texts: The monarch of Korea from 1864 to 1907 was <mask>. He was the last King of Joseon from 1865 to 1897 and the first Emperor of Korea from 1897 to 1907. He was known as the Emperor Gwangmu. <mask> was born in the province of Hanseong. He was a descendant of Yi Ha-eung. It was almost impossible for <mask> to become king since he was so far away. The Joseon throne was taken by <mask> when he was twelve years old.<mask>'s father ruled as a regent for him until he reached adulthood. Since he wanted to rule the country, Gojong had conflicts with his father. The persecution of native and foreign Catholics was one of the reasons why the French invaded Korea in 1871. The Gyeongbok Palace, the seat of royal authority, was restored in the early years of the Daewongun's rule. The power wielded by the Andong Kim clan in particular was dismantled during the Daewongun's reign due to Joseon factional politics. Gojong assumed direct royal rule in 1873. With the retirement of the Heungseon Daewongun, <mask>'s consort, Queen Min, gained complete control over the court, filling senior court positions with members of her family.The man who was exiled from court was angered by this. The members of the Southerner group plotted a coup. The First Sino-Japanese War took place during the 19th century due to external pressures and treaties. The war was fought on the Korean peninsula. After acquiring Western military technology, Japan secured a victory against Joseon forces in Ganghwa Island, forcing Joseon to sign the Treaty of Ganghwa in 1876. Korea was invaded by Japan in order to find fish, iron Ore, and other natural resources. The beginning of Japanese Imperial expansion in East Asia was preceded by the establishment of a strong economic presence in the peninsula.<mask> had an antipathy to the Japanese Empire. The French campaign against Korea of 1866, the United States expedition to Korea in 1871, and the Ganghwa Island incident put pressure on many of Joseon's officials. The Treaty of Ganghwa gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea and forced the Korean government to open three ports to Japanese and foreign trade. Korea became easy prey for imperialistic powers when it signed the treaty, paving the way for Japan's annexation. Imo Rebellion and Gapsin Coup King <mask> relied on a paid army with rifles. The old army did not receive a salary for 13 months. The tattered army was finally paid one month's salary and the old army sparked a riot.The Chinese troops kidnapped the Daewongun and took him to China, foiling his return to power. The Daewongun came back to Korea four years later. During the Imo incident when Queen Min was taking refuge in her relative's villa, Lady Seon-yeong of the Yeongwol Eom clan showed extreme devotion towards King <mask>. She was promoted to the rank of Jimil Sanggung, 5th senior rank of Women of the Internal Court. Lady Seon-yeong was thrown out of the royal palace by Queen Min after she discovered the court lady was wearing <mask>'s clothing. Lady Seon-yeong was demoted. Five revolutionaries attempted a coup d'état on December 4, 1884, by leading a small anti-old minister army to detain King <mask> and Queen Min.The Gapsin Coup didn't work after 3 days. Kim Okgyun was one of the leaders who fled to Japan. The Joseon Dynasty was challenged by Peasant revolts andWidespread poverty. Many of the populace lived in run-down shanties lined with dirt roads. Many notable peasant revolts in the 19th century were caused by famine, poverty, crushing taxes, and corruption among the ruling class. The revolt in the Pyeongan Province was suppressed by King <mask>'s predecessors. The Donghak Peasant Revolution took hold as an anti-government, anti-yangban, and anti-foreign campaign.The tax system implemented by Queen Min was one of the main causes of the revolution. Chinese and Japanese were brought by <mask> to destroy the revolution. Yi Jun-yong was involved in the assassination of <mask>. The revolution failed because the plot was leaked. The Gabo Reform addressed many of the peasants' grievances after the revolution failed. The abolition of the slave system was one of the biggest reforms of 1894. Queen Min was assassinated by Japanese agents in 1895.The plot against her was orchestrated by the Japanese minister. The Queen was killed in the palace when a group of Japanese agents entered under guard by Korean troops sympathetic to the Japanese. The Queen was considering turning to Russia or China for help against the Japanese in Korea. In 1895 Japan won the First Sino-Japanese War and gained influence over the Korean government. Korean anti-Japanese sentiment was stirred by the Gabo reforms and the assassination of the Queen. <mask> turned to Russia as an ally when he signed the Russia–Korea Treaty in 1884. He sent many people to Russia.Over 60 righteous armies were formed by Confucian scholars and farmers to fight for Korean freedom. The armies were succeeded by various Korean independence movements. Anti-Japanese politicians were either killed or fled for their lives after the Chun Sang Door incident in 1895, as the Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation grew. The need for refuge was perceived by <mask>. The Korea royal refuge at the Russian legation was established in 1896 after King <mask> and his crown prince fled from the Gyeongbokgung. After Queen Min's death, Lady Seon-yeong re-entered the palace as Eom Gwi-in and lived with <mask> and the crown prince in the Russian legation where she gave birth to Crown Prince Euimin. She was given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon of the Yeongwol Eom clan after changing her status to Sunbin and Sunbi.As the Japanese Empire continued to meddle in Korean state affairs, <mask> tried to ally with Russia by sending officials including Min Young-hwan to the coronation of Nicholas II of Russia. King <mask> returned to Gyeongungung (modern-day Deoksugung) in 1897 due to rising pressure from overseas and the demands of the Independence Association-led public opinion. He declared himself emperor, changed the country's name to the Great Korean Empire, and declared a new era name. Korea had acknowledged its subordination to the Qing empire since the fall of the Ming Dynasty. He was crowned emperor in Wongudan after taking the title of Gwangmu Emperor. The end of the traditional Chinese system in the Far East was marked by this. After declaring Korea an empire, Gojong implemented the "full and complete" independence of Korea, which was recognized in 1895.The Korean Empire remained an absolute monarchy despite the fact that he established the Independence Club to establish a constitutional monarchy. The relationship between father and son had broken down irretrievably when Emperor Gwangmu refused to attend the funeral of his father. The emperor's cries could be heard when he looked over the palace wall. Lee Jun-yong and Korean refugees created a movement to stop <mask> from elevating Imperial Noble Consort Sunheon to the position of Emperor. They succeeded in blocking her accession, but she was able to convince the emperor to choose her adoptive granddaughter as wife for the Crown Prince as a reward for the help she received from him during her banishment. The Korean Empire was proclaimed in 1897 to justify the end of the country's alliance with China. He tried to promote the idea of modernizing and industrializing the new empire.The emperor was the target of a failed assassination attempt in 1898. Kim lost his political power when the king took refuge at the Russian legation and tried to poison the coffee of the emperor and prince. He came back from Russia in the next year. The country was a Constitutional monarchy until 1897. He listened to what the independence club had to say. <mask> maintained the absolute monarchy when Independence Club became an anti-government organization. <mask> used to say that he was helping the Russian Empire, but later declared that he was neutral.The military activity of Empire of Japan was agreed to by Gojong when the war began. The Japanese army made peasants refugees. Hirobumi gave him 300,000 dollars. The Japan was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Korean Charge d'Affaires Yi Han-eung in London tried to get support from the UK to keep Korea independent during the war. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance had common interests with Japan and the British Foreign Office ignored his request. Gojong mourned the death of Yi Han-eung, who took his own life in 1905 as a protest.The Treaty of 1905 was between Korea and Japan. <mask> did not agree with signing the treaty. Some people agreed to sign. The Imperial Japanese Army marched near his palace because the Korean government didn't have a clear decision. Hirobumi met 8 ministers of the Korean Empire. 3 of them were against the treaty. The 5 ministers that agreed with the treaty were met by it.5 of them signed the treaty. The five ministers are referred to as Five Eulsa traitors. <mask> got a bribe of 20,000 Won from Japan before he signed the treaty. He had to appoint pro-Japanese officials as high-ranking officials because of this. It is questionable if he really got a bribe. The section of <mask> and Sunjong of Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty was written by Japanese officials. <mask> sent representatives to the Peace Convention of 1907 to try to re-assert his sovereignty over Korea after it was stripped of its rights as an independent nation.The Korean representatives did not give up despite being blocked by the Japanese delegates. <mask> disagreed with the treaties whenever he had a chance. If he is murdered, <mask> told the Korean representatives to only care about the sovereignty of Korea. He tried to get Nicholas II to help the representatives of Korea. The Empire of Japan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland interrupted this. When <mask>'s acts were revealed by Japanese, they tried to remove him. <mask> was removed on July 20, 1907.Sunjong succeeded his father to the throne. The kingdom of Joseon was annexed by the Japanese in 1910. The emperor was confined to Deoksu Palace after abdication. The Empire of Korea was annexed by Japan on August 22, 1910. In the treaty, <mask> lost his title as a former emperor, but he received a new title, "King Emeritus Yi of Deoksu", and was recognized as a member of the imperial family of Japan. <mask> died suddenly at Deoksugung Palace at the age of 66. There is a lot of speculation that he was killed by a poison administered by Japanese officials, an idea that gained wide circulation and acceptance at the time of his death.The March First movement for Korean independence was sparked by his death. He is buried with his wife in the imperial tomb of Hongneung. Father Yi Ha-Eung, King Heungseon was born in December 1820 and died in February 1898. It was portrayed by Kim Young-min in The Sword with No Name. In the 2010 SBS TV series Jejungwon, Portrayed by Choi Jong-hwan. Portrayed by Park Hee-soon. Lee Min-woo played the role of Gunman in Joseon.The Map Against The World was directed by Park Min-sang. It was portrayed by Baek Yoonsik in The Last Princess. In the tvN TV series Mr. Sunshine, there were depictions of Kang Yi-seok and Lee Seung-joon. <mask> was a big fan of billiards and coffee. He would stay up until 2 to 3 in the morning playing billiards. Kim Hong Ryuk wanted to kill himself by poisoning his coffee. The List of Roles Head of State and Government deposed by foreign power in the 20th and 21st century can be found here.

masks: Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong Gojong


type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> is an American competition swimmer who specializes in backstroke and individual medley events. She qualified for her third Olympic team by placing second in the 400m individual medley at the US Olympic Swimming Trials. She has won nine medals in major international competition, including four gold, one silver, and four bronze. The swimmer placed fifth and fourth in the world at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She won two medals at the 2012 Summer Olympics, one silver and one bronze. She was the first woman to ever swim to Block Island. The swim raised money for cancer research.SPIRE Institute and Academy signed a swimming ambassador in August 2020. Caeleb Dressel will be representing the school. The goal of the partnership with SPIRE and the ambassadors is to emphasize the development of peak performance in athletics, academics, character and life. The daughter of Ted and Joan was born in 1992. In 2010 she graduated from North Kingstown High School. She was a member of the Bluefish Swim Club from the age of 12 through high school. She joined the U.S. national swim team when she was 13 years old.Warren William Krech was the "King of Pre-code Hollywood" and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He was a member of the Screen Actors Guild. During her time at the University of Florida, she was a member of the swimming and diving team and competed in the NCAA competition. She was the SEC Female Swimmer of the Year in 2012 and won nine SEC individual titles. The Lady Gators had a seventh, tenth, sixth and sixth-place finish at the NCAA national championships, as a result of winning the 200 yard backstroke and 400 yard individual medley. She earned first-team Academic All-America recognition and received eighteen All-American honors. At the age of 14, he competed in the World Championships.She placed twelfth in the 200 meter backstroke in the semi-finals. At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Trials, she finished second to Hoff in the 400 meter individual medley with a time of 4:32.87. Hoff set a world record in that race. Margaret Hoelzer set a world record in the 200 meter backstroke. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, he was the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic swim team. The best time in the preliminaries was 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 She had the second fastest time in the semi-finals of the 200 backstroke.At the National Championships, he competed in four individual events and qualified to swim in two finals. Julia Smit finished second in the 400 meter individual medley with a time of 888-492-0. In the backstroke, he finished first with a time of 2:08.80. Margaret Hoelzer won the silver medal in Beijing. She finished third in the final of the 200 backstroke with a time of 2:06.39, just missing Hoelzer's American record. In the individual medley final, he placed fifth. At the 2010 National Championships, he competed in two events.The defending national champion fell to fourth place. She successfully defended her national title in the 200 meter backstroke, finishing first with a time of PukiWikiPukiWiki. At the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, he won two gold medals. Her first gold medal was in the 400 meter individual medley, in which she finished first. The gold medal was three seconds faster than the second-place finish. She won her second gold medal in the 200 backstroke with a time of 2:07.83. The 200 meter backstroke and the 400 meter individual medley were two of the events that Beisel competed in.After finishing third in both the heats and semi-finals of the 200 meter backstroke, Beisel finished fifth in the final with a time of 2:08.16. She won the gold in the 400 individual medley in a time of 4:31.78. The top time was posted in the heats. Her nearest competitor was two seconds behind. This was the first individual title of his career. At the 2012 U.S. Olympic trials, she placed first in the women's 400 meter individual medley. In the final, he posted a personal best time of 4:31.74, finishing more than two seconds ahead of his teammate.She qualified for the 200 backstroke by placing second with a time of 2:07.58. In the 400 meter freestyle, she placed fifth in a time of 4:07.29. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he posted a time in the preliminaries of the 400 meter individual medley. She received a silver medal for finishing second behind China's Ye Shiwen in the finals with a time of 4:31.27. She won a bronze medal in the 200 meter backstroke with a time of 2:06.55, behind American Missy Franklin and Russian Anastasia Zuyeva. At the 2016 U.S. Olympic Trials, she qualified for her 3rd Olympic team in the women's 400 meter individual medley. Maya Dirado won the event with a                       .He finished sixth in the final of the 400 individual medley with a time of 888-492-0. SPIRE Institute and Academy signed a swimming ambassador in August 2020. She will lead and instruct classes as an ambassador. The 39th season of the CBS series Survivor featured a contestant. She was a contestant on the show. She placed ninth after a blindside. She was a member of the jury at the Final Tribal Council and voted for Dean Kowalski.She used false accusations of sexual harassment to further her game and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The backlash she received after the show aired made her apologize insincere. Personal bests over a long course. <mask> has become very involved in the LEAD Sports Summit since retiring from swimming. She is currently an active member of this organization. LEAD is a yearly summit that connects young female athletes with Olympic champions and experts. There is a list of University of Florida alumni who won medals in swimming at the Olympics.There is a silver lining. The United States, Nico 11 Publishing & Design, January 22, 2020.

masks:
Elizabeth Lyon Beisel
Elizabeth


texts: The Cincinnati Reds and two Washington, D.C. teams had a center fielder named "<mask>" <mask> who played for them from 1889 to 1901. Hoy is credited by some sources with causing the establishment of signals for safe and out calls. He held the MLB record for games in center field (1,726) from 1889 to 1902, set records for career putouts (3,958) and total chances (4,625) as an outfielder, and retired among the leaders in outfield games (2nd; 1,795), assists (7th; He was an excellent baserunner, scoring over 100 runs nine times and finishing among the top base stealers. He has played in four different Major Leagues. When Billy Hamilton retired, he ended his career ranking eighth in career games played and second in MLB history with 1,006 career walks. Hoy was born in the small town of Houcktown, Ohio.He was the valedictorian of the class at the Ohio State School for the Deaf. He opened a shoe repair store in his hometown and played baseball on weekends, earning a professional contract in with a team managed by Frank Selee. Hoy was the third deafness player in the major leagues, after pitcher Ed Dundon and pitcher Tom Lynch. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Hoy was able to play shallow because of his speed. On June 19, 1889, he set an MLB record by throwing out three runners at home plate in a single game, with the catcher recording the outs.<mask> and Mack joined the Buffalo Bisons of the Players' League in 1890, after which Hoy returned to the AA with the St. Louis Browns under player-manager Charles Comiskey for the league's final season. He was traded to the Reds in 1893 after two years with the Washington Senators of the National League. In his two seasons with the Louisville Colonels, Hoy hit.302 and.300, breaking the Major League record of 1459 games held by Mike Griffin. Hoy stayed with the team when the American League achieved major league status in 1901, helping them to the league's first pennant. He played in the Pacific Coast League for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1903 and broke Brown's record for career total chances in the outfielders. Hoy got two hits against <mask> Taylor of the New York Giants in the first faceoff between deaf players in the Major Leagues. Hoy retired with a.288 batting average,  2048 hits, 1429 runs,                      ,      ,   ,, After the statistic was redefined to its present meaning in 1898, he had 488 stolen bases. In MLB history, his 1795 games in the outfield were second to Jimmy Ryan. In 1905, Jesse Burkett broke his MLB record for career putouts, and in 1909, he topped his career total chances record. Tris Speaker broke his record for career center field games in 1920. In Hoy's time, the word "dumb" was used to describe someone who could not speak, rather than someone who was stupid; but since the ability to speak was often connected to one's intelligence, the epithets "dumb" and "dummy" became interchangeable. Hoy referred to himself as Dummy when he corrected people who called him William. He was said to have been one of the most intelligent players of his time, and is sometimes credited with developing the hand signals used by umpires to this day, though this view is widely disputed.No articles printed during <mask>'s lifetime have supported the idea that he influenced the creation of signals. There is a movement to support his election to the Baseball Hall of Fame due to the possibility that he may have played a role in the use of signals. <mask>, his wife Anna Maria, and their six children, including a judge and a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, operated a dairy farm outside Cincinnati after <mask> retired. <mask> Helms is the founder of the Helms Athletic Foundation. During World War I, <mask> worked as an executive with the company. He was the first athlete to be elected to the American Athletic Association of the Deaf Hall of Fame. At the age of 99, just two months before his death in Cincinnati, the Reds brought him back to the site of his former home field to throw out the first ball in the World Series.If he didn't hear the applause, he could see it. His remains were scattered at a park in Cincinnati after he died. <mask> was the longest-lived former MLB player when he died at the age of 99. Miller became the first ex-major leaguer to reach the age of 100 in 1973. 13 former big league ballplayers have become centenarians, including the oldest one, who died in 1998. <mask> <mask> was the last survivor of the American Association and the Players' League. The William "<mask>" <mask> baseball field was named after him.He was a member of the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame. Hoy was in the Shrine of the Eternals in 2004. The William "Dummy" Hoy Classic is a baseball game held every two years in Rochester, New York, between members of the Rochester Recreation Club of the Deaf and the Buffalo, New York Club of the Blind. <mask> Hoy: A Deaf Hero was aired on the Documentary Channel in 2008. The highlights of Hoy's life and contributions to baseball were chronicled in a documentary that used photographs of Hoy and actors to recreate certain events. Nancy Churnin wrote The William Hoy Story: How a Deaf Baseball Player Changed the Game, a children's picture book. Bill Wise wrote "Silent Star: The Story of Deaf Major Leaguer <mask>".The Silent Natural tells the story of <mask>, who is played by Miles Barbee, who is blind. The Little-Known Heroes: William '<mask>' Hoy is a children's picture book. Sandy, Steve; Miller, Richard. "No Dummy: William Hoy." March–April 2000 pp. 48–54. The biography and career highlights of <mask> Hoy can be found at BaseballLibrary.

masks:
Dummy
Hoy
Hoy
Dummy
Hoy
Hoy
Hoy
Paul Hoy
Hoy
Hoy
Dummy
Hoy
Dummy
Hoy
Dummy
William Hoy
Hoy
Dummy
Dummy


texts: The civil rights activist who led the legal battle to recognize U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans living in Hawaii was named <mask>. The island of Puerto Rico was still a Spanish possession when <mask> was born. He was a native of Puerto Rico. The United States annexed Puerto Rico in 1898 after Spain lost its last colony in the western hemisphere. The United States established a military government that was both head of the army of occupation and administrator of civil affairs. The United States began the process of Americanization in Puerto Rico. The U.S. occupation changed Puerto Rico's economy and polity but did not apply democratic principles to their colony.The protections of the United States Constitution, including the right of citizenship, did not apply to Puerto Rico because the island was not part of the U.S. Even though Puerto Rico was a part of the United States, Snchez was not a US citizen. On August 8, 1899, a Hurricane with winds of over 100 miles per hour hit Puerto Rico. The floods caused by 28 days of rain left 3,400 dead and thousands of people without shelter, food or work. There was a shortage of sugar from the Caribbean in the world market and a huge demand for the product from Hawaii and other sugar producing countries. Plantation owners from Hawaii started a campaign to find workers in Puerto Rico. The first group of Puerto Ricans began their journey to Hawaii on November 22, 1900.The trip was not pleasant. They sailed from San Juan to New Orleans. They were sent to Port Los Angeles, California after boarding a train in New Orleans. They set sail from Brazil to Hawaii. According to the "Los Angeles Times" dated December 26, 1901, the Puerto Ricans were mistreated by the railroad company. They arrived in Honolulu on December 23, 1900, and were sent to work in different plantations on Hawaii's four islands. By October 17, 1901, 5,000 Puerto Rican men, women and children had moved to the four islands.There were 1,773 Puerto Ricans on the payroll of 34 plantations in 1901, of which 1,734 were field hands and 39 were overseers. Living accommodations were dependent on their jobs and race. Europeans were given better living quarters. The majority of the workers moved from plantation to plantation because they didn't like the work they did and because of the discrimination. When <mask> Snchez was 12 years old, his father died. The Foraker Act established the territorial status of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rican citizenship. Puerto Ricans did not have the same rights as citizens of the United States, even though the island was governed by that nation.In 1901, he moved to Hawaii with his mother because of his family's financial situation. He worked as a court interpreter and became proficient in both English and Spanish. The Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 granted U.S. citizenship to the residents of Puerto Rico at the same time that the U.S. entered World War I. Puerto Ricans in Hawaii were assigned draft numbers along with citizens. Plantation owners found territorial status convenient and were able to import cheap labor from Puerto Rico and Asia. Immigration was not allowed in other states of the Union. In 1917, Puerto Ricans in the island tried to register to vote in a local Hawaiian election, but were denied their rights by David Kalauokalani.The civil rights of his fellow countrymen were viewed as a violation by <mask> Snchez. He told his fellow Puerto Ricans that if they weren't allowed to vote, they shouldn't answer the draft call. The lower court ruled in favor of the county clerk after the mandamus suit was brought by Snchez, who claimed that all Puerto Ricans were United States citizens and entitled to the civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. Two lawyers were hired by Snchez. The case was presented to the Territorial Supreme Court. There is a case known as "In the Matter of thePetition of ManUEL OLIVIERI SANCHEZ FOR A WRIT OF MANDAMUS AGAINST DAVID KALAUOKALANI". The lower court's decision was reversed by 1024.The Territorial Supreme Court recognized that all Puerto Ricans in Hawaii were citizens of the United States and were entitled to all rights of citizenship. The struggle against discrimination was not welcomed by the members of the group. false rumors began to circulate in 1930. At the same time they had the "Honolulu Star Bullentin" and other local newspapers that ran anti-Puerto Rican stories, they planned to recruit laborers in Puerto Rico. In a Dec. 1931 letter to the editor of the "Hawaiian Advertiser," <mask> Snchez wrote that he saw all of the rhetoric as a tactic by the HSPA to push the different ethnic groups in the local labor force back to work on the plantations. The Johnson Immigration Act of 1924 was requested by California in order to prevent the migration of Filipinos and Japanese nationals to the U.S. The association was unwilling to import Puerto Ricans to Hawaii according to the secretary treasurer.Puerto Ricans of Hawaii were condemned by his defamation of Puerto Ricans. Hawaii was exempt from the stern anti-immigration laws of the time despite the efforts of <mask> Snchez. The descendants of the original immigrant laborers broke the power of the plantation owners. They gained full local voting rights because they were born in an incorporated United States territory and were legal American citizens. On July 13, 1961, Snchez died at St. Francis Hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. The United States citizenship was granted to the citizens of Puerto Rico by way of the Jones Act of 1917 and was extended to the Puerto Ricans living there. Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent have immigration to Puerto Rico and Hawaii.

masks:
Manuel Olivieri Snchez
Olivieri Snchez
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri
Olivieri


texts: gedei was the third son of <mask> and the second khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the invasions of Europe and China. He participated in many conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia. The third son of <mask> was gedei. He was involved in his father's rise. When gedei was 17 years old, <mask> lost the battle against the army of Jamukha. gedei lost his life on the battlefield.His brother and companion saved him. He was already married when his father gave him Tregene. The addition of such a wife was common in the culture. The Jalayir, Besud, and Khongqatan clans were given to Genghis after he was proclaimed Emperor. gedei's territory was occupied by two rivers. Ilugei, the commander of the Jalayir, became gedei's tutor according to his father's wish. The Jin dynasty was defeated in November 1211 by gedei and his brothers.He was sent to destroy the land in the north and south. The Jin garrison was driven out of the Ordos by gedei's force. gedei and Chagatai massacred the residents of Otrar after a five-month siege in 1219 and joined Jochi who was outside the walls of Urganch. gedei was appointed by Genghis <mask> to oversee the siege of Urganch because Jochi and Chagatai were arguing over the military strategy. The city was captured in 1221. The rebellion broke out in southeast Persia and Afghanistan. The Khwarezmid Empire was invaded by Genghis <mask> in 1219.They agreed that gedei would be the heir after the brawl between Jochi and Chagatai. The decision was confirmed by Genghis. Jochi died a year or two earlier than Genghis <mask>. The regency was held by gedei's younger brother. gedei was elected supreme khan in 1229, after Genghis' death, although this was never really in doubt as it was Genghis' wish that he be succeeded by. gedei was proclaimed the Khagan of the Mongols on 13 September 1229. Chagatai supported his brother's claim.gedei was seen by Genghis <mask> as generous and courteous. His charisma helped keep the Empire on his father's path. The affairs of the Mongol Empire remained stable thanks to the organization left behind by Genghis <mask> and the personality of gedei. gedei made some mistakes, but he was a pragmatic man. gedei did not believe that he was his father's equal as a military commander or organizer. According to Persian chroniclers, gedei ordered the rape of four thousand Oirat girls over the age of seven, despite reports of his charisma. The girls were given to caravan hostels throughout the empire for use as prostitutes.The Oirat and their lands were taken over by gedei's sister after she died. After destroying the Khwarazmian empire, Genghis <mask> was free to move against Western Xia. In 1226, the last of the Khwarizm monarchs, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, returned to Persia to revive the empire lost by his father, Muhammad al-Din II. The forces that were sent against him were defeated. The army that marched against Jalal al-Din scored a pyrrhic victory but was unable to follow it up. Chormaqan qorchi left Bukhara at the head of 30,000 to 50,000 troops with the consent of gedei. Two bases of Khwarazmian support were occupied by him.Chormaqan passed through quickly after crossing the Amu Darya River. He left a large contingent behind under the command of Dayir Baghatur, who had instructions to invade western Afghanistan. The majority of Chormaqan's army entered Tabaristan in the autumn of 1230 in order to avoid the mountainous area to the south. Chormaqan dispatched his armies to the rest of northern Persia after he reached the city of Rey. He captured the cities of Qum and Hamadan in 1231. He sent armies into the regions of Fars and Kirman, which were quickly submitted by their rulers. Dayir Baghatur was able to achieve his goals in Afghanistan.Jalal al-Din was exiled to Transcaucasia after the Mongols took control of Persia. All of Persia was added to the empire. The fall of the Jin dynasty happened at the end of 1230 after the Jin's unexpected defeat of Doqolqu cherbi. They attacked the Jin's rear in South China after passing the summer in the north. The Jin Emperor was besieged in his capital. The final conquest was left to his generals by gedei. The Jin was destroyed by the Mongols with the help of the Song dynasty.After a viceroy of the Song murdered a Mongol ambassador, the Song armies regained control of the former imperial capitals. In addition to the war with the Jin dynasty, gedei crushed the Eastern Xia founded by Puxian Wannu in 1233 in southern Manchuria. In 1237, gedei subdued the Water Tatars in the northern part of the region. The Mongols returned to the Caucasus in 1232. The walls of Ganjak were hit by a catapult and battering ram. The citizens of Irbil agreed to send a yearly tribute to the court of the khagan. The force of Mngke <mask> was active in the north Caucasus.Chormaqan took Tiflis after subduing Armenia. The ruler of Lorhe, Shahanshah, fled with his family before the Mongols arrived, leaving the rich city to its fate. Hasan Jalal submitted to the Mongols after putting up a spirited defense at Hohanaberd. Prince Avak ruled against Gaian. Avak surrendered after the commander of the Mongols ruled out a direct assault and had his men build a wall around the city. The Georgian nobles were forced to surrender after the conquest of Transcaucasia by Chormaqan. Korea stopped paying tribute after a Mongol envoy was killed during the invasion.The dead envoy of Korea was avenged by gedei. In order to subdue the kingdom, the Mongol armies invaded Korea. The Goryeo King agreed to accept the overseers. When they withdrew for the summer, Choe U moved the capital to Ganghwa Island. Saritai was killed by a stray arrow while campaigning against them. The plans for the conquest of the Koreans, the Southern Song and their European allies were announced by gedei. gedei made a defected Korean general the governor of 40 cities.gedei demanded that the king of Goryeo appear before him in person when the court of Goryeo sued for peace in 1238. The war in 1241 ended when the Goryeo king sent his relative Yeong Nong-gun Sung with ten noble boys to Mongolia as hostages. Under the command of Batu <mask>, the Mongol Empire expanded to drive into Europe. Their western conquests included Volga Bulgaria, almost all of Alania, Cumania, and Rus', and a brief occupation of Hungary. They invaded Austria, Poland, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Latin Empire. The half brother of the Khagan was killed by an arrow during the siege. gedei's son Gyk and Chagatai's grandson Bri ridiculed Batu during the conquest.Do you think that the Russians surrendered because of how mean you were to your own men? Gyk was sent back to continue the conquest of Europe. Gyk and Kadan were sons of gedei. After his death in 1242, gedei Khan granted permission for the rest of Europe to be invaded. Batu's withdrawal from the election of gedei's successor was due to the drive's failure to succeed in his death. The successor wouldn't be named until 1246. European fortifications posed a strategic problem that Mongol commanders were unable to surmount with the resources they had available.In a series of razzias from 1235 to 1245, the Mongols commanded by gedei's sons penetrated deep into the Song Dynasty. Climate and the number of Song troops prevented them from completing their conquest, and gedei's son died in the process. In 1240, gedei's other son sent a subsidiary expedition to Tibet. Song officers murdered gedei's envoys headed by Selmus. The Silk Road, the primary trading route between East and West, was re-established under the leadership of gedei. Dayir Baghatur was appointed in Ghazni. The Delhi Sultanate took control of Lahore in the winter of 1241.The town was butchered by the Mongols before they left the Delhi Sultanate. The darughachi was there for several years after another Mongol force invaded Kashmir. Kashmir became a dependency. The court of gedei was visited by a Kashmiri Buddhist master and his brother. The bureaucratization of the Mongol administration began. The Christian eastern Turks, represented by Chinqai, were part of his administration. The Islamic cycle is represented by two people.The North Chinese Confucian circle is represented by Yelu Chucai and Nianhe Zhong-shan. A system in which the government would delegate tax collection to farmers who collect silver payments was promoted by Mahamud Yalavach. gedei was encouraged by Yelu Chucai to institute a traditional Chinese system of government, with taxation in the hands of government agents and payment in a government issued currency. The Muslim

masks:
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan


texts: merchants used their capital to lend at higher interest the silver needed for tax payments. gedei invested in these enterprises. The paper currency was backed by silver reserves. Yel Chucai suggested that the branch departments of state affairs be abolished and that the areas of China be divided into ten routes.The headquarters in Karakorum dealt with Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia, while the empire was divided into Beshbalik andYanjing. The Amu Darya administration was established late in his reign. Yelu Chucai administered North China from 1229 to 1240, while Mahamud Yalavach administered Turkestan from 1229 to 1240 The chief judge in China was appointed by gedei. Chin-temur, a Kara-kitai, and Korguz, an Uyghur, were appointed by gedei in Iran. Some of Yelu Chucai's duties were transferred to Mahamud Yalavach, who promised to double the annual payments of silver. The Ortoq or partner merchants lent gedei's money at high rates of interest to the peasants.Many people fled their homes despite it being profitable. The imperial princes were taught by the Christian scribe Qadaq and the Taoist priest Li Zhichang. The Department responsible for destroying old notes was founded by gedei <mask>. The distribution of appanages in Iran, Western and North China could lead to the fall of the Empire. The court would appoint other officials and collect taxes as a result of gedei's decree. The Great Yassa was added to the body of precedents by the Khagan, who confirmed the validity of his father's commands. The rules of dress and conduct were codified by gedei.He created postroad stations with permanent staff who would provide post riders' needs. Relay stations were set up every 25 miles and the yam staff provided remounts to the envoys. The attached households were exempt from other taxes, but had to pay a qubchuri tax to supply the goods. Chagatai and Batu were ordered to separate their yams. The nobility were banned from issuing paizas and jarliqs by the Khagan. One out of every 100 sheep of the well-off should be levied for the poor of the unit, and one sheep and one mare from every herd should be forwarded to form a herd for the imperial table. gedei built a series of palaces and pavilions at stops along his annual nomadic route.The Wanangong palace was built by North Chinese artisans. The Emperor wanted his relatives to build residences nearby and settled deported craftsmen near the site. The construction of the city, which was finished in 1235, assigned different quarters to Islamic and North Chinese craftsmen, who competed to win gedei's favor. The city has earthen walls and gates. Attached were private apartments, and in front of them stood a giant stone tortoise with an engraved pillar. There was a castle with doors similar to the ones in the garden and a series of lakes where water fowl congregated. Several houses of worship were built for gedei's Buddhist, Muslim, Taoist, and Christian followers.Yelu Chucai used to regulate a calendar on the Chinese model in a Confucian temple in the Chinese ward. Since his childhood, Character gedei was his father's favorite son. As an adult, he was known for his ability to sway doubters in any debate in which he was involved, simply by the force of his personality. He was a big man with a big personality who was interested in enjoying good times. He was steady and intelligent. His charisma was partly to blame for keeping the empire on the path set by his father. gedei seems to have been affected by the sudden death of Tolui.Tolui sacrificed his life in order to save gedei who was suffering from illness, according to some sources. According to other sources, gedei orchestrated Tolui's death with the help of shamans. gedei was known for his alcoholism. gedei drank despite Chagataientrusting an official to watch his habit. It is said that gedei reduced the number of cups he drank by promising to have cups twice the size for his personal use. When he died at dawn on 11 December 1241, after a late-night drinking bout with Abd-ur-Rahman, the people blamed the sister of Tolui's widow. The Khagan's lack of self-control was the cause of his death.gedei was a humble man, who did not believe in being a genius, and who was willing to listen to and use the great generals that his father left him, as well as those he himself found to be most capable. He was not a dictator. As the son of Genghis <mask>i was criticized for violating the laws of his father, Genghis <mask>, who forbade the seizure, rape, kidnapping, bartering, or selling of young girls, who were allowed to be married at a young age.According to Persian chroniclers, after the Oirats did not send girls for gedei's harem, gedei had four thousand Oirat girls stripped naked and raped. Some of the girls were sent to the royal harem, while others were left there for anyone to carry them away, and two of them died from their 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 gedei seems to have done this to consolidate his power over the Oirat. The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How theDaughters of Genghis <mask> Rescued His Empire was written in 2011. It is one of the worst atrocities recorded and the most horrendous crime of his twelve-year reign. Anne F. Broadbridge wrote a book about the "infamous alleged mass rape of Oirat girls" by gedei. Broadbridge notes that with all the evidence suppressed, this can only be a surmise.gedei from the "left wing" and "uncle Otchigin's domain" were both mentioned in the History of the Yuan or YuanShi (YS 2, 35) and the Secret History of the Mongols (SHM 281). "As to my second fault, to listen to the word of a woman without principle, and to have the girls of my uncle Otchigin's domain brought to me was surely a mistake", says gedei in the Secret History. Chapter 32 of the History of the World Conqueror was written in 1252 by Juvayni. The entire chapter was copied into the Jami' Al-Tawarikh by Rashid Al-Din in the early 14th century. In Chapter 32 Juvayni starts by praising gedei <mask> and then goes on to give 50 highly detailed anecdotes to show his "clemency, forgiveness, justice and generosity." This anecdote ends the chapter. There are two manuscripts of Juvayni that don't know the name of the tribe.The Oirats' identification was questioned by Broadbridge and De Rachewiltz. The style of the anecdotes is similar to a Persian tale. One of Juvaini's friends told him the following story about Anecdote 46. The anecdotes about gedei are pro-Muslim and anti-Chinese. A number of anecdotes make fun of gedei's lack of self-control. Some of the anecdotes seem to be apocryphal legends from the community of Muslim merchants and should be avoided at all costs. The mass sodomy against soldiers of the Jin Dynasty was done because they jeered at the Mongols.This was noted by Weatherford. This account depicts the use of rape as a weapon. The sexual intercourse, rape, kidnap, and selling of girls and women that Genghis <mask> created were all violated by gedei. gedei died shortly after his lion-like hounds chased and tore to pieces a wolf he saved and released, despite his having hoped God Almighty would spare his ill bowels if he released a living creature. This anecdote is different from the standard account of gedei's death. After Kuchu's death in 1236, gedei named his grandson Shiremun as his heir. His preference was not binding and Gyk succeeded him after five years.Batu, the Khan of the Golden Horde, accepted Gyk after he died on the way to confront him. It wasn't until Mngke <mask>'s rule that Batu was prepared to invade Europe. His plans were not implemented before he died. When the Yuan dynasty was established in 1271, gedei Khan was placed on the official record as Taizong. Like his father Genghis <mask>, gedei had many wives and children. The former concubine of Genghis <mask> was one of the wives. The 3rd Great Khan of the Mongols Koden was Boraqchin Tregene Gyk.The heir was appointed by gedei. During the reign of gedei, Boladchi Sse Qarachar Totaq Qashi died. Kaidu (1235-1301 Mge Khatun Krgene Concubines: Erkene Kadan Unknown concubine Melik) was brought up by Danishmand Hajib. The airline named its plane Ogoodei Khan. House of gedei Notes References include: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1998 Chambers, James, The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe Hildinger, and Warriors of the Steppe. The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles was published in New York in

masks: Khan Khanede Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan Khan


texts: On loan from Cove Rangers, <mask> is an English footballer who plays as a centralMidfielder for Elgin City. Hednesford Town, Hednesford Town, Macclesfield Town, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, and Ross County are some of the teams he has played for. In August 2007, he moved to Stafford Rangers, a club in the Conference National. He made his debut for Stafford in a 3–0 away defeat in the Conference National. He made a total of 31 appearances. When he was at Hednesford, he had a job at Birmingham Midshires. I moved into the collections department after working with mortgages.Hednesford Town went on to join the Northern Premier League, while Macclesfield Town went on to join the League Two. He wanted to play in the Football League but had offers from clubs in the Conference National. He made his debut for Macclesfield in a 0–0 away draw against Northampton Town in League Two. He scored his first goal in the Football League on August 22nd. The manager died suddenly at home after the club's away match with Notts County. At the end of the season, he had made twenty-nine appearances, scoring once, after signing a two-year contract extension with Macclesfield. Gary Simpson, who was Alexander's assistant at Lincoln City and Peterborough United, was the new manager for the 2010/2011 season.He scored five times. After scoring from close to the halfway line in the first game of the 2011–12 season, <mask> attracted national news attention. The League Two match was won by Macclesfield. He conceded that he wouldn't score another goal like that in his career. He scored and provided an assist in a win over Aldershot. The club opened contract extension negotiations. He received a straight red card for the first time in his career after a serious foul on Michael Hector in a 2–1 loss against Barnet.The club appealed his sending off. The ban for three matches was confirmed by the FA. During the early part of the season, <mask> had found some goal scoring form, but this was halted when he broke his foot in a 2–1 win over Port Vale. He was out between December and March because of this injury. The club ended fifteen consecutive seasons in the Football League after slipping into a losing streak. In order to cut costs, Macclesfield released twenty-one players and offered only one incumbent player a new contract. He attracted interest from other clubs who wanted his signature.In July 2012 <mask> signed a one-year contract with Inverness Caledonian Thistle after rejecting a new contract at Macclesfield Town. Steve King was upset that there wouldn't be compensation for his move to Scotland. In the opening game of the season, he made his debut. He scored his first goals for his new club three weeks later in a 4–2 defeat by Celtic. He scored in the Highland derby and then in the Hibs game. Billy McKay, who had also agreed to an extension, was one of the people who signed a new contract with the club. He commented that it was an easy decision to agree to the new one-year deal.He finished his first season with Inverness with forty appearances and five goals. During the quarter-final of the League Cup, <mask> scored his first goal. In the 2–1 win over Dundee United, the goal proved to be the winner. He received his first red-card when he was sent off for a second time against Ross County. After scoring the winning penalty in the shoot-out against Hearts, he helped the club reach the League Cup final. He said that John Hughes had organised mock shoot-outs ahead of the game. Due to his previous occupation as a debt collector, his teammates gave him the nickname The Bailiff.During the League Cup final, <mask> smothered Aberdeen in the middle of the park. Inverness lost on penalties after the match ended. He was named the 'Man-of-the-Match' despite his team losing. "It's nice to get an award like that to show the kids when I'm older but it doesn't mean a lot at the moment after the way we were beaten," he said. Maybe I didn't deserve it. I'll take it, but I need a winner's medal to back it up. Caley Thistle's contract was extended by two years on 19 March.After signing a new contract, <mask> scored his first league goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against St Mirren. He made forty-one appearances and scored twice in all the competition. The award of SPFL Player of the month for August went to <mask>, who had an impressive start to the season. He was suspended for one match after collecting four yellow cards in three matches, however he insisted he wasn't a dirty player. He had to serve a two match ban after being sent-off in a 1–0 loss against St Johnstone. He made his first team return in January 2015, coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 loss against St Mirren. He would have been happy to have thrown away his League Cup final man of the match award if he'd made the final.In the Scottish Cup Final, <mask> played as a centre-midfielder for Inverness as they won the Scottish Cup for the first time. The years he'd spent playing non-league in England made him happy to win the trophy. He made eighty-eight appearances in all the competition. The person moved to Ross County in August of last year. Ross County was demoted to the bottom of the table. The team that won the Scottish Championship and Scottish Challenge Cup was led by <mask>. On May 27, 2021, <mask> was released by County along with nine other players.Cove Rangers signed a three-year contract with <mask> on June 23, 2021. In January 2022, he joined Scottish League Two side Elgin City on a loan. The loan was extended for the rest of the season. There are career statistics for Club Inverness Caledonian Thistle Scottish Cup, Ross County Scottish Championship, and the Scottish Challenge Cup. The Stafford Rangers F.C. are made up of players. The players are from Hednesford Town. The players are from Macclesfield Town.Football players from the National League and English Football League. Cove Rangers F.C. has players. The players are from Elgin City F.C. Scottish Professional Football League players are from Ross County F.C. players

masks:
Ross James Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
Draper
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Draper
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texts: The 9th Earl of March was a prominent Scottish magnate during the reigns of Robert the Bruce and David II. The earldom, located in East Lothian, was one of the successors fiefs of Northumbria, an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom and later Earldom. The family descended from a branch of the Earls of Northumbria which also had Scottish royal blood. He is said to have been 24 years old in 1309 when his father, <mask>, 8th Earl of March, died. The 8th Earl's wife was descended from King Donald III. After the Battle of Bannockburn, <mask> gave sanctuary and quarter to the English King Edward II at the fortress of Dunbar Castle, on the east coast of Scotland between Edinburgh and Berwick-upon-Tweed. After making peace with his cousin Robert the Bruce, the earl was present at the parliament at Ayr on 26 April 1315, when the succession to the Crown of Scotland was settled.In 1318 he assisted in the retaking of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English. He was one of the nobles who signed the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320. Laing relates a charter of a Precept originally written in Norman- French by <mask> Dunbar, Earl of March, for heritable sasine of the return of the lands of Whitelaw within the Earldom of Dunbar. The date was at Berwick-upon-Tweed. The village of Upsettlington, on the Scottish side of the River Tweed west of Norham, belonged to the See of Durham after the Bishop of Durham complained to the Regency in Scotland. The lands were restored to the Bishop by the King of England. The assembly of the estates (Parliament) at Perth appointed the Earl of Dunbar after the death of the Regent.He fought Edward Balliol after the Battle of Dupplin Moor. He was appointed Governor of Berwick Castle in January 1333 but had to surrender it in July 1333 after the Battle of Halidon Hill. The nobility paid fealty to King Edward. The Earl attended Edward Balliol at the parliament held at Edinburgh in February 1334 when they ceded to England. Edward III of England ordered Earl <mask> to rebuild his fortress at his own expense and garrison it with English troops. The Earl did not restore the castle until 1338. The Earl cut off a body of archers on the way back from the Scots in 1335, after King Edward III had made another attack on the Scots.The second division of the army was led by the Earl of Dunbar. During border skirmishes in 1340, he was routed by Sir Thomas Grey and Sir Robert Manners. In order to travel to England, <mask> had a Safe-Conduct dated 24 March 1343 from Westminster. <mask> commanded the right of the Scottish army in the Battle of Neville's Cross. The Earl escaped with a lot of losses, which included his wife's brother. Although not the castle, in 1355 with William, Lord of Douglas and Sir William Ramsay of Dalhousie, the Earl of Dunbar invaded Northumberland and recovered it. He was one of the Scottish ambassadors who met at Berwick to discuss the liberation of King David, who had been taken prisoner.It would appear from Safe-Conducts that he was out and about after David was released from captivity. His town was built into a Royal burgh. He went to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket. His wife agreed to charter the Prior and Convent of Durham, the church and manor of Edrom, and Nisbet to the monks of Coldingham Priory. In June 1368, parliament at Scone advised the King to consult with the Earls of Dunbar and Douglas on the security of the Eastern marches. It is assumed that he died before King Robert II was crowned. Brown gave a year of death.It would probably be 1368/9 if that is the case. <mask>'s marriage is not as well remembered as that of his second wife, Black Agnes of Dunbar, who died just a few months before him. She obtained the Isle of Man, the Lordship of Annandale, and the feudal baronies of Morton and Tibbers from her brothers. References Bain, Joseph, Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, Edinburgh, 1888, vol.iv, pps: xx - xxiv, for further mention of her and relationships in the Dunbar family, with other references in the main sections of the volume. Burke, Sir Bernard, Ulster King of Arms, Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages was published in London in 1884. People of the Wars of Scottish Independence Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath were Earls of March.

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Patrick
Patrick de Dunbar
Patrick de
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick
Patrick Dunbar


texts: <mask> is an American historian who holds the John J. and Rebecca Moores Chair of History and African American Studies at the University of Houston. <mask> was raised in Missouri. He received his J.D. from Columbia University. The University of California, Berkeley. Father of a woman. The University of Houston is home to the John J. and Rebecca Moores Chair of History and African American Studies. He is a frequent contributor to the magazine.W. E. B has published Writing Horne. Du Bois wrote books about neglected episodes of world history. He believes that the communist struggles and struggles against white supremacy are misrepresented. Lawrence Dennis, an African American fascist and racist, is one of the people whose lives his work has highlighted in their historical contexts. While many of <mask>'s books use a celebrated, intriguing or politically engaged individual as a catalyst to inspect the historical forces of their times, <mask> has also produced broad canvas chronicles of infrequently examined periods and aspects of the history of white supremacy and imperialism. According to Manning Marable, <mask> is one of the most insightful historians of his generation. At the Black Women and the Radical Tradition conference held at the Brooklyn College Graduate Center for Worker Education, he said, in a speech given at an event marking the depositing of the Communist Party USA archives.W.E.B. works black and red. The response to the Cold War was written by Du Bois. The Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress took place in the 60's and 70's. Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party was published in 1987. Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s was published by the University of Delaware. From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe was published in 1997.Moguls, Mobsters, Stars, Reds and Trade Unionists were part of Class Struggle in Hollywood. Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois was published by the University of Texas Press. Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution was published by NYU Press. The Dean of the Hollywood Ten was the final victim of the Blacklist. Cold War in a Hot Zone: The United States Confronts Labor and Independence Struggles in the British West Indies was published by the University of California Press. The White Pacific: U.S. was published by Temple University Press. Black Slavery and Imperialism flourished after the Civil War.The Deepest South: The United States, Brazil, and the African Slave Trade was published by the University of Hawaii. The NYU Press wrote Blows Against the Empire. Imperialism in a crisis. Red Seas: Ferdinand Smith and Radical Black Sailors in the United States and Jamaica was published by International Publishers. NYU Press in Harlem? The U.S. and the Liberation of Africa. The Rise of Right-Wing Extremism in the United States is covered in The Color of Fascism.W.E.B. was published by NYU Press. A biography of Du Bois. The End of Empires: African Americans and India was published in 2009. Fighting in Paradise: Labor Unions, Racism, and Communists in the Making of Modern Hawaii was published by Temple University. The University of Hawaii Press. The British Empire fought the U.S. before the abolition of slavery. The NYU Press.The Globalization of the African American Freedom Struggle is covered in Black Revolutionary. The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the United States of America was published by the University of Illinois. The U.S. and Cuba were involved in slavery and Jim Crow. Confronting Black Jacobins: The U.S., the Haitian Revolution and the Origin of the Dominican Republic was published by the Monthly Review Press. Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary was published by the Monthly Review Press. The Rise and Fall of the Associated Negro Press is a book by Pluto Press. The University of Illinois Press published Storming the Heavens: African Americans and the Early Struggle for the Right to Fly.Facing the Rising Sun: African Americans, Japan the Rise of Afro-Asian Solidarity was published by Black Classic Press. The roots of slavery, white supremacy and capitalism in 17th century North America and the Caribbean are the subject of NYU Press. Jazz and Justice: Racism and the Political Economy of the Music is a monthly review press. White Supremacy Confronted: U.S. Imperialism and Anti-Communism are against each other. The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century was published by International Publishers. The Bittersweet Science: Racism, Racketeering, and the Political Economy of Boxing was published in 2020.The Southern Oral History Program recorded speeches and interviews on The Global Civil Rights Struggle at the conference. "Counter-Revolution of 1776" was a six-part discussion on The Real News. Is Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery? The Summit of the Americas in the Context of US Imperialism was aired on Democracy Now!. <mask> traces modern-day US foreign policy in Latin America to its colonial roots. The Real News Police Killings won't stop until the U.S. comes to grips with its racist foundations. July 8, 2016The History of the 2nd Amendment can't be separated from the History of White Supremacy. African-American academics, African-American scholars, African-American writers, Historians of communism, American political writers, Marxists, American male non-fiction writers, Anti-imperialism Historians of colonialism are some of the people who have appeared on the On the Ground

masks:
Gerald Horne
Gerald
Horne
Horne
Gerald Horne
Gerald Horne


texts: <mask> is a British art historian and former museum director. He was the editor of the Burlington Magazine from 1981 to 1987 and the director of the National Gallery, London, from 1987 to 2002. <mask> was the son of Alexander and Anna MacGregor. After graduating from Glasgow Academy, he read modern languages at New College, Oxford. The period that followed was spent studying philosophy at the cole Normale Supérieure in Paris and as a law student at Edinburgh University. After being called to the bar in 1972, he took an art history degree. The director of the Courtauld Institute spotted MacGregor and persuaded him to take a master's degree under his supervision.The most brilliant student he ever taught was <mask>. History of Art and Architecture was taught by MacGregor at the University of Reading. He was the editor of The Burlington Magazine. He oversaw the transfer of the magazine from the Thomson Corporation to an independent not-for-profit company. In 1987 <mask> became the director of the National Gallery in London. Making Masterpieces, a behind-the-scenes tour of the National Gallery, and Seeing Salvation, a series on the representation of Jesus in western art, were all aired on the BBC. He was the first director of the National Gallery to decline a knighthood.The British Museum was in the red at the time that MacGregor was made director. "Diplomat is conventionally taken to mean the promotion of the interests of a particular state and that is not what we are about at all." His tenure included exhibitions that were more provocative than the museum had previously shown, as well as stories from perspectives that were less Eurocentric. The debate was sparked by his claim that the ancient Persian empire was better than Ancient Greece. A History of the World in 100 Objects was a series on the World Service and Radio 4 that was based on the British Museum's collection. An exhibition of the ancient Persian Cyrus Cylinder was held in Tehran, Iran, from September 2010 to January 2011. Since 1972, the Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition in the United Kingdom has attracted at least one million visitors.The sculptures of the "Elgin Marbles" were not returned to Greece after the completion of the Acropolis Museum in Athens. The marbles' restoration to Greece was supported by more British people than opposed. The British Museum has a duty to protect the marbles from being appropriated as a political symbol and there is no legal system in Europe that would challenge the museum's title. The legal basis of various Ottoman documents has now been lost to the British Museum, which has traditionally appealed in order to claim ownership of the sculptures. The Museum turned down UNESCO mediation. The chairman of the World Collections programme was appointed in January 2008. The British Museum Reading Room was where the exhibition The First Emperor was put on display.The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was looking for a new director. The Metropolitan is not a public institution as it charges visitors for entry. One of the most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time was the British Museum's director, Ian MacGregor. The director of the Dresden State Art Collections, Hartwig Fischer, took over in the spring of 2016 after MacGregor retired from the post. The Director of the British Museum announced his retirement on April 8, 2015. It was announced that <mask> would become founding director and head of the management committee of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin, and that he would make recommendations to the German government on how the future museum can draw on the resources of the Berlin collections to become a place where different narratives of world cultures can be The co-directors of the management committee are an archaeologist and an art historian.The model of the British Museum would be used to make the museum admission-free. MacGregor left the post. Many programmes have been made for British television and radio. He presented on television how Jesus was depicted in paintings. In 2012 he made a series of fifteen-minute programmes after The World at One called Shakespeare's Restless World, discussing themes in the plays of William Shakespeare. The UK domestic transmission of his series Germany: Memories of a Nation began in September of 2014, with a major exhibition at the British Museum. The series did not limit itself to physical objects but places of memory.The series Living with the Gods, on expressions of religious faith, and the presentation of world cultures, was hosted by MacGregor. The programme "As Others See Us" 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 The programme looked at how other countries viewed the United Kingdom. He lectured at the "Chaire du Louvre" in Paris in 2021. MacGregor was listed in The Independent's list of most influential gay people and was single. MacGregor was appointed to the Order of Merit by Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General of Australia appointed MacGregor an officer of the Order of Australia for service to promoting Australia and Australian art in the United Kingdom.The British Academy for A History of the World awarded a prize to Friedrich-Gundolf-Preis for A History of the World in 100 Objects. News and commentary at The Guardian, The Independent, and The British Museum, as well as living people Academics of the University of Reading Alumni of New College.

masks:
Robert Neil MacGgor
Neil
MacGregor
MacGregor
MacGregor


texts: <mask> is a Canadian politician and academic who is the 40th and current mayor of Vancouver. He was a member of the House of Commons as a member of the New Democratic Party. <mask> resigned from Parliament in order to run as an independent candidate for mayor of Vancouver. He confirmed his resignation in a letter to the Speaker of the House. <mask> was declared the winner of the mayor's race by less than 1000 votes over Ken Sim of the NPA. <mask> was born in Nova Scotia and raised in Wolfville. He earned a degree in history.<mask> was a member of the pop music band State of Mind. His band won three West Coast Music Awards. <mask> received his masters degree in political science from Simon Fraser University in 1995 and his PhD in government from the London School of Economics in 2003 <mask> has published research on citizen participation, democratic reform, and municipal governance. Local Government in Canada is one of his books. He is on leave from Simon Fraser University's School of Public Policy while he is the mayor. <mask>'s wife teaches politics at Douglas College.On March 28, 2004, <mask> won the nomination for the New Democratic Party for the federal riding of Vancouver Centre in a close three-way race. He increased his party's vote share in the 2000 election by 20 percentage points, even though he lost the 2004 general election by 4,230 votes. <mask> secured the nomination for the federal riding of Burnaby-Douglas in a first ballot victory. He was re-elected with 35 percent of the vote in 2015, after winning the riding with 44 percent of the vote in 2011. <mask> was an official opposition critic for science and technology and a member of the standing committee on industry, science and technology. He was against the Conservative government's elimination of the long-form census and funding cuts for basic scientific research. Legislation was tabled to protect scientific integrity in government departments.The Parliamentary Science Officer Act was introduced by <mask>. Following the elimination of Canada's National Science Advisor in 2008, the bill aimed to create an independent science watchdog tasked with providing Parliament with sound scientific information and ensuring decisions are informed by the best available evidence. Evidence for Democracy, the Canadian Association of University Teachers, the Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada, and the Centre for Science in the Public Interest endorsed Bill C-558. <mask> proposed that the House of Commons begin accepting petitions electronically as a way to engage more Canadians in the democratic process. If an online petition gets a significant number of signatures and is sponsored by at least five MPs, short debates should be triggered in Parliament. Ed Broadbent and a number of civil society groups supported <mask>'s proposal. Motion  428 passed the House of Commons despite being opposed by the Prime Minister and his cabinet.It was seen as a surprise win by the official opposition. <mask> held public consultations on the proposal to build a new crude oil line through his riding. <mask> became a vocal opponent of the project, citing community concerns over property expropriation, decreasing housing values, increased tanker traffic in the Burrard Inlet, the use of temporary foreign workers, and the lack of benefits for British Columbia. The National Energy Board's review of the project was helped by his constituency office. <mask> was named the "Newsmaker of the Year" by the Newsleader for his community work. <mask> is an advocate for social housing. He put forward a BC-specific affordable housing strategy to recognize housing as a fundamental right, expand public investments in housing co-ops, maintain rent subsidies for low-income families, and study the impact of investor speculation.The motion was endorsed by the city. He was re-elected in the new riding of Burnaby South. Tom Mulcair re-appointed <mask> as their critic for science after the election. The website for accepting electronic petitions from Canadians was launched on December 4, 2015. If a member of Parliament sponsors an online petition with at least 500 signatures, the federal government has to respond within 45 days. The first official e-petition in Canada was sponsored by <mask>. <mask> was elected as chair of the British Columbia caucus on December 9, 2015.He promised to support the newly elected MPs getting established in Parliament, strengthen engagement with stakeholders and constituents across the province, and hold the new Liberal government accountable for its election promises on affordable housing and pipeline reviews. <mask> was arrested for civil contempt in March of last year. Elizabeth May, a member of Parliament, was arrested along with other members of the demonstration. They were accused of violating a court order when they blocked the road. <mask> and the others arrested should be charged with criminal contempt in relation to the alleged incident, according to the British Columbia Supreme Court. Special prosecutors would be handling the charges against <mask> and May. <mask> was fined $500 after pleading guilty to criminal contempt of court for his actions during the protest.<mask> does not have a criminal record because criminal contempt is a common law. <mask> announced on May 10, that he will be resigning from Parliament in order to run for mayor of the city. The last day he could file his paperwork to officially enter the mayoral race was September 14. Until his resignation became official on September 14, <mask> said he would continue to campaign for mayor and collect his salary. New conflict-of-interest rules for City Hall would be created by <mask> if he were elected mayor. <mask> won the election with less than 1000 votes separating him from Ken Sim. <mask> is the first mayor in 30 years to not be affiliated with a political party.<mask> promised to address the housing crisis by approving the construction of more rental homes, co-ops, and market housing aimed at middle-income workers and families. The city's 6000 cooperative housing units will be protected by renewing city-held leases. <mask> supports the Moderate Income Rental Housing Pilot Project, which allows developers of secured market rental housing to add more units to their developments if 20% of the units are permanently reserved for moderate income households. In August, the federal Minister of Families, Children and Social Development, Jean-Yves Duclos, and <mask> announced a partnership where the federal government would provide $184million in low-interest loans and grants to fund the construction of 1,100 units of affordable housing on City-owned land The empty homes tax rate was increased from 1% to 1.25% for the 2020 fiscal year and future increases were approved by the city council. <mask> created a Mayor's Overdose Emergency Task Force to address the opiate crisis. 31 recommendations were unanimously approved by Council for implementation in December.A Safe Supply Statement advocating for a regulated, safe supply of drugs to prevent deaths from drug poisoning was unanimously approved in July 2019. <mask> supports extending the Broadway extension of the SkyTrain's Millennium Line to Arbutus all the way to the University of British Columbia. The Musqueam Indian Band, the Squamish Nation, the Tsleil-Waututh Nation and the University of British Columbia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on January 29, 2020 to work on the project. <mask> announced in November that he plans to run for re-election. <mask> - Mayoral Campaign Website 1966 births Alumni of the London School of Economics Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia

masks:
Edward Charles Kennedy Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
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Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
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Kennedy Stewart


texts: During the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, <mask> fought. He was said to be the father of Sequoyah the famous Cherokee. His father, <mask>, served in the Forbes expedition in 1758. He was found on the frontier during the American Revolution. He convinced the Americans of his loyalty after being suspected of sympathizing with the British. George Washington was a close friend of his father. Light Horse Harry Lee's Paulus Hook Raid is thought to have been participated in by <mask>.He was captured at the Siege of Charleston in 1780. He and his American wife Judith Cary Bell had four daughters, one of whom married Francis P. Blair. He is said to have died at the end of the War of 1812. He is confused by his uncle. He was related to Mordecai <mask>. <mask> and Sarah Howard were the parents of Gist. 1711Sometimes the name was rendered Guest. His father trekked through the wilderness with George Washington. <mask> was a trader living with the Overhill Cherokee. They sold his father's goods to the Native Americans. Both men fell out of love with the land at Long Island in the Holston River. The Governor blamed the failure of the Cherokees to help the British against the French on the quarrel. In 1755, <mask> served as a lieutenant in his father's company in Washington's army.The frontier was protected against raids by pro-French Indians. In 1757, <mask> was promoted to captain and given responsibility for 200 Cherokees in Virginia. He was credited with leading the native peoples as an auxiliary force during the Forbes expedition. In 1760, <mask> accompanied Daniel Boone and other hunters on a trek to Abingdon, Virginia. The two split up after <mask> traveled to Cumberland Gap. The Anglo-Cherokee War was raging when he was said to have sired Sequoyah. Before peace was made between the two sides, this unit advanced as far as Long Island.Samuel C. Williams believed that <mask> was the father of Sequoyah. She was related to a prominent clan. The story that Sequoyah's father was a German peddler was dismissed by Williams. He said that Sequoyah finished the Cherokee alphabet when he was 40, and that he went by George Guess, Guest, and <mask>. The man was too young for his age. According to a letter, Sequoyah visited Gist relatives in Kentucky in 1828 and was acknowledged as a family member. <mask> lived with the Overhill Cherokees.He returned to Cherokee country with Henry Stuart, the brother of John Stuart, the British agent to the southern tribes. The Stuarts and another agent were trying to get the white settlers to move to West Florida. The British wanted to separate the American settlers from the rebels so that the Indians could attack them. They hoped to get <mask> involved in the effort. The news that <mask> was working with the British made Jarret Williams return to Virginia. <mask> was in the pay of the leader at the time. <mask> warned the Cherokees not to start a war, but they began attacking the settlements anyway.William Christian led an expedition against the Cherokees. He was told to capture the Stuarts, Cameron, and <mask> as enemies. <mask> came into the Virginian camp under a flag of truce after the column reached the French Broad River. Governor Patrick Henry was told by Christian that some of the Virginia troops remembered <mask>'s exploits on the frontier in a good light, while most of the soldiers wanted to lynch him. Christian wasn't sure if <mask> was remorseful for becoming involved with the British agents. <mask> regained his popularity after he kept him from harm. <mask>'s story that it was impossible for him to escape was accepted by Governor Henry and the Virginia council in December.On January 11, 1777, Washington appointed <mask> colonel in charge of the Gist's Additional Continental Regiment. The unit was supposed to be light. Four companies of southern frontier rangers would be Enrolled. 500 natives from the Cherokee and other tribes were to be recruited by Gist to serve as scouts. It was thought that the braves would bind the tribes together with the American cause. Three companies were formed from Virginia and Maryland. The unit did not fight as a whole.The companies of Captains <mask> and Joseph Smith were attached to the 3rd Maryland and the company of Captain Samuel Lapsley was attached to the 12th Virginia. The main army fought in the Philadelphia Campaign in the summer and fall of 1777 and at the Battle of Monmouth in the summer of 1778. Gist's Regiment absorbed the Additional Continental Regiment on April 22, 1779. The consolidation took place in the strength of eight companies. The 1st Virginia brigade assigned the unit on May 12. After Light Horse Harry Lee captured British prisoners at the Battle of Paulus Hook, <mask> preferred charges against him. George Weedon called <mask> the head of the Wrongheads.The order to march to Charleston was given on December 4. On 6 April 1780, William Woodford's contingent of 750 Virginia Continentals arrived. <mask> and his men were captured at the Siege of Charleston. On January 1, 1783, he retired from the army. <mask> received 7,000 acres in Kentucky for his service in the war. Canewood was built in 1793 after he moved there. He was described as six feet tall and "stout-framed" with a dark complexion.Williams believed he died at the end of the War of 1812. Heitman claimed that <mask> died in 1796. One of <mask>'s brothers, <mask>, died at the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780 and the other, <mask>, moved to Kentucky after the American Revolutionary War. Heitman states that <mask> Jr. died at King's Mountain. His father had two sons. Sometimes <mask> is confused with his uncle. <mask> and Judith Cary Bell had four daughters, Anne Cary, Sarah Howard, and Maria.Montgomery Blair was the mother of Francis Blair Jr., a Union general and US Senator. Anne married Joseph Boswell, Sarah married Jesse Bledsoe, and Maria married Benjamin Gratz. Mordecai <mask> was his first cousin. The Continental Army officers from Virginia died in the American Revolution.

masks:
Nathaniel Gist
Christopher Gist
Gist
Gist
Christopher Gist
Nathaniel Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
John Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Gist
Nathaniel
Richard Gist
Thomas Gist
Nathaniel Gist
Nathaniel
Gist
Gist


texts: <mask> was a Scottish physician, best known for his anthology and biography of Robert Burns and his medical reports on the use of water in the treatment of fever. There is a portrait in the National Galleries of Scotland. He returned to Scotland after his failed attempt to set up a merchanting business in Virginia. After he qualified as a medical doctor, he established a successful practice in England and then purchased a small estate in Scotland. He was a founding member of theLiverpool Literary Society. He was an early advocate of the abolition of slavery and wrote several political letters and pamphlets, including one to William Pitt, which made him a number of enemies. He was plagued by illness throughout his life.He died in Sidmouth at the age of 49 after giving up his practice in order to find a cure. He was the son of the minister, the Reverend <mask>, and Jane, the daughter of the man. The <mask>s were an old Scottish family that was descended from the <mask>s of Dunse. The first school <mask> attended was in the parish of Middlebie, in Annandale, where his father was Minister, and the second was in the town of Dumfries, run by Dr George Chapman. He returned to Scotland in 1776 to study medicine at Edinburgh. He contracted a disease during his first year at university. He obtained a degree.He was one of the physicians at the infirmary. He had five children with Lucy Wallace. The Hero of Scotland was a nickname given to her father by Sir Walter Scott. He was attracted to Virginia by the stories of prosperity in America and settled as a merchant on the James River. He turned his attention to politics because of the damage done to trade between Britain and America. The articles were written under the name 'An Old Man' and defended the right of the mother country to tax her colonies. His views were not likely to improve his business prospects.He sailed for home in the spring of 1776 after the American Revolution ended his chance of success. The revolutionary army captured the ship. He made a second attempt to sail to England after buying his freedom and being made to serve in the army. He had to sail 150 miles in an open boat to get his freedom after he was captured again. He arrived in England on 2 May 1777. In 1797, Dr <mask> made public his views and experiences, with a list of cures effected by his measures, after using cold water treatments in the successful treatment of a contagious fever. The pamphlet, Medical Reports on the Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fevers and Other Diseases, had some influence in promoting the use of cold water affusion.His fourth edition was published in July of 1805. After the promotion of Priessnitz's methods by Claridge and others, there was a revival of interest in cold water cures. While acknowledging the contributions of <mask>'s predecessors, such as John Floyer, Claridge noted that "After all, the merit of settling the use of cold water on just a principle, belongs incontestably to our own countryman, <mask>, whose work, published in 1797, upon <mask> was a fan of Robert Burns's poetry and met him in Dumfries. One of Lucy's relatives was a close friend of the poet. Over the course of ten years, Burns and Mrs. Dunlop exchanged a great number of letters, 186 of which survive to this day. <mask> was given the responsibility of publishing an anthology after Burns's death.Although inexperienced in such a task, he had many advantages, including access through Mrs. Dunlop to original manuscripts of poems and letters and help from Gilbert Burns, Robert's brother and several of Burns's friends. When The Complete Poetical Works of Robert Burns: With Explanatory and Glossarial Notes; And a Life of the Author was published in four volumes in 1800, it met with immediate success and second, third and fourth editions were published in 1801–3. Revised versions of Burns' songs such as "The Battle of Sherramuir" were included, along with an introductory criticism and an essay on the character and condition of the Scottish peasantry. The work is not without criticism. <mask> misdated some of Burns's letters to Mrs. Dunlop in order to exaggerate Burns's fondness for drink. Some Further Particulars of the Author's Life by Gilbert Burns was included in the eighth edition. Gilbert was advised not to impugn <mask>'s accuracy and the legend that Burns was an alcoholic remained unquestioned.The University of Edinburgh Scottish book editors 18th-century Scottish medical doctors were fellows of the Royal Society.

masks:
James Currie
James Currie
Currie
Currie
James
Currie
Currie
Currie
Currie
Currie
Currie
Currie


texts: <mask> is a human rights lawyer. He has gained fame as the "Dictator Hunter" for helping victims pursue abusive leaders. He worked for the victims in the case of the exiled former dictator of Chad, Hissne Habré, who was convicted of crimes against humanity. He works with the victims of Jammeh. <mask> was born in New York in 1953. His father was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 His mother was an arts teacher.He received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Fairleigh Dickinson University, where he was a leader in the anti-Vietnam War movement. He received his law degree from Columbia University School of Law. While a law student, he worked as a teaching assistant at the Université de Paris. The Public Interest Achievement Award was given to <mask>ras. His report was used in the case at the International Court of Justice. Ronald Reagan called him a Sandinista sympathizer. He was the Director of the Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers (CIJL) at the International Commission of Jurists from 1987 until 1991. The government of Mongolia was assisted by the former Chief Justice of India in preparing its 1991 constitution. When he became Executive Director of the International Human Rights Law Group in 1992, he placed activists in-country to train and empower locally based rights advocates in a dozen countries. From 1994 to 1995 he was the Director of the Human Rights Division of the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvadoran, where he led a staff of human rights officers and police observers responsible for verification of respect for human rights, monitoring compliance with peace accords, and coordinating international support.In 1994, he was a member of the UN Preliminary Mission to establish a human rights verification mission. The Bureau des Avocats Internationaux was established in Haiti in 1995 to prosecute human rights crimes. The "Raboteau massacre" was the most significant rights prosecution in Haitian history and resulted in the convictions of 57 military and paramilitary officers. He was a free-lance activist from 1995 to 1997. At the 1995 UN Women's Conference in Beijing, he was the media liaison for the exiled Tibetan Women's Delegation. He was kicked out of East Timor in 1995. A fact-finding mission was led by him.The International Commission of Jurists published a report on Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law in 1997. The Real War on Crime was published by the U.S. National Criminal Justice Commission. The deputy director of the United Nations Secretary General's Investigative Team was charged with probing atrocities committed by troops loyal to Kabila. Human Rights Watch was an important part of the organization's efforts to hold perpetrators of large-scale human rights violations accountable for their crimes. The landmark case of Augusto Pinochet before the British House of Lords marked the beginning of the end of impunity for powerful former heads of state. The Pinochet case pushed him to pursue similar cases that would serve as a "wake-up call" to tyrants and a spark of hope for victims. The Pinochet Precedent: How Victims can Pursue Human Rights Criminals Abroad was written by him.There was an observer at the trial of a Spanish judge. Judge Garzn is best known for using the doctrine of universal jurisdiction to investigate war crimes and torture across national lines, most notably ordering the arrest of Augusto Pinochet and seeking to indict members of the Bush administration for their role in torturing prisoners. The Supreme Court of Spain found Judge Garzn guilty of illegally wiretapping conversations to discover evidence of money-laundering tactics used by suspects and their lawyers. The irony was that Judge Garzn was prosecuted for attempting to apply the principles that he had successfully promoted internationally. Judge Garzn was the first judge in Spain to be put on trial for ordering wiretaps. In 2010, he assisted the Haitian government in building the case against former dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, and he co-authored the HRW report. He is featured in a video produced by Human Rights Watch.The July 2011 HRW report Getting Away with Torture examined the impunity of former US President George W. Bush and other top officials for the widespread mistreatment of Muslim prisoners. The report was based on it. The Road to Abu Ghraib, which investigated the roots of the prisoner abuse scandal, is one of his reports on counter- terrorism issues. The victims of the former dictator of Chad, Hissne Habré, have been working with <mask> since 1999. Habré is accused of thousands of political killings and systematic torture when he ruled Chad from 1982 to 1990 and has been living in exile ever since. After what the Toronto Globe and Mail called "one of the world's most patient and tenacious campaigns for justice," Habré's trial began in July of 2015 and ended in February of 2016 Habré was sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity, including torture, rape and sexual slavery.It was the first time that a head of state had been tried in a foreign court. The New York Times hailed the case as a milestone for justice in Africa. On March 25, 2015, a Chadian criminal court convicted 20 Habré-era security agents on charges of murder, torture, kidnapping and arbitrary detention. While away from Human Rights Watch, he was active in human rights causes in the United States. In October of 2016 he represented the journalist Amy Goodman, host of the television and radio show Democracy Now!, who was charged with criminal offenses for her reporting on an attack against Native American-led anti-pipeline protesters at Standing Rock, North Dakota. The charges were dropped after he was elected to the International Commission of Jurists. He returned to Human Rights Watch to work with the victims of the former dictator of Gambia.There was a meeting between the victims of Hissne Habré and the victims of Yahya Jammeh. He spearheaded an investigation in May of last year which showed that 56 West African migrants had been killed by a death squad. Three women accused Jammeh of rape and sexual abuse. He helped start a criminal case against Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince. The Pinochet Papers: The Case of Augusto Pinochet in Britain and Spain, Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law, as well as Faut-il Juger George Bush?, have all been written by <mask>. His articles have appeared in the International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, Boston Globe, Le Monde, and El Pas. He has taught law at Columbia University Law School and American University's Washington College of Law, as well as being a guest lecturer at the law schools of Cornell, Georgetown, Harvard, NYU, Wisconsin and Yale.The trial of Hissne Habré, an inconvenient ally, was featured in a documentary. Isabel Coixet starred in the feature film "Endless Night" as an actor. Human Rights Watch people living.

masks: Reed Brody BrodyCont Brody Brody