texts: The Mexican professional wrestling promoter of the mid-twentieth century was named <mask>z. Since its founding in 1933, Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre has been the dominant Mexican promotion, but it was left in the 1950s by Lutteroth. Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) is the longest running professional wrestling promotion in the world with three weekly shows. He was the most powerful man in Mexican wrestling, and one of the most powerful wrestling executives in the world. Octavio Gaona, the first Mexican wrestler to win a world title, was one of the most famous Mexican professional wrestlers of the mid-twentieth century. After moving to Mexico City, where he attended agriculture school, he was born on March 21, 1897. After joining the Mexican Revolution at the age of 17, he served as a lieutenant and captain under the orders of General lvaro Obregn.After getting married in 1924 to Armida Camou Olea from Hermosillo, Sonora, he left the military and took a job in the Tax Department. He and his wife had four children. He was exposed to the sport of professional wrestling in Ciudad Juarez. He became enamored with the personality of the various competitors when he attended the matches at Liberty Hall in El Paso, Texas. In 1933, he founded Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre, along with his financial partner Francisco Ahumada, to bring wrestling back to his native Mexico. After unsuccessful negotiations with the boxing promoter to let him use the premier National Arena, Lutteroth rented out the smaller Modelo Arena, which became the first true home of Lucha Libre. Fans soon began to catch on to the idea of professional wrestling in Mexico; and by the first anniversary of the EMLL, Lutteroth was promoting to gates upwards of 5,000 fans.An American wrestler who wore a black, leather mask made his debut in Mexico in 1934. The use of masked wrestlers in Lucha Libre created real-life superheros and villains for the audience to identify with. The modern era of Mexican wrestling was born after the idea was a huge success. The masked icon El Santo, who is generally regarded as the greatest Mexican wrestler of all-time, would discover his first legitimate superstar around this time. As his fan base continued to grow, he and his partners moved to larger and more profitable venues. After winning 40,000 pesos in the Mexican lottery on September 21, 1934, he immediately poured his winnings into a renovation of the roof and seats for his promotion. The Arena Coliseo opened in the mid-1940s with a capacity for over 6,000 seats.During the 1950s, when television became a viable entertainment medium, the personnel of the Arena Coliseo bought a lottery ticket that won 5 million pesos and the first grand prize was reinvested by the owner. El Santo was promoted into a national pop-culture phenomenon because of the emergence of television. In the early 1940s, the El Santo persona was involved in a heated feud with Tarzn Lpez. El Santo became the company's most popular performer because the Mexican fans were enamored with the mystery of his identity. El Santo's face was covered by a mask even when he wasn't performing in the ring. For the next three decades, he acted in scores of action-adventure motion picture films, which were hugely popular at the time, and he was the face of El Santo. As a result, El Santo became one of Mexico's most popular national celebrities of the 20th century, while Lucha Libre received an unparalleled degree of mainstream attention.The Black Shadow, the Blue Demon, and the Villano's are just a few of the masked superstars that Lucha Libre has been associated with. The EMLL organization has 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 In addition to his stable of emmascarados, Lutteroth also built a roster of legendary performers, including the likes of Gory Guerrero, Cavernario Galindo, Tarzan Lopez, Perro Aguayo and René Guajardo. Mexican Lucha Libre (along with Japanese Puroresu) eventually achieved international recognition for presenting a distinctive in-ring wrestling style that featured dazzling high-risk maneuvers and superior work rate in contrast to the increased brawling style that was employed in the U.S. By the mid-1950s, the EMLL was taken over by the son of an aging Lutteroth, who commanded the same level of respect from the wrestlers. Obtaining the recognition from the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), for the welterweight and light-heavyweight world titles for Mexico, which brought him great pride as a promotion in that time was done without television because of the mayor of Mexico City, Lic. Wrestlers from Spain, England, Argentina, France, Japan, Korea, and Jamaica were brought to the arena to compete, despite the fact that the wrestling matches were banned from being televised.On January 16, 1975, Ray Mendoza broke away from the new EMLL management, and with the backing of arena promoter Francisco Flores and Benjamin Mora Jr., started a competing federation. The world's oldest wrestling federation, EMLL, has been under the control of Paco Alonso since 1987, after his grandfather retired. Lucha Libre is one of Mexico's top attractions, ranking with soccer and baseball as its most popular pastimes. Mexican stars like Rey Mysterio, Jr., Konnan, and Vampiro have been top draws in the U.S. in recent years. There are references to 1897 births and 1987 deaths in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame.


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texts: <mask> was an American politician and engineer who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party. <mask> was the director of the U.S. Food Administration, the third U.S. secretary of commerce, and the leader of the Commission for Relief in Belgium. <mask> was born in West Branch, Iowa, but grew up in Oregon. He worked for a London-based mining company after graduating from college. After World War I, he became the head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, an international relief organization that provided food to occupied Belgium. When the U.S. entered the war, President Wilson appointed <mask> to lead the Food Administration and he became known as the country's "food czar". The American Relief Administration provided food to the inhabitants of Central and Eastern Europe after the war.<mask>'s wartime service made him a favorite of many progressives, but he failed to win the Republican nomination in the 1920 presidential election. After President Calvin Coolidge died in 1923, <mask> continued to serve under him as Secretary of Commerce. <mask> became known as the Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments. Air travel and radio were developed by him. He was in charge of the federal response to the Great Mississippi Flood. <mask> defeated Al Smith in the 1928 presidential election after winning the Republican nomination. During a time of economic stability, <mask> assumed the presidency in 1929.When the stock market crashed, the economy would take a turn for the worse. The Great Depression began after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. <mask> pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lift the economy after the Great Depression. <mask> was against directly involving the federal government in relief efforts. Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated <mask> in the presidential election in the midst of the economic crisis. One of the longest presidential retirements was that of <mask>. He became more conservative in retirement.He was against Roosevelt's foreign policy and domestic agenda. In the 1940s and 1950s, <mask>'s service in various assignments for presidents improved the public's opinion of him. Most historians and political scientists think that <mask> is one of the worst presidents in US history. <mask> was born on August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa. <mask> owned a blacksmith and farm implement store. <mask>'s mother moved to Iowa in the 19th century. Most of the citizens of West Branch were Quakers.Bertie was initially thought to have died after contracting a serious bout of croup, but was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn. He was referred to as "my little stick in the mud" by his father when he got trapped in the mud multiple times. The town's public prayer life was dominated by <mask>'s family due to his mother's role in the church. <mask> did not read on his own as a child, but he did read the Bible. According to the local paper, <mask>'s father died at the age of 34. <mask>, his older brother, Theodore, and his younger sister, May, were orphans after <mask>'s mother died. <mask> lived with his uncle at a farm.<mask> was sent to Newberg, Oregon, to live with his uncle John Minthorn, who was grieving the death of his son. The Minthorn household had a strong work ethic. Much like West Branch, Newberg was a frontier town. <mask> disliked the many chores assigned to him and often resented Minthorn, who ensured that he received an education. <mask> was described as an orphan by one observer. At the age of thirteen, <mask> dropped out of Friends Pacific Academy to become an office assistant for his uncle's real estate office in Salem, Oregon. <mask> did not attend high school, but he did attend a night school.<mask> was one of the first members of the "Pioneer Class" of Stanford University, despite failing all the entrance exams except mathematics. After working for the chair of the geology department, he switched his major from mechanical engineering to geology. <mask> co-founded the first student housing cooperative, "Romero Hall", during his sophomore year to reduce his costs. <mask> was a mediocre student who spent most of his time working in part-time jobs or participating in campus activities. <mask> became known for his dislike for sororities after he became student treasurer. He was the student manager of both the baseball and football teams. During the summers before and after his senior year, <mask> worked under Waldemar Lindgren of the United States Geological Survey, which convinced him to pursue a career as a mining geologist.The country was in the midst of the Panic of 1893 when <mask> first tried to find a job as a mining engineer. He worked in low-level mining jobs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains until he convinced Louis Janin to hire him. <mask> was hired by Bewick, Moreing & Co., a London-based company that operated gold mines in Western Australia, after working as a mine scout for a year. Coolgardie is the center of the Eastern Goldfields. Conditions were harsh in the goldfields, even though <mask> received a $5,000 salary. The Coolgardie and Murchison rangelands were described by <mask> as a land of black flies, red dust and white heat. <mask> traveled to evaluate and manage the company's mines.He convinced Bewick, Moreing to purchase the Sons of Gwalia gold mine, which was one of the most successful mines in the region. 50 percent of gold production in Western Australia was controlled by the company due to <mask>'s efforts. Italian immigrants were brought in by <mask> to counter the labour movement of the Australian miners. <mask> was against minimum wage and workers' compensation because he felt they were unfair to owners. <mask> was promoted to junior partner in 1898 after impressing his employers. An open feud developed between <mask> and his boss, Ernest Williams, but company leaders were able to diffuse the situation by offering <mask> a position in China. <mask> developed gold mines in China on behalf of Bewick, Moreing and the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company.He gave up learning the language because he was interested in Chinese history. He warned that Chinese workers were inferior. He made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker and to institute reforms based on merit. The Boxer Rebellion broke out shortly after <mask> arrived in China, trapping the <mask>s and numerous other foreign nationals until a multi-national military force defeated Boxer forces in the Battle of Tientsin. Fearing the collapse of the Chinese government, the director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture. <mask> became the operating partner of Bewick, Moreing in 1901 after Moreing established effective control over the Chinese mining company. <mask> traveled the world on behalf of Bewick, Moreing, visiting mines on different continents.The company faced mounting legal and financial issues after one of the partners admitted to having fraudulently sold stock in a mine. The British government formed two royal commissions to investigate Bewick, Moreing's labor practices and financial dealings in Western Australia in 1904. <mask> sold his shares in the partnership after the company lost a suit. <mask> was the sole proprietor after leaving Bewick, Moreing. <mask> focused much of his attention on raising money, restructuring corporate organizations, and financing new ventures after he rose to prominence as a mine operator. In exchange for his technical and financial expertise, he took a share of the profits from troubled mining operations. <mask> earned a reputation as a doctor of sick mines because he thought of himself and his associates as "engineering doctors to sick concerns".He had offices in San Francisco, London, New York City, Paris and Petrograd. <mask> had an estimated personal fortune of $4 million by 1914. The Zinc Corporation was founded by him near the Australian city of Broken Hill. The world's first differential flotation plant was operated by the Zinc Corporation. The British firm that <mask> worked with produced large quantities of silver, lead, and zinc. He helped increase copper production in Kyshtym, Russia. According to <mask>, he agreed to manage a separate mine in the Altai Mountains that developed probably the greatest and richest single body of Ore known in the world.<mask> wrote in his spare time. Principles of Mining was published in 1909 as a standard textbook. The book shows how <mask> came to support eight-hour workdays and organized labor. <mask> was drawn to the De re metallica, an influential 16th century work on mining and metallurgy, because he was interested in the history of science. The first English translation of De re metallica was published in 1912 by <mask> and his wife. <mask> led a successful campaign to appoint John Branner as the university's president. <mask>'s financial situation precluded marriage at that time, but he fell in love with a friend named Lou Henry.Lou Henry decided to study geology after attending a lecture by John Branner. After earning a promotion, <mask> asked Lou Henry to marry him. <mask> returned to the United States for their wedding after she cabled back her acceptance of the proposal. They were married until Lou Henry <mask> died. <mask>'s upbringing influenced his career, but he rarely attended meetings during his adult life. <mask> and his wife had two children. The <mask> family traveled a lot as part of <mask>'s career.Relief in Europe World War I broke out in August 1914, pitting Germany and its allies against France and its allies. The German plan was to capture Paris quickly. The Germans were in control of almost all of Belgium during the war. American businessmen in London formed a committee to organize the return of 100,000 Americans stranded in Europe. With the approval of Congress and the Wilson administration, <mask> took charge of the distribution of relief to Americans in Europe. <mask> stated that his career was over on August 3, 1914. I was in public life.At least 40,000 Americans were given relief by early October 1914. The food crisis in Belgium was caused by the German invasion in August 1914. The Germans refused to take responsibility for feeding Belgian citizens in captured territory, and the British refused to lift their blockade of German-occupied Belgium unless the U.S. government supervised Belgian food imports as a neutral party in the war. <mask> established the Commission for Relief in Belgium with the help of the Wilson administration. In order to ensure that the German army did not get enough food, the CRB imported millions of tons of food. The majority of the $11-million-a-month budget was supplied by private donations and government grants. Over two million tons of food was given to nine million war victims by <mask>.He crossed the North Sea forty times to meet with German authorities and convince them to allow food shipments. He convinced the British Chancellor of the Exchequer to allow individuals to send money to the people of Belgium. The French government requested that the CRB deliver supplies to the people of Northern France in 1915. <mask> is the only man living who has not held office who has negotiated understandings with the British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments. American food was essential to Allied victory in the war against Germany. President Wilson appointed <mask> to head the U.S. Food Administration, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war. After lobbying several members of Congress and Edward M. House, <mask> was able to join the administration in some capacity.In order to earn the title of "food czar", <mask> recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women. He carefully selected men to assist in the leadership of the agency. World War I caused a global food crisis that resulted in riots and starvation in the countries at war. <mask>'s main goal as food czar was to provide supplies to the Allied Powers, but he also sought to control domestic prices and prevent domestic shortages. The Food Administration was given broad powers under the Food and Fuel Control Act to buy, import, store, and sell food. <mask> set days for people to avoid eating certain foods and save them for soldiers' ration: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes". Government publicists dubbed these policies "Hooverizing" in spite of <mask>'s orders not to mention him.The Allied Powers received 23 million metric tons of food from the Food Administration. As head of the Food Administration, <mask> gained a following in the United States, especially among progressives who saw him as an expert administrator and symbol of efficiency. Europe faced a critical food situation after the end of World War I, with <mask> estimating that as many as 400 million people faced the possibility of starvation. <mask> was charged with providing food to Central and Eastern Europe after the United States Food Administration became the American Relief Administration. The ARA rebuilt infrastructure in order to help the economy of Europe. Throughout the Paris Peace Conference, <mask> served as a close adviser to President Wilson, and he largely shared Wilson's goals of establishing the League of Nations, settling borders on the basis of self-determination, and refraining from imposing a harsh punishment on the defeated Central Powers. John Maynard Keynes wrote in The Economic Consequences of the Peace that if <mask>'s realism, knowledge, magnanimity and disinterestedness had found wider play in the council of Paris, the world would have had the Good Peace.<mask> transformed the ARA into a private organization after the U.S. government funding expired. The European Children's Fund provided relief to fifteen million children across fourteen countries. <mask> provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war despite the opposition of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and other Republicans. President Wilson was warned against an intervention in the Russian Civil War by <mask> as he viewed the White Russian forces as little better than the Bolsheviks. The Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed six million people, but the intervention of the ARA likely saved millions of lives. <mask> stated that twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they will be fed!"Your help will enter history as a unique, gigantic achievement, worthy of the greatest glory, which will long remain in the memory of millions of Russians whom you have saved from death", said the Soviet author in July 1922. The Hoover War Collection was established in 1919. He pledged $50,000 as an endowment after donating the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. The Hoover War Library was renamed the Hoover Institution Library and Archives in 1922. <mask> was the president of the Federated American Engineering Societies. <mask> was a contender in the 1920 presidential election because of his service in the Wilson administration.<mask>'s push for higher taxes, criticism of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's actions during the First Red Scare, and his advocacy for measures such as the minimum wage, forty-eight-hour workweek, and elimination of child labor made him appealing to progressives of both <mask> had never been associated with either the Democrats or the Republicans despite his service in the administration of Wilson. He was hoping that either of the two major parties would draft him for president, so he wouldn't commit to any party in the 1920 election. He declared himself a Republican in March 1920 because he believed the Democrats had little chance of winning. Despite his national renown, <mask>'s service in the Wilson administration had alienated farmers and the conservative Old Guard of the GOP, and his presidential candidacy waned after his defeat in the California primary by favorite son Hiram Johnson. At the 1920 Republican National Convention, Warren G. Harding emerged as a compromise candidate after the convention became deadlocked between supporters of Johnson, Leonard Wood, and Frank Orren Lowden. <mask> began laying the groundwork for a future presidential run by building a base of strong supporters in the Republican Party, after backing Harding's successful campaign in the general election.After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded <mask> for his support, offering to appoint him either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. <mask> accepted the position of Secretary of Commerce, despite it being a minor Cabinet post with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities. Many Senate Republicans objected to <mask>'s appointment because of his progressive stances, support for the League of Nations, and recent conversion to the Republican Party. The nominations of both <mask> and Mellon were confirmed by the Senate after being put together to overcome the opposition. After the death of President Calvin Coolidge in 1923, <mask> would serve as Secretary of Commerce. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty and Secretary of Interior Albert B were members of the Harding administration. <mask> emerged largely unscathed from investigations into the Harding administration.The Commerce Department was envisioned as the hub of the nation's growth and stability by <mask>. The federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, and investing in infrastructure because of his experience in the war-time economy. <mask>'s approach was described as a third alternative between socialism and unrestrained capitalism. <mask> wanted to foster a balance between labor, capital, and the government.

masks:
Herbert Clark Hoover
Hoover
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Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Jesse Hoover
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Herbert
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Herbert Hoover
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texts: Promoting the growth of exports as well as protection against monopolistic practices of foreign governments were priorities. <mask> received authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He oversaw and regulated everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel.He "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he felt that they weren't carrying out their responsibilities well, and some began referring to him as the "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments". In response to the Depression of 1920–21, he persuaded Harding to create a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. He was in favor of a more progressive tax system, but opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the estate tax. Between 1923 and 1929, the number of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million, and <mask>'s tenure as Secretary of Commerce influenced radio use in the United States. <mask>'s radio conferences played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of radio broadcasting. The Radio Act of 1927 allowed the government to intervene and abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. The Senate and radio station owners opposed <mask>'s attempts to regulate radio.In the early days of air travel, <mask> sought to create a thriving private industry with government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to use planes for crop dusting. The federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots was established by him. The National Conference on Street and Highway Safety was hosted by <mask> as Commerce Secretary. <mask>'s main objective was to address the growing casualty toll of traffic accidents, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate their own agreements, which were then presented to the states and localities. Many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected the interests of the automotive trade associations.The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for the states and a model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for the cities. Both were influential in promoting greater uniformity and promoting the automobile's priority in city streets. O'Brien argues that <mask> had a Britain problem. As an employee of British companies, he was at risk of being labeled a British tool. He tried all three solutions in close collaboration with the media, which greatly admired him. The first image of the dispassionate scientist was emotionally uninvolved but always committed to finding and implementing the best solution. The second solution was to gain the reputation of a humanitarian, deeply concerned with the world's troubles, such as famine in Belgium, as well as specific American problems which he had solved as food commissioner during the world war.The old tactic of twisting the British tail was the third solution. He used that solution in the rubber crisis. British investors controlled most of the supply of the world's output, while the American auto industry consumed 70% of the world's output. Their plan was to cut back on British Malaya's output, which would cause rubber prices to go up. <mask> demanded that the monopolistic practice be ended in a series of speeches and interviews. The issue was compromised by the American State Department. During his 1928 campaign, <mask> was able to squash attacks that he was too close to British interests.The goal of encouraging wise business investments was one of the initiatives made by <mask>. He recruited numerous academics from various fields and tasked them with publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including steel production and films. standardization of products like automobile tires and baby bottle nipples was encouraged to eliminate waste. Reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of crude oil spilled during extraction and shipping are some of the ways to eliminate waste. He opened overseas offices to advise businessmen. <mask> wanted to promote Hollywood films overseas. The Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau collaborated on his "Own Your Own Home" campaign.The new long-term home mortgage stimulated home construction because he worked with bankers and the savings and loan industry. The Colorado River Compact, a water rights compact among southwestern states, and the agreement of U.S. Steel to adopt an eight-hour workday were other accomplishments. 1.5 million people were displaced from their homes after the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke the banks and levees of the lower Mississippi River. The governors of six states along the Mississippi River specifically asked President Coolidge to appoint <mask> to coordinate the response to the flood because disaster response did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department. Coolidge initially refused to be involved in the disaster response because he didn't think it was up to the federal government, but eventually relented and appointed <mask> to chair a special committee to help the region. <mask> raised $17 million by establishing over one hundred tent cities and a fleet of more than six hundred vessels. President Coolidge had begun to overshadow <mask> due to his leadership during the flood crisis.The suppression of reports of treatment of African Americans in refugee camps was ordered by <mask>. Robert Russa Moton was promised unprecedented influence once <mask> became president, and he cooperated with him. <mask> quietly built up support for a future presidential bid throughout the 1920s, but he carefully avoided alienating Coolidge, who was eligible to run for another term in the 1928 presidential election. He was surprised when Coolidge decided not to seek another term in 1927. With the retirement of Coolidge, <mask> immediately emerged as the front-runner for the 1928 Republican nomination, and he quickly put together a strong campaign team. On one occasion, Coolidge remarked that <mask> had given him "unsolicited advice" for six years. Coolidge did not want to split the party by publicly opposing the candidacy of the popular Commerce Secretary.Many wary Republican leaders cast about for an alternative candidate, such as Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon or former secretary of state Charles Evans Hughes. Potential candidates like Frank Orren Lowden and Vice President Charles G. Dawes didn't get a lot of support. <mask> was nominated for president on the first ballot of the Republican National Convention. Coolidge said that re-nominating Vice President Charles Dawes to be <mask>'s running mate would be a personal insult to him. The senator from Kansas was selected by the convention. <mask> told a huge crowd that he would continue the policies of the Coolidge and Harding administrations. New York governor Al Smith was nominated by the Democrats for president.<mask> focused his campaign on the Republican record of peace and prosperity, as well as his own reputation as a successful engineer and public official. <mask> was averse to giving speeches and left the campaigning to other Republicans. Smith's campaign was damaged by anti-Catholicism and his opposition to prohibition. The Republican Party's plank in favor of prohibition was accepted by <mask>, who called it a "great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose". <mask> and the national party tried to curry favor with white Southerners by removing black Republicans from leadership positions. <mask> easily defeated Smith on election day, taking 58 percent of the popular vote and 531 electoral votes. Historians agree that <mask>'s national reputation, booming economy, and deep splits in the Democratic Party guaranteed his victory.The "Solid South" was cracked by <mask>'s appeal to Southern white voters. One newspaper wrote that <mask> would "drive so forcefully at the tasks now before the nation that the end of his eight years as president will find us looking back on an era of enormous achievement". After the 1920 United States Census saw an increase in urban and immigrant populations, <mask>'s detractors wondered why he didn't do anything to reapportion congress. The 1920 Census was the first Decennial Census where the results were not used to reapportion Congress, which influenced the 1928 Electoral College and the Presidential Election. <mask> saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by encouraging public-private cooperation. He was against governmental intervention because he thought it interfered with American ideals of individualism and self-reliance. The Federal Farm Board was established after he signed the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929.Private donors sponsored many of the commissions <mask> used to study issues and propose solutions. The Research Committee on Social Trends was tasked with surveying the entire American society. The Secretary of the Treasury was appointed to the Cabinet. Lou Henry <mask> was an activist. She typified the new woman of the post–World War I era, intelligent, robust, and aware of multiple female possibilities. "With the help of God, we shall soon with the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation," <mask> said after taking office. After seeing the fruits of prosperity brought by technological progress, many shared <mask>'s optimism and the stock market climbed even higher.There are several threats to sustained U.S. economic growth, including a persistent farm crisis, a saturation of consumer goods like automobiles, and growing income inequality. excessive speculation that had raised stock prices far beyond their value was the most dangerous thing to the economy. Coolidge and <mask> were warned by regulators and bankers that a failure to curb speculation would lead to one of the greatest financial catastrophes that this country has ever seen. The worldwide economy began to spiral downward into the Great Depression after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. <mask> believed a lack of confidence in the financial system was the root cause of the Great Depression. He believed that the best way to bolster the economy was through the growth of businesses such as banks and railroads. Allowing individuals on the "dole" would make the country weaker.<mask> believed that local governments and private giving should address the needs of individuals. <mask> moved quickly to address the stock market collapse after trying to put a positive spin on Black Tuesday. In the days following Black Tuesday, <mask> gathered business and labor leaders, asking them to avoid wage cuts and work strikes while the country faced what he believed would be a short recession similar to the Depression of 1920–21 The Federal Reserve cut interest rates after <mask> convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending on construction and maintenance. The Federal Farm Board lending and purchasing policies were continued by <mask> with an additional $100 million. The actions were designed to prevent a cycle of deflation. <mask> opposed congressional proposals to provide federal relief to the unemployed, as he believed that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments.The bill that raised tariffs was connected to <mask>'s attempt to raise agricultural tariffs in order to help farmers who were reeling from the farm crisis of the 1920s. Congress produced a bill that raised rates for many goods because <mask> refused to be involved in the debate. <mask> could not reject the main legislative accomplishment of the Republican-controlled 71st Congress despite the widespread unpopularity of the bill. The Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act was signed into law by <mask> over the objection of many economists. Canada, France, and other nations retaliated by raising tariffs, resulting in a contraction of international trade and a worsening of the economy. When <mask> signed the tariff act, Senator William E. Borah of Idaho was angry and his relations with that wing of the party never recovered. By the end of 1930, the national unemployment rate had reached 11.9 percent, but it was not yet clear to most Americans that the economic downturn would be worse than the Depression of 1920–21.The collapse of the economy in 1931 was caused by a series of bank failures. <mask> derided any other monetary system as "collectivism" because he refused to abandon the gold standard. The weak European economy was seen by <mask> as a major cause of economic troubles in the United States. Congress supported a one-year moratorium on European war debts in response to the collapse of the German economy. The Hoover Moratorium was well received in Europe and the United States, but Germany was on the verge of default. In Germany, the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler, assumed power and dismantled the Republic. Growing fears that the country was experiencing a depression far worse than recent economic downturns were caused by the unemployment rate reaching 15 percent by mid- 1931.<mask>, a reserved man with a fear of public speaking, allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch. "<mask> leather", "<mask> blanket", and "Hooverville" were some of the defamatory epithets developed by <mask>'s opponents. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York launched the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration to provide aid to the unemployed. Despite <mask>'s belief that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments, Democrats positioned the program as a way to help the unemployed. <mask> finally listened to calls for more federal intervention after the unemployment rate reached 23 percent in early 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation would provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments. The RFC was run by conservative bankers who were unwilling to make riskier loans, which resulted in it not stimulating commercial lending as much as <mask> had hoped.The Federal Home Loan Bank Act, signed by <mask>, established 12 district banks overseen by a Federal Home Loan Bank Board, similar to the Federal Reserve System. The Glass–Steagall Act of 1932 was designed to expand banking credit by expanding the Federal Reserve's authority to lend. The Emergency Relief and Construction Act, a $2 billion public works bill, was signed by <mask> in July 1932. The federal government experienced a budget deficit in 1931 after a decade of budget surpluses. Most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a balanced budget, even though William Trufant Foster favored deficit spending to address the Great Depression. The Revenue Act of 1932 was passed after <mask> proposed a tax plan to increase tax revenue by 30 percent. Much of the tax cut reduction program had been rolled back by the act, which increased taxes across the board.It was the highest tax rate on net income since the early 1920s. The act doubled the top estate tax rate, cut personal income tax exemptions, eliminated the corporate income tax exemption, and raised corporate tax rates. The federal government ran a budget deficit despite the passage of the Revenue Act. <mask> did not mention civil rights while he was president. He believed that African Americans and other races could improve themselves with education. Many African-American leaders condemned aspects of the <mask> administration, including <mask>'s refusal to push for a federal anti-lynching law. African Americans were removed from positions of leadership in the Republican Party in order to end the Democratic Party's dominance in the South.Most African-American leaders were angry that Robert Moton and some other black leaders accepted the lily-white strategy as a temporary measure. John J.Parker's nomination to the Supreme Court failed in the Senate due to opposition from the NAACP and organized labor. African Americans became an important part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition after many black voters switched to the Democratic Party. In 1930, <mask> promulgated an executive order requiring individuals to have employment before they can migrate to the United States, as part of his efforts to limit unemployment. <mask> urged Americans to obey the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act, which established prohibition across the United States. The Wickersham Commission was created to make public policy recommendations. The commission's public report did not support <mask>'s stance in favor of prohibition, but it did criticize the Volstead Act and the growing public opposition to it.After the Wickersham Report was published in 1931, <mask> rejected the advice of some of his closest allies and refused to endorse any revision of the Volstead Act or the Eighteenth Amendment, as he feared doing so would undermine his support among prohibition advocates. More and more people disobeyed the law, and a grassroots movement began working to repeal the law. Congress approved a constitutional amendment to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment in January 1933. The Twenty-first Amendment was adopted by the required number of states by December 1933. <mask> was the last American president to take office with no need to pay attention to the rest of the world. The world order established after World War I began to fall apart during <mask>'s term. <mask> made good on his pledge not to

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texts: interfere in Latin America's internal affairs as president.In 1930, he released the Clark Memorandum, a move towards non-interventionism in Latin America. In Latin American affairs, <mask> sent warships to support the government against a left-wing revolution, but he did not completely refrain from the use of the military. He ended the Banana Wars and almost brought an end to the occupation of Haiti. <mask> wanted the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs. The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty sought to prevent a naval arms race. The United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930 London Naval Treaty as a result of <mask>'s efforts. It was the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap the number of auxiliary vessels, as previous agreements had only affected capital ships.The World Disarmament Conference of 1932 did not adopt <mask>'s proposals to outlaw tanks and bombers. Manchuria was invaded by Japan in 1931 and the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army was defeated. The <mask> administration deplored the invasion but wanted to avoid antagonizing the Japanese in order to avoid alienating a potential ally against the Soviet Union. The Stimson Doctrine held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. In June 1932, thousands of World War I veterans and their families camped out in Washington, DC, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the World War adjusted compensation act in 1924. Congress offered money to return home, but some members of theBonus Army remained. Washington police tried to break up the demonstrators, but they were outnumbered.Two protesters were killed and many officers were injured when shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to get order. The U.S. Army was sent by <mask>. He decided to clear the camp with military force because he thought he was fighting a Communist revolution. After the fact, <mask> endorsed the clearing out of the protesters. The incident hurt <mask>'s bid for re-election. Few people thought that <mask> would win a second term in the midst of the economic crisis. <mask> faced no serious opposition for re-nomination at the 1932 Republican National Convention.The opportunity to challenge <mask> was passed on by Coolidge and other prominent Republicans. Roosevelt won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the 1932 Democratic National Convention, defeating Al Smith. <mask> was the cause of the Great Depression and the Democrats were indifferent to the suffering of millions. Roosevelt's reputation for being more favorable to government interventionism was established during the economic crisis when he called on the New York legislature to provide aid for the needy. The Democratic Party, including Al Smith and other national leaders, coalesced behind Roosevelt. The argument that states and localities needed the tax money was offered by wets. <mask> proposed a new amendment that was vague.The 18th Amendment was promised to be repealed by Roosevelt. <mask> had originally planned to make only one or two major speeches and leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies. <mask> entered the public sphere despite Republican pleas and Democratic claims. <mask> urged voters to hold to the "foundations of experience" and reject the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression in his nine major radio addresses. The most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president were encountered by <mask> during his campaign trips around the country. He had his train and motorcades hit with eggs and rotten fruit, as well as being heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the Secret Service halted attempts to hurt <mask>, including capturing one man near <mask> carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails Much of the public blamed <mask>'s administration for the depression.<mask> carried six states in the electoral vote. <mask> lost 26 percentage points from his result in the 1928 election when he won 39.7% of the popular vote. Roosevelt administration opposition to New Deal Hoover left Washington in March 1933, bitter at his election loss and continuing unpopularity. From 1933 to 1953, <mask> was the sole living ex-president as Coolidge, Wilson, and Roosevelt all died in office. <mask> and his wife lived in Palo Alto until her death in 1944, at which point <mask> moved to New York City. <mask> identified as a conservative during the 1930s. He became a critic of Franklin Roosevelt after leaving public office.<mask> wrote more than two dozen books, including The Challenge to Liberty, which criticized Roosevelt's New Deal. The New Deal's National Recovery Administration and Agricultural Adjustment Administration were described as fascist by <mask>. After leaving office, <mask> held out hope for another term as president. At the 1936 Republican National Convention, <mask>'s speech attacking the New Deal was well received, but the nomination went to Kansas Governor. In the general election, <mask> made a lot of speeches on his behalf, but he was defeated by Roosevelt. During the debate over Roosevelt's Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, Senator Arthur Vandenberg and other Republicans urged <mask> to stay out of the picture. At the 1940 Republican National Convention, <mask> tried to get the presidential nomination, but it went to the internationalist, who lost to Roosevelt in the general election.<mask> met with Hitler and stayed at Gring's hunting lodge during the World War II. He believed that Hitler was not a threat to the U.S. despite the persecution of Jews in Germany. Roosevelt's policies provoked Japan and discouraged France and the United Kingdom from reaching an "accommodation" with Germany were held to be the biggest threat to peace by <mask>. <mask> opposed the U.S. involvement in World War II. He was a member of the America First Committee. The Commission for Polish Relief was established thanks to the help of old friends from the CRB. After the beginning of the occupation of Belgium in 1940, <mask> provided aid for Belgian civilians, but they were described as unnecessary by German broadcasts.After the Soviet Union started the Winter War against Finns, Americans formed a fund to help them. It sent more than two million dollars to the Finns by the end of January. "If we join the war and Stalin wins, we have aided him to impose more communism," <mask> said during a radio broadcast on June 29, 1941. It is a tragedy. After the United States entered World War II, <mask> was not called upon to serve because of his differences with Roosevelt. At the request of the Republican nominee, he refrained from campaigning during the general election. <mask> was unaware of the Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb when he advised Truman to drop the demand for the surrender of Japan.After World War II, <mask> befriended Truman despite their ideological differences. Truman selected <mask> to tour Germany and Rome, Italy in 1946 because of his experience with Germany at the end of World War I. <mask> produced a number of reports critical of the U.S. occupation policy. There is an illusion that New Germany left after the annexations, according to one report. It can't be done unless we move 25,000,000 people out of it. 3,500,000 children were served by the school meals program in the American and British occupation zones of Germany. In 1947 Truman appointed <mask> to lead the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government a new high level study.Truman accepted some of the recommendations of the "Hoover Commission" for eliminating waste, fraud and inefficiency. With the advent of the Atomic Age, <mask> believed that a stronger presidency was required. During the 1948 presidential election, <mask> supported Thomas Dewey's campaign against Truman, but he remained on good terms with Truman. <mask> was against granting membership to the Soviet Union and other Communist states. He supported the efforts of Richard Nixon and others to expose Communists in the United States because he viewed the Soviet Union as morally repugnant. <mask> was offered the Senate seat in 1949 by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey. He didn't want to be senator for two months.Eisenhower went on to win the 1952 election despite <mask> backing Robert A. Taft at the Republican National Convention. <mask> disliked Eisenhower because he did not roll back the New Deal. <mask>'s public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that "I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him." The Former Presidents Act gave each former president a $25,000 yearly pension. Truman's precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment, as <mask> took the pension even though he did not need it. In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered <mask> various positions; <mask> declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963. During his retirement, <mask> wrote several books, including The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson, in which he defended Wilson's actions at the Paris Peace Conference.In 1944, he began working on Freedom Betrayed. Roosevelt's decision to recognize the Soviet Union in order to provide aid to that country during World War II is strongly critiqued by <mask> in Freedom Betrayed. The book was edited by George H. Nash. During the last two years of his life, <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He died of internal bleeding in New York City. "Bathtubs are a menace to ex-presidents" is what Hoover wrote to Harry Truman six days before he died. I wish you the best for your recovery.On August 10, <mask> became the second U.S. president after John Adams to reach the age of 90. <mask> replied, "Too old" when asked how he felt on reaching the milestone. <mask> had been out of office for 31 years. Jimmy Carter broke the record for the longest retirement in presidential history. In the United States Capitol rotunda, <mask> was honored with a state funeral. Former presidents Truman and Eisenhower attended with President Lyndon Johnson and First Ladybird Johnson. He was buried in West Branch, Iowa, near his presidential library and birthplace, on October 25.Lou Henry <mask>, <mask>'s wife who died in 1944, was re-buried beside him. The last surviving member of the Coolidge Cabinets was <mask>. The only person in <mask>'s United States presidential line of succession that he did not outlive was John Nance Garner, who was Speaker of the House during the second half of <mask>'s term. <mask> was unpopular when he left office after the 1932 election, and his historical reputation would not recover until the 1970s. According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited <mask> for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs. <mask> was politically incompetent and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression according to Hamilton. According to Nicholas Lemann, <mask> was remembered as the man who was too rigidly conservative to react to the Depression, as the foil to the great Franklin Roosevelt, and as the politician who managed to turn a Republican country into a Democratic one.<mask> has been ranked in the bottom third of presidents by historians and political scientists. <mask> was ranked the 36th best president by the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section. <mask> was ranked the 36th best president in a C-Span poll. Although <mask> has had a failed presidency, he has also received praise for his actions as a humanitarian and public official. Glen Jeansonne writes that <mask> was one of the most extraordinary Americans of modern times, and that he led a life that was a prototypical Horatio Alger story. The question of where <mask> belongs in the American political tradition remains a loaded one to this day. He played an important role in the development of both the progressive and conservative traditions, but neither side will embrace him for fear ofcontamination.Racist attitudes towards black and mixed-race people were held by <mask>. He was considered a racist by many of his black peers. The <mask> Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is located in West Branch, Iowa, next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic site. The National Archives and Records Administration runs thirteen presidential libraries. The Hoover–Minthorn House is located in Newberg, Oregon. The Rapidan fishing camp in Virginia, which he donated to the government in 1933, is now a national historic landmark. The official residence of the president of the university is the Lou Henry and <mask> Hoover House.The Hoover Institution is a think tank that was started by <mask>. There are many elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States that are named after <mask>. There are two minor planets named after him. The historic town of Gwalia, Western Australia, contains the Hoover House Bed and Breakfast, where <mask> resided while managing and visiting the mine during the first decade of the twentieth century. The medicine ball game known as Hooverball was invented by a White House physician to help keep <mask> fit while he was president. <mask> was in the inaugural class of the National Mining Hall of Fame. His wife was in the hall in 1990.The Australian Prospectors and Miners' Hall of Fame has a category for Directors and Management. In March of 1938, <mask> was awarded an doctorate by the University of Helsinki and the Charles University. The lobby of the Hoover tower has a ceremonial sword on display. The Life of Herbert Hoover Series has a list of presidents of the United States. Gary Dean is reading Biographies Best. Gary Dean wrote The Politics of American Individualism: <mask> in Transition. <mask>'s life was chronicled in The Life of <mask>: Keeper of the Torch.The book was published by Palgrave Macmillan. The name of the person is Clements, Kendrick A. The life of <mask> is described in The Life of <mask>: Visionary Imperfect. The 31st President of the United States, <mask>, was put on the map. Hatfield, Mark, is the author of Congress & the Presidency 41 #1. ed. <mask> was assessed in 2002.Glen, Jeansonne. <mask>'s life was chronicled in The Life of <mask>. The 2012 edition of Palgrave Macmillan was published. Craig, Lloyd. A Study of <mask> and Public Relations Management was published in 1973. The Life of <mask>: The Engineer 1874–1914 was written by George H. Nash. Smith and RichardNorton wrote essays on Understanding <mask>: Ten Perspectives.An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of <mask> is a biography. Timothy Walch. ed. Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of <mask> and Lou Henry <mask>raeger was published in 2003 West, Hal. The Fishing President: Portrait of the Man and his Life outdoors was written by <mask>. Arnold wrote "The 'Great Engineer' as Administrator: <mask> and Modern Bureaucracy."The Review of Politics 42.3 was published in 1980. From New Era to New Deal: <mask>, the Economists and American Economic Policy. Brandes, Joseph. <mask> and Economic Diplomacy was written by the Department of Commerce Policy. The U of Pittsburgh Press was published in 1970. Thomas A. Britten. "<mask> and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy" was published in 1999.Mark M. is the author of the University Press of Kansas. The Historians and Herbert Hoover. Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan wrote a book. The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal was written by Mark Gring. The Radio Act of 1927 was about progressive ideology. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3.3 was published in 2000. Ellis, Hawley."<mask> and the Historians-- Recent Developments: A Review Essay" was published in the Annals of Iowa. Ellis, 75–86 DOI. <mask>, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an "Associative State" were mentioned. The Journal of American History was published in 1974. <mask> contributed to broadcasting. The Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media was published in 1957. <mask> and the Development of Commercial Aviation was written by David D. Lee.The Business History Review was published in 1984. Allan J. Lichtman. The Presidential Election of 1928 is called Prejudice and the Old Politics. The Bonus Riot and the President are included in the 2d ed. Donald J<mask>, Blacks, and Lilies: A Study of Southern Strategies was published in 1994. <mask><mask> and Poland. Between Myth and Reality' Polsky, Andrew J., and Olesya Tkacheva."Legacies Versus Politics: <mask>, Partisan Conflict, and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s." The International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society was published in 2002. Brant is online. The Rhetoric of the Post-Presidency: <mask>'s Campaign against the New Deal was published in 1991. 333–350 online Sibley, Katherine A.S. A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and <mask> was written by scholars. Primary sources are William Starr and Walter H.Newton.The year 1936. A documented narrative about the Hoover Administration. Ellis, Hawley, ed. The years 1974–1977. <mask>: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President was published in

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texts: During World War II, <mask> was an Austrian military pilot who was credited with shooting down more than 700 enemy aircraft. In 1933, he volunteered for military service in the Austrian Army. After Austria's annexation into Nazi Germany in 1935, he joined the Austrian Air Force and later served in the German Luftwaffe. During the "Phoney War" period on the Western Front, he claimed his first aerial victory, after flying his first combat missions in the Invasion of Poland. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II, was awarded to him after his 53rd aerial victory. The Staffelkapitn leader was appointed in August 1943. The fifth squadron of JG 54 is known as the Staffel.On August 19, 1943, <mask> was posted as missing in action. He was promoted posthumously to captain. At the time of his birth in 1912, <mask> was in Austria-Hungary. He joined the military service in the Austrian Army in 1933 and was the son of a farmer. He was a Gebirgsjger with the Alpenjger-Regiment 11. He requested transfer to the Austrian Air Force in 1935. He was trained as a pilot there from July to November 1936.Flieger-Regiment 1 was served by <mask> from 24 November 1936 to 5 May 1938. He was a member of the squadron at Wiener Neustadt. After Austria's annexation into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938, <mask> was accepted into the German Luftwaffe and became a pilot. The squadron of Staffel is under the command of Oberleutnant Hrabak. German forces invaded Poland on September 1st, 1939 in World War II. After the invasion, I. Gruppe returned to his home airfield at Wien-Aspern where he remained until the end of October. On 26 October, there were two events.Staffel were ordered to the same place as before. There was a staffel on 2 November. During the "Phoney War", fighter protection was flown from Frankfurt Rhein-Main. The Iron Cross 2nd Class was received by Stotz. He claimed his first victory over a Royal Air Force bomber the next day. The airfield at Mainz-Finthen was originally named Fliegerhorst Ober-Olm. The Battle of France began.I. Gruppe moved to the suburb of Wittlich on 11 May. In the area of Montmédy, Charleville-Mézires and Bastogne, the unit flew combat air patrols. During the Battle of Sedan, I. Gruppe flew combat missions over the Meuse and Sedan area. Two Fairey Battle light bombers shot down over the Sedan combat area. The airfields at Bastogne and Nives were moved after the German advance into France. The Potez 63 and Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 were claimed by <mask> on 19 May. He was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class on June 1, 1940.The unit flew missions in the Battle of Dunkirk before moving to Charleville. The Armée de l'Air was destroyed in an offensive operation on 3 June. The destruction of a P-36 Hawk fighter west of pernay was claimed by Stotz that day. He claimed two more fighters northwest of Amiens three days later. The Gruppe was moved to Guise on 16 June and then to merainville on 18 June. I. Gruppe moved to Brussels from France on June 19th. On June 26, 1940, the airfield at Waalhaven in the Netherlands was taken over by the JG 54th Fighter Wing.There was a requirement for the Gruppe to provide aerial protection over the Dutch coastal area. I./JG 76 was integrated into JG 54 on July 5th. The last aerial victory on the Western Front was claimed by <mask> three days later. The Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe was awarded to him on September 20, 1940. On March 29, 1941, II./JG 54 was withdrawn from the English Channel. There were four squadrons split up. Staffel was demoted to III.It was ordered to Deta in Romania. On 6 and 4 of April. Staffel flew combat missions. The Staffel flew combat air patrols on the border. On 9 April, II./JG 54 was united again at Kecskemét, Hungary and returned to Deta. The airfield at Zemun near Belgrade was ordered after the Gruppe was withdrawn from this theater. Following the surrender of the Royal Yugoslav Army on 17 April 1941, JG 54 received orders to turn over all Bf109-Es so they could receive the new Bf109-F variant.Transition training was done in Pomerania. The Geschwader was moved to airfields in Eastern Prussia after intensive training. I. The command of gruppe was moved to Trakehnen on June 20, 1941. The invasion of the Soviet Union was launched by the Wehrmacht. Army Group North has a strategic goal towards Leningrad. On 25 June, II.The airfield at Kowno was moved to provide the fighter escort for the group. On the next day, he claimed his first victory over a Tupolev bomber in this theater of operations. The Soviet 6th and 8th Tank Corps were attacked by a formation of Junkers Ju 88 bombers on August 7, 1942. Two Yak-1s were shot down by <mask>. On August 16, 1942, the Lavochkin La-5 fighter aircraft from 49 IAP (49th Fighter Aviation Regiment) flew over him for the first time. On that day, he claimed two aerial victories which were not real. On October 29, 1942, <mask> was credited with his 100th aerial victory.He was the 29th pilot to reach the century mark. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves the next day. He was the 137th member of the German armed forces to be honored. The presentation was made by Hitler. He was promoted to second lieutenant backdated to 1 October 1942. On December 30, 1942, he claimed 10 aerial victories, bringing his total to 129. On February 1, 1943, <mask> was promoted to Oberleutnant.He was appointed as Staffelkapitn. Staffel of JG 54 on August 10, 1943. He took over after Oberleutnant Alfred Teumer was transferred in July. The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A6 (Werknummer 550 201)—factory, north of Kirov, was the location of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A6 that went missing following aerial combat on 19 August 1943. He was last seen by the Soviets. The German Federal Archives have documentation for 182 aerial victory claims, plus one more unconfirmed claim. There are 174 on the Eastern Front and 8 on the Western Front.For example, "PQ 28123" was a map-reference for victory claims. All of Europe, western Russia and North Africa were covered by the Luftwaffe grid map, which was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude. A location area of 3  4 km was given to the 36 smaller units. Goblet of the Luftwaffe was honoured with the Iron Cross in November 1939 and the German Cross in Gold in December 1941.

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texts: <mask> was an American actor. He had a screen career that spanned more than three decades and was one of the most popular movie stars of his time. He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best actor for his role in Giant, which was filmed in the Golden Age of Hollywood. <mask> starred in a number of romantic comedies, including Pillow Talk, Lover Come Back, and Send Me No Flowers. Seconds, Tobruk, and Ice Station Zebra were his films during the late 1960s. <mask>, who was unhappy with the film script he was offered, turned to television and starred in the popular mystery series McMillan & Wife. AIDS-related illness made it impossible for him to continue as a guest star on the fifth season of Dynasty.<mask>'s colleagues in the film industry knew he was a gay man. <mask> was diagnosed with AIDS in 1984. He was one of the first celebrities to reveal his AIDS diagnosis. <mask> was the first celebrity to die from an AIDS-related illness. <mask> was born on November 17, 1925, in Winnetka, Illinois, the only child of Roy Harold Scherer Jr. and Kathy Wood. His mother had English and Irish ancestry, while his father was German and Swiss. He was raised as a Roman Catholic.<mask>'s father abandoned the family when he lost his job during the Great Depression. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was four years old and a few years later his mother married a former Marine Corps officer. Roy Harold Fitzgerald was adopted by Fitzgerald without his consent. The marriage ended in divorce and there were no children. <mask> was a student at New Trier High School. At some point during his teenage years, he became interested in acting after working in a movie theater. He tried out for a number of school plays, but failed to win any roles because he could not remember his lines.He enlisted in the United States Navy after graduating from high school. After training at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, he was ordered to report to Aviation Repair and Overhaul Unit 2 in the Philippines as an aircraft mechanic. He was discharged after returning to San Francisco aboard an aircraft carrier. <mask> moved to Los Angeles to live with his father and pursue an acting career. He used to work as a truck driver. He was rejected from the University of Southern California's dramatics program due to poor grades. After Henry Willson sent a picture of himself to him in 1947, he took him on as a client and changed the young actor's name to <mask>; later in life, <mask> admitted that he hated the name.The Rock of Gibraltar was combined with the Hudson River to create the name. <mask> named his company Gibraltar Production. <mask> was a conservative Republican and voted for Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election. According to a 21st-century source, it took 38 takes for <mask> to deliver his line in the Warner Bros. film Fighter Squadron. Universal-International signed a long-term contract with <mask>. He began to be featured in film magazines after receiving coaching in acting, singing, dancing, fencing, and horseback riding. Undertow gave him his first screen credit.He played an American Indian in the film, as well as an Arab in the film, The Desert Hawk. The Fat Man was third on the cast list, but <mask> was back down in Bright Victory. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was a supporter of the Nelson family in Here Come the Nelsons. <mask> was promoted to lead man for Scarlet Angel, which had Yvonne De Carlo in it. Has Anybody seen my gal? He co-starred with her. The first of his films was directed by Douglas Sirk.<mask> was a star for The Lawless Breed and Seminole after he supported Robert Ryan. He appeared in a Camel commercial that was shown on the set of Seminole. He and De Carlo were used in a movie by RKO. He played Harun al-Rashid in The Golden Blade. Back to God's Country and Gun Fury were both released in1953. Taza, Son of Cochise was directed by Sirk and produced by Ross Hunter. <mask> was firmly established as a leading man in adventure films.He became a star after starring in the romantic drama Magnificent Obsession, which was produced by Hunter and directed by Sirk. Modern Screen Magazine stated that <mask> was the most popular actor of the year. It made $5 million at the box office. <mask> returned to adventure films with Bengal brigade, which was set during the Indian Mutiny, and Captain Lightfoot, which was directed by Sirk. <mask> was the 17th most popular star in the country. He was used by Hunter in two melodramas, one of which was All That Heaven Allows. He acted in Never Say Goodbye.George Stevens' film Giant catapulted <mask>'s popularity. <mask> and James Dean were nominated for Oscars. Written on the Wind was directed by Sirk and produced by Albert Zugsmith. Battle Hymn was directed by Sirk and produced by <mask>. <mask> was voted the most popular actor in American cinemas in 1957. He was in the top ten until 1964. Something of Value was a box-office disappointment.His next film was a remake of A Farewell to Arms. He turned down roles in Sayonara, The Bridge on the River Kwai, and Ben-Hur in order to make A Farewell to Arms. The last production by David O. Selznick, A Farewell to Arms, failed at the box office and received negative reviews. The producer, director, and two stars of Written on the Wind in The Tarnished Angels were with <mask> at Universal. He made two more movies, This Earth Is Mine and Twilight for the Gods. The romantic comedy Pillow Talk, starring Ross Hunter and <mask>, was a huge hit. <mask> was the most popular star in the country for 1959 and was the second most popular for the next three years.The Last Sunset had Kirk Douglas in it. Come September and Lover Come Back were two of <mask>'s most popular comedies. The Spiral Road was directed by Mulligan and A Gathering of Eagles was directed by Delbert Mann. <mask> was the third most popular star in 1963. Is <mask> going back to comedy for Man's Favorite Sport? His third and final film with Day was directed by Howard Hawks. <mask> was considered to be one of the best-dressed male stars in Hollywood and received Top 10 Stars of the Year eight times from 1957 to 1964.Decline as a star of Strange Bedfellows was a box-office disappointment. A Very Special Favor had the same writer and director as Pillow Talk. <mask> appeared in Blindfold. In 1966 he starred in the science-fiction thriller Seconds, directed by John Frankenheimer and co-produced by his own film production company. <mask> may have had his best performance in the film. He tried his hand in the action genre with Tobruk. He starred in the action film Ice Station Zebra at MGM, a role which remained his personal favorite.The film cost a lot but it was a hit. <mask> appeared opposite John Wayne in The Undefeated. He co-starred with Julie Andrews in a musical that cost a lot. He starred in a number of TV shows and movies in the 70s and 80s. The television series was called McMillan & Wife and ran from 1971 to 1977. The on-screen chemistry between <mask> and Saint James helped make the show a hit. <mask> appeared in two films, one a western with Dean Martin and the other a science-fiction film.<mask> surprised many by making a successful entry into live theater late in his career, and the best received of his efforts was I Do! I do! In 1974. <mask> made a number of movies after the end of McMillan. He was one of the stars in The Mirror Crack'd. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask>'s new TV show The Devlin Connection was canceled in December 1982 after he had emergency heart surgery.His health issues forced him to turn down the role. <mask> continued to smoke after his heart surgery. World War III was one of the TV movies he continued to work on. The Ambassador in Israel was being filmed in the winter of 1983 to 1984 when he was ill. He did not get along with his co-star RobertMitchum, who had a serious drinking problem and often clashed off-camera with <mask> and other cast and crew members. <mask> appeared in a recurring role on Dynasty as Daniel Reece, a wealthy horse breeder and a potential love interest for Krystle Carrington, played by Linda Evans, as well as the biological father of the character Sammy Jo Carrington, played by Heather Lockle. <mask>'s use of cue cards resulted in his inability to memorize lines and his speech deteriorated on Dynasty.Due to his ill health, his character was written out of the show and he died off-screen. <mask> and his agent kept his personal life out of the news. <mask>'s secret homosexuality was threatened by Confidential magazine in 1955. Willson disclosed information about two of his other clients. Willson gave information about Tab Hunter's arrest at a party in 1950. According to some colleagues, <mask>'s homosexual activity was well known in Hollywood throughout his career, and former co-stars Julie Andrews, Mia Farrow, Elizabeth Taylor, and Susan Saint James claimed that they knew of his homosexuality and kept <mask>'s secret for him. <mask> married Willson's secretary after the Confidential incident.Gates wrote that she dated <mask> for several months, lived with him for two months before his surprise marriage proposal, and married <mask> out of

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texts: love to prevent an expose of his sexual past. <mask> was quoted as saying that his marriage topped the list when he counted his blessings. Gates filed for divorce after three years. Gates received alimony of $250 per week for 10 years after the divorce. Gates never married again. <mask> and Sara Davidson wrote a biography called <mask>: His Story, which states that <mask> had a brief fling with a novelist. The book also names some of <mask>'s lovers, including Jack Coates, Tom Clark, and Lee Garlington, who later won a suit against the <mask> estate.Bob Hofler wrote a biography of Henry Willson, who was <mask>'s agent. He told The Village Voice that Gates tried to blackmail <mask>. According to Hofler, Gates was a lesbian who believed from the beginning of their relationship that <mask> was gay. <mask> married Jim Nabors in the early 1970s according to an urban legend. At least publicly, <mask> and Nabors were nothing more than friends, even though same-sex marriage was not recognized in any American state at the time. The legend began with a group of middle-aged homosexuals who live in Huntington Beach who sent out joke invitations for their annual get-together. The group invited its members to witness the marriage of <mask> and Jim Nabors, at which <mask> would take the name Gomer Pyle.By this time, the joke was in the mainstream. The October 1972 edition of MAD magazine was published. There isn't a grain of truth to the vicious rumor that movie and TV star <mask> and singer Jim Nelly were secretly married! <mask> and Jim are good friends. They are not married. They are not going in a straight line. <mask> and Nabors never spoke to each other again after those who failed to get the joke spread the rumor.<mask> was raised in a Roman Catholic household. A priest was asked to visit by <mask>'s publicist. <mask> received communion, was administered last rites, and made a confession. <mask> was visited by a group of people. <mask> was diagnosed with HIV on June 5, 1984, three years after the emergence of the first cluster of patients in the U.S., and only one year after the initial identification by scientists that HIV causes AIDS. <mask> kept his illness a secret and continued to work while traveling to France and other countries for treatment to slow the progress of the disease. On July 16, 1985, <mask> was videotaped visiting Day's ranch in Carmel, California, a few days before the launch of her new TV show.He appeared gaunt and his speech was nearly incoherent; during the segment, <mask> did very little speaking, with most of it consisting of Day and <mask> walking around as Day's recording of "My Buddy" played in the background, with <mask> noting he had quickly tired out His appearance was enough of a shock that the reunion was broadcasted on national news shows for days to come. The media speculated on <mask>'s health. He was very sick. I put my arms around him and said I was glad to see you. <mask> traveled to Paris for another round of treatment two days later. <mask> collapsed in his room at the Ritz Hotel in Paris on July 21 and his publicist released a statement saying that he had terminal cancer.<mask> was undergoing tests for "everything" at the American Hospital of Paris and was denied reports that he had AIDS. On July 25, 1985, <mask>'s French publicist confirmed that <mask> had AIDS. He was one of the first celebrities to be diagnosed with the disease. <mask> returned to Los Angeles on July 30. He and his medical attendants were the only passengers when he was removed from the plane by stretcher. He spent a month at UCLA Medical Center after being flown by helicopter. In August 1985 he was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Beverly Crest, Los Angeles for private Hospice care.On the morning of October 2, 1985, <mask> died in his sleep from AIDS-related complications at his home in Beverly Crest at the age of 59, less than seven weeks before his 60th birthday. <mask> requested that there be no funeral. After his death, his body was cremated and a cenotaph was established. Between Los Angeles and Santa Catalina Island, his ashes were scattered. The public discussion of <mask>'s homosexual identity was a result of his AIDS diagnosis. <mask>'s friend Armistead Maupin was the first person to confirm to the press that <mask> was gay in 1985. He said it to Randy Shilts of the San Francisco Chronicle and that he was annoyed that producer Ross Hunter denied it.A story about his disease was published in the August 15, 1985 issue of People magazine. The sympathetic article featured comments from show business colleagues such as Robert Stack, who claimed they knew about <mask>'s homosexuality and expressed their support for him. As a result of this and other stories, <mask>'s homosexuality became fully public. <mask>'s revelation had an immediate impact on the visibility of AIDS and the funding of medical research related to the disease. The author of As Is, a play about AIDS that appeared on Broadway in 1985, stated that if <mask> can have it, nice people can have it. It's not a moral problem. "Two years ago, when I hosted a benefit for AIDS, I couldn't get one major star to turn out...<mask>'s admission is a horrendous way to bring AIDS to the attention of the American public, but by doing."It takes true courage for <mask> to do what he has done. Morgan said that the death of <mask> gave AIDS a face. <mask> was too sick to attend the September 1985 Hollywood AIDS benefit, Commitment to Life, but he did send a telegram. I don't like that I have AIDS. I can at least know that my misfortune has had some positive worth. Since <mask>'s death, more than $1.8 million in private contributions have been raised to support AIDS research and to care for AIDS victims. Congress set aside $221 million to find a cure for AIDS after <mask>'s death.After <mask>'s announcement that he was suffering from the disease, it was necessary to move the event to a larger venue. <mask> made the first direct contribution, $250,000, to amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research, helping launch the non-profit organization dedicated to AIDS/HIV research and prevention; it was formed by a merger of a Los Angeles organization founded by Dr. Michael S. Gottlieb. <mask>'s revelation did not eliminate the stigma of AIDS. Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy were friends of <mask>, but Reagan did not make a public statement about his condition. Reagan phoned <mask> privately in his Paris hospital room where he was being treated in July 1985 and released a statement after his death. <mask>'s participation in a Dynasty scene in which he shared a long and repeated kiss with Linda Evans caused a controversy after he revealed his diagnosis. <mask> knew he had AIDS, but did not tell Evans.He should have told her about his condition. There had been no reported cases of transmission by kissing, despite the fact that the virus was present in low quantities in saliva and tears. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warned against exchanging saliva with people who are at high risk for AIDS. <mask>'s revelation caused panic within the film and television industry according to comments given in August 1985 by Ed Asner, then president of the Screen Actors Guild. Asner said that he was aware of the changes to the script. In the same year, the guild issued rules requiring that actors be notified in advance of any "open-mouth" kissing scenes, and provided that they could refuse to participate in such scenes without penalty. The segment of the 1985 Commitment to Life benefit that was dedicated to <mask> was introduced by Linda Evans.<mask> was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Elizabeth Taylor bought a bronze plaque for <mask> on the West Hollywood Memorial Walk. The Palm Springs Walk of Stars had a Golden Palm Star dedicated to him in 2002. The estate of <mask>'s former lover was sued on the grounds of "intentional infliction of emotional distress". <mask> knew he had HIV eight months before Christian said he continued having sex with him. Christian claimed that he suffered from "severe emotional distress" after learning that <mask> had been diagnosed with AIDS. Mark Miller was sued for $10 million by Christian because he lied to him about <mask>'s illness.Christian was awarded over twenty million dollars in damages by a jury in 1989. Christian defended <mask>'s reputation, saying "You can't dismiss a man's whole life with a single act." He stated in an interview that the thing about AIDS was out of character for him. <mask>, friend of mine was published in 1990 by Tom Clark and Dick Kleiner. Clark never acknowledged that their relationship went beyond being roommates and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 Christian filed a $22 million libel suit against the authors and publisher, charging that he had been labelled a criminal, a thief, a blackmailer, a psychotic, an extortionist, a forger, a liar, and a whore. Between <mask> and a Hard Place: In Defense of <mask> was written by Robert Park Mills.Mills questions Christian's allegations against <mask> in the book. <mask> was parodied as <mask> in an episode of The Rock Quarry Story. <mask> has been the subject of three plays: <mask>, For Roy, and Hollywood, all starring Richard Henzel as <mask>. The story of <mask>'s marriage was depicted in the 1990 TV film <mask> Hudson. Jake Picking portrays <mask> in the 2020 miniseries Hollywood, a revisionist tale of post World War II Hollywood. <mask>'s inability to get his only line right in the movie is parodied. It was written by the Coen Brothers.A song about the AIDS crisis is on the debut album of a British band. "<mask> Hudson" was replaced with "Stone" and "<mask>" in order to create the phrase. CNN's transcript of Larry King's special on <mask> can be found here. The Los Angeles Times has a photographic archive. The Charles E. Young Research Library is located at the University of California, Los Angeles. American gay actors from Illinois are buried at Forest Lawn

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texts: <mask> was a Victorian industrialist and Member of Parliament who was acknowledged as one of the founding fathers of modern Middlesbrough. Bolckow set up and ran an ironmaking business which became the company Bolckow Vaughan. Coal mines, limestone quarries and a major ironworks stimulated the growth of the city. <mask> was the first Member of Parliament for the town. The son of a man from Varchow in the region of Western Pomerania and his wife were born at Slten. After being placed in a merchant's office in Rostock by his parents, he met Christian Allhusen, who invited him to become his business partner in the corn trade. After several years in business in the north of England, <mask> was naturalized as a British subject in 1841.He was persuaded to invest in the iron trade by the ironmaster of the Walkergate works. At the suggestion of Joseph Pease, they set up their first iron foundry and rolling mill, where they processed pig iron imported from Scotland. Witton Park Ironworks, located to the west of the town, smelted ironstone from Grosmont in blast furnaces to produce pig iron. The high transport costs caused the partners to look closer to home for their raw materials, and in the end they found what they were looking for on their own doorstep. The Cleveland Hills were home to large seams of iron ore discovered in 1850. The branch railway line was built a year after they began mining there. The rapid success of their business enabled them to expand their operations, acquiring coal mines, limestone quarries, brickworks, gasworks and a machine works.In 1864, the firm of Bolckow, Vaughan was formed into a limited liability company with a capital of £2,500,000, and with Bolckow as its first chairman. In 1868, the town's population had risen to 40,000 and the iron production was four million tons a year. Bolckow became the first Mayor of the new municipal corporation after the town received a charter in 1854. The introduction of the Bessemer process in the 1850s and subsequent mass-production of both mild steel and hardened tooling steel impacted greatly on the iron manufacturers, as the new process could produce metals far more cheaply. By the late 1870s the town was suffering a major economic downtown because the original 'acid' Bessemer process required pig- iron low in phosphorus to produce usable steel, and the firm of Bolckow & Vaughan were slow to adapt. There was a rival firm in the area that produced steel from imported iron. The townsfolk worked long hours and lived in cramped conditions.He spent a lot of money to create a public park near the town centre. Albert Park was named after Albert, Prince Consort, who came from Germany. He spent his own money to build a school in the St Hilda's district of the town. When the town was granted parliamentary representation under the Representation of the People Act 1867, Bolckow stood as a Liberal Party candidate. On November 16, 1868, <mask> was elected the first Member of Parliament and held that position for 10 years. Bolckow was suffering from a disease when he became ill. The sea air was thought to do him good when he was taken to Ramsgate.He died at the Granville Hotel in Ramsgate on June 18 after a brief recovery. He died at the age of 71. He was laid to rest near to where his friend and partner had been buried ten years before. Their gravestones, which were neglected and fell into disrepair during the twentieth century, were restored in early 2009. <mask> was married twice. He was married to a widow in 1841. <mask> wed the daughter of James Farrar in 1851, after the death of his first wife.Most of the paintings Bolckow collected were by French and English artists. There is a statue of <mask> in Exchange Square. Bolckow built a granite urn in the grounds of Marton Hall to honor Captain James Cook, who was born there. The Captain Cook Birthplace Museum is located in Stewart Park, which is where the Hall burnt down in 1960. Lady Marton was one of the foundation bitches of the modern breed. Grace's Guide Attribution Middlesbrough births 1878 deaths Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies

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texts: <mask> is a trombonist with the New York Philharmonic. <mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan and attended high school in San Rafael, California. His mother sang in the Metropolitan Opera chorus and his father was a professional trumpet player. His brother is a musician. From an early age, <mask> displayed notable talent, graduating early from high school and auditioning to join the San Francisco Ballet Orchestra. He was a soloist with the San Francisco Symphony. After an unsuccessful auditioning, <mask> was accepted to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where he studied until 1980.As an interim Second Trombone in the Philadelphia Orchestra, Alessi won the job permanently and performed with the orchestra for four seasons. After one season as Principal Trombone at the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, <mask> joined the New York Philharmonic as Principal Trombone in 1985. In 1990 he performed the Fantasy for Trombone with the New York Philharmonic. In 1992, he performed with the New York Philharmonic in the world premiere of the Trombone Concerto by Christopher Rouse, which received the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Music. In the United States and internationally, <mask> has developed an increasingly active solo career. He has over 14 full-length albums, as well as guest appearances on other artists' albums. The New York Philharmonic and the Colorado Symphony have released recordings of the Rouse Concerto.George Crumb's 1999 recording of Star-Child was voted Best Classical Contemporary Composition at the 43rd Grammys. After joining the New York Philharmonic, Alessi joined the faculty of the Juilliard School. The Juilliard trombone studio has gained a reputation as one of the finest trombone college programs, and the Juilliard Trombone Choir has performed with Alessi on his recordings. The Alessi Seminar is a biennial trombone workshop that attracts trombonists from around the world to spend time with him. Several of his students are in senior positions in major orchestras. The trombone is arguably the finest instrument in history, and it's played by two of the best players in the world. The most prestigious award offered by the International Trombone Association was given to Alessi in 2002 in recognition of his immense contributions to the trombone community.<mask>'s playing is often noted for its rich sound quality and complete technical control. The music he chooses to play is mostly romantic and modern, but also develops his jazz playing. It's Just for Fun with Edward Neumeister, James E. Pugh, and David Taylor. 3 in d minor - with New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein, conductor.

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