texts: Sir <mask> was the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence during World War I. He was the last Liberal-Conservative cabinet minister until he was dismissed. In what is now Canada West, <mask> was born on January 8, 1854. He was descended from <mask>, a native of Ireland and a descendant of Huguenots and Scots. He attended the Toronto Normal School and the University of Toronto after graduating from Durham County. During the Fenian raids in the 1860s and 1870s, he served in the 45th West Durham Battalion of Infantry. <mask> was very involved in the militia, attending all of the drill practice sessions, and taking up shooting with a rifle in his spare time to improve his aim.<mask> was active in gun clubs and eventually became president of the Dominion Rifle Association. <mask> believed that he embodied the Victorian values of hard work, self discipline, strength and manliness. <mask> excelled at sports and was good at lacrosse. He claimed in the British Who's Who that he personally offered to raise Canadian contingents for service in the Egyptian and Sudanese campaigns, the Afghan Frontier War, and the Transvaal War. He married his first wife, who died a year later, at the age of 20. The new couple moved to Toronto after he married Mary. He was a teacher at the Toronto Collegiate Institute from 1875 to 1885 and was known for his eccentricities such as chewing on his chalk while delivering his lectures.<mask> abandoned teaching because he couldn't afford to support his family while he was teaching. The Victoria Warder, the local newspaper, was bought by him in 1885. From 1885 to 1897 he was the paper's publisher. In his first editorial, <mask> called French-Canadians "little better than brutes" and accused the Roman Catholic Church of being behind the smallpox epidemic that ravaged Montreal at the time. <mask> joined the local Liberal-Conservative Association after he started his business. The Prime Minister said that <mask>'s letters to him were "voluminous" and "impertinent" as he demanded patronage jobs for local Conservatives. "<mask> is one of our best friends, as the Victoria Warder very strongly supported the Conservatives, making him a useful man for the Tories in the rural Victoria County, where most people got their news from 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167 800-244-0167When <mask> arrived in Victoria County, it was a mostly forested area where lumbering was the main industry. Most of the towns and villages in Victoria County were isolated settlements located on the lakes and connected only by water and primitive roads. The population of the County was mostly British and Protestant. "A Union of hearts, a Union of hands, A Union no man can sever, A Union of tongues, A Union of lands, And the flag-British Union forever" was written on the masthead of the Victoria Warder. <mask> talked about the forests and lakes of the Victoria County in the same way he talked about the Highlands of Scotland. Hughes Victoria County was his "spiritual home" according to his grandson. Victoria County in the 19th century was considered to be a "rough" frontier area, and during his tempestuous time as editor, <mask> was sued for libel, and was at least one assassination attempt against him.Despite being a very active member of the militia, <mask> was not allowed to volunteer for the expeditionary force sent to put down the North-West Rebellion. <mask> gave extensive coverage to the war in The Victoria Warder because he was not able to fight. Reflecting his life-long belief in the superiority of citizen soldiers over professional soldiers, <mask> presented the Northwest Rebellion as a triumph of the Canadian militia, proudly trumpeting the fact that almost all of the men sent to the Northwest had been civilians only weeks before donning their uniforms to head west. In an editorial about the Battle of Batoche, <mask> wrote that "regular troops were all right for police purposes in times of peace and for training schools, but beyond that they are an injury to the nation". The Victoria Warder had a recurring theme of the fear that industrialization and urbanization might lead to a loss of masculinity, and that the best way to save it was compulsory militia service for all Canadian men. <mask> argued that militia service would make Canadian men tougher, because they would be used to living in an urban environment full of labor-saving devices. The myth of the Upper Canada militia being saved from American invasions in 1812, 1813 and 1814 was created by <mask> as one of his arguments for the militia.In his coverage of the Northwest Rebellion, <mask> agreed with Riel that the English-speaking settlers from Ontario into the Prairies were threatening the existence of the Catholic religion and French language of the Metis. <mask> sat on the executive board of the local Lodge of the Loyal Orange Order in the county and was able to use the Orangemen to provide a reliable group of voters. <mask> was fond of brawling with Irish Catholic immigrants. <mask> called Catholics "Romanists" when he was the editor of the Victoria Warder. He accused the Romanists of Lindsay of being a disloyal murder-planning society in an editorial in October 1889. <mask> accused Laurier of being in favor of having Canada annexed by the United States after he spoke in favor of free trade with the United States. <mask> proposed an Imperial Federation with Great Britain as the best way to bring about prosperity, though he also held out the possibility that the United States might one day join to create a union of the English-speaking peoples.In the 1891 election, <mask> was narrowly defeated in his bid to represent Victoria County, despite being a Conservative. <mask> went to court to challenge the result. Two justices at the Queen's Bench in Toronto ruled that the evidence of electoral fraud presented by <mask> was overwhelming and ordered a by-election. Barron tried to bribe <mask> to drop out. In the by-election, <mask> was elected to Parliament. In 1894, <mask> was convicted of assault and fined $500 for his involvement in a brawl on Lindsay's main street with a Roman Catholic blacksmith. <mask> kept his seat despite expectations that he would lose it in the 1896 election.When the province of Manitoba was created out of the Northwest Territory as part of the political deal to end the Red River Rebellion, it was declared that French was one of the province's official languages. In 1890, the Manitoba government passed a law making all education in the province in English because French-language education was costing too much money. This law violated the Manitoba Act and led to demands for the government to intervene. One of the most divisive issues of the 1890s was the question of whether or not to provide education in French, and <mask> was a spokesman for those who urged the government not to intervene. <mask> wrote in 1892 that "all churches are a simple damned nuisance". The Catholic John Thompson was supported by <mask> despite his anti-Catholic stance. Thompson was the best man to beat the popular Laurier in order to get <mask>'s support.<mask> used his influence with the Orange Order to try to keep them from inflaming the Manitoba Schools Question and to convince them to accept Thompson as the next Conservative leader. When Abbott resigned as Prime Minister in November 1892, the support of <mask> who represented a more lower-class, rural wing of the Conservatives was instrumental in assuring Thompson became Prime Minister. He tried to get the Orangemen to accept a Catholic prime minister. During Thompson's time as Prime Minister, <mask> supported his efforts to find a compromise to the schools question, but he stopped writing to the prime minister after Thompson passed a bill to force the province to abide by the act. <mask> supported the candidacy of Sir Charles Tupper, who went on to become the next prime minister after the death of Thompson. As the debate intensified into a crisis in 1895–96 following a ruling by the Privy Council against Manitoba, <mask> asked rhetorically in a letter to the editor of theOttawa Journal "Why should we plunge Canada into a religious war?" In a letter to Nathaniel Wallace, the Grand Master of the Orange Order, he said that the issue of the Manitoba Schools Question was tearing the Conservative Party apart.In the 1896 election, <mask> was one of the Conservative MPs who voted to depose Bowell in favor of Tupper. After the school day had ended, <mask> supported Tupper's compromise of secular education with religious instruction. Wallace stated in 1896 that the Orangemen would only support candidates who stood against the federal bill, which meant supporting the Liberals. Despite being a French-Canadian Catholic, Laurier had the Liberals block Tupper's bill. <mask> spoke in favor of Tupper at the national meeting of the Orange Order in May 1896. John Delemere was endorsed by Wallace in the 1896 election. <mask> held on to his seat because he argued that the affairs of Manitoba were irrelevant to Victoria County and that he understood local issues better than his opponent.The election of 1896 resulted in a Liberal victory, and in the new, much smaller Conservative caucus, <mask> stood out as the few MPs whose reputation had been enhanced by the Manitoba Schools Question. The need to keep the Conservatives united to win the next general election in face of the challenge from Laurier was the basis for <mask>'s position on the Question. <mask> had no interest in minority rights, unlike other Conservative MPs like George Foster who argued that the Manitoba Act guaranteed the right to a Catholic education in French. <mask> believed that a secular education system was superior to a religious one and that the language of instruction in the province's schools should be English. The fear that the issue might cause the Conservatives to lose the election was the reason for his moderate stance on the question. <mask> tried to rebuild the relationship between the Conservatives and the Orange Order despite Wallace campaigning against him. The Prime Minister had declared his support for the British policies in South Africa, but he wasn't sure if he would send Canadian troops if war broke out.In the summer of 1899, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Minto, and the commander of the Canadian Militia, Colonel Edward Hutton, drafted a secret plan for a Canadian contingent of 1,200 men to go to South Africa, and decided that <mask> was one of the most outspokenly imperialist In 1899, Minto and Hutton told Frederick William Borden, the Minister of Militia and Defence, of the plan that they had drafted. <mask> offered to raise a unit at his own expense to fight in South Africa, which gave Laurier the perfect excuse to not do anything. When <mask> was ordered to remain silent, he went public with allegations of an attempt by a British officer to silence a Canadian lawmaker. The Transvaal Republic declared war on Great Britain in 1899. The Secretary of State for the Colonies sent a note to the prime minister thanking him for his offer of Canadian troops to South Africa, but he made no such offer. The details of the plan to send 1,200 men to South Africa were published in the October 1899 edition of the Canadian Military Gazette.On 9 October 1899, the editor of the Toronto Globe sent a note to the prime minister saying he had to either send troops or get out. As the Liberal caucus was badly divided between anti-war French-Canadian MPs and pro-war English-Canadian MPs, Laurier did not dare summon Parliament for a vote as the Liberals might split over the issue, and instead issued an order-in-council on 14 October saying that Canada would <mask> promptly volunteered for the contingent, but was vetoed by Hutton who had neither forgotten nor forgiven <mask> for his insubordination and his abrasive refusal to be silenced; however, perhaps as a form of revenge against Hutton, Laurier insisted that <mask> be allowed to go to South Africa. <mask> went to serve in the Second Boer War after convincing Laurier to send Canadian troops. <mask> said he was free of all military authority and would not take orders from any officer when he boarded the ship. The beginning of <mask>'s service in South Africa was marked by him telling the press that the Boers would out-ride the British on the veld. While in South Africa, <mask> developed a strong contempt for the British military and came to the conclusion that frontier living had made the Canadians tougher and hardier soldiers than the British.<mask> "hated the British Army" according to the Canadian historian. The part-time citizen soldiers of the Canadian militia were better soldiers than the full-time professionals of the British Army, a viewpoint that influenced his later decisions in World War I. <mask> argued that the citizen militias of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State had out-fought the British Army for much of the war, as he used the performance of the Boer Kommandos to prove his point. <mask> used the performance of irregular cavalry units from Canada and Australia to support his theory that the "cowboy" units were the most effective at hunting down the kommandos. Ronald Haycock, <mask>'s biographer, said that he naively assumed that all future wars would be like the Boer War, even right down to being fought in a place like the veld. Haycock noted that <mask> presented the war as a victory, instead of understanding why the commandos had been defeated. <mask> was convinced that the Ross rifle was the ideal weapon for infantrymen because it was manufactured in Canada.British objections to the Ross rifle were sound as it was a hunting rifle that overheated after rapid firing and was too easily jammed by dirt, but Morton noted that the British objections to the Ross rifle were sound as it was a hunting rifle that overheated after rapid firing and was too easily jammed by dirt <mask> was praised by the British High Commissioner for South Africa for his willingness to by-pass bureaucracy and get things done. Two men who were later prominent in Milner's Kindergarten, William Hitchens and Lionel Curtis both served under <mask>'s command from March 1900 onward as they advanced across the veld from the Cape Colony into the Orange Free State. Outside of <mask>'s own accounts of his time in South Africa, most of what is known about his time there comes from the accounts written by Hitchens, and the war correspondent of The Times of London, who first met <mask> in Cape Town. <mask> was described as a populist leader who shared the hardship of war with the common soldiers and was impatient with bureaucracy. <mask> apologized to the wife of a man he arrested as a guerrilla for taking away her husband, as well as stating that he was not a thief. <mask> was described by Amery as a hard-driving, aggressive commander who was relentless in his pursuit of the enemy.In May 1900, <mask> was made the intelligence officer and assistant adjutant general to Warren's Scouts, which was commanded by Sir Charles Warren, and which had to advance over the Orange river to destroy a Transvaal force. During the advance, de Villers attacked the British camp at the Faber Pass outside of Campbell, and a half-dressed <mask> who woke up after the shooting, was involved in leading the counterattack that drove the Transvaalers back. Haycock described Warren's claim that he was not taken by surprise and the location of the camp as very well deserved. <mask> was unsuccessful in his attempt to be awarded a Victoria Cross. He was accused of taking in the fighting. <mask>'s character may be read from the fact that he asked for the V.C. For his services in South Africa.<mask> had a recommendation for a V.C. Normally one has to be recommended for the award. <mask> said the British commander was "sobbing like a child" when he left. <mask> was sent back to Canada in the summer of 1900 after being dismissed from the war for indiscipline. The letters in which <mask> charged the British military with incompetence were published in Canada and South Africa. <mask> granted favorable terms to an enemy force which surrendered to him. <mask> had proved to be a competent, and sometimes exceptional, front-line officer.<mask> wanted a V.C. <mask> was proud to be known as "Sir <mask>" because he was knighted for his services to the war in 1915. By this time, <mask> had become convinced that he deserved two V.C.s for his service in South Africa, a demand that annoyed the War Office in London who patiently told <mask> one could not recommend himself for the V.C. The bar couldn't be considered. As the defence critic in the Conservative shadow cabinet, <mask> who was widely read on military history, current military trends, and issues in the Canadian militia proved to be a vigorous and effective shadow defence minister, accusing the defence minister, Sir Frederick Borden, of being ineffectual in handling his portfolio. <mask> was well known for his attacks on the immigration policy of the Laurier government, charging that Canada needed more immigrants of "good British stock". During his time as an agent for the Canadian Northern Railway, <mask> traveled to the Prairies twice to select the route for the railway.Amery followed <mask> on his second trip across the Prairies, writing about how he talked with great passion about his plans to build the "finest city" on the Prairies. The Liberals won the 1904 election by a wide margin, and even <mask> held on to his seat in Victoria County. Robert Borden lost his seat in Halifax and <mask> offered to resign to allow him to represent Victoria County. He thanked <mask> for his "kindness" in offering up his own seat, even though he chose another safe Conservative seat in Ontario to represent. Every year from 1905 onward, <mask> introduced a resolution in the House of Commons calling for an equal partnership union between the United Kingdom and the Dominions. What <mask> wanted was for Canada to become an equal partner in running the British empire, instead of being a less important player in the empire. <mask> wanted Imperial Preference to be tied to equal partnership with an Imperial cabinet of all the prime ministers plus the British prime minister to decide policy for the entire empire.Haycock wrote what <mask> wanted sounds very similar to the British Commonwealth that emerged after 1931. In 1906, <mask>'s motion calling for the Canadian government to give preference in handing out land in the Prairie provinces to veterans of the British Army was accepted as policy. <mask> believed

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texts: that too many immigrants from Eastern Europe were being allowed to settle on the Prairies, and instead the Prairies should be settled by immigrants from Britain, with veterans in particular encouraged to settle. <mask> told the House of Commons that Catholic immigrants from Europe were a curse. Despite being publicly censured by the Conservative leader Robert Borden for his "curse upon Canada" remark, <mask> repeated his thesis that Catholic immigrants were a " sectarian party" at the Orange Order's national convention in June 1907. <mask>'s ability to bring out the votes of the Orange Order for the Conservatives ensured that Borden did not expel him despite the way in which he kept sabotaging Borden's efforts to reach out to Catholic voters. <mask>, who claimed to have been offered but declined the post of Deputy Minister of Militia in 1891, was appointed Minister of Militia after the election of Borden in 1911, with the aim of creating a distinct Canadian army within the British Empire, to be used in case of war.He wrote a letter to the Governor General about his demand for the Victoria Cross. Connaught made a recommendation to get rid of him. <mask> was described as an individual endowed with "great charm, wit, and driving energy, allied with consummate political skills", but also as a "stubborn, racist" and a "passionate Orange Order supremacist" who did little to disguise his dislike of Catholics in general. French-Canadians and Irish-Canadians were put off from supporting the war effort by <mask>'s views. <mask>'s son, Garnet, wrote that he was praying for the man who went against his father's will. The Minister of Militia and Defence had "profound misgivings" about appointing <mask> to the cabinet, but as <mask> insisted on the defence portfolio, he received his wish to be appointed defence minister. When many Conservative MPs wanted a new leader after Borden lost two general elections in a row in 1904 and 1908, <mask> was loyal to him.<mask> was a colonel in the militia and he wore his uniform at all times. <mask> was promoted to the rank of major-general in 1912. An energetic minister, <mask> traveled all over Canada in his private luxury railroad car to attend parades and manoeuvres by the militia. His penchant for colourful and flamboyant statements made him a media favourite, and journalists were always asking the defence minister for his opinions on any subject, secure in the knowledge that <mask> was likely to say something outrageous that would help to sell newspapers. <mask> was a Canadian nationalist who was determined that Canada should not be a vassal of the mother country. The United Kingdom and Canada were equal partners in the management of the empire, and <mask> fought against attempts to treat Canada in a colonial role. <mask> announced in December of 1911 that he was going to increase the militia budget and build more camps and drill halls.The defence budget increased from $7 million to $11 million per year. <mask> was hostile to the Permanent Active Militia, or Permanent Force, as Canada's small professional army was known, and praised the Non-Permanent Active Militia as reflecting the authentic fighting spirit of Canada. <mask> called the Permanent Force to increase the size of the Non-Permanent Active Militia as he took the view that citizen soldiers were better soldiers than the professionals. <mask> was accused of favouring the Militia as he gave friends and allies officers' commission in the militia that did not exist with the Permanent Force, where promotion was based on merit. The Royal Canadian Navy needed a full-time force of professionals, which did not fit in with the Defence Minister's enthusiasm for citizen, so <mask> didn't have much interest in it. The Navy was under the Department of Naval Services, which made it rival to the Defence Department in terms of military spending. <mask> preferred that Canada have its own navy, rather than having Canada contribute $35 million to the British Royal Navy, as was proposed by Borden.During the naval debates in 1912, <mask> supported retaining the "tin-pot navy" as the RCN was often called and helped to ensure its continued existence. In 1912, <mask> caused a lot of controversy when he forbade militias in Quebec from taking part in Catholic processions, a practice that had been allowed under British rule and since 1867 under confederation. <mask> blamed his decision on the anti-Catholic prejudice of a member of the Loyal Orange Order, but Quebec newspapers noted that <mask> was an Orangeman. <mask>'s practice of pushing out experienced Permanent Force officers serving on the general staff in favour of militia officers was one of the causes of controversy. <mask> gave a free Ford Model T car to every militia colonel in Canada, a move which caused a lot of criticism. <mask> went on an all-expenses paid junket to Europe in 1913 with his family, his secretaries, and various militia colonels who were his friends and their families. <mask> justified the trip, which lasted several months, as necessary to observe military maneuvers in Britain, France and Switzerland, but to many Canadians it looked like an expensive vacation.The plan to make militia service compulsory for every able-bodied male caused considerable public opposition. The differences between Switzerland and Canada were not taken into account in <mask>'s plan for compulsory militia service. The reasons <mask> gave for a militia were moral, not military. <mask> believed that compulsory militia was the best way to stamp out the consumption of alcohol in Canada. In 1913, <mask> said he wanted to make the youth of Canada self-controlled, erect, decent and patriotic through military and physical training, instead of growing up as under present conditions of no control. <mask>'s campaign for compulsory militia service as a form of moral reformation made him into one of the better known and most controversial ministers in the Borden government. He was afraid of his bellicose defence minister, who he also owned some major political debts, so he wanted to sack <mask> by 1913.<mask> was fond of getting into brawls and wrote "long, vituperative letters" at the slightest criticism, which he claimed to be "loved by millions". <mask> said that Borden was gentle hearted as a girl. Prussia and Britain signed a treaty guaranteeing the independence and neutrality of Belgium during the First World War. Prussia's commitment to Belgian neutrality and independence in 1871 was assumed by Imperial Germany on 2 August 1914, and the German chancellor dismissed the guarantee as a "mere scrap of paper". British leaders were asked if the United Kingdom would honor the guarantee of Belgium by declaring war on Germany. On the morning of 3 August 1914, <mask> arrived at the Defense Department and according to those present, he was upset and angry. They seem to be trying to get out of helping France.Oh! What a sad state of things. I don't want to be a Britisher under those conditions. When it was pointed out that the British cabinet had called an emergency meeting to discuss the invasion of Belgium, <mask> replied that he could read between the lines. I don't want to be a Britisher under such conditions, it's too humiliating. When <mask> asked if the Union Jack was flying in front of the Defense Department, he shouted: "Then send up and have it taken down!" When Britain shirks her duty, I will not have it over Canada's military headquarters.The Union Jack was pulled down, and only put up again the next day, when it was announced that Britain had sent an ultimatum demanding that Germany pull out of Belgium at once, and upon its rejection, Britain had honored the guarantee of Belgium by declaring war on Germany. Canada was a part of the British Empire. When the call comes, our answer goes at once, and it goes in the classical language of the British answer to the call. In August 1914, Laurier's speech captured the mood of the nation and most Canadians wanted to aid the mother country as it faced its greatest challenge yet. On 7 August 1914, Borden told the House of Commons that the British government had accepted his offer of an expeditionary force to Europe. In the event of a war in Europe, the General Staff had drawn up a plan for Canada to send an expeditionary force of one infantry division and an independent cavalry brigade. <mask> ignored the General Staff's plan and created a brand new organization called the Canadian Expeditionary Force made up of numbered battalions that was separate from the militia.<mask> chose to build a new camp at Valcartier, outside of Quebec City, instead of going to the existing Camp Petawawa. A new bureaucracy had to be created at the same time that thousands of young men flocked to the colors after <mask> decided not to call out the militia. In August–September 1914, <mask> pulled some kind of order from the chaos he had created, according to Morton. <mask> insulted everyone from the Governor-General to the French-Canadian community. <mask> picked up the president of the Toronto chapter of the Humane Society and threw him out of his office after he called <mask> a liar. <mask> burst into a rage when John Farthing, the bishop of Montreal, visited him to complain about the shortage of Church of England chaplains at Valcartier. Almost everyone who knew <mask> thought he was insane because he didn't call out the militia while trying to bring order to Camp Valcartier.<mask> was off his base according to a report written by the Duke of Connaught. The man is insane and Canada needs a new defense minister at the same time, according to a Conservative MP. Sir George Foster wrote in his diary that there was only one feeling about <mask>. That he is crazy. Sir Joseph Flavelle wrote that <mask> was "mentally unbalanced with the low cunning and cleverness often associated with the insane." In his memoirs, Borden wrote that <mask>' behavior was so eccentric as to justify the conclusion that his mind was unbalanced. <mask> ordered the construction of Camp Valcartier on August 7, 1914, to be finished by the time the entire force was assembled, after he encouraged the recruitment of volunteers following the First World War's outbreak.The completion of the camp was seen by <mask> with the help of 400 workmen. The camp was disorganized. Training became chaotic with over 30,000 recruits. The training system was rushed because there was not much time to train the volunteers. It was difficult to plan for the constant growth of the camp's population. <mask> told one officer who was speaking too quietly to get out of the service and he was also known for giving orders to troops and their officers. When <mask> addressed one officer as a captain, only to be told by the man that he was a lieutenant, <mask> promoted him on the spot to captain.<mask> shouted "Sir, I know what I'm talking about!" when he was told that he did not have that power. If he wanted to promote the officer to a captain, he was a captain. <mask> insisted on riding around the camp surrounded by an honor guard of lancers and shouting out orders for infantry maneuvers that were removed from the training manual. The soldiers did their best to guess what he wanted them to do, though <mask> seemed satisfied. There were inadequate tents, shortages of greatcoats, and confusion about equipment and storage. <mask> was praised for his actions by the Prime Minister and members of the cabinet. The brigades and battalions of the First Contingent were commanded by officers from Canada.Franois-Louis Lessard was denied permission to join the First Contingent even though he had an outstanding record in the war. <mask> wouldn't allow Lessard to join the CEF because he was a Permanent Force man, a Catholic and a French-Canadian. If Lessard had been given a command position, the recruitment of volunteers in Quebec would have been better. The troops were ready to leave for England in October of 1914. As the First Contingent embarked for Europe in Quebec City on 3 October 1914, <mask> sat astride his horse and delivered a speech that caused the men of the First Contingent to boo and jeer him. <mask>'s speech wasflamboyant and grandiloquent, and everybody was laughing at <mask>'s address. British immigrants to Canada made up two-thirds of the First Contingent.Canadian-born men were the majority of the officers of the First Contingent. British male immigrants in Canada enlisted in the CEF at an extraordinary rate, making them easily the largest ethnic group in the CEF at 48.5%, according to the Canadian historian Jack Granatstein. British immigrants made up the majority of the Canadian-born soldiers in 1918. The British War Secretary, Lord Kitchener, was planning on breaking up the CEF when it arrived in Britain and <mask> left for London at the same time as the First Contingent did. <mask> told the British press that if it wasn't for him, the convoy of 30 ships taking the CEF across the North Atlantic would have been destroyed. After arriving in London, <mask> went dressed as a major-general in the Canadian militia to see Kitchener, because he was determined that the CEF fight together. <mask> insisted that the CEF wouldn't be broken up.As we paid the bill and furnished the goods, which in nearly every instance were better than the British, I would act. <mask> won his battle with Kitchener and ensured the CEF stayed together by arguing that the government should have the final say over the deployment of the CEF. Without <mask>'s intervention in October 1914, the Canadian Corps of four divisions would never have existed. <mask> created the Shell Committee in the fall of 1914 to make shells and bullets for both the Canadians and the British. The Shell Committee had orders for 2 million shells by Christmas 1914. <mask> wanted the 1st Canadian Division to be commanded by a Canadian general. When it was discovered that there was no qualified Canadian officer, he reluctantly accepted a British officer as the commander of the 1st Division.<mask>'s insistence on supplying the CEF with Canadian-made equipment, regardless of its quality, made for difficult conditions for the men of the CEF, with many soldiers already complaining about the Ross rifle in training. To the relief of the CEF and to <mask>'s fury, the Shield Shovels were replaced by the standard British Army shovel. <mask> tried to undermine the command by involving himself in matters that were not the normal concern of a defense minister. The Canadian Light Infantry was raised by a wealthy Montreal industrialist, Hamilton Gault, and arrived on the Western Front in December 1914. On February 16, 1915, the CEF arrived in France and took up position at the Ypres Salient in Belgium. 160 tons of chlorine gas was released by the German Army on April 22, 1915. From the German lines there was an ominous yellow cloud which floated across no-man's land to bring death and suffering to the Allied soldiers on the other side, killing 1,400 French and Algerian soldiers in the trenches, leaving another 2,000 blinded while the rest broke and fled in terror.Despite the dangers of the gas which blinded when it did not kill, the 1st Canadian Division stepped up to hold the line on the night of 22–23 April and prevented the Germans from marching through the hole in the Allied lines created when the French and Algerians fled. On 23 April, the Germans unleashed the chlorine gas on the Canadian lines, leading to "desperate fighting" as the Canadians used improvised gas-masks of urine-soaked rags while complaining about the Ross rifles. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first major battle for the Canadians, costing the 1st Division 6,035 men killed, wounded, or missing, and giving the CEF a reputation as a "tough force" that was to last. The Canadians did not flee when faced with the cloud of gas, unlike the French and Algerians, who did. The news that the Canadians had won their first battle was validation of everything <mask> had done as defense minister. <mask> claimed that a Canadian general would have done a better job and was angry when he learned that the Ross rifles were going to be replaced by Lee- Enfield rifles. In a telegram to Max Aitken, the Canadian millionaire living in London whom <mask> had appointed as his representative in Britain, <mask> wrote: "It is the general opinion that scores of our officers can teach the British officers for many moons to come."The Canadian Corps was created in September 1915 after the Second Contingent arrived on the Western Front. For the first time, Canadians were given divisional command with Arthur Currie of Victoria taking command of the 1st Division and Richard Turner of Quebec City taking command of the 2nd Division. <mask> wanted to take charge of the Canadian Corps, but he was prevented from doing so by Borden. The police recommended criminal charges be brought against Currie in June 1914 after learning that he had taken $10,000 from his militia unit in Victoria. One of <mask>'s agents wrote after the war that he had been ordered by the Defense Minister to assure General Currie that his personal interests were being looked after. The Second Contingent left for England in the spring of 1915. On August 24, 1915, <mask> was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.He was made an officer in the British Army in 1916. There is a display and plaque dedicated to the memory of those who served in the 207th (Ottawa-Carleton) Battalion, CEF during the First World War. <mask> presented the colours to the battalion on Parliament Hill in 1916. In spite of mounting criticism from 1915 onward at the way in which <mask> ran the Defense Department in wartime, the politically indebted Borden kept <mask> on. <mask>'s methods were unconventional and chaotic, but he argued he was merely cutting through the red-tape to help the boys. In his dealings with British officials, he found them patronising and condescending, which led him to side with his nationalist defense minister who argued that Canadians should not be talked down to. The Shell Committee had $170 million worth of orders to fulfill while it delivered only $5.5 million of its orders, with accusations being made that <mask>'s friends were engaging in war profit.David Lloyd George stopped all orders until Canada created the Imperial Munitions Board. By 1917 Canadian factories were turning out $2 million worth of shells per day, after Flavelle ended the corruption and increased efficiency in the industry. The Imperial Munitions Board was more efficient and honest than the Defense Department had been, and <mask> was enraged at the way that Flavelle had taken over an important function from his department. Despite the scandal caused by

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texts: the Shell Committee, which led Borden to face very embarrassing questions in the House of Commons and to hopes on the part of Laurier that he might become prime minister again, <mask> was not sacked. Between October 1914 and September 1915, 71 battalions were raised for the CEF, but the losses in the war required even more men. In August 1915, <mask> announced that any individual or group could form a "chum's battalion" (also known as a "pal's battalion") for the CEF, leading to the formation of various units such as Highland battalions for Scots-Canadians, Irish battalions The "chum's battalion" campaign was launched in Britain in 1914.Though <mask>atricia's Light Infantry, the Royal Canadian Regiment, and various mounted rifle units that had been stationed in England since the spring of 1915. The Battle of Mount Sorrel took place on 1 June 1916 and was lost to the Germans by 13 June. The Canadian Corps suffered 24,029 casualties in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. The 4th Division saw action on the Somme on 10 October 1916, after the "chum's battalions" were formed. The owner of the Quebec Chronicle newspaper was chosen by <mask> to lead the 4th Division.<mask>, an Orangeman prone to anti-Catholic sentiment and not well liked among French Canadians, increased tensions by sending Anglocentrics to recruit French Canadians and by forcing French volunteers to speak English in training. He assigned black Canadians to construction units after reluctantly accepting Japanese-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians for the CEF. One of the soldiers wearing kilts in a painting by Eric Kennington of the 16th Canadian Scottish battalion is a black man. <mask> encouraged the enlistment of First Nations volunteers into the CEF as it was believed that Indians would make for ferocious soldiers. Out of the belief that Indians were expert marksmen, the First Nations volunteers were assigned to kill Indians in the war. Despite orders from the Governor-General not to, <mask> used Defense Department funds to buy newspaper ads in the United States for the American Legion that he planned to form within the CEF. After receiving complaints about Canadian violations of American neutrality, <mask> recruited a battalion of American volunteers, which Borden was unaware of until early 1916.The Reverend C.S. is an American reverend living in Toronto. Despite having no military experience, <mask> had given a commission to a man who had been appointed by <mask> as his chief recruiter for the American Legion. Of the half million volunteers <mask> raised for the CEF, only a small number were French-Canadians. The failure of recruiting in Quebec was due to <mask>'s hostility towards French Canada and his decision not to call out the militia in 1914. Two of the CEF's battalions from Quebec, the 163rd Poil-aux-pattes and the 189th, fought in the battle of Courcelette in 1916. The men from the 163rd and 189th went into the 22nd Battalion, which won more decorations for bravery than any of the other battalions of the CEF by the end of the war. The failure of the recruiting efforts was due to an attempt by the Ontario government in 1916 to ban schools for the French-Canadian minority in Ontario, which caused a lot of resentment in Quebec.Quebec's status as the most industrialised province in Canada made it difficult to recruit in la belle province. In order to support the war effort, many French-Canadian men preferred to work in a factory in Montreal rather than in the CEF. French-Canadians made up 30% of Canada's population, but only 4% of the CEF, and French-Canadians living outside of Quebec were more likely to join. Over the course of the war, the policies carried out by the Ministry of Defense and Militia were marked by inefficiency and waste, largely caused by <mask> as Morton wrote: "<mask>'s perennial contempt for military professionals, shared by his overseas agent, Max Aitken, became an excuse for chaos and As scandals continued from the exposure of wasteful purchasing in 1915 to the "munitions scandal" of 1916, Borden took away various functions from Defense Ministry to be handled by an independent board or commission headed by men who were not cronies. <mask> was booed by the men of the CEF when he visited Camp Borden in 1916 because he blamed the minister for the lack of water. <mask>'s policy of raising new battalions instead of sending reinforcements to the existing battalions led to a lot of administrative waste and most of the new battalions were broken up to provide manpower for the older battalions.In order to make himself the ultimate arbiter of every issue, <mask> created a confusing system of authorities that were run by three senior officers. Major General John Wallace Carson, a mining magnate from Montreal and a friend of <mask>, was the most important officer in England. What Morton called a "burgeoning, wasteful, array of camps, offices, depots, hospitals, and commands spread out across England" was the result of the officers in London feuding for <mask>'s favor. Twice the prime minister was gravely disappointed when <mask> was sent to England. In September 1916, <mask> announced in London the formation of the "Acting Overseas Sub-militia Council" to be chaired by Carson with <mask>'s son-in-law to serve as the chief secretary. Poor decisions on procurements for the force sullied his historical reputation. Insisting on the utilization of Canadian manufactured equipment, <mask> presided over the deployment of equipment that was often inappropriate for the Western Front.The operational performance of the CEF was negatively affected by this before 1917. The MacAdam Shield, the Ross rifle, and the Colt machine gun were all Canadian items which were eventually replaced or abandoned due to quality issues. The management of spending for supplies was taken away from <mask> and assigned to the War Purchasing Commission in 1915. The CEF abandoned the Ross Rifle in favor of the British standard Lee– Enfield rifle after <mask> resigned in November 1916. Canadian staff officers were discouraged from passing through the British Staff College due to their limited experience at the start of the war. The operating performance of the CEF was negatively affected by <mask>' attempts to promote and appoint officers based on patronage and Canadian nativism instead of ability, an act which created tension and jealousy between units and negatively affected the operating performance of the CEF. Lieutenant General Byng threatened to resign as commander of the CEF after he became incensed with the interference of <mask>.Byng, a British Army officer who was modest in his tastes and known for his care for his men, was very popular with the rank and file of the Canadian Corps, who called themselves "the Byng boys". <mask>'s jealousy was sparked by this. On 17 August 1916, Byng and <mask> had dinner where <mask> announced that he never made a mistake and would hold the power of promotion within the Canadian Corps; Byng stated that as a corps commander he had the power of promotion. Byng replied "What a dull life you must have had, Minister!" when <mask> claimed "I am never wrong". Byng wanted to give command of the 2nd Division to Henry Burstall, who had distinguished himself, over the objections of <mask>, who wanted to give command of the 2nd Division to his son. Byng told <mask> that the Canadians deserved and expected the best leaders. If the younger <mask> was given the command of the 2nd Division, Byng would resign because he would not tolerate political interference in his corps.Canadian Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden was forced to tighten control over <mask> after criticism from Field Marshall Douglas Haig, King George V, and within his own party. <mask> was attacked by the Toronto Globe for his "swashbuckling" speeches that were damaging to Britain. As the war continued, Borden began to tire of <mask>'s rants before the cabinet, and even contemplated firing him. It wasn't until <mask>' political isolation and the creation of the Ministry of the Overseas Military Forces of Canada that the CEF was able to concentrate on the task of the spring offensive. The creation of the Ministry of Overseas Military Forces to run the CEF caused <mask> to rage and threaten Borden. The prime minister vacillated for 9 days before making a decision after <mask> sent a letter to Borden. <mask> was dismissed from the cabinet on November 9, 1916.In his letter dismissing him, Borden stated that he was fired because of his tendency to assume powers which he did not possess, and because the prime minister no longer had the time or energy to solve all of the problems he had created. <mask> claimed in Who's Who to have served "in France, 1914–15" despite not being released from his ministry and not having been given any command in the field. He only visited troops at the Western Front. The deputy prime minister wrote in his diary "the nightmare is removed" after <mask> was fired from the cabinet. In the CEF, both the officers and the other ranks welcomed his dismissal. An embittered <mask> set out to humiliate Borden in the House of Commons by accusing him of mismanaging the war effort, though <mask>'s determination to not appear unpatriotic imposed some limits on his willingness to attack the government. The finance minister, Sir William Thomas White, and his successor, Albert Edward Kemp, were accused of mismanagement by <mask> in his first speech to the Commons.It was Borden who emerged as the symbol of the national will in English Canada, rather than <mask>, who was seen as a milquetoast at the beginning of the war. The War Party would allow <mask> to buy most of the newspapers in English Canada to build support for the War Party. When Rothermere showed no interest in the project, it led to the collapse of the plan. After <mask>'s dismissal, many of his friends abandoned him, and one of the few who remained close to him was Beaverbrook, who was living in London. In January 1917, <mask> proposed to the British Prime Minister that he use his influence with David Lloyd George and King George V to get <mask> appointed to the Privy Council. Lloyd George consulted with someone who said that the king should not give <mask> a seat on the Privy Council.<mask> could best serve the war effort if he remained a backbench Conservative in Canada, according to Lloyd George. <mask> was frustrated that the 5th Canadian Division in England was only used for training men sent to the four front line divisions of the Canadian Corps. <mask> told Byng that it was time for his son to lead the 1st Division. <mask> turned on Currie when he was in charge of the 5th Division. Currie was saved from criminal charges in 1915 when <mask> interceded on his behalf, but he was accused of ingratitude by the latter. In a letter to his son, <mask> wrote that his mail was being tampered with and that they even had detectives on prominent friends of his. <mask> called the war effort "hell on earth" without him to lead it.Tim Cook wrote in 1917 that <mask> appeared to be suffering from some form of dementia. In May 1917, he proposed a coalition government that would bring together the Conservatives and the Liberals. Many English Canadian Liberal MPs crossed the floor to join the Union government. <mask> said at a caucus meeting that a Union government would wipe out the Conservative Party. The Conservatives were being taken over by the Liberals in a coalition government. After receiving pro-conscription letters from his constituency in Victoria County, <mask> changed his mind and attacked Borden for bringing in conscription, claiming that enough volunteers to keep the Canadian Corps fighting would have been found had he continued as Defense Minister. <mask> did not run as a Union candidate in the 1917 election, instead running as a Conservative and his main challenger was a Union candidate endorsed by Borden.The Unionist candidate dropped out of the race after <mask> declared his support for the Union government three weeks before the election. <mask> was returned with a huge margin of victory in the 1917 election. During his time as Defense Minister, <mask> was able to bring about a number of municipal improvements in Lindsay, increasing his popularity in Victoria County. A visitor from Toronto asked a local farmer what county he was in and he replied "This is <mask>'s country!" After Currie won the Battles of Hill 70, Lens, and finally Passchendaele in November 1917, <mask> requested a meeting with Borden to discuss "Lens and somewhat similar massacres". <mask> accused Currie of "bullheadness and incompetency" in a letter to Borden. The failure of the War Party led to <mask> making it his life mission to ruin the reputation of Borden by exposing the rotten show overseas.Currie was a damned fool since he left St. Julien, wrote <mask> in a letter. It is thought that the motive was to prevent Turner from coming back with the Second Army Corps and to prevent Garnet from commanding a Division. <mask> accused Currie of causing the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Canadians to force the government to send reinforcements to the Canadian Corps, and thus preventing the creation of a second corps to be commanded by Turner. Ignoring the existence of the Imperial War Cabinet, <mask> in a speech in Toronto claimed that the issue of peace and war could not be resolved by a government that was 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 In a speech at a Masonic Lodge in Toronto on January 9, 1918, he demanded that all males in the age group 10–16 undergo militia training. Despite concerns about possible riots, <mask> traveled to Montreal to give a speech attacking Borden for not conscripting what he claimed were 700,000 young men all across Canada. His speeches in Toronto and Montreal were well received by his audience.<mask> indirectly attacked Currie as he spoke of officers with a "reckless disregard for life" in a speech before the Commons on 6 May 1918. <mask> wrote a letter accusing Currie of "useless massacres of our Canadian boys" in October 1918. Currie and his "Black-hand Gang" were not sacked. The news of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 was not received well by <mask>, who felt that Currie had stolen the glory of victory. In December 1918, Currie was told by friends in Canada that <mask> was telling anyone who would listen that he was a murderer, a drunkard, and almost everything else that was bad and vile. Currie wrote in a letter to his sister that <mask> was a "vindictive and bitterly disappointed man". <mask> accused Currie of "needlessly sacrificing the lives of Canadian soldiers" in a speech before the Commons.As part of his speech, <mask> read out several of his 1918 letters to Borden, which were entered in Hansard, and thus incriminated Borden in his accusations against Currie. <mask> claimed that Currie only attacked Mons to get the Canadian Corps to end the war for the British Empire where it began. <mask> always attacked Currie in speeches in the Commons, where criminal and civil law did not apply, so he did not need fear of a libel suit or a criminal charges for quoting from official documents that were still classified as secret. <mask>'s speech received a lot of attention. Most Canadians were "stunned" by <mask>'s speech accusing Currie of murder. The Toronto Daily Star defended Currie's leadership at the Second Battle of Cambrai, noting that Currie had the infantry supported by tanks encircle Cambrai, instead of the "mad frontal assault" claimed by <mask>. The Toronto Globe wrote in an editorial that Sir <mask> is a greater terror than any of the men who fought in France.Sir <mask> directed a blow against the leaders of the Canadian Army who were unable to defend themselves. The strangest aspect of the <mask> affair was that <mask> didn't reveal that Currie was an embezzler, something that worried Currie at the time. The fact that <mask> prevented criminal charges from being laid against Currie in 1915 would have left him open to charges of obstruction of justice and abuse of his powers as defense minister. <mask> believed that Currie was behind the plots against him in the last two years of his life. In a letter to Garnet in May 1919, he wrote, "I have the fullest evidence now that instructions have been issued in a propaganda form to certain writers and correspondents, 'On every occasion, Sir <mask> must be overshadowed by others'." In September 1919, <mask> in a speech to the Commons accused Currie of cowardice at the Second Battle of Ypres, claiming he fled in. In a speech before the House on June 16, 1920, <mask> said that Currie's military reputation was propaganda and that there were dozens of officers who were superior to him.Currie was wounded and hurt in the attacks because he was afraid that <mask> would reveal that he had stolen $10,000 from his unit in Victoria. <mask> was told by his doctors that he had only weeks to live. He went back to his home in the forests of Victoria County, which was built to look like a hunting lodge. On his deathbed, a Methodist minister came to offer solace, only to be told by <mask>: "Don't you bother about me?" I'll be sitting on the right hand of God soon and I'll be able to arrange things. <mask> died of anaemia at the age of sixty-eight and was survived by his son, Garnet <mask>, who served in the First World War, and his grandson, <mask>, who was a field historian in the Second World War. His funeral in Lindsay was attended by 20,000 people, making it the largest in the town's history.To honor "Lindsay's foremost citizen", his coffin was carried by six veterans down the main street of Lindsay together with 45th Victoria Regiment, who marched to the somber tunes of drums and bagpipes. <mask>'s coffin was placed into the earth while bugler Arthur Rhodes played The Last Post and cannons fired salutes. He and his wife are buried together. There is a memorial plaque in front of the armouries in Lindsay, Ontario. <mask> was a soldier, journalist, imperialist and Member of Parliament for Lindsay, Ontario from 1892 to 1921. The Canadian Expeditionary Force, which fought in World War I, was knighted for his services by the Minister of Militia and Defence. His retirement from the Cabinet in 1916 was due to disagreements with his colleagues.Library and Archives Canada has a collection of Sir <mask> and Family. The Canadian Aviation Corps Nickle Resolution was put in place after <mask>' knighthood in

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texts: The baron <mask> was a French military doctor. He was the chief doctor to the French army in Egypt. He studied at the Jesuit college at Alenon and was a lawyer at the Parliament of Rouen. From then on, he followed the course taught at the collge de France for studying medicine with devotion, after studying classics at the Collge Sainte-Barbe. He studied under John Hunter in London and Desbois de Rochefort in France. He traveled to England and Italy several times in order to perfect his skills, where he met many of the most distinguished scholars of the day. Returning to France in the course of 1789, he was made a doctor at Montpellier in the wake of his remarkable thesis.He went to Paris at the height of the political unrest in Italy. After the elimination of the Girondins, he took refuge in Rouen. The events of 1792 and early 1793 caused the whole of Europe to take up arms against France and so, on the advice of his former teacher, he got himself sent as a surgeon to the army. He became one of the top army surgeons through his energy and courage and was attached to the field hospital in March 1793 due to his knowing Italian. He was involved in the reorganisation of French military hospitals during this first campaign. In the Armée d'Italie from 1793 to 1795, he was able to impress Napoleon Bonaparte with his intelligence and cultural awareness. He was made the chief doctor to the Egyptian expedition a few years later.He was attached to the division commanded by Masséna. After Italy, he took up leadership of the hospital at Antibes, which cured all of its patients, and returned to the army, where he became head of the hospital service of the right division. He was made "médecin ordinaire" of the hospital of Val-de-Grce after this expedition, after which he rejoined the active army at Albenga. He became a professor of medical physics a year later. Bonaparte tried to get Desgenettes attached to his army after he had appreciated his merit. In a fit of jealousy, the directeurs kept Desgenettes in Paris, under the pretext that he could be more use to the Republic in a medical school rather than serving with the field hospitals. Desgenettes edited his mémoire during the period of rest.He called on the French government to find a similar institution in Paris after tracing their history and giving details of the magnificent collection at Florence. He frequented the salon after the Revolution. It was painful to say that in his roles as professor, Desgenettes the scholar's only reward for sacrificing his fortune and his own health by indifference and ingratitude was four times. The organisation of this army on the Channel coast was only a cover for Bonaparte's plan to return to Paris after the Treaty of Campo Formio. Desgenettes received an order to be attached to general Bonaparte's army as doctor in chief. Bonaparte invited him to board the Orient after he was made chief physician of the Armée d'Orient. Desgenettes was the physician in chief.The ecology, the diseases and the remedies used by local healers are studied by Antonio Savaresi. Desgenettes wassailed by diseases brought on by the burning heat and lack of water when he was in Egypt. He put in strict preventative measures, including washing both bodies and clothes, and supervision of nutrition. He gained further experience of military medicine as a result of the many cases of smallpox, scurvy, and "fivre de Damiette" he observed here. Desgenettes had to deal with a plague epidemic in the course of the army's march across Syria's desert. He denied the disease's existence and forbade any mention of it. When Bonaparte was forced to raise the siege of the fortress at Saint-Jean-d'Acre on 21 May 1799, he demanded that the medical staff evacuate the wounded and ill and kill the plague cases with opium, but Desgenettes refused to do so.The two men stopped talking about the plague cases from Jaffa. <mask> was made the head doctor of the military training-hospital of Strasbourg at the end of Fructidor year IX. However, due to his new role as professor adjoined to the cole de Médecine de Paris and his need for stability after a punishing campaign, he begged the favour of continuing as doctor to the hospital at Val-de-Grce. On 8 Nivse year X, Napoleon approved this request. Histoire médicale de l'armée d' Orient was published around the start of year XI, after he became a member of theInstitut and an associate member of the Sociétés de médecine of Marseille and Montpellier. He was made inspector-general of the Army Health Service on the day after the First French Empire was proclaimed. In year XIII, he became a member of the commission sent to Tuscany by Napoleon to study the epidemic raging there, and in year XIV, he went to Spain with other French doctors to carry out research.He returned to his duties at Val-de-Grce in January 1806. Several diseases were introduced into the French army as a result of the war. The emperor ordered <mask> to rejoin the grand quartier général, but he stopped caring for his dying son and left with 24 hours. He assisted at the battles of Eylau, Friedland and Wagram when he was chief doctor of the Grande Armée. Napoleon refused to return to private life and devote himself to his family after the peace of Tilsitt. He left Berlin for Paris in May 1808 and returned to Napoleon in October of that year, where he judged <mask>' presence to be necessary. He was made a knight of the empire in 1809 and then a baron in 1810 because of the favours Napoleon gave him but also because he was despairing at the curbs set by his army work on his liberty and independence.He was part of the Russian campaign. During the retreat from Russia on December 10, 1812, he was the only one captured that day that was worth being freed. When Alexander I of Russia heard of the care he had taken of Russian soldiers, he freed him and had him escorted by his Cossack guard to the French forward-lines. He was charged with a secret mission from the viceroy to Napoleon, but was acquitted. He left Paris for a second time in April to return to his job as head-doctor of the Grande Armée. He was trapped in the citadel after the defeat in Germany. A typhus epidemic was raging in the citadel at the time, and he was still holed up there when an imperial decree of 5 October 1813 made him chief-doctor of the Imperial Guard.On the site's capitulation on 2 January 1814, he wished to return to France but was instead held back in Dresden as a prisoner. He was able to return to Paris at the end of May, but the minister had withdrawn his title as chief- doctor to the Guard. He was given a reward for his services at Saint-Jean-d'Acre after he was ejected from his chair of hygiene at the Faculté de médecine de Paris. He was made a knight to make up for the injustice. On his return to Desgenettes, Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult was once again the chief inspector of the health service. Desgenettes was the chief- doctor of the Imperial Guard and assisted at the Battle of Waterloo. He was charged with teaching hygiene at the Faculté de Médecine in Paris and readmitted into the Conseil général de after returning to Paris with the army.When the title was suppressed, he gave up his roles as inspector-general. He was re-admitted in 1830 and elected a member of the Académie des sciences after being re-admitted following student demonstrations. Baron <mask> was the mayor of the 10th arrondissement of Paris until the municipal elections of 1834. The chief doctor of Les Invalides was made on March 2, 1832. The Arc de Triomphe has his name on it. He was a member of the Académie de Caen. <mask> was described as "old, bawdy, very witty and very cynical".Histoire médicale de l'armée d'Orient was selected. Histoire médicale de l'armée d'Orient was published in 1835. The University of Paris alumni include 19th-century French physicians, 18th-century French physicians, French military doctors, and people from Alenon Mayors of Paris.

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texts: <mask> was a Polish economist, historian, and Marxist revolutionary who was active in both Poland and Germany. The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System is a study in Marxian crisis theory. The stock market crash of 1929 happened months before it was published. A Polish-Jewish family in Krakw, Poland, had a prosperous early life and education of their own. His parents made sure that their sons were registered as members of the Jewish community even though they were assimilated into Krakow society. <mask>'s father died at the age of 54. He joined the socialist movement around 1898 and became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Galicia.TheGPSD was led by Ignacy Daszyski and was dominated by Polish nationalists. The Polish nationalist current was strengthened when the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party in Galicia (USPD) became the Polish Social Democratic Party (PPSD) in 1899. The resistance of orthodox Marxists was led by <mask>. He was an active member of the socialist student movement in Ruch, as well as of the two socialist parties in the Kingdom of Poland and the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland. The main figure in the newspaper Zjednoczenie (Unification), which took a line close to the SDKPiL, against the pro-PPS politics of Ruchs main organ, Promie, was censured by the PPSD and its newspaper Nap. During this time, he became involved in the Jewish workers' movement in Krakw. In 1905, he was the founding secretary and theoretician of the JSDP.The JSDP broke with the PPSD over the latter's belief that the Jewish workers should integrate into Polish culture. It was critical of the labour Zionism of the Poale Zion as well as the forms of socialism. The JSDP tried to join the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. Universal speach was one of the things the JSDP was active for. He received his Juris Doctor from the Jagiellonian University. He withdrew from his leadership role in the JSDP at the end of 1908 and went to the University of Vienna to study with Carl Grnberg, a Marxian economic historian. At the end of World War I, <mask> joined the Communist Party of Poland and became an economist.Professor of economics at the Free Polish University in Warsaw from 1922 to 1925. He fled political persecution in 1925. He was invited to join the Marxian Institute for Social Research by his former tutor. Hitler's accession to power in 1933 forced him first to Paris, and then via Britain to New York, where he remained in relative isolation from 1937 until 1949. He took up a professorship in political economy at the University of Leipzig in East Germany in that year. Even though The Law of Accumulation and Breakdown of the Capitalist System was one of the first publications of the Frankfurt School, it was only translated into English in 1979 by Jairus Banaji for the Platform Tendency. There is a recent edition.The final chapter of the German original is missing. A general tendency to cling to the results of Karl Marx's theory was causing a catastrophicisation of Marxian thought. The Law of Accumulation was his attempt to demonstrate that Marxian political economy had been underestimated by its critics and that revolutionary critiques of capitalism were still valid. The logical and mathematical basis of the law of breakdown is set forth in the following demonstration. The meaning of the symbols is constant capital. Variable capital is the initial value after j years. The initial value is vo.The rate of surplus value after j years is written as a percentage of v. The point at which the consumption share of the entrepreneur disappears completely is the point at which the absolute crisis begins. We assume this is a real number if s > av is present. The mass of surplus value S is not enough to ensure the valorisation of c and v. The formula depends on four conditions: The level of organic composition, the number of years, and the absolute crisis. The larger the number of years, the higher this is. The crisis is getting worse.The level of the organic composition of capital is the same as the rate of the constant capital ac. The impact of the variable capital av can be either positive or negative. The rate of surplus value is related to the number of years, so that the breakdown tendency is postponed. If the assumptions were changed, the rate of accretion would be reduced and the pace of accretion would be slowed. The rate of accumulating ac is reduced by the devaluation of the constant capital. Wages are cut so that the rate of capital av is reduced and the rate of surplus value is increased. The rate of accumulation ac is reduced when capital is exported.The four major cases allow us to deduce all the variations that are actually to be found in reality and which impart to the capitalist mode of production. Depressed interest rates, investment capital transferred to unproductive speculation are examples of each. Art objects and housing stock. The state sector bleeds value from taxes. Capital values are destroyed by wars. The reserve army of labour was created to discipline wage claims. He lost his family in the Holocaust.In 1943, his wife and son were murdered. He was nominated for the National Prize for the totality of his scientific achievements in the area of scientific socialism, but did not win. He died after suffering with Parkinson's disease and other health problems. CapitalAccumulationCrisis theory Tendency of the rate of profit to fall Surplus value Organic composition of capital References <mask> <mask> works on political writing. The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and <mask> <mask> was edited by Peter Mclaughlin. There are studies in economic theory before and after Marx Ed.Rick Kuhn is a Trans. O'Callaghan, Birchall, and Kuhn. The Haymarket is in Chicago. Zusammenbruchsprognose und Positivismusverdikt ist das Juergen. Peter Lang wrote a book about the biographie <mask> <mask>s. The Henryk Grossman Internet Archive has external links. A collection of writings."Forgotten treasure: a new biography of Grossman" was written by Chris. The spring of 2007. A review of a biography. James Heartfield wrote "Why Grossman still matters" in the Spiked Review of Books. July 3, 2007. Another review of a biography. "Capital development" is a topic in the Socialist Review.October 2000 A biography of a man. "Economic crisis and socialist revolution: <mask> <mask>'s Law of accumulation, its first critics and his responses" is a preprint version of an essay by Paul Zarembka and Susanne Soederberg. 18–2. There is a discussion of aspects of the Marxist theory of economic crisis. "<mask> Grossman and the recovery of Marxism" is a preprint version of an article. There are contributions to and place in the history of Marxism made by Grossman."<mask> <mask> - Capitalist Expansion and Imperialism" was published in the International Socialist Review. The year ended in November 2007. Understanding globalisation and the current crisis is relevant to <mask>'s analysis. "On <mask> <mask>, A Revolutionary Marxist: An Interview with Rick Kuhn" was published in April 2007. There are other theories of economic crisis in the book. There were writers from Krakw who died in the 1950s.

masks:
Henryk Grossman
Henryk
Grossman
Grossman
Henryk
Grossman
Henryk
Grossmann
Henryk
Grossmann
Henryk
Grossman
Henryk
Henryk
Grossman
Grossman
Henryk
Grossman


texts: <mask> was a leader of the Communist Party of India. He was a member of the upper house for five years from West Bengal. He was re-elected four times. He was born on October 20, 1914 in the Mymensingh District of Bengal Province in British India. His father was a landlord. <mask> plunged into national movement at the age of 16 and never looked back, despite being born in a wealthy family. He remained a life-long bachelor with a single-minded devotion to the country and the communist cause.He passed his F.A. after studying at the renowned Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta and University College London. And B.A. There were exams from the Behrampur detention camp. He was in the same cell for four years as the founder of the Communist Party in Bihar. Soon Bhupesh joined the revolutionary group Anushilan headed by Surendra Mohan Ghose. He was arrested several times for his involvement in the Civil Disobedience movement, and was kept in jail until 1937. He came in contact with the Marxist ideology.<mask> was asked to be sent to England for higher studies by his father, who wanted Bhupesh to keep off politics. <mask> went to England to study law and was called to the Bar from the Middle Temple. He was in contact with the Communist Party of Great Britain and became a communist. He met a lot of communists. <mask> devoted himself full-time to the Communist Party of India after returning to India in 1941. He worked in the underground headquarters of the Communist Party. He was a founding member of the Friends of the Soviet Union.During the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, Bhupesh did a lot of work. The People's Relief Committee was founded by him. He defended the accused in the Tebhaga peasants movement. He defended the workers of Jamshedpur under the Defence of India Rules. During the left sectarian adventurist period of BTR Line of 1948-50, Bhupesh went underground, which caused a lot of damage to the party. He was elected to the West Bengal Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of India in 1947 and was appointed as chairman of the editorial board of the Bengali daily in 1951. He was arrested in 1951 after the government declared the Communist Party illegal.He was elected to the upper house after the party decided to fight elections. He was the longest serving member. He was felicitated on June 22, 1977 on the occasion of the 100th session of theRS. He was associated with the All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation. He was hailed as the hero of the Commonwealth Parliamentary conference after his speech on racism and apartheid. At the third Congress of the Communist Party of India in Madurai, <mask> <mask> was elected to the CC. He was elected to the Polit Buro for the first time.He held the position of central Secre- tariat until his death in 1981. From 1966 to 1981 he was the editor of New Age. He would be hammering away on his editorials and articles on his typewriter on Sundays. Mos- cow wrote the last article on the resolution of the CCCP China meeting. The CC CPC held Mao responsible for the destruction of China in this resolution. <mask> <mask> tried his best to bring about a reconciliation after the split of the Communist Party of India in 1964. His efforts did not work out.<mask> <mask> was a leader of the World Communist movement. He attended a meeting of the International Communist Conference. At the 1957, 1960 and 1969 confer- ences of the World Communist Movement, he was a member of the CPI delegation. He was a member of the delegation that went to Peking in 1959 and met Mao. The World Peace Council was chaired by <mask> <mask>. The last conference he attended was the International Conference of Solidarity with Syria and Palestine Liberation Organisation. Communism is the best form of patriotism according to Bhupeshda demon.He declared on the floor of the House that he did not know of any Communist or trade unionist who was opposed to the Defence of India Bill. He would be putting himself outside the pale of the Communist party and the movement if he went against resolution. He was the symbol of Marxist integration of patriotism and proletarian internationalism. The Harijans, Adivasis, the khet mazdoors, women and others were all champion of rural labour and women. He was able to further their cause both inside and outside Parliament. He was happy when the BMU was formed. <mask> delivered the inaugural address at the second conference of BKMU.He demanded strict implementation of minimum wages, regular employment and legislation to protect the weaker sections and improve their living and working. All the talk about rural development was useless without improving the debate of agricultural workers. In 1975, when the International Women's Year began, he made a speech in Parliament urging the government to take concrete measures to improve the social status and living conditions of the vast majority of women. <mask> was in charge of the sub-committee of the committee on national integration. He said that the process of national inte- gration was hampered by discrimination against Harijans. <mask> used every possible forum to raise his powerful voice in the defence of the democratic set-up of our country. He was the main spokesman for the National integration council for over a decade.He said that the fight against commu- nalism was a matter of survival. He worked out concrete and con- structive proposals to defeat the designs of the forces and preserve secular set up. In case of lack of confidence on the part of minority community in a dis- turbed area, he should be transferred. All officials should be held responsible for the breakdown of communal peace. He had eight books in English, including Freedom and the Second Front, Terror over Bengal, Second Five Year Plan - A critique, and The Big Loot: An Analysis of foreign exploitation in India. <mask> wrote a number of books in Bengali. They show an eloquent testimony to the intellectual height of <mask> <mask>.He said that the Senate should mirror the desires of the people. <mask> <mask> remarked that the United States wants to build a new balance of military power in the region. It should not be assumed that only Pakistan is interested in building up the arms race or that America is just a seller of arms. .... It would not be possible for the US to have their say in this region of South Asia if India were to be brow- beaten, curbed, menaced and threatened. Because they made us a special target, they are once again supplying arms to Pakistan. <mask> <mask> was always sarcastic but never rude, brilliant in his argument but humble, and was in his element when it came to questions pertaining to the cause of the people.He was a champion of the toiling millions and the greatest defender of the poor. He had complete mastery over parliamentary rules and procedures. The supremacy and dignity of the two Houses of Parliament was the most important thing to him. <mask> <mask> was a master of parliamentary techniques, and used all the possible openings to put across his point of view. On major issues like foreign policy, President's address, Finance Bill, Appropriation Bill and discussions on working of ministries, he used to make excellent speeches. It was <mask> <mask> who brought to the notice of the government the policy of not allowing foreign troops to pass through or fly over India for the last six years. He said that a Skymaster belonging to the French Air Force left for China on April 27, 1954.He referred to a report that said that 36 French soldiers lived in the Grand Hotel in Calcutta for a few hours on May 12, 1954. They left at 3.30 a.m. in the early hours of the morning. He was referred to as the "stormy petrel" of the house. <mask> <mask> died in the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. On July 29, 1981 he was operated on for stomach cancer. He died of a heart attack in Moscow. The nation lost one of its most dedicated and eloquent sons with the death of <mask> <mask>.The Communist Party of India has politicians from West Bengal who died in 1981 and 1914.

masks:
Bhupesh Gupta
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Bhupesh
Bhupeshda
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta
Bhupesh
Gupta


texts: <mask> is an American artist who has worked for DC Comics and other companies for over 30 years. In the early 1980s, he worked for Heavy Metal and DC Comics. He collaborated with two other people on "Zenobia" for the June 1983 issue of Heavy Metal. In December 1983, <mask> and Stewart collaborated with Jim McDermott on "Symbiosis" in Heavy Metal. The Green Arrow backup feature was drawn by him. The Saga of the Swamp Thing was illustrated by <mask>. Zirral and other characters were created by <mask> for Omega Men.He has drawn Batman and Doctor Fate. The "Fables & Reflections" and "A Game of You" story arcs were written by him. The Sandman Presents: Taller Tales and a pair of limited series about Thessaly were written by Bill Willingham. Peter Parker: Spider-Man Annual '97 is one of the works by McManus. In an interview, John Rozum, who scripted that issue of Daredevil, said he thought <mask>'s art was great. We didn't work together here, but I would like to work with him again. I had no idea who would draw it.<mask> and I have never spoken to each other. <mask> pays attention to the script, unlike some other artists, and I always write full script. The artwork was a nice match for the story. Some of the titles that he has contributed to include Atomeka Press (A1), Dark Horse Comics (Cheval Noir), Exhibit A Press (Wolff & Byrd: Counselors of the Macabre), First Comics (Grimjack), and Malibu Comics. He worked on Wild Girl with J. H. Williams III, about a 13-year-old girl who discovers that she can communicate with animals. He did an eight-issue run on Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis in 2007. In 2010 and the following year, he illustrated Cinderella: From Fabletown with Love.He was a part of the Fairest in All the Land graphic novel. Mark McKenna, the creator of the Banana Tail children's book series, said that he met <mask> in the DC Comics offices in the late 1980's. The old brain is failing me because I was up at DC Comics to meet with an editor or show samples. I remember <mask> sitting in with the editor who I was about to have a meeting with. <mask> was drawing Swamp Thing and I was happy to see his lively, bouncy and very refreshing art style. We worked together for six months on Doctor Fate until the DC editor moved me to another book. I haven't had any creative contact with <mask> since 1987.We didn't talk much during the time we worked together. I didn't think to call <mask> and work with him on the direction and vision of the book because I was new to the business. There was no contact with <mask> until a comic con. Bob Shaw had an idea that <mask> should work with me. <mask> saw the potential in Banana Tail after seeing Bob Shaw's excitement. In 1987, McManus worked on an animated show. The comic book covers for Tales from the Crypt were illustrated by McManus and Vosburg.The first episode of "The Man Who Was Death" features the McManus Crypt cover. Alan Moore was nominated for the Jack Kirby Award for Best Single Issue. Dark Horse Comics Cheval Noir # 48 was published in 1993 by DC Comics. Legion of Super-Heroes vol. is a sequel to Helmet of Fate: Detective Chimp #1. The Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century #16 was published in 1986. 3 #1, Wildstorm Wild Girl #1–6 and Shadowhawk Gallery #1 were published in 2005.

masks:
Shawn McManus
McManus
McManus
McManus
Shawn McManus
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn McManus
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn
Shawn


texts: <mask> was a professional football player who played in the "Ohio League" before it became a part of the National Football League. Between 1905 and 1916, Parratt played quarterback for the Cleveland Indians and the Franklin Athletic Club of Cleveland. On October 25, 1906, Parratt threw the first legal forward pass in professional football. Parratt was a football player at Case Western Reserve University. He became a three-time All-Ohio college star during his time at Case. He risked his amateur standing by playing professional ball in 1905. Parratt used a nose guard and pretended to be Jimmy Murphy to hide his identity.The Cleveland newspapers revealed that "Murphy" was not real after his first game. <mask> was questioned by the chairman of the Case University Athletic Board. Parratt admitted to breaking the amateur code during the interview. He was barred from any further intercollegiate play. Parratt was a star basketball and baseball player for Case and was removed from those teams as well. The first college football star to be disciplined by his school for moonlighting as a professional football player was <mask>. The other college players denied the charges when questioned.Case cited his leadership on and off the field during the major part of the 1905 football season as the reason why he was awarded the varsity letter. After being stripped of captaincy due to the scandal, he was allowed to coach the college's baseball team. After graduating from Case in 1906, <mask> was offered the head football coaching job at Marietta College, however he turned it down to continue his playing career. In 1909, he was an assistant football coach at Case and also a player for the Blues. After losing his amateur status, Parratt played football for the Lorain Pros for the rest of the 1905 season. In 1906, he was signed by the Massillon Tigers because of his mastery of the forward pass. He became the starting quarterback.The first forward pass in a professional football game may have been thrown by <mask> on October 25, 1906 to Dan "Bullet" Riley in a victory over a combined Benwood-Moundsville team. The first forward pass in pro football by Harry March in his book Pro Football: Its Ups and Downs was wrongly credited to Eddie Wood of the Canton Bulldogs and Latrobe Athletic Association. During the second game of the Ohio League championship, Wood caught a couple of new forward passes. March claimed that the first catches in professional football were made in the championship game. Bullet Riley was the first professional football player to throw a forward pass. Two days later, a second recorded pass was thrown to Clark Schrontz. The Ohio League champion was determined by the second and deciding game of the series, in which <mask> caught two picks.The public stopped watching pro football in Ohio for several years because of rumors of a betting fix. The scandal broke and many of the top players left Ohio. The local sandlotters were the only ones left to pick up the pieces. Since Parratt was not involved in the scandal, he continued to play for Massillon, now renamed the "Massillon All-Stars" for 1907, however he soon learned that he could make more money playing with the Franklin Athletic Club, which was untouched by the scandal. Parratt played in a few games for the Franklin A.C. He was an official at professional football games in the Cleveland-area. The place where Parratt made his professional debut in 1905 is now known as the Shelby Blues.He became the owner of the franchise after helping to organize and financially back the team. He helped the team recruit players and became a player-coach. In his first year with the Blues, the team finished in a tie with the Indians for state honors. The Indians defeated the Blues 13-9 in 1909 to win the title. Parratt recruited heavily to put together a contender for the 1910 season. Several well-known Ohio college graduates were signed and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The plan worked and the Blues won the 1910 Ohio title.The Ohio League title was forfeited because Parratt used the same plan for the upcoming season. The title game was to be between the Blues and the Canton Professionals. The title game was forfeited by Canton because of a dispute over an incorrect call. According to reports, Parratt was willing to compromise with Canton over the official's call, however Canton captain Harry Turner was so upset that he called his team off the field and refused to continue the game. Turner said he would give up football because of the call. Turner returned to play for Canton for the next three years because he wanted to beat Parratt. Parratt moved to Akron before the 1912 season.He realized that he could make more money in the larger football market that Akron could provide. He wanted to change the team name from the "Akron" Indians to "Parratt's" Indians. The Indians split their series withShelby and then defeated Canton twice, 14-7 and 19-7. They were defeated by Elyria, who went on to win the Ohio championship. A group of former Blues formed a team in Elyria. Most of Elyria's 1912 championship team was added to his roster the following season. The Indians beat both of them.They were able to tie the Canton Pros. During the Indians championship game against Shelby, the Blues loaded their team with famous players from big Eastern schools and supported them with a payroll of $700 for one game. The game was canceled due to the weather. The Indians were prepared with newly recruited talent that was viewed as superior to that of Shelbys after the Blues returned to Akron. The Indians won the Ohio title with a 20-0 score. For his 1914 recruiting efforts, Parratt signed the usual big names players, which consisted of a lineup that changed from week to week, with just enough stars on hand to guarantee a win. Several former Notre Dame stars, including the legendary Knute Rockne, were employed by him in 1914.Ed Kagy, Dwight Wertz, Homer Davidson, Dutch Powell, Frank Nesser, and "Fat" Waldsmith are some of the Ohio collegiate stars. The left side of the Indian line was from Notre Dame. The team dominated the Ohio League, however they lost to Canton in the final game of the season. The game was memorable not because of Canton's win, but because of the death of Harry Turner, who had fostered a need to beat Parratt at football, when he broke his spine during a tackle on Joe Collins. Turner's death was the first fatal accident of a major professional football team in Ohio. Turner whispered, "I know I must go, but I'm satisfied for we beat Parratt!" according to Canton manager Jack Cusack. The 1914 title was claimed by a mourning Canton team.The owners of the Massillon Tigers took away many of Parratt's star players in order to avoid a title in 1915. Jim Thorpe was signed to the renamed Canton Bulldog team by the Canton manager. Most of Parratt's team was made up of sandlotters. After the disastrous 1915 season, Parratt returned to Cleveland, where he took some of his former players and a few ex-collegians into a respectable team which he named the Cleveland Tigers. The 1916 Tigers had a winning record despite falling to the Bulldogs and splitting a two-game series with the Panhandles. The last professional football game that Parratt played was on October 22, 1916. When anyone tried to establish a concrete football league, Parratt's name was always brought up.The birth of the National Football League happened because of the meetings set-up by Ralph Hay. He reappeared on the football scene on August 1, 1925, in Chicago. <mask> was appointed to two of the NFL's most important committees a few months later. A seven-member panel was charged with redrafting the NFL constitution and by-laws. A three-man committee met with theICA in New York City. George Halas and Dr. Harry March were part of the panel. He achieved some notability at tournaments in the later days of auction and the early days of contract bridge.Death Parratt was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. American football executives, Case Western Spartans football players, Case Western Spartans football coaches, Case Western Spartans baseball players, Case Western Spartans men's players, Case Western Spartans men's players, Case Western Spartans men's players, Case Western Spartans men's players, Case Western Spartans men

masks:
George Parratt
Parratt
Parratt
Parratt
Parratt
Parratt
Parratt


texts: <mask> was a U.S. Representative from October 11, 1932 to May 12, 1859. A senator from Michigan. <mask> chaired the Senate hearings into the Titanic disaster. The audience was somewhat amused at his questions, which appeared to reveal great knowledge of the shipping world, though he claimed he was wanting simple answers for the benefit of the public. Major reforms in maritime safety were led by his report. <mask> was born in Dowagiac, Michigan and attended the common schools. He was a newsboy and messenger boy in Grand Rapids when he moved with his parents in 1872.He was appointed a page in the Michigan House of Representatives in 1879. He was admitted to the bar after studying law in the office of Burch & Montgomery. Mr. <mask> was associated with Fredrick W. Stevens. The firm became Smiley, Smith & Stevens. He was general counsel of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway. Mr. <mask> became an expert on finance and railroad law. He was assistant secretary of the Michigan Senate in 1884 and the State Game Warden from 1887 to 1891.He was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. <mask> was elected as a Republican from the Michigan's 5th congressional district to the 54th United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1895, until his resignation, effective February 9, 1907, having been elected to the U.S. Senate. <mask> chaired the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department in the 56th Congress and the Committee on Pacific Railroads in the 57th and 58th Congresses. While Chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads, <mask> was a leading advocate for universal safety standards on railroads, attracting the ire of many of the country's railroad executives. <mask> was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican on January 15, 1907. The death of Russell A. Alger caused him to be elected to fill the seat on February 6, 1907. He served from February 9, 1907 to March 4, 1919.He did not run for re-election in 1918. <mask> chaired the Committee on Canadian Relations in the 61st Congress, the Committee on Territories in the 62nd Congress, and the Select Committee to Examine Branches of the Civil Service in the 63rd and 65th Congresses. <mask> chaired Senate hearings after the Titanic sank in the North Atlantic with more than 1,500 lives lost. Dramatic testimony was heard from the surviving passengers and crew. On May 28, <mask>'s subcommittee issued a report that led to reforms in international maritime safety. <mask> was called "Watertight <mask>" by the British press for asking if the ship's watertight compartments were meant to shelter passengers. <mask> toured Titanic's sister ship, the RMS Olympic, but was aware that the general public might not like what they saw.Other questions were meant to make the officers and crew answer in simple terms and not use technical jargon. David Garrison voiced him in a 1999 TV documentary about the senate hearings. <mask> built the Grand Rapids, Kalkaska and Southeastern Railroad in Michigan in 1897 and became the owner of the Lowell and Hastings Railroad in 1900. He received a degree from the college in 1901. The Graham and Morton Steamship Line, the largest operator of steamboats from Chicago to various Lake Michigan ports, was owned by him. <mask> died in Grand Rapids and is buried in a cemetery there. Robert Pelham Jr., a Federal employee and civil rights activist, was arrested in 1909 for gathering information from witnesses after a black woman was beaten by a white police officer.The man was acquitted in the case. The Michigan community is named after him. Nancy Alice "Nana" Osterhout was married to Mr. <mask> on October 21, 1886. <mask> <mask>, Jr. died at the age of 27. The second Disabled American Veterans chapter was founded in Kentwood, Michigan. The younger <mask> was married to the daughter of a Detroit couple. <mask>, III, the son of this couple, died in San Diego, California at the age of 52.They are buried in the family mausoleum. The Titanic: End of a Dream was written by Wyn Craig. The senator and the ship. Michigan History 63 was published in November/December 1979. Tom Kuntz. Hearings about the Titanic disaster. Pocket in 1998.The account of Senate hearings on the sinking of the Titanic was published in a third volume. The members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan were in the 1916 United States presidential election.

masks:
William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William Alden
Smith
Smith
William Alden