texts: <mask> "Toni" <mask> was an Austrian resistance activist. She became 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Antonia Spath was born in Vienna after the First World War. She and her older sister grew up with their grandparents because their parents couldn't afford to feed them. After the financial situation improved for the girls' parents, she found her mother very strict. She added Russian to her list of languages after growing up bilingual in German and Czech. The son of a coachman who worked at the Ottakringer Brewery saw to it that she attended a Komensk.This time her mother's uncompromisingly conservative convictions prevailed, despite her desire to pursue Slavic studies at a higher level. She began an apprenticeship with Joseph Schindler as a hairdresser and beauty therapist. She made contact with him through the youth group. She received English lessons alongside her formal apprenticeship. She taught her colleagues how to set up a group in the Czech Republic. She picked up socialist precepts from her father, who was politically active at the time of the dual monarchy, and she was fascinated by the pacifist attitudes adopted by the Quakers. <mask> Spath didn't know much about hairdressing, but she did make three trips to the Czech Republic during her apprenticeship.She became a member of a Czech workers' gymnastics club. Membership of the club was restricted to Social Democrats because of the politics of the time. <mask> Spath wrote under the name Tanja Spatov for the Czech language labour movement press. She met her husband at the DTJ. As a factory foreman, <mask> was a gifted gymnast. He was a member of the Republican Protection League. He lost his job in February 1934 because of his involvement in the Rabenhof riots.When the two of them married in 1935 their financial situation was dire, since <mask> had been unable to find employment and his wife's work as a hairdresser was poorly paid. <mask> <mask> was able to fulfill her life's dream in 1936 when she joined the university to study languages. She continued to provide poems and short stories to the Czech-language socialist press in order to supplement her household income. The Faculty of Slavonic Studies was closed down by the Nazis after the German annexation of Austria. <mask> <mask> didn't finish her degree. Austria was becoming fascist and dictatorial before the German invasion and was inspired by developments in Germany. The Chancellor Schuschnigg's government was opposed by the Bruha's.They would bicycle to the frontier with Czechoslovakia, in a wooded area near Preburg, in order to collect Communist and Socialist publications that were banned in Austria. The publications were distributed in Vienna. Austria became incorporated into a Nazi German state after the annexation. For the politically committed, opposition activism became more urgent. The situation for the Bruhas was complicated by Josef's work situation. After the Nazis came to power, he was re-employed by the company as a divisional head, in charge of a department containing 300-400 women, two mechanics and his own typist. The Nazi take-over caused a new level of prosperity for the couple.The Bruhas joined the resistance group. Initially the group was limited to members of the Czech minority, but later expanded to include members of the German speaking community who had not previously been politically engaged. The author distributed pamphlets encouraging opposition to the government. Group members took Jews to the Swiss frontier to escape the dangers of state-mandated antisemitism. There were acts of sabotage by members. Antonia took advantage of his absence to participate when he was sent to Berlin on a training course, because he refused to engage in sabotage actions because he believed it was impossible to be certain that no one would be hurt when a target was attacked. One source uses the term "blowing up" to describe an action in which she took part.She was already pregnant and carrying a large quantity of chemicals that had been smuggled out of a factory to a block of military storage depots. She maintained that no lives were at risk. The group of worker-gymnast activists was penetrated by a Gestapo spy at the end of 1940, after welcoming members from beyond the confines of the Czech minority. Most people would pay for their actions. The first part of 1941 saw the beginning of the arrests. Sixty-nine group members did not survive the internment by the authorities by 1943. Among those who perished, shot or beheaded, were Alois Houdek himself and one of the people involved with Bruha.<mask> <mask> had always wanted to have a child, but the timing of her baby's birth was not planned. After Sonja's birth, Bruha became aware that their group had a Gestapo informer. She and her husband and child were arrested around 15 October 1941. The authorities were interested in him because of his involvement with the Republican Protection League. He was released for lack of evidence after four days after they decided that he was not involved in recent resistance activism. If fellow prisoners knew of his involvement, they didn't speak up. <mask> <mask> was taken into custody.The Gestapo headquarters in Vienna's Hotel Metropol was where Bruha was held for two days after her arrest. She was beaten with sticks during the first two days. With all means possible. The baby was taken away from her mother by a female member of the interrogation team. When Bruha tried to get her daughter back, she was blocked, pushed and beaten by two guards using their revolvers to hit her. The mother was unaware of the child's fate for a year after she saw her mother beaten back by interrogators. She was told that her child was dead.After she was transferred to Ravensbrck concentration camp, a fellow prisoner would give her a copy of a photograph that her husband had sent her. She was placed in solitary confinement for eight months in a building next to the Gestapo's fourth floor. She was not allowed to change her clothes or wash herself during her period of interrogation. She was often left unconscious by the serious beatings she was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 There were sessions every two or three days. She had to sign her own death warrant and those for twenty men and four women who had been in the resistance group with her. After being taken from her mother, she was taken to the "Vienna Child Transfer Office".The child was sent to a foster family by the chief nurse. This made it possible for <mask> to keep in touch with her. The Gestapo valued pressure on her mother as a means to get her to testify against them. Sources say that Bruha never betrayed anyone despite being uncertain of her daughter's fate during the interrogations period. Antonia was returned to the jail in Vienna after facing a tribunal. She was transferred to the Ravensbrck concentration camp in October 1942. She was part of a group of women from the Czech and Slovak resistance.One of them was her sister's brother, who was a member of the Lobau team and paid with his life for his involvement. The journey took weeks. The instruction "Do not send back" amounted to a death sentence. They were accommodated in the "Political Block" through the mediation of Hermi Jursa. Jochmann's leadership went some way to mitigate the horrors of concentration camp life and to encourage camp inmates to coordinate opposition to the personnel running the camp on behalf of the Nazi authorities. Inmates were encouraged to show their support for political prisoners, the old and the weak. After pushing "Lore", heavy little trucks on rails, she was sent to join the "tailoring" workshop.She worked at the camp medical centre three times. She had the worst experience in the concentration camp. Her secondment here probably saved her life because of her language skills. A camp doctor was faced with the challenge of investigating 200 newly arrived prisoners from Poland. <mask> <mask> filled the position. The doctor said he could shoot her if the camp commandant came to collect her. I still need her!I am selber. Ich brauche! Murders of newborns, forced sex work and pseudo-medical experiments on the legs of Polish women were some of the brutal crimes committed by the Nazis. She risked her life by trying to smuggle drugs to internees in the political block and by changing her index cards in the medical centre. As a message-courier for the medical centre, Bruha was able to contribute to the forced labour regime operating inside the camp, acting on behalf of the illegal international camp committee. She was involved in the rescue of several people. The three Jewish communists activists faced death when they arrived at Ravensbrck.Death was a big risk for inmates caught helping them. While the SS personnel tried to find them among the inmates, they were successfully hidden in ever changing locations, while a Yugoslav prisoner who was also a doctor operated on the arms of two of them to remove numbers from Auschwitz. The third of them was too sick to face the risks of an operation. Shortly before the war ended, the three were smuggled out of the camp in a Swedish Red-Cross transport. The death marches from the Ravensbrck concentration camp began on April 28, 1945, as the Soviet army drew closer to the east. The people who could not go further were shot. Those who were too sick to march were left behind.If they were to survive, they would join one of the last columns to leave the camp and then take the first chance to escape. The guards ran off and the three were able to escape back to Vienna. It took them nearly four weeks to get home. The city was destroyed by bombs. The house had no roof. There were huge challenges for the concentration camp survivors in regards to family life and earning a living. After Ravensbrck, she weighed just 20 grams.A few weeks short of her fourth birthday, the baby snatched from her back in 1941 was a toddler. The child complained to her aunt, "Auntie, this ugly old woman says she is my mother." The woman in the photo is my mother. That's not my mother, send this one back. It would take some time before a mother:daughter relationship could be established. During her first year at home, she was permanently ill as a result of her treatment at the concentration camp. After starting school, she took a job with the "Russian Hours" section at "Radio Vienna", which translated German texts into Russian and Czech.She worked at the radio station for ten years. Audiences for Russian language radio programmes were not present in large numbers after the soviet occupation of eastern Austria ended in 1955. She wrote contributions to the press for "Vdesk svobodné listy" and the book "sterreich April 1945", as well as writing contemporary history contributions. Bruha was determined to make sure that the horrors of those times were not forgotten after the fall of Nazi Germany. The "Austrian Ravensbrck Camp Community" was formed in 1947 as victim groups began to splinter along political lines. One of the founding members was <mask>. She was able to look back at some of the achievements she had contributed to, such as an Austrian Memorial space set up at Ravensbrck, a Ravensbrck exhibition during the 1960s which was staged successively in Vienna, Innsbruck.<mask> <mask> was involved with the "Austrian Ravensbrck Camp Community" for many years. The Ravensbrck Archive section in the Documents Centre of the Austrian Resistance was built thanks to her volunteer work after 1968. More than 800 files, including written memory pieces, trial documents and documents covering the Ravensbrck and Uckermark concentration camps, are provided and will continue to be an important research resource. After contemporary witnesses to the Nazi horrors were included on school curricula and organised by the Ministry for Education, <mask> <mask> was making her own arrangements to speak to groups of young people about her resistance and concentration camp experiences. These presentations were important to her. The political and personal commitment of new generations is necessary to avoid a tragic repeat of the Nazi years because of her lively and direct narrative style. She wrote contributions to magazines and newspapers to back up her message.Her memoir, "Ich war keine Heldin", appeared in 1984. The period between her arrest and the reunion with her daughter was the focus. By the time she addressed the annual "Austrian Ravensbrck Camp Community" meeting as a ninety year old <mask> Bruha was suffering badly with Diabetes and undergoing regular hospital stays, friends insist that her willin assertiveness of an energetic commitment to democracy and freedom remained impressive. She died a few weeks short of her birthday. She is buried in Vienna's Central Cemetery. Writers from Vienna 1915 births 2006 deaths were references to Ravensbrck concentration camp survivors.

masks:
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia
Antonia
Bruha
Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Josef Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Toni Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia
Bruha
Antonia


type: paraphrased

texts: He was an inventor, minister and principal at the Royal Institute for the deafness. He was born on September 5, 1835 and died on September 27, 1890. The first commercially produced typewriter was invented by Malling-Hansen. The Hansen Writing Ball was invented by Malling-Hansen. In 1874 he patented a new model in which the cylinder was replaced by a flat carriage on which the paper was fastened. The original design of the writing ball was replaced with a mechanical frame. He found a mechanical solution for the movement of the paper with this model.The writing ball was expensive and didn't achieve much commercial success in Europe. Malling-Hansen and Halll received the first prize medal at the world exhibitions in Vienna and Paris in 1873, as well as in a large industrial exhibition in Copenhagen in 1872. The Takygraf was a fast speed writing machine developed by Malling-Hansen. The first person to discover the unique possibilities of blue carbon paper was Malling-Hansen. Up to one hundred copies of letters and drawings could be produced in a relatively short time. Malling-Hansen was a principle at the Royal Institute for the Deaf from 1865 to 1890. The large variation of the pupils' abilities made the teaching of deafness ineffective.Some of them were completely blind and others were mentally challenged. Others were able to speak and have a slight hearing ability. In 1867, a proposal was made to divide the pupils into 3 different groups based on their abilities. Malling-Hansen implemented a new method of reading lips for people with a limited hearing ability. The sign method was used to teach a group of people who had no hearing ability or language. Each child's ability was used to divide the groups. The Institute's responsibility was to educate the originally blind, and the Keller Institutions' responsibility was to educate the mentally challenged.Malling-Hansen wanted to improve the living conditions of the students. The understanding of children's needs to play and to relax was not yet developed in the early stages of the educational system. Children were required to get up at 5 o'clock in the morning and work in the school's workshops in the late hours. One-third of the children died from lung diseases in the first period of the Institute. The main reason for lung diseases was the lack of space in the school. Malling- Hansen proposed a new building with electricity. The proposal was turned down by the authorities.Malling-Hansen made improvements to the garden. The children had a lower death rate. A new Institute was proposed in 1879 by Malling-Hansen. The plan was approved. The Royal Institute for the deafness was founded in Fredericia. The impact of Malling-Hansen on the development of the Danes and the Nordic educational system is thought to be significant. He was used in public meetings.He gave a lecture about the development of the education of the deafness at an inter-Nordic conference in 1890. Malling-Hansen was 55 years old. Malling-Hansen looked at whether the children were getting enough food. The children at the Institute were happy with the growth and increase in weight. Several weighings and measurings of the children's daily height were included in the scientific investigation. Malling-Hansen had large weights made that he could weigh up to ten children at a time. The results showed that the growth of the children was not an ongoing process.The children grew. The growth was affected by an unknown factor. The same factor was found when measuring trees. He was communicating with other scientists who reported their results from different measuring projects. He published a book in 1886 where he presented the results of his studies. The book was called Perioder i Brns Vkst. He said in the book that the variations in the growth of the children and nature were related to the heat of the sun.His book was also translated into German. In 1884 he gave a lecture to a group of scientists from all over the world. The father of seven daughters was Malling-Hansen, who married the daughter of the former principal of the Royal Institute. In 1876, his first wife gave birth to two more daughters. Malling-Hansen was married to a woman he knew from his youth, Anna Steenstrup. Toward the Light, a religious, ethical and philosophical book, was published in 1920 by one of Malling-Hansen's daughters. The Knight of the Order of Vasa was awarded in 1876 and the Medal of Merit in Gold was awarded in 1872.Kongelige dvstumme-institut i Kbenhavn 17. April 1807-17.April 1907 was when the meddelser was written. The page about Malling-Hansen's period as principal was published in 1907. There is a chapter about <mask> Malling-Hansen in Opfindernes Liv, frste del. Hvem er Skrivekuglens Op finder? Otto Markussen wrote a novel in 1925. The manuscript is called Die Biographie der Erfinder der Schreibkugel, R. Malling-Hansen.The International Rasmus Malling-Hansen Society has links to the Knights of the Order of Vasa.


texts: The first woman to obtain a civil engineering degree from the Polytechnic of Turin was <mask>. She was the first president of the Italian Association of Women Engineers and Architects. <mask> was born in Italy in 1884. Her father and brother were also engineers. Her father owned a studio. <mask> finished a high school in Italy in 1903. She was able to enroll in the Scuola di Applicazione per Ingegneri after completing the Engineering Sciences course at the University of Torino.Only men had taken the courses before this. There were only 250 female university students in Italy in 1900. Regulators consulted before she was allowed to take the course. On September 5, 1908, <mask> graduated with honours after five years of study. The commission took an hour to decide if she was an engineer or an engineeress. She was the first woman to get a civil engineering degree in Italy. Her graduation was a sign of change in the profession.<mask> had an electric light installed in her home to celebrate her achievement of becoming a civil engineer. <mask> used to travel around the city in a horse drawn carriage because of the lack of electricity and street lamps that were lit with gas. In her first two years after graduation, <mask> was an assistant lecturer at the University of Torino and a lecturer at the Politecnico. Due to social constraints of the time, it was unlikely for a woman to have an academic career, so she worked alongside her father and brother who were both engineers. She worked in her father's office. She was involved in the design and construction of industrial plants, surface water tunnels, mines, railway lines and social housing. She worked on the creation of the surface water tunnel below the copper mine in Ollomont.<mask>'s father closed his studio in Torino in 1910 and moved his professional activities to Calabria. <mask> helped her father build a railway in Catanzaro. <mask> had a successful career working in the railway sector, which was a big achievement as it was mostly a male sector. Her designs include railway sections in Liguria and Piedmont. Women gained civil rights and gender equality after the Second World War. Due to misogynistic views of society at the time, many female architects and engineers found it difficult to get work in factories, offices and other industries. <mask> had a professional studio in Torino in 1937.The Italian Association of Women Engineers and Architects was founded on January 26, 1957. Maria Artini, Italy's first female graduate in electrical engineering, died before the association could be realized. The first president was <mask>. The association wanted to create a network for visibility and promote the work of women engineers and architects on national and international levels. In order to improve working conditions for women in the technology sector, AIDIA tries to promote help among professionals without the competition or rivalry so often found in this area of work. The title "Affirmations and Possibilities of Women in Technological Areas" was supported by <mask> in 1957. <mask> started the debate about opportunities for women professionals in technology fields at the second national conference of AIDIA.She received a gold medal from the National Italian Association of Engineers on her 80th birthday and was invited to attend the Third International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists, but she died a few months before the event. The third International Conference of AIDIA was held in Torino in 1971 and was attended by over 200 women graduates from 35 different countries. Planning for Progress and The Professional and Family Obligations of Women were discussed by the participants. The congresses that were organised by AIDIA encouraged international participation in developing an inter-professional and cultural network. In order to promote the visibility of women engineers and architects, the AIDIA has a web page where they share first hand information about their events and projects. There were deaths of Italian civil engineers in the 1970s.

masks:
Emma Strada
Emma Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada
Strada


texts: <mask> was an Australian anatomist, benefactor, museum administrator and director. Healesville Sanctuary was created by him. John and Anne were the sons of a draper and a Scottish woman. After obtaining a scholarship, he continued his education at Scotch College, Melbourne, after graduating from the local state school. He graduated with first class honours in surgery, obstetric medicine and diseases of women and children in 1899 after graduating with honours in Greek at the end of 1893. He received a BS degree in 1902. For two years, <mask> was senior resident medical officer at the Royal Children's Hospital, and for some time, he was in general practice.He obtained his fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh after visiting Europe in 1904. While in Europe he worked with Professor Vulpius and studied the work being done by Sir Robert Jones, he was interested in the problem of after treatment for infantile paralysis. He was able to use his knowledge of the principles of muscle rest and recovery after he returned to Australia. He wasn't content to follow other men. He felt that the main problem was how to bring the muscles into normal use again, and his methods appeared to be revolutionary at the time. He was the first to speak about the importance of gravity in attempts to regain muscle function. In his Menders of the Maimed, Sir Arthur Keith paid tribute to the work of <mask>.No one claims to be the discoverer of the'minimal load' treatment of disabled muscles, but I am certain that no one has realized and applied the right methods to the restoration of disabled muscles with the right person. During the first decade of this century, <mask> had to do a lot of research in order to find out what could be done. Professor R. J., who was a professor at the university of Melbourne at the time, appointed <mask> as a demonstrator in 1907. A. Berry became interested in the fauna of Australia. He leased land at Badger Creek, near Healesville, Victoria, which became the <mask> sanctuary, and he spent a lot of time unraveling the details of the koala, the platypus, the wombat, and other Australian animals. He went to England early in 1915 and did more work in the field. In 1917 he organised a muscle re-education department for Sir Robert Jones at the orthopaedic military hospital at Shepherd's Bush, London, and in 1918 he published his The Action of Muscles.1930). The seventh edition of the seventh edition of Treves's Surgical Applied Anatomy was published in 1918. The Australian Institute of Anatomical Research was established in 1919 after a house at 612 St Kilda Road was converted into a museum. He collected Australian faunal specimen and gave his time more and more to comparative anatomy. The Gastro-Intestinal Tract in Monotremes and Marsupials was published in 1918. He refused an American offer of a large sum for his collection because he preferred to give it to the nation. In 1924 an act was passed establishing the Australasian Institute of Anatomical Research to house the collection, and the first director was <mask>.He published a short volume on Intellectual Development. A field station for his research was granted by the State authorities at Badger Creek, Healesville. He built a house for a curator, a workshop, animal pens, and a cottage for visiting scientists before vacating the land in 1927. He recommended that the reserve be made a national park. The <mask> MacKenzie Sanctuary was opened in 1934. He did some anthropology work in his later years but it was less successful than his anatomical work. His mind was losing its powers, he had badly over- worked himself, and he had severe blood pressure.In October 1937, he was obliged to give up his position due to the progressive deterioration. He died in Melbourne on June 29, 1938. He was knighted in 1929 after being a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was married to Dr. Winifred Smith in 1928. There weren't any children. He founded the <mask> Annual Oration in memory of his mother. He kept his interest in the game despite his two brothers being well-known Australian rules footballers.The Australian game is an important part of the health of the community according to his latest book. He was most interested in the relief of human suffering and the furtherance of science. His study of the Australian fauna and his work in connection with the after-treatment of cases of infantile paralysis were of great value. Many valuable additions have been made to his monument, which contains his great collection of specimen. Australian people of Scottish descent are Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

masks:
Colin Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Colin Mackenzie
Mackenzie
Sir Colin
Anne Mackenzie


texts: One of the most significant physicians, astronomer, thinker and writers of the Islamic Golden Age was known as Abu Ali Sina and he was a Persian polymath. The most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era is <mask>. He was a Muslim philosopher. Some of the 450 works he is believed to have written have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine. The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia which became a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late as 1650, is one of his most famous works. Avicenna has writings on astronomy, geography and geology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics and works of poetry. The Arabic patronym Ibn Sn is a Latin corruption.Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man. His formal Arabic name was Ab Al al-usayn bin Abdullh ibn al-asan bin Al bin Sn al-Balkhi al-Bukhari. Circumstances Avicenna created an extensive collection of works during the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Byzantine Greco-Roman, Persian and Indian texts were studied extensively. Islamic intellectuals built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, and medicine when they commented and developed Greco-Roman texts translated by the Kindi school. A thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development was provided by the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq. Baghdad was the cultural capital of the Islamic world. The study of the Quran and the hieth flourished there.<mask> and his opponents further developed philosophy, Fiqh and theology. Methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy were provided by Al-Razi and Al-Farabi. <mask> had access to many libraries. The 'Ahd with Bahmanyar' shows that he debated with the greatest scholars of the time. Before <mask> left Khwarezm, he had met a number of people, including a famous astronomer, a renowned mathematician, and a respected philosopher. <mask> was born to a family of Persian stock in the village of Afshana in Transoxiana. The village was close to his mother's hometown.His father was from the city of Balkh. He was the governor of the village of the royal estate of Harmaytan during the reign of Nuh II. Avicenna had a younger brother. Many scholars were attracted to the centre of learning that the family settled in. Early on, Avicenna was apparently administered by his father. Avicenna didn't follow the faith despite his father and brother converting to it. He was an adherent of the Hanafi school.By the age of 10, <mask>i jurist. <mask>'s father invited the physician and philosopher Abu Abdallah al-Natili to their house to teach Avicenna. They studied the Isagoge of Porphyry and the Categories of Aristotle together. Natili told <mask> to continue his research after he had read theAlmagest of Ptolemy. <mask> was educated in Greek sciences by the time he was eighteen.Although Avicenna only mentions Natili as his teacher, he most likely had other teachers, such as the physicians Abu Mansur Qumri and Abu Sahl al-Masihi. <mask> was made a doctor at the age of seventeen. <mask>'s father died when he was at least 21 years old. His father was the governor of Harmaytan. He reported that he moved to Gurganj due to "necessity". The Ma'munid Abu al-Hasan Ali was the ruler of the region at the time he went there. It is believed that Avicenna moved sometime during that period.He might have moved in the year when the Samanid state fell after the Turkic Qarakhanids captured Bukhara and imprisoned the ruler. After the fall of his suzerain, Avicenna may have found himself in an unfavorable position. Avicenna entered into the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali through the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi. <mask>, his former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, and the physician Ibn al-Khammar were some of the prominent figures who came to Gurganj under the Ma'munids. In 1012 Avicenna moved due to "necessity" again, this time to the west. He traveled through the cities of Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan and Jajarm. He was going to visit the ruler of the city of Gurgan, who was a patron of writing.The ruler had been dead since the winter of 1013. After becoming ill, Avicenna returned to Gurgan. He met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani who was his companion. Avicenna stayed in Gurgan for a short time and resided in the house of a patron. Avicenna entered into the service of the Buyid amir Majd al-Dawla and his mother Sayyida Shirin in the city of Ray. He treated Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia, at the court. The tenure of Avicenna as the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin is unclear.Avicenna finished his Canon of Medicine and began writing his book of healing. In 1015, Avicenna participated in a public debate, as was custom for newly arrived scholars in western Iran. The debate was to look at one's reputation against a local resident. Avicenna debated Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a member of the school of philosophers of Baghdad. Avicenna accused Abu'l-Qasim of lack of basic knowledge in logic, while Abu'l-Qasim accused Avicenna of impoliteness. Avicenna asked if Abu'l-Qasim's claim that he shared the same opinion as them was true after the debate. <mask> wrote to a deputy of Majd al-Dawla, named Abu Sa'd, to investigate the matter after Abu'l-Qasim retaliated by writing a letter to an unknown person.Avicenna may have been accused of copying the style of the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity, as he had been accused of doing earlier. The seriousness of this charge cannot be underestimated in the larger Muslim culture. Avicenna switched his loyalties to the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla due to the fact that Abu'l-Qasim was also working under Sayyida. After the campaign against the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk, Shams al-Dawla forced Avicenna to become his vizier. When Shams al-Dawla died of colic in 1021, Avicenna remained vizier. Avicenna was asked by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor to stay as vizier, but instead went into hiding with his patron Abu Ghalib al-Attar to wait for better opportunities to emerge. It was during this time that Avicenna was in contact with the uncle of Sayyida Shirin.Avicenna wrote fifty pages a day during his stay at Attar's home. The house of Attar was raided and Avicenna was imprisoned in the fortress of Fardajan after the Buyid court in Hamadan suspected Avicenna of correspondence with Ala al-Dawla. Juzjani blamed one of Avicenna's informers for his capture. Avicenna was imprisoned for four months, until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan and ended Sama al-Dawla's reign. Avicenna was well received by Ala al-Dawla after he was released. The ruler of Kakuyid gave Avicenna the respect and esteem he deserved. Avicenna's service under al-Dawla was the most stable period of his life.Avicenna was the advisor, if not the vizier, of Ala al-Dawla. <mask> devoted two Persian works to him, a book about science and a book about the pulse. In January 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistan, where they stayed until the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud. The Pointers and Reminders were written by Avicenna when he returned. In 1037, while Avicenna was with Ala al-Dawla, he was hit by a severe colic, which he had been suffering from all his life. He was buried in Hamadan. The subject logic, ethics and metaphysics were written by Philosophy Avicenna.His works were written in both Arabic and Persian. There are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language. <mask>'s commentaries criticized the philosopher and encouraged a lively debate. In the 12th century, <mask>'s Neoplatonic scheme of "emanations" became fundamental in the Kalam school of theological discourse. His book of healing became available in Europe in a partial Latin translation fifty years after it was written, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism. William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus were influenced by <mask>'s psychology and theory of knowledge. Islamic metaphysics and Early Islamic philosophy distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence.The existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental. The philosophy of <mask> owes a lot to al-Farabi. In what is left of his work, there is a search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism. <mask> began an inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence and existence. He argued that the fact of existence can't be inferred from the essence of existing things and that form and matter can't interact and originate the movement of the universe. Existence must be a result of an agent-cause. The cause must coexist with the effect to be able to do so.<mask>'s analysis of impossibility, contingency and necessity may be explained by his consideration of the essence-attributes question. The contingent in itself has the potentiality to be or not to be without a contradiction, but <mask> argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist. The contingent becomes a necessary existent due to what is other than itself. Potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause is contingency-in-it-self. There are different structures of necessity and contingency. The contingent is false in itself and true due to something else than itself. Without borrowed existence, the necessary is the source of its own being.It is always there. The existence of the Necessary is due to its self. Since there can't be more than one Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself, it's 'One'. To require differentia requires that they exist due to themselves as well as due to what is other than themselves. If no differentia distinguishes them from each other, there is no sense in which they are not the same. The Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself has no definition, nor a counterpart, nor an opposite, and is detached from matter. Some Islamic scholars have criticized <mask>'s theology on metaphysics.The Greek philosophers must be taxed with unbelief, as must their partisans, said al-Ghazali while discussing the views of the theists. The two men just mentioned that none of the Muslim philosophers engaged so much in the transmission of Aristotle's lore. A part which must be branded as unbelief, a part which must be stigmatized as innovation, and a part which does not need to be repudiate are all part of the authentic philosophy of Aristotle transmitted by al-Farabi and <mask>. The "Proof of the Truthful" is an argument made by Avicenna for the existence of God. <mask> argued that there must be a "necessary existent" (Arabic: wajib al-wojud), an entity that cannot not exist and he identified it with the Islamic conception of God. This argument is one of the most influential medieval arguments for God's existence, and <mask>'s biggest contribution to the history of philosophy. The correspondence between <mask> and Al-Biruni has survived because they debated natural philosophy and the peripatetic school.Ten of the eighteen questions Abu Rayhan asked <mask> were criticisms of On the Heavens. <mask> wanted to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He wanted to prove the existence of God and the creation of the world through reason and logic. The core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools was formed by <mask>'s views on Islamic theology and philosophy. <mask> wrote about Islamic theology. He viewed the prophets as inspired philosophers, as well as various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophy. His writings were linked to Islamic religious ideas, for example the body's afterlife.The only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion was through philosophy, according to <mask>. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which focused on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly. The three different schools of interpretation of Avicenna's philosophy were al-Tusi, those who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances, and those who considered Avicenna's theology. The theological interpretation championed by al-Razi eventually came to dominate the madrasahs. <mask> wrote five commentaries on suras from the Quran as an adult, after he memorised the Quran at the age of ten. The Proof of Prophecies is a text in which he comments on several Quranic verse and holds the Quran in high esteem. The Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers according to Avicenna.<mask> is thought to have been aligned with the Hanafi school of thought. <mask> studied Hanafi law and many of his teachers were Hanafi jurists. At an early age, Avicenna was unconvinced by the missionary attempts to convert him. Historian ahr al-dn al-Bayhaq believed that <mask> was a follower of the Brethren of purity. Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man", a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul, while he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan. <mask>'s "Floating Man" thought experiment showed that the soul is a substance, and that humans can't doubt their own consciousness even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, and then created at once.He said that one would still have self-consciousness. The thought experiment points to the conclusion that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance, because it is possible that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" shows that the soul is separate from the body. <mask> believed that God communicated truth to the human mind and gave order and intelligibility to nature through the active intellect, which he referred to as the living human intelligence. The brain is the place where reason interacts with sensation according to Avicenna. The soul is prepared to receive rational concepts. "I am" is the first knowledge of the flying person.The flying person has no sensation, so that essence could not be the body. The soul is self-awareness and the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being. <mask> concluded that the idea of the self is not dependent on physical things, but on a substance, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms. The soul is its perfect counterpart to the body. The soul is an immaterial substance. The Canon of Medicine <mask> wrote a five-volume medical encyclopedia. Up to the 18th century, it was the standard medical textbook in Europe and the Islamic world.Unani medicine still depends on the Canon. There are rare diseases and disorders that have natural causes. He used the example of polydactyly to explain that there are reasons for medical events. Developments in the Enlightenment were anticipated by this view of medical phenomena. <mask> wrote about Earth sciences in The Book of Healing. In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, <mask> discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He differed from it on several points.The issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry was discussed by <mask>. He wondered if a scientist could arrive at the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises. He explained that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty". The ancient Aristotelian method of induction and the method of examination and experimentation were added by Avicenna. Avicenna argued that it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide. He developed a method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry. Avicenna

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texts: studied an early system of temporal logic.He studied the relationship between temporalis and the implication, even though he did not develop a real theory of temporal proposition. The dominant system of Islamic logic was developed by <mask>'s work. Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham were two early European logicians. The law of non-contradiction was endorsed by <mask>, which said that a fact could not be true and false at the same time. He stated that anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned. In mechanics, <mask> developed a theory of motion, in which he made a distinction between inclination and force of a projectile, and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination. The effect of inclination is dissipated by external forces.The 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus is thought to have influenced the theory of motion presented by Avicenna. <mask>'s is a less sophisticated version of Buridan's theory. It is not clear if Buridan was influenced by either Avicenna or Philoponus. <mask> argued that if the perception of light is due to the emission of particles by a source, the speed of light must be finite. He gave a wrong explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. <mask>'s theory on heat was mentioned in a Latin text in 1253. The Latin title for these was De Anima, which means "on the soul".The argument that the soul is without quantitative extension is called the Flying Man argument by Avicenna in the Psychology of The Cure I. 1.7. Avicenna's psychology requires that the connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure individuation, but weak enough to allow for immortality. The account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception, because Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology. The connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by the philosopher's understanding of perception. The perceiver first senses the form of the object and then the features of it. All the pieces are merged into a unified conscious experience when the sensory information is supplied to the internal senses. The material body can only see material objects, while the immaterial soul can only see universal forms.The way the soul and body interact in the final abstract of the universal is the key to their relationship and interaction. The soul accepts forms that have been removed from the matter. This process requires a concrete material to be included in the universal intelligible. The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect, which is a "divine light". The sun makes colour available to our eyes by revealing the universals concealed in material objects. <mask> wrote an attack on astrology titled Resla f ebl akm al-nojm, in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute the power of astrology to predict the future. He argued against astrology being able to determine the exact effects of each planet on the earth.The influence of <mask>'s writings on later writers could be seen in his less developed work. He considers mathematical astronomy a separate discipline from astrology. He said that the stars are self-luminous, and that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have seen Venus on the Sun. There was a transit on 24 May 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars wonder if he could have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to show that Venus was sometimes below the Sun. The sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth.The Summary of theAlmagest was written to bring that which is stated in theAlmagest and what is understood from Natural Science into conformity. Ptolemy had taken to be fixed the motion of the solar apogee. Chemistry <mask> was the first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation and used it to make essential oils such as rose essence, which he used to treat heart conditions. Four works attributed to <mask> were translated into Latin and were the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists. The de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author according to Anawati. The Declaratio is not believed to be by Avicenna. The Book of Minerals is adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa by Avicenna.The minerals were classified into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs and salts by Avicenna. The epistola de Re recta was written earlier in his career when he had not yet decided that transmutation was impossible. Half of Avicenna's works are poetry. His poems can be found in both Arabic and Persian. Robert Wisnovsky, a scholar of Avicenna attached to the McGill University, says that Edward Granville Browne's claims that the following Persian verse are incorrect are true. The Middle Ages and Renaissance began in the 14th century when Dante Alighieri depicted him in a scene with other non-Christians. One of the great figures in intellectual history is Avicenna.George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described <mask> as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times". He was a leading writer in the field of medicine. Avicenna is an important source of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that he preferred to side with the author of the text rather than with the opposing author of the text. Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe was greatly increased by her linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophy in the Canon of Medicine. His influence following the translation of the Canon made him one of the acknowledged authorities, and he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as the "prince of physicians".He is considered a national icon in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians. There is a monument outside the museum. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum was built in 1952. The Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran, the ibn Sn Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, and the Avicenna Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences are all in Iran. His portrait is in the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. Avicenna is a crater on the Moon. The thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth was celebrated by the Soviet Union with various stamps with artistic illustrations and a bust based on ethnographic research.A training college for medical staff has been named for him near his birthplace. There is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work on the grounds. The Avicenna Prize, established in 2003 by UNESCO, rewards individuals and groups for their achievements in the field of ethics in science. The goal of the award is to promote ethical reflection on issues raised by advances in science and technology, and to raise global awareness of the importance of ethics in science. The World Directory of Medical Schools is a list of universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners and others are educated. "Why Avicenna?" was stated by the original project team. The synthesis of knowledge from both east and west was noted by Avicenna.The development of medicine and health sciences has been influenced by him. The worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality is symbolised by the use of <mask>'s name. In June 2009, Iran donated aPersian Scholars Pavilion to the United Nations Office in Vienna which is located in the central Memorial Plaza of the Vienna International Center. There are statues of four prominent Iranian figures at the "Persian Scholars Pavilion" at the United Nations in Vienna, Austria. The pavilion is adorned with Persian art forms and includes statues of renowned Iranian scientists. <mask>'s younger years are recounted in the Soviet film Youth of Genius. The film was made at the turn of the millennium.Kerbouchard studies and discusses <mask>'s The Canon of Medicine in Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum. In his book The Physician, Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English doctor who disguises himself as a Jew to travel to Persia and learn from <mask>, the great master of his time. The Physician was a feature film based on the novel. Ben Kingsley played Avicenna. The works of <mask> influenced Muslims in many areas, including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects. There are 150 volumes of his works that focus on philosophy and 40 on medicine.The Canon of Medicine is one of his most famous works. Several others have been wrongly attributed to Avicenna. Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Avicenna's world, though his Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine. The Logic and Metaphysics can be found at Venice in 1493 and 1546. The poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836 and takes a poetical form. There are two encyclopedic treatises that deal with philosophy. The Liber Sextus Naturalium and the long account of Avicenna's philosophy can be found in the Bodleian Library and Pavia.The An-najat is a shorter form of the work. The Latin editions of some of these works have been modified by the monastic editors. According to Averroes, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, there is also a (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya). The Life of Avicenna is one of Avicenna's works. And trans. We. The State University of New York Press was published in 1974.The only critical edition of <mask>'s autobiography was supplemented with a biography by his student Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani. The second edition of D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works was published in 1988. Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat contains Remarks and Admonitions. Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont., was translated by S.C. Inati. The Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, was published in 1996. The Canon of Medicine, ed. is by Al-Qanun fi'l-tibb. I. a-Qashsh was born in Cairo in 1987.The Encyclopedia of medicine. The manuscript is a Latin translation of a Modern text. The person is Ahmed Shawkat Al-Shatti. Risalah fi sirr al-qadar is an essay. Cambridge University Press published G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics in 1985. The book of scientific knowledge is ed. And trans.P. Morewedge wrote The Metaphysics of Avicenna. The book of healing is called Kitab al-Shifa. <mask>'s major work was on philosophy. In 1014, he probably began to write al-Shifa'. The Arabic text was first published in Cairo in 1952 under the supervision of I. Madkour. The Book of Salvation is called Kitab al-Najat. <mask>'s Psychology: An English Translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI with Historical-philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition was published in 1952.The psychology of al-Shifa. The Arabic text is called Risala fi'l-Ishq. It was translated by Emil L. Fackenheim. The Book of Knowledge for Prince 'Ala ad-Daulah' is Avicenna's most important Persian work. There was a new scientific vocabulary created by Avicenna. Logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences are covered in the Danishnama. It was translated into English in 1977.The science of the pulse is covered in the book Andar Danesh-e Rag. Various manuscripts and later anthologies contain Persian poetry from Avicenna. pp. 454–454. There is aXV. His works can be found in the section "Philosophy". Réfutation de l'astrologie is written by Avicenne.The texte arabe was Edition et traduction du texte. There is a Préface d'Elizabeth Teissier. William E. Gohlam was the author. The life of a person. A critical edition and annotated translation was published in 1974. If you want to learn more about Ibn Sina's life, you can read his biography, translated by de Slane and F. Wstenfeld. It was written by Madelung, Wilferd and Toby Mayer.And tr. The Philosopher: A Refutation of <mask>'s Metaphysics was struggling with. Shahrastani's Kitab al-Musara'a has been translated into Arabic and English. This is an informed and good account of the life and accomplishments of one of the greatest influences on the development of thought both Eastern and Western. ... The best essay on this important thinker of the Middle Ages is not as thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A.M. Goichon, or L. Gardet. The Philosophical Review was written byJulius R. Weinberg.69, No. 2, April. In 1960, pp. Many of the books and articles written in this century on Avicenna have been written in this work. It has two main features, the first being its clarity and readability, and the second being the comparative approach adopted by the author. Ian Richard Netton is a writer for the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 4, No.In July 1994, pp. Y.T. Langermann's book. Avicenna and his Legacy. A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy was published in 2010 by Brepols Publishers. The manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l'arabe, introduction, and notes are included in the editio princeps d'aprs. One of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician <mask> (Ibn Sn, d. 1037) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science can be found in this German publication.An expert in Greek and Arabic medicine paid attention to <mask> in his recent studies. mos Bertolacci, Isis, Vol. 96, No. The December 2004, p. 649) is about Shaikh al Rais Ibn Sina. The magazine was published by the Aligarh Muslim University. Edward G. Islamic medicine is called Medicine Browne. The Royal College of Physicians received Fitzpatrick Lectures in 1919–1920.There are two people, Peter and Savage-Smith, in this picture. Georgetown University Press published Medieval Islamic Medicine in 2007. Prioreschi, Plinio. A History of Medicine is about Byzantine and Islamic medicine. The Horatius Press was published in 2001. The man is Syed Ziaur Rahman. The reception of Amos Bertolacci's novel, The reception of Amos Bertolacci's novel, includes an English translation of Risalah al Adwiya al Qalbiyah and a metaanalysis of researches and studies in Avicennian Cardiac Drugs.An Overview of the Main Works by Avicenna on Metaphysics in Chronological Order is contained in Appendix C of A Milestone of Western Metaphysical Thought. An inventory of Avicenna's authentic works are included in the second revised and expanded edition of Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition. The Elements of Avicenna's Physics was written by Andreas Lammer. Arabic Innovations and Greek Sources. There isScientia graeco-arabica 20. Walter de Gruyter was in Berlin and Boston. Jon and David are authors.The Second Conference of the Avicenna Study Group was held in 2004. Michot, Jean R., La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne, Louvain: Aedibus Peeters, 1986, was published in 1986. The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger was published in 2000. "Avicenna and Essentialism" was written by Nader El-Bizri. 54 was published in June 2001. 762–762. "Avicenna's De Anima between Aristotle and Husserl" is written by Nader El-Bizri.Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka wrote a book. 67–89. " Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna's Metaphysics and Cosmology" was written by Nader El-Bizri. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2006, pp. 24–61 'Ibn Sn's Ontology and the Question of Being' is a work by Nader El-Bizri. The History, Theology and Law is a book.F. Daftary and G. Miskinzoda are authors. pp. 592–592. David C. Reisman. There is an ed. The first conference of the Avicenna Study Group was published. There is a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography on the subject and the object of

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texts: He was an English civil servant, coloniser and politician. He was born at Alverstoke, near Gosport, Hampshire, England, on 1 November 1787. They are Francis and Rebekah. He was promoted to junior clerk on 15 March 1812, 2nd class clerk on 5 February 1816, and 1st class clerk on 21 August 1819. Elinor Bell was the cousin of Elizabeth Fry, the famous prison reformer. One of the children died as a baby. One child followed his parents to Western Australia and was a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy.On January 22, 1822, Waller was appointed secretary to the Victualling Board for the Royal Navy. He was a member of the Royal Society. After the position of secretary to the Victualling Board was abolished in 1832, Waller was retired on a pension and moved his family to France for eight years. The Western Australian Land Company was formed in London to promote a large land settlement in the Colony of Western Australia. This was planned by a group of influential men, including the brother of the Governor of Western Australia and the founder of the company. Robert Williams <mask> was appointed secretary to his father, who was the Chief Commissioner. The goal of the settlement was to establish trade between Australia and India.The first settlers of the Australind region arrived at Port Leschenault (Bunbury) on 18 March 1841. In 1841, he was appointed a Justice of the Peace. After approval for the settlement was not finalized until April of 1842, Waller was given a piece of land called "Alverstoke" and the original house still stands today. The Western Australian Land Company ceased operations in Western Australia within 3 years, leaving the settlers to fend for themselves. George, who later returned to England and became Governor of Dartmoor Prison, was a member of the Town Trust. The Under Secretary for Lands, the Under Treasurer and the Surveyor General were all grandsons of the man. The Western Australian public service had senior offices for twenty of Waller's grandchildren in 1897.When the Trusty arrived in May 1844, it was built from bricks brought from England. The house was built for Elizabeth Fry, who died in 1845, after her husband sold the house. In the 19th century, he became a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council. He was known for his fight for the rights of the small landholders, which caused problems with the larger landholders and merchants of the Colony. He resigned from the Legislative Council at the age of 71. On April 10, 1861, <mask> died after a long illness. His obituary in The Perth Gazette and Independent Journal of Politics and News of 19 April 1861 reads: "It is with much regret that we record his death in our obituary."From his first arrival in the Colony, 20 years ago, to the period of his death, Mr. <mask> occupied a prominent position amongst us. He was one of the most intelligent members of the Legislative Council. He was pre-eminent in that branch of science because of the practical results of his various experiments. His agreeable manners, well-stored mind, and hilarity of spirits enhanced in no small degree the pleasures of his way-faring guests were what made him the country gentleman. Although he lived and died 'amidst a grove of his own kindred', there were many absent ones to grieve over his loss. In society at large he leaves a blank, as all must feel who have appreciated his presence during those periodical visits he was wont to pay to Perth and Fremantle; when, as 'The observed of all observers' his elasticity of spirits and 'Bonhommie' served to create, at least The children of <mask> and Elinor <mask> were: Francis, Waller, Louisa, William, and Robert.In 1979 the descendants numbered over 2200. There are references to "Alverstoke" in Artlook Books, as well as verbal anecdotes from various <mask> family members and descendants. The Western Australian Legislative Council is made up of 19th-century Australian politicians.

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texts: <mask> is a Scottish singer. He won the fourth series of The X Factor. <mask> was the main star of <mask>'s Life, an on-web series that ran from 2007 until 2008. <mask>'s debut album, Right Now, finished the year as the 75th best-selling album in the UK and included the singles, "Don't Call This Love", "Creative" and "Stargazing". <mask>'s debut single, "When You Believe", a cover of a song sung by Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey and composed and written by Stephen Schwartz, sold over 400,000 copies and was the 92nd best-selling single of the 2000s in the UK. <mask> had the best selling single from a British Male Artist in 2007, beating the likes of Mika, Take That and Mark Ronson in the best-selling male category. <mask> has had one UK number one single, two UK top ten singles and one UK top five album and has spent a total of thirteen weeks in the UK Singles Charts top seventy-five."When You Believe" is currently the seventh best-selling X Factor winners single, beating off competition from the likes of Little Mix with "Cannonball", Sam Bailey with "Skyscraper" and Louisa Johnson with "Forever Young". His debut album is the eighth best-selling debut album from an X Factor winner. <mask> was born in West Lothian, Scotland. He was a retail sales assistant at Gap. He supports Rangers. karate and singing were the only things that made him happy when he was younger and he was a fan of contemporary jazz. He was 10 years old when he got his black belt.<mask> was going to attend Edinburgh University to study architectural technology. <mask> started singing in public. After doing well in the X Factor competition, he deferred his place at Edinburgh Napier so he could pursue a career in music. <mask> was a contestant in the fourth series of The X Factor in Glasgow. He was taught by Minogue. He reached the final on December 15, 2007, in which he performed a duet with Minogue of "Better the Devil You Know", as well as three other songs. After the public vote, he was declared the winner and got a million dollar recording contract.<mask>'s victory was described as the biggest shock in the history of reality TV betting. Louis Walsh said that <mask> had won the vote. An Ofcom investigation found that Roberts had not been unfairly disadvantaged, despite complaints from a number of viewers that they were unable to vote for <mask>. The final of Leon was watched by more than 12 million people. <mask> said winning was not real. In December 2007, <mask> was invited to perform at Wembley Arena with Canadian performer Michael Bublé, who was so impressed by his singing ability that he invited <mask> to perform with him. <mask> said that this had been the highlight of his life.<mask> was the first X Factor contestant to perform at Wembley while still in the competition. Rhydian Roberts was the runner-up and Dannii Minogue was the winning mentor. Before recording began, the series hit the headlines. Some of the controversy centered on whether 14 and 15-year-olds should be eligible to enter, and also on the high-profile dismissals of judge Louis Walsh and host Kate Thornton, to be replaced by Grease Is the Word judge Brian Friedman and Big Brother's Little Brother host. <mask> and Sinitta are close friends of the X Factor mentor. Friedman became the show's choreographer and Walsh was quickly reinstated. <mask> won a million dollar recording contract.His first single release was "When You Believe", which was released to download on December 16th, 2007, with the physical format following on December 19th. The single became the UK's Christmas Number One. Sharon Osbourne's final series as a judge was replaced by Girls Aloud star Cheryl Cole. <mask> began the "X Factor Live" tour in the Odyssey Arena in Belfast, Northern Ireland with Rhydian Roberts, Same Difference and the eight other finalist from the 2007 show. The X Factor tour ended at London's Wembley Arena on March 21st. Right Now <mask>'s debut single, a cover of the Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey duet "When You Believe", went on sale as a download from midnight on Sunday, 16 December 2007, and as a CD on Wednesday, 19 December 2007. The debut single is expected to sell 300,000 by Sunday, making it the fastest-selling single of the year.At its peak, the single was selling 40 copies per minute. <mask> was practically guaranteed top spot, so bookmakers stopped taking bets on who would get the Christmas number-one single. On December 23, 2007, "When You Believe" reached the number one spot in the UK. <mask> was the first Scottish artist to achieve a Christmas number one. <mask> performed the first single from his upcoming album, "Don't Call This Love", as a celebrity guest on the first live episode of The X Factor on October 11, 2008. The song peaked at number one after being released the next day. 3 on the UK singles chart.There are 8 in Ireland. Right Now was released in October of 2008. It was at the top of the charts. 4 albums were on the UK Top 40 Albums chart. After being in the Top 40 for three weeks, it fell out of the Top 40 and remained in the Top 75 for another six weeks. The album made its debut on the Ireland Top 75 Albums chart. Staying on the chart for five weeks was achieved by 7 for the week of 23 October 2008.The second single from the album was a download-only purchase. It peaked at No. The UK Singles chart has 94 on it. "Stargazing" was released to radio stations in January 2009. As a download-only single, it was also available for purchase. <mask> performed on TV shows such as This Morning and The X Factor. <mask>'s first single was When You Believe.<mask> performed 1 in the UK in December of 2007. He did it on The X Factor and This Morning. <mask> was invited to join him on stage at the Glasgow SECC for a duet of "Lost". <mask> performed at the 2008 Hogmanay event. <mask> was going to play with Amy MacDonald at the event, but he pulled out due to tonsillitis. <mask> was dropped from the Sony BMG label after the album sold 130,000 copies. <mask> worked with writers who worked with James Morrison and Paolo Nutini.<mask> said that he was preparing for a concert tour of the UK in May and June of 2009. <mask> was going to be a Supporting Guest Act in Glasgow as part of the Homecoming Scotland Tour. Half of the concert dates were canceled by the management. <mask> said he was "gutted" at the cancellation and that it was not his doing. Same Difference played a solo tour gig in Portsmouth on one of the tour days from England and Wales. In 2009, <mask> confirmed that he was working on a brand new studio album which would be more acoustic in style, different from the jazz and soul genre of his debut album Right Now. <mask> hopes to release the album on his own even though he hasn't found a record deal since he was dropped by Sony.<mask> traveled to Los Angeles in May of 2010 to work with writers on his new sound. He collaborated with artists to create piano and guitar led songs, as well as writing some of his own. He performed with American artists in L.A. <mask> was announced as the 2nd biggest flop of reality TV in May 2010 and he lost out to Steve brookstein. He has vowed never to perform When You Believe again, calling his X-Factor success a curse and revealing he was no longer in contact with his former mentor. <mask> found out through the newspaper that he had been dropped. <mask> announced a summer tour in 2010 where he would perform his new acoustic sound.The first date was at the Half Moon. <mask> played guitar and piano. The second date was at the ABC Glasgow, where he sold out the show and more tickets were put on sale due to popular demand. On the final day of the tour, <mask> performed new songs written by himself and American songwriters at the O2 Academy. <mask> attended the BRIT Awards as part of the Universal Records after-party. <mask> taught himself to play the guitar and piano while he was writing new material. Some of the new songs include 'Never Left The Ground', 'Ode to Isabel', 'The Other Side', and 'Wounded by Love'.There will be at least four new songs by <mask> in 2011. The Voice UK contestant Vince Kidd's debut single was co-written by <mask>. <mask> is currently writing and recording new music for a second studio album, however, as of September 2021, a release date or any further information about a forthcoming album has yet to be announced. The reasons for <mask>'s absence from the music industry were highlighted in a statement on his website. <mask> claimed that he had to fall in love with music again and that he needed time to "evaluate everything that happened". <mask> has been involved in raising money for the Glasgow Children's Hospital. <mask> supports the Children's Hospice Association Scotland, a Scottish charity that provides hospice services for children and young people with life-limiting conditions.<mask>'s website states that music is about life not the other way around. It's a privilege to be able to use your gift to bring joy to people, travelling and paying the bills is a bonus. <mask> appeared in his own web series, Leon's Life, which was broadcast on the social networking site, Bebo. <mask> was awarded the Sunday Mail Young Scot Award for being a positive role model to young people. <mask> hosted the Sunday Mail Young Scot Awards in Glasgow in August of 2011. He was nominated in May of 2011. Concert tours Headlining The X Factor 2008 Tour right now live and acoustic 2010 summer tour

masks:
Leon Jackson
Jackson
Leon
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Leon Jackson
Jackson
Leon
Leon Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Leon
Randy Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Leon
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Leon
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Leon Jackson
Jackson


texts: <mask> is an English singer, DJ, TV personality and actress. She was nicknamed Sporty Spice when she was a member of the Spice Girls. She rose to fame in 1996, releasing in two years with the Spice Girls, two consecutive number-one albums, eight number-one singles from nine worldwide hits, the biggest-selling debut single of all time and the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group. The Spice Girls were helped shoot to international fame by <mask>. Northern Star, her solo debut album, was released in 1999 and reached number one in Sweden and number 4 in the UK. It sold over 4 million copies worldwide and became the best selling solo album of any Spice Girls member. After her second album, Reason, was gold certified in the UK, she left Virgin and founded her own record company, Red Girl Records.Her third album, Beautiful Intentions, spent 9 weeks at number one in Portugal and spawned international hit singles, selling over 1.5 million copies worldwide. This Time became her first top 10 album in Switzerland and was certified gold. The first three singles from the album went to number one in Portugal. The Spice Girls' greatest hits album was released in December. She released her fifth solo album, The Sea, in 2011. Her eighth studio album was released in 2020. She has co-written 11 UK number-ones, more than any other female artist in chart history, and remains the only female performer to top the charts as a solo artist.With twelve UK number-one singles, including the charity single as part of The Justice Collective, she is the second female artist, and the first British female artist, with most singles at number one in the United Kingdom, and with a total of fourteen songs that have received the number one in Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including a Guinness Book mention, five Brit Awards from 10 nominations, three American Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and one MTV Video Music Award. Since 1996, <mask> has sold more than 123 million records, including 100 million copies with the group, and 23 million solo albums, singles and collaborations, and has earned over 327 worldwide certifications, including 41 silver, gold and Platinum certifications as a solo artist. The only daughter of a secretary and personal assistant and a fitter at the Otis Elevator Company, <mask> was born in 1974 and has been singing in music bands since she was 14. Her parents separated when she was four years old. One of her children is racing driver Paul O'Neill, who was born when she was six years old. She attended a junior school in Runcorn and a high school in Widnes.She obtained a degree in dance, singing, drama, and musical theatre from the Doreen Bird College of Performing Arts in London. She replied to an advert in The Stage placed by <mask> and Bob Herbert, who were looking to form a new girl group later to become the Spice Girls. She gained teaching qualifications in tap and modern theatre dance with the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing after leaving college just short of completing her three-year course. In 1994, the Spice Girls responded to an advertisement in The Stage magazine. 400 women answered the ad and went to Dance Works studios. The original five members of the group were Halliwell, <mask>, Beckham, and Brown. The group was frustrated by the direction of Heart Management and decided to break with them.They signed a deal with Virgin in 1995 after touring record labels in London and Los Angeles. Their debut album, Spice, peaked at number 1 in more than 17 countries across the world and was certified multi-Platinum in 27 countries. The album centered on the idea of Girl Power and was compared to Beatlemania. The album sold 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the most successful albums of all time. "Say You'll Be There", "2 Become 1", "Who Do You Think You Are", and "Mama" all peaked at number 1 in the UK. Their second album, Spiceworld, with the two first singles "Spice Up Your Life" and "Too Much", that entered the UK Albums Chart at number 1, made it the group's all consecutive number 1 hit single, a record of musical groups all time. 20 million copies of the album were sold worldwide.The group starred in their own film, Spiceworld: The Movie, which made $100 million at the box office and became the second most watched movie of the year. "Stop" peaked at two, breaking the sequence of number 1s and not reaching the top of the charts. It was the last single before the departure of the group. When "Goodbye" topped the UK Singles Chart in 1998, it was their third consecutive Christmas number-one, equalling the record previously set by the Beatles. Bryan Adams released "When You're Gone" with featured vocals of <mask>, her debut solo project. The song spent 15 weeks in the top 40 and was certified Platinum. The album Northern Star was recorded in the summer of 1999.She recorded a song for the film Big Daddy. The promotional single was released in the UK. The backing vocals for "(Hey You) Free Up Your Mind" were written and recorded by her. Her debut single, "Goin' Down", peaked at number 4 in the UK and 25 in Australia. Giuseppi <mask> directed the music video. Her debut album, Northern Star, peaked at number 4 and sold 4 million copies worldwide and received triple Platinum in the UK. "Northern Star" peaked at number 4 and was released as a second single.In order to promote the album, <mask> traveled to Australia, the US, Canada, Japan, the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands and Denmark between 27 September and 1 November. "Go!" and "Suddenly Monday" were both in the film soundtracks in 2000. Whatever it takes. After the two singles did not reach the top of the charts, Virgin decided to release one more single, "Never Be the Same Again", which broke the pop rock sound of the other songs and focused on R&B. The song was released in 2000 and became her first number 1 single. It peaked at number 1 in the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and Sweden after receiving gold certification in the UK. The 18th best-selling song of 2000 sold more than a million copies across Europe.The label decided to release two more singles after the success of "Never Be the Same Again". "I Turn to You" was Virgin's fourth single and reached her second number 1 in the UK, Netherlands and Sweden. The song "I Turn to You" peaked at number 1 in several countries. "If That Were Me" was the fifth and final single. The proceeds from the sale went to a charity. The single versions of "Never Be The Same Again" and "I Turn To You" were included in the North American version of Northern Star. After the first solo work of members, the Spice Girls released their third and final album, which had a new edgier R&B sound.On October 23, 2000 "Holler" and "Let Love Lead the Way" were released as singles and reached the number 1 spot in the UK. 5 million copies of the album were sold. The group announced that they were taking a break. The Chinese singer FanFan recorded a Chinese version of "Suddenly Monday" from her debut album. The Northern Star Tour was <mask>'s first world tour to promote her debut album. The tour traveled in 76 dates, 30 countries and 4 continents, but not South America. Bryan Adams appeared at the Shepherd's Bush Empire concert on the original website.The Anaheim concert was streamed on the House of Blues website. The album was only released in Japan. The vocals in the song "Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?" were featured in the 2001 live album of Russell Watson, The Voice - Live. In November 2001 she began recording her second album. She traveled to the US to record music. She wrote "Help Me Help You" for Holly Valance and recorded "Independence Day" from the film soundtrack. At the 2002 MTV Europe Music Awards, Anastacia and <mask>sholm presented the award for "best song" to P!nk.The second album was supposed to be released on 10 March. It was due to struggles with clinical depression that <mask> took time out. The first single from her new album, "Here It Comes Again", reached number 7 in the UK and peaked in the top 20 in Spain and Ireland. Reason, her second studio album, peaked at number 5 in the UK and received gold certification. <mask> was sent by the label to promote the album. She embarked on the Reason Tour in April of 2003 The second single was released in June of 2003After the previous single, music critics were predicting that this single would redeem <mask>'s chart success, but the song peaked at number 14 and did not help sales. "Let's Love" was used in a Toyota Motor Corporation commercial. <mask> was a contestant on the reality sports game show The Games. On September 11, 2003 during a taping of The Games, <mask> injured her knee when she competed in a judo match with Azra Akin. The third and final single, "Yeh Yeh Yeh", had to be pushed back because she couldn't promote an upbeat song with an injury. "Yeh Yeh Yeh" was chosen to be launched along with "Melt" as a double A-side because she could do a small number of performances. The double single was released in November of 2003The song peaked at 27. "Yeh Yeh Yeh" was the only solo release in other countries of Europe. The Avo Session Basel concert was broadcast on 3sat after the release of "Melt/Yeh Yeh Yeh". The conflict in previous years about the direction in her solo career led to the dismissal of Virgin Records. She founded her own label, Red Girl Records, in 2004. <mask>m's activities are funded by her. The name of the label was inspired by a supporter of the football team.NancyPhillips, who had been the label's manager and business partner, retired last year. In June 2004, she embarked in a five-date concert tour, The Barfly Mini-Tour, performed in The Barfly music halls, a series of venues dedicated to independent music. In October 2004, she recorded her third album. In an interview, she said she wanted to create deeper songs using piano, violin and personal themes. "Next Best Superstar" was the lead single of her third album. There were two singles with B-sides, an acoustic version, and a re-release of the song. The song peaked in the UK at number 10.Her third album and first by Red Girl was released on April 11. The twelve songs written by <mask> were written by Greg Haver, <mask>, Paul Boddy, and others. The album was certified gold in Germany and Switzerland after it peaked at number 24 in the UK. She embarked on the Beautiful Intentions Tour in support of the album, travelling for twenty-five dates across Europe and Asia. "Better Alone" was released in the UK as the second single, but did not enter the charts due to the single being available online. "First Day of My Life" was released as a single in Australia and Europe, but not in the UK. The second international single from Beautiful Intentions was not included in the original version of the album.The song "Un Nuovo Giorno" was originally recorded by Bocelli for his 2004 album. The song peaked at number 1 in Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Portugal, number 2 in Austria, and number 30 in France. "Better Alone" was released in Australia and Europe as the third official single, after a limited release in the UK the previous year. The song peaked in Italy at thirty-six and in Switzerland at thirty-three. "First Day of My Life" and the music video were re-released on April 3. On August 31, 2006 she released her first live DVD, Live Hits, at the Bridge in South East, London. The DVD peaked at number 10.In 2007, she finished recording her next album and in March she released two singles at the same time. In Europe, "The Moment You Believe" peaked at number 1 in Spain and Portugal, and in the top 20 in Switzerland, Sweden and Germany. It was co-written by Peter Vettese and was used in an advertising campaign for a German television show. The soundtrack to the film of the same name was released in the UK and Italy and peaked at number 24 and 9. The song was a cover of a song by Strangeloves. "What If I Stay" and "Don't Let Me Go" are two of the cover versions of her debut album that she released on 30 March. The album was certified gold in the UK and Switzerland."Carolyna" was the third single. During an interview at Loose Women, she said that she wrote this song after watching a documentary about homeless people in Seattle. The song peaked in the UK at 49 and was in the top 50 in other countries. On June 28, 2007, the Spice Girls held a surprise press conference at The O2 Arena to announce that they would be embarking on a worldwide concert tour, The Return of the Spice Girls. They got £10 million each for the tour. Bob Smeaton directed a documentary on the reunion. It was called Giving You Everything.The fourth single of her album, "This Time", features the B-side "We Love to Entertain You", which was used for the Pro7 Starforce campaign in Germany. The song reached number 94 in the UK and 69 in Germany. On 5 November, the Spice Girls released their return single, "Headlines (Friendship Never ends)", also announced as the official Children in Need charity single and performed at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The first song to not reach the top 10 was the song at number 11. The music video was directed by Anthony Mandler. There are two new songs on the album, "Voodoo" and "Headlines (Friendship Never ends)". 6 million copies were sold.They embarked on the tour on December 2nd. The tour made over 70 million dollars and produced over 100 million dollars in ticket sales and merchandising. The tour won an award. The Spice Girls were paid $1 million each to appear in ads for the supermarket chain. The This Time Canadian Tour was <mask>'s fifth tour and she performed in nine Canadian cities. "Understand" was the fifth and final single from This Time. She was supposed to star in a sequel to the 1996 horror film The Craft, but the production was canceled."Blue Skies All the Way" and "Paris Burning" are two previously undiscovered songs that were included in her second DVD concert, Live at the Hard Rock Cafe. In the UK, the DVD peaked at

masks:
Melanie C
Melanie C
Chisholm
Melanie
Chris
Chiolm
Chisholm
Capotondi
Chisholm
Chiolm
Chi
Chisholm
Chisholm
Chisholm
Chisholm
Chiolm
Chisol
Chisholm
Guy Chambers
Chiolm