texts: <mask> was an American educator, lawyer and politician. In the Jim Crow era of the last decade of the 19th century, only five African Americans were elected to Congress from the South as disfranchisement reduced black voting. Until 1972, no African Americans were elected from the South. During and after Reconstruction, <mask> was a leader in the struggle for civil rights in the American South. He was the first president of South Carolina State University, a historically black college. <mask> was named after his adoptive mother's likely slaver, who was born in Ferrebeeville, South Carolina. He had a lot of European heritage.According to the historians, his mother was a fair-skinned mulatto daughter of a judge who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and his father was a wealthy white man. He was forced to give up his son for adoption. The former slaves Richard and Mary Ferrebee <mask> adopted him. The boy's European appearance made people wonder if he was the boy's father. <mask> attended a free colored school in Charleston in the 19th century. He moved to Hudson after the Civil War ended. <mask> chose to return to the South to help the freedmen because of his appearance and high proportion of European ancestry.<mask> graduated from Lincoln University in Pennsylvania in 1872 after receiving a scholarship. <mask> was appointed as a school commissioner in South Carolina that same year. He graduated from the University of South Carolina in 1875, after black students were admitted for the first time under the Republican state legislature. He was admitted to the bar that year. Black students were forced out of the flagship college after Democrats regained control of the legislature. He married Anna and they had nine children. <mask> was a Republican and served in the South Carolina House of Representatives for three terms.He served one term in the South Carolina Senate. He wasn't in the race for lieutenant governor. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 African-American political rivals dismissed him as a white imposter trying to take advantage of the post–Civil War black electorate. <mask>, who embraced the black heritage nurtured by his adoptive parents, was ostracized by his white colleagues. He was elected chairman of the Republican Party despite the issues. The 7th Congressional District had been gerrymandered by the state legislature to include many blacks.The districts had overwhelmingly white populations. The official vote count for the Democratic candidate was 8,358 to 7,003 for <mask>. <mask> questioned the election result and 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 Blacks were disqualified from votes because they did not receive instruction. The drop in voting turnout by blacks was caused by the discouragement of the system. <mask> was seated in the Fifty-First Congress in 1890 after the House Committee of Elections ruled in his favor. He lost his seat in the election for Congress in the fall of 1891.As African-American candidates competed in "black" districts, men's ancestry became part of the political fodder; tensions became heightened between mulattoes like <mask> and darker-skinned politicians. <mask>, Robert Smalls, and Murray competed for the Republican nomination in the 7th "shoe string district" in the 1890s. Murray took it in 1892. <mask> was re-elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1894. He was a delegate to the 1895 South Carolina constitutional convention. In no other state was a single public figure identified so vividly and indisputably with disfranchisement. Democratic leaders wanted to eliminate black voting.The new constitution was one of a number passed in southern states at the turn of the century that were designed to effectively disfranchise African-American citizens by changing voter registration rules. South Carolina's version required longer residency, literacy tests, poll taxes, and $300 worth of property. The document was opposed by <mask>, Murray and four other black delegates. The accounts were published in the New York World newspaper. Most black voters were disfranchised by the Democrats for more than 50 years, which meant they couldn't hold local office or serve on juries. <mask> gained the support of Tillman to establish a land-grant college for African Americans in the state school system. The Colored Normal, Industrial, Agricultural, and Mechanical College of South Carolina was founded in 1896.South Carolina State University became home to the historically black college. <mask> was appointed as the College's first president by the governor. He opposed the election of Coleman Blease as governor in 1910. Blease forced <mask>'s resignation because of his opposition. In Charleston, <mask> worked on various community causes. He helped recruit 30,000 black men to join the military. <mask> lived in Philadelphia from 1923 to 1934.He died on April 8, 1938. He wanted his gravestone to say "Not having loved the white less, but having felt the Negro needed me more", related to his work for civil rights and his decision to identify as African American rather than white. There is a list of African-American United States representatives. South Carolina Negroes were published in the 2nd ed. The University of South Carolina Press has a 1952 edition. The deaths of African-American members of the United States House of Representatives occurred during the Reconstruction Era.

masks: Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller Miller


type: paraphrased

texts: <mask> was a Canadian pioneer and politician who served as an MLA in the Northwest Territories. <mask> came to Canada from England in the late 19th century to work on the Canadian Pacific Railway. He built a narrow gauge track. He married Marian Shaw in 1885. The couple ran the general store in Balgonie. He was said to have ruled over Balgonie as a sort of rural king. During the hard times following the crop failures of 1893 and 1894, one of the largest wheat farms on the Prairies was owned by Hawkes.He was the Justice of the Peace for Balgonie and also served as the postmaster. According to the House of Commons of Canada, he was terminated as postmaster for political reasons. His removal was unpopular with the Roman Catholic German settlers who had a close relationship with him. He was active in organizing for the Conservative party in the Balgonie area. The Northwest Territories Act mandating bilingualism in the courts and legislation of the territories was repealed by the House of Commons in 1894. He was a member of the Legislature in the 1898 Northwest Territories General Election. The incumbent, Daniel Mowat, had decamped to British Columbia, and in the months leading up to the election the newspaperman William Trant was perceived to be the front-runner, and although many other men were discussed as potential candidates, by June "the only one who isJ.W. ran as an independent against <mask>, who was an independent in the race. Smith is a government official and the former mayor is a Independent. Although he was opposed to the introduction of partisan politics in the Territorial Legislature, he responded to an attempt to use his Conservative loyalties against him by saying that everyone knew which side he would be found on. The successful candidate was carried around the town in a procession and bonfires were lit. Beer flowed like water to show the popularity of the "People's Jim." It was widely speculated that he would be the Conservative candidate for the House of Commons to replace his friend and business partner Nicholas Flood, but he chose not to run. He was comfortably retained in his seat in the general election in the Northwest Territories.Smith gave himself the label of "straight government" while <mask> ran as an "independent government" candidate. The charter bill requested that the city ofRegina be incorporated. He said thatRegina has the best future of any place in the North West Territories. The bill was passed without opposition and the city became a reality in 1903. He was a member of the committee that founded St. Philip's Anglican Church. The Provincial Rights candidate in the 1905 general election was <mask>. The name Provincial Rights was adopted by the Conservative Party.He lost to the Minister of Education in 1905. Thomas Walter Scott was the premier of the area where the Provincial Rights nomination was held. Many of his supporters said that it was unacceptable that a man who had given so much for the cause should not be allowed to run. Although Hawkes moved to make Tate's nomination unanimous it was only under pressure and he declared that he did not believe in that kind of business. He stated that he wouldn't support Tate in the election. It was reported that if he ran as a Liberal in that riding, he would get a good thing from the government. It was believed that his large following within the German community would be decisive in the election after he decided to support Tate.Carman was offered the nomination by the local Liberal association because he was a friend of <mask>, but he did not run. The seat was taken by the Provincial Rights candidate. Despite withdrawing from public life due to a hearing problem, he remained an active supporter of the Conservative party to the end of his life. After selling most of his farmland, <mask> moved toRegina, where he was the President and Manager of Regent Financial Corporation. There are farm lands. During the First World War, all three of his sons signed up with a Canadian unit. Lieutenant <mask> <mask> MM MC lost his life.<mask> was a homestead inspector in 1917 and was involved in seed grain and relief collections. He was employed by the Soldier Settlement Board. In 1922 he sold the home that was next to Sir Frederick Haultain, who was then the Chief Justice of SASKATCHEWAN, in order to move to British Columbia. <mask>' mother in law, Ann Pilkington Shaw, who had been living with the family in Regina for a number of years, was brought with Mr. and Mrs. <mask> and their youngest daughter. They bought a fruit farm and he worked as a road foreman. Marian and her daughter played a leading role in the Anglican Women's auxiliary and were very active in the community. <mask> <mask> died on July 29, 1936, and his wife Marian followed him a year later.The streets were named in honor of <mask>. The street was named after <mask> and his wife. There was an election in 1898 and a 1905 election.

masks:
James Benjamin Hawkes
James Hawkes
Hawkes
Hawkes
Hawkes
James Hawkes
Hawkes
Walter James
Hawkes
James Hawkes
James
Hawkes
James Benjamin
Hawkes
James
James


texts: <mask> is a former mixed martial artist. He is best known for his time in the UFC, but also fought for King of the Cage and the Maximum Fighting Championship. 19 of his 25 career wins came by way of submission. <mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 <mask> made his UFC debut on October 10, 2006 against Ed Herman. <mask> won the bout via triangle choke. The Ultimate Fighter 1 veteran Chris Leben was defeated by a modified guillotine choke by <mask> in the second round.The victories earned Submission of the Night honors. After losing the UFC Middleweight Championship to Anderson Silva, <mask> had a match-up against Rich Franklin at UFC68. Franklin mounted <mask> in the final seconds of round two, causing enough injury to <mask>'s left eye that his corner advised him to throw in the towel, and Franklin was declared the winner. <mask> rebounded from his loss to Franklin with a second-round victory. This was his third victory over The Ultimate Fighter veterans. At UFC 77, <mask> faced Yushin Okami, who was coming off a loss to Franklin in a title contention elimination bout. <mask> lost the fight by a unanimous decision.The loss at UFC 83 didn't deter <mask> from defeating Joe Doerksen in the second round and earning a $75,000 bonus for knockout of the night. <mask> landed two hammerfists after the fight appeared to have been stopped. <mask> explained in an interview the day after the fight that the referee told him to continue fighting and that he apologized to him for his mistake. <mask> faced Maia at UFC 87. The fight took place on the ground, with <mask> escaping many submission attempts. Maia locked in a rear-naked choke in the third round to win. <mask> went on to fight as a replacement for Day at UFC 88.He earned his third Submission of the Night bonus by winning against him by rear-naked choke at 1:20 of round two. <mask> fought Wilson Gouveia at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs Team Mir Finale. <mask> lost the fight via submission after being dropped with a glancing left jab by Gouveia. <mask> suffered a first-round TKO loss at UFC 97 due to elbows from a mounted position. The UFC released <mask> several weeks later despite Dana White suggesting that his position in the UFC roster was safe despite his recent lack of success. Joe Silva said the door would be open for <mask> to come back if he won a few more promotions. <mask> announced at the MFC 21 event on May 15, 2009, that he was returning to the Maximum Fighting Championship.He lost to Lutter in the main event of MFC 22 on October 2, 2009. <mask> defeated Solomon Hutcherson by split decision, giving him his fifth victory over a TUF competitor. <mask> was in the main event of W1 Bad Blood. He defeated Vernon White with a triangle choke. <mask> defeated Matt Horwich in the main event of the first Let's Get It On MMA tournament. On May 8, 2010, at UFC 113, <mask> returned to the UFC and faced up and coming wrestler John Salter, replacing an injured Nick Catone. <mask> broke his leg in the first round and the fight was stopped due to injury.<mask> suffered an injury in training and pulled out of the fight against Natal. <mask> submitted Ryan Jensen with a first-round triangle choke at UFC 129 on April 30, 2011. <mask> lost to Alan Belcher via verbal submission at UFC Fight Night 25 due to strikes in the first round. At UFC on Fuel TV: Korean Zombie vs. Poirier, <mask> faced Tom Lawlor. He lost the fight in the first round. <mask>'s UFC record stood at 6-8 after he announced his retirement from MMA. Pure Fitness and MMA is owned and operated by <mask> in Red Deer, Canada.He runs a fight promotion called Pure Fighting Championship. Ryan Machan is one of the Canadian professional MMA fighters he manages. <mask> and his wife Kelly have four children, sons Tristin and Keel and daughters Jett and True. The co-teaching of the CrossFit Level 1 Trainer Certification course is done by <mask>. The final chapter of the trilogy, Submission of the Night, took place in Hollywood, Florida, United States.

masks: MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald Jason


texts: <mask> is an American inventor and chemist, most known for inventing the process to fabricate the self-aligned gate MOSFET transistor along with Robert E. Kerwin and John C. Sarace in 1967. <mask>, Kerwin and Sarace received the Jack A. Morton award for their work on the self-aligned Silicon-gate process. The New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame named <mask>, Kerwin and Sarace "Inventors of the Year". <mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York to <mask>, a Hungarian Jew who came to the United States at the age of 16. Herbert, <mask>'s brother, was a radio amateur from a young age. He was a radio operator on a Navy ship. Herbert gave <mask> his first chemistry set when he was 13 years old.<mask> began experimenting with the chemicals and buying his own. He built his own lab in the basement of his parents' house. <mask> followed in his brother's footsteps and became a licensed radio amateur. <mask> attended Brooklyn Technical High School in 1945, where he took many chemistry courses. <mask> attended the New York University Tandon School of Engineering after high school. <mask> decided to major in chemistry after debating between the two. Wanting to combine his interests in chemistry and electronics, <mask> decided to research a new field for his undergraduate thesis.<mask> got married one week after graduating and began working at the company to support his family. <mask> was able to combine his interests in electronics and chemistry while working at Sylvania. <mask> wrote many articles for QST about Semiconductor device applications. After 2 years at Sylvania, <mask> decided to pursue a graduate degree at the University of Connecticut. Ward moved from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to the University of Connecticut. <mask>'s research was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. <mask> graduated from the University of Connecticut with a PhD in chemistry.<mask> was introduced to a headhunter from Bell Labs by Dr. Ward. <mask> joined Bell Labs. <mask> began working in the chemistry development department after he was hired to join the chemistry research department. <mask> was working with some of the best chemists in the world. <mask> said in an interview with the Chemical Heritage Foundation that there were more experts at Murray Hill than at any other university. You could always find an expert in any field. <mask> said his time at Bell Labs was the greatest post graduate education he had ever had.<mask> was part of a group of people who worked to develop etching techniques and ways to preventContamination in the process of Semiconductor production. <mask> had a problem with a high level manager at Bell Labs. The production process of integrated circuits required 6 or 7 steps, each with a yield rate of below 90%, which resulted in unacceptably low yield rates. A process that would be go/no-go means a process in which an entire batches of wafers can be eliminated early on in the production process. <mask> led a session with other Bell scientists to come up with a better process for building FET devices. The idea of using a heavily doped polycrystalline Silicon layer as the gate of an FET came from that meeting. The gate was to be supported on two different types of materials.Using the FET as a model for integrated circuits, they fabricated and characterized hundreds of FET devices at high yield that exhibited close electrical tolerances. <mask> and his group patented the process. <mask> joined IBM in 1967. <mask> was not allowed to work on the problems that he had been working on at Bell Labs for at least a period of time before joining IBM. <mask> was asked to set up a group to advance the technology of lithography because he was unable to work directly on MOSFET technology. New photoresist technologies were developed by <mask>'s group. <mask> was a senior engineer, manager, and technical staff consultant at IBM.<mask> began teaching chemistry at the Department of Physical Sciences at the college in 1987 after retiring from IBM. The method of making contact with transistors was patented. Semiconductor surface cleaning. There is a method for the preparation of atomically clean Silicon. The tunnel structure and method of making the same. The method for making structures. There are Cyclic polyisoprene photoresist compositions.A device is used to remove low level contaminants from a liquid. <mask> married Ruth Kintzburger, a childhood friend from Brooklyn, in 1952. They have 6 children and 21 grandchildren. There are references to 1930 births.

masks:
Donald Lee Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Kalman Klein
Donald
Donald
Klein
Donald
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein
Klein


texts: The grandson of the president of the company, <mask>, Jr., was born in 1917. <mask> was born in 1917 to Alice May Kistler and <mask> II. His siblings are William and Adolph. He earned a master's degree in 1940 after graduating from Cornell University with a degree in chemical engineering. His brother and cousin were also members of the same society. He married Edith Holland "Holly" Hanson in 1941 and had five sons. He divorced Holly after 46 years of marriage.He was described as an adulterer by his son. He married Anne Elizabeth Drotning. After graduating from the University of North Carolina, he transferred to North Carolina State University, where he earned a B.S. In 1964. After graduating from NCSU, he was not offered a job at any of the Coors companies because of his marriage and avoidance of Cornell University. Joe Jr. joined Frontier Airlines in 1967, working in data processing. He worked for a school district in San Diego as a systems analyst after leaving Frontier.He returned home in 1972 to reconcile with his father. The reconciliation took a long time, but Joe Jr. was hired by the company. He became president of the Wilbanks subsidiary in Oregon in 1980. Although his relationship with his father remained icy, Joe Jr. returned to Golden in 1984 to replace a retiring VP and become president of Porcelain. The governor appointed Joe Jr. to the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines. Roy Romer worked from 1991-9. The annual golf outing and softball field are named after him.In 2012 Joe Jr. ran for Congress as a Republican in Colorado's 7th congressional district against Ed Perlmutter. Perlmutter was re-elected, but remained friends with <mask> until Joe's death from a stroke in 2016 In 2007, he retired as vice-chairman from GPC, and in 2016 he resigned from the Board of Directors. Timothy is a son of Jeff and wife. Peter Hanson <mask> was born in 1946. The University of Denver had an M.B.A. in industrial engineering in 1970. He was named President of the Brewing Division in 1985, reporting to his brother Jeff.Pete was named Chairman of the companies in 2002. He was the chairman of MillerCoors as well as the vice-chairman of the company. Pete and wife Marilyn have six children. <mask> is a member of the Board of Directors at the company. He received a bachelor's degree and an M. Sc. In 1996 and 2001 they received degrees in materials science. Like his older brother Joe Jr., Grover was estranged from his father but reconciled two years later when he needed income.He was an executive at Microlithics Corp. in Golden and the Adolph Coors Co. in Washington, DC. Sylvia is the wife of Grover. John Kistler began his career as a quality control technician at the Coors brewery when he was 17. In 1988 he led the customer satisfaction division at the brewery. He earned a degree. The first of 14 Coors family members to graduate from CSM, an M. Sc. in chemical engineering at Mines in 1977. In 1986 I received a PhD in brewing science from the Technical University of Munich.John was sent to a small operation in ACX by the 1992 ACX spin-off. He was assigned to manage the $17M investment in Golden Genesis in 1996. In 1998 John was appointed president of the company and in 2000 he succeeded Joe Jr. as chairman. He retired from the company in 2020. Jonathan is one of John and Sharna's ten children. At the time of Holly's death in 2009, Joe and Holly had 28 grandchildren and 24 great grandchildren. Holly, Brad, Doug, Timothy, Michael, Andrew and Jonathan are all employees of the company.He started his career in the porcelain business that helped the company survive prohibition. <mask> and his brother William began America's first large-scale recycling program by offering one-cent returns on aluminum cans. He was a regent of the University of Colorado from 1967 to 1972 and tried to quell campus radicalism during the Vietnam War. He was chief operating officer from 1980 to 1988 and president from 1977 to 1985. By the early 1990s, his leadership helped expand the distribution of Coors beer from 11 Western states to the entire country. Politics Coors was best known for his support of conservative politicians such as Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan, who he first met in 1967. William said that he was a little bit right of Attila the Hun.A founding member of the conservative Washington Heritage Foundation think tank in 1973, Coors provided $250,000 to cover its first year budget and $300,000/year thereafter. Television News Inc., a syndicated news service for television stations, was one of the organizations he was involved with. He was nominated by Reagan to sit on the board of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after he was a member of Ronald Reagan's Kitchen Cabinet. In August 1977, Brewery Workers Local 366 in Golden, Colorado went on strike. The striking workers were replaced by the new ones. In December 1978, the new workers voted to decertify the union. The 10-year boycott of Coors was caused by the strike and decertification.New employees were required to take lie detector tests after the strike ended. The Mountain States Legal Foundation was set up in 1977 by James G. Watt to fight the environmental constraints in the courts. Watt was forced to resign as Secretary of the Interior after Reagan sacked her for appointing a local attorney as head of the Environmental Protection Agency to dismantle toxic waste disposal laws. During Reagan's presidency, Coors donated $65,000 to buy a light cargo plane for theContras' effort in Nicaragua. Oliver North is a National Security Council adviser. Death Coors passed away in Rancho Mirage, California, in 2003 after a battle with cancer. Beetz, Kirk H.<mask>, <mask>, Jr. "'Joe'." The Encyclopedia of American Lives was written by the Scribner. The Sons of Charles Scribner. People from Golden, Colorado, and Rancho Mirage, California, as well as Cornell University College of Engineering alumni, died from cancer.

masks:
Joseph Coors
Coors
Adolph Coors
Coors
Coors
Coors
Joseph
Coors
Joseph


texts: <mask> was a Polish and naturalized French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneer research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a gold medal, the first woman to win a silver medal, and the only woman to win a bronze medal. <mask> was the first married couple to win a prize when he was a co-winner on her first prize. She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris. She was born in the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She began her scientific training in Warsaw after graduating from the Flying University. She followed in her older sister's footsteps and went to Paris to get her higher degrees.She was married to the French physicist <mask> in 1895, and they shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on the theory of "radioactivity". <mask> died in a Paris accident. <mask> was the first to discover the elements polonium and radium using techniques she invented. The world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted under her direction. The Curie Institute in Paris and the Curie Institute in Warsaw are still major centers of medical research. She developed mobile X-ray units to help field hospitals during World War I. <mask> Curie never lost her sense of Polish identity despite being a French citizen.She took her daughters to Poland to learn the Polish language. She named the first chemical element after her native country. <mask> died in 1934 at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy (Haute-Savoie), France, at the age of 66, due to aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and her radiological work at field hospitals during World War In 1995 she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in Paris, and Poland declared the Year of <mask>e during the International Year of Chemistry. Madame Curie is the subject of many biographical works. Maria Skodowska was the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers and was born in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire on November 7, 1867. The older siblings of Maria were Zofia, Jzio, Bronisawa, andHelena.The family lost their property and fortunes due to their involvement in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence. Maria and her siblings were condemned to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life. Bolesaw Prus was a leading figure in Polish literature and Maria's paternal grandfather was the principal of the Lublin primary school. Wadysaw Skodowski was the director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys and taught mathematics and physics. After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought a lot of the equipment home and instructed his children to use it. He was fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiment and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. After Maria was born, her mother resigned from her position at the boarding school.Maria was ten years old when she died of Tuberculosis. Zofia, Maria's oldest sibling, died of typhus three years ago. Maria's father and mother were both Catholics. Maria gave up Catholicism after her mother and sister died. Maria graduated with a gold medal from the gymnasium on June 12th, 1884, after attending the boarding school for ten years. After a collapse, she spent the next year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring. Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister became involved with the Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.Maria agreed to give her financial assistance during her sister's medical studies in Paris in exchange for similar assistance two years later. Maria worked as a home tutor in Warsaw and then as a governess in Szczuki for two years with the orawski family, who were relatives of her father. She fell in love with their son, Kazimierz orawski, while working for the latter family. Kazimierz was unable to oppose his parents because they rejected the idea of marrying the penniless relative. Both Maria and orawski were sad about the loss of their relationship. He became a professor at Krakw University after earning a doctorate and pursuing an academic career as a mathematician. As an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit before the statue of Maria Skodowska that was erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute.Kazimierz Duski, a Polish physician and social and political activist, was married to Maria at the beginning of 1890. Maria couldn't afford the university tuition and it would take her a year and a half to get the funds. Her father was able to get her a more lucrative position. She continued to educate herself, reading and exchanging letters. She returned to Warsaw in the early 19th century. She worked as a governess until late in the 19th century. She began her scientific training in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture near Warsaw's Old Town.The lab was run by her cousin Jzef, who was an assistant to a Russian chemist. She left Poland for France in the late 19th century. Maria temporarily found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law in Paris before renting a garret in the Latin Quarter to continue her studies at the University. She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 She sometimes forgot to eat because she was so focused on her studies. She barely earned her keep while studying during the day and evening. She began work in the laboratory of Gabriel Lippmann after obtaining a degree in physics.She was able to get a second degree from the University of Paris with the help of a fellowship. The Society for the Encouragement of National Industry commissioned Skodowska to investigate the magnetic properties of various steels. Their mutual interest in natural sciences drew them together. The City of Paris Industrial Physics and Chemistry Educational Institute (ESPCI Paris) had an instructor named Pierre Curie. They were introduced by a Polish physicist who thought Pierre could access something she was looking for. Curie was able to find some space for Skodowska where she could begin work because he did not have a large laboratory. They began to develop feelings for one another after their mutual passion for science brought them closer.At first, Skodowska did not accept Pierre's proposal as she was still planning to return to her native country. Even if it meant being reduced to teaching French, Curie was ready to move with her to Poland. During the 1894 summer break, she visited her family in Warsaw. She thought she would be able to work in her field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Krakw University because of sexism. She was persuaded to return to Paris by a letter from Pierre, who had written up his research on magnetism. "Pierre's biggest discovery" is a contemporary quip. They were married in Sceaux on July 26, 1895.She wore a dark blue outfit for many years as a laboratory outfit. Long bicycle trips and journeys abroad brought them even closer. <mask> found a new love, a partner, and a scientific partner in Pierre. X-rays were discovered in 1895, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. The rays that looked like X-rays in their penetrating power were discovered in 1896. He showed that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but was created by itself. Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.She used a new method to look at samples. The husband and his brother had developed a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. She discovered that the air around the sample was conducting electricity by using her husband's electrometer. She found that the activity of the compounds depended on the quantity of uranium present. She believed that the radiation came from the atom itself. The assumption that atoms were invisible was disproving. Irne was born in 1897.She started teaching at the cole Normale Supérieure to support her family. Most of the research done by the Curies was done in a converted shed next to ESPCI. The shed used to be a medical school dissection room. They were not aware of the effects of radiation exposure on their work. ESPCI did not sponsor her research, but she received subsidies from various organizations and governments. The studies included two minerals, pitchblende and torbernite. pitchblende was four times as active as uranium and twice as active as chalcolite.If her previous results were correct, then the two minerals must have small quantities of another substance that was more active than uranium. By 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive. Pierre Curie was becoming more interested in her work. He dropped his work on crystals and joined her because he was so invested in it. She was aware of the importance of publishing her discoveries quickly. The credit for the discovery of radioactivity would have gone to Silvanus Thompson if not for Becquerel's presentation the day after he made it. The same rapid means of publication was used by Curie.Her paper was presented to her by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann, on April 12 1898. Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium. At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what she had written about the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite. She said she wanted to verify the hypothesis as quickly as possible. On April 14, 1898, the Curies ground a 100 gram sample of pitchblende with a pestle and mortar. They didn't realize at the time that what they were looking for was so small that they would have to process tons of it. In 1898, in honor of her native Poland, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element they named "polonium".On December 26, 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, called "radium", from the Latin word for "ray". They came up with the word "radioactivity" during their research. The Curies wanted to prove their discoveries with pure polonium and radium. The chemical separation of pitchblende's components was difficult. It was easy to find polonium, but it was more difficult to find radium, which is related to barium. The Curies were able to get traces of radium, but the quantities were still beyond reach. The Curies had to separate radium salt by differential crystallization.One-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated from a tonne of pitchblende. She isolated radium metal in 1910. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. The Curies published a total of 32 scientific papers between 1898 and 1902, including one that said that when exposed to radium, tumours-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the cole Normale Supérieure and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. She went to Poland on the occasion of her father's death. In June 1903, Gabriel Lippmann oversaw the awarding of a doctorate to Curie.The Royal Institution in London invited the couple to give a speech on radioactivity, but they were not allowed to speak because she was a woman. radium was being used in a new industry. The Curies did not benefit from their discovery. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded <mask>, <mask>, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in physics in 1903 in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. <mask>'s name was added to the nomination after a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Gsta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation. <mask> was the first woman to win a prize. The Curies didn't go to receive the prize in person because they were too busy with their work and Pierre Curie didn't like public ceremonies.The first laboratory assistant was hired thanks to the award money. The University of Paris gave <mask> a professorship and the chair of physics, despite the fact that the Curies did not have a proper laboratory. The University of Paris relented and agreed to provide a new laboratory, but it wouldn't be ready until 1906. Their second daughter, ve, was born in December 1904. She took her daughters on trips to Poland to learn her native language. <mask> was killed in a road accident in 1906. He was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, fracturing his skull and killing him.She was devastated by her husband's death. The physics department of the University of Paris decided to give the chair that was created for her late husband to <mask>. She hoped to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris. The University of Paris was not the end of Curie's quest to create a new laboratory. She headed theInstitut du radium, now the Curie Institute, which was created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the

masks:
Maria Salomea Skodowska Curie
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie
Marie
Marie Skodoka
Marie Curie
Marie Curi
Marie
Pierre Curie
Marie Curie
Marie
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie
Marie


texts: University of Paris. Pierre Paul mile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, was upset that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.The University of Paris relented and the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute. In 1910, she succeeded in isolating radium and created an international standard for radioactive emissions. She was unsuccessful in her attempt to join the French Academy of Sciences. douard Branly was an inventor who helped develop the wireless telegraph. In 1962, Marguerite Perey became the first woman to be elected to membership in the Academy. The public's attitude was similar to that of the Dreyfus affair, which led to false speculation that Curie was Jewish, despite his fame as a scientist. She was vilified by the right-wing press during the French Academy of Sciences elections.Her daughter remarked on the hypocrisy of the French press when they portrayed her as a French hero when she received foreign honours, but when they portrayed her as a foreigner when she was nominated for a French honor. Pierre Curie was involved in a year-long affair with a married man who was estranged from his wife. The press scandal was exploited by her opponents. She was portrayed in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker. When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium and found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge with her daughters in the home of her friend. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences overcame opposition caused by the Langevin scandal and honoured her a second time for her work in chemistry. She received an award for her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.The chair of the committee tried to prevent her from attending the official ceremony for her prize due to her questionable moral standing. There is no relation between her scientific work and the facts of her private life, which is why she will be present at the ceremony. She was the first person to win or share two prizes, and she is the only one who has won in both fields. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research. The French government supported the research conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine at the Radium Institute, which was built in 1914. She was hospitalized with depression a month after accepting her prize. She spent most of 1912 in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.After a break of about 14 months, she returned to her lab in December. In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw, but she declined, instead focusing on the development of the radium institute on Rue Pierre-Curie. She was named Director of the Curie Laboratory in the University of Paris in 1914. She was welcomed in Warsaw in 1913 but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities. The institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919. The best course of action for wounded soldiers during World War I was to be operated upon as soon as possible. When limbs could be saved, there was a need for a field radiological centre near the front lines.She obtained X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units after a quick study of automotive mechanics. She set up France's first military radiology centre in the late 19th century. In the first year of the war, Curie was assisted by a military doctor and her 17-year-old daughter Irne, and she directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals. She began training other women as aides. In 1915, Curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colourless, radioactive gas given off by radium, to be used for sterilizing tissue. She gave the radium from her own supply. Over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.She carried out very little scientific research during that time. Despite her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, she never received formal recognition from the French government. She tried to give her gold medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them. She used her prize money to buy war bonds. She said she was going to give up the gold. The scientific medals are useless to me. I allowed the money for my second prize to stay in Swedish crowns because I was lazy.This is what we have. I would like to invest it in war loans. The state needs it. I have no illusions that this money will be lost. She was a member of committees in France dedicated to the Polish cause. She summarized her wartime experiences in a book. The French government established a stipend for her in 1920 for the 25th anniversary of radium's discovery.She toured the United States in 1921 to raise funds for radium research. Mrs. William Brown Meloney created a <mask>e radium fund to raise money for her trip. The First Lady praised her as an example of a professional achiever who was also a supportive wife after she received a gram of radium from the U.S. President in 1921. She was embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, so the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused. She became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine in 1922. She traveled to other countries, giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia. Irne Joliot-<mask> and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-<mask>, were two of the four Nobel Prize winners that the Institute produced.It became one of the world's four major radioactivity-research laboratories, along with the Cavendish Laboratory, the Institute for radium Research, Vienna, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. The International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation was created by the League of Nations. She contributed to League of Nations' scientific coordination by sitting on the committee until 1934. She wrote a biography of her late husband. She was in Poland in 1925 to lay the foundations for the radium institute. In 1929, her second American tour, she was able to equip the Warsaw radium Institute with radium. The distraction from her scientific labours caused her a lot of pain, but provided resources for her work.She served on the International Atomic Weights Committee until her death. The University of Edinburgh awarded the Cameron Prize in 1931. The last time Death Curie was in Poland was in 1934. She died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie, on July 4, 1934, from aplastic anemia, caused by her long-term exposure to radiation. The effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work. She remarked on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark when she stored the test tubes in her desk drawer. During the war, Curie was exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while he was a radiologist.The French Office de Protection contre les Rayonnements Ionisants (ORPI) concluded that she could not have been exposed to lethal levels of radium while she was alive. They speculated that her illness was due to her use of radiography during the First World War, and pointed out that radium poses a risk only if it is eaten. She was buried in Sceaux with her husband. The remains of both were transferred to the Paris Panthéon in 1995 in honor of their achievements. Their remains were sealed because of the radioactivity. She was the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits. The papers from the 1890s are too dangerous to handle.Her books are very radioactive. Those who wish to consult her papers must wear protective clothing. She worked on a book in her last year. The world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries was shaped by the physical and societal aspects of the Curies' work. If Curie's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. She had to overcome barriers in both her native and adoptive country because she was a woman. This aspect of her life and career is emphasized in Franoise Giroud's Marie Curie: A Life.She was known for her honesty and moderate lifestyle. She returned a scholarship she received in 1893 after earning her keep. She gave most of her first prize money to friends and associates. Curie deliberately refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process so that the scientific community could do research unimpeded. She wanted monetary gifts and awards to be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with. She and her husband wouldn't accept awards. She was the only person who could not be corrupted by fame, according to Albert Einstein.One of the most famous scientists of all time, <mask>e, has received honours and tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture. She was the first woman to be entombed on her own merits. She was voted the most inspiring woman in science by New Scientist. Second-place Rosalind Franklin received less than one percent of the votes. The United Nations declared that the International Year of Chemistry would be held in 2011. The Jacobs Gallery at San Diego's Museum of Contemporary Art was filled with an artistic installation. The anniversary of her birth was celebrated with a special doodle.In the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the 100th birthday of <mask>e. <mask>e was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person to win two Prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. She received a number of awards, including the Nobel Prize in physics and the Actonian Prize. In Poland, she received degrees from the Lww Polytechnic, Krakw's Jagiellonian University, and the Warsaw Polytechnic. She was the first female member of the academy. She was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists' society in the U.S. in 1921. She became a member of the Polish Chemical Society in 1924.<mask>'s 1898 publication with her husband and their colleague Gustave Bémont of their discovery of radium and polonium was honoured by a citation for chemical breakthrough award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society. Although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, <mask>, or both, entities that have been named in her honour include: The element had an atomic number 96. Three radioactive minerals are named after the Curies. The European Union's fellowship program for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. The metro station in Paris was renamed in honor of the Curies. Maria is the name of the Polish nuclear research reactor.The asteroid is named after her. The MD-11 is named after her. The bridge over the Vistula River was named after her. uSat 8, also known as <mask>, was named after her after Satellogic launched a uSat type micro-satellite in January 2020. The Marie-Curie station is a planned underground REM station in Montreal. Avenue Marie Curie is named after her. The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw is one of the institutions that bears her name.The Pierre and Marie Curie University, also known as Paris VI, was France's pre-eminent science university and later merged with the Sorbonne University. The Marie Curie charity was established in Britain to care for the dying. The Maria Skodowska-Curie Museum was established in Warsaw's "New Town" in 1967. The museum in Paris has been open since 1992. Around the world, Curie's likeness has appeared on stamps and coins. She was on the Polish 20,000-zoty banknote as well as the last French 500-franc note before the Franc was replaced by the euro. Postage stamps from several countries show a picture of <mask> Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder.Several artistic works have her likeness or name on them. During the Second World War, a statue of <mask>e was damaged by gunfire after it was unveiled by the wife of the Polish President. The Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations was built in 1936. The University at Buffalo Polish Room features a stained glass panel created by Jozef Mazur. On the 100th anniversary of <mask>e's second prize, a mural was painted on the Warsaw birthplace. Maria would discover radium and polonium as an adult when she held a test tube from which the elements came. Madame Curie is the subject of numerous biographies in popular culture.<mask>: A Life was written by Franoise Giroud. Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of <mask>e was written by Barbara Goldsmith. Radioactive: <mask> and Pierre Curie was adapted into a British film. The subject of <mask>e has been the subject of a number of films. Claude Pinoteau directed Les Palmes de M. Schutz, a French film that was adapted from a play. Huppert plays <mask>. The Courage of Knowledge is a European co-production by <mask>.Marjane Satrapi is the director of Radioactive, a British film. In Lawrence Aronovitch's play, False Assumptions, the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in the life of Curie. Manya: The Living History of <mask>e, a one-woman show by <mask> Frontczak, was performed in 30 U.S. states and nine countries. There is a television series depicting Einstein's life List of female Nobel Laureate, as well as Eusapia Palladino, a spiritualist medium whose Paris séances were attended by an intrigued Pierre Curie and a skeptical <mask>e Marie Curie Genius medal. A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist features a patient named "Blanche" and two other people. The English translation was published in

masks:
Marie Curi
Curie
Curie
Marie Curi
Marie Curi
Marie Curi
Marie Curie
Marie
Marie
Susan Marie
Marie Curi
Marie Curi
Marie Curie
Marie Curi
Marie
Marie Curi
Marie Curie
Marie Nolle
Marie Curi
Susan Marie
Marie Curi


texts: Margaret Hall or Hale was an Anglo-American dancer and contralto singer who was active on burlesque and vaudeville stages during the late 19th century. She began by performing juvenile rles in Manchester, made her debut on the London stage at 20 and a year later New York as a member of the British Blondes, who introduced Victorian Burlesque to America, where for a few years she would find phenomenal success. Richard Grant White once described <mask>'s singing as vocal velvet and her arms as the lost arms of Venus de Milo. He studied singing at the Royal Academy of Music in London. She began her acting career at an early age, playing principle boy parts at the Princess Theatre in Manchester. She made her London debut at the Queen's Theatre in Wigan's The First Night on November 15, 1867. In 1868 she appeared at the Queen's Theatre in a Wigan play, Time and the Hour, which one London critic said was by no means good, and by no means bad.In the piece, <mask> plays the goddess Venus who is in love with King Ixion. Ixion had a run of more than 100 performances before closing on December 26, 1868. The Forty Thieves, Niblo's Garden in Forty Thieves, and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves were all written by Thompson. She played the central rle in The Queen of Hearts, the Knave of Hearts, and the Old Woman Who Lived in the Shoe at the Union Square Theatre. According to the press in 1869, Markham's investments had made her a fortune on Wall Street. At a time when an experienced actor might expect $50 for a week on the boards, she was earning up to $150 per week. At least one newspaper reported her dead after she was seriously injured in a carriage accident in New York.She joined the cast of the Niblo's December revival of The Black Crook' playing what would turn out to be her signature role after opening with Thompson at Wood's Theatre in a Burlesque of the Wallace opera Lurline. The Black Crook, a musical about an English ne'er do well who discovers his noble birth and decides to reform, was first produced in America at Niblo's Theatre in 1866 with a run in excess of 300 performances. Some chroniclers wrongly listed her among the original cast because she became so identified with her characterization of the fairy queen. The revival ran for 122 performances and would return several more times to New York. During this time, it was not uncommon for Markham to receive a performance bouquet of flowers from her male admirers. The editor of the Chicago Times criticized the shows in 1870. The troupe of "British Blondes" was performing at McVicker's Theatre.The show was the first of its kind in Chicago. Mr. Storey sent one of his reporters to see the show after hearing rumors of indecency. The editorial page had a few lines that sizzled. February 24, 1870 is when the "rongst" was printed. At five o'clock that evening, while Mr. Storey was on his way home from the office, he was waylaid by Miss Thompson, Miss <mask> and Mr. Henderson, manager of the "British Blondes." The editor was walking with his head down when he was confronted by the trio. Mrs. Thompson concealed the short whip in the folds of her skirt as the rain began to fall.Mr. Storey kept shouting, "What do you mean?" What do you mean? Miss Thompson snatched the whip from him after he raised his hands to ward off the blows. She be INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals The three were arrested and later pled guilty to assault and were each fined $150. The Life of <mask>ham was published by Richard Grant White. She performed in several shows with Thompson, including "British Blondes" and "Red Riding Hood", at the Wood's Museum.She toured with her own company in a piece about a fairy. She came back to Niblo's Theatre to do her rle again. In November 1873, it was reported that <mask> had married a former Southern Civil War officer named Randolph M. McMahon. There was a performance of The Black Crook at Niblo's Theatre. The couple skipped town to avoid being searched for by detectives over an extravagant hotel bill. McMahon was said to be abusive and controlling to the point that he would only allow her twenty-five cents to spend on meals. The two remained together for at least five years with McMahon as her manager.She played in Dancing Dolls at the Globe Theatre in August 1876 and went on to tour with the Burlesque Company. She appeared in a production of Robin Hood and The Charity Ball at the same time. There was a scandal involving a former governor of South Carolina and the issuing of fraudulent bonds. She told her interviewer that the men mentioned in the papers as members of the South Carolina ring are not the kind of people she wants to associate with. H. M. S. Pinafore was presented by the company the following year. No corroborating evidence has been found to support her claim that she was a member of the troupe. Her name wasn't on the rolls of the troupe in 1879.She married a second time in the late 19th century to an actor-manager of the British Army. The press discovered that Murray had not ended his marriage before he married <mask>. He said he was drunk when his bride deserted him a week later. Murray walked with a limp that was said to have been caused by a minié ball still embedded in his leg dating back to his service in India. He began his acting career in America as W. C. Davenport at the Cleveland Academy of Music. During their marriage, <mask> and Murray would perform on stage together. She divorced him on the grounds of infidelity.Over the first ten years of her career, she was thought to have earned $250,000 and received $100,000 in gifts. One of her shows collapsing in mid tour and an incident involving a tour manager who disappeared with the troupe's funds were some of the low points of her later career. She slipped into poverty after her second marriage due to newspaper accounts of her working as a scrub woman and sometimes taking bit parts under an assumed name. She suffered a broken leg after falling through an open cellar door along a stretch of sidewalk in Louisville, Kentucky. She was awarded $5,000 in a lawsuit by the city of Louisville. The following year at Tony Pastor's, there were dramatic skits with Catherine Dann, that appear to have ended <mask>'s attempt at a comeback. The press described her husband as "moderately prosperous" and said she was married to him for the final years of her life.<mask> was reported to be near death with pneumonia in the late 19th century but later press said it was a serious case of the measles. She died in New York at the age of 71. There is a photo gallery at the NYP Library.

masks:
Markham
Markham
Markham
Pauline Mark
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham


texts: <mask>, also known as Henri-<mask>, was a Swiss-French political thinker whophpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBBphpBB He was a republican from 1795 and supported the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor. He became the leader of the Liberal opposition in 1800. He was politically active again during the French Restoration after he upset Napoleon and left France to go to Switzerland. He remained in post until his death in 1830. He was a supporter of the parliamentary system of France and head of the Liberal opposition. He supported Louis Philippe I during the July Revolution.<mask> wrote about romantic love as well as political and religious themes. His autobiographical Le Cahier rouge gives an account of his love for Madame de Stal, who was his partner in crime in the Coppet circle. He was a classical liberal in the early 19th century. Liberty was defined as a condition of existence that allowed the individual to turn away from interference from the state or society. His ideas influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November uprising in Poland, and liberalism in Brazil and Mexico. The <mask> de Rebecque family were descendants of French Huguenots who fled from Artois to Switzerland during the French Wars of Religion in the 16th century. <mask> de Rebecque was a high-ranking officer in the Dutch States Army like his grandfather, uncle and cousin.Both of <mask>'s grandmothers took care of him after his mother died. He was educated by private tutors in the Netherlands and Belgium. He gained access to the court of the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel while at the Protestant University of Erlangen. He moved to the University of Edinburgh after an affair with a girl. He lived at the home of Andrew Duncan. He promised to repay his gambling debts when he left the city. He traveled on horseback through Scotland and England in 1787.<mask>, who was influenced by Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality, attacked European nobility with their prerogatives. <mask> left out part of his last name. In Paris, at the home of Jean-Antoine Suard, he met a Dutch woman who later helped publish Rousseau's Confessions and his uncle David-Louis <mask> de Rebecque. They wrote a novel while he was at her home. She was a mentor to him until he moved north because of <mask>'s appointment to the court of Charles William Ferdinand. He left the court when the War of the First Coalition began. He was married to Wilhelmina von Cramm in Braunschweig, but she divorced him in 1793.He met and became interested in the famous and wealthy already married Germaine de Stal, who was brought up on the principles of Rousseau. They both liked Jean Lambert Tallien. They were one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of the time. <mask> was an advocate of bicameralism and an assembly like the Parliament of Great Britain. This strand of political thought resulted in the Constitution of the Year III, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. Despite grave reservations of the latter's part, Napoleon Bonaparte reluctantly appointed <mask> Bonaparte to the Tribunat. <mask> was forced to withdraw because of his close connection with Mme de Stal, after the first consul confirmed his doubts.<mask> became acquainted with Julie Talma, the salonnire wife of actor Franois-Joseph Talma, who wrote many letters to him. The plot to assassinate Napoleon failed in 1800. At a time when Britain and France were at peace, Jean Gabriel Peltier argued that Napoleon should be killed. Napoleon instigated a libel suit against the French refugee, Peltier. The speech was published in English and translated into French by Madame de Stal. She was forced to leave Paris. De Stal was disappointed by French rationalism.She and <mask> traveled with her two children to Weimar. The day after their arrival, Anna Amalia welcomed them. They met Friedrich von Schiller in Weimar. Wolfgang Goethe hesitated due to illness. They met August and Friedrich Schlegel in Berlin. He started work on his novel Adolphe in Rouen and Meulan after leaving de Stal. He secretly married a woman who had been divorced twice, and she was related to Novalis and to Karl August von Hardenberg.The French Restoration took place in Paris in 1814 and Louis XIV became king. <mask> was a member of the Council of State. He fell out with Germaine de Stal after she asked him to pay back his gambling debts. <mask> returned to the Tuileries several times to set up changes for the charter after Napoleon became more liberal. <mask> and his wife moved to London after the Battle of Waterloo. When Madame de Stal died, he returned to Paris and was elected to the lower legislative house of the Restoration-era government. He became a leader of the parliamentary bloc first known as the Independents and later as "liberals".He was an opponent of Charles X of France during the Restoration. I spent a lot of time with <mask>. Whoever remembers what an excellent man accomplished in later years, and with what zeal he advanced without wavering along the path which, once chosen, was forever followed, realized what noble ambitions, as yet undeveloped, were within him. <mask> was appointed to the Conseil d'Etat after King Louis Philippe I gave him money to pay off his debts. Albertine de Stal-Holstein is said to have been fathered by <mask>. <mask> was buried in the Pre Lachaise cemetery after he died in Paris. <mask> looked to Britain rather than to ancient Rome for a practical model of freedom in a large mercantile society.The "Liberty of the Ancients" and the "Liberty of the Moderns" are different. The citizens had the right to influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly thanks to the Liberty of the Ancients. To support this degree of participation, citizenship required a lot of time and energy. The citizens were free to deliberate on public affairs if the sub-society of slaves did much of the productive work. In order to transact public affairs in Ancient Liberty, they had to be gathered together in one place. Liberty of the Moderns was based on the possession of civil liberties, the rule of law, and freedom from excessive state interference. Direct participation would be limited due to the size of modern states and the fact that most people had to work in order to survive.The citizens would be spared from daily political involvement if the voters elected representatives who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people. The failures of the social and political upheaval were critiqued in the Critique of the French Revolution. The French tried to apply ancient republican liberties to a modern state. <mask> realized that freedom meant drawing a line between a person's private life and state interference. The noble spirit of regenerating the state was praised by him. He stated that it was not right for writers to think that two thousand years had not changed the customs and needs of the people. The state's dynamics had changed.Modern countries are larger than ancient ones. He argued that with a large population, man had no role in government. In ancient states, citizens found more satisfaction in the public sphere than they did in their private lives. <mask>'s critique of Rousseau and de Mably was based on his denunciation of despotism. <mask> said that these writers, influential in the French Revolution, mistook authority for liberty and approved any means of extending the action of the state. The model of public force of the Ancien Régime was used by reformers to organize the most absolute despotism in the name of the Republic. He decried the vacuous nature of the ideology and the contradiction of a liberty derived from it.The detrimental nature of the Reign of Terror was pointed out by him. <mask>'s "entire political thought" centered around the question of how to justify the Terror, according to Franois Furet. <mask> was aware of the revolutionaries' overspending in the political sphere. The Sans-culottes were the main force in the streets. They promoted vigilance in public. <mask> pointed out that despite the most obscure life, the quietest existence, the most unknown name, it offered no protection during the reign of terror. Many right thinking people were deterred by the mob mentality.In the modern world, <mask> believed that commerce was superior to war. He attacked Napoleon's belligerence because it was illiberal and no longer suited to modern commercial social organization. Modern Liberty tends to be at peace with all other nations, whereas Ancient Liberty tends to rely on war. If liberty were to be salvaged from the aftermath of the Revolution, the chimera of Ancient Liberty had to be reconciled with the practical. The practicality of Modern Liberty was demonstrated by England and the United Kingdom after 1707. <mask> concluded that republicanism was not suited to maintain Modern Liberty. The Acte Additional was drafted to transform Napoleon's restored rule into a modern constitutional monarchy.Before Napoleon was defeated, <mask>'s work provided a means of reconciliation between monarchy and liberty. The French Charter of 1830 could be seen as a practical implementation of many of <mask>'s ideas, such as a hereditary monarchy, an elected Chamber of Deputies and a senatorial Chamber of Peers, with the executive power vested in responsible ministers. <mask> was able to contribute in a profound way to French constitutional traditions because of his Anglo-Saxon sympathies. <mask> developed a new theory of constitutional monarchy, in which royal power was intended to be a neutral power, protecting, balancing and restraining the excesses of the other active powers. The prevailing theory in the English-speaking world was that the King was the head of the executive branch. <mask>'s plan was for the executive power to be given to a Council of Ministers who would be accountable to Parliament. In making this clear theoretical distinction between the powers of the King and the ministers, <mask> was responding to the political reality which had become apparent in Britain for more than a century: that is, the ministers, and not the King, are responsible actors.This was important for the development of parliamentary government. <mask> didn't want the King to be a powerless cipher. He would have the power to make judicial appointments, but he wouldn't be able to govern, make policy, or direct the administration since that would be the responsibility of the responsible In Portugal and Brazil, the King/Emperor was given ratings rather than power. The executive power in the Kingdom of Sardinia was vested in the King, but only the responsible ministers were allowed to use it. He advocated the separation of powers as a basis for a liberal State, but unlike Montesquieu and most of the liberal thinker, he advocated five powers instead of three. They were the Monarch, the Executive, the Representative Power of Opinion, the Representative Power of Tradition and the Judiciary.The Moderating Power was a type of judge, who was not part of government, but served as a neutral power to the government, the Executive Power was vested in the ministers that the monarch appointed and they were, collectively, the head of government. A serious attempt to decentralize French government through the devolution of powers to elected municipal councils was one of <mask>'s other concerns. When elected municipal councils were created, this proposal became a reality. <mask> spent forty years working on religion and religious feeling. His publications show his desire to understand the social phenomenon inherent to human nature, which, in whatever form it may present, is always a search for perfectibility. It becomes inevitable if its manifestations become rigid. The religious feeling needs to evolve.<mask> does not believe that political authority should meddle in the religious beliefs of the citizens. It is up to each person to decide where to look for solace, moral compass or faith. External authority can only act upon someone's interests. He doesn't like a religion that degrades authentic religious feeling. He thinks that it was necessary for polytheism to decline. The effects of theism are more beneficial when humans progress in their understanding. Belief in a god has evolved over time.He says protestantism is the most tolerant form of Christianity and an indicator of intellectual, moral and spiritual evolution. The story of a young indecisive man's disastrous love affair with an older mistress was the only novel <mask> published. A first-person novel in the sentimentalist tradition, Adolphe examines the thoughts of the young man as he falls in and out of love with Ellenore, a woman of uncertain virtue. <mask> decided that the reading public would object to serial passions and began the novel as an autobiographical tale of two loves. The love affair depicted in the finished version of the novel is thought to be based on <mask>'s affair with Anna Lindsay. The book has been compared to another book. David-Louis <mask> de Rebecque was a literary friend of <mask>'s uncle.She was a Dutch woman of letters with whom he wrote an epistolary novel. <mask>'s writings on the liberty of the ancients and his critique of the French Revolution have dominated the understanding of his work. Sir Isaiah Berlin acknowledged his debt to <mask>. <mask>'s wider literary and cultural writings emphasize the importance of self-sacrifice and effect of human emotions as a basis for social living. He felt that egoism and self-interest were not part of a true definition of individual liberty. It was important for emotional authenticity and fellow-feeling. His moral and religious thought was heavily influenced by the moral writings of Jean- Jacques Rousseau and German philosophers such as Immanuel Kant, who he read in reference to his religious history.On ancient religion, Appel aux Nations chrétiennes en faveur des Grecs. Deux mélanges de littérature et de politique were published in the 19th century. Plon was born in 1933. Dennis Wood, Isabelle de Charrire and <mask> are novels. propose d'une découverte. <mask> and Madame de Charrire were roman authors. The studies on Voltaire were done in the 18th century.The Oxford Voltaire Foundation was founded in 1982. The autobiographical writings Le Cahier rouge was published posthumously in 1907. Jean-Daniel Candaux. Renée Weingarten, Germaine de Stal, and <mask> were in Paris. A biography of Yale. Madame Récamier (1807–1830), Edition critique par Ephram Harpaz, Paris, was published in 1977. dition de Jean-Marie Roulin is a diary.The collection of Gallimard is in Paris. <mask> was the founder of the Institute Constant de Rebecque, a Swiss free-market, classical liberal and libertarian think tank. Biancamaria Fontana, <mask> and the Post-Revolutionary Mind was published in 1991. Catrine is from Yale U.P., New Haven. "<mask>'s religious politics" is in the History of European ideas. <mask> was <mask>. Political writing is constant.Guy Howard, Dodge. <mask>'s philosophy of liberalism is a study in politics and religion. Gauchet is the name of the man. There is a Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. Franois Furet and Mona Ozouf wrote a book. Pitt, A. "The Religion of the Moderns: Freedom and Authenticity in <mask>'s De la Religion" was published in History of Political Thought.Helena, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Constant was published in 2009. "<mask>, the French Revolution, and the Origin of French Romantic Liberalism" was published in French Historical Studies. Project MUSE was written by K. Steven. <mask> and the Birth of French Liberalism is online. Dennis Wood. <mask>: A Biography was published in 1993.Other languages are Mauro Barberis and <mask>. Rivoluzione, costituzione, progresso was published in 1988. The doctrine, I–II, was written by Paul Bastid and <mask>. Colin, Paris, Pierre Deguise, <mask> méconnu. The documents inédits of De la religion were published in 1966. The pensiero politico di <mask> was written by Genve Droz. Laterza,-Bari) Béatrice Fink.The colloque de l'université du Maryland was written by <mask>. 'Res publica', libert 'neoromane' e <mask>, agli inizi del terzo millennio. Le Débat des historiens du XIXe Sicle was published. 13, 41. <mask>, Henri Guillemin, muscadin, Paris, Gallimard, Kurt Kloocke, <mask>. Une biographie intellectuelle was published in 1984. Droz, Genve) Giovanni Paoletti, <mask> and Les Anciens.Politique, histoire. <mask>: la passion democratique was written by Tzvetan Todorov. The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns (1816) Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments is a lecture on ancient and modern liberty.

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Benjamin Constant
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Jules Constant
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texts: One of the most popular Indian Urdu, Hindi playwrights, a theatre director, poet and actor was <mask>. He wrote plays such as Agra Bazar and Charandas Chor. He founded the Naya Theatre in 1959 and was known for his work with the Chhattisgarhi tribals. He created not only a new theatrical language, but also milestones such as Gaon ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damad and Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna. In the villages, he tried to bring the urban "educated" with the use of both folk performers and urban actors. He died after a three-week illness. He was the last of the pioneer actor-managers in Indian theatre, and he managed plays with a huge cast, such as Charandas Chor, which included an orchestra of 72.He received several national and international awards during his lifetime, including the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1969 and the Jawarharlal Nehru fellowship in 1979. He was nominated to become a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament. His play Charandas Chor (Charandas, The Thief) won him the Fringe Firsts Award at Edinburgh International Drama Festival in 1982, and in 2007, it was included in the Hindustan Times' list of India's 60 Best works since Independence. He was born in the state of Chhattisgarh to a man from the city of Peshawar. He completed his B.A. after graduating from Laurie Municipal High School. In 1944, from Morris College. He then studied M.A.For a year at Aligarh Muslim University. He began writing poetry using his pen name Takhallus. He changed his name to <mask> <mask>. He joined All India Radio Bombay as a producer in 1945. He acted in a few Hindi and Urdu films while he was in Bombay. He became a part of the Indian People's Theatre Association as an actor after joining the Progressive Writers' Association. He was asked to take over the organisation when most of the IPTA members were imprisoned for opposing the British rule.He worked with Qudsia Zaidi's Hindustani Theatre and Children's theatre in New Delhi, where he authored many plays. The first significant play he produced was based on the works and times of the 18th-century Urdu poet, Nazir Akbarabadi. He brought together local residents and folk artists from Okhla village in Delhi and students of Jamia Millia Islamia for a play. The play was staged in a bazaar rather than a confined space. He continued to work with non-trained actors and folk artists. He moved to England when he was in his 30s. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts and the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.He traveled through Europe for the next two years. One of the highlights of this period was his eight-month stay in Berlin in 1956, during which he got to see several plays of Bertolt Brecht, just a few months after his death. He started using local idioms in his plays to express trans-cultural tales and ideologies. Over the years, this gave rise to a "theatre of roots", which was marked by an utter simplicity in style, presentation and technique, yet remaining eloquent and powerfully experiential. After returning to India in 1958, he took to directing full-time. The play was based on Shudraka's Sanskrit work, Mrichakatika. It was his first important production.This was the result of the work he had been doing since his return. "Naya Theatre" was founded in 1959 by him. He was in his exploratory phase. He no longer made the folk artistes, who had been performing in all his plays, speak Hindi because he broke free from one more theatre restriction. The artist switched to a local language that was more familiar to them. He started experimenting with "Pandavani", a folk singing style from the region and temple rituals. His plays stood out because they used traditional theatre techniques like blocking movements or fixing lights on paper.Folk artists were allowed to express themselves more freely in his new theatre style. His next play was titled Gaon Ka Naam Sasural, Mor Naam Damaad, and it was staged in 1972. An old man falls in love with a young woman and eventually elopes with another young man. The technique became popular when he produced his play. The highlight of the play was a chorus that provided commentary through song. He brought in a noted Nacha artist to play the lead role, and he went on to win a number of awards. The play was adapted into a feature-length film, starring Smita Patil and Lalu Ram.He received the prestigious Jawarharlal Nehru fellowship in 1979 for his research on the relevance of tribal performing arts and their Adaptability to a changing environment. He directed a play for Janam in 1980. Over the course of his career, he has acted in nine feature films, including Richard Attenborough's film, Gandhi, Black and White, and a film about the Bhopal gas tragedy. His first brush with controversy came when he produced a traditional Chhattisgarhi play about religious hypocrisy. The play was created in the 1930s and was based on a folk tale. Though he had been producing it since the sixties, in the changed social climate after the Babri Masjid demolition, the play caused quite an uproar amongst Hindu fundamentalists, who disrupted many of its shows. His folk troupe was surprised with his rendition of Jisne Lahore Nahin Dekhya.Kamdeo Ka Apna Basant Ritu Ka Sapna was the Hindi adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. He wrote his only English language play, The Broken Bridge, when he was invited to the United States in 1995. He directed a translation of the movie "Bhopal" based on the gas tragedy. He brought works from all genres to stage, from ancient Sanskrit works by Shudraka to European classics by Shakespeare, Molire and Goldoni. A tribute exhibition dedicated to life, works and theatre of B.V. Karanth was displayed at the National School of Drama's annual theatre festival. Anup Hazarika is the director of the Assamese adaptation of his classic play, Charandas Chor. He received a number of national and international awards during his lifetime.Gaon Ke Naon Sasural is one of the plays. He created his own versions of Basant Retu ka Sapna, Shajapur ki Shanti Bai, Mitti ki Gari and Mudrarakhsas. lyrics and script are in Ramu Foot Path and Charandas Chor. Tr. Anjum Katyal is the author. Seagull Books was published in 1996. The Buddhist Theatre of Tibet uses music and dance in its performances.Seagull Books was in Calcutta in 2005. The Theatre of the streets: the Jana Natya Manch experience was edited by Sudhanva Deshpande. Gaon ke Naon Theatre is a documentary film. One Day in the Life of Ponga Pandit is a documentary film. There is a documentary film called Tanvir ka safarnama. Kamath. The Dramatic touch of difference: theatre, own and foreign, by Josephine Riley, Michael Gissenwehrer is a further reading.See also Theatre in India References External links

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Habib Tanvir
Habib
Tanvir