texts: Sir <mask> was an English writer, scholar, soldier and polyglot. He was one of the leaders of the Cretan resistance in the Second World War and was widely seen as Britain's greatest living travel writer. He was once described as a cross between Indiana Jones, James Bond and Graham Greene. The son of Sir <mask>, a distinguished geologist and daughter of Charles Taafe Ambler, was born in London. <mask> was left in England with his family in the village of Weedon after his mother and sister left to join his father in India. He didn't meet his parents or sister until he was four years old. <mask> was sent to a school for "difficult" children when she was a child.He was expelled from The King's School after he was caught holding hands with a greengrocer's daughter. The young <mask> was noted as a dangerous mixture of sophistication and recklessness in his last report from The King's School. He wanted to enter the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, so he continued to read. He decided to become an author and moved to Shepherd Market in London in the summer of 1933. Faced with the challenges of an author's life in London and rapidly draining finances, he decided to leave for Europe. <mask> walked the length of Europe from the Hook of Holland to Constantinople. On December 8, 1933, he set off with a few clothes, several letters of introduction, and a book.He was invited into the country houses of Central Europe by gentry and aristocracy. He was welcomed in many monasteries along the way. Two of his later travel books, Between the Woods and the Water and A Time of Gifts, cover this journey, but at the time of his death, a book on the final part of his journey remained unfinished. <mask>'s diary of the time and an early draft he wrote in the 1960s were edited and assembled into this. The Broken Road was published by John Murray. Fermor traveled around Greece after arriving in Istanbul on January 1, 1935. He was involved in the campaign against the Republican revolt in Macedonia.He met Blaa Cantacuzino in Athens and fell in love with her. They shared an old watermill where she painted and he wrote. He stayed in the Cantacuzne house inMoldavia until the autumn of 1939. When Britain declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 <mask> left his home in Romania to join the army. <mask> was an officer cadet in the Second World War. He joined the Irish Guards. He became a liaison officer in Albania because of his knowledge of modern Greek.He fought in Crete and mainland Greece. During the German occupation, he returned to Crete three times, once by parachute, and was among a small number of Special Operations Executive officers posted to organize the island's resistance to the occupation. He lived in the mountains for over two years as a disguise. In 1944, with Captain Bill Stanley Moss as his second in command,<mask> led the party that captured and evacuated the German commander. There is a memorial in Crete. Moss wrote a book about the Cretan capture. <mask> wrote an afterword on the context in 2001.The film was directed by Michael Powell and produced by Emeric Pressburger and it was released in 1957. The account Abducting A General was written by <mask>. During periods of leave, <mask> spent time at Tara, a villa in Cairo rented by Moss, where the "rowdy household" of SOE officers was presided over. The officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire was honoured during the war. The Heinemann Foundation Prize for Literature established his career. Most of the problems of the West Indies are the direct legacy of the slave trade according to the reviewer in The Times Literary Supplement. Ian Fleming wrote Live and Let Die.He wrote several books about his travels, including Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese and Roumeli, about his travels on mule and foot around remote parts of Greece. George Psychoundakis, a dispatch runner on Crete during the war, had his work translated by <mask>. The Violins of Saint-Jacques was an opera that was adapted from a novel by <mask>. In his book Bitter Lemons, <mask> <mask> visited his villa in Cyprus in 1955 and began singing songs of Crete, Athens, and Macedonia. I refill the ouzo bottle. The street is full of people listening in silence and darkness. Everyone seems to have made a mistake.'What is it?' I want to catch sight of Frangos. I have never heard of Englishmen singing Greek songs. It is touching that they want to embrace Paddy wherever he goes. After living with her for many years, <mask> married the daughter of 1st Viscount Monsell. She died in Kardamyli in June 2003 at the age of 91. They didn't have any children.They lived in an olive grove near Kardamyli in the Mani Peninsula, southern Peloponnese, and part of the year in Gloucestershire. He said that in 2007, he decided to use a typewriter for the first time, having written his books longhand. On his saint's day, <mask> opened his home to the local villagers. After his death, a New Zealand writer who was staying in the area while researching for her next book posted some photographs of his saint's day celebration. The house at Kardamyli is featured in a film. A generation of British travel writers were influenced by <mask>or. Even though he smoked up to 100 cigarettes a day, the death and funeral of <mask> was noted for his strong physical constitution.He was physically fit enough to eat on the last evening of his life despite his deafness and tunnel vision. In the last few months of his life, <mask> had a cancer and underwent a tracheotomy in Greece. According to local Greek friends, he wanted to die in England and be buried next to his wife, even though he actually wanted to die in Kardamyli. The day after his return, <mask> died in England at the age of 96. His funeral was held at St Peter's Church. A bugler from the Irish Guards sounded the Last Post and Reveille as a Guard of Honour was provided by serving and former members of the Intelligence Corps. He is buried next to his wife.He was that best of all things, Hellenic, according to the Greek inscription. The Heinemann Foundation Prize for Literature for The Traveller's Tree was awarded in 1950 and the WH Smith Literary Award for A Time of Gifts was awarded in 1991. The capture of General Kreipe was one of his activities on Crete. The Patrick Leigh Fermor Society was formed. The National Archives in London has copies of <mask>'s wartime dispatches from Crete. The Patrick Leigh Fermor Archive at the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh contains many of his letters, books, postcards and other writings. A Time to Keep Silence is a book by Works Books.The Queen Anne Press was managed by Ian Fleming. The time he spent in monasteries had a profound effect on him. Between the Woods and the Water: From the Hook of Holland to the Middle Danube is a book by John Murray. The story of Reid's captivity in Colditz and eventual escape by faking illness so as to qualify for repatriation. He was captured in Greece in 1941 while trying to defend the Corinth Canal bridge. The Foreword of Albanian Assignment was written by Colonel David Smiley. The story of SOE in Albania was told by a brother in arms of a MI6 agent.In Tearing Haste was edited by Charlotte Mosley. The wife of the 11th Duke of Devonshire was Deborah Cavendish, the youngest of the six Mitford sisters. The third volume of PLF's account of his walk across Europe in the 1930s was edited by Artemis Cooper and Colin Thubron. Dashing for the Post: the Letters of <mask> Fermor was edited by Adam Sisman. Summer 1949. John Murray wrote "From Solesmes to La Grande Trappe" in The Cornhill Magazine. 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217In World Review, London, in October 1950, there is a story about Voodoorites in Haiti. "The Rock-Monasteries of Cappadocia" was published in The Cornhill Magazine. 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 "The Monasteries of the Air" was published in The Cornhill Magazine. Summer 1951. The Cornhill Magazine is in London. Spring 1957."Swish!" Swish! Swish! ", originally written for the Greek edition of Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese, first appeared in The London Review of Books, London, Vol. 43, No. July 29, 2021. There are books about <mask> and <mask>.An adventure by the name of Dolores Pays: Drink Time! In the Company of <mask> Fermor was written by Helias Doundoulakis and My Unique Lifetime Association with <mask>gh Fermor was written by Simon Fenwick. The Remarkable Life of <mask> Fermor was written by Michael O' Sullivan.

masks:
Patrick MichaelLeigh Fermor
Lewis Leigh Fermor
Patrick
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Lawrence DurrellLeigh
Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Ferm
Leigh Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Fermor
Leigh Fermor
Patrick Leigh
Patrick
Joan Fermor
PatrickLeigh
Patrickei
JoanLeigh


type: paraphrased

texts: James "Pappy<mask> was an American writer who wrote under the pen name "<mask>". He received three Emmy nominations for his work during the Golden Age of Television. A novelist and screenwriter, he was best known for Days of Wine and Roses, which he directed. <mask> was the son of a construction engineer. He sold his first story at the age of 17 to Wild West Weekly. He boxed professionally in Texas under the name Tex Frontier and earned $10 a fight. He was a reporter for the Houston Post while he was at Rice University.After graduating from Rice in 1941, he traveled to Mexico as a special feature writer but failed to send a copy back because he became interested in art and was studying sculpture at La Escuela de Artes Plasticas in Mexico City. He was sick and received a draft notice. He served in the Navy in the South Pacific and saw combat on the heavy cruiser U.S.S. The Japanese submarinetorpedoed Chester early in the war. After receiving orders in that format from the U.S. Navy, he adopted the name <mask>. There were 13 battle stars and a Presidential Unit Citation for the Cabot. <mask> received a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart.After graduating from the Yale Drama School, he went to Houston to sell real estate and Coleman furnaces. He spent hours at theaters, television studios and American Theater Wing classes while moving to New York. Television <mask>'s first script was "The Polecat Shakedown", a 30-minute drama about a man who blackmailed restaurants by injecting a foul-smelling substance into eggs. Customers fled and the villain demanded cash to prevent future incidents when an egg was cracked. <mask> quit his job as a salesman to write full-time after watching the drama. There were five plays produced on live television. During the early years of live television, his first notable success was "The Rabbit Trap" on February 13, 1955, about a man who works in Long Island City at a construction firm where he is bullied by his boss.He takes his family to Vermont. A father and son set a rabbit trap while on vacation. They will return the next day to free the rabbit. The family is forced to return to the city after the father's boss called. The boy says that the rabbit will die in the trap. The guy finally realized that the rabbit in the trap is him, and he went back to Vermont with his family. <mask>'s teleplays were staged on The Philco Television Playhouse and the Kraft Television Theatre.The People Next Door was 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 <mask> received the most praise for Days of Wine and Roses, which was due to his idea to dramatize Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, which were something of a mystery in the early 1950s. The drama was aired on Playhouse 90. It became a movie four years later, but <mask> preferred the earlier teleplay, saying, "Of course, the television version was closer to my heart, because it was closer to my original image." The television production, starring Cliff Robertson, Charles Bickford, and Malcolm Atterbury, was a powerful slice of life probe into the nature of alcoholism. Jack Gould wrote a rave review of Days of Wine and Roses in The New York Times the day after it aired. Miss Laurie's performance made the flesh crawl, yet it also elicited deep sympathy.Her interpretation of the young wife was just a shade different from this side of delirium tremens, her weakness of character and moments of anxiety, and her charm when she was sober. Miss Laurie is one of the most gifted young actresses. There was a contrast between the sober man fighting to hold on and the drunk who only had courage from the bottle. His scene in the greenhouse, where he tried to find the bottle that he had hidden in the flower pot, was great. He never let the proceedings get out of hand or become sensational. <mask>'s Days of Wine and Roses was nominated in the category of Best Writing of a Single Dramatic Program - One Hour or Longer. The material was ideal for a motion picture, but the film lacked the impact of the original television production.When the opportunity arose to make a film version of J. P<mask>'s powerful TV drama Days of Wine and Roses, actor Jack Lemmon suggested that the studio hire. When the Fox studio went down the Nile with Cleopatra, Roses ended up at Warner Bros. Charles Bickford reprised his role in the founding teleplay after Lemmon's participation. When he moved into features, he was associated with comedies, even though he had started out as a writer in television. It's easy to assume that both filmmakers were using the opportunity to stretch, as Lemmon had been in a long string of comedies. The original material was tilted towards schmaltz byEdwards, who is kind of a combination of George Stevens (comedy director turned prestige filmmaker) andVincente Minnelli (excitable content with no distinctive visual style). According to one Lemmon biography, the actor felt a little bad about the fact that his friend Cliff Robertson, who had appeared in the TV production, wasn't invited to be in the movie, but the studio insisted on a certified star for the film.The Rabbit Trap is one of <mask>'s theatrical films. The People Next Door was published by Dell in 1970. Helter Skelter was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 He was a member of the Writers Guild of America. <mask> wrote four novels. The Race for Home is set in South Texas. Donald I. is the author of Surviving Joy.In Depression-era Houston, there was a young boy named Dub Johnson. Liv is a novel about a spelunker confronting a cave creature who may or may not be from his own imagination. The first use of a hologram on a book cover was sketched by <mask> and sculpted by a subsidiary of American Bank Note. Warner Books paid $6000 for the hologram elements. The novelization of Days of Wine and Roses is usually credited to <mask>, but he did not write it. David Westheimer, a mainstream novelist who was also a friend of <mask>'s, was the author of the prose adaptation, but he only received by-line credit on the book's first iteration, a movie tie-in edition. The author's name was removed from the book in order to keep it in print as it became so popular.Subsequent printings were branded only "<mask>'s Days of Wine and Roses" without an explicit by-line for the novel itself. The screenplay for The People Next Door was adapted into a novel in 1970. The cover of the book says "<mask>'s penetrating story of teenagers on drugs and parents on trial", but no author is given direct credit for the prose. As the writing style is the same, it's likely that Westheimer was the novelizer here too. <mask> lived in New Jersey for 36 years. He wrote seven days a week for four hours in the morning, playing tennis in the afternoons, and relaxing with his tennis friends at the Swan Hotel in New Jersey. He was one of <mask>'s agents and he said that he never stopped working.<mask> married Juanita Marie Currie after his first marriage to Elizabeth Fite. On November 24, 1965, they were married. His children are James P<mask>, Jr., John R. and Montgomery A. Lia Marie and Anthony Milo are married for the second and third time. <mask> died of pneumonia at the Hunterdon Medical Center in New Jersey, having completed a first draft of his World War II memoirs, A Ship Without a Shore. The New York stage premiere of Days of Wine and Roses was directed by Rachel Wood. Owen McCafferty relocated Days of Wine and Roses to London in the 1960s to focus on a young couple just arrived from Belfast.That stage version had a West End premiere at the Donmar Warehouse, directed by Peter Gill, who had previously staged McCafferty's National Theatre hit, Scenes from the Big Picture. <mask> taught a playwriting workshop. One of the students said that her play, opening act, would never have been written if it weren't for him. Her play was performed at Philadelphia's Lantern Theater. Long Time Since Yesterday is one of 22 plays written by P. J. Gibson, who became a <mask> student when she was 14. Rice University: Guide to the James Pinckney <mask> Papers was written by Owen McCafferty.

masks:
" Pinckney Miller
JP Miller
Rolland James Miller
JP Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
JP Miller
JP Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller


texts: <mask> was an Italian Marxist, a contributor to communist theory, the founder of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I), a member of the Communist International (Comintern) and later a leading figure of the International Communist Party. <mask> was kicked out of the PCd'I in 1930 after being accused of being a communist. One of the most notable representatives of Left communism in Europe is <mask>. <mask> was born in the province of Naples in 1889. The authority of <mask>, an esteemed scholar of agricultural science, was especially recognized in regard to the centuries-old agricultural problems of Southern Italy. His mother, Zaira degli Amadei, was descended from an ancient Florentine family and his maternal grandfather was a conspirator in the Risorgimento. <mask> was a professor at the University of Padua and a militant of the Risorgimento.<mask>'s upbringing was of a highly scientific nature which is reflected in his career. <mask>, an opponent of the Italian colonial war in Libya, was introduced to the Italian Socialist Party by his high-school physics teacher in 1910. <mask> met his first wife, Ortensia De Meo, while founding the Karl Marx Circle. <mask> graduated from the University of Naples in 1912 with a degree in engineering. <mask> married Ortensia de Meo in 1914. They had two children. <mask> married Antonietta de Meo ten years after Ortensia's death.<mask> developed a "theory of the Party", whereby the organization was meant to display non-immediate goals as a rally of similarly minded people and not necessarily a body of the working class. If there is a complete negation of the theory of democratic action, it is to be found in socialism. <mask> was against the parliamentary portion of the PSI being autonomously from central control. <mask> was similar to most socialists in Latin countries in his campaign against Freemasonry. The Communist Party of Italy formed the communist abstentionist group after the October Revolution because it opposed participation in bourgeois elections. The Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I), founded at Livorno in January 1921, would add the former L'Ordine Nuovo grouping in Turin to form the group. As early as 1919, the PSI voted to affiliate to the Comintern, but it had refused to purge its reformist wing.<mask> added two points to the Twenty-one Conditions of membership when he attended the 2nd Comintern Congress in 1920. He was criticized by Lenin in his work "Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder" over a disagreement regarding parliamentary abstentionism. <mask>'s task was not to seek majority support, but to concentrate on working for an armed insurrection in the course of which it would seize power and then use it to abolish capitalism and impose a communist society. <mask> argued that establishing its own dictatorship should be the party's immediate and direct aim. The majority of the members of the PCd'I accepted the position that it was to bring them into conflict with the Comintern. The united front was formed to fight for reforms and to form a workers' government. <mask> believed that this was a return to the failed tactics that the pre-war social democrats had adopted.The Italian communist left accepted the Comintern decision out of a regard for discipline, but they were in an increasingly difficult position. <mask> had to give up his post as a member of the Central Committee of the PCd'I because he was arrested on a trumped-up charge. <mask> decided not to claim it after he was acquitted, so he accepted that he was an oppositionist. The Italian communist left lost control of the PCd'I to a pro-Moscow group in 1924. The manoeuvre of the pro-Moscow group was completed at the Third Congress of the PCdI held in exile. Without the support of the Communist International to escape from Fascist control, few members of the Italian Communist Left were able to arrive to the Congress, so the theses drawn up by <mask> were rejected and those of the Stalinist minority group accepted. The last meeting of the Executive Committee of the Comintern was attended by <mask>, the year in which he confronted Stalin face-to-face.In his final confrontation with Stalin in Moscow in 1926, <mask> proposed that all the communist parties of the world should rule the Soviet Union as a demonstration of the supra-national reality of the workers' movement. Stalin and his friends were cool with the proposal. Stalin was accused of betraying the revolution by <mask>. When <mask> was arrested again by Mussolini in December of 1926, he was sent to prison in Ustica, an Italian island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he met with Gramsci, despite their political differences. There was no plan to help Gramsci escape the island. <mask> was moved to the Isle of Ponza in 1928, where he built several houses, returning after his imprisonment in 1929 to finish them. <mask> was expelled from the PCd'I in March 1930 after being accused of having supported, defended and endorsed the positions of the Trotskyist opposition.<mask> left political activity in 1943 and refused to comment on political affairs even when asked by trusted friends. Many of his supporters in the PCd'I went into exile and formed the Italian communist left. The Italian Fraction of the Communist Left was formed in 1935 after its members in exile in France and Belgium formed themselves into the Left Fraction of the Communist Party of Italy. The Italian Communist Left believed that the PCd'I and other communist parties had become counter-revolutionary. The Bordigists, with their theory of the party and their opposition to any form of frontism, held that program was everything and a gate-receipt notion of numbers was nothing. <mask> worked with many of these people after World War II. When the Fraction of Socialists and Communists was dissolved in 1944, he did not join the Internationalist Communist Party.He contributed to the press in keeping with his conviction that revolutionary work was collective in nature and his opposition to any form of personality cult. <mask> joined the PCInt in 1949. He took the side of the grouping that took on the name International Communist Party when the current split happened in 1951. <mask> was heavily involved in the party. <mask> died at Formia in 1970. Bordigism is a variant of left communism advocated by <mask>, who was a founder of the Communist Party of Italy and a prominent figure in the International Communist Party. The first to refuse participation in parliamentary elections would be the Bordigists in the Italian Socialist Party.<mask> developed an understanding of the Soviet Union as a capitalist society. <mask> focused on the agrarian sector in his writings on the capitalist nature of the Soviet economy. <mask> wanted to show the capitalist social relations that existed in the kolkhoz and sovkhoz, one a cooperative farm and the other a wage-labor state farm. In particular, he emphasized how much of the national produce came from small privately owned plots and predicted the rates at which the Soviet Union would import wheat after Imperial Russia had been such a large exporter from the 1880s to 1914. Joseph Stalin, Ho Chi Minh, Che Guevara, and other great Romantic revolutionaries were in <mask>'s conception of Marxism–Leninism. The revolutionaries were bourgeois. He felt that the Marxist–Leninist states that came into existence after 1945 were extending the bourgeois nature of prior revolutions and not the genuine construction of socialism.<mask> believed he was following in the footsteps of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels when he said he was anti-democratic. The Stalinist narrative of the single-party state was not related to <mask>'s hostility toward democracy. He thought Stalinism and fascism were the culmination of bourgeois democracy. Democracy meant above all the manipulation of society as a formless mass. He opposed the dictatorship of the proletariat to be implemented by the communist party based on principles and program. "On the eve of the revolution all the forces of reaction will be against us under the banner of 'pure democracy'," he said. The Marxist perspective has the merit of understating the fact that like all social formations, communism is above all about the expression of programmatic content, which is why <mask> opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views.For Marxists, communism is not an ideal to be achieved, but a real movement born from the old society with a set of programmatic tasks. <mask> was against the Comintern's turn to the right in 1921. The united front strategy of the Third Congress was refused to implement by the leader of the Communist Party of Italy. The newly formed party was dominated by Bordigism and had just broken away from the Italian Socialist Party. <mask> had a completely different view of the Comintern which was adapting to the revolutionary ebb that was announced in 1921 by the Anglo-Russian trade agreement, the Kronstadt rebellion, the implementation of the New Economic Policy, and the defeat of the March Action. The Western European communist parties' strategy of fighting this ebb by absorbing a mass of left-wing social democrats through the united front was a complete capitulation to the period of counter-revolutionary ebb he saw setting in. The Comintern seemed to be making all kinds of programmatic concessions to left-wing social democrats in order to conquer the mass.A gate-receipt notion of numbers was nothing for <mask>. The role of the party in the period of ebb was to preserve the program and to carry on the propaganda work until the next turn of the tide. <mask> provided a way of seeing a fundamental degeneration in the world communist movement in 1921, instead of the defeat of Trotsky in 1927. The formal perspective of bureaucracy/democracy was separated from any other content. The consequences for the Comintern of <mask>'s opposition to the united front issue, as well as his different appreciation of the 1921 conjuncture, illuminates a turning point that is generally obscured by the heirs. <mask> was described as "more Leninist than Lenin", but he did not distinguish between communism and socialism. <mask> did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather as how communism emerges from capitalism before it has "developed on its own foundations".Marx referred to the lower-phase communism as socialism. Sticking to Marx's idea of communism, both stages of socialist or communist society were characterized by the absence of money, capital, the market and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage rationing would be He argued against thebourgeois idea of "free producer economies" and said that under communism, production and consumption are both enslaved to society. This view made <mask> different from other Leninists who tended and still tend to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories survive into socialism. No society in which money, buying and selling and the rest survived could be considered a socialist or communist because these exchange categories would die out before the socialist stage was reached. <mask> developed a long-standing relationship with Camatte and ideological influence over him, as a result of the Legacy Influences Jacques Camatte began corresponding with <mask> from the age of 19 in 1954. Camatte's early work reads in line with the Bordigist current, and <mask> frequently contributed to Camatte's journal Invariance near the end of his life.Camatte's preoccupation with 'Gemeinwesen' within Marx's work is consistent with <mask>'s emphasis on the anti-individualist and collectivist aspects. <mask>'s influence over the Ultra- leftist currents of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries was great. The Amadeo Bordiga Foundation was established in 1998 in Formia, where <mask> spent the last few months of his life. The publications of <mask>'s works are organized by the foundation. The Science and Passion of Communism was published in August 2020 by Historical Materialism. The International Library of the Communist Left has External links. The Bordiga Archive can be found at Marxists.org."Sinistra comunista 'italiana'" contains hundreds of texts. There is an archive of the Libertarian Communist Library. The archive was published on 25 October 2009. Adam Buick was Bordigism. Communism is the Material Human Community. The International Communist Party is a branch of the Communist Party. The Third Generation: The Young Socialists in Italy was written by Earlene Craver.The "Bordigist" Current, (1912-1952) at "Left Wing" Communism - an infantile disorder?, was written by Philippe Bourrinet. The works "immutable-tablets" and "gotha" can be found at www.marxists.org.

masks:
Amadeo Bordiga
Bordiga
Bordiga
Bordiga
Oreste Bordiga
Giovanni Bordiga
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texts: <mask> was an Italian-American aviation pioneer. The first fully human-powered flight was credited with the design of the Pedaliante airplane. <mask> was born in Italy. He moved to Great Neck, New York, on July 20, 1914, from France, where he had fled on July 20, 1914. On July 30, 1914, <mask> declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States and on December 9, 1925, he became a citizen. His two sons retained their Italian citizenship, jus sanguines, as well as their American citizenship, jus soli, after he became a naturalized United States citizen. He spoke a number of languages, including Italian, French, and English.<mask>'s stepmother sent her away to the United States immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I and <mask>'s aunt and uncle lived with her in Connecticut. The two met through <mask> <mask>'s professional relationship with her uncle. The couple had two children, Charles and <mask>. The year was 1924 and it was in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. They lived on Upper Mountain Avenue in Montclair, at its intersection with Watchung Avenue, and on North Wales Road in Lansdale, Pennsylvania. The Lansdale residence has been replaced by a different type of home, which is located opposite the Montgomery Mall. <mask> graduated from the Istituto Tecnico in Lodi, Italy, in 1907, specializing in physics and mathematics.The Wright brothers' Flyer impressed <mask> so much that he became the second licensed pilot in Italy. He designed and built a plane that was modeled after the Wright Flyer. <mask> used the plane to teach Giuseppe M. Bellanca how to fly. This design won a silver medal at the first international aviation meeting. The first Italian-designed airplane was built in <mask>'s own factory. The first flight of an Italian-designed and built aircraft was successfully completed by Giuseppe M. Bellanca and Paolo Invernizzi in December 1909. The Italian Navy's first seaplane and the first landing gear braking system were developed by <mask>.The Zari brothers built eight examples of the Curtiss Model F at their workshop in Bovisaa, which is now a district of Milan. On September 22, 1914, the first of these was shown to the Italian Navy. The Aviation Corps helped the Italian government build and organize its naval air forces. <mask> was both a bomber pilot and a flight instructor for the Italian Navy during World War I. <mask> became a naturalized citizen in the United States due to the economic and social difficulties in Italy after the war. Bossi worked on a number of devices relating to fuel systems in the 1920s and later worked on modern aerial refueling systems. <mask> was a co-owner of the company with Robert Deté, Louis Paulhan and Pierre Prier.The goal was to transfer surface treatment technologies to Europe. The distribution rights of Udylite Corp for specialty chemicals in electroplating were brokered using his relationships. The company became the European market leader in surface treatment. In October 1928, <mask> founded the American Aeronautical Corporation, officially located at 730 Fifth Avenue in Port Washington, New York, to build Savoia-Marchetti seaplanes. Only the S 56 made it to production after being tested at the Miller Army Air Field. The first plane used by the New York City Police Department was the S 56, which was used to enforce flying regulations, assist with sea rescues, and to chase rum-runners. The more powerful S-54B proved to be even more successful.The Great Depression caused sales to plummet by 1933, and the prices for the S 56 and S 56B were modest for the time. The Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City, New York has one of the two original S56 planes on display. There were setbacks to Bossi's work. Peter Talbot, a test pilot, was killed in the crash of the experimental S 56 off Port Washington in early 1930. The Coast Guard's ship rescued Bossi. The Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Corporation was a major manufacturer of railroad cars. The company signed contracts to make aircraft wheels and wing ribs in 1930.A close friend of Edward Budd, <mask> <mask> joined the company as the head of research to supervise the design and construction of the first aircraft with a structure built out of stainless steel. This was the first aircraft for the Budd Company. It was powered by a single Kinner C-5 motor and was built under a restricted license. The invention of the construction process for theBB-1 was patented in 1942. Only oneBB-1 was built, because it was not considered practical at the time. In 1934, this plane was stripped of its fabric covering and mounted outside the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, where it remains to this day as the longest continuous display of any airplane. The plane is depicted in a children's book.The controlling interest of the AAC was sold to the Dayton Airplane Engine Company. <mask> was hired by the Budd Company as its European representative because of the success of the technical innovations of theBB-1. Bossi heard of an airplane that flew while powered by a small engine. Bossi calculated the minimum power that a manned aircraft would need to fly. The calculation yielded a value that convinced Bossi that Human-powered flight might be possible. Bossi tested the speed at which a glider would take off. A professional bicyclist was hired to tow a glider.The tow line had a spring scale attached to it. As part of the development of the Gossamer Albatross, this same experiment procedure was repeated. The speed at which the lift could be obtained was confirmed by the results. <mask> designed a bicycle that was used in a second experiment during a trip to Paris. The test rider achieved a speed of 23 miles (37 km) per hour, but it was noted that the gyroscopic effect of the propeller generated so much Torque that the bicycle became unstable. Bossi concluded that a successful human-powered aircraft would require two counter-rotating propellers to cancel out the effects of Torque, similar to the design of a helicopter. Bossi decided to design an aircraft with this requirement in mind.The prize to promote human-powered flight was offered in 1933. During the initial period in Italy and Germany, similar political and military events were staged to strengthen the bond between the two countries. In 1936, the Italian government offered 100,000 lire for a human-powered flight made by an Italian citizen. <mask> was aware that he couldn't win the prize because of his American citizenship, but he decided to try. <mask>'s design was named the Pedaliante, Italian for "Pedal Glider", because it utilized conventional glider configuration and construction. Vittorio Bonomi was contracted to build the plane after the design was introduced. <mask> and Bonomi enlisted a pilot.A strong bicyclist, Casco was a major in the Italian Army. The first achievement of an aircraft obtaining and sustaining flight completely via human power was achieved by Casco after several weeks of trials in 1936. Most agree that the accomplishment was done by Casco's strength and endurance, not by a typical person. On September 13, 1936, the Pedaliante made a flight with a catapult that traveled several hundred meters. On March 18, 1937, at Cinisello airport near Milan, the plane was launched at a height of 29.5 feet (9 m) and Casco successfully pedaled the craft for its full 0.62 miles (1 km). This set a world record for human-powered flight, but as a catapult launch was not permitted in the rules of the competition, the Pedaliante did not win the prize for which it was designed. A total of 80 flights were made by the plane in the year after it was retired.The most advanced Human-powered aircraft ever built were the Mufli and the Pedaliante. The two-place side-by-side single-rotor helicopter was built in 1943 in New Orleans, Louisiana, and was finished by <mask> Bossi. Following the end of World War II, plans for larger versions were stopped. The tail was covered in fabric while the fuselage was covered in metallic skin. A fixed tricycle form was used for the landing gear and a two-bladed vertical tail rotor was included in the design. There were two blades above the other on the four-bladed main rotor. The controls on the interior of the airplane were similar to those of a conventional airplane.<mask> further developed helicopter technology, particularly with regard to dual propellers and tail, work which was furthered by his two sons. On January 9, 1963, <mask> died at the age of 74 at Miami Valley Hospital while visiting a friend in Dayton, Ohio. External links "Manifold" were accessed on February 18, 2008. The photos of <mask> Bossi were provided by the <mask> family.

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texts: <mask> is a Puerto Rican former professional basketball player. The Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Utah Jazz, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, Miami Heat, and Boston Celtics are some of the teams that <mask> played for. He won the league's championship and was named the Final's Most Valuable Player in the 2008–09 season. He was the Israeli premier league assists leader in 2009. He played professionally in Puerto Rico, Spain, and Turkey. The Puerto Rican national basketball team defeated the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. He was a member of the Puerto Rico team at the 2006 World Championship.The Big3 is a 3-on-3 basketball league founded by Ice Cube. After one season in that league, he turned his attention to music and released "Baila Reggaeton". <mask> was born and raised in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. He is an identical twin with his brother. Benicio del Toro is a cousin of <mask>. Colegio Santiago Apostol is in Fajardo. During his junior year in high school, he averaged nearly 30 points and 10 assists per game, and he attended a school in Thomasville, Georgia.During his time at Florida International University, he played for the Golden Panther team. He was a four-year letterman in the university and played with the team for four years, establishing several records. The all-time lead in assists, as well as the single season assist record, have been achieved. Only one player in Florida International University has scored more than six hundred points in a single season. He has scored 1,600 points throughout his university career with an average of 16.0 points per game and 4.6 assists per game over his 100 games. On two separate occasions, he was selected as a member of the Sun Belt Conference's All-Star team. On January 5, 2007, Florida International University presented a ceremony where the number 30 was symbolically retired to recognize his performance with the institution's team.When he was 17 years old, <mask> began his professional career in Puerto Rico. He joined the Cariduros de Fajardo in 1996. He averaged 10.9 points per game in his first year. He averaged 17 points and 5.5 assists per game in the next year. He shot 42% from 3-point that season. He played for the Cangrejeros de Santurce, where he was a teammate of the Puerto Rican national basketball team's starting center, José Ortiz. In 2000, he averaged 17.1 points and 3.9 assists per game.The Cangrejeros won four consecutive national titles in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 and five league titles in six years. After graduating from FIU, he was signed by the Toronto Raptors for the 2001–02 NBA season, but was released in 2002. He was signed by the Denver Nuggets in March of the same year after playing briefly in the Spanish ACB League. He played seventeen games with the Raptors and twenty with the Nuggets before his NBA season ended. He only played an average of 9.7 minutes per game during those games. The Utah Jazz had a player in the 2002-03 NBA season. He was the team's third string point guard and did not play much during his first year in Utah.His time to play came soon after he watched and learned from Jackson and Stockton. After the 2003– 2004 season, Jackson joined the Houston Rockets, leaving <mask> as the starter. It was expected that the Jazz would sink to the bottom of the league because of the retirement of Stockton and the departure of Karl Malone. Even in the tough Midwest Division, the remaining Jazz players pulled together and kept the team competitive. Utah finished with a 42–40 record and missed out on the playoffs. He averaged 12.6 points and 5.1 assists per game. He scored a career-high 30 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 14, the 2nd highest single-game total ever for a Puerto Rican player in the NBA.The Detroit Pistons had disagreements with their head coach. He returned to the bench. Elden Campbell was traded to the Detroit Pistons in January 2005 for a future first-round pick and a veteran center. With the Pistons, he was one game away from becoming the second Puerto Rican to win an NBA championship. The Spurs won the series in seven games, with a final game score of 81–4. Larry Brown's defensive style reduced the playing time of <mask>. Initially, with Pistons coach Flip Saunders' style of coaching, <mask> received more minutes of playing time, and demonstrated value off the bench.He played less minutes than other players but still led the team in assists. His minutes declined as the season went on. After running into an official during the Pistons 96–86 victory over the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets on January 10, he was suspended for one game. Darko Milii was traded from Detroit to the Magic in February of 2006 in exchange for a future first-round draft choice. The resurgence of the Magic in the last quarter of the 2005–2006 season was sparked by the addition of <mask> and Milii, as well as the return of Jameer Nelson from the injured list. The team had an eight-game winning streak, beating top teams such as the Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio Spurs, Miami Heat and the Detroit Pistons. The back-up point guard position behind Nelson was earned by <mask>, who averaged 22.1 MPG, 10.8 PPG, 2.8 APG, and 2.2RPG off the bench during the stretch run.When he was with the Pistons, he averaged only 12 minutes per game. He scored a season-high 21 points against the Phoenix Suns. On April 9, 2006 he injured his left hamstring and was out for four games, but he came back on April 17 and scored 17 points in the last game of the season. During the 2006–07 season, Brian Hill demoted <mask> to the backup point guard position, despite the fact that he started the season as the team's starter. Stan Van Gundy was the new coach of the Magic and he had a backup point guard in <mask>. He had a career-high 14 assists in a game against the Seattle SuperSonics. Nelson was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217The team had an average of seventeen turnovers per game with Nelson in the starting position, and he was unable to score in double digits on 10 out of 17 games. Several public notices were issued by Van Gundy concerning the team's performance eventually leading to changes in the starting formation. During his first three games in the starting position, the number of turnovers produced by the team was reduced to eleven per game. His points average was close to double digits and he recorded seventeen assists. The team won five out of six games in January. After playing 5 minutes on February 6, 2008, he saw his playing time limited again. He didn't play from February 11 to March 1 because he played for less than 10 minutes.In an interview with the Puerto Rican newspaper El Nuevo Da, coach Van Gundy said that he prefers Keyon Dooling to be the back-up point guard. Due to injuries to Nelson and Dooling, <mask> was put back in the starting lineup and ended up scoring 13 points with 8 assists in 41 minutes. After the NBA season ended, he became a free agent. He was open to hear offers from the New York Knicks and Miami Heat, even though he was interested in returning to Orlando. In the summer of 2008, <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Israeli League powerhouse Maccabi Tel Aviv after having spent the previous 6 years in the NBA. The contract was worth $7.5 million net income, with his team paying all of his taxes and that included opt-out options after each of the first two seasons. He averaged 15.3 points in 31 minutes per game in Israel.On October 11, 2009, he signed a non-guaranteed, one-year contract with the Miami Heat. He had an established residence in Pinecrest, Florida and had participated in a workout with the team before signing. His contract was renewed at the end of the season. In the beginning of the season, <mask> was in the point guard position. On January 7, 2010, the Heat signed veteran free agent Rafer Alston. After starting 25 games, Alston

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texts: was suspended and on early March, <mask> was moved back to the starting lineup. In the last two months of the season, he averaged 9 points and 4.5 assists per game.He had a 4.27-to-1 assist-to-turnover ratio, second only to Chris Paul. The Miami Heat were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Boston Celtics. After the season ended, he became a free agent. On July 21, 2010, it was announced that he and the Heat had reached an agreement. He was the team's starting point guard. With the presence of LeBron James and him handling the ball most of the time, the coach encouraged the player to be more proactive with his shots. On December 6, 2010, <mask> had a perfect game shooting from the field (6–6 FG, 2–2 FT, 2–2 3PT), finishing with 18 points, 2 rebound, and only 1 turnover.He scored 18 points for the first time in 2 years. The Miami Heat had a new starting point guard on January 22, 2011. It's not an indictment on <mask>. It will be beneficial for the team right now. Although they shared the same statistics, the latter was more popular in the popular statistics. In an effort to clear a roster spot for the expected addition of free-agent guard Mike Bibby, the Heat released <mask> on March 1, 2011. In 42 games with the Heat, he averaged 5.6 points and 2 assists per game.He improved his 3-point shooting to a career-best 43.8 percent, leading the team in that stat. The Boston Celtics signed <mask> to a contract for the rest of the season on March 6, 2011. The veteran minimum will be $1.2 million. After the news came out, he wrote on his account, "Embracing this new opportunity in my life." Excited to meet my new friends. The Celtics played the Los Angeles Clippers at home on March 9, 2011. He had 4 points, 2 FG, 3 rebound, 2 assists, and 1 steal in 15 minutes of play.Doc Rivers praised <mask>'s performance, calling it "phenomenal". Rivers was impressed when he heard that the team hadn't practiced with him. Kevin and Paul welcomed <mask>'s contribution to the team. After Delonte West came back from the injured list, he saw his playing time diminish. During the first-round playoff series against the New York Knicks, Rivers decided to have Troy Murphy active instead of <mask> because of his size. He was activated for the series against his former team. "He knows this team," said Doc Rivers.I thought he might be able to help us. In the series, the Celtics were eliminated in five games. The Beikta Milangaz deal was signed on December 22, 2011. The first game he played for the team was against Anadolu Efes. In 22 minutes of play, he scored nine points, with 5 Rebounds and 3 Assists, and his team won 83– 76. He was invited to play in the league All-Star game in January of 2012 after only four weeks in Turkey. He had 13 assists and 13 points in the game.He scored a last second three-point basket to lead his team to a 140–139 win. He led his team to the Turkish Basketball Cup title. He averaged 28.4 minutes, 14 points, and 4.5 assists per game. He helped his team win the EuroChallenge, and averaged 10.7 points and 3.6 assists per game. The Anadolu Efes team was defeated in the Turkish League Finals by the team led by <mask>. In the 6th and last game of the Turkish League Finals, he had 18 points, 5 rebound, and 8 assists. He won the Turkish Super League Finals.The Galatasaray Medical Park of the Turkish Basketball Super League signed a player in January. On February 25, he had 15 points and 7 assists in a win. He scored 19 points, 3 rebound, and 6 assists in a win against MersinBB. He led Galatasaray to a 76–72 victory over his former team, Beikta. He was the leader of the team with 17 points, 5 rebounds, and 3 assists. After defeating Banvit B.K., Galatasaray won the BSL championship. The final series was 76–58In the game, he scored 15 points and had 8 assists. After winning the BSL title in 2012 with Beikta, <mask> won it again this year. Since January, Galatasaray has only lost one game. He re-signed with Galatasaray on a one-year deal with the option of a second. The team was in the BSL final for the second year in a row, this time against Fenerbahe lker. The series was decided in a seventh and decisive game. He was named the team captain for Galatasaray.Galatasaray took up the option on <mask>'s contract and re-signed him for the upcoming season. During the first half of the season, he averaged 15.7 points and 5.1 assists per game, and was selected to play in the All-Star Game of the Turkish Basketball Super League for the European Team. The game was held in January 2015, and the game was won by the team of <mask> with 14 points, 11 rebound, and 22 assists. The Most Valuable Player of the game was selected at the end of the game. On March 2, 2015, <mask> parted ways with Galatasaray due to not being paid their salaries. He came back to Puerto Rico to play for the Cangrejeros de Santurce. He scored 17.4 points in 39 games.On July 24, 2015, <mask> signed a one-year deal with FC Barcelona Lassa. The third season of the Big 3 was announced on February 11, 2019. The Puerto Rican National Basketball Team beat the United States Dream Team by 19 points in the 2004 Olympics, which many fans believe was payback for his performance in the NBA. He was considered one of the best point guards in the world. During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, <mask> was the flag-bearer of the delegation and led the Puerto Rican national team to a victory over the United States with 25 points, 7 assists, and 4 steals. He was named to the All-Olympic Team. In five games for the Puerto Rican team, he averaged 21.2 points, 4.6 rebound, and 5.2 assists.During the 2006 FIBA World Championship, <mask> and Larry Ayuso were tied for fourth in PPG. He was unable to compete in the semifinals and finals due to a leg injury. Barea replaced <mask> as the starting point guard at the 2010 CentroBasket. Puerto Rico won the gold medal after defeating the Dominican Republic in the final. He led the tournament in points per game with 19.3 and was included on the All-Star Team. He was the Most Valuable Player. The team was going to play in the Americas Championship.The Puerto Rican national team player announced his retirement on July 9, 2016 after fifteen years of playing. "Oculto Secreto" was released in 2009, while "Se Va Conmigo" was released in 2010. The latter has a Puerto Rican artist. After releasing his hit single with Yomo, he decided to work on a new version which features the "Queen of Reggaeton" Ivy Queen. The original version peaked at #45 on the Latin Digital Songs chart, #26 on the Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, and #13 on the Latin Rhythm Digital Songs chart. The theme music accompaniment at American Airlines Arena was provided by <mask>. The two collaborated on the song "Imaginarme".The song "Baila Reggaeton" was released in March of 2020 and quickly became one of the biggest reggaeton stars in the world. The closest location to Puerto Rico within the United States where he works is in Florida, where he established his residence after finishing his studies in Florida International University. He met his wife, Xiomara, there and they have three children. Daniela was born in 2005. <mask>rin was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 The year 2012 <mask> had to miss two games with the Magic because his daughter was sick and he had to go to Puerto Rico.He was motivated to participate in the activities by the fact that his grandmother was a cancer patient. "Oculto Secreto" and "Se Va Conmigo" are discs. "Se Va Conmigo" is a song by Yomo. "Bailemos En La Luna" is a song by Ivy Queen. "Estamos Ready" is a song by <mask>. "Bailamos Reggaetn" is a song by <mask>. "Aruba" is a 2020 song."Heroe" is a 2020 song by Farruko. There is a list of Puerto Ricans in the 2004 Summer Olympics. A group of men's basketball players are from Leones de Ponce. Basketball players from Puerto Rico won bronze in the Pan American Games and gold in the

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Carlos Arroyo
Carlos Arroyo


texts: One of the world's leading authorities on Algerian history is <mask>, a French historian who was born in Algeria. Following the War of Independence in 1962, his family left the country. <mask> has two PhDs and a Doctorate of the State. English, Arabic, Spanish, German, Russian, and Vietnamese are some of the languages that his books and articles have been translated into. <mask> taught at the University of Paris 13 He taught at the Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilisations in Paris for a couple of years after founding theInstitut Maghreb-Europe. He was a member of the French School of the Far East and spent two years in Vietnam researching the imaginary of the Algerian and Vietnamese wars.He lectured at the University of New York in 1998. He spent three years in Morocco researching nationalism. The most well known of his books is a biography of Messali Hadj, which was published by Hachette-Poche in 2004. <mask> was the commissioner for the exhibitions France at War in Algeria and Images of the Algerian War. The Algerian Years was broadcast by the France 2 television network in 1991. The summer of '62 in Algeria: The two faces of independence was produced by him and Jean-Michel Meurice. He was the historical advisor for both The first man and The Free Men.The history of immigration in France, Immigrances, is one of his most recent works. The never-ending wars: A historian, France and Algeria was published in 2008. His book, The De Gaulle Mystery: His project for Algeria, was well received in France and Algeria. He is a member of the jury for the History Prize of the French Senate. <mask> joined the Alliance des Jeunes pour le Socialisme in 1968. The youth's alliance for socialism is an internationalist communist organisation. <mask> made a biography about a nationalist leader in Algeria.The works in English are Algeria 1830–2000: A Short History. The Cornell University Press was published in 2004. Works in France. Hachette, Paris 2004, Pionnier du nationalisme algérien. Dictionnaire biographique de nationalists. There are 600 portraits. Nationalists are at the Front Populaire.The sources du nationalisme algérien. Idéologiques. Origine des acteurs. Histoire de l'Algérie coloniale was published in 2004. La gangrne et l'oubli. La mémoire de la guerre d'Algérie. It's venaient d'Algérie.L'immigration algérienne en France was founded in 1912. Aide-mémoire de l'immigration. Chronologie took place from 1922 to 1962. The Bibliographie. Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie is located in Paris. La fin de l'amnésie (with Mohammed Harbi) was held in Paris in 2004. Histoire de l'Algérie depuis l'indépendance was published between 1962 and 1988.Ferhat Abbas. Zakya Daoud L'Algérie had a biographie. Dictionnaire des livres de la guerre d'Algérie. The Presses Universitaires du Mirail had 2300 résumés. Algérie-vitnam en France et aux tats- Unis, Paris, La Découverte, 1997, is an imagination. There is an office in guerre d'Algérie. "Découvertes Gallimard" (n 316), Paris: Gallimard, 1997, Algérie, Formation d'une nation, suivi de impressions.The transfert d'une Mémoire. Au racisme anti-arabe. There are 100 Portes du Maghreb. Algérie années 90 is called La guerre invisible. The Juifs d'Algérie is in Paris. Immigrances is a book by Hachette, Paris, 2007, with E. Temine. The guerre des mémoires is an interview with T. Leclre.Les guerres sans fin, un historien between la France et l'Algérie, Paris, Stock, 2008. Les immigrés algériens en France was published in 2009. Robert Laffont wrote Le mystre De Gaulle. Le nationalisme algérien was published in Paris in 2010. Histoire de l'Algérie is located in Paris. La guerre d'Algérie expliquée  tous. Gaulle et la guerre d'Algérie, Paris, Fayard, coll.La guerre d'Algérie expliquée en images, Paris, Seuil. The Clés retrouvées. Stock, 2015, une enfance juive  Constantine. C'était hier in Algérie. The Juifs d'Algérie are in Paris. Paris, L'Esprit du temps, coll are Juifs. Quoi de neuf.67, et aprs. The stock market of Paris, France, was closed for a 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 Tours d'histoire. L'Algérie is located in Paris and Bayard. Robert Laffont will be in Paris in 2020. There are links to Honours References on <mask>'s web site.

masks:
Benjamin Stora
Stora
Stora
Stora
Benjamin Stora
Stora
Benjamin Stora


texts: <mask> was a Malagasy politician and educator who served as President of Madagascar from 1991 to 1996. The National Union for Democracy and Development was founded in 1988. <mask> was a presidential candidate in 1992. There was a run-off between the two candidates. <mask> received over 70% of the vote in the run-off election in 1993. <mask> received poor polling numbers due to an economic decline and accusations of corruption in his office. He was defeated in the 1996 presidential election after being impeached.<mask> was an opposition leader after leaving office. <mask> was born in the Diana Region on 1 May 1927. He graduated from the University of Montpellier in France. He was the Minister of Public Health and Social Affairs. <mask> left the government after Ratsiraka took power. In 1988 he founded the National Union for Democracy and Development. <mask> was elected President of the Committee of Active Forces at a national conference of the opposition in 1990.<mask> became the Prime Minister of the alternative government on 16 July 1991. <mask> was held for a week in July 1991 and was met with a crowd of 100,000 supporters upon his release. He was wounded during a protest. Ratsiraka was stripped of most of his powers on 31 October 1991 after the opposition forced him to agree to the convention. During the 1991– 1993 transitional period, <mask> oversaw the transition as head of the High State Authority, which replaced the Supreme Revolutionary Council and the National Assembly. In the multiparty presidential election held in November 1992, <mask> came first in the first round with 45% of the vote, followed by Ratsiraka with 29%. <mask> won the presidency with 66.74% of the vote in the second round.The last time an incumbent president peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition was in 1960. <mask>'s supporters won a majority in parliamentary elections in June 1993. In office, <mask>'s rivalry with the Prime Minister led him to seek increased powers, and in September 1995 a successful referendum increased the powers of the president. After the referendum, the National Assembly was required to send three names of candidates to the president, from which he could choose, which gave him authority over the selection of the prime minister. The president was given the ability to dismiss the prime minister. Zafy appointed a new Minister of State for Rural Development and Land Reform, who had been the head of the UNDD, in his place. <mask>'s time in office was marked by economic decline, which negatively impacted his popularity, as well as accusations of corruption and abuse of power, and he was impeached by the National Assembly on July 26, 1996.The impeachment was supported by more than the necessary two-thirds majority; out of 134 deputies present, 99 voted in favor of the motion, 32 against it, and there were three null votes. The impeachment was upheld by the High Constitutional Court. On 5 September, <mask> announced that he would leave office on 10 October, and he described his impeachment as a "constitutional coup d'état" that occurred as a result of his criticism of the National Assembly. Even though he couldn't delay his departure from office, he was able to run for president as a result of his impeachment. In his 1996 campaign, Zafy blamed his opponents and the International Monetary Fund for the problems faced by Madagascar, and downplayed the charges against him that led to his impeachment. In the first round of the election, held on 3 November, he took second place with 23.39% of the vote, behind Ratsiraka's 36.61%. Zafy received some support in the second round from people who thought he was better than Ratsiraka, despite their criticisms.<mask> narrowly lost to Ratsiraka in the second round after taking 49.29% of the vote. He claimed that the High Constitutional Court switched the numbers for himself and Ratsiraka for the sake of peace. Ratsiraka <mask>, the opposition leader, tried to impeach Ratsiraka in 1998, accusing him of perjury and violating the constitution in his moves toward decentralization. The impeachment motion was defeated in the National Assembly on February 4, 1998 when only 60 of the assembly's members voted in favor of it. <mask> became the oldest deputy in the National Assembly in the May 1998 parliamentary election. At the same time, he tried to get the independence of Antsiranana Province from Madagascar. On August 31, 2001, <mask> announced that he would run for president again.He placed a distant third with about 5% of the vote. Ratsiraka fled into exile after a dispute with the opposition candidate over the election results. The National Reconciliation Committee was founded in 2002 to promote national reconciliation among the leading participants in the political crisis that followed the 2001 election. Zafy and the CRN were seen as part of the radical opposition in the country. Zafy called for a new constitution. On July 8, 2004, a grenade exploded outside <mask>'s home, causing some damage but no injuries. There were a number of grenade attacks across the country.Police raided Zafy's property in December of 2006 as part of their investigation into the attempted coup of November and the presidential candidacy of Pety Rakotoniaina. Zafy said that he didn't know who the president was and didn't recognize him as such. Zafy traveled to Paris in June of 2007, where he met with Ratsiraka and members of his former government who were also in exile. He met with Ratsiraka on 8 June, with Pierrot Rajaonarivelo on 9 June, and with Tantely Andrianarivo on 11 June. He met with Ratsiraka and Andrianarivo again. In the year 2009, popular protests and military intervention led to the ousting of President Ravalomanana and the election of Andry Rajoelina as president. Betiana Bruno, Zafy's adviser, was included in the 44 members of the High Transitional Authority that Rajoelina appointed on March 31, 2009.At a press conference on 1 April, <mask> said that Rajoelina wouldn't take his advice and that he would seek provincial autonomy. The national conference began on 2 April and was promoted by Rajoelina's government. As part of negotiations for a solution to the political crisis, Zafy met with Rajoelina, Ravalomanana, and Ratsiraka, along with former Mozambican President Joaquim Chissano. An extended process of negotiations between the four leaders resulted in a power-sharing agreement. After the talks, Rajoelina's government initially barred <mask> and others from returning, but later allowed him to return. Zafy said that the opposition would form its own government after the power-sharing agreement collapsed. He said that the opposition could no longer trust Rajoelina because he hadreneged on his signature.The army should not be involved in the political situation. <mask> died of a stroke at a hospital in Saint-Pierre in the French overseas department of Réunion at the age of 90. There is a biography on <mask> and former Malagasy presidents births and deaths.

masks:
Albert Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy
Zafy


texts: A United States Marine Corps lieutenant general, <mask><mask>, served as the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 1966 to 1967. During the Guadalcanal Campaign in World War II, he was awarded the Navy Cross and theDistinguished Flying Cross for his actions. On October 1, 1965, <mask> became the "Gray Eagle" of Naval Aviation, and was the first Marine to achieve this distinction. On October 27, 1906, <mask><mask> was born in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1928. He joined the United States Marine Corps to become a naval aviator. He was commissioned a second lieutenant after completing flight training in 1929.On December 7, 1941, <mask> was at Pearl Harbor. His squadron's Dauntless dive bombers were destroyed on the tarmac at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa. The first scout bomber squadron to join the Cactus Air Force was commanded by him during the Guadalcanal Campaign. The first Marine planes to land on the new airfield were escorted from Maj John Smith's VMF-223 to the deck of the USS Long Island by the dozen Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers. Alexander Vandegrift was the commanding general of the 1st Marine Division. During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, he was awarded the Navy Cross and theDistinguished Flying Cross for attacks on Japanese naval units. During his first 29 days on the scene, Mangrum flew 28 missions including ten strikes, eight searches and seven patrols in support of both ground and naval forces.On October 14, 1942, the only pilot from his squadron was able to walk away from Henderson Field. Seven were killed, four were wounded and all of the others were taken to the hospital. He was the commanding officer of the Cadets at the Naval Air Training Center in Texas from 1943 to 1944. He commanded Marine Aircraft Group 93 from May to October 1944 and was the chief of staff of the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing until January 1945. The commanding officer of Marine Aircraft Group 45 was awarded the Legion of Merit. At the end of World War II, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps to re-activate the Marine Corps Reserve aviation organization. He served on the faculty of the Strategy and Tactics Department from 1949 to 1951 after graduating from the Naval War College Senior Course.He was awarded a second Legion of Merit with Combat "V" during the Korean War in 1951. He was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal with Combat "V" in 1952 for being the First Marine Aircraft Wing liaison officer to Headquarters, 5th Air Force in Korea. After returning to the United States, he was the deputy director of the Marine Corps Educational Center. From 1955 to 1956, he commanded Marine Corps Air Station Miami. He commanded the Marine Air-Ground Landing Force in Atlantic Fleet amphibious exercises before going to Washington, D.C. He was promoted to brigadier general on July 1, 1956, and served as a deputy assistant chief of staff. The 1st Marine Aircraft Wing in Japan had an assistant wing commander named Mangrum.He was promoted to major general on November 1, 1959 and served as the commanding general of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing until April 1960. He was deputy commander, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, 1960–1961, and later commanding general, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, October 1961 to August 1963. General <mask> was the director of the Marine Corps Educational Center. On October 1, 1965, General <mask> became the first Marine to attain the title "Gray Eagle" of Naval Aviation. The earliest designated aviator in the Navy and Marine Corps is the "Gray Eagle". In August 1929, Mangrum was designated a Naval Aviator. On July 1, 1965, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.He retired from the Navy on June 30, 1967. He died in Southern Pines, North Carolina, at the age of 78. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His daughter is the wife of a retired Navy admiral. There are decorations and awards for LtGen. The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to <mask><mask>, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession Leader. A task force of surface craft was planning to attack our beachhead on Guadalcanal when Lieutenant Colonel Mangrum commanded a Navy and Marine Corps striking force of sixteen planes.Striking with lightning-like precision, his planes dropped all their bombs before the enemy surface craft could initiate evasive action, making a direct hit on the largest transport, blasting men and debris into the water, and setting the ship on fire. The Japanese were forced to abandon their mission after a cruiser was hit and left burning. Lieutenant Colonel <mask>'s high quality of leadership and the aggressive spirit of his command in action contributed in large measure to the success achieved by our forces and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. The text in this article is from the United States Marine Corps. The name of the author is Tillman,Barrett. The Dauntless Units of World War 2 were the SBD. In 1998 there was a book by Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.The United States Marine Corps generals and the American World War II bomber pilots were recipients of the Navy Cross.

masks:
Richard C
. Mangrum
Mangrum
Richard C
. Mangrum
Mangrum
Mangrum
Mangrum
Richard C
. Mangrum
Mangrum


texts: <mask>, also known as <mask>, was a German field marshal who held commands on both the Eastern and Western Fronts during World War II. He commanded the 4th Army of the Wehrmacht during the invasion of Poland in 1939 and the Battle of France in 1940, earning him a promotion to Generalfeldmarschall. Kluge commanded the 4th Army in the Battle for Moscow in 1941. In the midst of the Soviet counter-offensive in 1941, <mask> was promoted to command the Army Group Centre. Several members of the German military resistance served on Hitler's staff. <mask> refused to offer his support unless Hitler was killed. Kluge was badly injured in a car accident and his command on the Eastern Front ended in October 1943.<mask> was appointed OB West (Supreme Commander West) in occupied France in July 1944, after his predecessor was dismissed for defeatism. The war in the West was lost when <mask>'s forces were unable to stop the Allied invasion of Normandy. Kluge committed suicide after being recalled to Berlin for a meeting with Hitler, even though he was not involved in the 20 July plot. Walter Model replaced <mask>. <mask> was born on October 30, 1882 in Posen, Prussia and now western Poland. His father was from a military family. In the First World War, Max was a lieutenant general in the Prussian Army, and he married in the 19th century.Kluge had a younger brother named Wolfgang. Wolfgang served in both world wars, rising to the rank of lieutenant general by 1943, and was commander of Fortress Dunkirk between July and September 1944. <mask> was commissioned in the 46th Field Artillery Regiment in 1901. During the First World War, he was a captain on the Western Front. He became a colonel in 1930, a major general in 1933, and a lieutenant general a year later. <mask> took command of the 6th Division on April 1, 1934. The 6th Corps and the 6th Army Group became the 4th Army after Hitler's declaration of the Wehrmacht in 1935.Hitler's "crude militarism" would lead Germany into disaster, according to Kluge. During the Sudetenland Crisis, he was a member of a secret anti-war group led by Ludwig Beck and <mask> Weizscker. The crisis was averted by the Munich Agreement. Kluge took pride in the rearmament of the Wehrmacht, even though he was privately critical of the Nazis. Clever Hans was the nickname he had after a German horse. Hitler approved of the German High Command's plan to invade Poland with two army groups during a military briefing in April 1939. Army Group North was assigned to <mask>'s 4th Army.On 1 September, the Polish campaign began, taking advantage of the country's long border with Germany. The port city of Danzig fell within the first day as the 4th Army advanced towards the Corridor from West Pomerania to link with the 3rd Army. On the day after, there were no apprehensions of a strong Polish defensive line along the river. The Polish 9th Infantry Division and the 27th Infantry Division were sealed by the 4th Army. <mask> sent his army across the Vistula River to meet with the 3rd Army. The 4th Army's XIX Panzer Corps captured the city of Brze on 17 September after three days of fighting. The Red Army invaded eastern Poland the same day as Army Group North was told to stay west of the Bug River.The Soviet forces took over Brze on September 22. <mask> was praised by Hitler as one of his most brilliant commanders for his work in the early stages of the invasion. The invasion of France, <mask> and the 4th Army were transferred to Army Group A under the command of Gerd <mask>dstedt. The Manstein Plan was approved by Hitler after a meeting with them on February 17, 1940. The plan outlined that the 4th Army would contribute to an attack through the rugged Ardennes terrain of southern Belgium and Luxembourg to the Meuse River. Case Yellow was launched on May 10. <mask>'s corps reached the Meuse in two days.The French 9th Army was forced to retreat after a bridgehead was established on the west bank of the Meuse. Between 16 and 17 May, Rommel captured 10,000 prisoners and 100 tanks, and wiped out the remainder of the French 9th Army at the expense of only 35 casualties. The army group was well ahead of the 5th and 7th Panzer Divisions when they repelled the British- French attack. After a meeting with Hitler and Rundstedt, <mask> ordered his units to stop from Dunkirk on 24 May. The two-day respite allowed the Allies to consolidate their manpower. The first breakthrough at Amiens was achieved by <mask>'s 4th Army at the start of the second phase of the invasion plan. <mask>'s command and Rommel's generalship during the invasion led to his promotion to generalfeldmarschall.Kluge commanded the 4th Army during the invasion of the Soviet Union. In addition to his command, the army group included a field army, the 9th Army, and two mobile formations. On June 29th, Kluge ordered that women in uniform be shot. Female fighters were considered to be another example of "barbaric" Bolshevism where natural gender roles were upended. Women in uniform were to be captured instead of the order being withdrawn. The 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups were subordinated to Kluge in order to improve coordination between the fast charging armour and the slower infantry. The formation provided unity on paper, but the commanders of the Panzer group bristled at Kluge's orders.The 2nd Army was assigned to <mask>'s other corps, which had previously been held in reserve. Expectations of a short war that would not necessitate the exploitation of Soviet labour for the German war effort, the German High Command and military leadership did not make adequate preparations to house prisoners-of-war and civilian internees. In July 1941, 100,000 POWs and 40,000 civilians were herded into a small open-air camp. Organisation Todt appealed to Kluge to let 10,000 skilled workers go. Kluge wanted to make the decisions for the prisoners himself. The Wehrmacht was expected to live off the land as part of the Hunger Plan. In the areas to the rear, pillaging, and abuse of the civilian population was rampant.In September 1941, Kluge ordered his troops to restore discipline. It stated that it was time to put an end to the unjust methods of obtaining supplies, the raids, the plundering trips over vast distances, and the criminal activity. The commanders who failed to maintain discipline were threatened by Kluge. During the Battle of Moscow, Kluge had the 4th Panzer Group under the command of the 4th Army. The encirclement at Vyazma was completed by the 4th Panzer Group. Kluge instructed him to pause the advance as his units were needed to prevent break outs of Soviet forces. The advance on Moscow could be done at the same time as clearing the pocket.He viewed Kluge's actions as interference, which led to a fight with his superior, as he wrote in a letter home. The 11th Panzer Division reported having no fuel at all because their units were short on fuel. The 20th Panzer Division was moving towards Moscow. The V Army Corps of the 4th Army was attacked by the 4th Panzer Group on 17 November as part of the continuation of the operation. <mask>'s best forces were represented by the panzer group and the army corps. The German forces advanced in two weeks. A lack of tanks, insufficient motor transport, and a precarious supply situation, along with tenacious Red Army resistance, hampered the attack.<mask> was forced to commit his weaker south flank to the attack on 1 December. The German failure to reach Moscow was blamed on <mask>'s slow commitment to the 4th Army's south flank. David Stahel wrote that the assessment grossly underestimated the capabilities of <mask>'s remaining forces. Moscow was a metropolis and German forces lacked the numbers to encircle it. The Wehrmacht did not have the strength to launch a frontal assault on Moscow because it was a fortified position. The Red Army launched its winter counter-offensive on the same day that further attacks were called off. After Fedor <mask> was relieved of his command of Army Group Center, <mask> was promoted to replace him.Neither side was able to make much headway during the winter and early spring in the Army Group Center's sector. The German forces held their ground. The army group was to hold its position during the summer of 1942. On October 30, 1942, Kluge received a letter of good wishes from Hitler and a cheque for half-million Reichsmarks from the German treasury. He promised that the costs of improving his estate could be billed to the state. This was part of the bribe given to senior Wehrmacht officers. The money was accepted by Kluge.He agreed to meet Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, an opponent of the Nazi regime, after being reprimanded by his chief of staff. Kluge promised Goerdeler that he would arrest Hitler when he came to the Eastern Front. After receiving another gift from Hitler, he changed his mind and decided to remain loyal. According to Hitler, <mask>'s "gifts" gave him total loyalty because he was dissatisfied with his leadership. The Battles of Rzhev took place in 1942 and 1943 and were fought by the Army Group Centre. The encirclement of the German forces in the Battle of Stalingrad was one of the reasons why the Soviet forces lost so much. Early in 1943, Kluge obtained permission to withdraw the 9th Army and elements of the 4th Army from the salient.Between 1 and 22 March 1943, the Wehrmacht abandoned the salient. The German lines were shortened by miles as a result of the operation. The security campaign that followed the withdrawal resulted in widespread destruction, razing of villages, deportation of the able-bodied population for slave labour, and killings of civilians by the troops of the Wehrmacht. Hitler approved several offensives on 13 March 1943. The commander of Army Group South tried to convince <mask> to attack the Soviet Central Front as the last Soviet resistance ended. Kluge thought his forces were too weak to launch an attack. The offensives were put off because the German forces were exhausted and in need of refitting.On 15 April, Hitler and the OKH issued a new operational order, which called for the offensive codenamed Zitadelle to begin on 3 May or shortly thereafter against theKursk salient. The Battle of Kursk was called for a double envelopment. The northern pincer was to be formed by Model's 9th Army. The 4th Panzer Army and Army Detachment Kempf would drive north to meet the 9th Army. Model met with Hitler in April to express his concerns about the Red Army establishing strong defensive positions in his sector. On 4 May, Hitler called his senior officers and advisors to a meeting. Going on the offensive immediately with the forces at hand, delaying the offensive further to await the arrival of new and better tanks, or cancelling the operation altogether were some of the options put forth.Hitler responded that none were available after Manstein requested two additional infantry divisions. Kluge was against postponement and discounted materials. The inspector of armoury argued against the operation. The conference ended without Hitler making a decision. The operation had failed from the start. The Soviet forces stopped the German advance in the northern sector by 10 July. The flank and rear of Model's 9th Army were threatened by the counter-offensive launched by the Red Army.On the evening of July 12th, Hitler summoned <mask> and Manstein to his headquarters in East Prussia, where he announced the cancellation of Citadel. On 5 August, the Red Army entered Orel and on 18 August it reached the outskirts of Bryansk, eliminating the Orel salient. After the Army Group Center fell back on prepared defensive positions, the German resistance stiffened and it took the Soviet forces until the end of September to liberate Smolensk. <mask> was badly injured in a car accident. He wasn't able to return to duty until July 1944. The Army Group Centre had a new commander. In July 1944, <mask> was appointed OB West (Commander of the German Army in the West) after his predecessor was dismissed for saying that the war was lost.With the initiative belonging to the Allies, <mask> immediately sought to assert authority over Rommel, in charge of Army Group B, and build his command's confidence in defending Normandy. <mask> expressed his skepticism to Alfred Jodl after having toured the front and been briefed by field commanders. The situation could not be grimmer. <mask> succeeded him in command of Army Group B after Rommel was wounded when a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Spitfire strafed his staff car. The Allies drove the Germans from the heights of Saint-L in July, setting the stage for a major offensive in the Normandy Campaign. The plan was for the U.S. forces to take advantage of the British and Canadian attacks around Caen and get a breakthrough in northwestern France. The operation succeeded in breaking through German lines and the resistance to the Americans was disorganized.Kluge sent reinforcements, including elements of the 2nd and 116th panzer divisions, in hopes of avoiding total collapse, but his forces suffered heavy losses in battles. In the last days of July, the German army in Normandy had been reduced to such a poor state by Allied offensives that Kluge could no longer sustain a viable defensive position in Normandy. The U.S. Third Army advanced quickly through Avranches and over the bridge at Pontaubault into Brittany. Hitler ordered a counteroffensive between Mortain and Avranches, against Kluge's advice. He demanded that all available units work together in a concentrated attack to cut off the U.S. forces in Brittany. Kluge knew that carrying out this order meant the collapse of the Normandy front, but his misgiving was ignored. The operations began on 7 August and Kluge only had four Panzer divisions.The offensive came to a halt due to Allied air superiority. The Canadian forces launched their final northward offensive on August 14th in order to destroy the German 7th Army and 5th Panzer Army near the town of Falaise. <mask> issued a full-scale retreat eastward in his final order as OB West commander. The Falaise Gap was left by the Allies when they did not capture Falaise until later that day. The Battle of Normandy ended with a decisive Allied victory after the gap was sealed by the Germans. The Allies advanced through undefended territory as remnants of Army Group B fled eastward. Ten thousand Germans escaped, but 10,000 were killed and another forty thousand were captured.Kluge agreed to support the conspirators' seizure of power if Hitler were to be killed. After the assassination attempt failed, Stlpnagel and <mask> Hofacker met with Kluge at his headquarters. Kluge withdrew his support after learning of Hitler's survival. <mask> was cut off from his forces for several hours after his car was damaged in an Allied bombing. <mask> was suspected of negotiating with the Allies by Hitler. He was dismissed two days later. Kluge was convinced he had been involved in the 20 July plot when he was recalled to Berlin for a meeting with Hitler.In his final testimony, he affirmed his loyalty to Hitler and said that it was time for Germany to end the war. The Iron Cross was given to the 2nd and 1st class Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern with Oak Leaves and Swords Knight.

masks:
Hans Gnther von Kluge
Gnther Adolf Ferdinand von Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Ernst von
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
von Run
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
von Bock
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Kluge
Caesar von
Kluge
Kluge