challenged these ideas of neutrality. The influence of thinkers such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Polanyi can be seen in two of his most important works, Foolishness to the Greeks and The Gospel in a Pluralist Society. In the closing years of his life, he published a small volume called Proper Confidence: Faith, Doubt and Certainty in Christian Discipleship. The influence of MacIntyre and Polanyi is visible in <mask>'s work.The first crusade for the people who wait for death punishment in India was influenced by his mission time. After he retired, <mask> had theology students from King's College London come to his house to read theological texts to him. He continued to preach despite his eyesight, and told people at St Paul's Church in Herne Hill that he was going to preach from memory. When he preached, Sydney Carter was a regular attender. He died in London, England, on January 30, 1998 and was cremated. Some children in Selly Oak were helped to see the world upside down when the aged bishop stood on his head. He didn't lose a single one of his awards.His episcopacy was intact. When the history of the 20th century church is written, <mask> <mask> should be considered one of the top ten or twelve most influential people. The Newbigin House of Studies with City Church San Francisco was opened in 2008 to focus on leadership development of laity. The commemoration of <mask> Newbigin is on the calendar of the Anglican Church in North America. The Household of God: Lectures on the Nature of the Church is one of the major works. <mask> Newbigin: A Theological Life was written by George R. Hunsberger. Audio of lecture entitled 'Christ: Unique and Universal' Audio of lecture entitled 'Nihilism' List of audio of Bishop <mask>'s sermons available online 1909 births 1998 deaths Missiologists Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge English Presbyterian missionaries Calvinist pacifists British Christian theologians 20

masks: Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Newbigin Lesslie Newbigin Lesslie Lesslie Newbigin


texts: <mask> was born in Portland, Oregon. An American artist and writer, Paris was born in 1989. She reported on Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros in her book A Wall to Paint on. She reported her experiences from the Spanish Civil War in the book. <mask> attended the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles from 1925 to 1926. She attended the Pennsylvania Academy Summer School in 1927. She took a job as a private teacher in Woodstock, NY after staying in New York during her first visit in August 1927.Frankl Galleries is a seller of design furniture. She helped with the production of woodblocks. She was introduced to Elena Krylenko and Max and characterized Kent's work with the following words: "I don't like Kent's cold, hard lines and forms in his paintings; nevertheless, this same technique in his black and white drawings has power." She widened her sphere in New York and New England after she settled permanently in France in the 1940s. <mask> visited Paris, Florence and Naples in 1929. George Biddle introduced her to Diego Rivera, who was looking for a work placement. She exhibited her drawings in the Weyhe Gallery in New York City in 1929.The son and daughter of a former mexican education minister welcomed her when she traveled to Mexico City. <mask> was invited to work in Rivera's mural after she received a letter of recommendation. The work included scaling sketches and tracing them to the wall, then tracing the drawings onto sections of paper for transfer onto the fresh plaster. She was involved in restoring frescoes. The work was done by two people. <mask> posed for a picture with Rivera for the Health ministry frescoes. Tina Modotti was the photographer who housed her.Her acquaintances in a very short time came to include many members of the muralist and literati scene, but also Sergei Eisenstein and the journalist Joe Freeman, who she married in the end of 1929. <mask> was a fellow-traveller of liberal middle-class provenance and the other was a stalwart communist with Jewish orthodox background. Back in New York in 1930, <mask> came in contact with José Clemente Orozco, who may have connected her with the owner of Delphic Studios, where she had the chance to show some of her Mexican drawings. At the time when the monarchy was about to fall, Orozco drove <mask>'s attention to Spain. <mask> spent another ten months in Mexico thanks to a John Simon Guggenheim fellowship. She assisted Victor Arnautoff in executing parts of Rivera's National palace mural. Rivera seemed to blame <mask> for the expulsion of the Mexican Communist Party from the party in 1929, and this caused a lot of ill-feelings.<mask> had to leave the National palace project because of notice that the wife of Rivera was working on it. She met Jean Charlot, one of the early pioneers of muralism in Mexico, who later reported his experiences in his book The Mexican Mural Renaissance. The artist from Utah who claimed to be born in San Francisco was an important part of the mediation between US-American newcomers and muralists in Mexico in the 1930s. <mask> taught in an Open Air School with a Japanese painter. <mask> traveled to various places and studied the collection of the Academia de San Carlos. <mask>'s unhappy marriage to John Dallet, a descendant of a rich southern plantation owner family, allowed him to lead a relatively easy life for the following years. Her mother and brother were killed in a car accident that year.Her daughter Anne Dallet was born in 1935 and she had to leave the Dallet family after her separation from her husband. <mask> was an assistant to several younger painters, including Antonio Pujol Jiménez and Luis Arenal Bastar, as part of a non-relief project in New York in 1936. The representation of peasants sowing and harvesting was created from this. She refused the second project that was offered to her in the prison. The project in the hospital was dismissed. She tried to get a mural done for Luis Quintanilla. <mask> decided to visit Barcelona to see the situation of the Spanish Republic.She had the chance to talk to the man who told her to wait in London instead of being bombed in Barcelona. She should tell the people of her country not to be spectators of events happening in Europe. <mask> was able to visit the children's homes in Barcelona and keep records of their inhabitants. She met members of the government and commanders of the Republican Army through Luis Quintanilla, who led her to the Ebro front, where normally no tourists were allowed. She met David Alfaro Siqueiros, who had joined the Republican Army and had been appointed a colonel, because of his experience as a soldier in the Mexican Revolution in the 1910s. In 1936, Siqueiros was a regular passerby of hers in New York. <mask> accepted an invitation from the Oeschner's, American journalists living in Berlin.A rare description of the Goering barracks in Wedding and a talk to the director of the structure about the ways in which German promoted murals in comparison to the WPA were left by her. <mask> displayed her Spanish works in the US and Mexico in order to gain support for the Republic. <mask> worked as an illustrator for magazines in France during the 1940s. Her son <mask> was stemmed from a further marriage or liaison. She had a son named C.J. and a daughter named <mask> Brady. Dallet. The family is painting.The painting is called La jeune fille. A painting byAntoine no.1, 1937. Watching Enemy Planes, Barcelona, was penciled on paper. pencil on paper after bombardment A mother and baby are in a refugio. A mother and child are in a refugio. There are two children in a refugio.The boy and girl penciled on paper. A genocide orphan. A child is painting. A girl is painting. Young Republican painting. A girl is painting. A little girl is in a refugio.A photograph of a Republican boy. The man in the Concentration Camp penciled on paper. The man and boy were in the Concentration Camp. A photograph shows a boy with a soldier in a concentration camp. A boy and girl are on a refugee ship. A photograph of the Spanish Refugee Evacuation Service. A boy is from Madrid, Escuela Mexico-Espaa Morelia, Mexico.The Spanish children are at Escuela Mexico-Espaa Morelia. A picture of a little girl on a bed in a dormitory. A photograph of a girl. A pencil on paper. A pencil on paper. Los Angeles, 1929 Marie Harriman Gallery, New York, 1931 Delphic Studios, New York, 1931 Guggenheim fellowship, New York, 1938 University of Mexico, Mexico City, 1938 PAFA annual students exhibitions. New York, E.P. is home to A Wall to Paint on.Dutton and Co. was founded in 1946. Stunden is in Wien 1947. Talking to Giacommetti in Vogue. btons rompus, Oeil 1959. Pintora sin muros ni barreras, La Jornada, was published on March 17th, 1998. Christopher J. and Jonathan Skinner. La retirada is a collection of paintings, drawings, and photographs of <mask> <mask>.The Yale University Press has a book on American Artists and the Communist movement. The arte pola liberdade: fotografas e debuxos was written by <mask> <mask>. The Painter and the Communist: Gender, Culture, and the Fleeting Marriage of <mask> <mask> and Joseph Freeman was published in the Journal of Women's History. 12–34. The Art of Bearing Witness was written by <mask> <mask>. Nancy Berthier and Vicente Snchez-Biosca wrote about trauma in the ruins of war. Retricas del miedo.Imgenes de la Civil Espaola in Madrid. The Red Years 1929-1939, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press, is a book by Romn Gubern. The artist file contains uncataloged material from the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The Cleveland Museum of Art has a manuscript by <mask> <mask>. The artist file is a study of photographs and reproductions of works of art with accompanying documentation. The University of Pennsylvania libraries has a collection of <mask> <mask>'s correspondence.

masks:
Ione Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Michael Robinson
Anne Ione
Ione
Robinson
Ione
Robinson
Ione
Robinson
Ione
Robinson
Ione
Robinson
Ione
Robinson


texts: <mask> is an Australian karateka, pro kickboxer, boxer and mixed martial artist. <mask> began training in karate at the age of 18. <mask> won his first tournament in an under yellow belt division about half a year later. <mask> became the South Pacific champion after winning the Australian and New Zealand Open Weight Championships at the age of 23. <mask> moved to Tokyo, Japan to further hone his skills and live in a dojo. <mask> had to return to Australia after Matthew died of a heroin overdose after only three months of training. <mask> earned his black belt in five years.<mask> began kickboxing and boxing at the age of 21 and before turning professional he captured the World Kickboxing Federation World Amateur Heavyweight Championship from New Zealand's. In 2000 <mask> defeated Ben Hamilton in K-1 Oceania Revenge by TKO and then Clay Aumitagi. He was the first Australian to go ten rounds with Stan "The Man" Longinidis. Mark Hunt was the K-1 World GP Champion of the year in 2001. After defeating his long-term rival, he won the Kings of Oceania 2004 championship. <mask> and Badr Hari had a fight in the K-1 World Grand Prix in New Zealand. <mask> was mocked by Hari for being a has-been.Hari instigated a fight at the press conference. The real match was won by <mask>, who broke Hari's jaw with a spinning kick. Hari was out for a long time. On 31 December 2006 at K-1 PREMIUM! <mask> fought Semmy Schilt, a four time K-1 champ, in a 5 round match and lost by unanimous decision. One of the three super bouts of the event, held in Hong Kong for the first time, was a revenge fight between <mask> and Hari. Hari was more aware of the threat of a Rolling Thunder by <mask>.Hari won the fight by a single point. <mask> tried the Rolling Thunder Kick twice in the last moments of the fight, but could not connect with Hari. On August 29, 2010, <mask> defeated Doug Viney in the fifth round to win the ISKA World Heavyweight Championship at Kings of Kombat in Keysborough, Victoria. In the third fight between them, <mask> lost the title to Paul Slowinski by a third-round knockout. He won the fight against Prince Ali at HEAT 24 in Nagoya, Japan on October 7, 2012 via decision. He defeated Arnold Oborotov via an extension round majority decision in the semi-finals but lost to Badr Hari by first-round TKO. <mask> made his MMA debut in World Victory Road on 5 March 2008 against a seasoned Japanese MMA fighter, but was defeated by submission in the first round.<mask> was submitted early in the second round of the World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 4 match against French grappler Moise Rimbon. After two years of honing his BJJ skills in Brazil, <mask> earned a blue belt and continued to fight at elite level matches around the globe. <mask> defeated Carter Williams in July of 2010. <mask> defeated Alexander Emelianenko with leg kicks halfway through the second round. This is <mask>'s biggest win to date. <mask> defeated Konstantin Gluhov twice. He returned to Australia to fight at the Australian Fighting Championship (AFC) 4 in December of 2012 and defeated Donnie Lester in the first round.<mask> was scheduled to fight Tai Tuivasa in Combat8 at C8:03, a Mixed Rules Australian MMA organization. <mask> defeated Tai Tuivasa by technical knockout in the second round, making it his eighth knockout/TKO MMA win. <mask> beat Rasulov due to his broken arm. He joined Bellator MMA in July of 2013). He made his debut at Bellator 104 when he faced Eric Prindle. The first MMA fight <mask> had that went the distance was won by him. In October, <mask> was announced as the replacement for an injury.He faced Cheick Kongo in November. He lost the fight. <mask> faced Mighty Mo in the season ten tournament. <mask> lost via submission in the third round despite winning the first 2 rounds. Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki went 1–2 in Bellator MMA before returning to MMA competition in Poland. He had a leg injury in the second round. On May 23, 2015, <mask> faced Bedorf.He lost the fight. On Halloween night 2015, <mask> faced Mariusz Pudzianowski. The event was held at the Wembley Arena in London and was the first of its kind outside of Poland. <mask> won the fight in the second round. The Fight Nights Global 50: Fedor vs. Maldonado was held on June 17, 2016 He was defeated by armbar submission in the first round. The Australian National Boxing Federation won the Australian Heavyweight Championship one time.After the tragic overdose of his older brother, <mask> returned to Australia to bury him, but only after the help from this Karate dojo and his own savings. He turned pro after winning the amateur world kickboxing titles and married a beautiful Brazilian woman in Tokyo on June 22, 2008. He got a tattoo on his arm. They have two daughters together, Nicole-Kate and Valentina, and in 2010 <mask> appeared on the TV program "Find My Family" where he was re-united with his younger brother who he hadn't seen in 20 years. In 2012 he opened his own martial arts and combat sports school in New South Wales, Australia.

masks:
Peter Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Peter
Graham
Peter
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Peter
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham
Graham


texts: <mask> was an American military officer who served as the 34th president of the United States from1953 to 1961. He achieved the rare five-star rank of General of the Army after serving as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War II. He was in charge of the invasion of North Africa in 1942–1943 and the successful invasion of Normandy in 1944. <mask> was born in Denison, Texas and raised in Abilene, Kansas, within a large family of mostly German (Pennsylvania Dutch) ancestry. His family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch <mask> was not a member of an organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married <mask>, with whom he had two sons.He commanded a unit that trained tank crews when he was denied a request to serve in Europe during World War I. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1941 after serving under various generals. After the United States entered World War II, <mask> oversaw the invasions of North Africa and Sicily. He was the first Supreme Commander of NATO and the Army Chief of Staff after the war. In 1952, <mask> entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the isolationist foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft. <mask> defeated Adlai Stevenson II in both elections. <mask> wanted to control the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits.If an armistice was not reached quickly, he may have used nuclear weapons to end the Korean War. The armistice remains in effect after China agreed. Inexpensive nuclear weapons were prioritized over expensive Army divisions in his New Look policy of nuclear deterrence. He won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution, which recognized Taiwan as the legitimate government of China. His administration helped the French fight off the communists. He supported the new state of South Vietnam after the French left. He supported military coups in Iran and Guatemala.The Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt was condemned by him and he forced them to withdraw. He did not condemn the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution. The Space Race began after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. The Lebanon crisis resulted in the deployment of 15,000 soldiers. He failed to set up a summit with the Soviets when the U.S. spy plane was shot down. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was approved by him. <mask> was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security.He used executive privilege to oppose Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism. Army troops were sent to enforce federal court orders to integrate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas, after he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The interstate highway system was his largest program. The National Defense Education Act was used to promote the establishment of strong science education. His two terms saw unprecedented economic prosperity. In his farewell address to the nation, he expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending, particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers, which he dubbed "the military–industrial complex". He is among the top tier of American presidents.The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in Nassau-Saarbrcken to America in the 17th century and settled in York, Pennsylvania, in the 19th century. The German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to <mask>. <mask>'s Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were mostly farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer, who migrated to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1741. <mask> <mask>, Hans's great-great-grandson, was a college-educated engineer despite his father Jacob's urging to stay on the family farm. <mask>'s mother moved to Kansas from Virginia, where she was a German Protestant. On September 23, 1885, she married <mask> on the campus of Lane University. Through his maternal line, <mask> had English and Scottish ancestors.The family became impoverished after <mask>'s general store in Hope failed due to economic conditions. After living in Texas from 1889 to 1892, the <mask>s returned to Kansas with $24 to their name. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The parents provided a home for their large family by 1898. <mask> was the third of seven sons born to <mask> J. <mask> and Ida Stover. His mother changed his names after he was born to avoid confusion of having two <mask>s in the family. The nickname for the boys was "Ike", which meant abbreviation of their last name.Only one person was called "Ike" by World War II. <mask> considered his hometown of Abilene, Kansas, to be his hometown. He was remorseful for the rest of his life after he was involved in an accident that left his brother Earl with an eye. He had an interest in exploring the outdoors. He learned a lot from <mask>, an uneducated man who camped on the Smoky Hill River. <mask>'s interest in military history was sparked by his mother's collection of history books. He continued to read the books in her collection.Early on in his education, he preferred math and spelling. The times at breakfast and dinner were set by his parents. The children were assigned chores and disciplined by <mask>. His mother was a member of the River Brethren sect of the Mennonites and later joined the International Bible Students Association. The local meeting hall was located at the <mask> home from 1896 to 1915. His mother was sad that he decided to attend West Point, but she did not overrule his decision. In 1948, <mask> said he was one of the most deeply religious men he knew.He was a member of the Presbyterian Church. <mask> graduated from the class of 1909. His doctor thought he was going to die after he injured his knee and developed a leg infection that extended into his groin. He had to repeat his freshman year after refusing the doctor's request to have his leg amputation. Both brothers wanted to go to college, but they didn't have the funds. The other worked to earn the tuitions while the other took alternate years at college. After taking the first turn at school, he was employed as a night supervisor.The man agreed to work for a second year when the man asked for it. <mask> was urged to apply to the school by his friend "Swede" Hazlett, since no tuition was required. <mask> requested that West Point be considered for the U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. <mask> was past the age limit for the Naval Academy, despite being among the winners of the entrance exam. He was appointed to West Point in 1911. At West Point, <mask> was fond of traditions and sports, but he was less enthusiastic about being hazed.He finished school with a less than stellar discipline rating because he was a regular violator of the more detailed regulations. English was <mask>'s best subject. His performance was average, though he enjoyed the emphasis on engineering on science and mathematics. <mask> said that not making the baseball team at West Point was the greatest disappointment of his life. He was a starter at halfback on the football team in 1912 and tried to tackle Jim Thorpe of the Indians. <mask> re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring after being tackled in the next game, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics. <mask> was a football coach and cheerleader.The class of 1915 became known as "the class the stars fell on" because 59 members eventually became general officers. <mask> was stationed in Texas when he met <mask>. They were taken with each other. He proposed to her on February 14, 1916. The wedding date in Denver was moved up to July 1 due to the U.S. entering World War I. During their first 35 years of marriage, they moved a lot. The <mask>s had two sons.<mask> died at the age of three. <mask> was reluctant to talk about his death. <mask> was born in Denver, Colorado. John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, and became an author. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. On June 6, 1944, John graduated from West Point. On June 10, 1947, he married Barbara Jean Thompson.<mask>, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean are the children of John and Barbara. <mask> married Richard Nixon's daughter, Julie, in 1968. <mask> joined the Augusta National Golf Club in 1948. During the winter time, he ordered his golf balls to be painted black so he could see them better against the snow, and he played golf frequently during and after his presidency. He had a small, basic golf facility installed at Camp David and became close friends with the Augusta National Chairman, inviting him to stay at the White House many times. The <mask> family's investments were handled by Roberts. One of <mask>'s hobbies was oil painting.He started painting after watching Thomas E. Stephens paint a portrait. During the last 20 years of his life, <mask> painted 260 oils. The images were mostly landscapes, but also portraits of subjects such as General Montgomery, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln. Wendy Beckett stated that <mask>'s work causes us to wonder at the hidden depths of this reticent president. A conservative in both art and politics, he in a 1962 speech denounced modern art as "a piece of canvas that looks like a broken-down Tin Lizzie, loaded with paint and MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE <mask> liked the movie Angels in the Outfield. His favorite books to read were the Western novels.<mask> was good at card games because of his good memory and focus. Poker is his favorite indoor sport. After graduating from West Point, <mask> recorded his classmates' poker losses and stopped playing because his opponents didn't like paying him. <mask> played the game for five months after he learned to play it at West Point. <mask> played bridge throughout his military career. The nickname the "Bridge Wizard of Manila" was earned while he was stationed in the Philippines. The ability to play a sound game of bridge was a qualification for an officer's appointment to <mask>'s staff.He played in the weeks leading up to the D-Day landings. General Alfred Gruenther was his second-in-command at NATO and was considered the best player in the U.S. Army. During his presidency, bridge games were held at the White House. He was a strong player, but not an expert. "You can always judge a man's character by the way he plays cards," said Ely Culbertson, a bridge player and popularizer. <mask> never whines at his losses and is a calm and collected player. He is brilliant in victory, but never gloats when he wins.Oswald Jacoby said that the President plays better bridge than golf. He is trying to break 90 on the golf course. He plays at bridge in the 70s. Second Lieutenant <mask> was denied an assignment in the Philippines after graduation in 1915. He served in the infantry in Texas and Georgia until 1918. <mask> was the football coach at St. Mary's University in 1916. <mask> was a member of the Fraternity at St. Mary's University.He was in charge of training at Fort Oglethorpe in Georgia when his wife had their first child. When the U.S. entered World War I, he immediately requested an overseas assignment, but was again denied and assigned to Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas. He was a member of the 65th Engineers when he was transferred in February 1918. He was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel in the National Army after he received orders for the new tank corps. At the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg Civil War battleground, he commanded a unit that trained tank crews. Though <mask> and his tank crews never saw combat, he displayed excellent organizational skills, as well as an ability to accurately assess junior officers' strengths and make optimal placements of personnel. When the unit under his command received orders to go to France, his spirits were raised once more.The armistice was signed a week before his departure date. Despite receiving a distinguished service medal for his work at home, he was depressed and bitter after missing out on the warfront. In World War II, rivals who had combat service in the great war sought to undermine <mask> for his lack of combat duty, despite his stateside experience establishing a camp, completely equipped, for thousands of troops, and developing a full combat training schedule. After the war, <mask> reverted to his regular rank of captain and a few days later was promoted to major, a rank he held for 16 years. The major was assigned in 1919 to a transcontinental Army convoy to dramatize the need for improved roads in the nation. The convoy averaged only from Washington, D.C. to San Francisco, and later the improvement of highways became a signature issue for <mask> as president. He commanded a battalion of tanks until 1922.He focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank. His expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with other senior tank leaders. The leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. <mask> relented after being threatened with court-martial for publishing the methods of tank deployment. <mask> served under a number of good generals from 1920 to 1920. He served as an executive officer to General Conner in the Panama Canal Zone from 1924 to 1924. He studied military history and theory under Conner, and later said that he was the best military thinker he had ever known.<mask> is one of the most capable, efficient and loyal officers I have ever met. In 1925–26, he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he graduated first in a class of 245 officers. He was a battalion commander at Fort Benning from 1927 to 1927. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, <mask>'s career in the army slowed down as military priorities waned, and many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He produced a guide to American battlefields in Europe with the help of his brother and was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission. He graduated from the Army War College in 1928. <mask> was the executive officer to

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texts: General George V. Moseley from 1929 to 1933.In 1933, Major <mask> graduated from the Army Industrial College and later served as a faculty member at the Industrial College of the armed services. In the midst of the Great Depression, his primary duty was to plan for the next war. He was the military aide to the Army Chief of Staff. He was involved in the clearing of Bonus March in Washington, D.C. Although he was against the actions taken against the veterans and strongly advised them against taking a public role in it, he later wrote the Army's official incident report endorsing MacArthur's conduct. He was an adviser to the Philippine government in the development of their army in 1935. <mask> had disagreements with MacArthur about the role of the Philippine Army and the leadership qualities that an American army officer should exhibit and develop in his subordinates.<mask> and MacArthur had an antipathy towards each other for the rest of their lives. Historians have concluded that this assignment prepared them for handling some of the most challenging people during World War II. <mask> said that there was a positive relationship between the two and that too much had been made of the disagreements. Mamie had a life-threatening stomach ailment in Manila, but recovered fully. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936. He obtained his private pilot's license at Fort Lewis in 1939 after making a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. He was offered a post by the Philippine Commonwealth Government, but he turned it down.<mask> became the executive officer of the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, after returning to the United States in December 1939. In March 1941 he was promoted to colonel and assigned as the chief of staff of the IX Corps. He was appointed chief of staff to General Walter Krueger at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, in June 1941. He was promoted to brigadier general on October 3, 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the American entry into World War II he had never held an active command above a battalion and was far from being considered a potential commander of major operations. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he created the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He succeeded General Leonard T. Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division.He was promoted to the position of Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division under the Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. <mask> accompanied Henry H. Arnold to London to assess the effectiveness of the theater commander in England. He returned to Washington on June 3 and stated that he had an "uneasy feeling" about the staff. He took over command of ETOUSA from Chaney on June 23, 1942, when he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations. He was promoted to lieutenant general. In November 1942, <mask> was appointed the Supreme Commander of the North African Theater of Operations through the new operational Headquarters Allied (Expeditionary) Force Headquarters. The word "expeditionary" was dropped for security reasons.The underground headquarters for the campaign in North Africa were located within the Rock of Gibraltar. In 200 years, the first non-British person to command Gibraltar was <mask>. <mask> encountered a "preposterous situation" in France due to French cooperation being necessary to the campaign. He gave his support to Franois <mask> as High Commissioner in North Africa despite his previous high offices of state in France and his continued role as commander-in-chief. None of the Allied leaders had offered <mask> guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation, despite the Allied leaders being "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint. The move was criticized by a lot of people. Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle killed <mask> on December 24.The arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of <mask> was not considered a military matter by <mask>. <mask> appointed General Henri Giraud, who was installed by the Allies as <mask>lan's commander-in-chief and refused to delay the execution, as the High Commissioner. During the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, <mask> created some confusion in the ranks by interfering with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He was indecisive in removing Lloyd Fredendall from the U.S. II Corps. In later campaigns, he became more effective in such matters. His authority was extended in February 1943 to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army advanced across the Western Desert and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign.<mask> became commander of NATOUSA after gaining his fourth star. <mask> oversaw the invasion of Sicily. The Allies switched their attention to the mainland after Mussolini fell in Italy. The Germans pursued an aggressive build up of forces in the country while <mask> argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians. The battle was made more difficult by the addition of 19 divisions by the Germans. In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that <mask> would be the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. He served as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945, after he resumed command of ETOUSA.He was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name "Overlord", the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany. <mask>, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans. His first battles were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with <mask>le to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Operation Overlord. The admiral was named Ernest J. King refused to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. <mask> threatened to resign unless the British gave him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord. <mask> designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with de Gaulle that the casualties were justified in removing the yoke of the Germans.He had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. The D-Day Normandy landings were costly but successful. The invasion of Southern France took place two months later on August 15th, and the control of forces in the southern invasion was handed over to the SHAEF. The Germans did not capitulate for almost a year and many thought victory would come by summer's end. <mask> commanded all Allied and U.S. forces on the Western Front until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945. He was aware of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced by the troops under his command and their families. He made a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion.The draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed underscored <mask>'s sense of responsibility. It has been said that it was one of the great speeches of history, that our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. The best information allowed me to make a decision to attack at this time. The Navy, the air and the troops did all they could. If there is any blame attached to the attempt, it is mine. Once the coastal assault had succeeded, <mask> insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. The 21st Army Group's attack was being made in the north, while the 12th U.S. Army Group and the 6th U.S. Army Group insisted they be given priority in the center.Many historians believe that the Allied victory in Europe was delayed because <mask> gave the rival commanders tactical latitude. The key supply port at Antwerp was opened in late 1944 due to <mask>'s persistence. He was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshall in most European armies, in recognition of his senior position in the Allied command. <mask> had great talents for leadership and diplomacy. He was respected by front-line commanders because he had never seen action himself. He had good relationships with allies such as General Charles de Gaulle. He had disagreements with Montgomery over strategy, but they never upset his relationships with them.They became good friends after dealing with the soviet marshal. In December 1944, the Germans launched a surprise counteroffensive, the Battle of the Bulge, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after <mask> repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Army Air Force to engage. German defenses deteriorated on both the Eastern Front and the Western Front. The British wanted to capture Berlin, but <mask> decided it would be a mistake to attack it, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British wanted <mask> to move to Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington did not support the plan to use <mask>'s army. The lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon were followed by the actual division of Germany.On May 7, 1945, the Germans surrendered after a very large-scale bloody battle with the Soviet Red Army. <mask> demanded extensive still and movie photographic documentation of Nazi death camps in order to prevent an attempt to recharacterize Nazi crimes as propaganda. <mask> was appointed military governor of the American occupation zone, located primarily in Southern Germany, and was based at the IG Farben Building. Camera crews were ordered to document the atrocities in the Nazi concentration camps after they were discovered. He changed the classification of German POWs in the U.S. to Disarmed Enemy Forces. <mask> brought in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowed more fraternization despite the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He arranged for the distribution of American food and medical equipment in response to the disaster in Germany.The new American attitudes of the German people were reflected in his actions. <mask> returned to Washington to replace Marshall as the Chief of Staff of the Army. The demobilization of millions of soldiers was delayed because of lack of shipping. <mask> believed that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained, he supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. Truman ignored <mask> and the Pentagon in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets. The use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese was opposed by <mask>. I hated that our country would be the first to use it.<mask> wanted to work with the Soviets. He visited Warsaw in 1945. He was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city after being invited by Bolesaw Bierut. <mask> agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion as tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War increased. In June 1943, a visiting politician suggested to <mask> that he might become President of the United States after the war. Merlo J. Pusey wrote that <mask> kicked a political-minded visitor out of his office. <mask> told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job, and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions.In 1945, Truman told <mask> that if he wanted, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as <mask>'s running mate on the Democratic ticket. Politicians from both parties urged <mask> to run for president as the election approached. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, <mask> stated through the Army that he was not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office. <mask> did not have a political party affiliation. As a Republican, Thomas E<mask> would serve two terms, meaning that <mask> would not have another chance to run. In 1948, <mask> became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The choice wasn't a good fit for either party.<mask>'s memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published during that year. Critics thought it was one of the best U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success. <mask> sought the advice of Augusta National's Roberts about the tax implications of this, and in due course <mask>'s profit on the book was substantially aided by what author <mask> calls a ruling without precedent by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. <mask> had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate because he was not a professional writer. <mask> was saved $400,000 by this ruling. <mask>'s stint as the president of Columbia University was interrupted by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, <mask>'s "vision of a great cultural center where business, The political education of General <mask> was suggested by his biographer, who said he had to prioritize financial demands for the university.He gained exposure to economic analysis through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations. One Aid to Europe member claimed that General <mask> had learned at the study group meetings. <mask> accepted the presidency of the university in order to promote the American form of democracy through education. He made it clear to the trustees involved in the search committee. He wanted to promote the basic concepts of education in a democracy. He developed the idea of the American Assembly by the end of 1950. <mask> was asked to advise Forrestal on the unification of the armed services after he became the president of the university.He became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff about six months after his appointment. He spent over a month at the Augusta National Golf Club after falling ill with acute gastroenteritis, which was diagnosed two months later. He took a two-month vacation out-of-state in July 1949 after returning to his post in New York. He traveled around the country in the late 1950s in order to raise money for the American Assembly. <mask> was using the university for his own interests and was building resentment among the faculty and staff. He had little in common with the academics as a career military man. He had some success at Columbia.The Institute of War and Peace Studies was created by <mask> in order to study war as a tragic

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texts: social phenomenon. <mask> was able to get initial funding from his network of wealthy friends and acquaintances. The institute was founded in 1951 by international relations scholar William T. R. Fox and later became a pioneer in international security studies. <mask> considered the Institute of War and Peace Studies to be his "unique contribution" to Columbia. The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in <mask>'s bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Columbia University's liberal faculty members became upset with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil, Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch. As the president of Columbia, <mask> gave voice to his opinions about the difficulties of American democracy.His transformation from military to civilian leader was marked by his tenure. According to his biographer, the alienation of the Columbia faculty contributed to sharp intellectual criticism of him for many years. The trustees of Columbia University declined to accept <mask>'s offer to resign in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. <mask> resumed his presidency of Columbia after retiring from active service as an army general. On November 4, <mask> became the Republican Party's nominee for president of the United States. The day before his inauguration, <mask> resigned as university president. <mask> assumed his military command without strong bipartisan support in Congress.<mask> told the European nations that they needed to demonstrate their own commitment to the NATO force before the United States would commit troops and equipment. The Truman administration was less effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than <mask> was. NATO had American and European support by the middle of 1951. <mask> thought that NATO would become a truly European alliance with the American and Canadian commitments ending after ten years. President Truman pressed <mask> to run for president as a Democrat in 1951, despite the fact that he wanted <mask> to run as a Republican. <mask> declared himself to be a Republican despite his disagreements with the Democrats. He was persuaded to run for president in 1952 by a "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party.<mask> had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate and that there was a mandate from the public for him to be their president. In June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time, after Henry Cabot Lodge and others succeeded in convincing him. <mask> won critical delegate votes from Texas to win the nomination. His campaign slogan was "I Like Ike". It was important for <mask> to express opposition to Roosevelt's policies at the Yalta Conference and to Truman's policies in Korea and China. In order to appease the right-wing Old Guard of the Republican Party, <mask> chose Richard Nixon as his vice-president. Nixon gave a strong anti-communist reputation and youth to counter <mask>'s advanced age.<mask> insisted on campaigning in the South in the general election despite the advice of his campaign team. The campaign strategy was supposed to focus on attacking the Truman administration on three failures: the Korean War, Communism, and corruption. The two controversies did not damage the campaign. There was a report that Nixon received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out to avoid damage, but the matter permanently hurt the two candidates. The second issue centered on <mask>'s decision to confront Joseph McCarthy in his home state of Wisconsin. Two weeks before the election, <mask> made a promise to end the war in Korea.He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO and stressed a corruption-free administration at home. The first Republican return to the White House in 20 years happened when <mask> defeated Adlai Stevenson II. He brought a Republican majority in the House by eight votes and in the Senate by the same amount. James Buchanan was the oldest president-elect since 1856 when he was 62 years old. After George Washington and Ulysses S. Grant, he was the third commanding general of the Army to serve as president. On November 6, 1956, the United States presidential election took place. <mask> was re-elected.<mask> had defeated Stevenson four years before in the election of 1952, but this time he was up against him again. <mask> gained Kentucky, Louisiana, and West Virginia from Stevenson, while losing Missouri. His voters didn't bring up his leadership record. The personal qualities that stood out this time were his virtue as a family man, his religious devotion, and his sheer likeableness. Truman and <mask> had a complete estrangement due to campaigning and had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. <mask> asked Herbert Brownell Jr. and Lucius D. Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. John Foster <mask> and George M. Humphrey were included in the recommendations that he accepted.Several corporate executives and one labor leader were in his cabinet. The cabinet didn't have many friends, office seekers or experienced government administrators. The National Security Council was upgraded to plan all phases of the Cold War. Prior to his inauguration, <mask> led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues, and agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at a lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls He used the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address was dedicated to foreign policy and included a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations. Over his two terms, <mask> held almost 200 press conferences.He saw the value in maintaining a good relationship with the press as a means of direct communication with the American people. <mask> had a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. He used terms such as "progressive moderate" and "dynamic conservatism" to describe his approach. Social Security was one of the major New Deal programs that he continued. The programs were rolled into the new Cabinet-level agency of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Truman did not complete racial integration in the armed services in two years. In a private letter, <mask> wrote that the Republicans were in danger of losing their majority in the Congress.<mask> took up the charge to stop the right wing from taking control of the GOP because he blamed the Old Guard for the losses. He said that he wanted to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it. In case leading Republicans wanted him to run again, <mask> was willing to serve only one term. He was recovering from a heart attack late in September 1955 when he met with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group concluded that a second term was well advised, and he announced that he would run again in February 1956. The question of whether Nixon would be the Vice President on <mask>'s ticket was important in light of his heart condition. <mask> decided to leave the matter in the hands of the party after he personally favored Robert B. Anderson.<mask> defeated Adlai Stevenson again and won by a larger margin, with a total of 531 electoral votes and 58.6 percent of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was reduced due to health reasons. <mask> used a lot of his staff, but he rarely drove or called a phone number. He preferred active forms of entertainment and was an avid fisherman, golfer, painter, and bridge player. On August 26, 1959 he was on the maiden flight of Air Force One. The bill that authorized the interstate highway system was signed by <mask>. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 was used to justify the project.It was thought that large cities would be targets in a war, so the highways were designed to help them evacuate. <mask>'s goal to create improved highways was influenced by the difficulties he encountered in the Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned to be an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of Army vehicles coast to coast. During World War II, his experience with the German autobahn limited-access road systems convinced him of the benefits of an interstate highway system. The system could be used as a runway for airplanes, which would be beneficial to war efforts. The Federal-Aid Highway Act was put in place by Franklin D. Roosevelt. He thought that an interstate highway system would benefit the military and provide a measure of continued economic growth for the nation.The legislation was put on hold in Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and <mask> signed the law. <mask> was presented with a dilemma by the Republican Party's Old Guard, who wanted him to repudiate the Yalta Agreements because they were beyond the authority of the Executive Branch. At this time, <mask> tried to prevent the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Stephen Ambrose said this was the best speech of <mask>'s presidency. It is a serious and explicit purpose of our foreign policy, the encouragement of a hospitable climate for investment in foreign nations, that <mask> sought to make foreign markets available to American business. The Cold War got worse during his presidency. When the Soviet Union successfully tested a hydrogen bomb in 1955, <mask> decided against the advice of <mask> to initiate a disarmament proposal.He proposed that both sides agree to give up weapons for peaceful uses, such as power generation. The approach was called "Atoms for Peace". The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it because of their concern for the U.S. arsenal. <mask> embarked upon a greater reliance on nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them, the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. The "New Look" approach was started with defense cuts. American nuclear arms policy became more focused on arms control in 1955. The inability to negotiate over arms until 1955 was due to the refusal of the Russians to allow any sort of inspections.The tables were turned on <mask> when he responded with an unwillingness to permit inspections after they expressed a willingness to discuss them. In May of that year, the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria and paved the way for a summit with the US, UK and France. <mask> presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies. Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal. The domino theory was articulated by <mask> in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, other countries would follow suit and fall to communism. The fall of Mexico would end the fall of Guatemala.The loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism. He moved to restore West Germany as a full NATO partner after threatening the French. Congress created an Emergency Fund for International Affairs in order to support America's use of cultural diplomacy during the cold war. With <mask>'s leadership and <mask>' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries. The assassination of Lumumba was authorized by <mask>. The plan to poison him was abandoned. <mask> wanted to increase the number of people watching the Soviet Union.He authorized the deployment of thirty U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was planned by the <mask> administration and was carried out by John F. Kennedy. Nine months before Sputnik, the CIA and Space Race <mask> knew that Russia had the ability to launch a small mission into space and that it was likely to do so within a year. By launching a satellite, the Soviet Union acknowledged that space was open to anyone who could access it, without needing permission from other nations. <mask>'s support of the nation's space program was modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. A major strengthening of science and higher education was funded by a national campaign launched by him. The <mask> administration decided to adopt a non- aggressive policy that would allow space-crafts of any state to overfly all states, a region free of military posturing and launch Earth satellites to explore space.The Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to be used, however the proposal was turned down by Nikita Khrushchev. In response to Sputnik being launched, <mask> created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and improved relations with American scientists. <mask> wanted to create a missile defense system to protect the United States because of the fear that the Soviet Union would invade and spread communism. <mask> came up with the American basic strategy of nuclear deterrence based on land-based missiles and submarine-launched missiles. NASA planners projected that human spaceflight would pull the United States ahead in the Space Race as well as accomplish their long time goal; however, in 1960, an Ad Hoc Panel on Man-in-Space concluded that "man-in-space can not be justified" and was too costly. <mask> was quoted as saying that anyone who would spend $40 billion in a race to the moon for national prestige is nuts. <mask> went to Korea in 1952 to find a military and political stalemate.He considered using nuclear weapons if an armistice was not reached when he was in office. It's not known if China was aware of the potential for nuclear force. The Chinese communists liked his military reputation in Europe. Plans for a nuclear war against Red China were created by the National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command. After the death of Stalin, Russian support for the Chinese communists weakened and Red China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue. The armistice took effect in July of 1953 and Korea was divided into two parts. The armistice and boundary are still in effect.Ambrose described the armistice as the greatest achievement of the <mask> administration. <mask> realized that limited war was unwinnable in the nuclear age. <mask> endorsed a policy of liberation from communism as opposed to a policy of containment in his campaign. Despite the armistice with Korea, he still preferred this. The goal of

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texts: <mask>'s hard-line attitude towards Red China was to drive a wedge between Red China and the Soviet Union. Truman's policy was to recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the legitimate government of China, not the Beijing regime. There were small flare-ups when the People's Liberation Army began shelling the islands.Recommendations were given to <mask> by the Chinese communists. He wanted to have all the options available to him as the crisis unfolded. The Sino-American mutual defense treaty was signed in December of 1954. Congress gave <mask> unprecedented power to use military force at any level of his choosing in defense of Free China and the Pescadores after he requested and secured their "Free China Resolution" in January 1955. The Chinese nationalists were reassured by the resolution that the U.S. was committed to holding the line. The Chinese communists were threatened with the use of nuclear weapons by <mask>. The Chinese communists were left guessing as to the nature of his nuclear response.<mask> was able to accomplish all of his objectives, including the end of the communist incursion, the retention of the Islands by the Chinese nationalists, and continued peace. A core American policy is the defense of the Republic of China. <mask>'s military and foreign policy experts had unanimously urged him to launch an atomic attack against Red China, yet he consistently refused to do so and felt a distinct sense of accomplishment. <mask> was asked to help the French in their fight against the Communists from China. O'<mask> was sent to Vietnam by <mask> to assess the French forces there. A comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary was presented by the Chief of Staff. The war would absorb our troops by divisions.France received bombers and non-combat personnel from <mask>. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only if allied participation and congressional approval were possible. <mask> refused to intervene when the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the communists in May of 1954. After the French defeat, <mask> formed the SEATO alliance with the UK, France, New Zealand and Australia to defend Vietnam against communism. <mask> agreed that the US would only be an observer at the peace talks. <mask> offered military and economic aid to southern Vietnam after France and the Communists agreed to partition Vietnam.Ambrose believes that <mask> put the U.S. back into the conflict by not participating in the agreement. The term "Free Vietnam" was used in 1955 to describe the country after Gen. J. Collins was made ambassador. Collins told the leader to build an army and wage a military campaign in order to subvert communism. <mask> sent the first American soldiers to Vietnam in February 1955. After <mask>m announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam, <mask> immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance. In the years that followed, <mask> increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam. The nation would fall due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south.<mask>, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States in 1957. A parade was held in New York City in <mask>'s honor after President <mask> pledged his continued support. Secretary of State John Foster <mask> conceded that <mask> had been selected because there were no better alternatives. <mask> told John F. Kennedy that the communist threat in Southeast Asia required priority in the next administration. The regional threat was considered to be "the cork in the bottle" by <mask>. The Pact of Madrid was signed by Francoist Spain and the United States on September 23, 1953, in order to break the international isolation of Spain after World War II. At a time when other victorious Allies of World War II and much of the rest of the world remained hostile, this development came at a time when a fascist regime sympathetic to the cause of the former Axis powers was established.The United States pledged economic and military aid to Spain in three separate executive agreements. The United States was allowed to build and use air and naval bases on Spanish territory. <mask> traveled to Spain in 1959 to meet the dictator Francisco Franco. Before he was inaugurated, <mask> accepted a request from the British government to restore the Shah of Iran. The Central Intelligence Agency was authorized to overthrow the Prime Minister. Increased control over Iranian oil was achieved by the U.S. and British companies. <mask> forced an end to the British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in November of 1956 after receiving praise from the Egyptian president.He condemned the invasion of Hungary by the Soviets in response to the Hungarian Revolution. He used financial and diplomatic pressure to make his allies withdraw from Egypt. <mask> defended his position against Britain and France in his memoirs. The "Eisenhower Doctrine" allowed the United States to protect friendly governments in the Middle East. It was designed by Secretary of State <mask> to counter aggression from any country controlled by international communism. If necessary, the United States would use military force to stop the spread of communism in the Middle East. <mask> gave economic aid to shore up the Kingdom of Jordan and encouraged Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it.He sent 15,000 Marines and soldiers to Lebanon as part of Blue Bat, a non-combat peace-keeping mission to prevent a radical revolution from sweeping over that country. The Marines left three months later after the mission was a success. The deployment came in response to the request of the president of Lebanon. The military intervention brought about regional stability, weakened Soviet influence, and intimidated the Egyptian and Syrian governments, which had 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 The "<mask> doctrine" was seen as a threat by most Arab countries. They were able to get free money and weapons. The initiative was opposed by Egypt and Syria.The Six-Day War took place in 1967. <mask> wanted to build alliances of nations against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was sometimes called "pacto-mania". The U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviets on May 1, 1960. The east–west summit conference was scheduled to take place in Paris 15 days later. After parachuting down onto Russian soil, Captain Francis Gary Powers was captured. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration issued a very detailed press release stating that an aircraft had gone missing north of Turkey.It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and that the pilot reported over the emergency frequencies that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties. Nikita Khrushchev made no reference to the pilot when he announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration thought the pilot had died in the crash and authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally deviated into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Captain Powers was put on trial by the Soviets and parts of the U-2 were displayed. The Four Power Paris Summit in May 1960 with <mask>, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Khrushchev wanted <mask> to apologize. Khrushchev wouldn't take part in the summit.<mask> thought he had made progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Berlin and nuclear arms reduction were to be discussed at the summit. <mask> said that the U-2 business had ruined it. The United States prestige was hurt by the affair. The U-2 incident was the subject of a lengthy inquiry by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Captain Powers made a confession and apology in Russia. Powers was sentenced to imprisonment for espionage on August 19, 1960.President Truman began the process of desegregating the armed forces in 1948, but actual implementation had been slow. In his first State of the Union address in February 1953, <mask> made it clear that he wanted to end segregation in the District of Columbia and the Federal Government. He used government control of military spending to force the change through when he encountered opposition from the services. <mask> overruled Robert B. Anderson, the first Secretary of the Navy, when he argued that the U.S. Navy must recognize the "customs and usages prevailing in certain geographic areas of our country which the Navy had no part in creating." There must be no second class citizens in this country. The Communists around the world used the racial discrimination and history of violence in the U.S. as a point of propaganda, as the administration declared racial discrimination a national security issue. The District of Columbia was told to integrate black and white public school children by <mask>.The Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1960 were signed into law by him. The 1957 act established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. The first significant civil rights acts since 1875 were constituted by both acts. The state of Arkansas refused to integrate their public school system because of the Brown decision. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus was ordered to obey the court order by <mask>. The Arkansas National Guard was put under federal control and sent to the 101st Airborne Division. The federal government used federal troops in the South to enforce the U.S. Constitution for the first time since the Reconstruction Era.King wrote a letter to <mask> thanking him for restoring law and order in Little Rock. The Executive Order 10450 was issued by President <mask> in 1953. Over 5,000 federal employees were fired because of suspicions of being homosexual during <mask>'s presidency, and thousands of lesbian and gay applicants were barred from federal employment. From 1947 to 1961, the number of firings based on sexual orientation was greater than the number of Communist Party members. In his first two years in office, the Republican Congress had a one-vote margin in the Senate. When <mask> replaced William Knowland with Senator Robert A. Taft in July 1953, he was sorely missed, as he assisted the President greatly in working with the Old Guard. <mask> could not condemn Joseph McCarthy's methods against communism.<mask> decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies in order to facilitate relations with Congress. This position was criticized by a number of corners. The employment of communists within the government was a key issue in the Senate elections of 1954. The various measures <mask> had taken to purge the government of communists were urged to be specified. <mask> wanted to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission into his witch hunt for communists, which might interfere with the work on hydrogen bombs and other weapons programs. <mask> learned that one of America's nuclear scientists had been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union. In January of 1954, <mask> ordered that a blank wall be placed between Oppenheimer and all defense-related activities.The physicist lost his security clearance after the security hearing. The matter was controversial at the time and remained so in later years. The case would reflect poorly on <mask>, as he had never examined it in any detail and relied on the advice of his subordinates. <mask> suffered a major political defeat when his nomination of Strauss to be Secretary of Commerce was defeated in the Senate due to his involvement in the Oppenheimer matter. McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising each other on official matters. This was an unprecedented step by <mask> to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting.McCarthy's hearings were reduced to rants about trivial matters because <mask> denied him access to his staff. The Bricker Amendment was put forward by the Old Guard in early 1954. The measure was opposed by <mask>. The Democrats were opposed to the private ownership of nuclear reactors, but the Old Guard agreed with <mask>. Legislation created a system of licensure for nuclear plants by the President. The Democrats gained a majority in both houses. The Speaker of the House from Texas, Sam Rayburn, and the Democratic Majority Leader in the Senate, Lyndon B. Johnson, had to work with <mask>.<mask> never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill, wrote Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955. Leonard W. Hall, chairman of the Republican National Committee, tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life with occasional success. These exceptions weren't enough to correct the balance. Speaker Martin concluded that <mask> worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results that were often the reverse of what he wanted. Many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking were never used by the administration. The following Justices were appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States: Earl Warren, 1953, John Marshall Harlan II, 1954, William J. Brennan, 1956, and Potter Stewart, 1958. Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism.In selecting a Chief Justice, <mask> looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court." He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that I believe we need on the Court. Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that changed the role of the court. During <mask>'s presidency, two states were admitted to the Union. <mask> began chain smoking cigarettes at West Point, often three or four packs a day. He said he gave himself an order to stop cold turkey. The true story was more complex according to Evan Thomas.He removed ashtrays and cigarettes, but that didn't work. He told a friend that he was going to make a game of the whole business and try to get a feeling of superiority. I made it a practice to give a cigarette to anyone who came in, even if they didn't smoke. While in office, he was the first president to release information about his health and

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