texts: During the Protestant Reformation, <mask> was a French theologian, pastor, and reformer. Calvinism's doctrine of predestination and God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation were developed by him. The Augustinian and other Christian traditions influenced Calvinist doctrine. <mask> as the chief expositor of their beliefs has spread throughout the world. <mask> was a controversial writer. He exchanged letters with many reformers. <mask> wrote commentaries on many books of the Bible as well as his seminal Institutes of the Christian Religion.<mask> was trained as a lawyer. He was a member of the Roman Catholic Church. <mask> fled to Switzerland where he published the first edition of the Institutes after religious tensions erupted in France. <mask> was recruited by William Farel to join the Reformation in Geneva, where he preached throughout the week. The governing council of the city resisted the implementation of their ideas, and both men were expelled. <mask> became the minister of the church of French refugees in Strasbourg after being invited by Martin Bucer. He was invited back to lead the church of the city in 1541 after supporting the reform movement.<mask> introduced new forms of church government and liturgy despite opposition from powerful families in the city. Michael Servetus, a Spaniard regarded by both Roman Catholics and Protestants as having a heretical view of the Trinity, arrived in Switzerland. <mask> denounced him and the city council burned him at the stake. <mask>'s opponents were forced out after new elections and an influx of refugees. <mask> promoted the Reformation throughout Europe in his final years. <mask> was born on July 10, 1509 at Noyon, a town in Picardy, a province of the Kingdom of France. He was one of three boys who survived infancy.His mother was the daughter of an inn owner. <mask> had four more children after she died of an unknown cause. <mask>'s father, Gérard Cauvin, had a prosperous career as a cathedral official. Gérard wanted his three sons to become priests. <mask> was very smart. He cut his hair to show his dedication to the Church after being employed by the bishop as a clerk. The Montmors were an influential family.<mask> was able to learn Latin from one of its greatest teachers, Mathurin Cordier, thanks to their assistance. He entered the Collge de Montaigu as a philosophy student after completing the course. In 1525 or 1526, Gérard withdrew his son from the Collge de Montaigu and enroll him in the University of Orléans to study law. <mask> would make more money as a lawyer than as a priest according to Gérard. <mask> entered the University of Bourges in 1529. He was interested in Alciati. Humanism was a European intellectual movement.<mask> learned Koine Greek during his stay in Bourges. The date of <mask>'s religious conversion has been the subject of alternative theories. The date of his conversion was placed around 1533 by some. His resignation is proof of his conversion to the evangelical faith. The more likely date is late 1529 or early 1530, according to T. H. L.Parker. There are two different accounts of his conversion. <mask> portrayed his conversion as a sudden change of mind, brought about by God, which was more hardened in such matters than might have been expected.Although I did not completely leave off other studies, I pursued them with less ardour after I received some taste and knowledge of true godliness. <mask> wrote of a long process of inner turmoil, followed by spiritual and psychological anguish, and it was his first business. O Lord, what remains to a wretch like me, but instead of defence, earnestly to supplicate you not to judge that fearful abandonment of your Word according to its deserts, from which in your goodness you have at last delivered me. Most scholars agree that his conversion was related to his break from the Roman Catholic Church. The <mask> biographer Bruce Gordon has stressed that the two accounts are not antithetical, but rather two different ways of expressing the same reality. <mask> published his first book in 1532, a commentary on De Clementia. <mask> returned to Paris in October 1533.Tensions rose between the liberals and conservatives at the Collge Royal. Nicolas Cop was the rector of the university. He devoted his inaugural address to the need for reform and renewal in the Roman Catholic Church. Cop was forced to flee to Switzerland after the faculty denounced the address astical. <mask> was forced into hiding for a year after he was implicated in the crime. He stayed with his friend Louis du Tillet in Angoulme and took refuge in Noyon and Orléans. The Affair of the Placards forced him to flee France.The Roman Catholic church responded with violence against the would-be Reformers and their sympathizers after unknown reformers posted placards in various cities to criticize the Roman Catholic mass. <mask> joined Cop in a city that was influenced by the late reformer Johannes Oecolampadius. <mask> published the first edition of his Institute of Christianae Religionis in March of 1536. The work was a defense of his faith and a statement of the position of the reformers. He wanted it to be an instruction book for anyone interested in the Christian faith. The book was the beginning of his theology. <mask> published new editions of his work.He was secretary to Princess Renée of France when he was in Ferrara, Italy. He went back to Paris with his brother to resolve their father's affairs. <mask> decided there was no future for him in France after the six-month period for heretics to reconcile with the Catholic faith. Strasbourg is a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire and a refuge for reformers. He was forced to make a detour to the south due to military maneuvers by the French and imperial forces. <mask> intended to stay only one night, but William Farel, a fellow French reformer in the city, urged him to stay and help reform the church there. <mask> accepted his new role without any preconditions.He was assigned to an unknown office. He was given the title of "reader", which meant that he could give lectures on the Bible. He never received a pastoral consecration, but he was selected to be a "pastor" sometime in 1537. The lawyer-theologian took up pastoral duties for the first time. <mask> and Farel collaborated on a confession of faith and articles about reorganizing the church. The city council was presented with the articles concernant l'organization de l'église et du culte  Genve by Farel and <mask> on 16 January 1537. Their celebrations of the Eucharist, the reason for, and the method of, excommunication, the requirement to subscribe to the confession of faith, the use of congregational singing in the liturgy, and the revision of marriage laws were described in the document.The document was accepted by the council. <mask> and Farel's reputation with the council began to suffer as the year went on. Only a few citizens had subscribed to their confession of faith, so the council was reluctant to enforce the subscription requirement. The two ministers sparred with the council over the issue. As the two ministers were Frenchmen, the council had begun to question their loyalty. The city of Bern, an ally in the reformation of the Swiss churches, proposed to introduce uniformity in the church ceremonies. One proposal required the use of unleavened bread.The two ministers were unwilling to follow Bern's lead and delayed the use of such bread until the final decision could be made. <mask> and Farel were ordered by the council to use unleavened bread. They refused to give communion during the Easter service. There was a riot during the service. The council told <mask> and Farel to leave. <mask> and Farel went to Switzerland to argue their case. <mask> was blamed for not being sympathetic to the people of Geneva.Bern was asked to try to restore the two ministers. The two men took refuge in Basel after the council refused to readmit them. Farel was invited to lead the church in Neuchtel. <mask> was invited to lead a church of French refugees in Strasbourg by two of the city's leading reformers. <mask> relented when Bucer appealed to him because Farel was not included in the invitation. After taking up his new position in Strasbourg, <mask> applied for and was granted citizenship of the city a few months later. <mask> held his office successively in the Saint-Nicolas Church, the Sainte-Madeleine Church, and the former Dominican Church during his time in Strasbourg.None of these churches are the same as they were in <mask>'s day. <mask> ministered to hundreds of people in his church. He preached two sermons on Sunday. The singing of the psalms was encouraged during communion. The second edition of the Institutes was worked on by him. <mask> disliked the original structure as a primer for young Christians. <mask> dropped the format for the second edition in favor of presenting the main doctrines from the Bible.The book was enlarged from six chapters to seventeen. The commentary on Romans was published in March 1540. He used the book as a model for his later commentaries, which included his own Latin translation from the Greek. <mask> praised the work of his predecessors Philipp Melanchthon, Heinrich Bullinger, and Martin Bucer, but he also criticized some of their work and took care to distinguish his own work from theirs. <mask> was urged to marry by his friends. <mask> wrote to a correspondent that he was not married and did not know if he would ever be. I can devote myself to the Lord if I take a wife.A young woman from a noble family was presented to him. <mask> agreed to the marriage if she learned French. The wedding was supposed to take place in March 1540, but he was reluctant and it never took place. Unless the Lord had completely bereft me of my wits, he wouldn't think of marrying her. He married Idelette de Bure, a widow who had two children from her first marriage, in August of that year. The expulsion of <mask> was reconsidered. The political climate had changed and church attendance had dwindled.When Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto wrote a letter to the city council inviting them to return to the Catholic faith, they searched for an authority to respond to him. <mask> asked PierreViret when he refused to be consulted. The Responsio ad Sadoletum (Letter to Sadoleto) was strongly defended by him. Ami Perrin was commissioned by the council to find a way to recall <mask>. <mask> was at a conference in Worms when an embassy reached him. He wrote "rather would I submit to death a hundred times than to that cross on which I had to die daily a thousand times over." <mask> was prepared to follow the Lord's call.A plan was drawn up in which Viret would be appointed to take temporary charge in Geneva for six months while <mask> and Bucer would visit the city to figure out the next steps. <mask>'s appointment was pressed for by the city council. <mask> was allowed to go to Geneva for six months. <mask> came back on 13 September 1541 with an escort and a wagon. The Ordonnances ecclésiastiques (Ecclesiastical Ordinances) were passed on 20 November 1541 in support of <mask>'s proposals for reforms. The four orders of ministerial function are as follows: pastors to preach and to administer the sacraments, doctors to instruct believers in the faith, elders to provide discipline, and deacons to care for the poor and needy. They called for the creation of a court made up of elders and ministers.The city government still had the power to summon people to the court, but only if there was no civil jurisdiction. Excommunication was the most severe penalty of the court's power to mete out sentences. The council decided that all sentencing would be carried out by the government after the government fought the power. <mask> published La Forme des Prires et Chants Ecclésiastiques in 1542. <mask> wanted music to be used to support scripture readings. The original Strasbourg psalter contained twelve psalms by Clément Marot and <mask> added several more of his own compositions. At the end of 1542, Marot became a refugee and contributed nineteen more psalms.The Old Hundredth was added to by <mask>, who lived and taught music in Geneva for sixteen years. <mask> published Catéchisme de l'Eglise de Genve in the year 1542. <mask> had written an earlier catechism which was based on Martin Luther's Large Catechism. Law, Faith, and Prayer were described in the first version. The 1542 version was rearranged for theological reasons. Historians debate the extent to which a city was aocracy. <mask>'s theology called for separation between the church and state.The political power wielded by the clerics is stressed by other historians. <mask> preached over two thousand sermons. He preached three times during the week and twice on Sunday. The council allowed him to preach once on Sunday because he was too heavy a burden. He had to preach twice on Sundays and every weekday of alternate weeks in October 1549. He did not use notes during his sermons. An occasional secretary tried to record his preaching, but it wasn't recorded before 1549.Denis Raguenier, who had learned or developed a system of shorthand, was assigned to record all of <mask>'s sermons. <mask>'s style did not change much over the

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texts: years according to an analysis of his sermons. <mask> worked his way through the Bible in consecutive sermons. <mask> delivered two hundred sermons on the book. It was only to turn society into a convent if <mask>, Luther and Zwingli condemned celibacy in the priests. For more than two hundred years there was no musical instrument allowed in the city of Geneva, because shows and entertainments were forbidden by their religion. They did not condemn auricular confession, but they did not perform it in public.<mask>'s personal life is not well known. The house and furniture were owned by the council. The house was large enough for his family to live in. Idelette gave birth to a boy, Jacques, on July 28, 1542, but he was premature and only lasted a short time. Idelette died on March 29th, 1549. <mask> never married again. He wrote a letter to Viret, expressing his grief at the death of his best friend.Her life was devoted to my ministry. I never experienced a problem from her. Montmor, Cordier, Cop, Farel, Melanchthon and Bullinger were some of the friends he maintained throughout the rest of his life. <mask> encountered bitter opposition to his work. The uncoordinated forces coalesced into an identifiable group which he referred to as the libertines. <mask> said that people who were liberated through grace were exempt from both civil and ecclesiastical law. Wealthy, politically powerful, and interrelated families made up the group.<mask> was attacked by Pierre Ameaux at the end of January 1546, who called him a "Picard" and accused him of false doctrine. Ameaux was punished by the council and was forced to beg for forgiveness. <mask>'s man, Ami Perrin, moved into open opposition a few months later. Franois Favre was the daughter of a well-established merchant. Both Perrin's wife and father-in-law had disagreements with the Consistory. The court noted that many notables had broken the law against dancing. After receiving a letter from <mask>, Perrin appeared before the Consistory.By 1547, <mask> and other French refugee ministers had grown to constitute the majority of the civil magistrates. <mask> preached at the pulpit of St. Pierre Cathedral when a threatening letter was found. The council appointed a commission to investigate a suspected plot against both the church and the state. The house of a member of the group was searched and incriminating evidence was found. He confessed to writing a letter in the pulpit that threatened the church leaders. He was beheaded on July 26th after a civil court condemned him to death. <mask> didn't object to the civil court's decision.The libertines continued to organize opposition, insult the appointed ministers, and challenge the authority of the Consistory. <mask> upheld the conflict while the council admonished it. <mask>'s authority appeared to be at its lowest point when Perrin was elected first syndic. <mask> asked the council to allow him to resign on July 24th after some losses. The council was controlled by the libertines. <mask>'s authority was curbed by the opposition, but they didn't have enough power to remove him. The turning point in <mask>'s fortunes occurred when Michael Servetus, a brilliant Spanish polymath who introduced the Islamic idea of Pulmonary circulation to Europe, appeared in Switzerland.<mask> scholar Bruce Gordon commented that Servetus was a fugitive after he published The Restoration of Christianity, which was a denial of original sin and a bizarre and hardly comprehensible view of the Trinity. He was kicked out of Switzerland in the summer of 1530 after a dispute with Johannes Oecolampadius. He published a pamphlet against the Trinity. Bucer asked Servetus to leave. There was a sensation among Reformers and Catholics after Servetus published Two Books of Dialogues on the Trinity. An order was issued for Servetus's arrest after <mask> contacted the Inquisition in Spain. <mask> and Servetus met for the first time in 1546 when they exchanged letters debating doctrine and <mask> used the name Charles d' Espeville.By this time, Servetus had written thirty letters to <mask>, after <mask> lost patience and refused to respond. <mask> was angry when Servetus sent him a copy of the Institutes of the Christian Religion with arguments against it. "Espeville" wrote a letter to Farel stating that he would not assure him safe conduct if Servetus came. In 1553, Servetus published Christianismi Restitutio (English: The Restoration of Christianity), in which he rejected the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the concept of predestination. Guillaume de Trie, <mask>'s representative, sent letters to the French Inquisition. "Spanish-Portuguese", suspecting and accusing him of his recently proved Jewish converso origin. His name is Michael Servetus, but he now calls himself Villeneuve, according to De Trie.He stayed in Lyon for a while and is now in Vienne. <mask> said the inquisitor-general of France contacted Cardinal Franois de Tournon, the secretary of the archbishop of Lyon, after learning that Servetus was hiding in Vienne. Servetus was taken in for questioning after he was arrested. He denied writing the letters to <mask>, but later said he wasn't sure if it was his handwriting. He said that he was a doctor in medicine and that he was from Tudela, a city under the control of the Emperor. He said that he assumed the person of Servet for debating with <mask> was not Servetus. The Catholic authorities sentenced him to death in absentia after he escaped from prison.Servetus stopped in Switzerland to visit "d'Espeville", where he was arrested. A list of accusations was submitted to the court by <mask>'s secretary, Nicholas de la Fontaine. Philibert Berthelier was the prosecutor and Pierre Tissot was the leader of the sessions. <mask> was harassed by the trial that the libertines allowed to drag on. The heretical reputation of Servetus made it difficult to use it as a weapon against <mask>. The council decided to write to other Swiss cities in order to mitigate their own responsibility for the final decision. The council asked Servetus if he preferred to be judged in Vienne or in Switzerland.He wanted to stay in Switzerland. The council condemned Servetus as a heretic after they read the replies. He was sentenced to burning at the stake the same day as Vienne. <mask> was beheaded instead of burnt, according to some scholars, because he knew burning at the stake was the only legal recourse. On October 27th, Servetus was burnt alive at the edge of Switzerland after this plea was refused. <mask> was a defender of Christianity after the death of Servetus, but his triumph over the libertines was two years away. He insisted that the power of excommunication be retained despite the council's previous decision to take it away.Philibert Berthelier was excommunicated the previous year after he insulted a minister, so he asked the council for permission to take communion. <mask> said that the council didn't have the authority to overturn Berthelier's excommunication. He said in a sermon that he might be dismissed by the authorities because he was unsure of how the council would rule. The council voted in support of <mask> after re-examining the Ordonnances. Berthelier applied to rejoin the Deux Cents in November. The council's decision was reversed by this body, which stated that the final arbiter should be the council. As in the case of Servetus, the opinions of the Swiss churches were sought by the ministers.The affair continued through 1554. The original Ordonnances were to be kept and the Consistory was to regain its official powers after the council announced the decision of the Swiss churches. February 1555 was when the libertines' downfall began. <mask>'s partisans elected the majority of the syndics with the help of the French refugees who had been granted citizenship. On 16 May the libertines took to the streets in a drunken protest and attempted to burn down a house that was supposedly full of Frenchmen. Henri Aulbert was carrying the baton of office that symbolised his power when he tried to intervene. The appearance of a coup d'état was made when Perrin waved the baton over the crowd.Perrin was ordered by another syndic to go with him to the town hall after the insurrection was over. The leaders were forced to leave the city. <mask> approved the execution of the other conspirators who remained in the city. There was an end to the opposition to <mask>'s church. <mask> had an international reputation as a reformer unlike Martin Luther, and his authority was almost unquestioned during his final years. <mask> and Luther had a good relationship. There was a conflict between Luther and Zwingli on the interpretation of the eucharist.<mask>'s opinion forced Luther to place him in Zwingli's camp. <mask> was involved in the exchanges between the Lutheran and Reformed branches of the movement. <mask> was dismayed by the lack of unity among the reformers. Signing the Consensus Tigurinus was one of the steps he took towards rapprochement with Bullinger. He reached out to England when Thomas Cranmer called for a meeting of the evangelical churches. <mask> was happy with the idea, but Cranmer was not able to bring it to fruition. <mask> sheltered Marian exiles who fled the reign of Mary Tudor in England.<mask>'s ideas on doctrine and polity were carried back to England and Scotland after they formed their own reformed church under the city's protection. <mask>'s main concern was the creation of a collge, an institute for the education of children. The site for the school was selected in March of 1558 and it opened in June of 1559. The school was divided into two parts, the collge or schola privata and the académie or schola publica. <mask> tried to get two professors for the institute, one of which was his old friend and Latin scholar, Mathurin Cordier, who is now based in Lausanne. He was able to get Theodore Beza as the new rector. The advanced school had 300 students within five years.The collge became a college prep school and the académie became a university. <mask> was committed to reform his homeland, France. The Protestant movement lacked a central direction. <mask> turned his attention to the French Protestant cause after receiving financial support from the church. One historian says that he supplied the dogma, the liturgy, and the moral ideas of the new religion, and he also created ecclesiastical, political, and social institutions in harmony with it. He followed up his work with personal appeals. His correspondence with French Protestants shows a lot of zeal but also a lot of pains and tact.More than 100 ministers were sent to France. When the French authorities complained about the missionary activities of the French King Henry II, the city fathers of Geneva denied official responsibility. <mask> became unwell in the late 1558's. He had to work because he was afraid of dying before the final revision of the Institutes. <mask> referred to the final edition as a new work. The expansion of the previous edition to 80 was due to the treatment of existing material rather than the addition of new topics. He had a violent fit of coughing after straining his voice while preaching.His health began to decline after he burst a blood-vessel in his lungs. He preached his last sermon in St. Pierre. He left small sums to his family and the collge in his will. He farewell was recorded in Discours d'adieu aux ministres, after the ministers of the church came to visit him. He talked about some of the hardship he had suffered. <mask> died at the age of 54. Since so many people came to see him, the reformers were afraid that they would be accused of fostering a new saint's cult.He was buried in the Cimetire des Rois on the day after. A stone was added in the 19th century to mark a grave that was thought to be <mask>'s. The most complete expression of <mask>'s views can be found in the Institutes of the Christian Religion. He wanted the book to be used as a summary of his views on Christian theology and to be read in conjunction with his commentaries. The various editions of that work spanned nearly his entire career as a reformer, and the successive revisions of the book show that his theology changed very little from his youth to his death. There were only six chapters in the first edition. The second edition was three times longer than the first because he added chapters on subjects in the Loci Communes.He added new material and added a chapter to the Apostles' Creed. The final edition of the Institutes was published in 1559. The four books of eighty chapters were named after statements from the creed: Book 1 on God the Creator, Book 2 on the Redeemer in Christ, Book 3 on receiving the Grace of Christ through the Holy Spirit, and Book 4 on the Society of Christ. The first statement acknowledges the central theme. The knowledge of God and ourselves are part of the sum of human wisdom. <mask> believes that the knowledge of God can't be discovered by observing the world. The only way to get it is to read the bible.<mask> wrote, "For anyone to arrive at God the Creator, he needs Scripture as his Guide and Teacher." He doesn't try to prove the authority of scripture but rather describes it as self-authenticating. He defends the trinitarian view of God and argues that

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texts: images of God lead to idolatry. <mask> said that the human heart is a factory. He wrote at the end of the first book that "by his Power God cherishes and guards the World which he made and by his Providence rules its individual Parts." The execution of God's will and judgments is always done by good and evil people, even though humans can't fully comprehend why God does what he does. Several essays on original sin and the fall of man are in the second book andTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.The Church Fathers were often cited to defend the reformed cause against the charge that the reformers were creating new theology. <mask> believes that sin began with the fall of Adam. People are driven to evil by the domination of sin. The redemption that can be found in Christ is needed by fallen humanity. The special situation of the Jews who lived during the time of the Old Testament was described by <mask> before he expounded on this doctrine. God promised the coming of Christ when he made a covenant with Abraham. The Old Covenant was a continuation of God's promise.<mask> uses a passage from the Apostles' Creed to describe the New Covenant. <mask> thought that the course of Christ's disobedience to the Father removed the division between God and humanity. <mask> describes how the spiritual union of Christ and humanity can be achieved. He defines faith as the knowledge of God in Christ. Reparations and the remission of sin are the immediate effects of faith. After spiritual regeneration, the believer is brought back to the state of holiness before Adam's transgression. The believer should expect a constant struggle against sin in this life.There are several chapters devoted to the subject of justification by faith alone. He defined justification as the acceptance by God that we are righteous. In this definition, it's clear that God is in charge of the action and that people don't have a role in it. <mask> defends the doctrine of predestination at the end of the book. <mask>'s interpretation of the doctrine went further than the tradition that went before him, but he was not the only one who followed the Augustinian tradition. <mask> said that "all are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been." <mask> admitted that the decree was terrible, but he believed it was double predestination.You mean (latin). "Decretum quidem horribile, fateor." "; French." "I confesse, qui doit epouvanter." He describes the true Church and its ministry, authority, and sacraments in the final book. He denied the accusation that the reformers were schismatic. The Church was defined by <mask> as the body of believers who placed Christ at its head.By definition, there was only one church. He argued that the reformers had to leave them in order to come to Christ. The ministers of the Church were described in a passage from the bible. <mask> thought the first three offices were limited to the time of the New Testament. The offices were located in the church. <mask> considered the work of the ecumenical council to be subject to God's Word. He believed that the civil and church authorities were separate.<mask> said a sacramental sign was associated with a promise from God. The Lord's Supper was one of the two sacraments that he accepted as valid under the new covenant. The Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and the treatment of the Supper as a sacrifice was completely rejected by him. The doctrine of sacramental union in which Christ was "in, with and under" the elements could not be accepted by him. His view was not the same as Zwingli's. <mask> said that with the help of the Holy Spirit, faith was strengthened and nourished. He said that the eucharistic rite was too secret for his mind to comprehend.I don't understand it. <mask>'s theology caused controversy. <mask>, Viret and Farel were accused by a Protestant minister in 1536. <mask>'s beliefs on the Trinity were defended in Confessio de Trinitate propter calumnias P. Caroli. <mask>'s doctrine of predestination was attacked in 1551 by a physician named Jérme-Herms Bolsec. After <mask>'s death, Bolsec wrote a biography that was critical of <mask>'s character. <mask> and Zwingli were condemned by a Gnesio-Lutheran pastor for denying the doctrine of the union of Christ's body with the elements.<mask>'s Defensio sanae et orthodoxae doctrinae de sacramentis was his response in 1555. Justus Velsius, a Dutch dissident, held a public disputation with <mask> in 1556, in which he defended free will against <mask>'s doctrine of predestination. Following the execution of Servetus, a close associate of <mask>, Sebastian Castellio, broke with him on the issue of treatment of heretics. He developed a theory of tolerance based on biblical principles after arguing for a focus on Christ's moral teachings. <mask>'s view of the Jews and Judaism was debated by the Jews Scholars. <mask> is thought to be the least anti-semitic of all the major reformers of his time. <mask> was firmly in the anti-semitic camp according to others.<mask>'s views toward the biblical Jews and his attitude toward contemporary Jews are two different things. <mask> doesn't differentiate between God's covenant with Israel and the New Covenant. "All the children of the promise, reborn of God, who have obeyed the commands by faith working through love, have belonged to the New Covenant since the world began," he stated. He argued that the Jews must embrace Jesus in order to re-enter the covenant. <mask> made a lot of statements about the Jews of his era. <mask> once wrote, "I have never seen a drop of piety or a grain of truth or ingenuousness in a Jew." He did not differ much from other Protestant and Catholic theologians of his day.<mask> dealt with issues of contemporary Jews and Judaism in one of his writings, Response to Questions and Objections of a Certain Jew. He argued that Jews miss the unity of the Old and New Testaments because they misinterpret their own scriptures. <mask>'s political theory was to protect the rights of ordinary people. <mask> favored a combination of democracy and aristocracy, despite the fact that the Bible did not have a plan for a certain form of government. The advantages of democracy were appreciated by him. <mask> proposed a system of checks and balances to separate political power from other political institutions. <mask> said rulers must be deposed if they rise up against God.The state and church have to work together for the benefit of the people. The church has to fulfill its duties in freedom. In extreme cases, the magistrates have to execute dangerous heretics. Nobody can be made to become a Protestant. <mask> believed that the traditional crafts and agriculture were normal human activities. He was more liberal with regard to trade and the financial world than Luther was, but both were against usury. <mask> allowed the interest rates on the loans to be modest.<mask> understood work as a means through which the believers expressed their gratitude to God for their redemption in Christ and as a service to their neighbors. Everyone was obliged to work. <mask> thought that economic success was a sign of God's grace. The start of Max Weber's theory about the rise of capitalism came from partly secularized forms of Calvinism. <mask>'s first published work was a commentary of De Clementia. It was published at his own expense in 1532 and showed that he was a man of the cloth. The Psychopannychia attempted to refute the doctrine of soul sleep.<mask> probably wrote it after Cop's speech, but it was not published until 1542. <mask> wrote commentaries on the books of the Bible. His first commentary on Romans was published in 1540, and he was going to write commentaries on the entire New Testament. Six years passed before he wrote his second commentary, but he devoted more time to reaching his goal after that. He revised the commentary on Romans within four years of publishing it. He dedicated the general epistles to Edward VI of England. He finished his work on the New Testament by 1555, but 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020 800-361-3020He wrote commentaries on the books of the Old Testament. The material for the commentaries came from lectures to students and ministers. He gave permission for his lectures to be published from stenographers' notes when he couldn't find the time to continue this method. Daniel, Lamentations, and part of Ezekiel were covered in these Praelectiones. <mask> wrote a lot of letters. <mask> wrote an open letter to Charles V after the Responsio ad Sadoletum. <mask> wrote an open letter to the pope in 1544.The Council of Trent was opened by the pope and resulted in a decree against the reformers. <mask> produced the Acta synodi Tridentinae cum Antidoto in 1547. <mask> was urged to respond by Bucer and Bullinger when Charles tried to find a compromise solution. The Vera Christianae pacificationis et Ecclesiae reformandae ratio was written in 1549. <mask> provided 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 In order to unite the churches, he produced several confessions of faith. The Gallic confession of faith was drafted in 1559 and accepted in Paris.The Belgic confession of faith was based on the Gallic confession. After the deaths of <mask> and Beza, the city council gained control over areas of life that were previously under the control of the church. The decline of the church was accompanied by secularisation. The new strongholds of <mask>'s ideas, first identified as "Calvinism" by Westphal in 1552, were the universities in Leiden and Heidelberg. By 1585, the wellspring of the reform movement had become a symbol. <mask> warned against calling him an "idol" and a "Jerusalem". He encouraged people to adapt to their surroundings.He told a group of French-speaking refugees that they should integrate with the local Lutheran churches. He did not deny that the Lutherans were members of the true Church despite his differences with them. <mask>'s recognition of the need to adapt to local conditions became an important characteristic of the reformation movement. <mask>'s programme of reform reached the French-speaking provinces of the Netherlands due to his missionary work in France. The introduction of Calvinism in the Palatinate led to the creation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563. The first synod of the Dutch Reformed Church adopted the confessional standards of this and the Belgic Confession. Several leading divines, either Calvinist or those sympathetic to Calvinism, settled in England and Scotland.The confessional standard for Presbyterians in the English-speaking world was created during the English Civil War by the Calvinistic Puritans. As the Ottoman Empire did not force Muslim conversion on its conquered western territories, reformed ideas were quickly adopted in the two-thirds of Hungary they occupied. The main hub of Hungarian Calvinism was Debrecen, where the Second Helvetic Confession was adopted as the official confession of Hungarian Calvinists. The movement spread to other parts of the world after establishing itself in Europe. <mask> did not live to see the foundation of his work grow into an international movement, but his death allowed his ideas to break out of their city of origin, to succeed far beyond their borders, and to establish their own distinct character. <mask> was recognized as a Renewer of the Church in Lutheran churches on 26 May and on 28 May by the Episcopal Church. <mask> will be remembered in the Church of England on 26 May.<mask>'s views on the Swiss Reformation, as well as the History of Protestantism, can be found in the Theology of <mask>. Further reading. The State Archives of Neuchtel preserve the autograph correspondence sent by <mask> to other

masks:
John Calvin
Calvin
Calvin
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texts: J. I<mask> worked in college and professional sports for 53 years and was the General Manager of the Canadian Football League. He worked in a number of sports. His father was a wealthy New York businessman. He was born in New York but grew up in Long Island and Brooklyn. He lost an eye in an accident while attending Georgia Military College. At the time, football was the closest thing to war that he could think of. His initials have stood for nothing over the years.He told the Sun that they stand for Just Incredible. The doctor who delivered him was afraid that he or his mother would die at his birth, so he asked his father who he wanted to live, the baby or the mother. His father said that too. The parents chose an unusual name for the mother and son who survived. He went by his initials all his life because they were not allowed to use it on his birth certificate. General Robert Neyland was the man who named his second son, <mask>, after. He won his first national championship at the University of Tennessee.He was the general manager of the Harlem Globetrotters for one season. He worked for the Denver Broncos, San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Raiders, and the New England Patriots. He got his first Grey Cup in 1970 as a member of the Montreal Alouettes. He went to work for the New England Patriots after being fired by Sam Berger. He was hired by the owner of the Old Mill in Toronto and the Toronto Argonauts to serve as the team's general manager after a few years with the Pats. He developed a love and respect for the game of soccer and the Croatian people while he was the general manager of the Toronto Metros Croatia. Marv Levy was the head coach of the Montreal Alouettes during the 1970s and he was hired by the Montreal Alouettes as general manager.The Alouettes won the Grey Cup three times. His best friend,Herb Trawick, played for the Alouettes and he had a special love for the city of Montreal. The Montreal Alouettes all-time general manager was named in a fan vote. Many of the players he brought to Montreal were successful in business and on the field. Almost 40 years after their time in Montreal, many players still keep in touch with <mask>. <mask>, Dan Yochum, and Ed George are some of the players he recruited and signed. <mask> was granted a conditional expansion team in 1984 to play out of Nova Scotia.The Schooners folded because they couldn't get financing for a new stadium. His main investor was unable to get government financing for the stadium. After several years of working on the project, he fell in love with the city of Halifax, where he lived with his beloved dog, the English Bulldog, who had his own article in the paper titled, "The World as seen Through the Eyes of Higgins". He had a radio show, managed a radio station, and wrote in the paper. He met his second wife, who died of cancer a year after they separated, in Halifax. They moved to Cape Breton where <mask> took over the athletic director's job at the University College of Cape Breton, where he launched the football program. The team started with just 21 players.George Brancato was brought in to coach the team. Many of the players he brought in went on to play professionally. The team won their last game of the season. During the 1992 and 1993 seasons, <mask> was a consultant to the Rough Riders. He was the Executive Vice President of Football Operations for the Shreveport Pirates. The head coach for the Pirates' inaugural season in 1994 was <mask>, who was a 2nd round draft pick at Denver. The president of the team fired the coach before the game.They sued the Pirates. <mask> Tolliver and the City of Shreveport brought legal action against the team. He came back to the team in 2000 when he was hired as managing director by the new owner, his first cousin. His term was controversial. After being fired by the Shreveport Pirates six years earlier, Huard became the first choice to be the new head coach of the Toronto Argonauts. He resigned from his post after a 1-6-1 record, which included a 51-4 loss to the B.C., and his quirky, abrasive style. The Lions.Michael Clemons was hired as head coach despite the disasters. After several hours of discussion with Schwarz and his son, Dean, the two decided that they should have a young insider take over the team as head coach. The names were tabled by his son. The decision was made after the elder <mask> was emphatic about hiring Clemons. He was fired after a year after he said he had a 10-year contract. After a stroke in 2002, he spent the last year and a half of his life at a Toronto nursing home. Many of his old players publicly expressed their appreciation for what he had done for them in the past after an article was written.He was looking for a publisher for his book, Just J.I: A Fisher Of Men. The files he was keeping for his book were lost. On March 8, 2008, <mask> died at a Toronto nursing home at the age of 77. There are references to 1931 births and 2008 deaths.

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. Albrecht
Hunter Joseph
Albrecht
Johnny Rodgers
Albrecht
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Billy Joe
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texts: He was an American actor, musician, and singer. In a career that spanned more than six decades, he played supporting roles in films such as Dillinger, Kelly's Heroes, Alien, Escape from New York, Christine, Repo Man, and One Magic Christmas. His last two films were Paris, Texas and Lucky. <mask> was born in West Irvine, Kentucky, to a tobacco farmer and barber and a cook. His parents divorced when he was in high school. Stanley McKnight was a younger half-brother to two younger brothers, Archie andRalph. His family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatchHe studied journalism and radio arts at the University of Kentucky and performed in the Guignol Theatre under the direction of Wallace Briggs. He told an interviewer that he could have been a writer. I had to decide if I wanted to be an actor or a singer. I was singing all the time. I thought I could be an actor. He left the university to become an actor. His classmates at the Pasadena Playhouse were Tyler MacDuff and Dana Andrews.During World War II, he served in the United States Navy and was a cook aboard the LST-970, a landing ship, tank. Two-Lane Blacktop, Cockfighter, Escape from New York, Repo Man, Alien, Red Dawn, Alpha Dog, and Stephen King are just a few of the films <mask> has appeared in. He was a close friend of Francis Ford Coppola and Jack Nicholson. He was best man at Nicholson's wedding. He made his television debut in 1954. The Have Gun - Will Travel 1959 episode "Treasure Trail" was credited to him. He made his film debut in 1957.At the beginning of Pork Chop Hill, he appeared as a complaining BAR man. In 1962, he had a small part in How the West Was Won, playing a member of Charlie Gant's gang. He played a poetry-reciting beatnik in The Man from the Diner's Club. He changed his name to avoid confusion with another actor. The lead role in Paris, Texas was his breakthrough part. Playwright Sam Shepard, who wrote the film's script, was at a bar in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1983 when he spotted <mask>. The two were talking."I told him I wasn't interested in playing any more roles," he said. I wanted to play something of beauty or sensitivity. I didn't know he was considering me for the lead in his movie. Shepard phoned him in Los Angeles to offer him the part of the main character, which was a role that called for the actor to remain largely silent, as he was a lost, broken soul trying to put his life back together after having vanished years earlier." Roger Ebert said that no movie featuring either <mask> <mask> or M. Emmet Walsh in a supporting role can be bad. Ebert admitted that Dream a Little Dream was a clear violation of this rule. Between 1958 and 1968 he had eight appearances on Gunsmoke, four on the network's Rawhide, three on The Untouchables, and two on Bonanza.He appeared in Two and a Half Men with Jon Cryer, who also appeared in Red Dawn and Pretty in Pink. Roman Grant, the leader of a polygamous sect, was played by <mask> on Big Love. He toured nightclubs as a singer and guitarist, playing mostly country-inflected cover tunes. He played a cantina owner in a video for "Get Rhythm" and was in a video for Bob Dylan's "Dreamin' of You". He played harmonica on The Call's 1989 album Let the Day Begin, as well as working with a number of musical artists, including Dylan, Art Garfunkel, and Kris Kristofferson. In 2010, he reprised his role as Repo Man in an episode of Chuck. An annual festival was created in honor of <mask> <mask> in the city where he spent most of his adolescence.He played a key role in the action comedy Seven Psychopaths. He was in the film The Last Stand. The documentary, <mask> <mask> Huber and features film clips, interviews with collaborators, and <mask>'s singing. Twin Peaks: The Return was a continuation of David Lynch's 1990–1991 television series. He reprised his role as Carl Rodd from Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. His last on-screen roles were as a sheriff in Frank & Ava and as a 90-year-old man nicknamed "Lucky" in Lucky. There was a death at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California on September 15, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesayHis ashes were spread in Kentucky. The song "I Want That Man" was recorded by <mask> in 1989 and begins with the line "I want to dance with <mask>". In her memoir, <mask> writes that she met <mask> at a club in London after hearing the song. She doesn't want to reveal what happened next. Pop Will Eat Itself released a song called "<mask> Stanton" on their album The Looks or the Lifestyle? His lead role in the film Paris, Texas was remembered in the song "American Dream" with the lyrics, "like <mask> <mask> on a drive-in screen, a tumbleweed blowing through Paris, Texas, he fell down into the American dream." The song "Harry Dean Stanton" was recorded by Ian McNabb."I didn't know much about him and didn't really want to because I knew I had to write a song using his name as the title, so I wrote these lyrics for and around him." I wanted the atmosphere of Dylan's Blind Willie McTell and Lenny Bruce. I have never claimed to be original. Revolt at Fort Laramie is a collection of films.

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texts: The professor of physics at Cornell University is known for his work in the areas of quantum mechanics and particle physics. He is a co-founding member of the Union of Concerned Scientists. He has written about physics and arms control. He was born in Vienna, Austria in 1929. After Kristallnacht, his family moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He studied theoretical and engineering physics at McGill University. From 1952 to 1955, he studied with Victor Weisskopf at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.He developed models to describe wave functions and energy levels associated with nucleonic motion in a nonspherical force field, and compared their results to empirical data. His roommate was at MIT. In 1955, <mask> married Sorel Dickstein, who he credits with being instrumental in the founding of the Union of Concerned Scientists. He accepted a position in the physics department at Cornell University in 1964. He was an associate professor at Cornell in 1964, a professor in 1968 and a professor in 1998. He was a visiting professor at MIT from 1969 to 1969 and took a leave of absence from 1970 to 1973. He was the Department Chair of the physics department at Cornell University.In the 1960s, research was done with J. David Jackson on production and decay of unstable resonances in high-energy hadronic collisions. They used the density matrix to connect production mechanisms to decay patterns and described the influence of competing processes on reactions. <mask> proposed the sum rule for deep inelastic scattering to test the elementary quark model after studying meson-nucleon reactions, high-energy electron-proton scattering and the spectroscopy of heavy-quark bound states. One of the most used and respected accounts of quantum theory is Gottfried's Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals. Estia J. Eichten was one of the people Gottfried worked with in the 1970s. The American Physical Society had a Division of Particles and Fields. Concepts of Particle Physics was written with Victor Weisskopf and was hailed as "an authoritative presentation of the basic concepts of particle physics by two internationally recognized leaders in the field."John Stewart Bell was inspired to write Against measurement because of Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals. One of Bell's major commentators has been <mask>. The second edition of Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals is of interest, historical and otherwise. He is a co- founder of the Union of Concerned Scientists. On March 4, 1969 the organization was formed after professors at MIT organized a "teach-in" during which regular research would stop and students and faculty would examine "misuse of scientific and technical knowledge" that presents a major threat to the existence of mankind. Nuclear weapons, environmental issues, and the Vietnam war were concerns. Since 1978 he has served on the board of directors of the UCS.Nuclear arms control, scientific integrity in the face of government pressure, and human rights are issues of particular concern to Gottfried. The Bethes drafted a letter in 1982 to protest the treatment of peace activists in the Soviet Union. As a member of the executive committee of SOS, Gottfried helped lead successful efforts to bring dissident scientist Yuri Orlov out of exile in Siberia and offer him a position at Cornell. Richard Garwin, Hans Bethe, and others criticized the U.S. "Star Wars" missile defense program. He co-edited Crisis Stability And Nuclear War. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences collaborated with Cornell University's Peace Studies Program to sponsor a study on nuclear weapons and the command and control systems of the United States and the Soviet Union. The thinking of fifteen leading analysts were represented in the edited book.The UCS statement Restoring Scientific Integrity in Policy Making criticized the Bush administration and called for the restoration of scientific integrity in the United States. It was supported by two UCS reports, Scientific Integrity in Policy Making: An Investigation into the Bush Administration's Misuse of Science and Scientific Integrity in Policy Making: Further investigation of the Bush administration's abuse of science. The American Physical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences gave awards to Gottfried. The 1992 Leo Szilard Award was given to him. He is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations. References External links Living people 21st-century American physicists Cornell University faculty American anti–nuclear weapons activists 1929 Theoretical physicists births Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Scientists from Vienna fellows of the American Physical Society fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

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Career Gottfried
Gottfried
Gottfried


texts: <mask> is an American R&B and pop singer and former politician. <mask> and the Vandellas scored over a dozen hit singles, including "Come and Get These Memories", "Nowhere to Run", "Heat Wave", "Jimmy Mack", and their signature " Dancing In The Street". From 2005 to 2009, she was an elected council woman for the city of Detroit. <mask> was born in Eufaula, Alabama, the first daughter of Elijah Joshua and Ruby Lee Gilmore, and the third of the couple's 11 children. She was born in Detroit, Michigan, where her grandfather was a minister at the Metropolitan Church. The family was active in the church. The children got their love of music from their parents.Her vocal coach at Northeastern High School was Abraham Silver, who also worked with Mary Wilson and Bobby Rogers. R&B and doo-wop music inspired him as a child, and he became a fan. She left the group before they became a recording act. The Del-Phis was formed after a man named Edward "Pops" Larkins started a sister singing group to complement a male vocal group of his. Local performers like the Del-Phis. Gloria Williams hired <mask> to join the group in 1960 because he was an admirer of the group. During the 1960's and 1960's, <mask> worked several jobs by day and at night sang jazz and blues standards at some of Detroit's respected nightclubs.Mickey Stevenson gave her a business card and invited her to try out after she was spotted singing at the 20 Grand. When she showed up at the studio the next morning, she didn't know that she was going to have an auditioning. Stevenson asked her to answer the phones. Using the skills she had learned in commercial courses in high school, <mask> answered phones, took notes, and administered payroll for the famed Funk Brothers. There is a different account of this in the film Hitsville: The Making of Motown. She came to try out a few times. He said, '<mask>, you know, come back later.' I looked like I was going to cry.According to Berry Gordy, Mary Wells missed a session that was recorded without a singer present in violation of union rules. Berry said, Everybody went crazy, saying, "Well, you're doing a session in there and the Union guy is coming." We told Mickey, "Man, we've got to put somebody on the mic." His secretary overheard it, and then she grabbed the mic and started singing. She also did A&R work. The Del-Phis changed their name to The Vels in 1961. One day, when Mary Wells couldn't attend a session, <mask> stepped up to the microphone and called in the Del-Phis. <mask> and the Vandellas were born with "I'll Have to Let Him Go".<mask> called her groupmates when the Andantes couldn't make a session to back the Miracles' drummer. The ladies provided backup vocals for Marvin Gaye's "Stubborn Kind of Fellow". The single was a hit. After they had their own hits, <mask> and the Vandellas backed on his first three singles, his first album, and on stage. <mask> and the Vandellas ascended from background singers with early songs such as "Come and Get These Memories" and "Heat Wave", distinguishing the group from contemporaries and labelmates. After "Heat Wave" became the group's first million-seller, <mask> and the Vandellas quickly rose to become one of the label's top draws both as recording stars and as a successful live act. <mask> was the only consistent member of the group.Betty Kelly, a member of the Velvelettes, and one of <mask>'s sisters, were replaced by other members after the exits of Annette Beard and Rosalind Ashford. "Live Wire", "Nowhere to Run", "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)", and "I'm Ready for Love" are signature hits for the group. Their television appearances included The Mike Douglas Show, The Joey Bishop Show, American Bandstand, Where the Action Is, Shindig, Swingin' Time, and the UK show Ready Steady Go! The group was featured in a number of publications. He was an early contributor to SOUL. Major success came with challenges. They were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217When original member Rosalind Ashford left in 1968, <mask> recruited another member, and the group continued until 1972, when the Black Magic album was released. After the relocation of the label from Detroit to Los Angeles, she negotiated out of her contract. <mask>, Rosalind Ashford, and Annette Beard filed a lawsuit against the group's record label for not giving them royalties on their records since 1972. In 1991, the company reached a settlement with the women. The terms of the settlement were not made public and Berry Gordy apologized for the length of time it took to reach the agreement. After moving to Los Angeles, he was signed by MCA. Her first project was a soundtrack for a blaxploitation film.In the summer of the year, MCA released her self-titled album. It was said to be the most expensive album of that time, costing $250,000 and featuring other stars such as Billy Preston, Joe Sample and James Taylor. Despite positive reviews, it failed to generate commercial success as did the follow-ups on other labels. In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said, "This attempted masterpiece doesn't make it because Richard Perry has failed the fundamental test of the interpretive producer." She has trouble gripping complicated ideas because of her gorgeous voice. In Los Angeles, he took acting classes. She appeared in Quincy, ME and Fairy Tales.There are TVgame shows such as Hollywood Squares. In 1977 with the help of Frank Wilson, he became a born-again Christian. The church is called Zion Missionary Baptist Church. EV Hill. She worked with Clive Davis, the Chairmen of the Board's General Johnson and others, and two albums on the Fantasy label, working with Hank Cosby, Dozier and Holland. She performed on a special. She performed in a Broadway production of Ain't Misbehavin' and again with the Vandellas in 1989 on record and on tour.In 1995 and 2003 the Vandellas were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. <mask> and her sisters performed at the halftime show of the Super Bowl in 1998. In 2004, <mask> released her first album in 24 years, Home to You, with songs she wrote and produced herself, except for a Billie Holiday cover and an updated version of her big hit, "Jimmy Mack". <mask> served as an early contributor to the music newspaper, Soul, for which she was honored for by the Black Women in Publishing organization. Dancing in the Street was her best-selling book. "Wild Night" was on the soundtrack to a movie. During one of the crucial moments in the lead characters' lives, the song can be heard.<mask> has opened her live performances with this number. "Nowhere to Run" is the first record that Robin Williams played as Adrian Cronauer in the movie Good Morning, Vietnam. With the Crystal Method and a stellar group of rockers including Brain from Nine Inch Nails, Rob Fortus from Guns N' Roses and Darryl Jones from the Rolling Stones, and on Dancing With the Stars with the Temptations and Smokey Robinson. She was back on the music charts with a recording called "I'm Not Leaving" with the Crystal Method. She performed "Silver Bells" and "Higher and Higher" as a musical guest on Saturday Night Live in December 1975. <mask> held court at London'sRonnie Scott's Jazz Club with a sold out six-show stand that drew celebrity friends like Phil Collins and Boy George. Other recent appearances include Carnegie Hall, the Blue Note, the Howard Theater, the Dakota Jazz Club, and the Mouth of the Tyne Festival.In November 2015, just weeks after the terrorist bombings in Brussels and Paris, <mask> and her co-horts embarked on a sold-out tour of clubs and theatres in the city of lights and throughout Belgium. On November 25, 2012 in Detroit, <mask> received a PhD in Humanities. She was in the Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame as a solo artist. The Sandy Hosey Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to <mask> at the Artists Music Guild's Heritage Awards on November 14, 2015, in Monroe, North Carolina. Alabama's 2016 Black History calendar is sponsored by AT&T. Martha and the Vandellas played a concert at London's Hippodrome in August of 2016 where various artists recorded live albums in the 1960s and 1970s. After serving on the Detroit City Council from 2005 to 2009, <mask> returned to full-time performing with nearly 50 shows annually, including a major tour of Australia in 2010.She was nominated for two UK Festival Awards, as "Best Headliner" and "Feel Good Act of the Summer", for her performances at the festivals. There is a board member of the Detroit chapter. She testified before Congress on behalf of musicians, session singers and recording artists for better wages and royalties. She was honored for her courage and hard work by delegates. She is on the board of SoundExchange, a non-profit performance rights organization that collects royalties on behalf of sound recording copyright owners and featured artists for non-interactive digital transmissions, including satellite and internet radio. She appeared in the film Tenacious D as a passer-by listening to the duo on the boardwalk. Kyle Gass revealed this information in the film's DVD audio commentary.<mask> has performed with her sisters Lois and Delphine since the mid 1980s. <mask> was a celebrity contestant on a show in the UK. The Willie Dynamite soundtrack was released in 1973. The Rest of My Life was released in 1977 and We Meet Again was released in 1980.

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Martha Rose Reeves
Martha
Martha Rose
Reeves
Reeves
Reeves
Martha
Reeves
Martha
Martha
Martha
Martha
Martha
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Martha
Martha


texts: <mask> was a Montenegrin and Yugoslav politician. Plamenac was the leader of the True People's Party in the state that would soon transform into a kingdom and he was a supporter of the country's monarch. Plamenac denounced the king after he fled the country after it was invaded by the Central powers. Following the war, <mask> became one of the leaders of the Greens and one of the main protagonists of the 1919 Christmas Rebellion in opposition to the post-war Montenegrin unification with Serbia and subsequent creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Plamenac became the head of the Montenegrin authorities in exile after fleeing to Italy. He presided over units of exiled Greens who trained in the town of Gaeta with Italian support before being covertly shipped back home across the Adriatic where a low-level guerrilla insurgency continued even after the failed rebellion. Plamenac tried to gain international support for his organization's opposition to the newly created South Slavic state, but was unsuccessful.<mask> became a centrist politician with the People's Radical Party of Nikola Pai after he decided to cut a deal with the Kingdom's authorities. <mask> was executed by the Yugoslav Partisans in 1944. <mask> <mask> was born in the village of Boljevii. He began his education in Boljevii and Cetinje and later moved to Belgrade and Aleksinac, where he studied for a teacher. He graduated from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia in Austria-Hungary and went to the German Empire for a two-year course. He became a teacher at the theological and teacher training school in Cetinje after completing it. <mask> was the Minister of Education in the government of Tomanovi from 1907 to 1909.When the government's mandate expired in 1910, he sought control over some military affairs allocated to the Ministry of Interior. The Minister of Internal Affairs and Representative of the Minister of Education was reemployed by Duke Martinovi. The unification of the two realms was his top priority after he secured most of its present-day territory from the Ottomans. He was a close aide to the Montenegrin court during the People's Party's political dominance. After the Kingdom of Montenegro was invaded by the Central Powers during World War I, Plamenac denounced him heavily for treason and wrote for the Sarajevo's Bosnian Post that it may be. Unlike most of their generation, Plamenac's group of young and ambitious career civil servants were absolutely loyal to the king and had a pro-regime political stance. They achieved their goals through a variety of means.They were known as Uskogae because of their forced and distasteful western European fashion, which they promoted as a modern concept at the time when national attire was still a main form of dressing. The youngest ministers in Montenegrin governments were <mask> and Sekula Drljevi. Allies broke into the country by the end of the year after Montenegrin guerrillas devastated the occupying forces. He became a fierce opponent of the creation of Yugoslavia when the resistance declared a unified Serbian state. He joined the "Greens" who used armed rebellion in order to take power in Montenegro after the Podgorica Assembly deposed King Nikola and declared unification with Serbia. The commander-in-chief of the Greens was placed by him. Three days before the conflict starts, the high command authorized the use of force to defend the hot zones.Plamenac's partisan unit tried to attack the town of Virpazar on Lake Skadar, but were repelled by the Italian armed forces. The real insurgency was started around Cetinje's on January 7, 1919, after receiving contact with Italian armed forces at the coastline and securing an amount of basic weaponry. It became known as the Christmas Rebellion. The peasants in the surrounding villages were recruited by the Greens. The Montenegrin Youth of the pro-Serbian Whites and the French fought back. Between 20 and 30 Green draftees were killed and others were caught during the one-day battle. Plamenac escaped to Albania to avoid getting caught after the Whites and their supporters launched surprise attacks on the rest of the army.In exile, King Nikola called on those who were loyal to him to lay down their weapons in the name of peace and no war between brothers. The new Prime Minister of the government-in-exile was nominated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Representative of the Minister, who was also amazed by his capabilities. Plamenac complained to the international community about the lack of legality of the annexation of Montenegro. He was upset about the atrocities committed by the French and Serbian forces in Montenegro. The International Commission mandated by the Allied Powers and approved by the League of Nations did not confirm that Plamenac and the Italians were involved in the conflict in Montenegro. He traveled to London to try to get pro-Montenegrin sympathies from the United Kingdom's public. He brought the Montenegrin question to the attention of the British House of Lords, but found no support for it.In order to restore Montenegrin statehood, he wrote to the President of the United States of America. In the Italian town of Gaeta, a 1,500 men strong Army with 62 officers became financially supported by the Italian government on the proposal of the Socialists. The Montenegrin Army in exile was recognized by Plamenac's cabinet. The forces were covertly transferred to the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, where they instigated armed incidents in Montenegro, thus maintaining a form of open conflict. The property of the orchestrator of Montenegrin–Serbian unification was attacked and burned to the ground, and his father was killed. Plamenac was accused of oppression by Belgrade. By late 1920, the Constitutional Assembly elections took place in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; the Allied Powers had previously agreed to consider it a final self-determination event in Montenegro.The election was conducted with democratic standards and, in accordance to the fact that the strong majority of Montenegrins turned to vote despite the Greens' call for boycott, the Great Powers broke off diplomatic relations. Nicholas died of old age. His only son, crown prince, refused to accept the throne, so he abdicated in favor of his nephew, and remained in anonymity in Rome. According to the Constitution, Mihailo was a minor and that's why he was co-Regent of the Kingdom with Queen Milena Vukoti. France broke off relations with Italy and so the institutions were moved to San Remo in Italy. <mask> went into a personal conflict with the Italian Foreign Minister Sforza, so he was forced to resign from the seat of PM, but remained the key man behind as a member. General Anto Gvozdenovi was invited by the Queen to be the new PM.The Montenegrin government-in-exile was abolished by Queen Regent Milena because she came from a pro-Serbian family. Plamenac and 20 armed men attacked the Montenegrin Consulate at Riviera, Queen Milena's residence, and took control of the government-in-exile and the Montenegrin Archives. Although Italy considered it an internal problem, it did not want to allow a conflict on its soil, so eventually pro-Milena Milo Vujovi and his armed guards secured the structures occupied by Plamenac. Plamenac believed that the Queen Regent was not acting in the best interests of Montenegrins and that she had no authority to make such a crucial decision. The Montenegrin authorities in exile continued to exist for roughly two more years after Plamenac's acts made the Queen Regent abandon her aims. Desperate and looking for support, Plamenac headed to Rome to found a special council for the restoration of Montenegrin sovereignty, separate from the main government-in-exile which was dominated more and more by a defeatist approach. Italy expelled him as it abandoned its anti-Yugoslavian policies after the Treaty of Rapallo.A foundation of an alternate Montenegrin government-in-exile was announced by Plamenac in New York City. He was an illegal immigrant because his Montenegrin papers were no longer recognized in the world. Plamenac withdrew from the Regency in 1925 and was taken over by Gvozdenovi. The rehabilitation program of King Alexander I Karaorevi led to no charges being brought against Plamenac. <mask> swore an oath of loyalty to the king on 31 January 1925 and immediately joined the Yugoslavian political life as a member of the People's Radical Party of Pai. Even though he became a Minister in the Kingdom's Government, King Alexander remained supportive of him as part of his rehabilitation program. After Pai's death, Plamenac advanced in the Radicals' hierarchy and became a vigorous supporter and advocate of its policies.He became the regime's champion in the political fights against the Peasants of the pro-Green Montenegrin Federalist Party, accusing them of supporting Yugoslavia's destruction. Yugoslavia was partitioned in 1941 after the World War II. In collaboration with Fascist Italy, Plamenac left Belgrade for the Italian governorate of Montenegro. The Italian Fascists were defeated in 1943 and the Communists captured Plamenac in 1944. He was put to death by a firing squad after being accused of collaboration. Montenegrin people were executed fornicating with Fascist Italy and fornicating with Nazi Germany.

masks: Plamenac Plamenac Plamenac Plamenac Jovan Plamenac Plamenac Plamenac Plamenac Plamenac


texts: <mask> is an English musician best known as a guitarist. He has worked in experimental domain since the late 1960s. He is a member of Khan, Gong and System 7. <mask> was born in Chingford, which is now part of Greater London. He joined his first band, called Uriel, when he was still at school. The band split up in 1968 with the other members going on to form Egg, but they briefly re-united under assumed names to record the album Arzachel in 1969. <mask> was a guest on Egg's 1974 album.Hillage befriended local bands Caravan and Spirogyra while he was studying at the University of Kent in 1969. He had enough material for an album by the late 1970s. Caravan put him in touch with their manager Terry King, who got <mask> signed with Deram on the basis of a demo of his material recorded with the help of Dave Stewart of Egg. Hillage formed Khan with Nick Greenwood, formerly of Crazy World of Arthur Brown. Although future Gong and Hatfield and the North drummer Pip Pyle was involved in the early stages, the line-up finally settled with the inclusion of organist Dick Heninghem and drummer Eric Peachey, both of whom had recently collaborated on Greenwood's solo project Cold Cuts, recorded in California in Khan began recording their debut album in November 1971, when Heninghem had left, forcing Hillage to bring in his former bandmate Dave Stewart to play the keyboard parts. Canadian <mask>, formerly of Toronto's popular soul-rock band Grant Smith & The Power, filled the void, making his debut on a short European tour and continuing with a UK tour.The musical disagreements between Hillage and Greenwood culminated in the latter's departure. Hillage decided to form a new line-up with a slightly different direction, retaining the services of Peachey and asking Stewart back. The basis of Hillage's later Solar Musick Suite was created by "I Love Its Holy Mystery", a new composition by <mask> and Stewart. The band was broken up in 1972. Kevin Ayers' new live band Decadence joined Hillage immediately, and they toured the UK and France for two months. After hearing Camembert Electrique and Allen's solo album Banana Moon, as well as meeting his partner Miquette Giraudy through Allen, <mask> decided to join the band. He graduated to full-time membership with the departure of bassist/lead guitarist Christian Tritsch after taking part in the Flying Teapot sessions in January 1973.The 'classic' line-up of Gong was now in place, with Daevid Allen, Gilli Smyth, Didier Malherbe, Tim Blake, Mike Howlett and Pierre Moerlen, and recorded two further albums, Angels Egg and You. The debut live performance of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells was performed by <mask> and Pierre Moerlen. <mask> and Moerlen took part in a live-in-studio performance for the Second House series in 1973. The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 After Allen left Gong abruptly in April 1975, Hillage stayed on as the band's sole guitarist, but soon found this position increasingly uncomfortable, and by the year's end had jumped ship himself to launch his solo career full-time. His motivation to do so was fueled by the success of his solo album Fish Rising, recorded in late 1974 while still in Gong and featuring most of his bandmates, as well as former bandmate in Khan, Dave Stewart. Hillage's next album was recorded in the US using musicians from Todd Rundgren's Utopia, and he formed a touring band which supported Queen at Hyde Park.<mask> made a name for himself as a guitarist and composer in the late 1970s. 1977's Motivation Radio, with its shorter tracks, marked a departure from the long instrumental workouts of previous efforts, but 1978's Green, co-produced by Pink Floyd's Nick Mason, was a return to his earlier work. Complex studio production techniques were blended with dreamscape anthem in these 1970s works. <mask> worked with an ex roadie for the UK Underground and later with the saxophonist of early Hawkwind. In 1978, <mask> played in a punk band called Sham 69 at the Reading Festival and in 1979 he played in a band called The Radio Actors. Open was released on Virgin Records in 1979. <mask> worked as a record producer for artists such as Simple Minds, It Bites, Murray Head, Nash the Slash, Real Life, and Tony Banks.The Charlatans' 1994 album, Up to Our Hips, was produced by him in the 1990s. System 7 was formed in the early 1990s after hearing The Orb play his 1979 ambient record Rainbow Dome Musick. They soon became part of the underground dance scene in London and <mask> was a key figure in getting the Glastonbury Festival to recognise the dance scene and set up the Dance Tent. The musical show '1, 2, 3 Soleils' was produced by <mask> in the 1990s. He arranged a lot of Latifa's songs. He made a surprise return to the Gong fold in November 2006 when he and Giraudy performed a set consisting almost entirely of material from the Radio Gnome Trilogy and Camembert Electrique at the Gong Unconvention. In various guises, Hillage and Giraudy performed over the weekend.The band played mostly material from <mask>'s 1970s solo albums. They did a set as System 7. <mask>, along with up to 10 or more guitarists, also contributed to the "Glissando Orchestra", a one-hour plus performance where a number of guitarists all played mostly continuous drone notes with some gentle melodic lines superimposed. In January 2007, four of his albums were released in the UK on CD, with bonus tracks. Green, Live Herald, Open and For To Next/And Not Or were all re-mastered in February 2007. There was a small number of concerts held in London in June 2008, where <mask> and Giraudy were among the performers. At the Uncon, Hillage opened the show with "<mask> Band" material.<mask> and Giraudy worked on the band's album 2032 in 2009, and have continued to tour with them. <mask> and Miquette parted ways with Gong again after the 2010 tour because of musical differences. He was a guest guitarist on the title track of their 2016 album Rejoice! Their first album was recorded after the death of Daevid Allen. The current incarnation of the band had the blessing of Allen. Soon after, <mask> made a few guest appearances at Gong and later in the year, it was announced that the current lineup of Gong would be their opening act for a series of <mask>. The tour plans for 2020 were halted in the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic.<mask> collaborated with Ozric Tentacles on a 2004 album. <mask> played live with Hawkwind in December 2015 at The Coronet, London, and also played a one-hour set with Dave Brock and Tim Blake of the band at the Hawkeaster festival. The theme for The Sunday Night Project on Channel 4 was "Light in the Sky" from his 1977 album Motivation Radio. William Shatner's film Seeking Major Tom featured <mask> playing on a cover of "Rocket Man". The "Visionary" award was won by <mask>. Discography about fish rising in the UK. UK No. 33 (1976) L.Motivation Radio is a radio station in the UK. The UK No. 28 is Green. The Live Herald was published in the UK. The UK No. 54 is Rainbow Dome Musick. The Open was held in the UK. For To Next is a collection of Aura. The double album Ggggong-Go Long is an unofficial release.

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Stephen Simpson Hillage
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Val Stevens
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