texts: <mask> is an English musician, DJ and record producer who helped to popularise the big beat genre in the 1990s. Cook was the bassist for the Housemartins, who achieved a UK number-one single with their a cappella cover ofCaravan of Love. After the Housemartins split, Cook formed the electronic band Beats International, who produced the number-one single "Dub Be Good to Me". He played in a few films with moderate success. Better Living Through Chemistry was released under the name <mask>. You've Come a Long Way, Baby, Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars, and Palookaville are all follow-up albums. Cook formed the Brighton Port Authority with a number of other artists.Cornershop, the Beastie Boys, A Tribe Called Quest, and Wildchild were all successfully reworked by him. Cook has not released a new studio album since 2004, but he has toured and made a concept album. Cook has a Guinness World Record for most top-40 hits under different names. He won nine MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards as a solo act. Cook was born in Kent in 1963. He attended the same school as future Labour Party leader Keir Starmer and took violin lessons. He was a big fan of music.When he was 14, his brother brought home the first album from the punk band The Damned, which turned him onto that genre. He played in a band called Disque Attack. When Charlie Alcock was told by his parents that he had to give up the band to concentrate on his O levels, Cook took over as lead vocalist. The Stomping Pond Frogs were formed by Cook and Paul Heaton. Cook went to read a B.A. at the age of 18. He achieved a 2:1 in British Studies after studying English, politics, and sociology. At this time, he began to develop his DJing skills in the thriving club scene in BRIGHTON, appearing at the BRIGHTON BELLE and the students' favourite The Basement, where he was known as DJ Quentox.The Housemartins were formed in 1985 by Heaton. Cook agreed to join them in Hull after their bassist left on the eve of their first national tour. The band's two albums, London 0 Hull 4 and The People Who Grinned Themselves to Death, peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart. Isley-Jasper-Isley's version ofCaravan of Love reached number one just before Christmas 1986 and was originally a hit the year before. They split up by 1988. The band's drummer, Dave Hemingway, went on to form The Beautiful South, as did the band's vocalist, David Cook. He started making records with young studio engineer Simon Thornton.Thornton is credited in 2004 as "Executive Producer" on all of Cook's records. Cook's first solo hit was "Blame It on the Bassline", featuring MC Wildski. Credited to Norman Cook. The basic template of what would become Beats International's style was followed by MC Wildski. It reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart. A loose confederation of studio musicians, including vocalists and rappers, were formed by Cook. Andy Boucher is a keyboardist.Their first album, Let Them Eat Bingo, included the number one single "Dub Be Good to Me", which caused a legal dispute over allegations of copyright infringement through the liberal use of unauthorized samples. "Just Be Good to Me" is a song by the band. Cook was bankrupted after he was ordered to pay back twice the royalties made on the record. Excursion on the Version failed to duplicate the success of its predecessor as it did not chart. Cook formed a band with horn player and singer Jesse Graham. The single "Turn On, tune In, Cop Out" was on their debut album. The song was used in an advertising campaign.More of Everything for Everybody was Cook's second album. Pizzaman is a house music album created by Cook and his friends. The Pizzamania album spawned three UK Top 40 hits: "Happiness", "Sex on the Streets", and "Trippin' on Sunshine". "Happiness" was used in a UK fruit juice ad. Michael Dominic directed the videos. Cook formed a group with his former roommate. The Boutique Nightclub was formerly known as the Big Beat Boutique."Magic Carpet Ride" was their biggest song. <mask> <mask> changed his name to <mask> <mask> in 1996. Cook said that the name didn't mean anything. I can't remember the truth, I've lied so many times about it. A word that can't exist is oxymoron. It's kind of goofy and ironic. The Fatboy <mask> album and Cook's second solo album, Better Living Through Chemistry, contained a Top 40 UK hit called " Everybody Needs a 303".The album You've Come a Long Way, Baby and the single "The Rockafeller Skank" were <mask> <mask>'s next work. Cook's first UK solo number one was "Praise You" from this album. Spike Jonze won many awards for his music video. He won three awards, including the award for breakthrough video, at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards in New York City. In 2000, <mask> <mask> released his third studio album, Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars, which featured two collaborations with Macy Gray and a music video starring Christopher Walken. The socially significant video "Sunset (Bird of Prey)" was included on the album. <mask> <mask> won six awards for "Weapon of Choice" at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards.In 2004, Palookaville was Cook's first studio album in four years, and in 2003 he produced "Crazy Beat" and "Gene by Gene" from the Blur album Think Tank. Why Try Harder was Fatboy <mask>'s greatest hits album. There are ten Top 40 singles, a couple of Number Ones and two new tracks. Cook traveled to Cuba in 2006 and wrote and produced two original Cuban tracks for the album The Revolution Presents: Revolution. Rapster Records and K7 in 2009. Cuba's female vocal group Sexto Sentido is featured on two of the tracks. A band of young Cuban musicians, including Harold Lopez Nussa, were recorded at Cuba's EGREM Studios.The track "Guaguanco" was released separately in 2006 and was recorded during these sessions. A video featuring nude dancers with censor bars on them, making pictures and words with them, as well as a collaboration with David Byrne and Dizzee Rascal titled "Toe Jam", was released in 2008. The song "He's Frank (Slight Return)", a cover of a song by The Monochrome Set, is on the soundtrack album for the TV series Heroes. A puppet of Iggy Pop is featured in the video for this track. An alternative club version of "He's Frank (Washing Up)" was released, with a video featuring some footage of Iggy Pop acting and saying lyrics. The band's debut album, I Think We're Gonna Need a Bigger Boat, is the first to be co-produced by Cook's long time engineer Simon Thornton, who also sings on one track. The album was released exclusively on CD at Amazon.com on January 6th and will be available for download on February 3rd.Cook's mix album, The Legend Returns, was a covermount album in the June 2010 issue of Mixmag. He performed as <mask> <mask> at the Ultra Music Festival. Rockefeller Skank and Right Here, Right Now were performed at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony on August 12th, and on September 1st he performed at BRIGHTON PRIDE. "Eat, Sleep, Rave, Repeat" with Riva Starr and Beardyman was Cook's first charting Fatboy Slim single in seven years. The song was supported by a Scottish DJ Calvin Harris. The 15th anniversary edition of Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars was released by Cook in 2015. This was supported by the release of remixes.Cook released The Fatboy Slim Collection in May of 2015. <mask> <mask>'s single "Where U Iz" was released on March 3, 2017. He and Beardyman collaborated on a song titled "Boom F**king Boom". Fatboy Slim vs. Australia was a new album from Australian artists of Cook's previous work. The single "Mama Do the Hump" by Rizzle Kicks peaked at number 2 in the charts and was produced by Cook. Cornershop, Beastie Boys, A Tribe Called Quest, and Wildchild were all successfully reworked by Cook. He did a version of "Amazonas" for the charity Bottletop.On 13 July 2002, <mask> <mask> performed the second of his free open-air concerts. The event attracted an estimated 250,000 people who crammed the promenade and beach between the piers. The event was forced to end early due to safety concerns. Many people were caught in traffic jams until the morning after the show had ended and the crowd had dissipated. <mask> <mask> was the headline performer on the "Other Stage" at the festival. <mask> <mask> played the Saturday headline slot at the Global Gathering festival in 2006 He played a two-hour set in front of a visual stage set with video screens and 3D lighting.The show ended with a fireworks display. Since 2002, <mask> <mask> has not been allowed to play in his hometown of Brighton. On January 1, 2007, he played to an audience of more than 20,000 fans. The tickets for the event, titled "Fatboy <mask>'s Big Beach Boutique 3," were only available to individuals with a BM postcode. <mask> <mask> and the crowd thought the concert was a success. David Guetta and the Cuban Brothers opened the concert. The Big Beach Boutique 4 was held in September of 2008.<mask> <mask> played at the O2 Wireless Festival and Rockness Festival in 2008. This may have been the last time he performed as <mask> <mask>, as he may now be concentrating on his new band, The Brighton Port Authority. <mask> <mask> closed the "Sahara" tent on Friday of the festival in 2008. The opening of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory has been called one of the most memorable Sahara performances. In 2009, he was in Australia. In 2009, he played in Marlay Park, Dublin alongside David Guetta, Dizzee Rascal, and Calvin Harris, as well as one huge performance at the Sziget Festival in Hungary. He performed at the festival.He played a concert in the "pinball-machine" stage at trash city. <mask> <mask> performed at the east dance at the festival. He performed in Cape Town, South Africa as part of the Cool Britannia FIFA World Cup music festival. He performed at the Neapolis Festival in Naples. He performed at the Detroit's Movement Electronic Music Festival on May 30, 2011. <mask> <mask> performed at the closing party of Space Nightclub's We Love Sundays. <mask> <mask> performed at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco and the Red Bulletin/LePLUR Stage in New Orleans, Louisiana, on the 30th and 29th of October 2011.<mask> <mask> performed a live DJ set on the main stage at Ultra Music Festival in Miami, Florida. <mask> <mask> played a headline gig at the Bestival on the Isle of Wight in September. On the Road To Big Beach Bootique 5 was a one-hour radio programme hosted by Cook. There were 10 shows. At the closing ceremony for the 2012 Summer Olympics, he performed his famous remix of "The Rockafeller Skank", dubbed the "Funk Soul Brother", on top of a giant inflatable octopus. As a special guest, <mask> <mask> played at Ultra Music Festival, Wavefront Music Festival, Exit Festival, Bestival, and Glastonbury Festival. There are two stages.<mask> <mask> played at the House of Commons. This was the first time that a DJ had ever performed there, and was in aid of the Last Night A DJ Saved My Life Foundation, which is aimed at "encouraging 16- to 25-year-olds to get more involved in their communities through grass root initiatives and to raise awareness for Fatboy <mask> played at least two times on the Sahara stage. <mask> <mask> played three sold-out shows in December, including The Warehouse Project in Manchester and O2 Brixton Academy, with support from VAS LEON, Slam Dunk'd, and DJ Fresh. He played a two-hour set for pre-school children and their parents at the festival. He played on the John Peel stage for the first time. Cook performed a version of his song " Right Here, Right Now" at a concert in England in October.Cook performed at a mass audience event in England as part of the government's trials to restart them. The seeds of the city's flourishing hip hop scene were sown when Cook and DJ Baptiste started putting on youth club hip hop jams. The 1980s block parties are recalled in the music documentary South Coast, which documents the cult hip hop scene from its grass roots to the present day. Cook is next to a star on the city's Walk of Fame. <mask> <mask> is on the "50 Bands to See Before You Die" list. He was married to TV personality ZOE BALL in 1999. Cook and Ball reconciled three months after they broke up.They have a son, Woody Fred Cook, who appeared on the Channel 4 show The Circle in 2019. Western Esplanade is in Portslade. After 18 years, Cook and Ball announced their separation. Cook has supported the football club since moving to BRIGHTON in the late 1980's. Cook checked into a rehabilitation center to fight alcoholism in March of 2009. Due to an extended stay in the rehabilitation centre, his performance at Snowbombing, a week-long winter sports and music festival held in the Austrian ski resort of Mayrhofen, was canceled, with the slot being filled by 2ManyDJs. Cook left the clinic at the end of March.He has not used drugs or alcohol in a decade. He held the Guinness World Record for the most Top 40 hits under different names. Cook uses lesser-known names in his performances. Norman Cook, also known as <mask> <mask>, was born in 1963.

masks:
Fatboy Slim
Fatboy Slim
Fatboy
Slim Cook
Fatboy
Slim
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim
Fatboy
Slim


type: paraphrased

texts: The American professional mixed martial artist was named <mask>. He lost to Bobby Southworth in the first elimination match of the UFC's The Ultimate Fighter 1 reality show, after winning the WEC Light-Heavyweight Championship. He was a member of the World Fighting Alliance and Palace Fighting Championship. After making his professional debut in 2001 fighting in small promotions, <mask> achieved a 6–0 record with all of his wins coming by submission or knockout. <mask> was invited to compete on the first-ever Ultimate Fighter by the UFC. He was knocked out by Bobby Southworth in the first elimination match of Team Couture. <mask> was knocked out by future UFC Middleweight Championship contender Nate Quarry in the first round of The Ultimate Fighter 1 Finale.WEC <mask> made his debut in the WEC. Sincaid won the bout via unanimous decision and was offered an opportunity to fight for the WEC Light Heavyweight Championship at WEC 20 and won by a rear-naked choke submission. He lost his next two fights, the first being against Mayhem Miller by a rear-naked choke submission and the second being against Doug Marshall by knockout. Sincaid tested positive for marijuana after his fight with Miller. After the demise of the WEC, Sincaid appeared in the Palace Fighting Championship organization as well as other small organizations. Sincaid spoke about his battle with Post-Traumatic Stress from the military. On April 11, it was reported that a man had been found dead in his apartment.

masks:
lodune Ki Sincaid
Sincaid
Sincaid
Sincaid
Sincaid


texts: <mask> "Buzz" <mask> was the most successful Canadian fighter pilot in the Second World War. As "Canada's most famous hero of the Second World War", <mask> was credited with shooting down 27 Axis aircraft in just 14 days over the besieged Mediterranean island. He had an official total of 31 or 31 before the war ended. The war service of <mask> was terminated due to his lack of teamwork and stunting. Having found a way to potentially continue combat flying in the postwar era, <mask> was killed in a crash while attempting to deliver an aircraft to Israel. There is a website called aceofww2.com. <mask> was the third of five children in the family and was born in Verdun, Quebec in 1921.Frederick Gustav <mask> was a commercial artist who worked for the Claude Neon Company. His mother was born in the Montreal suburb of Pointe-Saint-Charles and is English. At the age of 6 <mask> was interested in flying and his father built him a model aircraft. His parents wanted him to follow in his father's footsteps and become a commercial artist. He quit school at the age of 15 to find a job. He had 150 hours of flying time and passed all the exams for a commercial pilot licence. Wanting to increase his flying experience, he went to China to join the Chinese Nationalist Air Force.He was going to head to San Francisco and work for a while in China before signing up for the job. He was deported back to his home after being arrested at the border. He flew solo after taking the controls of an aircraft in 1933. He got a commercial licence after leaving school to work for an air freight company. In 1940, <mask> joined the Royal Air Force. <mask> was rejected from the Royal Canadian Air Force because of his lack of academic qualifications. He tried to join the air force but couldn't because his parents wouldn't let him.Instead, <mask> sailed across the Atlantic on a convoy, intending to join the Royal Air Force. He had to return to Canada after forgetting his birth certificate. He became a pilot in September 1940 after surviving the return trip. Beurling had survived one or two aerial misdemeanours. In September 1941, there was a 7 Operational Training Unit. <mask> did well in training. He was influenced by the great Ginger Lacey, who had a score at the time of 27.Lacey commented that <mask> was a wonderful pilot and an even better shot. The key to <mask>'s success was the combination of these two factors. They did not come without effort. He was immersed in gunnery, estimation of range, deflection, bullet trail and bullet drop until they were automatic. Flying and shooting became one action for him. He was posted to North Weald, Essex as a Sergeant Pilot in the middle of December. He flew his first combat mission on Christmas Day 1941.It took Beurling nearly four months to escort bomber and fighter sweeps across the English Channel. Beurling didn't get off an effective shot when he was in formations "jumped" by German fighters. In 1942, the squadrons were staffed by the personnel of the RCAF. <mask> was posted to 41 Squadron RAF because he was still technically a member of the RAF. He was assigned to the number four position two days later. He broke from the flight to chase after the Fw 190. He said the German fighter probably destroyed 2 to 3 miles off the coast.<mask> became unpopular with his superiors and fellow pilots after he was reprimanded for attacking a target without permission. As Red 4 found himself alone in the sky, he made his way back across the Channel, joining up with Sgt Appleton. After Group revision, 3-1-2 Fw 190 were credited to the RAF FC pilots. <mask> offered to take the place of another pilot who was posted overseas. He didn't know his destination until the ship reached Gibraltar. He was going to be No. The squadron is at Malta.During the siege of Malta, fighter pilots played a critical role. On 9 June, <mask> landed on the island after flying off the deck of his plane. His nickname was "Screwball", an expletive he used a lot. In the early morning of 12 June, <mask> and three other pilots from 249 were in a formation intercepting eight Bf 109s. Nobody saw the tail hit the ground, so <mask> was credited with a "damaged" tail. A series of kills by <mask> had no equal on the Mediterranean island. He attacked a formation of three Cant Z 1007bis, 14 Reggiane Re.2001s and more than two dozen Macchi C. 202s.He probably shot down Sergente Pecchiari. He claimed another Macchi that crashed near the Reggiane of Sottotenente Romano Pagliani. The Italians claimed two Spitfires, one by Furio Niclot Doglio, who would kill <mask> three weeks later. The aircraft of <mask> was badly shot up. He made a third claim that day, a hit from 800 yards. <mask>'s tally rose to five in four days, making him an ace. It is thought that he shot down the C. 202 of Sergente Maggiore Francesco Visentini.On 12 July, <mask>, piloting a Spitfire and searching for Pilot Officer Berkeley-Hill, who was missing, spotted, at a lower altitude, Tenente Colonnello Aldo Quarantotti and Tenente Carlo Seganti. The two Reggianes were downed by Beurling and Flying Officer Hetherington. The other Reggiane was attacked by Beurling. The Italian commander was decapitated by Beurling when he closed up to 100 ft. The aircraft fell into the sea. He was attacked by the Reggianes two days later. The aircraft was hit by more than 20 bullets.He said that his right heel was nicked by a bullet. <mask> lost his best friend in July. On the day after, eight 249 Spitfires were scrambled. After a long dogfight with a Reggiane, <mask> claimed to have damaged a bomber's left wing. Sergente Maggiore Bruno Di Pauli died in the 151a squadriglia. After an AA shell damaged his aircraft, the Macchi 202 pilot reported to have parachuted down, followed by six Spitfires that had not yet fired. July 27 was Beurling's biggest day.After shooting down Sergente Faliero Gelli, he flew Macchi MC with Captain Furio Niclot Doglio. 202s. Doglio, who was diving to counter attack the head-on Spitfires of 126 Squadron and had misinterpreted the warning waggling of wings of his wingman, was Beurl. The ace Leutnant Karl-Heinz Preu of JG 53 piloted one of the two Messerschmitt Bf109 fighters that Beurling claimed on the same day. On 24 July 1942, Beurling was awarded the distinguished flying medal, the citation read: On 30 July, he was commissioned as a pilot officer, and on 4 September, he won a bar to his DFM, largely for his exploits on 27 July. The enervation of daily combat combined with the effects of the poor ration were telling. Beurling only won 112 victories in August and September.He was jumped by two more while he was shooting at a Bf 109. He said that he hit one and it went into the sea. His section leader confirmed this. He belly-landed his plane in a field after it was hit in the engine. He said that he was uninjured except for a superficial cut in one arm. <mask> was either shot down by Herbert Rollwage or by Fw Pohl of the 77th Fighter Wing. <mask> went back to Ta' Qali Field.On 25 September, he claimed to have downed three German fighters, but on this occasion his victories seem to have been overstated. He met a dozen Bf 109s 30 miles northeast of Zonqor Point that day. He claimed to have "disintegrated" a first Messerschmitt, to have damaged a second and put in flames a third, that "enveloped in flames, dived vertically striking the sea", and the pilot bailing out. Two of these victims were German fighters that came back to base, even if badly damaged, and the third could be the one piloted by Kurt Gorbing, who died after making a forced-landing. <mask> was testing his newly serviced Spitfire when he was sent to intercept two Bf 109s over Filfla. He said he hit the "starboard fellow" in the engine and flipped him over. He hit the fuel tank when he tried to fly away.The kills brought <mask>'s tally to 21. There is no record of a crash on the island on October 10, 1942. Three miles north of St Paul's Bay, <mask> attacked a formation of Ju 88s. He claimed to have hit a bomber and then an oncoming Bf 109 that burst into flames. He shot at a second Messerschmitt without observing strikes. The citation read: <mask> was a committed Christian and non-smoker. He was devoted to the art of aerial combat.<mask> was known to be a solitary man on the ground and in the air. His relentless concentration on aerial fighting led <mask> to develop a marked skill at deflection shooting and together with his "situational awareness", he was soon recognised as a deadly fighter pilot. Many other pilots would break away from <mask>'s habit of only engaging enemy aircraft at 250 yards or less. <mask> was able to "toss his Spitfire" into violent combat because of his good eyesight. If he jumped from behind, he would pull back the stick of his aircraft so hard that it would enter a violent stall. This was a very dangerous act for the enemy fighter to follow. Beurling would ram both ailerons and rudder into a sudden and violent turn, causing his Spitfire to flip over and drop like a stone.Only a very experienced pilot would pull such stunts. It was a matter of habit for them to beurling. He knew that the Spitfire could be taken care of and get him home safely. <mask> was shot down four times. <mask> scrambled with six other pilots from his squadron to intercept a raid of Ju 88s escorted by 60 Bf109s, Macchi 202s and Reggiane 2001s just south of Zonqor Point. He strafed a bomber that he claimed to have shot down, but was hit by return fire from the Ju 88: "I picked up about 30 bullet holes." He claimed to have damaged a Messerschmitt and blew the left wing off another Bf109.He was hit from below by another German fighter. He was wounded in several places and his car was set on fire. He made it to the sea. No Messerschmitt was destroyed during this action. There are only 2. Staffel was damaged in the action and Edere crash-landed at San Pietro, Sicily. <mask> was probably shot down by either Obfw Riker or Karl von Lieres.Only one of the Ju 88s that were claimed to have been shot down did not return. <mask> was hospitalized after his rescue. On October 31, 1942, <mask> was sent back to Britain. The plane he was in crashed into the sea off Gibraltar. One of the three survivors was <mask>. The citation read that he had claimed over 27 kills, by far the highest total by an RAF pilot during the campaign. After landing in Britain, <mask> was sent to Canada to join a war bond drive and was invited to be the guest of honor at a parade in Verdun.He was promoted to war substantive Flying Officer on January 30, 1943. He didn't like the war bond campaign. He said things that embarrassed the RCAF, such as that he enjoyed killing people. The leg wound <mask> had received over Malta, combined with his poor general health, returned him to hospital for several weeks. He met his future wife, Diana Whittall, after completing his promotional work. Instructor returning to Britain, <mask> was posted as a gunnery instructor. He was posted to the school in May 1943.When the engine caught fire after being accidentally hit during a mock dogfight, <mask> had to bail out. The Crosskeys Bridge, which still stands today, was built in 1897 and is said to have been used by him. On 1 September 1943, <mask> transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force and was posted to an operational squadron at Kenley, flying the new Spitfire IX. After shooting down an Fw 190 of JG 2 in September, <mask> requested command of a flight of North American P-47s in order to carry out free-roaming raids into Germany. His request was turned down. <mask> was promoted to flight lieutenant despite his commander's annoyance. His stunting of a de Havilland Tiger Moth at zero feet over his airfield eventually led to his Wing Commander threatening him with a court martial.<mask> was transferred to 126 Wing HQ and then to 412 Squadron. At 412 Squadron, <mask> came into conflict with his commander for stunting and his lack of teamwork, leading to his eventual grounding. He shot and wounded Uzz on December 30. There is a man flying a Fw 190A-45 W.Nr. The squadron was covering returning American bombers near Compigne, France. In April 1944, <mask> returned to Canada. Despite an attempt to join the United States Army Air Force, he was given an honorable discharge in October.He ended his career as a squadron leader with 31 kills and one share of official kills. <mask> was recruited to fly in the Israeli Air Force. Six days after the Israeli Declaration of Independence, <mask> died in a plane crash at Aeroporto dell'Urbe in Rome. It was his tenth crash. It was never proven that there was sabotage at the time of the accident. The initial report acknowledged that the bodies were burned beyond recognition. <mask>'s family and friends did not attend the funeral in Rome.The words "Colonel" were written on a brass plate over the lid of the coffin. Nobody claimed the body of <mask>, so his coffin was kept in a warehouse for three months. Diana Whittall Gardner had him buried in the Cimitero Acattolico behind the Cestia Pyramid. Two and half years after his death, <mask>'s casket arrived at Haifa Airport. An honour guard of young airmen mounted a silent watch as his coffin was laid to rest in a nearby air force base. The Israeli Air Force paid respects to <mask> during his funeral. He was re-buried at the foot of Mount Carmel.The grave is marked with a name, serial number and rank for Beurling that of segen. The account of his time in Malta was first published in 1943. The boulevard which carries <mask>'s name is the only reminder of the famous son. The high school in Verdun is named after him. The summary of victory claims that <mask> was credited with 31 air victories that were destroyed and 9 that were damaged. There are references to Bruce. On a Canadian Warbird, "Ode on a Canadian Warbird."Issue 6 of Air & Space was published in December 2009. 50 to 53. Mary Oswald. The members of Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame led the way. Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame was established in 1999. An excellent biography of <mask> "Screwball" <mask> can be found on the official site of Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.

masks:
George Frederick
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
George Beurling
Beurling
George Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
Beurling
George
Beurling


texts: <mask> is a Taiwanese singer and actor. He began singing in restaurants at the age of 17 while still in high school. <mask> was on the first season of China Television's star search show, One Million Star. His debut album, <mask>o, was released in the year 2008 after he signed a contract with Warner Music Taiwan. <mask> won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best New Performer for his performance in The Killer Who Never Kills. His fourth album, It's All About Love, won him the Best Male Vocalist award. In 2015, he formed a four-man band called Lion and they got third in the Singer competition.<mask> returned three years later as a solo singer and finished third. In May 2007, <mask> was accepted to the first season of a TV show. The Taiwanese equivalent of American idol was this show. The production unit of the show wanted him to be a challenger in the first season. The show's 10 best remaining contestants were to compete against <mask> in a Point Kick style singing match. He won the first two rounds. The show's rating went up to a historical high even though he lost in the third round.He was the third most searched celebrity. His name is the second hottest search term for Taiwan Show Business. His brief appearance on the show captured the attention of the music industry at that time and the restaurant he was singing at was full house whenever there was his shift. <mask> was invited to go on variety shows even though he wasn't signed with a music record company. <mask>'s sudden popularity got A-Mei's attention. <mask> was invited to sing with A-Mei in the duet "Moment of the First Sight" on her album Star. It was the instant No.One hit. The Golden Horse Award is the most significant event for the film industry in Taiwan. At this time, <mask> was a student and a musician. Many record companies fought to get this young and fresh talent. Warner Music Taiwan and <mask> signed a four-year contract in March of 2008. His first album, <mask>o, was released in June 2008. It was the top hit on the billboard for 7 weeks.The premiere concert of Hsiao's new song attracted over ten thousand fans. In Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, this album was the No.1 hit. He was nominated for the Best New Singer at the Golden Music Awards in Taiwan. He had a good position in the Taiwan music industry because of his performance. <mask>o tried acting. He had a small part in the popular Taiwanese drama "Fated To Love You/ ". Italy was visited by <mask>o in December of 2008.He wrote a song called "To My Beloved" after visiting Italy. The video for this song was used to raise funds for the Genesis Social Welfare Foundation. <mask>'s second album Princess was released in July of 2009, following the success of his first album. "Princess" was a No.1 hit for three months. <mask> had the chance to become the song producer for four of the songs on this album. Each of the four songs had its own style. He will hold his first large-scale live concert in December of 2009.<mask> released his third album, Love Moments, in November 2009, as part of his pre-concert initiative. 10 covers of songs originally sung by top female singers were included in this album. They were recorded in a live-band style. "Silent Flower" was in Taiwanese dialect, and the album's first hit song was the song he sang and got defeated on TV show, One Million Star in 2007. <mask> had five No.1 hits with his two albums in 2009. He had six songs in the top 100 and five in the top 100 Golden Songs of 2009. He won the Best Male Singer Award.He was nominated for a Best Male Singer award. The Mr. Rock Concert at Taipei Arena was a huge success. Within minutes, it was sold out. The stage set was made to look like a chess game. He performed songs in a number of languages. He used his drumming and keyboard skills on stage. Without dancers or guest singers, Hsiao single-handedly completed his first large-scale concert and earned enthusiastic praise.He went to Singapore, Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, and Shanghai. He incorporated different local elements in each of the different concert locations, which were highly appreciated by fans, and tailored each concert to the local market demands. <mask>o's fourth album, Jam Wild Dreams, was released in June 2011. He was involved in the production of background harmony. He had been the individual song producer since his "Princess" album in 2009, but this time he got to take on the role of album producer, a first for Hsiao. He was quoted as saying that this album represented his music ideologies and beliefs and that this album is the most live studio recorded album as he strive to preserve the energy and appeal of an actual live performance. The album was the number one album on Taiwan's KKBOX Music Rank.He won the Best Male Singer at the Golden Melody Awards. It was the 11th best-selling album in Taiwan in 2011. In the beginning of the year, <mask> was voted one of the most desirable singers by the audience in China, and was invited to perform in a trio with two other people. Most Chinese families have a tradition of watching a five-hour variety show on Chinese New Year's Eve. It is a pleasure to appear on this show. <mask> was ill with flu and laryngitis a few days before the event. He was able to run through the rehearsals.He couldn't speak on the night of the show. Hsiao knew he had to fulfill his commitment as a performer. He realized that this could be a once-in-a-life time opportunity for his two partners. He didn't cancel the appearance or refuse to do a lip-sync. "I did my best" was the only explanation he gave after the show. Although his performance was disappointing, his attitude, courage and professionalism earned the respect of the production unit, the fellow musicians and the hearts of the audience. His popularity soared in China after the New year, when his saga became a hot topic.This episode led to a new phrase called "There's a spirit called <mask>o", which shows how much he has been appreciated by the public. Mr. Jazz: A Song For You, It's All About Love started from Hong Kong in August 2011. The concert was going to be in Hong Kong. The show was sold out in a matter of minutes. Many fans were disappointed when they failed to get tickets. The second show was sold out in 6 minutes. The tour went to Singapore in January 2012 and then to Taiwan in February of that year.The same thing happened in Taipei. After the first show sold out, the second show was added and sold out. He was invited to bring the concert tour to many cities in Asia and Australia. "How Deep Is Your Love" and "L-O-V-E" are two of the eleven covers on <mask>'s first English album. The album showed a 180 degree change in style and performance, from the powerful Mr. Rock to the soothing Mr. Jazz. In an era where mainstream music dominates the charts, Hsiao aims to introduce less popular music to the Asian market. He wants more and more people to be exposed to music that they don't usually listen to.It's All About Love was released in November of 2012 by Hsiao. He also directed anMV for the song "Marry Me", in addition to producing, writing, singing, background vocal arrangement, and singing. He recorded a disco dance rap song, "Hey, Brother", and performed dance movement in the music video. He won the Best Male Singer award in Taiwan. <mask> was one of four mentors on Beijing Television's singing competition reality show Duets. One of his students, Xiao Yi Hang, was signed by Warner Music after winning first place in a competition. He was a mentor in the second season of Duets.The Song was <mask>'s sixth album. He was the producer and composer of six songs in this album. He enlisted a dance instructor from Korea to teach him how to dance to the song "Kiss Me" in just two days. The Korean drama "You Who Came From The Stars" ended with the song "Kelly", which was aired in Taiwan in May. The Shin Kong Mitsukoshi malls in Taiwan will play "The Song" before they close on 1 July. During the World Cup in Brazil, <mask>o became the World Cup Ambassador for Taiwan and his song "Let Go" was used as the closing song. The band Lion was formed in September of 2016 by <mask> and his friends.Their album was released on September 16. He appeared as one of the mentors of Sound of My Dream with other people. <mask> and his band Lion got third in the Singer competition. He returned in 2020 as a solo singer and finished third in the eighth season of I Am a Singers. <mask> doubled as a host for the first two episodes until he was replaced by his music partner, after the show announced that subsequent episodes were to be taped remotely as part of the safety measures due to the coronaviruses epidemic. In 2010, <mask>o joined the cast of a movie called The Killer Who Never Kills, based on a series of novels by Giddens Ko. He wrote the film's theme song and played the lead role in the film.He won the Best New actor award at the 31st Hong Kong Golden Film Awards in 2012 for his performance in the movie. Kevin Chu directed <mask> as the "Master of all Geeks" in his second film, "My Geeky Nerdy Buddies." Jiang Shuying and Xie Na were also in the film. It was released in mainland China and Taiwan. He expressed his support for unification by taking part in a pro-unification pop song that aired on Chinese television. Taiwanese Mandopop singers Taiwanese male film actors Taiwanese Mandopop singer-songwriters One Million Star contestants are 21st-century Taiwanese.

masks:
Jam Hsiao
Hsiao
Jamsia
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Jam Hsia
Jam Hsia
Jam Hsia
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Jam Hsia
Hsiao
Hsiao
Jam Hsia
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Jam Hsia
Hsiao
Hsiao
Hsiao
Jam Hsia
Hsiao


texts: From the start of the Cold War to the end, <mask> was a Soviet leader. <mask> was born to a Ukrainian family in 1906. He graduated from a local school in the 1920s and then from the Aviation Technology Institute in the 1930s. He joined the All-Union Communist Party in 1930. <mask> was the vice-chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic by the 1960s. <mask> became the "chief lieutenant" of the Central Committee after Nikita Khrushchev's forced resignation. His main goal was to strengthen Brezhnev's position within the party.He became one of the leading figures in the secretariat in order to accomplish this task. <mask> was responsible for personnel selection and supervision of economic planning throughout most of the Brezhnev Era. The Central Committee (CC) had a "counterweight" in 1976. In 1965, he became a member of the Politburo. He was forced to resign from active politics because of his health issues. <mask> was pushed aside when Andropov became general secretary. He died in Moscow.On September 8, 1906, <mask> was born to a working class family in the village of Alexeyevka, Belgorod Oblast, in the Russian Empire. He was an electrician and a locksmith when he was a boy. Five years after graduating from one of the local schools, <mask> attended the Alekseevskii Vocational technical school. <mask> started working for a mining enterprise in the late 1920s. He joined the All-Union Communist Party two years after becoming an active member of Komsomol. He graduated from the Aviation Technology Institute in 1936. He worked at the Zaporizhia Plant Engine as a design engineer.<mask> became an active participant in party politics and was eventually selected to the position of Second Secretary of the Voroshilov District Party Committee. He was voted in as First Secretary the following year. The Second Secretary of the Zaporizhzhya Regional Party Committee was appointed later that year. <mask> made significant contributions to the development of electrical engineering and metallurgy. <mask> was involved with safe zones during the Great Patriotic War. He was a member of the Military Soviet of the 18th Army of the Southern Front from 1941 to 1943. He contributed by improving discipline among soldiers as well as improving materiel support for the troops.During <mask>'s time in Moscow, the production of advanced aircraft increased rapidly. <mask> was made First Secretary of the Zaporizhya Regional Party at the end of the war. He was the First Secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk Regional Party Committee. From 1955 to 1962, he was the First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee and Nikita Khrushchev appointed him to take charge of economic planning and personnel selection in urban areas of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. <mask> was promoted to Khrushchev's vice-chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee. Brezhnev used <mask> to win over supporters of his conspiracy against Khrushchev. After Khrushchev's ousting, a "collective leadership" was formed with Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as head of government, and Anastas Mikoyan as head of government.<mask> was ranked fifth in the collective leadership behind Brezhnev, Podgorny, and Kosygin. <mask> was a voting member of the Politburo. The Bureau of the Central Committee of theRSFSR was abolished in 1966. The main concern of <mask> was to maintain and strengthen his position within the Party. Men who were loyal to Brezhnev were also loyal to <mask>. The "counterweight" to <mask>'s power within the CC was Konstantin Chernenko. <mask> provided detailed supervision of new party personnel and the economy before Chernenko's rise in the Soviet hierarchy.<mask> supervised the economy when Chernenko came on board. By the late 1970s, <mask>'s health began to decline and his memory began to diminish. Despite his failing health, he was still a high-standing member, and he usually presided over the meetings of the secretariat. Most of <mask>'s duties had been associated with that office in the past, so First World representatives treated him as the Second Secretary of the Communist Party. <mask> was one of four people who had a seat in the secretariat and Politburo during most of his term. By 1976 <mask>'s position within the Soviet leadership had grown to such an extent that leading officials were beginning to worry about his "organizational tail" in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Many of his colleagues thought he was a threat to the Party Organisational Work Department of the Central Committee because of his responsibilities.His position was weakened so much by the end of the year that it weakened the Collective leadership. As with Kosygin, <mask>'s leading position in the Soviet leadership was in limbo due to his support for economic reform. <mask> and Brezhnev were estranged in 1977 due to the economic hardship of the Soviet Union. It is said that the two argued about how to improve the economy. The most common explanation is that <mask> became estranged because of his weakened position within the Collective leadership. <mask> was the leader of the Soviet delegation. The doctrine of Marxist-Leninism was officially subscribed to by the MPLA at this congress.The congress was important to the Soviet Union and <mask> compared it to Vietnam. <mask> and Kosygin were vocal opponents of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. He blamed the Afghan Party leadership for the rebellion against them. He disliked it when the Afghan leadership tried to justify their actions on the basis that they also did it. <mask> was seen as a possible candidate for the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1977, however, First World observers tended to overrate the significance of the office, and because of it, their observation was completely off the mark. The office of First Deputy Chairman was taken over by a 76-year-old man. <mask>'s position within the Soviet leadership was eventually taken over by the chairman of the KGB.<mask> lost his unofficial office as supervisor of the defence industry in 1979. The West saw <mask> as a candidate to replace Brezhnev as Soviet leader in 1982. <mask> was removed from the Politburo by the new General Secretary. <mask> had a disease called arteriosclerosis, which made him disabled from politics or protecting himself from attacks. <mask> couldn't remember the names of several Politburo members after Brezhnev's death. When he was asked to write a letter of resignation in 1982, he was unable to do so because he was unable to write properly. If Brezhnev died later, <mask> would still have to resign because the decision to remove him was taken before he died.<mask>'s son tried to defect to the United Kingdom. <mask>'s downfall was relatively easy compared to other Soviet politicians who had the same fate. Even if he was not a member of the Soviet leadership at the time, he was allowed to stand next to Brezhnev's family at his funeral. <mask> retired after making his last public appearance in 1983. Mitchell believes that <mask> was given the retirement so that he could win over <mask>'s appointees to top-ranking offices. He lived in Moscow for the rest of his life. He was buried at a cemetery.He was awarded the Hero of Socialist Labour twice, and he received seven Orders of Lenin and one Order of the October Revolution. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Governors of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were recipients of the Order of Lenin Heroes.

masks:
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Andrei Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko
Kirilenko


texts: <mask> "Messy" <mask> is based in Los Angeles, California. He is a producer for Canadian band Magic!, but was previously a member of the production duo The Messengers, earning credits on a number of successful singles and albums. Messinger started playing the piano at the age of five and went on to develop skills for a variety of instruments, including sax, bass, guitar, and drums/percussion. He attended the music program at York University in Toronto for two years after graduating from the Claude Watson School for the Arts. He was nominated for an award for his work with a group. The winning RnB song in the 2002 John Lennon Songwriting Contest was co-written by him. He won two GMA Canada Covenant Awards for his work with the band.In the past few years, his partnership with fellow Canadian singer/Songwriters "The Messengers" has functioned as a writing and production team for a number of artists. Chris Brown received a win for 2012 Best RnB Album for his work on the Messengers work. They won the Best Collaborative Video award for "That Should Be Me." Messinger won the producer of the year award for his work with Magic! They are 888-405-7720 888-405-7720 He won an international achievement award for his success with the song "Rude". "Not Afraid Anymore" is a song from the Fifty Shades Darker: Original Motion Picture soundtrack.Latium is a Sony Music International album producer. "You Don't Care About Me" is a song on the album "Don't Kill The Magic". "The One Thing" is a writer, producer and musician. "All Around the World": Writer, producer, musician "Believe": Writer, producer, musician "Just Like Them": Writer, co-producer, musician Chris Brown.

masks: Adam Messinger


texts: <mask> was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime. He was opposed to the Holocaust while he was in office. Goerdeler would have been the Chancellor of the new government if the 20 July plot had succeeded. The Gestapo made the arrests and executions of hundreds or thousands of others after he gave them the names of his co-conspirators. Goerdeler was executed in February 1945. Goerdeler was born into a family of civil servants in the Prussia of the German Empire. Goerdeler's father was a member of the Landtag of the Free Conservative Party after 1899.Goerdeler's upbringing was described by his biographer as one of a large, loving middle-class family that was cultured, devoutly Lutheran, nationalist and conservative. As a young man, the deeply religious Goerdeler chose to live by the motto to restore everything in Christ. Goerdeler studied economics and law at the University of Tbingen. He was a civil servant for the municipal government of Solingen. The same year Goerdeler married Anneliese, he would have five children. His father was a district judge and he had a strong sense of duty and service to the State. His upbringing had been happy, but sternly intellectual and moral; his legal training had pointed to a career in local administration and economics.Although a very humane man, Goerderler's frigid, spartan belief in hard work and his austere, puritanical morality--he would not tolerate a divorced man or woman in his house--lacked warmth and comradeship. He was an autocrat by nature and his commanding personality, combined with his utter belief in the rightness of his point of view, enabled him to persuade weak or uncertain men over-easily to accept his own point of view. In February 1918 he was part of the German military government. Goerdeler was stationed at the headquarters of the XVII Army Corps in Danzig, Poland. In June 1919, Goerdeler submitted a memo to his superior, General Otto von Below, calling for the destruction of Poland as the only way to prevent territorial losses on Germany's eastern borders. Goerdeler joined the ultraconservative German National People's Party after his discharge from the German Army. Goerdeler was against the Versailles Treaty of 1919, which forced Germany to give up territories to the Polish state.Before the exact boundaries of the Polish-German border were determined, he suggested restoring West Prussia to Germany. During the 1920 Polish–Soviet War, Goerdeler played a key role in breaking a strike by Danzig dockers who wanted to shut down Poland's economy. He thought that Poland was not as bad as Russia. Goerdeler was elected as the mayor of Knigsberg in East Prussia in 1922 and as the mayor of Leipzig in 1930. Goerdeler was an outstanding municipal politician during the Weimar Republic era. Goerdeler was appointed Reich Price Commissioner on December 8th, 1931, and was given the task of overseeing deflationary policies. The sternness with which Goerdeler administered his task made him a well-known figure in Germany.The leader of the DNVP, Alfred Hugenberg, was a foe of the Brning government. In the early 1930s, Goerdeler became a leading advocate of the viewpoint that the Weimar Republic had failed and that a conservative revolution was needed to replace democracy. Goerdeler was considered as a potential Chancellor after the downfall of the Brning government. General Kurt von Schleicher sounded him out for the post but eventually he was chosen over him. Goerdeler was recommended by Brning to be his successor after the fall of his government. Goerdeler was rejected because he was a member of the DNVP. Under the leadership of Alfred Hugenberg, the DNVP had waged a vituperative campaign against Hindenburg and had even labeled him as one of the "November Criminals" who had allegedly "stabbed Germany in the back" in 1918.By 1932, no current or former member of the DNVP was acceptable to be chancellor. Goerdeler resigned as Price Commissioner after the fall of Brning. Goerdeler refused to serve in Papen's cabinet. As late as 1935, Goerdeler considered Hitler an "enlightened dictator" who would be a force for good. The only chapter of Goerdeler's life that he found embarrassing was the time he supported the Nazis. On 1 April 1933, the day of the national boycott against Jewish businesses in the Reich, Goerdeler appeared in full uniform of the Oberbrgermeister of Leipzig to order the SA not to enforce the boycott and to free several Jews taken hostage. He tried to help Jewish businessmen who were threatened with the "Aryanisation" economic policies of the Nazi regime.The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 did not give Goerdeler cause for complaint, but the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service did. As part of his efforts to influence the Nazi regime, Goerdeler sent Hitler long memos containing his advice on economic policy, and in the second half of 1935, he wrote up a new draft law on the powers and responsibilities of municipal governments. He was a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law. Goerdeler was sympathetic to the regime and the National Socialists, but he always refused to join the NSDAP. By the mid-1930s, Goerdeler became more and more dissatisfied with the Nazis as it became clear that Hitler was carrying out economic and financial policies that were highly irresponsible. Goerdeler was worried about the city's debts because of the huge increase in spending by the municipal government. Goerdeler was opposed to annexation of Polish territories and clashed with Hitler over his foreign policy.He wrote to Hitler that the continued Polish possession of territories in Gdask Pomerania and Greater Poland was a thorn in the country's economic flesh and honour. Doctors who were members of the Communist Party of Germany or non-Aryans were not allowed to participate in public health insurance in 1933. The second decree of 1934 banned physicians from participating in public health insurance if they had more than one Jewish grandparent, or if they were married to a non-Aryan. The laws did not affect the physicians who received approbation. On 9 April 1935, the deputy mayor of Leipzig banned all Jewish doctors from participating in public health insurance and advised municipal employees not to consult Jewish doctors. Goerdeler received a complaint from the Middle German Regional Association of the Central Association of German Citizens of Jewish Faith. On April 11, 1935, Goerdeler ordered the end of Haake's boycott and provided a list of "non-Aryan" physicians who were allowed to operate under the existing laws.Goerdeler was accused of being an anti-Semite because he published a list of "non-Aryan" physicians to be excluded from practicing under public insurance. Goerdeler's defenders, like the Canadian historian Peter Hoffmann, argue that Goerdeler's insistence on enforcing the laws served to protect Jewish physicians. In November 1934, Goerdeler was again appointed Reich Price Commissioner and ordered to combat inflation caused by rearmament. The German public welcomed the news of Goerdeler's reappointment as Price Commissioner as a positive development. The appointment of Goerdeler was a response to the problem of inflation. Despite the great fanfare that greeted Goerdeler's appointment, he was given little real power. The idea of devaluing the Reichsmark was strongly opposed by Goerdeler in 1934.The Economics Minister and Reichsbank President clashed with Goerdeler over his inflationary policies during his second term as Price Commissioner. Goerdeler resigned as Price Commissioner in 1935 because he thought they posed a grave danger to the German economy. Goerdeler was disgusted by rampant corruption within the Nazi Party and became increasingly troubled by Nazi economic policies. The Nuremberg Laws, which Goerdeler found deeply distasteful, were enforced by Goerdeler in September 1935. In October 1935, Goerdeler sent Hitler a memo in which he urged that the priorities for the use of German foreign exchange should be shifted from buying raw materials that Germany lacked for rearmament and instead should be used to buy food that Germany lacked such as fats. In his report, Goerdeler wrote that the main goal of German economic policy should be "the satisfactory provision of the population with fats, even in relation to armaments, as having political priority". Goerdeler argued that the root of German economic problems was rearmament and that the solution was to reduce military spending, increase German exports and return to a free-market economy.The collapse of the economy with an extremely drastic drop in living standards is what Goerdeler warned about. After Hitler ignored Goerdeler's report, Goerdeler asked Hitler to destroy the Reich Commissariat since there was nothing to do. In the spring of 1936, Goerdeler and Haake had a dispute over the demolition of a monument to Felix Mendelssohn. In the summer of 1936, Goerdeler was heavily involved in trying to influence the decisionmaking regarding the economic crisis in Germany. During the economic crisis of 1936, Goerdeler and Schacht urged Hitler to reduce military spending, turn away from autarkic and protectionist policies and reduce statism. Some of Germany's leading business executives were supporters of the "free-market" group. A group of people called for the opposite of Goerdeler and Schacht.Gring commissioned a report from Goerdeler as a leading economic expert about whether or not Germany should devalue the Reichsmark despite his disagreements with Gring. The policies of the New Plan of 1934 were rejected by Goerdeler. Devaluing the Reichsmark was the best solution to the economic crisis, according to Goerdeler. Goerdeler argued that the tolerance of other Western nations, especially the United States for the German state's subsidising the dumping of exports was wearing thin and would soon result in harsh new tariffs being applied against German goods. The only way out of the economic crisis that gripped the German economy in 1936 was the devaluation of the Reichsmark, according to Goerdeler. For the Reichsmark to be successful, it would require co-ordination with other nations, especially the United States, the United Kingdom and France, which otherwise might be tempted to engage in competitive devaluations of the dollar, pound and the Swiss Franc. Goerdeler wanted rapprochement with the Western powers to get their co-operation.Goerdeler wrote of a "grandiose possibility" that a German reengagement with the world economy would lead to a new age of economic co-operation among the world's largest economies. In exchange for Anglo-French-American economic co-operation and support, Goerdeler argued that Germany should stop its own economic policies and cut military spending. Goerdeler felt that the price of Western economic support would be a moderation of the Nazi regime's policies in regards to the "Jewish question, freemasonry question, question of the rule of law, Church question". Goerdeler wrote, "I can well imagine that we will have to bring certain issues into a greater degree of alignment with the imponderable attitudes of other peoples, not in substance, but in the manner of dealing with them". According to the British historian Adam Tooze, Goerdeler was following his own agenda in seeking to moderate the regime's domestic policies in his memorandum and that it is highly unlikely that outside powers would have required concessions on anti-Semitic and other domestic policies that Goerdeler advocated Tooze thinks that Goerdeler was correct in saying that the West would have to cut military spending in order to get economic support. Goerdeler argued that his policies of economic liberalisation and devaluation would cause 2 million to 2.5 million Germans to be unemployed in the short term, but that the increase in exports would make the German economy stronger in the long run.Gring called Goerdeler's memorandum useless. Gring's copy of Goerdeler's memorandum has handwritten personal comments by Gring on the side. "Nonsense! "Oho!" When Gring forwarded a copy of Goerdeler's memorandum to Hitler, his covering letter stated: This may be quite important, my Fhrer, for your memorandum, since it reveals the complete confusion and incomprehension of our bourgeois businessmen, limitation of armament His recommendations are adequate for a mayor, but not for the state leadership. Hitler rejected Goerdeler's advice in August 1936.The Four Year Plan was launched by the Nazi regime as a way out of the 1936 economic crisis. Hitler's "Four- Year Plan Memorandum" may have been written in part as a reply to Goerdeler's memorandum because Hitler found Goerdeler's report objectionable. On 4 September 1936, speaking before the German Cabinet, Gring cited Goerdeler's memorandum as an example of flawed economic thinking and announced that Germany would pursue heavy military spending, protectionism and autarky, regardless of the economic consequences. The dispute between Goerdeler and Haake over the statue came to a head in the autumn of 1936. Goerdeler agreed to move the statue from its current location in front of the concert hall to a lower-profile position. Goerdeler left for a trip to Finland in 1936, promoted by the German Chamber of Commerce. After meeting with Hitler and Goebbels, Goerdeler was assured that nothing would happen to the statue.The statue was demolished by Haake. The matter of the statue was only the outward occasion of the conflict and Dr. Goerdeler's attitude in the Jewish Question had been revealed particularly clearly. Goerdeler tried to rebuild the statue. He resigned from office on March 31, 1937 after failing to win reelection. After his resignation as Oberbrgermeister of Leipzig, Goerdeler was offered the position of heading the finance department at the firm of Krupp AG. Krupp was ordered to withdraw the offer by Hitler, who forbade Goerdeler to take up the appointment. Goerdeler became the director of the overseas sales department at Robert Bosch.Goerdeler was involved in anti-Nazi plots after he


texts: resigned. Bosch agreed to turn a blind eye to his anti-Nazi work. Goerdeler was opposed to the extreme radicalism of the Nazis and was afraid of what the results of Hitler's foreign policy would be. Civil servants and businessmen formed an opposition group out of Goerdeler's circle. Goerdeler tried to convince Hitler and the other Nazi leaders to change course despite his anti-Nazi plot. The case of Goerdeler has been used by the historian Hans Mommsen to support his view of "resistance as a process", with Goerdeler going from an ally of the regime to increasing disillusionment by Nazi economic policies in the mid-1930s and finally becoming committed Goerdeler believed that something must be done about the Nazi regime.The American journalist wrote that Goerdeler was a conservative and a monarchist at heart, but also indiscreet and headstrong. Between 1937 and 1938, Goerdeler traveled to France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Balkans, the Middle East and Canada to warn anyone who would listen about what he was up to. In his meetings with his foreign friends, Goerdeler demanded that the Great Powers back the cession of the Sudetenland and the Polish Corridor. Goerdeler became a member of Beck's private intelligence network. Beck and General von Fritsch received Goerdeler's reports. In his contacts abroad, Goerdeler tended to portray himself as leading a movement that was more organised than it really was. He presented himself to his foreign contacts as the secret spokesman of the German opposition.Goerdeler tried to influence the Army into considering an anti-Nazi putsch, as well as trying to influence foreign governments. Goerdeler told Sir Robert Vansittart that he wanted to see the Nazi regime replaced by a right-wing military dictatorship that would seek British friendship in exchange for British support for annex. During a visit to the United States in 1937, Goerdeler stayed with the British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett at his estate in Virginia and informed him of his desire to restore the monarchy in Germany. Goerdeler drafted his "Political Testament", attacking Nazi economic policies and criticized the regime for its anti-Christian policies. Goerdeler met several people. Goerdeler was associated with several loose groupings of German rightists in the Civil Service and the military. The attempts by Goerdeler to turn the Army leadership against the Nazis were unsuccessful.The British government was advised to resist the Nazi claim to the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia by Goerdeler when he visited London in April of 1938. The British were confused by Goerdeler's statements. Goerdeler was involved in planning a putsch against the Nazi regime if they launched Fall Grn. Beck often consulted with Goerdeler over the question of whether or not he should resign as Chief of the General Staff in order to stop Fall Grn. The British industrialist A.P. was introduced to Goerdeler by Vansittart. Young was a close business partner to several German corporations. Young and Goerdeler could meet often without raising suspicion because Young did frequent business with Bosch and Goerdeler was there.In August of 1938, Goerdeler told the British that Hitler was going to launch Fall Grn. Goerdeler and Young met in the village of Rauschen Dune in East Prussia. Goerdeler asked Young to convey a message to the British government that London should apply economic and diplomatic pressure on Germany to stop the persecution of the Jews. Goerdeler stayed in Switzerland to have more meetings with his British contacts. The British politicians and civil servants who met with Goerdeler were impressed with his honesty and earnestness, but they were judged too risky by the government to stake all their eggs in the Goerdeler's basket. We have had similar visits from other emissaries of the Reichsheer, such as Dr. Goerdeler, but those for whom these emissaries claim to speak have never given us any reason to suppose that. The events of June 1934 and February 1938 did not lead to much hope in the Army against the regime.In his diary, von Hassell wrote that Goerdeler was "imprudent" but that he wanted to act rather than complain. With the crisis in Central Europe looking likely to explode into war at any moment, Goerdeler was waiting for the putsch to overthrow the Nazi regime, and his taking over the reins of the German state as the new Chancellor. Goerdeler was in contact with Chinese intelligence during his planning for the coup. Like most German conservatives, Goerdeler favored Germany's informal alliance with China, and was opposed to the reversal of Germany's Far Eastern policies by the Foreign Minister, who abandoned the alliance with China for an alignment. "X", as Goerdeler was code-named by the British, stated in a September 1938 meeting with Young that the working classes in Germany were distrustful of the leader. Their loyalties are questionable. Young recorded Goerdeler as saying that the people were against the war at an alarming rate.The recent talks with industrialists had convinced Goerdeler that the workers would revolt against the regime if they were in possession of arms. The British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, who knew Goerdeler well, noted that Goerdeler failed to realize that Hitler was not bluffing with Fall Grn and had every intention of attacking Czechoslovakia on October 1, 1938. The best chance of a putsch against the Nazi regime was removed when the Sudetenland was turned over to Germany, according to Goerdeler. The German people did not want war, the Army would have done anything to avoid it, and the world was warned in good time. Germany would be free of its dictator and Mussolini by now if the warning had been acted upon. Within a few weeks, we could have begun to build lasting world peace on the basis of justice, reason and decency. In order to remove Mussolini and create peace in the Far East, a Germany with a government of decent people would have been ready to solve the Spanish problem without delay in company with Britain and France.For sound co-operation in economic and social fields, for the creation of peaceful relations between Capital, Labour and the State, for raising ethical concepts and for a fresh attempt to raise the general standard of living, the way would have been open. Goerdeler wrote "You can't imagine the despair that both people and the Army feel about the brutal, insane and terroristic dictator and his cronies". Goerdeler exaggerated the extent of anti-Nazi feelings in both the German Army and the German public. Young was told by Goerdeler that Hitler is convinced that England is weak and never will be. When the British Ambassador to Germany went on sick leave in November of 1938, the acting heads of the Embassy in Berlin sent a series of reports to the Foreign Secretary to change British policy. Goerdeler was one of the Embassy's leading Informants. In November of 1938, Goerdeler met with Young in Switzerland and asked if the British government could intercede on the behalf of 10,000 Polish Jews who had been expelled from Germany.The treatment of the Polish Jews was "barbaric" according to Goerdeler. The Kristallnacht pogrom of November 1938 had been ordered by Hitler personally and was not a "spontaneous" demonstration as the Nazis had claimed. As soon as the new persecution of the Jews starts, it is essential to break diplomatic relations, according to Goerdeler. Goerdeler believed that Hitler had decided to destroy the Jews-Christianity-Capitalism and that he was seeking world conquest. Goerdeler stated that the economic and financial situation in Germany was gravely critical. The situation is desperate. Economic conditions are getting worse.The working classes are distrustful of the leader according to Goerdeler. Their loyalty is questionable. Goerdeler told Young that the people are against war at an alarming rate. Goerdeler's recent talks with industrialists had convinced him that the workers would revolt against the present regime if they were in possession of arms. The "X" documents, Goerdeler's reports to Young, were published in 1974. During his second visit to Britain in December of 1938, Goerdeler made demands for British support for the return of Danzig, the Polish Corridor and the former German colonies in Africa, as well as alienating the British civil servants he met by his extreme German nationalist language. Goerdeler asked the Foreign Office to ensure that Britain gave a post-Nazi government an interest-free loan in exchange for ending the efforts to place the Balkans into the German sphere of influence.Goerdeler's exaggeration of the anti-Nazi feeling in Germany and his inability to organize a putsch were clear to the British. Sir Alexander Cadogan wrote about Goerdeler's offer, "We are to deliver the goods and Germany gives I.O.U". "These people must do their own job" was written by Chamberlain. In the same month, Goerdeler wrote his "World Peace Programme" which called for an international conference of all the world's leading powers to consider a "moral code" for relations between the states and the stabilization of the various currencies. The end of Goerdeler's "World Peace Programme" said whoever abstains from co-operating wants war and is a breaker of the peace. Goerdeler continued with his efforts to bring about the downfall of the Nazi regime despite what he perceived as a major setbacks. Goerdeler believed that he could overthrow the Nazi regime if he could convince enough people.Through sheer force of will and the goodness of his cause, Goerdeler believed he could bring down the Nazi regime. During the winter of 1938–39, Goerdeler held discussions with a number of people about how to overthrow the Nazi regime. Hitler was annoyed with Goerdeler's memo urging him to exercise caution. Hitler described Goerdeler and others as "the overbred intellectual circles who were trying to block him from fulfilling his mission by their appeals to caution." During the winter of 1938–39, Goerdeler sent reports to the British that stated that Hitler wanted Italy to attack France in order to cause a "knock-out blow" against Britain. Goerdeler was not aware that he was sending false information to the Abwehr, which was hoping that the reports would lead to a change in British foreign policy. Goerdeler's misinformation resulted in the "Dutch War Scare", which gripped the British government in late January 1939 and led to the public declaration by the British Prime Minister that there would be no German attack on France.Goerdeler suggested to Young that Britain hold an international conference to discuss German demands for changes in the international order. According to Goerdeler, Hitler would decline to attend the conference in order to bring about his downfall. Young passed on Goerdeler's idea to Hull, who was so impressed that he offered to chair the conference that was chaired by Roosevelt. Roosevelt made a famous appeal to Hitler and Mussolini to promise the public not to disturb the peace for the next ten years. Roosevelt promised a new economic order. A senior French Deuxime Bureau intelligence agent representing French Prime Minister douard Daladier was going to meet with Goerdeler in the second half of March 1939. In April 1939, during a secret meeting with the British diplomat, Goerdeler stated that if the British continued with their "containment" policy adopted in March 1939, then they might see the "Hitler adventure".Some historians, such as Richard Overy, argue that Goerdeler and other German conservatives exaggerated German economic problems to the British and the French. According to Overy, Goerdeler wanted a very firm Anglo-French stand in favor of Poland in the hope that if confronted with such a situation, the German Army would overthrow Hitler, rather than risk a world war. The "X documents" and how to interpret them played a key role in the debate between Overy and the Marxist Timothy Mason about whether the German attack on Poland was a "flight into war" forced on Hitler by an economic crisis. According to other historians, Goerdeler's information about the German economy was correct and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The impact of the British blockade resulted in a 75% decline in the value of German imports during the Phoney War. On 6 May 1939, Goerdeler leaked information to the British Foreign Office stating that the German and Soviet governments were secretly beginning a rapprochement with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler went to London in May 1939 to deliver the same message.Goerdeler told the British that the state of the German economy was so bad that a war would only accelerate the country's economic collapse. During his visit to London in May 1939, Goerdeler claimed that the German Army leadership was willing to overthrow the regime, but that the leaders of the whole movement still considered it too early. Goerdeler was either lying to the British or self-deluded according to the German historian. The British and French governments were influenced by Goerdeler's assessment of the German diplomatic-military-economic situation, which they believed could lead to the fall of Hitler without a war. Goerdeler wanted the German military to overthrow Hitler because he was frustrated by the generals' refusal to consider a putsch. In a memo written at the end of July 1939 during a visit to Turkey, Goerdeler was of the opinion that Hitler was bluffing in his demands against Poland, and if he could be forced to stand down by a firm Anglo- French stand, that would be a blow to Goerdeler changed his mind about Hitler's intentions towards Poland during the summer of 1939.The result of a world war pitting Germany against Britain and France was advised by Goerdeler to General


texts: Walter von Brauchitsch. Brauchitsch was told by Goerdeler that the only way to save Germany was to putsch Hitler. Brauchitsch told Goerdeler that he shared Hitler's belief that Germany could destroy Poland without causing a world war. After learning that the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact had not led to the abandonment of Poland, Hitler ordered the postponement of Fall Weiss, which was due to begin the next day. The postponement was a blow to Hitler's prestige according to Goerdeler. He was considering canceling his trip to Sweden because of the international situation. Goerdeler told the British diplomat that Poland was the best place to bring down the Nazi regime.At the same time, Goerdeler's insistence on restoring Germany to its 1914 borders and his intense German nationalism left many British diplomats to distrust him as they viewed him as not much different from Hitler. Goerdeler returned to Germany at the beginning of September. When Germany attacked Poland on 1 September, the Anglo-French declaration of war on 3 September and the German Army doing nothing to overthrow Hitler, Goerdeler was most disappointed and unpleasantly surprised. It was the beginning of a pattern where Goerdeler would invest great hopes in the German Army rising up against Hitler only to discover that the officers were more interested in fighting for the Fhrer. In 1939–40, Goerdeler assembled conservative politicians, diplomats and generals, most notably Ulrich von Hassell, General Ludwig Beck and Johannes Popitz, in opposition to Adolf Hitler. According to Goerdeler, Halder and Canaris were afflicted with nervous complaints as a result of the brutal conduct of the war in Poland. A post-Nazi government would seek peace terms with Great Britain and France.Germany would retain all areas of Poland that had been part of Germany prior to 1918, Austria and the Sudetenland with independence being restored to Poland and Czechoslovakia with the restoration of global free trade and the end of protectionism as part of Goerdeler's terms. On 3 November 1939, Goerdeler traveled to Sweden and met with Marcus Wallenberg and others. Hedin wrote in his diary that "Goerdeler believed in Gring and thought that a quick peace was the only thing to save Germany, but that peace was not possible if Hitler remained at the head of affairs". At the same time, Goerdeler was deeply involved in the planning of an abortive putsch which was supposed to be launched on 5 November 1939. Hassell wrote in his diary that he was worried about the resemblance of Goerdeler to Kapp. Wolfgang Kapp, the nominal leader of the Kapp Putsch, was notorious for his irresponsibility. The proposed putsch was stillborn when the leaders of the planned putsch dropped their support.After Hitler fixed "X-day" for the invasion of France, Brauchitsch and Halder decided to overthrow him. During a meeting with Hitler on 5 November, Brauchitsch tried to convince Hitler to put off "X-day" by saying that the German Army was worse off than it was in 1918. Halder and Brauchitsch told Goerdeler that overthrowing Hitler was not something they could do and that he should find other officers if he really wanted to do it. Hitler put off "X-Day" until further notice because he didn't want Brauchitsch and Halder to consider overthrowing him. Halder was asked to re-consider his attitude by Goerdeler. Halder told Goerdeler that the Kaiserschlacht was launched in March 1918, which led to Germany's defeat in November 1918. The November Criminals, the men who staged the November Revolution and signed the armistice that took Germany out of a losing war, were hated all over the Reich.Even if Hitler launched an invasion of France that failed, most people would still support him, just as the failure of the Kaiserschlacht had failed to hurt his reputation, so the Army could do nothing to overthrow him. Until Hitler was discredited, anyone who acted against him would be considered a new November Criminal. There was no one to replace Hitler. The majority of the younger officers in the Army were National Socialists. The German people were slaves of English capitalism. When face to face with the enemy, one does not rebel. Halder wouldn't change his mind despite all of Goerdeler's best efforts.In January–February 1940, Goerdeler, Popitz, Beck, and Hassell spent most of their time working on the sort of constitutional, economic, social and educational system that a post-Nazi government would have to carry out. The restoration of the monarchy was the basis of their planning. The main reason why the Army wouldn't overthrow Hitler was the lack of a positive goal to inspire them with the hope of a better tomorrow, and if he and his colleagues could work out plans for a better future, then the Army leaders would change their minds. It was agreed that Nazi leaders like Gring and Himmler would have a leading role in a post-Nazi government if they were willing to break with Hitler. The Foreign Minister of Germany, who Goerdeler hated as an obnoxious bully, was the only Nazi leader who could play a role in a post-Nazi government. In April 1940, Goerdeler met with General Halder, the Chief of the General Staff, and asked him to consider a putsch while the British and French were still open to a negotiated peace. Halder refused Goerdeler's request.Halder was told by Goerdeler that Hitler's blood would be on his hands if he didn't remove him at this point. Halder told Goerdeler that he couldn't act against the Nazi regime because of his oath to Hitler. Halder told Goerdeler that a violation of his oath to the Fhrer could not possibly be justified because of the military situation of Germany. Halder told Goerdeler that Britain and France had declared war on us and that one had to see it through. It was pointless to have a peace of compromise. The German Army lost interest in anti-Nazi plots after the German victory over France in June 1940. Army officers were interested in becoming involved in Goerdeler's anti-Nazi plots after the first German defeats in the Soviet Union.In June 1941, Goerdeler experienced a brief surge of hope that Hitler had issued a set of orders to the Army that violated international law and made it clear that he wanted the war against the Soviet Union to be waged in the most inhumane way. Goerdeler argued that the Army would overthrow Hitler because he would become a war criminal. On June 16, 1941, the sequel was recorded in Hassell's diary. The onus of the murders and burnings must be assumed by the Army because certain orders have not yet been issued. The generals delude themselves that nothing was going to happen when the Soviet Union is invaded. During the winter of 1940–1941, Goerdeler discussed with Popitz, Beck and Hassell which of the Hohenzollerns would occupy the throne of Germany after the overthrow of the Nazis. Goerdeler was in favor of the claim of Prince Oskar of Prussia.The idea of restoring the former Emperor to his throne was rejected by Goerdeler due to the personality of the former Kaiser and the way he behaved during his thirty-year reign. The Lutheran Goerdeler rejected the Crown Prince because of his reputation as a womaniser, heavy drinker and irresponsible playboy, as well as his support for the Nazi regime. While agreeing with Goerdeler that the unstable former Kaiser was unsuitable, Popitz insisted that the Crown Prince be the next emperor, and spent a lot of time arguing with Goerdeler over which of the sons of the former emperor was to sit. A list of potential ministers was included in the future constitution for Germany. The pre-1918 authoritarian political system was favored by Popitz. Goerdeler argued with his fellow conspirators in favor of a British-style constitutional monarchy with an emperor who was not meant to govern, but to watch over the Constitution and to represent the State. Goerdeler's proposed constitution called for a strong executive, a high degree of decentralisation, a Reichstag elected partially by the people on a British-style "first-past-the-post" basis (instead of by party lists) and partially by members of localIn order to assist with the drafting of the future constitution, Goerdeler enlisted the help of his friend, the anti-Nazi discussion group of professors at Freiburg University. The new government would have been formed after Hitler's assassination and the overthrow of the Nazi regime if the July 20 Plot had succeeded. Goerdeler was disappointed with the Atlantic Charter. The task of recruiting the German Army to overthrow the regime would be more difficult since Goerdeler believed in maintaining a strong military. In 1941, Goerdeler expanded his network of anti-Nazi contacts to include Social Democrats. Goerdeler submitted a memo to the German government in late 1941 in response to the news of the deportations of German Jews to Eastern Europe. Goerdeler wrote in the memo that a Jewish state should be created in South America or Canada and that the entire Jewish population of Europe would be deported.Goerdeler demanded the repeal of the post-Kristallnacht anti-Semitic laws in order to keep the Nuremberg Laws in force. The controversy was attracted by this memo. Goerdeler's critics are offended by his suggestion that German Jews whose ancestors had not lived within the borders of the German Empire before July 1, 1871, should not be considered German citizens. Hans Mommsen wrote that Goerdeler's anti-Semitism was typical of the German right in which Jews were considered to be part of an alien body. Mommsen said that given Goerdeler's background in the fiercely anti-Semitic German National People's Party, it was surprising that he was able to make any sort of moral objection to Nazi anti-Semitism. In January 1942, Goerdeler submitted another memo to the German government. During his second visit to Sweden in April 1942, Goerdeler contacted the Wallenberg family to inquire about the peace terms that the British would conclude with Germany once the Nazi regime was overthrown.Goerdeler was sad when his son Christian was killed in action. Goerdeler made a secret and illegal visit to Smolensk in November 1942 to meet Field Marshall Gnther von Kluge and other resistance leaders. The two men promised to arrest Hitler when he visited the Eastern front. He saw Goerdeler as a kindred spirit and was very impressed with him. When Goerdeler received a message from General Beck stating that he changed his mind about acting against the Nazi regime, and to include him out of any putsch, he was most disappointed. Kluge's change of mind about trying to overthrow Hitler was related to the "gifts" he received from Hitler in the fall of 1942. Kluge was the beneficiary of an enormous bribe from Hitler who mailed a letter of good wishes together with a huge cheque totaling 250,000 marks made out to him from the German treasury and a promise that whatever improving his estate might cost could be billed out to the German treasury.Hitler had heard rumors that Kluge was unhappy with his leadership. Kluge's message to Goerdeler not to involve him in anti-Nazi plots had the desired effect after receiving another "gift" of 250,000 marks from Hitler. The Nazi regime's corruption of the German officer corps was a source of disgust and exasperation to Goerdeler. All of the senior officers were taking huge bribes from Hitler in exchange for their loyalty, according to one of Goerdeler's contacts with the Army. By May 1943, Goerdeler was aware that Field Marshall Gnther von Kluge had accepted 250,000 Reichmark cheques as birthday presents from Hitler that were intended to bribe them into loyalty. Goerdeler was enraged when these men refused to join the conspiracy because of their greed for more bribes. In May 1943, Goerdeler wrote that senior officers think only of helping themselves.In December 1942, the "Freiburg Circle" who were continuing their work helping Goerdeler develop a constitution submitted the "Great Memorandum" to Goerdeler for the proposed post-Nazi German government. After the overthrow of the Nazis, German Jews would not have their German citizenship restored but be restricted to living in ghettos and be allowed only minimal contact with German Christians, according to the "Proposals". Saul Friedlnder used the "Proposals" to argue that Goerdeler was anti-Semitic and that his differences with the Nazis on the "Jewish Question" were not kind. The pace of Goerdeler's conspiratorial activities increased after the Battle of Stalingrad. Between November 1942 and November 1943, Goerdeler was in regular contact with his friends, the Wallenberg family of Sweden, whom he used as middle-men in his efforts to make contact with the British and American governments. On January 22, 1943, at the home of Peter Yorck von Wartenburg Goerdeler, he argued and debated forcefully about the social and economic policies to be pursued by a post-Nazi government. There was some difficulty in patching up the agreement between the Goerdeler and the Kreisau Circle.Goerdeler, Hassell, General Beck, Johannes Popitz and Jens Jessens were present at the meeting. In March 1943, Goerdeler wrote a letter to several German Army officers asking them to overthrow the Nazis and divide them into decent and non-decent Germans. Goerdeler wondered how the Germans could put up with such an intolerable system for so long. Goerdeler argued that if only a situation were created in which the truth could be spoken again, it would be possible. The Wallenbergs were asked by Goerdeler to pass on his thoughts on the German–Polish border. In the same memo, Goerdeler called for a "European community" comprising a German-dominated confederation, which in turn was to be sub-divided into an Eastern European confederation consisting of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, a confederation of the Scandinavian states, a South European confederation The European confederation would consist of an economic unit with one military ruled over by a Council consisting of two representatives from every state, who would choose a European President for a four-year term.In order to help the Council and the President,