texts: despite being designed for a specialist audience. At the height of interest in structuralism, <mask> was quickly grouped with scholars such as Jacques Lacan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes, as the latest wave of thinkers set to topple the existentialism popularized by Jean-Paul Sartre. <mask> rejected this description after initially accepting it. They criticized one another in the press. <mask> retaliated against his Marxist beliefs by proclaiming that "Marxism exists in nineteenth-century thought as a fish exists in water; that is, it ceases to breathe anywhere else." <mask> took a position teaching psychology at the University of Tunisia in 1966. His decision to do so was largely due to the fact that his lover, Defert, had been posted to the country as part of his national service.<mask> moved to the village of Sidi Bou Sad, where Gérard Deledalle lived with his wife. Tunisia was "blessed by history", a nation which "deserves to live forever", according to <mask>. His lectures at the university were very popular. Although many young students were enthusiastic about his teaching, they were critical of what they believed to be his right-wing political views, even though he considered himself a lefty. During the anti-government and pro-Palestinian riots in June 1967, <mask> was in Tunisia. Although highly critical of the violent, ultra-nationalistic and anti-semitic nature of many protesters, he used his status to try to prevent some of his militant left-wing students from being arrested and tortured. When the trials became closed-door, he hid their printing press in his garden and tried to testify on their behalf.<mask> continued to write while in Tunisia. <mask> started to write a book about the impressionist artist douard Manet, but never finished it. <mask> moved into an apartment on the Rue de Vaugirard in 1968. The Minister of Education responded to the May 1968 student protests by founding new universities. The Centre Expérimental de Vincennes is on the outskirts of Paris. Canguilheim recommended <mask> as head of the Philosophy Department after a group of prominent academics were asked to pick teachers to run the centre's departments. In order to become a tenured professor of Vincennes, <mask> wanted to get the best in French philosophy.The university's students and staff were involved in occupations and clashed with police after the January 1969 lectures began. The Maison de la Mutualité was the site of a speech by <mask> in February. Such actions marked <mask>'s embrace of the ultra- left, which was influenced by Defert, who had become a Maoist. Most of the courses at <mask>'s philosophy department were Marxist–Leninist, although <mask> himself gave courses on "The end of Metaphysics" and "The Discourse of Sexuality". While the right-wing press was critical of this new institution, the new Minister of Education was upset by its ideological bent and lack of exams. He refused national accreditation of the degrees, leading to a rebuttal from <mask>. <mask> wanted to leave Vincennes and become a fellow of the prestigious Collge de France.He requested to join, taking up a chair in what he called the "history of systems of thought," and his request was championed by members Dumézil, Hyppolite, and Vuillemin. <mask> was elected to the Collge in 1969 despite opposition from a large minority. The first lecture he gave was published as L'Ordre du discours. He was obliged to give 12 weekly lectures a year for the rest of his life, and these became one of the events of Parisian intellectual life. He gave seminars to a group of students on Mondays, many of them becoming "Foulcauldian tribe" who worked with him on his research. They published a number of short books together. Over the next 14 years, he gave lectures in Brazil, Japan, Canada, and the United States.<mask> was a professor in the French Department of the University at Buffalo. The Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons was founded in 1971 by <mask> and others. The aim of the Gip was to expose and give prisoners and ex-prisoners a voice in French society. It was critical of the penal system because it INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals In 1971 the Toul prison riot started a series of prison riots that led to the police cracking down and arresting many people. The group had up to 3000 members and was active across France. <mask> co-authored a book about the case of the convicted murderer Pierre Rivire.<mask> published a history of the system in western Europe in 1975, after his research into the penal system. The penitentiary system that began in Europe and the United States at the end of the 18th century was examined by <mask>. It was well received and was described as "perhaps the finest" of <mask>'s works. In 1971 <mask> was involved in anti-racist campaigns after the killing of Arab migrant Djellali Ben Ali. He worked with his literary heroes, including Jean Genet. There was tension at their meetings as <mask> opposed the anti-Israeli sentiment of many Arab workers and Maoist activists. The arrest of <mask> and Genet at the December 1972 protest resulted in widespread publicity.The Agence de Press-Libération (APL), a group of left-wing journalists, was founded by <mask>. <mask> suggested that they establish committees across France to collect news and distribute the paper, as well as a column known as the "Chronicle of the Workers' Memory" to allow workers to express their opinions. <mask> wanted an active journalistic role in the paper, but this didn't work out and he didn't publish in it until 1980. It was the greatest experience of his life, and that it profoundly changed his work, that he wrote about in 1975. They took drugs in front of Zabriskie Point while listening to a well-prepared music program, starting with Richard Strauss's Four Last Songs, followed by Charles Ives's Three Places in New England, and ending with a few avant-garde pieces by Stockhausen. The second History of Sexuality's manuscript was scrapped as soon as <mask> came back to Paris, according to Wade. <mask>'s Histoire de la sexualité: la volonté de savoir (The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge) was published in 1976.The concept of power was rejected by both Marxism and Freudian theory. <mask> wanted it to be the first in a seven-volume exploration of the subject. Histoire de la sexualité was a best-seller in France and gained positive press, butlukewarm intellectual interest, something that upset <mask>, who felt that many misunderstood his hypothesis. He became dissatisfied with Gallimard after being offended by a senior staff member. Along with Paul Veyne and Franois Wahl, <mask> launched a new series of academic books, known as Des travaux (Some Works), through the company Seuil, which he hoped would improve the state of academic research in France. The memoirs of Herculine Barbin and My Secret Life were introduced by him. The relation between truth and sex is the focus of <mask>'s Histoire de la sexualité.He says truth is a system of ordered procedures for the production, distribution, regulation, circulation, and operation of statements. Power structures are created and enforced through this system of truth. Though <mask>'s definition of truth may differ from other sociologists before and after him, his work with truth in relation to power structures, such as sexuality, has left a profound mark on social science theory. During the 18th and 19th century in the western world, there was a "world of perversion" due to heightened curiosity about sexuality. The modern age is symbolized by the conception of sexual discourse and their union with the system of truth, according to <mask>. In the "world of perversion", including extramarital affairs, homosexual behavior, and other such sexual promiscuities, <mask> concludes that sexual relations of the kind are constructed around producing the truth. Sex became an issue of truth.Sex and light bring one to light. In The History of Sexuality, society approves people based on how closely they fit the sexual truth. <mask> reminds us that in the 18th and 19th century the Church was the epitome of power within society. Many aligned their personal virtues with those of the Church in order to internalize their beliefs on the meaning of sex. Those who unify their sexual relation to the truth are obliged to share their internal views with the Church. The arrangement of societal norms will no longer be seen as an effect of the Church's power structure. <mask> protested government abuses of human rights around the world.In 1975, he played a key role in the protests against the Spanish government who were about to execute 11 people. He and six others were arrested and deported back to Paris after they traveled to Madrid to give a press conference. He fractured his rib when he clashed with police during the protest of Klaus Croissant's transfer to West Germany. He organised an assembly of Eastern Bloc dissidents to 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556. He tried to get Vietnamese political dissidents to be granted asylum in France. <mask> was asked to write a column in 1977. He went to Tehran in 1978 after the Black Friday massacre.He met with opposition leaders and discovered popular support for Islamism while documenting the Iranian Revolution. He was one of the journalists who went to Tehran before returning to France. He was criticized by Iranian expatriates in the French press for his praise of the Islamist movement. Islamism was to become a major political force in the region and the West must treat it with respect. <mask> studied Zen Buddhism under Omori Sogen at the Uenohara temple in Japan in 1978. After the Socialist Party's electoral victory in 1981, <mask> expressed cautious support for the government. His support deteriorated when the party refused to condemn the Polish government's use of force against the Solidarity trade union.He and sociologist Pierre Bourdieu took part in large public protests on the issue after they wrote a document condemning Mitterrand's inaction. <mask> and his friend Simone Signoret traveled to Poland as part of a Médecins du Monde expedition to visit the Auschwitz concentration camp. Gallimard published the second and third volumes of Histoire de la sexualité in June 1984. The second volume, L'Usage des plaisirs, dealt with the "techniques of self" prescribed by ancient Greek pagan morality in relation to sexual ethics, while the third volume, Le Souci de soi, explored the same theme in the Greek and Latin texts of the first sexuality in early Christianity was to be examined in the fourth volume of Les Aveux de la chair. In October 1980, <mask> became a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, giving the Howison Lectures on "Truth and Subjectivity", while in November he lectured at the Humanities Institute at New York University. Time magazine noted <mask>'s growing popularity in American intellectual circles, while he lectured at UCLA, the University of Vermont, and Berkeley, drawing huge crowds.<mask> spent a lot of time in the San Francisco gay scene, frequenting bathhouses and engaging in sex without a condom. He praised sado- masochistic activity in interviews with the gay press, describing it as "the real creation of new possibilities of pleasure, which people had no idea about previously." <mask> developed AIDS after contracting HIV. The first cases of the virus were identified in 1980. <mask> used to refer to AIDS as a "dreamed-up disease". He developed a dry cough in the summer of 1983, but <mask> insisted it was a lung problem. When <mask> was hospitalized, he was treated with antibiotics and was able to deliver a final set of lectures.On 10 June 1984, <mask> entered Paris' Hpital de la Salptrire, the same institution that he had studied in Madness and Civilisation. He died in the hospital. The rumour was that <mask>'s death was brought on by AIDS. The medical bulletin was cleared by his family and did not mention HIV/AIDS. <mask>'s la levée du corps ceremony took place on June 29th, in which the coffin was carried from the hospital mortuary. Hundreds attended, including activists and academic friends, as Gilles Deleuze gave a speech using excerpts from The History of Sexuality. His body was buried in a small ceremony.The first national HIV/AIDS organisation in France was founded by Daniel Defert, <mask>'s partner, after his death. On the second anniversary of <mask>'s death, Defert publicly revealed that <mask>'s death was AIDS related. <mask> was described as a complex, many-sided character and that "under one mask there is always another". He said that he had an "enormous capacity for work". <mask>'s classmates at the ENS summed him up as a figure who was both "disconcerting and strange" and a passionate worker. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Foucault embodied the idea of the militant intellectual.<mask> was not a believer. He liked classical music and was known for wearing turtleneck sweaters. <mask> was described as having possessed "a profound kindness and goodness" and an "intelligence that literally knew no bounds" by his friend. His archive was sold to the France's national library for  3.8m. <mask> was a left-winger throughout much of his life. <mask> left the French Communist Party after three years as he expressed disgust at the prejudice against Jews and homosexuals within the party. After working in Poland, which was ruled as a socialist state by the Polish United Workers' Party, he became more upset with communist ideology.<mask> was considered to be "violently anticommunist" by some of his detractors, even though he was involved in leftist campaigns along with most of his students and colleagues. He argued that young children could give sexual consent and that adult-child sex and pedophilia were forms of liberation for both actors. In 1977 <mask> signed a petition to the French parliament calling for the decriminalization of consensual sexual relations between adults and children below the age of fifteen. Pierre Bourdieu summarized <mask>'s thought as "a long exploration of transgression, of going beyond social limits, always inseparably linked to knowledge and power." Philip Stokes of the University of Reading said that <mask>'s work was dark and pessimistic. It shows how the discipline of philosophy can be used to highlight areas of domination. In doing so, the ways in which we are being dominated become better understood, so that we may strive to build social structures that minimize the risk of domination.The detail which individualizes people is what had to be close attention to in all of this development. <mask> said that his work was less about analyzing power as a phenomenon than about trying to understand the different ways in which society has expressed the use of power to objectivise subjects. One involves scientific authority to classify and order knowledge about human populations, the other is to categorize and normalise human subjects, and the third relates to the way in which humans are. <mask> wrote on literature. Death and the Labyrinth: The World of Raymond Roussel is <mask>'s only book-length work of literature. He said the book was easy to write and had the greatest pleasure. <mask> uses the texts of Raymond Roussel, one of the first notable experimental writers, to explore theory, criticism, and psychology.<mask> responded to "The Death of the Author" in a lecture titled "What Is an Author?" In 1969 it was published in full. For <mask>, "denying the existence of a historical author on account of his/ her irrelevance for interpretation is absurd, for the author is a function of the text that organizes its

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault


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texts: sense." <mask>'s analysis of power comes in two forms: empirical and theoretical. Historical and modern forms of power are the focus of the empirical analyses. <mask> describes three types of power in his analyses. <mask> doesn't like theories that try to give answers to everything.He considered his theory of power to be closer to a method than a typical theory. Most people misunderstand power. He makes clear that power cannot be completely described as a group of institutions and mechanisms whose aim is for a citizen to obey and yield to the state. <mask> claims that the theories of power can't completely describe all forms of power. According to <mask>, a liberal definition of power has hidden other forms of power to the extent that people have uncritically accepted them. <mask>'s theory of power begins with singular "force relations". <mask>'s concept of "force relation" is defined by Richard A. Lynch as "whatever in one's social interactions that pushes, urges or requires one to do something."<mask> says that force relations are an effect of difference, inequality or unbalance in other forms of relationships. Power is a complex group of forces that come from "everything" and therefore exists everywhere. Power always has a goal or purpose when relations of power 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- 888-609- There are two forms of power: tactics and strategies. The power of tactics can be seen in how a person chooses to express themselves through their clothes. Power on macro-level can be the state of fashion at any moment. There are a combination of tactics.Power is non-subjective according to <mask>. According to Lynch, there can't be someone who exerts power at the same time as someone who doesn't. According to Lynch, power is something which reaches further than the influence of single people or groups. Even if individuals and groups try to influence fashion, their actions will often get consequences. Individuals and groups are limited by their situation even if they have a free choice. According to <mask>, force relations are constantly changing and interacting with other force relations which may weaken, strengthen or change one another. <mask> writes that there is always a chance that power and force relations will change in some way.According to Richard A. Lynch, the purpose of <mask>'s theory of power is to increase people's awareness of how power has shaped their way of being, thinking and acting, and by increasing this awareness making it possible for them to change their way of being, thinking and acting. <mask> refers to a power structure that is similar to a pyramid, where one person or a group of people hold the power, while the "normal" people are at the bottom. The people who enforce the orders are in the middle of the pyramid. An example of sovereignty is absolute monarchy. Crimes were considered a personal offense against the monarch and his/her power in historical absolute monarchies. In order to deter others from committing crimes, the punishment was often public and spectacular. It was both expensive and ineffective and led to a lot of people empathizing with the criminal.Criminals are subjected to various techniques to "remold" them into a "law abiding citizen" in modern times. The right to take life, wealth, services, labor and products is a characteristic of sovereignty. To take life, to enslave life, etc. are some of the things the sovereign has a right to subtract. The right to control life in the way that later happens in power systems is not available. Taylor says that the form of power that Thomas Hobbes is concerned about is sovereignty. According to Hobbes, people are free for a long time. Disciplined power aims to use bodies' skills as effectively as possible.The more useful the body becomes, the more obedient it becomes. The purpose of this is to prevent the bodies' skills from being used to revolt against the power. The object, target and instrument of Disciplinary power are individuals. <mask> says that "individual" is a construct created by power. The discipline power's techniques create a "rational self-control", which in practice means that the discipline power doesn't need external force. Disciplined power is a productive form of power, according to Foucault. Disciplinary power doesn't oppress interests or desires, but rather subjects bodies to reconstructed patterns of behavior to reconstruct their thoughts, desires and interests.This happens in many places according to <mask>. New movements, habits and skills are created by Disciplinary power. They focus on details, single movements, timing and speed. It organizes bodies in time and space. Rules, exams, and controls are used. The purpose of the activities is to lead the bodies to their goals. To reach a productivity that is greater than the sum of all bodies activities, the bodies are combined with each other.Disciplinary power has excelled due to its use of three technologies: hierarchical observation, normalized judgement and exams. The bodies are visible to the power. Since there isn't a single observer, the observation is a hierarchy. The mental asylums of the 19th century had nurses and auxiliary staff as well as the psychiatrist. A norm is established and used to judge the observed bodies. The judgement needs to be normalized for the power to continue. <mask> mentions several characteristics of this judgement: 1) all deviations, even small ones, from correct behavior are punished, 2) repeated rule violations are punished extra, 3) exercises are used as a behavior correction technique and punishment, and 4) rewards are used together with punishment to establish a hierarchy of good and badpunishment and reward are used. Examination combine observation and judgement. It is possible to individualize the observed bodies by creating extensive documentation. The purpose of the exams is to gather more information about each individual, track their development and compare their results to the norm. Jeremy Bentham's plan for the "optimal prison": the panopticon can be seen in <mask>'s "formula" for discipline power. Every cell in the prison is occupied by one prisoner. There are two windows in every cell, one to let in light from outside and the other pointing to the middle of the building.A guard can be placed in the middle of the tower to watch the prisoners. As if they were constantly being watched, the prisoners will internalize the power of discipline and regulate their own behavior since they will never be able to know whether they are being watched or not. The separation of prisoners from each other in the physical room makes it possible for them to regulate their own behavior as if they were always watched, according to <mask>. The panopticon has been used as a model for mental asylums in the 19th century. F.W. In Taylor's book The Principles of Scientific Management, an example of power can be seen. Taylor wanted to increase the effectiveness of workers by controlling their behavior.An attempt to increase the amount of pig iron carried by each worker without causing the workers to strike was mentioned by him. This is an example of how the discipline power tries to make the body more useful by making it more obedient. The first thing Taylor did was observe his 75 workers to find the most skilled workers. The workers history, character, habits and ambitions were studied by him. The power of the discipline creates an individual. Taylor said that one of the workers was a man with high ambitions that valued a high salary. If he agreed to obey without protest, he would earn 61% more.He was told when and how to work, when to rest, and many other things. During the three years that he was subjected to this detailed control and higher workload, he never failed to obey. Taylor had calculated the "optimal" workload for each worker from a different industry example. Taylor developed a system where every worker was continuously observed and punished if they didn't reach the daily quota the previous workday. At the end of each shift, yellow or white notes were given to workers who had not reached their daily quota. Workers who were given yellow notes were threatened with being redeployed to a "working role better fit for their productive capacities", which according to Taylor effectively led the workers to work harder. Workers who were given yellow notes were not immediately redeployed.Taylor writes that a skilled teacher was sent to teach the workers how to do the work correctly. The teachers job was not only to teach the workers how to work more effectively, but also to observe them and their working capacity. Taylor says that the workers were observed by others, such as administrators, managers, etc. <mask> refers to power over populations as "biopower". External force is not a factor in biopower as it is internalized by people. It encourages, strengthens, controls, observes, and organizes the forces below it. <mask> has sometimes described biopower as separate from discipline, but at other times he has described it as an expression of biopower.Discipline can be used, but its target is populations rather than individuals. The number of births, life expectancy, public health, housing, migration, crime, which social groups are over-represented in deviations from the norm are studied by biopower. They try to control or eliminate the norm deviations. The age distribution in a population is an example. Biopower is interested in age distribution to compensate for the lack of labor power in the future. Sex and sexuality have been of interest to biopower because of their connection to population growth. People who engage in non-reproductive sexual acts have been treated for psychiatric diagnoses such as "perversion" and "frigidity".Some social groups have been encouraged to have children, while others, such as poor, sick, unmarried women, criminals or people with disability, have been discouraged or prevented from having children. Despite the fact that biopower has killed more people than any other form of power has ever done, death has become a scandal and a catastrophe. During the era of biopower wars, they have been motivated by an ambition to "protect life itself" instead of being motivated by the desire to kill people. Similar motives have also been used for genocide. Nazi Germany wanted to eradicate Jews, the mentally ill and disabled because they were a threat to the German health, and the money spent on healthcare for mentally ill and disabled would be better spent on "viable Germans". The Iraq War was motivated by similar tenets. Iraq was thought to have weapons of mass destruction and connections to Al-Qaeda.The motivation for the war was changed when the Bush and Blair administrations didn't find any evidence to support either of the theories. The new motivation was that Saddam Hussein had committed crimes against his own people. In modern times, war has to be "concealed" under a rhetoric of humanitarian aid, despite the fact that these wars often cause humanitarian crises. slums increased in number and size across the western world during the 19th century. Criminality, illness, alcoholism and prostitution was common in these areas, and the middle class considered the people who lived in these slums as "unmoral" and "lazy". The middle class feared that the underclass would take over because the population growth in these slums was greater than in the middle class. The scientific study of eugenics was inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.The spread of negative qualities into the rest of the population was caused by society preventing natural selection by helping the weak. <mask> states that the body is not an objective that stands outside of history and culture. <mask> argues that the body is continuously shaped by society and history, by work, diet, body ideals, exercise, medical interventions, etc. <mask> doesn't have a "theory" of the body, but he does write about it in Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality. All biological explanations of phenomena such as sexuality, madness and criminality were critical of by <mask>. <mask> argues that the body isn't enough as a basis for understanding others. Foucault shows how power and the body are tied together in Discipline and Punish.<mask> believes that power is also used to manipulate people's minds. <mask> believes that the soul is the prison of the body. Sexology tries to exert itself as a "science" by referring to the material, according to <mask>. <mask> believes that sexology is a pseudoscience and that "sex" is a pseudo-scientific idea. <mask>'s idea of a natural, biologically grounded and fundamental sexuality is a historical construct that has also been used as an instrument of power. Sex is the biological and fundamental cause of peoples' gender identity, sexual identity and sexual behavior. The ability to evaluate, pathologize and "correct" peoples' sexual and gendered behavior has been made possible by this.<mask> considers a "normal sexuality" to be as much of a construct as a "natural sexuality". <mask> was critical of the popular discourse that dominated the debate over sexuality during the 1960s and 1970s. The popular discourse argued for a "liberation" of sexuality from cultural, moral and capitalistic oppression. <mask> believes that people's opinions about sexuality are always a result of cultural and power mechanisms. It's not possible to "liberate sexuality from one group of norms". This doesn't mean that <mask> thinks resistance is futile. <mask> argues that it is not possible to become completely free from power and that there is no "natural" sexuality.Power is a possibility for change because of its dimensions of resistance. <mask> thinks it's impossible to step outside of power-networks, but it's always possible to change them. The body is a passive object that is dominated by power, according to <mask>. The seed of resistance is the body. Experiences can never be fully reduced to linguistic descriptions because the body is never fully compliant. There is a possibility to experience something that is not possible to describe with words, and in this discrepancy there is also a possibility for resistance. Many feminist and queer-theorists have been influenced by <mask>'s view of the body.Johanna Oksala says that <mask>'s influence on queer theory is so great that he can't be considered one of the founding fathers of queer theory. There is no natural fundament behind the identities of gay, lesbian, heterosexual, etc. These identities are considered cultural constructions that have been constructed through power relations. <mask>'s ideas helped feminists study different ways that women form their bodies: through plastic surgery, diet, eating disorders, etc. Feminism has been affected by <mask>'s historization of sex, and he used his theories to question gendered subjects. There is no "true" gender behind gender identity that constitutes its biological and objective fundament. However, he is not a fan of <mask>.Foucault presents bodies and pleasures as a ground for resistance against power, without historization of sexuality to gendered subjects. Susan Bordo and Kate Soper have criticized <mask>. Johanna Oksala believes that Foucault doesn't deny the existence of sexuality by saying that sex/sexuality are constructed. Oksala argues that the goal of critical theories such as <mask> is not to liberate the body and sexuality from oppression, but rather to question and deny the identities that are "natural" and "essential" by showing how these identities are historical and cultural constructions. The investigation of how people have been made into "subjects" was <mask>'s primary project. <mask> states that subjectivity is not a state of being, but a practice. Western philosophers usually consider "the subject" to be something given; natural and objective.<mask> considers subjectivity to be a construction of power. "Assujettissement" is a French term that Foucault refers to a process where power creates subjects while also oppressing them using social norms. Foucault uses standards that people are encouraged to follow to compare and define people. <mask> mentions "homosexual", a historically contingent type of subjectivity that was created by sexology. <mask> says that sodomy is a temporary sexual deviation. Homosexuality became a "species", a past, a childhood and a type of life. "Homosexuals" have been discriminated against due

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texts: to the fact that they are considered a deviation from the "normal" sexuality.The creation of a subjectivity such as "homosexuality" leads to the creation of gay bars and the pride parade, according to <mask>. According to <mask>, scientific discourse has played an important role in the power system by categorizing people, observing their behavior and treating them when their behavior has been considered normal. Discourse is a form of oppression that does not require physical force. The production is controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures, which are driven by individuals' aspiration of knowledge to create "rules" and "systems" that translate into social codes. A force that extends beyond societal institutions can be found in social and formal fields such as health care systems, educational and law enforcement. <mask> warns against harmful aspects of society when it comes to the formation of these fields. Behaviors can be categorized into rational, irrational, normal, abnormal, human, inhuman, and so on.By creating different types of subjectivity and norms, they have created different types of "truths". People have adapted their behavior to get closer to what these sciences have labeled normal. According to <mask>, psychological observation/surveillance has created a type of psychology-centered subjectivity, which has led to people considering unhappiness a fault in their psychology rather than in society. According to <mask>, this has been a way for society to resist criticism, because it has turned against the individual and their psychological health. <mask> says subjectivity is something that is established in a person's relation to themselves. Edward McGushin describes a typical modern activity when a person is trying to find themselves. The self is established as a passive object and as an active searcher in this quest for the true self.The true self can only be found by going through hardship and danger. The 17th-century philosopher René Descartes argued that the "self" can be found by solitude. According to Socrates, self-awareness can only be found by having debates with others, where the debaters question each other's opinions. <mask> argued that "subjectivity" is a process rather than a state of being. <mask> argued that there is no "true self" to be found. The "self" is created in activities such as the ones used to find it. According to <mask>, exposing oneself to hardship and danger does not reveal the true self, but rather creates a particular type of subjectivity.<mask> says that the "form" for the subject is already constituted by power before self-constituting practices are employed. Schools, workplaces, households, government institutions, entertainment media and the healthcare sector all contribute to forming people into being particular types of subjects. Todd May defines <mask>'s concept of freedom as that which we can do of ourselves within our historical context. According to Foucault, a condition for this is that we are aware of our situation and how it has been created and affected by power. According to May, two aspects of how power has shaped peoples way of being, thinking and acting is described in the books where <mask> describes the history of sexuality. May believes that there will always be aspects of people's formation that are unknown to them, which is why Foucault did the type of analyses he did. Foucault believes that people have the ability to change the factors that limit their freedom.Freedom is a way of being in relation to oneself, to others and to the world. Todd May says that <mask>'s concept of freedom includes the creation of histories that investigate and describe the forces that have influenced people into becoming who they are. From the knowledge that is reached from such investigations, people can decide which forces they think are acceptable and which are intolerable and have to be changed. <mask> has a type of experiment with different "transformations". May believes that these experiments may lead to the creation of new power relations or the reconstruction of intolerable power relations. May believes that it is always necessary to continue with experimentation. "critique" is the practice of critique <mask>'s "alternative" to modern subjectivity.Foucault does not believe in "good" and "bad" forms of subjectivity since they are all a result of power relations. <mask> argues that there are no good and bad norms. All institutions are enabling as they are oppressing. <mask>ult Critique searches for the processes and events that led to our way of being and how this "we" came to be. The current "being" of people is a historically contingent, unstable and changeable construction. <mask> believes that it is possible to change the current way of being.Critique includes looking at how and when people are being enabled and how they are being oppressed by the current norm and institutions, as well as finding ways to reduce limitations on freedom, resist normalization and develop a new and different way of relating to oneself and others. <mask> believes that it is possible to navigate power relations in a different way. <mask> uses the term "care for the self" as an alternative to the modern search for the true self. According to <mask>, the ancient Greek philosophers sought self-awareness in order to care for themselves. <mask> calls care for the self the art of living. According to <mask>, the goal of these techniques was to transform oneself into a more ethical person. <mask> mentions meditation, the activity of contemplating past and future actions and evaluating if these actions are in line with one's values and goals, and "contemplation of nature."Contemplation of nature involves reflecting on how small one's existence is compared to the larger universe. Mary Beth Mader describes Theory of knowledge <mask> as a constructivist and historicist. <mask> doesn't agree with the idea that humans can reach "absolute" knowledge. The goal of many of <mask>'s works is to show how the idea of absolute, universal and true are historically contingent. The idea of absolute knowledge is a historically contingent idea. <mask> argues that we " always begin anew" when it comes to knowledge. <mask> is critical of modern western philosophy for lacking spirituality.<mask> refers to a certain type of ethical being and the processes that lead to it. In the ancient Greek philosophy, knowledge was only accessible to those with an ethical character, according to <mask>. This changed in the "cartesian moment", when René Descartes reached the "insight" that self-awareness was something given. <mask> says that Descartes knowledge is separate from ethics. <mask> believes that anyone can reach "knowledge" if they are educated, willing to participate in the scientific community and use a scientific method. The "modern" view of knowledge is critiqued by <mask>. Both "savoir" and "connaissance" can be translated as "knowledge" but with different meanings for Foucault.<mask> refers to a process where subjects are created while at the same time they become objects for knowledge. An example of this can be found in criminology. The subjects of "the rational person", "the mentally ill person", "the law abiding person", and "the criminal" are in these sciences. The sciences center their attention and knowledge on these subjects. The process in which subjects and knowledge are created is "savoir", while the knowledge about these subjects is "connaissance". <mask> uses the term "pouvoir/savoir" in his book. <mask> refers to a type of knowledge that is considered "common sense", but that is created and held back by power.The term power/knowledge comes from the idea that panopticons wouldn't only be prisons, but would be used for experiments where the criminals' behavior would be studied. Power/knowledge refers to forms of power where the power compares individuals, measures differences, establishes a norm and then forces this norm unto the subjects. When the norm is institutionalized, this is even more successful. The norm has become a part of people's "common sense" because it is institutionalized. <mask> argues that "common sense" affects the explicit knowledge. Ellen K. Feder states that the world consists of women and men. Feder believes that this premise has led to the creation of a psychiatric diagnosis of gender identity disorder.During the 70s, children with behavior that was not appropriate for their gender were diagnosed with GID. The treatment was to make the child adapt to their gender. Feder believes that this is an example of power/knowledge since the "common sense" premise "the world consists of women and men", created a new diagnosis, a new type of subject and a whole body of knowledge surrounding it. One of the most influential and controversial scholars of the post-World War II period was <mask>. Discipline and Punish were among the 25 most cited books in the social sciences of all time, according to an analysis by the London School of Economics. In 2007, <mask> was listed as the single most cited scholar in the humanities by the ISI Web of Science among a large quantity of French philosophers. <mask>'s historical remarks on the emergence of regulatory biopower have been influential according to Gary Gutting.<mask> is the most brilliant philosopher of power. He has attempted to define the historical constraints under which we live, at the same time that he has been anxious to account for the points at which we might resist those constraints and counter some of the moves of power. <mask>'s importance can hardly be overstated in the current climate of cynicism. <mask>'s work on "biopower" has been influential within the disciplines of philosophy and political theory, particularly for authors such as Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Antonio Negri, and Michael Hardt. Many critical theorists believe that <mask>'s analysis of power structures could aid the struggle against inequality because of his discussions on power and discourse. They claim that by analyzing the fields of knowledge through which they are legitimated, hierarchies may be uncovered and questioned. This is a way in which <mask>'s work is linked to critical theory.His work Discipline and Punish influenced his friend and contemporary Gilles Deleuze, who published the paper "Postscript on the Societies of Control", praising <mask>'s work but arguing that contemporary western society has in fact developed from a 'disciplinary society' into a'society of control'. Deleuze published <mask>'s thought in 1988 under the title <mask>. Edward Said's work Orientalism was influenced by <mask>'s discussions of the relationship between power and knowledge. <mask>'s work has been compared to that of Erving Goffman by the sociologist Michael Hviid Jacobsen and Soren Kristiansen. The work of the major Feminist scholar Judith Butler has been influenced by <mask>'s theories regarding the genealogy of maleness and femaleness, power, sexuality, and bodies. A prominent critique of <mask>'s thought concerns his refusal to propose positive solutions to the social and political issues that he criticizes. Even as an ideal, freedom becomes elusive since no human relation is without power.This stance which critiques normativity as socially constructed and contingent, but which relies on an implicit norm to mount the critique led philosopher Jrgen Habermas to describe <mask>'s thinking as "crypto-normativist", covertly reliant on the very Enlightenment principles he attempts to argue against. Diana Taylor and Nancy Fraser both argue that <mask> lacks the ability to generate positive alternatives because he denies himself recourse to concepts such as 'freedom' and 'justice'. Richard Rorty believes that <mask>'s "archaeology of knowledge" is fundamentally negative and fails to adequately establish a new theory of knowledge. <mask> gives a few valuable maxims about the reading of history. <mask> has been criticized by historians for his lack of rigor in his analyses. Hans-Ulrich Wehler criticized <mask> in 1998. <mask> received a good response from the humanities and social sciences.<mask>'s works are often conflicting and lacking in clarity, according to Wehler. The thesis of a "disciplinary society" is only possible because <mask> does not properly differentiate between authority, force, power, violence and legitimacy. His thesis is based on a one-sided choice of sources and ignores other types of organizations. There are factories. Wehler doesn't like <mask>'s "francocentrism" because he didn't take into account major German-speaking theorists of social sciences. Wehler concludes that <mask> is a seducer of Postmodernism because of the endless series of flaws in his studies. Some feminists note the limitations of the masculinist subjectivity and ethical orientation that <mask> describes in his critique of the historical construction of gender roles and sexuality.Roger Scruton argues that <mask> was wrong to claim in The History of Sexuality that sexual morality is culturally different. He says that no history of thought could show the "problematisation" of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain social formations. <mask>'s approach to sexuality has become influential in queer theory. Some theories of queer identity are at odds with <mask>'s resistance to identity politics and his rejection of object choice. Some see <mask>'s principles of social constructionism as an insult to the concept of truth. <mask> argued against the idea of a fixed human nature in a 1971 televised debate with Noam Chomsky. The universal basis for a concept of justice was rejected by <mask>.He struck me as completely amoral, I'd never met anyone like him before, it's just that I couldn't. It's like he was from a different species. While acknowledging that <mask> contributed to give a right of citizenship in cultural life to certain marginal and eccentric experiences, Mario Vargas Llosa asserts that his radical critique of authority was detrimental to education. The subjectivity of the self has been disputed. It is reasonable to assume that other factors, such as biological, environmental, and cultural, are explanations for the self, as opposed to <mask>'s view of subjectivity. Further reading includes Artires, Philippe, Jean-Franois Bert, Frédéric Gros, and Judith Revel. 2011.Cahier Foucault. France: L'Herne. Jacques. 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness." There are some pages. Alan Bass translated Writing and Difference.Chicago University Press. They were Herbert L. and Paul Rabinow. 1983. <mask> wrote Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. The University of Chicago Press is in Chicago. The author is <mask>,<mask>. "Sexual Morality and the Law" was originally published as "La loi de la pudeur".There are some pages. Politics, philosophy, and culture were covered. <mask>, Ramonet, Mermet, Majfud, and Kukso. A year ago. In Spanish, there is a Noam Chomsky. Garland, David, Santiago: Aun Creemos en los Sueos. 1997."'Governmentality' and the Problem of Crime: Criminology, Sociology." There is a theoretical Criminology. The name of the person is Ghamari-Tabrizi. A year ago. The Islamic Revolution and Enlightenment was written by <mask>. The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. Deleuze, Gilles.1988. <mask>. The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. It was published by the U of Minnesota Press. Deleuze, Guattari, and Gilles. 1983. There is an anti-Oedipus.The University of Minnesota Press is in Minneapolis. It was published by the U of Minnesota Press. Alasdair MacIntyre. 1990. There are three different versions of moral inquiry. The University of Notre Dame Press is located in Notre Dame, IN. Merquior, J. G.<mask>. The University of California Press is in Berkeley. There is a critical view of <mask>'s work. M. Olssen was born in 2009. There is a global thin community. Paradigm Press is in Boulder, CO. lisabeth Roudinesco.The year 2008. Canguilhem, <mask>, <mask>, Althusser, Deleuze are philosophers. Columbia University Press is in New York City. Veyne, Paul. The year 2008. <mask> Albin. Richard Wolin. 1987. <mask>'s aesthetic decisionism is called Telos 67. Telos Press is located in New York. There are external links to the Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The internet encyclopedia of philosophy has an entry on <mask>.Mark Kelly is the author of <mask>. There is a large resource site with extracts from <mask>'s work and a comprehensive bibliography of all of <mask>'s work in French Foucault News. There is a large resource site that has news about Foucault research, bibliographies and other resources. There are links to bibliographies of <mask>ult News site. Stuart Elden has a website. There is a list of <mask>'s books in English, as well as biographies of French philosophers and AIDS-related

masks: Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucaultca Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Michel Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault FoucaultMichel Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucault Foucaultca Foucault


texts: <mask> was an American painter and innovator of American Impressionism. His works include brightly colored landscape paintings and dark, finely drawn portraits and figures. Bunker was one of the major American painters of the late 19th century and a friend of many prominent artists of the era. <mask>, the secretary-treasurer of the Union Ferry Company, and his wife, <mask>, were the parents of <mask>. He attended the Art Students League of New York and the National Academy of Design. He participated in the annual exhibitions of the National Academy, the American Watercolor Society, and the Brooklyn Art Association. Bunker exhibited a watercolor at the Boston Art Club.He exhibited watercolors and oil paintings at the Club. <mask>'s works from his own collection were exhibited by Louis Prang in 1886. Bunker left New York to study at the cole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Bunker left Paris in the spring of 1884 to travel through the French countryside and the coast of Normandy to continue his studies. Three artists painted in Brittany in the following year. Bunker returned to New York City by the end of the year. <mask> was elected to the society in 1885.At the recommendation of James Beckwith, he moved to Boston to teach at the Cowles Art School, where he was the chief instructor of figure and cast drawing, artistic anatomy, and composition. He was a teacher in the art school building. Bunker's first solo exhibition was held in Boston. Bunker was homesick for France and felt "supremely ridiculous" in the atmosphere of wealth and respectability. Bunker accepted an invitation from Abbot Handerson Thayer to join him and paint in South Woodstock, Connecticut in 1886, even though he couldn't afford to stay in Boston during the summer. He met a friend and patron in that year. During the winter of 1887, Bunker painted portraits and spent the summer in Massachusetts with Henry Oliver Walker.He met John Singer Sargent in Boston during his first working trip to America. Bunker did a number of portraits of Bostonians in the 19th century, including members of the Gardner family, Samuel Endicott Peabody, and J. Montgomery Sears. Bunker spent the summer in England painting and playing tennis with his family and friends. Bunker left the Cowles Art School in the spring of 1889. He met Eleanor at the reception and would marry her the following year. Bunker spent his most productive season of painting in the summer at a boarding house in Medfield, Massachusetts. He returned to New York in the fall.By this time, Bunker's circle of friends included all of them. Bunker first exhibited his impressionist landscapes in Boston in 1890. He was offered to teach at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was going to take over William Merritt Chase's class in Brooklyn that winter. He went to the art colony in New Hampshire in June and then went back to paint at Medfield in July. Eleanor and <mask> were married in Boston. The couple moved to New York. Bunker died of heart failure after returning to Boston to celebrate Christmas with his family.His tombstone was designed by his friends and they were his friends. The memorial exhibition was held at the St. Botolph Club. The paintings of Bunker are from New York. A series of beached boats were painted on Long Island. He followed the usual academic practice of first painting loose, preparatory sketches. There are more conventionally finished exhibition pieces. The portraits of Walter Griffin in the Portland Museum of Art show a high level of craftsmanship.Bunker's summer excursions to the countryside resulted in scenes of Larmor, a town in Brittany. The church spire, Larmor, 1884, Terra Foundation for American Art, cemetery cross, and a lone tree were all compositions that focused on a richly painted, dark graphic shape against a bright sky. The pictures are characterized by soft atmospheric effects. The landscapes Bunker painted after returning to America still favor dramatic value contrasts, with subjects carefully painted against a light sky, but the palette has grown lighter, the color more saturated. Portrait of Anne Page is one of Bunker's most poignant works. It's restrained use of color, delicate modeling of form, and aesthetic elegance is reminiscent of the works of James McNeill Whistler. The portraits of male sitters that followed the Boston commission were painted in a more confident manner, suggesting the influence of Sargent.No paintings of the English sojourn by Bunker have survived, possibly because he destroyed them, as verified by personal correspondence and several pieces by the latter artist. After returning to Boston, Bunker produced a series of canvases which proved that he was one of the first American artists to fully understand and successfully practice impressionism. In the Greenhouse. His works include The Pool, Medfield, 1889, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bunker's last figure pieces were faithful to his training. Eleanor Hardy Bunker, 1890 (Metropolitan Museum of Art), Jessica, 1890 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), and The Mirror, 1890 (Terra Foundation for American Art) are all characterized by a restricted color range and heightened elegance. Although highly regarded during his lifetime, the 20th century assessment of American Impressionism was largely negative, and Bunker's work was forgotten soon after his death.The students of his students wrote a letter of appreciation to him after he resigned from the Cowles school. The student who did the most to maintain Bunker's reputation was named R. H. Ives Gammell, who organized two exhibitions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in the 1940s and published a biography in 1953. Bunker can be seen as either a traditionalist or an innovator depending on the viewpoint of the writer, as the current revival of interest in his work is the result of a less programmatic reassessment of 19th century art. He was both. <mask> Bunker: American Impressionist, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1994, is a reference. The <mask> Bunker papers can be found at the Archives of American Art.

masks:
Dennis Miller Bunker
Matthew Bunker
Mary Anne Eytinge Bunker
Life Bunker
Bunker
Bunker
Bunker
Dennis Miller
Dennis Miller


texts: <mask> is a Greek American architect. He is the founder and chairman of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab. The 1995 book Being Digital was translated into more than forty languages. <mask> was born to a Greek shipping magnate and grew up in New York City's Upper East Side. He has three siblings. <mask> was the United States deputy secretary of state. Negroponte won an award for his film.<mask> was the President of the Drawing Center from 2002 to 2007. He attended Buckley School in New York, Le Rosey in Switzerland, and The Choate School in Connecticut, where he graduated in 1961. His research focused on issues of computer-aided design while he was a graduate student at MIT. He received a master's degree in architecture from MIT. Negroponte has spoken publicly about his difficulties in reading. Negroponte joined the faculty of MIT in 1966. He divided his teaching time between MIT and visiting professorships at Yale, Michigan, and the University of California, Berkeley.In 1967, Negroponte founded MIT's Architecture Machine Group, a combination lab and think tank which studied new approaches to human– computer interaction. The MIT Media Lab was created by Negroponte. He developed the lab into a pre-eminent laboratory for new media and a high-tech playground for investigating the human– computer interface. The term Daily Me was popularized by Negroponte, who became a proponent of intelligent agents and personalized electronic newspapers. Negroponte was the first investor in the creation of the magazine. He wrote a monthly column for the magazine in which he talked about moving bits, not atoms. Negroponte's book Being Digital (1995) made famous his forecasts on how the interactive world, the entertainment world and the information world would eventually merge.Being Digital was a hit and was translated into forty different languages. Negroponte believed that computers would make life better for everyone. Sunstein has criticized his techno-utopian ideas for failing to consider the historical, political and cultural realities with which new technologies should be viewed. In the 1980s, Negroponte predicted that wired technologies such as telephones would become unwired by using airwaves instead of wires, and that unwired technologies such as televisions would become wired. Negroponte stepped down as director of the Media Lab in 2000. The role of laboratory chairman was retained by Negroponte. Negroponte stepped down as lab chairman in 2006 to focus more on his work with One Laptop Per Child, although he retains his appointment as professor at MIT.In November 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society held in Tunisia, Negroponte unveiled the concept of a $100 laptop computer, The Children's Machine, designed for students in the developing world. The price has gone up to US$180. One Laptop Per Child is a nonprofit organization started by Negroponte and other Media Lab faculty to extend internet access in developing countries. Over the last 30 years, Negroponte has invested in over 30 startup companies, including Zagats, Ambient Devices, Skype and Velti. He has sat on the boards of several companies, including Velti, which was formerly on the London Stock Exchange. He is a member of the advisory board. In August 2007, he was appointed to a five-member special committee with the objective of assuring the continued journalistic and editorial integrity and independence of the Wall Street Journal.As a result of the merger, the committee was formed. Four of Negroponte's founding committee members are dead. David Houle has been influenced by Negroponte. According to the MIT Technology Review, in response to the controversy of the MIT Media Lab accepting funding from Jeffrey Epstein, Negroponte told MIT staff, "If you wind back the clock, I would still say." In the fund-raising world, these types of occurrences are not out of the ordinary, and they shouldn't be reason enough to cut off business relationships. Some of his listeners were "stunned" by his comments and one person was reduced to tears. <mask>e Q&A at NetEvents, Hong Kong December 2006

masks:
Nicholas Negroponte
Negroponte
John Negroponte
George Negroponte
Nicholas Negropont


texts: The Chinese prince and politician of the Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties, known as <mask>, died on August 7, 707. During the reign of his aunt, the queen of Zhou, and his uncle, the emperor of Tang, <mask> was a powerful chancellor. He was aided in navigating the fraught period that followed Emperor Zhongzong's restoration by successive affairs with the influential consort. During an unsuccessful rebellion by the crown prince, he was killed. It is not known when he was born. Both his father and his brother were half-brothers of a Tang Dynasty general. After the empress of Emperor Gaozong became a member of the family, they were often disrespectful.Before 666, when she was angry that her brothers and cousins didn't appreciate the promotions, she demoted them all to the prefect of Long Prefecture. He died after he arrived at Long Prefecture because he was afraid of further reprisals. It's not clear, but it's likely that <mask> went to Long Prefecture with his father. He became a commanding general of the imperial guards. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, his son Li Zhe the Crown Prince succeeded him, but he retained power as empress dowager and regent. After Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with another son, <mask> <mask>.The Prince of Han and Li Lingku are two senior members of the imperial Li clan. After Li Zhen the Prince of Yue and Li Zhen's son Li Chong the Prince of Langye, the Prince of Langye was forced to give up his throne. It was said that the two men advocated that the queen take over the throne herself. The emperor gave the throne to the emperor, who in turn took the throne and established a new Zhou Dynasty. She made the minister of civil service affairs and created a number of her family's imperial princes. He was honored despite not having as much power as Chengsi. In 693, when she made sacrifice to heaven and earth, she offered the sacrifice herself first, followed by Chengsi and then Sansi.He was said to be good at flattery because of his studies in literature and history. As the years went by, he was flattered by the love of his life. In 694, a group of non-Han people requested that a massive iron pillar be erected to commemorate the reign of <mask>, and he agreed to put the chancellor Yao Shu in it. The people's farm equipment was melted for the project because the iron they bought was not enough. In 695, <mask> was put in charge of editing the history of the imperial empire. When the Khitan attack was launched by Li Jinzhong and Sun Wanrong, one of the major armies was led by <mask>. A month later, he was stripped of the chancellor designation, after he was given the designation of Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin.It was said that he and <mask>si both wanted to be crown prince and had associates trying to convince them that there had never been an emperor with a different family name. The crown prince at that time was her son Li Dan. At the suggestion of the chancellor Di Renjie, Wang Jishan and Wang Fangqing, as well as the close advisor Ji Xu and her lovers, agreed in 699. In 699, the head of the legislative bureau of government was made acting Neishi, and the next year he was made full Neishi. He was made an advisor to Li Xian in 700. He was given the honorific title of Tejin. After considering launching a major attack against Eastern Tujue, she put Sansi in charge.The orders to have Li Dan in command were changed by her. The army was not launched. The vacation palace at Mount Wan'an was constructed at much expense and labor. The second reign of Emperor Zhongzong ended in a coup led by the officials. After the coup, Emperor Zhongzong was restored to the throne, but while she retained the title of "emperor," she no longer had power. By that time, the emperor's concubine had been having an affair with <mask>. Through her introduction, <mask> began an affair with Emperor Zhongzong's wife, as well as becoming a trusted advisor to Emperor Zhongzong who was afraid of them.The Princess Anle had a lot of power in her father's administration and was married to the son of the emperor. The leaders of the coup brushed aside suggestions by two lower level officials that they should have taken action sooner. They tried to get Emperor Zhongzong to kill some of the more powerful members of the clan, but he decided to demote them. The coup leaders, along with other officials, were given iron certificates that were supposed to guarantee their return to the throne by Emperor Zhongzong. Cui Shi, the mid-level official who was afraid of <mask>'s power, became an associate of <mask>, even though Emperor Zhongzong trusted him and feared the coup leaders. The five coup leaders should not be given honorific titles but should be removed from office because of their control of the government. The emperor created the five coup leaders princes and gave them wealth, but removed them from government posts, including chancellor positions.The five coup leaders had reversed the policies of <mask>, who is now in power. In order to diffuse some of the popular sentiment against the Wu clan, Emperor Zhongzong demoted their titles and reduced the title of the Prince of Dejing. As Emperor Zhongzong trusted a man who had exiled in 701, he tried to ingratiate him with a man who had died. In gratitude, he did not oppose the Wu clan further. They were sent out of the capital to serve as prefectural prefects because of fears that they were still in the capital. The emperor's son-in-law was accused of being involved in the coup and was allowed to act further against the five coup leaders. The five coup leaders were demoted further to a more distant prefecture, with no chance of returning from exile, after they were accused of being part of Wang Tongjiao's plot.The five coup leaders, already in exile, were framed by <mask> because he knew that Emperor Zhongzong was very sensitive about adultery accusations. Cui Shi suggested that the secret police official Zhou Lizhen be sent to the Lingnan region, where the five had been exiled, to survey the area, but with instructions to kill them. When Zhou reached Lingnan, he killed all of them in a cruel way. After news of the five coup leaders' deaths, he commented, "I don't know who are good people or bad people." I don't know if people who are good to me are good to people who are bad to me. When there was an ongoing dry spell, Emperor Zhongzong sent two people to pray for rain at Emperor Gaozong's tomb and then restored the temple to where it was before. The concubine, crown prince, had created Emperor Zhongzong's son Li Chongjun, but Li Guo'er had designs.Both of them insulted Li Chongjun, sometimes calling him a slave. The rebellion started with the generals Li Duozuo, Li Sichong, Li Chengkuang, Dugu Yizhi, and Shazha Zhongyi. They killed some of their relatives and attacked the mansion. His troops collapsed as he tried to reach the palace, and he was killed. Li was beheaded and his head was given to the two people who died with him. The Prince of Liang's body was recreated with the posthumous name of Xuan and buried in grand funerals. The tomb of Emperor <mask> was destroyed after a coup led by Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji overthrew him.One of the main characters in the erotic novel Su'e pian. The Greatness of a Hero was written by Eric Li. There are references to the Old Book of Tang in the Prince of Liang. 183. The new book is called Tang. 206. There are three vols.There were 203, 204, 205, 206, and 207. The Tang dynasty historians were Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Tang dynasty.

masks:
Prince Sansi
Wu Sansi
Sansi
Li DanWu
Sansi
Wu Zetian
Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Cheng
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Wu Sansi
Sansi


texts: An American who was born in 1971 is a software engineer and investor. He is the co-author of Mosaic, the first widely used web browser. He sold his software company to Hewlett-Packard. Ning is a company that provides a platform for social networking websites. He is on the board of directors. The World Wide Web Hall of Fame was announced at the First International Conference on the World-Wide Web in 1994. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, and raised in New Lisbon, Wisconsin, Andreessen was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217He is the son of a man who worked for a seed company. He received his bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of Illinois in 1993. He was an intern at IBM in Austin, Texas. He worked in the AIX graphics software development group that was responsible for the MIT X Window implementation and ports of the 3D language. He became familiar with Tim Berners-Lee's open standards for the World Wide Web while working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois. They created a browser with integrated graphics that would work on a wide range of computers. The browser was called Mosaic.During his career, he's worked at Netscape, Opsware, founded and invested in many successful companies, and he's also an investor in many successful companies. After graduating from the University of Iowa in 1993, Netscape moved to California to work at Enterprise Integration Technologies. Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, recently left the firm. Clark suggested starting an Internet software company because he thought the Mosaic browser had great commercial possibilities. Mosaic Communications Corporation was founded in Mountain View, California, with the help of co-founder and vice president of technology. The University of Illinois was unhappy with the company's use of the Mosaic name, so it changed its name to Netscape Communications. Netscape's IPO in 1995 was a big deal.He was on the cover of a number of publications. Netscape was acquired by AOL in 1999. The hiring of the Chief Technology Officer was contingent on the acquisition. He was named to the MIT Technology Review TR 100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. Netscape was acquired by AOL in the late 1990s. The company was formerly known as Loudcloud and provided computing, hosting and software services to internet and e- commerce companies. The company changed its name to Opsware in 2003 after Loudcloud sold its hosting business.One of the first companies to offer software as a service was acquired by Hewlett-Packard. A total of 80 million dollars was invested in 45 start-ups, including Qik, between 2005 and 2009. The two were known as super angel investors. The Silicon Valley venture-capital firm was announced on July 6, 2009. Several other venture capital firms scrutinized the firm for lack of diversity in its workforce. The firm, as well as other venture capital firms of Silicon Valley, had been wrongly accused of discriminating against women and people of color, according to an interview with New York Magazine. When asked about the critique of ethnic and gender diversity in Silicon Valley, he said the issues were the same.Within three years the firm grew to over $2 billion under management across three funds. On September 1, 2009, an investor group that included <mask> Horowitz acquired a majority stake in Skype for $2.75 billion, which was considered risky. Microsoft bought the company for $8.5 billion in May 2011. The firm assisted Ted Wang in creating the first free standardized seed round financing documents. He was on the eBay board of directors for six years. The company decided to break off its online payments unit, which led to the resignation of the board member. The decision to cut ties with PayPal was a point of contention between investor Carl Icahn and Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-The public disputes were caused by Icahn and <mask> opposing the spin off of PayPal. Icahn accused him of putting his own interests in front of what was best for shareholders. Icahn published his argument in an open letter that detailed alleged conflicts of interest in eBay's sale of Skype to a group of private investors. The leaders of the companies in which they invest are advised by industry influence. They were ranked number one. 6 were on the New Establishment List. 1 on the most influential investors list.2 and 21 are on the Forbes list of tech's top investors. In April 2012 the General Partners pledged to donate half of their lifetime incomes to charity. The Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. His essay "Software is eating the world" has been highly cited. The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering was awarded to five Internet and Web pioneers. The United States' response to the COVID-19 epidemic was described in an opinion article published in April 2020. The third company he established after Netscape and Loudcloud was called Ning.In September of 2011, it was announced that Mode Media had purchased Ning for $150 million. Following the sale, he joined the board of directors. He is a personal investor in companies. He serves on the boards of Facebook, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Anki, and Tiny Co. The Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Hewlett Packard Enterprise will be held on April 4. Hewlett Packard was partially blamed for some of its failures, including the recruiting of Apotheker, as well as the acquisitions of Autonomy and Palm. He is an advisor to Asana and director of CollabNet.He is a big fan of cryptocurrencies. Saudi Arabia has a plan to build a futuristic megacity in the desert. India's decision to apply net neutrality to Facebook's proposed project Free Basics was criticized by Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co-owner Netscape co- The Indian people were suggested to have been catastrophic by anti-colonialism. Indians and non- Indians alike were critical of the deleted tweet. Facebook spent a lot of money on advertising to the Indian public. The project failed due to violations, such as setting preferential tariffs in accessing content and setting up a "walled garden" on the internet.Milo Yiannopoulos, a controversial British journalist, had his verified status revoked by Twitter in 2016 for abusive behavior and hate speech. In support of Yiannopoulos. Facebook shareholders filed a class action lawsuit in April 2016 to block the creation of a new class of non-voting shares. According to the lawsuit, the board approval process for the stock change was secretly coached by the man who served as an independent board member. According to court documents, Andreessen helped Zuckerberg negotiate against shareholders as well as sharing information with him about their progress and concerns. The transcripts of private texts were included in the court documents. Laura Arrillaga was married to <mask>.She is the daughter of real estate billionaire John Arrillaga and the founder of the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund. They have a son. In 2012 he supported Romney. During the 2016 primary season, he endorsed the Republican candidate, but after the candidate dropped out of the race, he switched his endorsement to Hillary Clinton. There is a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book. References External links 1971 births American computer programmers American financial company founders American technology company founders American venture capitalists

masks: Andreessen Andreessen Andreessen


texts: The martial artist and student of Gj-ry Karate was known as Jitsumi Ggen <mask>. He founded the International Karate-d Gj Kai Association, one of the most well-known karate-d masters from Japan. The Emperor of Japan decorated him with the Blue Ribbon Medal of the fifth order of merit for his enormous contribution to the spread of the Japanese martial arts. He was listed in the Guinness Book of Records for many years. According to his autobiographical work: Karate Goj-ry by the Cat Tokyo, Japan, <mask> was born on January 20, 1909. In his 5th year of primary school, <mask> began his karate-d training under the guidance of Takeo Maruta. Maruta practiced Gj-ry.Tokutar, Ggen's father, named him Jitsumi because he was a merchant and later a teacher. There were ten children in this large Japanese family, and Jitsumi was their 3rd son. He was a very small man, just over five feet and 160 pounds, but he projected the impression of great bulk. The American GIs dubbed him 'the Cat' for his gliding walk and flowing hair. Hundreds of thousands of practitioners have experienced some form of training within traditional and non-traditional karate dojos because he alone was responsible for the spread of Gj-ry throughout the world today. "If you were to face me in combat, I would be able to determine in a second the strength of your Ki," he stated in the April 1977 edition of French magazine Karate journalist Rolland Gaillac. I would know if you were a good opponent.This quality has given me the name of The Cat. After his family relocated to Kyoto, Takeo Maruta began the serious study of karate-d. Maruta was a student of the legendary Chjun Miyagi of Okinawa and was also a carpenter or joiner. After Jitsuei Yogi wrote to Chjun Miyagi and invited him to come to Japan, Ggen <mask> studied directly with him. Ggen was attending a university in Kyoto when he met Chjun Miyagi. The first karate club at Ritsumeikan University was founded by Yogi and Ggen. The first university karate club in western Japan was known for its hard style training and fierce karate fighters.During the time Chjun Miyagi stayed in Yogi's apartment, both Yogi and <mask> attended the same university. Ggen <mask> was given responsibility for spreading Gj-ry in mainland Japan. The signature Gj-ry fist was designed by Ggen. The right fist of Chjun Miyagi is said to be the inspiration for it. The All Japan Karate-d Gj-kai Federation was formed after Ggen graduated from Kyoto University in 1934. The All Japan Karate-d Gj-kai Association was formed in 1935. In 1935, Ggen began his travels with the Japanese government as an intelligence officer and his first son, Norimi Gsei, was born.During his military tour in Manchuria in World War II, Ggen was captured by the Soviet military in 1942 and imprisoned as a prisoner of war in a Russian concentration camp, where he battled and defeated a live tiger according to his autobiography. The prisoner became the master of karate-d after the Russians discovered who he was and requested that he teach them. In 1945, Ggen re-opened his karate-d dojo in Nippori, which was later destroyed by fire, and advertised with a sign outside. Many people thought his school was closed forever and that he had been killed in the war, so Ggen held large exhibitions in Tokyo, which showcased the various Chinese and Japanese martial arts that he had experienced. His school moved to the Suginami-ku area of Tokyo after reopening. He expanded throughout the network of independent Gj-ry dojo. The rapid growth and expansion was reinforced by Ggen's energetic persona, which resulted in a worldwide network of karate schools, which he alone built into a powerful martial arts empire.Ggen was a prisoner of the War of the Soviet Army in 1942 and was held at a Russian concentration camp, where he talked about his military service in Manchuria in his memoir. Russian sources from the time would need to be located in order to verify the extent of this event. The Gj-kai Headquarters was established nearby to the busy shopping precinct of Roppongi after the name Gj-Kai was registered. According to his autobiography, Gj-kai Headquarters was relocated to the Suginami Tokyo school in 1950, which resulted in an almost tripling of membership to 450,000. He chartered the I.K.G.A. five years later. In 1964, Ggen <mask> along with other founding members unified all of them. By 1966, Gj-Kai had more than 200 dojo and clubs and 60,000 members.His most notable students were Yamamoto Gonnohyoue and <mask> Gosei. Mas Oyama was a student who started his own style after attaining 8th Dan. Paul Starling, the most senior Caucasian student graded by Ggen <mask> in his lifetime, had been training for four years with the first Australian student. Since graduating from the college, Deena has been teaching Jun Goju Kai - Gogen Ha. He continues to teach despite the death of his teacher. Hanshi is spreading the teachings of Gogen Sensei. There are no tournaments in Goshinkan.Gogen Sensei didn't like competition. There are only traditional teachings in Goshinkan school. Bud Ggen <mask>'s contributions to Gj-ry karate-d and to karate-d in general have been enormous. The International Karate-d Gj-kai Association has flourished under his leadership. In Japan and other Asian and Western countries, the organization has increased in popularity. Around 70 countries taught the Gj-Kai karate-d principles and training methods by 2008. The Federation of All Japan Karate-d Organization (F.A.J.K.O.) was formed after Ggen <mask> succeeded in unifying all the karate schools in Japan into a single union.In 1964. Prince Higashikuni of the Japanese Imperial Family was the chairman of the Kokusai Bud Renmei. Training methods for beginners were added to the Gj system. It has been argued that the development and propagation of karate-d has never been done before by a single man. The book "De Jong, Ingo" was written in 1989. Goju-Kai Karate-do Hard and Soft in harmony is the first volume. Sweden has a company called TryckeriAB.Ggen traveled to Australia in 1970 and 1972. The Kaiso family lost a member on May 20, 1989. He had two marriages, the first to Midori with whom he had four children. Gsen Kishio <mask> was born in 1935. The year 1942. He and his second wife had a child. His children practiced karate-d and became masters of their own.The names began with g. Gsei Norimi <mask> is the President of the International Karate-d Gj-kai, with branches in 60 countries. The Vice President of Japan Airlines was Gsen Kishio <mask>. The I.K.G.A was run by Kishio, who died in the early 1990s, and his sister Wakako, who was an All Japan Kata Champion for a number of years. Makiko <mask> died from a brain haemorrhage at a young age. Alexander, George, The Cat, Gogen Yamaguchi 10th Dan Collectors Edition DVD were references. Mark Bishop wrote Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques.Black Belt Magazine, College of Hard Knocks, and Senmon Gakko are all related to karate. The summer edition was published in 1974. Kevin Brennan was in the April 1977 edition of Australasian Fighting Arts Magazine. Ingo, Goju-Kai Karate-do, and Modern Arts in the Modern World are some of the works by Craig. Kane et al., The Way of Kata: A Comprehensive Guide for Deciphering Martial Applications was published in 2005. The "Cat" was written by Palabrica. Gogen <mask>, Head of Gojuryu Karate, has become a legend in his time, according to Secrets of the Samurai: A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan.The End of an Era, Gogen Yamabuchi- Obituary, Australasian Fighting Arts, August-September Issue, p.p. 69- 70 (1989). Training in Japan was in the April 1977 issue. Peter Urban is the author of The Karate Dojo. The Karate dojo is a film by Peter Urban. The Karate Goj-ry is by the Cat. Tokyo, Japan, is the location of Rapid Print Co.A visual guide to Kumite Techniques Japan was published by Ohara Publications.

masks:
Yamaguchi
Ggen Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi
Yamaguchi


texts: The 39th premier of Victoria from 1972 to 1981 was an Australian Liberal Party politician who was knighted in 1982. Elizabeth Anne McLuckie was the mother of early years Hamer. His three siblings all achieved success in their fields: his sister was an internationally known historian of the French Revolution, his brothers were a federal Liberal politician and a Rhodes Scholar. He graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1936 with a law degree and lived at Trinity College for a year. He was Secretary of the Student Club and a member of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team. He served with the Australian Army until 1939. He was commissioned as an officer in August of 1940 in the 2nd/43rd Battalion AIF and served in a number of countries.He became a partner in his family's law firm after the war and was active in the Liberal Party. He had five children with April. He was Commanding Officer of the Victorian Scottish Regiment from 1954 to 1958 and was active in the Citizens Military Force. Hamer was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council. He was an assistant chief secretary in the cabinet of Henry Bolte. He held the position of Minister for Local Government from 1964 to 1971. Hamer was elected in a by-election for the Legislative Assembly seat of the deputy premier who had to retire due to a stroke.He assumed the portfolios of the deputy premier and chief secretary. He had a reputation for being more liberal than Bolte's leader. The Liberal government lost its appeal to younger, urban voters in the 1970s. Bolte endorsed Hamer as his successor after realizing that the Liberals had only a year to change their image before a general election. Despite opposition from the conservative wing of the party, Bolte's support was enough for Hamer to prevail in the ensuing leadership ballot, and he was sworn in as premier on 23 August. Despite the fact that the Liberals had been in power for 18 years, Hamer was able to campaign in the 1973 election as a new, reformist leader. He used the slogan "Hamer Makes It Happen" to win against the Labor opposition and increase his party's majority.In 1976, he defeated Holding. Government was liberalised by the help of key allies such as Planning Minister Alan Hunt, Bill Borthwick, Attorney-General Haddon Storey, Social Welfare Minister Vasey Houghton, Housing and Youth Sport and Recreation Minister Brian Dixon, and Community Welfare Services Minister Walter Jona. The death penalty was abolished, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalised, and anti-discrimination laws were introduced. The extension of the Burwood tram line was approved by Hamer as he began the modernisation of the moribund tramway system. Bolte stopped further expansion of the system and canceled an order for 30 extra W7 class trams. There were no restrictions on shop trading hours on Sundays. The performing arts centre was built in the middle of the city.The measures won the support of middle-class voters, and The Age, which had been critical of Bolte during his later years in power, supported the government. The introduction of the Historic Buildings Act 1974 and significant moves in 1977 ensured the protection of several important buildings, including the Windsor Hotel and Regent Theatre in Melbourne. Victoria was beset by increasing economic difficulties, rising unemployment, industrial unrest and a decline in Victoria's traditional manufacturing industrial base by the year 1979. The Labor Party was mounting a stronger challenge to the Liberals than it had in the past. Labor entered the 1979 election with a realistic chance of winning government for the first time since 1955, thanks to Frank Wilkes, who took over as leader from Holding in 1977. The Liberals lost many seats in eastern Melbourne. They could count on the support of the National Country Party, although their majority was reduced to one seat.Hamer continued in office despite the setbacks. He promoted some younger ministers, such as Lou Lieberman, who pursued a liberal agenda in human services, education, environment protection, planning and the arts. The Department of Education in Victoria was reformed into a regionalised organisation with greater control over local schools. The Special Assistance Program was established to address illiteracy in primary schools. The Health and Human Relations Education curriculum was introduced in government schools. The Heide Museum of Modern Art was established, the Meat Market Craft Centre was established, the Victorian College of the Arts was reconstituted and the Australian Children's Television Foundation was established. The conservative wing of the Liberal Party began to undermine his position during this period.Ian Smith was removed from the Cabinet for disloyalty. He resigned again in May after being reinstated. By this stage, it was clear that Hamer had lost the support of his party. He stepped down in June and was replaced by Lindsay Thompson. He was knighted the month after he resigned from Parliament. Prue Sibree was re-elected to his seat for the Liberals. The Liberals were defeated at the election after 27 years in power.The last non-elected Victorian premier to be elected in his own right was <mask>. After his retirement, Hamer remained active in public and community affairs. He was president of the Victorian College of the Arts from 1982 to 1996 and a patron of the Public Transport Users Association from 1989. He died of heart failure in his sleep on 23 March 2004, and his family accepted the offer of a state funeral from the Labor premier. Victorians praised Hamer for his political views. Barry Jones, the former Labor federal president and a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly between 1972 and 1977 called him the finest flower in the Victorian Deakinite tradition. Hamer was a member of the Australian Republican Movement's advisory committee despite being a knight.After the death of Hamer in 2004, the main concert hall of the Melbourne Arts Centre was renamed the Hamer Hall. The names of the people who died in 2004 include the premiers of Victoria, the deputy premiers of Victoria, and the Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria.


texts: <mask>. An Italian prelate of the Catholic Church, who was born on 12 October 1940, has served as the Special Delegate to the Military Order of Malta since 1 November 2020. From 2003 to 2016 he was the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations. He served as the Holy See's nuncio in Africa from 1996 to 2003 after previously working in the Roman Curia. He was elevated to the rank of cardinal by Pope Francis. He was born in Italy. On May 31, 1965, he became a priest of the Missionaries of St. Charles.He earned his degree in sociology. He was an assistant professor of sociology at the New School for Social Research from 1970 to 1974. He founded and edited the journal International Migration Review, as well as co-founding the Center for Migration Studies. He told the New York Times that poor Italian immigrants in New York did not take advantage of government assistance programs because they were afraid of humiliation. He wrote a book about the history of New York's Italian parishes. He was the Director of the Office for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Refugees from 1983 to 1987. He was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant Peoples by Pope John Paul II.He was given the title of archbishop and nuncio to Eritrea and Ethiopia on 27 June 1996, consecrated on 17 August 1996 and given the title of delegate to Djibouti on 1 October 1996. On April 24, 1999, he was transferred to the see of Acelum. His title was changed to Apostolic Nuncio in 2000. <mask> was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in June of 2003 The speech in which he praised the Church's record on child sex abuse in comparison with that of other organizations was widely criticized. Tomasi said the measure will become a significant instrument of the human rights system. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child protects the rights of the child.Archbishop <mask> spoke at the U.N. International Labor Conference in June of 2011 about the importance of respect for the common good and protection of the most vulnerable. The Vatican's handling of child sexual abuse cases involving clerics was criticized in a report by the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child. The U.N. committee in Switzerland heard from the archbishop. Vatican officials said they were still studying the findings, but responded angrily to some of the recommendations. The U.N. report looked at Catholicism in a different way. <mask> believed that the committee had been influenced by pro-gay rights NGOs. Even the most sophisticated weapons systems can't comply with international human rights law."Meaningful human involvement is absolutely essential in decisions affecting the life and death of human beings," said Archbishop Tomasi. In the context of war, the human capacity for moral reasoning can never be replaced by a weapon system. He said that the development of complex weapon systems which remove the human actor from lethal decision-making is short-sighted and may irreversibly alter the nature of warfare in a less humane direction. "Maybe military action is necessary at this moment in Iraq," said Archbishop Tomasi. The tragic situation "compels" the international community in the letter of the Holy Father to Ban Ki-moon, he said. To speak, there is a moral imperative. The UN charter states that "dialogue, negotiations, fail and large numbers of people find themselves at risk: at risk of genocide, at risk of having their fundamental, their basic human rights violated."When every other means has been tried, article 42 of the Charter of the United Nations becomes possible justification for not only imposing sanctions of economic nature on the state or the group or the region that violates the basic human rights of people, but also to use force. The force is needed to stop the evil and the tragedy. <mask> said in 2015 that jihadists were committing "genocide". He said that a co-ordinated and well-thought-out coalition is needed to achieve a political settlement without violence. The use of force will be necessary if that is not possible. We have to stop this kind of genocide. We will cry out in the future about why we didn't do something, why we allowed such a terrible tragedy to happen.<mask> retired from the diplomatic service after the appointment of his successor. He is still called "Apostolic Nuncio". <mask> managed the reorganization of several offices of the Roman Curia to form the new Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, a "mammoth challenge" accomplished "with tact, diplomacy, trustworthiness and genuine affability". Pope Francis will elevate him to the rank of cardinal on November 28, 2020. Pope France made him a Cardinal in Carcere. On November 1, 2020, Pope Francis appointed <mask> his special delegate. The Interview at Zenit News is about people from Vicenza and the Roman Curia.

masks:
Silvano Maria Tomasi C S
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi
Tomasi