texts: The 12th premier ofAlberta and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association ofAlberta from 1992 until his retirement in 2006 was a Canadian politician and journalist. <mask> was the 32nd mayor ofCalgary from 1980 to 1989. He was born and grew up in Canada. After dropping out of High School in the 11th grade, <mask> joined the Royal Canadian Air Force reserves and attended the business college. <mask> later worked in public relations with non-profits. The challenges of the working class, social outcasts and First Nations were reported by <mask> after he became a prominent local journalist. The boom and bust of the oil industry in the 1980s was overseen by <mask>, who was elected Mayor of the city in 1980.<mask> served as Environment Minister in the Cabinet of Don Getty for four years after he resigned as Mayor. In 1992, <mask> was elected as leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta and went on to lead the party to a majority government in the 1993 election. After 14 years as premier, <mask>'s tenure ended when Ed Stelmach took office. <mask> won four consecutive majority governments as premier. Early in his term, <mask>'s informal style endeared him to the people of the province, and his political longevity and centralized management style earned him the nickname "<mask>". During <mask>'s time as premier, he oversaw a short period of drastic cuts to the public service and privatization of government services, this fiscal strategy ended in the late 1990s as rising oil and gas prices increased provincial tax revenues resulting in spending increases and paying down of the provincial government debt. <mask> was the son of Philip Andrew <mask> and Florence JeanetteHarper.His paternal grandparents came from Germany and England. Phil was a poor man who rode the rails during the Great Depression in order to find work. He married a waitress and lived in the basement of her parents' house in order to make ends meet while working in construction. When he was five or six years old, <mask>'s parents separated and he lived with his maternal grandparents in the north end of the city and with his mother in Rocky Mountain House. <mask>'s father was a professional wrestler for most of the 1950s using the name Phil "The Killer" <mask> and later became a businessman after separating from his mother. After dropping out of high school in grade 11, <mask> joined the Royal Canadian Air Force and went on to complete high school. After his 18th birthday, <mask> returned home from the Air Force.<mask> was a teacher and principal of the College after studying accounting and business administration. He studied at a university. <mask> took a position as a public relations official at the Red Cross and United Way's offices in Canada in the 1960's. On April 29, 1961, <mask> married Hepner. <mask> was training with the Air Force when they met. As two strong willed individuals, there were many difficulties in maintaining their relationship, and after several separations in the late-1960s and early-1970s, <mask> and Hilda formally divorced on March 29, 1972 with adultery cited as the grounds for divorce. They got custody of their two children.Colleen Evelyn Hamilton, a single mother with two children working as an accounting clerk with Imperial Oil and as a bartender by night, was married to <mask> for three months after his divorce. They were married in Colleen's mother's basement and had a child together. <mask> was a radio and television personality in the 70's and 80's. He was the Senior Civic Affairs reporter. <mask> was a reporter who could see through rhetoric and built a reputation for thorough reporting. <mask> was ostracized from the journalist community because of his reporting style. <mask> would still appear in the afternoon with a new story despite skipping morning assignment meetings.<mask> was a frequent patron of the St. Louis Hotel bar in the East Village of the City. Following the election of anti-establishment Mayor Rod Sykes, <mask>'s early civic affairs beat centered around him. The relationship between the Mayor and <mask> could be described as fleeting, as <mask> warned the Mayor of a cannabis bust involving the Mayor's 13-year old son, which <mask> believed would involve planting the drugs on the minor. <mask>'s reasons were somewhat selfish, as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation story on a proposed convention centre benefiting from city sources would have been released before <mask>'s story on the topic. The invasion of privacy charges were thrown out of court because of the leak of the meeting recordings. <mask> reported on stories which emphasized the lower-class, outcasts and challenges faced by those who did not benefit from urban renewal after the 1973 oil crisis. Through his work, <mask> built strong relationships with the community and helped show a more accurate and generous image of the Chinatown area.<mask> produced compelling and vivid stories about biker gangs which were both open and critical about the organizations, all the while building strong relationships by both living and partying with the gangs. <mask> was hired by Thompson MacDonald to investigate the feelings of the Blackfoot people about the 100th anniversary of Treaty Seven. The news director was worried about <mask>'s behavior because he did not contact MacDonald for a long period of time. After being arrested for a bar fight with a government official, <mask> made contact from jail. <mask> was introduced to the indigenous religion by members of the Blackfoot, who provided him with a spiritual advisor. <mask>'s reporting resulted in a moving documentary about the gap between white intentions and aboriginal realities. <mask>'s documentary focused on the poverty and difficulty of life, and interviewed grocery store owners who sold huge quantities of vanilla extract to desperate alcoholics at inflated prices.<mask> only shared the elements outside of the documentary with close friends and family because he valued his time living with the Blackfoot people. <mask> was christened "White Writer" by the Siksika and called a friend. Mayor <mask> was dissatisfied with the direction of the city and the proposed civic centre. The proposed city centre required City Council to purchase properties in a five block area. His topics included his displeasure with the city's heavy-handed "block busting" and expropriation tactics, the polluted state of the Bow River, transportation planning and the Ctrain, weakness of open government and freedom of information, but always. <mask> was able to grab the attention of voters in the city through his articles. <mask> rushed over and filmed the event after he was told that a film crew and actor were digging through garbage in a downtown alleyway.An advertising agency admitted to producing an election television advertisement for Mayor Alger. Alger had previously noted his new "civic centre" would remove undesirable populations, and the report on the advertisement showed him as cynical and manipulative. Dreams, Schemes and Sandstone Dust brought the human element to the civic centre debate, interviewing the bar regulars, hotel tenants and small business owners who were set to be bulldozed, creating a narrative that the areas historic but rundown buildings were worth preserving. The morning after the film crew incident, <mask> appeared at the news meeting and announced he would run for Mayor against Alger. <mask>'s campaign got off to a rocky start with little funds and little knowledge of how to organize volunteers. He hired two people to co-manage his campaign, but neither was very good at it. After convincing <mask> to run for Mayor, a group of 20 of his friends formed the "Klein Gang", which remained with him throughout his political career.His campaign began to take off after he opened his office in a small space donated by a local businessman. He first met Rod Love in this office. Love initially offered to work for Alger's campaign, but was not offered a position he was interested in. Despite being strained financially, the <mask> campaign continued to grow, raising a total of $22,000. In the week before the election, <mask>'s public position was thought to be neck and neck with Alger, and ahead of Petrasuk. Alger had accumulated $150,000 for the election, had strong support in the Chamber of Commerce, and a clean name. Petrasuk was a prominent lawyer with a large ethnic voter base.<mask> tried to get an endorsement from the former Mayor who still held sway amongst voters, but he declined as he had previously promised the other candidates he would not endorse any candidate, but agreed to an interview which he would say that <mask> stood a chance in the election. The final mayoral debate took place 36 hours before the polls opened, with Alger and Petrasuk battling over rising budgets while <mask> ignored the topics and spoke of accountability, open government and making Calgarians proud of the city. <mask>'s victory on October 15, 1980 came as a shock to many in the city including his own father who refused to believe the news, and shortly afterwards <mask> was installed as the 32nd Mayor of the city. <mask> was declared "The People's Mayor" by the Herald a day after the election. <mask> was re-elected twice. <mask> began his term as mayor with a significant infrastructure project. As the city prepared a bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics, the Flames were relocated to the city.A stadium was necessary for both purposes and City Council debated the merits of several locations for the city's new Olympic Coliseum and narrowed their choices to two areas in the Victoria Park neighbourhood on the east end of downtown. Two other sites, one on the west end of downtown, and a late bid by several businessmen pushing to build the arena in the northern suburb of Airdrie were also considered. If necessary, the Victoria Park Community Association will oppose the city's Olympic bid. On March 3, 1981 City Council voted to build a 20,000 seat arena on the grounds of the Stampede. The community continued to fight the city over the re-zoning of the land to allow for the new arena despite fears of traffic congestion in their neighbourhood which resulted in numerous costly delays to the start of construction. In July 1981 the provincial government was asked to take over the land designated for the arena in order to end the battle. Despite protests by community associations, the province supported the city and allowed construction to begin.Builders began construction of the arena on July 29, 1981. The XV Olympic Winter Games official report stated that the fact that this facility was already being built added credibility to the bid and proved to be a positive factor. The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in the first Canadian city to host the winter games. The Canadian Olympic Association proposed a bid that would spend three times as much as the other group. The city competed against other bids for the Olympics, including one from Sweden and another from Italy. The games were viewed as a success by <mask> and the city of calgary, but it was not without its issues. OCO'88 was forced to admit that up to 50 percent of seats to top events had gone to insiders after residents were promised that only 10 percent of tickets would go to "Olympic insiders".The organizing committee admitted that it had failed to properly communicate the obligations it had to supply IOC officials and sponsors with priority tickets. OCO'88's ticketing manager was charged with theft and fraud after he sent modified ticket request forms to Americans that asked them to pay in US funds rather than Canadian funds, and to return them to his company's post office box. <mask> mistook the King of Norway Olav V for his driver and asked him to get the car. After <mask> bummed a cigarette from him, Olav explained who he was as he pulled out his silver cigarette case. Light rail transit <mask> oversaw the development of the Ctrain, which began operation on May 25, 1981 shortly after <mask>'s first term began, and expanded as the city has increased in population. The system is part of the transportation department in the city. Political pressures led to the commission of the "Northeast Line", which runs from Whitehorn station to the downtown core, with a new downtown terminal station for both lines.The "Northwest Line", the extension of the South Line to the city's northwest, opened in time for the 1988 Winter Olympics. The National Energy Program was introduced in the October 1980 budget by the federal government in order to impose revenue-sharing burdens on oil and gas revenues in the province. The city had an economic boom while he was mayor. This was not the same as the global recession of the 1980s. Many unskilled labourers came from all over the country to work in the city. <mask> gained national attention by blaming easterners for straining the city's social services and police. <mask> was a supporter of the Liberal Party.He supported Brian Mulroney in the federal election. <mask> was approached by the premier to join the Progressive Conservative Party. As the financial position of the province deteriorated with the drop in oil and gas prices, he saw the popular Calgary Mayor as a valuable candidate. <mask> demanded a Cabinet position in the government. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney offered <mask> a cabinet appointment in exchange for joining the federal Progressive Conservatives, but <mask>'s wife was against the move. In the 1989 general election, <mask> was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the riding of Calgary-Elbow. <mask> defeated Gilbert Clark and two others with over 50 per cent of the vote.He had to wait two months to be elected to the "safe" Progressive Conservative district of Stettler after losing his home seat in the election. The consolidation of environmental statutes was one of the accomplishments of <mask> as Minister of the Environment. <mask> had a positive reputation amongst industry and environmentalists. <mask> dealt with a number of controversial issues, including the Oldman River Dam. There was a general election in 1993 in which the support of the Progressive Conservatives was dropping. An $11-billion debt was caused by the average deficits of $2.6-billion per year that the government ran. With polls showing the Liberals ahead, he decided to retire from politics in 1992.The Liberals made gains when they criticized the Progressive Conservatives' fiscal responsibility, the province's rapidly rising debt, and the government's involvement in the private sector. Prior to the 1992 convention, the leadership selection rules were changed to a one member, one vote system, which required at least one candidate to get a plurality of votes. Up to the close of the polls, party membership could be purchased. Nancy Betkowski, the Minister of Health, and seven other candidates competed against <mask>. <mask> made arguments similar to Liberal leader Decore's while campaigning for Progressive Conservative leadership. His government was declared "out of the business of business" after he favored a near-immediate balancing of the provincial budget and rapid debt repayment thereafter. Reporters, politicians and other candidates criticized <mask> for his off approach to governance and partying."We can't win this province back - we can't be the government - with a smoking, drinking, paving, glad-handing premier," said Minister of Culture Doug Main. <mask> came second in the first ballot with 16,362 votes, one behind Betkowski. <mask> received an overwhelming majority with 46,245 votes (60 per cent) compared to Betkowski's 31,722, and was elected leader of the Progressive Conservatives, and one week later was sworn in as the premier. Despite endorsements from the Progressive Conservative caucus for Betkowski, <mask>'s success at the leadership convention was a surprise to political observers. <mask>'s victory has been attributed to populist support from rural Albertans who purchased memberships between the first and second ballot. The 12th premier of the province was appointed on December 14, 1992. Seven months after <mask>'s appointment as premier, the new government began preparing for an election.Nancy Betkowski, John Oldring, Doug Main, and Rick Orman did not contest the 1993 election. During the 1993 campaign, <mask> highlighted the changes he had implemented during his short time as premier. Decore argued that the Progressive Conservative party had no moral authority on the issues that <mask> was campaigning on. The 1993 election was a success for <mask> even though his party lost eight seats. The Progressive Conservatives gained 0.2 per cent of the popular vote in 1989 and retained a majority government, with all but two seats in Calgary. Decore's Liberals formed opposition with 32 seats and 40 per cent of the popular vote, while Ray Martin's New Democrats lost 16 seats and were shut out of the Legislature. The 1993 election was <mask>'s least successful provincial election, with the 32 Liberals forming the largest opposition during <mask>'s 12 years as premier.<mask>'s 1997 election reached a plurality of voters with 51 per cent of the popular vote and 63 seats in the Legislature. In the 2001 election, <mask>'s government won 62 per cent of the popular vote and 74 of the 83 seats. Nancy MacBeth, the former leader of the Progressive Conservative, was defeated in the 2001 election. In 2004, <mask>'s final election as premier, the Progressive Conservative's support dropped and they lost 62 seats with 47 per cent of the popular vote. The world price of oil dropped from over US$35 per barrel to below $10. As a result of the crises of the 1970s and 1979 and high fuel prices, the economic activity in industrial countries slowed in the early 1980s. The world is in a surplus of oil, according to Time Magazine.By 1993, the debt of the province had reached C$23 billion. The early 1990s recession was largely mitigated by lower oil prices. The first financial challenge of <mask>'s

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texts: premiership was the generous payments and "double-dipping" where former cabinet ministers were able to draw immediate pension payments while sitting as backbenchers. <mask> tried to diffuse the issue by amending the plan, but when that didn't satisfy the public, he eliminated the pension plan entirely and added to his credibility. <mask>'s long-term goals were balanced budgets and repayment of the debt. The basis of <mask>'s 1993 provincial election was the Financial Review Committee's 1993 report which promised to balance the provincial budget by 1997 without raising taxes. The Klein Revolution, also known as the "Alberta Advantage", was the core of the economic plan.The elimination of more than 4,000 public service positions through amalgamation or elimination of government agencies was the first priority. The privatization of liquor retailers and motor vehicle and property registration services resulted in the elimination of more than 1,700 government jobs. The 1994 budget required all departments to cut 20 per cent from their operating budgets and all public servants including Members of the Legislative Assembly, civil servants, teachers, nurses and university staff saw a 5 per cent pay cut and a two year salary freeze. The Klein government initiated the sale of the provincial Crown Corporations and investments, including the public telephone company, AGT, alcohol sales, and provincial ownership stakes in other business entities. By 1995 due to rising non-renewable resource revenue, corporate tax revenue and gambling taxes the Klein government had balanced the budget and eliminated the province's deficit two years ahead of schedule. In the years after 1995 oil and natural gas prices continued to rise, generating significant royalty revenue for the province. Klein's new challenge was to convince the public to invest in services that were recently cut.The Canadian Taxpayers Federation and other conservative thinktanks rebuked the administration for increasing government spending by 60 per cent between 1997 and 2001. <mask> wanted to create a streamlined and efficient government that relied on privatization and contracting. Ted Gaebler, co-author of Reinventing Government, was brought in by the Progressives to advise on the reforms. In 2004, <mask> announced that the province had set aside funds to repay its public debt. The inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was under $25 from the mid-1980s to September 2003 In the mid 1990's a rebound in the price of oil led to big provincial surpluses. The price of oil went up to $50 in 2004.A series of events led the price to exceed $60 by August 11, 2005, leading to a record-speed hike that reached $75 by the middle of 2006 David Taras argued that <mask> failed at public policy because he was popular. At the expense of hospitals, roads, light rail transit lines, and investing in better health-care services or education, he focused on paying down the fiscal debt during the oil boom. <mask> had the trust and popularity to do almost anything he wanted and survive, and his fiscal achievements early in his career were significant, but he failed at health reform and economic diversification. <mask> contemplated government oil royalty payments as the global price of oil increased. The "Prosperity Bonus" was announced in September 2005, and was given to every Albertan who filed a tax return. The program involved a one-time $400 payment from the Government of Alberta in the form of a mailed cheque to each resident of the province who were not in prison.Critics said the Prosperity Bonus program would be better spent on infrastructure, health or education. <mask> defended the payment, saying that it meant a lot to some people and that they could send it back or donate it to charity if they didn't want it. "I think we missed some great opportunities to invest in our post-secondary education systems; instead, we frittered away our money." People got a couple of dinners and put some gas in their Hummer. The <mask> government focused on health care and funding. The Regional Health Authorities Act was introduced by the <mask> government in 1994. The hospital boards were given the power to decide which hospitals would be closed.The General Hospital in calgary was demolished via implosion in 1998 and one other hospital in calgary was also closed. The number of acute care beds was halved in three years. The Health Care Protection Act was introduced by the <mask> government in 2000 and was met with protests at the Legislature. The bill allowed for-profit clinics to perform minor surgeries and keep patients overnight. <mask> was forced to back away from the reform he still supported because of the protests caused by the two sitting NDP MLAs. The Health Care Protection Act was not deemed to violate the Canada Health Act by the Federal Health Minister. The <mask> government continued to look for ways to save money in health care, and in early 2002 the Premier's Advisory Council on Health led by Don Mazankowski released its framework for reform report.More choice, more private involvement, more competition and accountability, less comprehensiveness, and increased user medicare co-payments were some of the recommendations fully accepted by the government. Observers expected the direction of the report to be more radical. The 2002 budget raised medicare premiums, tobacco and liquor taxes, eliminated dental and optical subsidies for senior citizens, and cut the corporate tax rate. The "third way" of health care would lie between the American system and the Canadian system. A series of provincial health care reforms could potentially violate the Canada Health Act. <mask>'s reforms would have allowed for-profit care, allowed patients to pay cash for some surgery, and allowed doctors to practice in both the public and private health systems. The third way was not legislated because of public outcry.<mask> threw the Liberal health care policy book at the seventeen-year-old page who had delivered the book during question period in the legislature. The booklet with the caption "Policy on the fly" was sold on eBay for a reported $1,400. He apologized for calling the Liberal leader a liar on the floor of the legislature, which is considered unparliamentary language. He apologized to the speaker. I will not use the word 'fib'. Most of the time, he doesn't tell the whole truth. <mask> stated "I'm no doctor, but I think that Mr. McG" after he commented on <mask>'s proposal to allow quicker access to surgery for those who pay for it.The city's boom peaked in 1981 with the average annual price of oil. The budget surplus was $4 billion in 2004. The surplus was used to eliminate the debt. The collapse of the oil industry was cited by industry as a result of the drops in oil prices. The recovery was hampered by low oil prices. The federal and provincial governments introduced major investment incentives for oil sands companies. The tax write-offs for oil sands firms were reformed.<mask> created a generic royalty that only required token payments in the first years of the megaprojects. This helped oil sands development. <mask> changed the royalty system in order to make oil companies pay only one per cent of their profits to the province. Once the recovery cost was reached, the royalty went up to 25 per cent. There was almost $4 billion in oil sands royalties in 2006 according to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. <mask> and Dick Cheney met in June of 2003 to discuss the route of an Alaskan oil line. Cheney was an advocate of energy independence in the oil industry.One of the most common concerns at the end of <mask>'s term was that Albertans weren't getting enough money for their resources. The discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in May 2003 was a significant challenge for the agriculture industry. The cow was removed so that it wouldn't be fed to animals or humans. The head was sent to the United Kingdom to be tested for mad cow. The slaughter of 2,700 head of cattle was the result of an investigation by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The United States and Japan halted the export of Canadian beef immediately. In December of 2003 a case of BSE was discovered in a cow imported from Canada to a farm in Washington."I guess any self-respecting rancher would have shot, shovelled and shut up, but he didn't do that," <mask> said when he made a public statement. The U.S. border has stopped the export of Canadian beef cattle. Japan made it clear that it might rethink taking U.S. beef if it had Canadian beef mixed in with it. The United States lifted restrictions on Canadian beef imports in stages, starting with cattle under 30 months of age in late-2003, then meat products in 2004, and then greater trade reductions in July 2005. The final BSE related restrictions on Canada beef were lifted in 2019. The Minister of Environment approved the construction of the largest pulp mill in North America in December 1990. The pulp mill was the first in a new generation constructed to meet higher environmental standards.<mask> called it a "sweetheart deal" that the province gave a loan of $264 million to the company. The loan was written off by <mask> against the advice of the Auditor General and the Provincial Treasurer when prices were low. During the announcement, <mask> flipped off an environmental activist who was protesting the government's approval. <mask> said that the protester made the offensive gesture first. The common law definition of marriage was found to violate section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by the Court of Appeal for Ontario. <mask> repeated a promise to use the Notwithstanding Clause in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to veto any requirement that the province register same-sex marriages. The Marriage Amendment Act was passed by the Legislature of the province ofalberta in 2000 to define marriage exclusively as an opposite-sex union and attempt to insulate the decision by using the Notwithstanding Clause.<mask> called for a national referendum on the issue of same-sex marriage. The plan was quickly rejected by the government of Paul Martin. <mask> announced that his government would fight the distribution of same-sex marriage licences after the Parliament of Canada approved same-sex marriage in 2005. The marriages were officially acknowledged by the government on June 20, 2005, despite the fact that there was no legal way to oppose the federal act. <mask>'s government re-organized the sheriffs branch into its current state. The <mask> government used the precursor to the Sheriffs Branch for special provincial law enforcement duties. In 2006 the Sheriffs Branch was expanded rapidly to take on assignments that used to be handled by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.The law enforcement response teams were created at this time. Environment <mask>'s social and environmental views were seen as callous by his opponents. <mask> was choosing appropriate priorities for limited government funding according to supporters. The Kyoto Accord was opposed to by <mask> because he felt it would hurt the economy of the province that was a major producer of oil and natural gas. A massive carbon-capture project was initiated by the previous government. Prior to the 2004 election, <mask> stated his intention to serve only one more term in office. Pressure mounted on <mask> to set a firm date and, following such a request from Elzinga, <mask> announced on March 14, 2006 that he would be stepping down on October 31, 2007.After a successor is chosen at the party's leadership election, he proposed that his resignation take effect in early 2008. The timetable was announced days before the review of <mask>'s leadership was to take place. His retirement schedule and his announcement that any cabinet minister who wanted to run for leader must resign by June 2006 caused a lot of controversy. When the leadership review ballot was held, only 55 per cent of the delegates supported <mask>. The 90 per cent level of support he had won at previous reviews was lower than <mask> said he needed in order to continue. It was described as a crushing blow to <mask>'s leadership. <mask> had said before the vote that he would resign if he did not win the leadership review.<mask> thanked delegates for their support and said he would take several days to make a decision. <mask> announced at a press conference on April 4, 2006 that he would submit a letter to the PC party in September asking for a leadership contest because of thelukewarm vote for his continued leadership. After a successor was named, <mask> would step down as party leader and premier and assist the new leader in their transition to premier. On September 20, 2006 <mask> officially handed in his resignation as party leader. The new PC Leader, Ed Stelmach, assumed office on December 14, 2006 and <mask> remained premier. On January 15, 2007, <mask> resigned from the legislature. On January 18, 2007, the law firm Borden Ladner Gervais announced that <mask>, who is not a lawyer, would join their firm as a senior business adviser who would bring "valuable insights to our clients as they look to do business in Canada and North America".In a July 9, 2007, interview on Business News Network, <mask> criticized Conservative PM StephenHarper and Federal Finance Minister Jim Flaherty for not keeping their word on Income Trust taxation. The change in tax rules cost investors $35 billion in market value. During the 2006 federal election, StephenHarper promised not to raid seniors' nest eggs. <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France. The creation was approved by the Government of Canada. On March 20, 2010, <mask> appeared on his own television game show called On the Clock. <mask> awards "Ralphbucks" to the contestants whose answers he found the best in a game show.The winner of the game is determined at the end of the game. <mask>, a lifetime smoker, died of COPD on December 15, 2010. Hal Walker commented that <mask> was not well. <mask> was reported to be suffering from Pick's disease on April 8, 2011. <mask> was hospitalized in September of 2011. He died in Canada. The Order of La Pléiade was given to the premier and speaker of the American region of the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie.<mask> was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour by France in 2008. In 2002 he received the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee medal and in 2005 and 2012 he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal. In late 2012 I was a member of the Order of Canada. In 1980, <mask> was made a Blackfoot Chief under the name "Oots-squi-peeks" meaning "Blue Bird", one of only two to be honoured as such. <mask> was prepared for provincial elections in sweat lodges, had an eagle feather in his briefcase, and hung sweetgrass braids in his office. It is the first park to be named after a former mayor. Before it enters the Bow River system, the Environmental Education Centre and man-made wetlands are needed.The inability for controversy or scandal to weaken his public perception was one of the reasons why he was known for public gaffes. <mask>'s exploits while under the influence of alcohol were well known and publicized. Prior to his successful campaign for leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association, <mask> was pressed by reporters and politicians on his drinking. There is a busy reputation for <mask>'s liver. <mask> said that he likes to party. I've told my colleagues that I enjoy a drink or two. I can change.I'm not saying I'm going to quit. <mask> preferred private card rooms, video lottery terminals and horse racing at casinos. <mask> had a borderline gambling addiction and had lost up to $7,000 in a single night. <mask> was patched over to the Hells Angels after he was photographed in a bar drinking with two members of the Grim Reapers Motorcycle Club. This photo was used against him by the Hells Angels after he objected to them patching over two motorcycle clubs. The December 1990 incident where <mask> was photographed giving the finger to a protester at a news conference was one of many run-ins with protesters. A youth court judge who had suggested he would not sit in order to protest proposed reductions to provincial court justice salaries was brought before the Supreme Court of Canada for raising concerns about judicial independence.The court said the comment was unfortunate. The public's opinion of <mask>'s alcohol consumption reached a boiling point in December 2001 when he visited a homeless shelter while drunk. <mask> argued with homeless men who were denied a bed because they had been drinking. <mask> told the men to get a job, which was rebuked by some of the men who said they couldn't afford housing. <mask> was shuffled out of the centre while he threw money at a homeless man. When rumors of the event began to pop-up amongst the media, <mask> was unable to remember the event, according to biographer Don Martin. <mask> called a press conference after the event and admitted he had an alcohol problem and promised to stop drinking.He said alcohol was an "awful beast" but did not say he had alcoholism. During his 2001 general election party, <mask> admitted to being intoxicated at many moments in his life, including when he introduced former US President Bill Clinton and at the public memorial for Ed Whalen. The Western Standard magazine came under fire for printing comments about <mask>'s wife. According to an unnamed source, Colleen <mask> will return to being just another Indian once she stops being the premier's wife. During a charity roast on November 9, 2006 <mask> made a lewd joke at the expense of former Conservative Member of Parliament. Peter MacKay is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. <mask>'s spokesman pointed out that Ms. Stronach roasted the premier two years ago and made remarks about his weight, his clothing and even his flatulence.There are links to deaths from dementia and lung disease in

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texts: <mask> mac Colmin was a king. The son of king Colmn mac Cobthaig was a member of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne. Guaire ruled at the height of Ui Fiachrach Aidne power. <mask> is thought to have succeeded his father as king of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne in 622. He was defeated in the Battle of Carn Feradaig by the king of the province Falbe Flann mac edo Duib. The Ui Maine's Conall mac Mele Dib was killed. The reason for this campaign was to get the Thomond region back.The true expansion of the Déisi Tuisceart is thought to have been marked by this defeat. He believes that the defeat may have paved the way for the acquisition of the overlordship of Connacht. The Battle of Carn Conaill was the next event in the history of Guaire. He was put to flight by the king of Brega. The war was fought between Diarmait and the other side. Cumméne Fota, the Abbot of Clonfert, was sent by Guaire to ask for a truce, but Diarmait refused. Caimmn put a curse on Guaire before the battle.<mask> was able to turn his defeat into a moral victory when he outdid the high-king with his generosity to the poor. He received a peace treaty and friendship. The king of the U, Cn <mask>, was killed in the battle, according to the saga. The improbability of the U Liathain being involved in a conflict far from their territory is one of the reasons why this is not probable. The saga tradition is preserved in the Annals of Tigernach. The 8th century poem The Lament of Créide is a poem written about a young man of the Ui Fidgenti. Cumméne Fota of Clonfert, Caimmn of Inis Celtra, and Colmn <mask> of Kilmacduagh are some of the saints that Guaire has relations with.He was related to two 8th century abbots of the church at Tuam Gréine. The expansion of saints up the Shannon seems to have been patronised by him. Overlordship of the Corco Mruad and Corco Baiscind tribes, as well as actual holdings in the later territory of Dl gCais, must have been part of his influence. The exiled prince of Dalriada comes to live at the court of <mask>'s daughter and she falls in love with him. Creide was married to the king of the Ui Maine. The Heavy Company of Guaire was visited by the Chief Ollam of Ireland. The legacy of Guaire is listed after his brother, loingsech mac Colmin.He may have entered a religious life after his defeat at Carn Conaill. <mask> was over-king of Connacht until his death in 663. He was buried in Ireland. The U Briin became kings of Connacht after the Ui Fiachrach lost power. In the 700's, the Déisi Tuisceart would permanently annex to Munster in what is now County Clare. The children and descendants of Guaire were known as Cellach <mask>iri, Artgal mac Guairi, and Muirchertach Nr mac Guairi. The families of  Cléirigh, O'Shaughnessy, Colton, Mac Kilkelly, and others are descended from Guaire.Major-General William O'Shaughnessy is the main compiler of the Annals of the Four Masters. Margaret Heckler, born 1931, is a US Republican politician and the President of Canadian Pacific Railway. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, the main family of this name is descended from Guaire of Aid. A comprehensive history of King <mask>y's and The Hynes of Ireland, both of which were published by Appin Press. The History of Ireland T.M.Charles-Edwards and Francis J. Byrne wrote about the Irish Annals. In riu 25 (1974), Sen wrote "The Structure of a Literary Cycle". Medieval Irish poets 663 deaths Kings of Connacht People from County Galway Year of birth unknown 7th-century Irish poets

masks:
Guaire Aidne
Guaire
Guaire
mac Conaill
mac Duach
Guaire
Guaire
mac Gua
Guaireughness


texts: <mask> is a Singaporean politician and former brigadier-general who has served as Prime Minister of Singapore and secretary-general of the People's Action Party since 2004. He was the deputy prime minister between 1990 and 2004 and the finance minister between 2001 and 2007. <mask> is the son of Singapore's first prime minister, <mask>. He graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a degree in computer science. He received a Master of Public Administration from the Kennedy School of Government in 1980. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general after serving in the Singapore armed forces. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Teck Ghee in 1984 and has represented Ang Mo Kio since 1991.Before becoming prime minister in 2004, <mask> served as a minister. His government extended maternity leave days and instituted a five-day work week in his first two years. His proposal to build two Integrated Resorts in Singapore to increase tourism revenue led to the development of the Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa. He oversaw the country's economic recovery after the Great Recession. Political reforms in 2010 legalised online activism and increased the number of non-constituency members of parliament. The Goods and Services Tax is expected to be raised from 7% to 9% by the year 2025. The Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act was introduced in 2019.<mask> promoted Heng Swee Keat to deputy prime minister. <mask>'s government has stayed neutral in an era of great power competition between China and the United States. Both the Chinese and Singaporean governments have cooperated on projects, with <mask>'s government backing China's Belt and Road Initiative as one of its largest investors. The United States and Singapore signed a strategic framework agreement in 2005 to cooperate on terrorist and cyber threats. <mask>'s government has had complex and fraught relations with Malaysia, particularly with regard to water supply and territorial claims, although the countries have agreed to work on cross-border projects. On February 10, 1952, <mask>sien loong was born at the KK Women's and Children's Hospital in Singapore, while Singapore was a British colony. His paternal grandmother was a Hakka and his mother was from China.According to <mask> Yew's biography, the younger <mask> had learned the Jawi script by age five, and has always been interested in the affairs of Singapore. <mask> went to National Junior College after graduating from Catholic High School, where he played clarinet in the school band. He received two scholarships in 1971 to study mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He graduated in 1974 with first-class honours in mathematics and a degree in computer science, which is equivalent to a master's degree in computer science. <mask> was described by his college tutor as the best mathematician he had ever studied. <mask> would have been a world-class research mathematician, but his father persuaded him to leave the field. He received a master's degree in public administration from Harvard University in 1980.From 1974 to 1984 <mask> was an officer in the military. He was the Chief of Staff of the General Staff and the Director of the Joint Operations and Plans in 1978 when he attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College. After his promotion to brigadier-general in July 1983, <mask> became the youngest brigadier-general in Singaporean history. He was in charge of the rescue operations after the cable car disaster. After leaving the Singapore Army in 1984 to pursue civilian politics, <mask> was the commanding officer of the 23rd Battalion Singapore Artillery. In the 1980s, <mask> was seen as the core member of the next group of new leaders in the People's Action Party, as <mask> Yew announced that he would step down as prime minister. After the 1984 general election, all of the old Central Executive Committee members resigned.<mask> was first elected Member of Parliament in 1984 at the age of 32. He became Minister of State in the Ministry of Trade and Industry. In 1985 <mask> chaired the government's economic committee, which recommended changes to established government policies to reduce business costs, foster longer-term growth and revive the Singapore economy, which was experiencing a recession at the time. Reductions in corporate and personal taxes were recommended by the committee. <mask> was the acting trade and industry minister. He became a full member of the Cabinet in 1987 as the minister for trade and industry. The question of encouraging younger Singaporeans to join the party was discussed by the first deputy prime minister.Material rewards should not be an incentive for the proposed committee, as it should only attract the right kinds of members. The youth wing was to encourage the improvement of the system from within and give new members a stake in the country's future. <mask> said the establishment of the youth wing reflected concerns by the leadership that the lack of an official channel to engage with the younger generation might lead them to vote for opposition parties and potentially bring the PAP government down. Dissenting opinions were allowed to be heard through the youth wing. <mask> was the first chairman of the PAP Youth Committee. On November 28, 1990, the deputy prime minister became the prime minister. One of the two deputy prime ministers was <mask>sien loong.He was the minister for trade and industry until 1992, when he was diagnosed with lymphoma. He continued to be a deputy prime minister even after giving up his position as a minister. His cancer has gone into remission after the successful treatment. In 1998 <mask> was appointed chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore and in 2001 he became the finance minister. <mask> proposed to raise the Goods and Services Tax from three per cent to five per cent in August 2003 in order to ease the growing budget deficit due to falling tax revenues from cuts in corporate and personal income taxes and other factors. For foreign-born children of Singaporean women, <mask> initiated several amendments to render requirements for Singapore citizenship less restrictive. The changes were made after repeated pleas from the Remaking Singapore Committee.Taiwan, an island claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has been ruled by the Republic of China (ROC) since 1949, was visited by <mask> on July 10, 2004. After the severing of diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on 3 October 1990 in favour of the People's Republic of China, the Singapore government maintains a policy of neutrality in the Cross-Strait relations between the two sides. It was important for <mask> to get a personal feel for the situation in Taiwan to facilitate the policy. The ministry of foreign affairs advised against any visit by the prime minister. The visit was planned a month before <mask> became the premier and in his capacity as a private citizen, not a state leader, with the PRC embassy informed on 9 July 2004. The same afternoon, the PRC government summoned the Singapore ambassador in Beijing and urged the cancellation of <mask>'s trip, citing the likelihood that Chen Bian's administration would exploit it as a diplomatic coup and use it to promote Taiwan independence. The Foreign Minister replied that Taiwan had been told to keep the visit low-profile and that it would proceed.China retaliated by cancelling several visits by high-ranking PRC officials to Singapore and delaying planned signing ceremonies, suggesting that free trade negotiations would also be pushed back. The matter was further complicated by the fact that Taiwanese media fronted the visit and portrayed it as a diplomatic breakthrough, which raised tensions with the PRC. The PRC's strong-arm tactics and failure to commit to a peaceful agenda were made public by Singapore in its local media. In his first National Day Rally speech as prime minister, <mask> criticized the Taiwanese leadership for their pro-independence stance. He said that Singapore's decision to stand firm on its vital interests had earned it international respect. The end of the dispute was marked when <mask> met Hu Jintao at the APEC Economics Leaders' Meeting in 2004. On August 12 2004, <mask> became Prime Minister and gave up his chairmanship of the Monetary Authority of Singapore to Goh.<mask> was sworn in by Chief Justice Yong Pung How. <mask> became chairman of the People's Association when he was prime minister. The policy of the "five-day work week" was one of the new initiatives announced by <mask> in his maiden National Day Rally speech. On 1 January 2005, the plan took effect. After consultation with employers and unions, maternity leave was extended from eight to twelve weeks. To encourage the growth of the birthrate in Singapore, the Baby Bonus scheme was expanded to provide financial support to women who bear a fourth child. <mask> sparked a national debate when he proposed to build two Integrated Resorts.Despite the longstanding stance against gambling in Singapore, with the exception of regulated industries such as the Singapore Turf Club and Singapore Pools, the government was concerned that its stance was hurting the economic competitiveness of the country. The proposal was approved by the government in April 2005. Marina Bay and Sentosa were where the IRs were built. <mask> suggested that safeguards be put in place to limit the negative social impact of casino gambling. The Casino Control Act was enacted in June of 2006 and regulates the operations of the casino operators. <mask> announced a S$ 2.6 billion Progress Package to distribute budget surpluses in the form of cash, top-ups to the Central Provident Fund, rental and utilities rebates, and educational funds. The cash bonuses were given out.Three months before the 2006 Singaporean general election, the announcement drew criticism that the ruling party was involved in vote buying. The PAP won all but one of the 84 seats in that election. For the first time in 15 years, there was a contest in Ang Mo Kio. The Workers' Party wanted to give Ang Mo Kio residents a chance to vote. <mask>'s team won 60.42% of the votes against WP's inexperienced team. On 1 December of 2007, <mask> announced that he would be giving up his finance portfolio. Business analysts felt that the importance of the position necessitated the dedication of a full-time minister for Singapore to promote its role as a financial hub.With the growing sophistication of the economy and the financial markets' increasing volatility, <mask> may not have the full-time attention due to his concurrent duties as prime minister. The economy grew for the first two years of <mask>'s tenure, but fell during the Great Recession. During the fourth quarter of 2008, Singapore became the first Asian country to slip into a recession, with the financial, construction and manufacturing sectors being particularly affected by the Great Recession. The government pledged a S$20.5 billion resilience package in January 2009, in order to counteract the ailing economy. The measures were supposed to keep the unemployment rate low, as it rose to 2.6% in December 2008 and 3.3% by the end of Q2 2009. In August 2009, <mask> stated that Singapore was in a better position due to better-than-forecast growth in the manufacturing and services industries. In November of 2009, the Ministry of Trade and Industry announced an end to the recession.The unemployment rate fell to 1.8% by September 2010 after a record-high economic recovery of 14.53%. <mask> gave a speech in Parliament on May 27, 2009, in which he praised the NMP scheme as having improved the quality of debate in the parliament. He wanted to make the scheme permanent. In May 2010, <mask> instituted electoral reforms to the electoral system by reducing the number of group representation constituencies and increasing the number of non-constituency members of parliament and nominated members of parliament. On the day before the election, campaigning is not allowed except for party broadcasts. The PAP's swing in the Singapore general election was its lowest since independence. The result was seen as a rebuke to the ruling party as a result of massive immigration of low-skilled workers, high-profile rail transport breakdowns and the rising cost of living in the intervening years.During the campaigning period, <mask> made a public apology. The PAP swept into power, winning 81 out of 87 seats, but it lost Aljunied to the WP, a historic win by an opposition party. The Foreign Minister and the Minister in the Prime Minister's Office were defeated. The rejuvenation process of the government and a clean slate for <mask> prompted him to resign from the cabinet. <mask> was sworn in for a third term on May 21, 2011. The Government of Singapore Investment Corporation manages more than $100 billion in assets. His father was the senior advisor to the fund until his death.In the 2015 Singapore general election, <mask> was re-elected in Ang Mo Kio, with the PAP winning 83 of 89 seats in Parliament and 69.9% of the national vote. <mask>'s fourth term as prime minister was marked by events such as the China– United States trade war, which adversely affected the nation's economy, being highly reliant on free markets and trade. Increased cyberattacks on Singapore-related services and websites led to the establishment of the Cyber Security Agency. The defeat of the Barisan Nasional government in the general election led to a chill in relations as the new Pakatan Harapan government sought to overturn agreements on the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore high-speed rail. As part of the <mask> government's effort to promote Singapore as an international center for arbitration, the city hosted the leaders of Mainland China and Taiwan for the Ma-Xi meeting on 7 November 2015 and the North Korea– United States summit on 12 June 2018). The first United Nations treaty named after the Singapore Convention on Mediation was signed in Singapore on August 7, 2019. <mask>'s health data was hacked along with that of 1.5 million other residents.<mask>'s data was intended to be accessed by the hack. <mask> promoted Heng Swee Keat to deputy prime minister on 1 May 2019. As part of the party's leadership succession, the move was widely interpreted as a way to ensure that Heng succeeds <mask> as Singapore's fourth prime minister after the next general election. The cabinet reshuffling was more extensive than usual, with younger, fourth-generation ministers being prioritised and now heading two-thirds of the ministries. <mask> said at the party convention that raising taxes was a necessity to fund investment in the social, healthcare, economic and infrastructure sectors. The growth in the elderly population is predicted to create a larger demand for affordable healthcare, which is why the annual expenses on preschools is expected to reach $1.7 billion. Tax increases were necessitated by the construction and refurbishment of new port and rail infrastructure.The goods and services tax is expected to rise from 7% to 9% by 2025. <mask>'s government said that it was necessary to plan ahead for increasing annual recurrent expenses, with Heng Swee Keat saying that the "hike cannot be put off or scrapped" to pay for critical future needs. In his Budget 2020 speech in February, he announced amendments to the GST Voucher Fund Act that would allow grants-in-aid to be given to parents or guardians for infants and children to mitigate their expenses. Lawrence Wong said the intent was to expand the range of people who qualify for the fund. The Act would allow for the funding of the $6 billion Assurance Package, which was intended to delay the impact of the hike for five years. The proposed hike met with disapproval from the opposition, with the Workers' Party and Progress Singapore Party calling for the tax to be retained at its current rate, and others calling for the tax to be suspended entirely or for the exemption of essential goods from the tax. The Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act, also known as the "fake news law", was first proposed by the Minister of Law and Home Affairs.The bill was passed by a vote of 72–9 after two days of debate, despite concerns that it would limit free speech. The bill was called "terrible", "totalitarian", and a tool for censorship by Reporters Without Borders. The act is said to "enstrap" government critics. The law would allow the Singapore executive branch to compel us to remove content they deem to be false and pro-actively push a government notification to users. In the leadup to the 2020 general election, <mask>'s brother accused him of not keeping his promises.

masks:
Lee Hsien loong
Lee
Lee Kuan Yew
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee H
Lee Kuan
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee Kuan
Lee
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Lee H
Lee
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texts: <mask> and his ministers said that no information or view has been suppressed as a result of the Act and that the government has not restricted free debate. In an interview with The Straits Times, <mask> noted that fake news could disrupt society and that the United States and Europe were struggling to manage the situation.He said that Germany has enacted a similar law. <mask> said that free speech exists within appropriate boundaries, with no society having absolute freedom of speech, and that defamatory or threatening speech should be banned to facilitate meaningful exchange of information and ideals. The first COVID-19 case in Singapore was confirmed in January 2020. Local transmission began to develop as early cases were imported. An overwhelming number of new cases in the country were caused by clusters at multiple dormitories for foreign workers by late March. <mask> announced on 3 April 2020 that Singapore would enter a limited lockdown with restrictions on movement. The policy was intended to stop the spread of the disease in the community.All schools switched to home-based learning from April to June. The multi-ministry level task force was chaired by Minister for Education Lawrence Wong and Minister for Health Gan Kim Yong. The World Health Organization received US$500,000 from <mask>'s government. The economy of Singapore has been pushed into a recession by the Pandemic, so the government has created four different budgets to keep the economy afloat. After the 2020 Singapore general election, <mask> was re-elected in Ang Mo Kio GRC, with the PAP securing 61.23% of the national vote, beginning his fifth successive term as prime minister. The victory of the Workers' Party in the election was seen as a blow to the ruling party. While noting that voters had delivered a clear mandate, <mask> wrote in a letter to the party that with the official appointment of a leader of the opposition to reflect ground sentiments for alternative ideals, PAP MPs should expect more vigorous debates and probing questions in Parliament.He told party MPs to defend their convictions and engage the opposition in a constructive way, regardless of their party affiliation. <mask> appointed Pritam Singh as the first official leader of the opposition because of the Workers' Party's performance in the election and acknowledgment of society's desire for alternative ideas and more robust debate. <mask> attended the Pacific Alliance summit in December of 2020 after three years of negotiations with the Latin American trade bloc on the Pacific Alliance-Singapore free trade agreement. The <mask> government's policy towards the People's Republic of China has been marked by extensive cooperation in government-to-government projects. The China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, the first of any Asian country with China, came into effect in 2009, with new regulations governing e-commerce, fair competition and the environment, and Singaporean firms were granted greater access to Chinese markets. Under <mask>'s government, Singapore has been the largest investor in China's Belt and Road Initiative and one of the earliest proponents. The formation of the Singapore-Shanghai Comprehensive Cooperation Council, which will be managed on the ministerial level, was agreed to in April 2019.In the last five years, China has been Singapore's largest trading partner. Bilateral relations between the two nations have been called strong. <mask>'s government reiterates the principle governing its relations with Taiwan in January 2020, despite the pro-independence administration's refusal to recognise the 1992 consensus. In spite of Chinese pressure and repeated offers of Hainan as an alternative site, Singapore continues to send troops to train in Taiwan under Project Starlight and expects Beijing to respect its right to do so. Relations between the two nations cooled in 2016 after Singapore expressed its support for the ruling of the South China Sea arbitration case between China and the Philippines, which had dismissed Chinese claims to "historical rights" to the sea. The "Terrex incident" occurred when the Port of Hong Kong seized nine Singapore military vehicles that were en route from Taiwan to Singapore after a training exercise. Both sides downplayed the incident and official responses were relatively subdued, but international and local observers saw the seizure as a warning to Singapore.After being deemed a customs import violation, the vehicles were released. In order to improve its relations with China, Singapore signed a defence agreement in October to enlarge military exercises with the People's Liberation Army. One of the strongest bilateral partners in Southeast Asia is Singapore, which has a close defence and political relationship with the United States. The US is an important arms supplier to Singapore, with US$7.34 billion in active sales under the Foreign Military Sales system as of 2020. Singapore has traditionally viewed the US as a critical guarantor of stability and security in the Asia-Pacific region and <mask>'s government has continued that policy, emphasizing the US's role as an important counterbalance to the rise of China. The US was granted access to Singapore's air and naval bases in the 1990 Memorandum of Understanding. The Strategic Framework Agreement was signed by <mask> and Bush in July of 2005.The threats of terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction were addressed by the two nations. The United States Navy has deployed multiple littoral combat ships to Singapore. In December 2015, the SFA was upgraded when the Defence Minister and Secretary of Defense signed the Defence Cooperation Agreement, which expanded cooperation to humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. The US P-8A Poseidon was based in Singapore for the first time, which analysts said was a response to China's actions in the South China Sea, with <mask> repeating Singapore's commitment to "defend the rights of freedom of navigation and overflight". The Republic of Singapore Air Force has provided logistical and aerial support to the US military. <mask> and the Donald Trump administration renewed the 1990 MoU for another 15 years in September of 2019. The US is Singapore's largest foreign investor with US$15 billion invested in savesay savesay savesay savesay is the largest foreign investor in savesay savesay savesay savesay is the largest foreign investor in savesay savesay savesay savesay is the largest foreign investor in savesay savesay savesay savesay is the largest foreign investor in savesay savesay savesayIn 2004, the Singapore- United States Free Trade Agreement went into effect. <mask> was one of the early drafters and was a strong advocate of the Trans-Pacific Partnership, which was intended to lower both non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade and establish an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. Andrew Colquhoun said that membership in the pact would have given Singapore an advantage over Hong Kong. It was important for Singapore to retain a seat at the negotiating table as a country dependent on free trade. Trump pulled the US out of the pact after he became president. Since 2004, there have been five prime ministers and two changes of governments in Malaysia. <mask> wants to improve relations with Malaysia by enhancing the countries' economic integration.He has attended the annual leaders' retreat to discuss issues and enhance the dispute resolution mechanism. There are occasional disputes involving water supply, land reclamation, and airspace and maritime territorial claims. Efforts have been made to avoid harming the relationship by isolating unresolved disputes from cross-border cooperation tackling terrorism and drug traffickers; this has resulted in close collaboration between Singapore's and Malaysia's police and security agencies. In May 2007, <mask> agreed to invest in the Iskandar Malaysia project and assist in building a tourism and industrial zone; the project was seen as a complement to the Singaporean economy and a strategy for Singapore to expand economically into its immediate hinterland. The longstanding railway land dispute between Malaysia and the island was resolved in September 2010, with Malaysia agreeing to vacate a railway line cutting through the island to Tanjong Pagar railway station in exchange for land parcels in the Central Business District and Marina South. The end of the 1961 Water Agreement was marked by the handover of the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants to the Johor state government. In order to ease congestion on the Johor–Singapore Causeway, <mask> revived a plan to link the Singapore MRT network to Johor Bahru in 2011.Malaysia had a plan to connect Kuala Lumpur to Singapore via a high-speed rail network. The Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail (KL-SG HSR) and the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System were given the go-ahead after joint preliminary technical studies. The rail projects were delayed because of their high cost and financial indebtedness after the fall of the Barisan Nasional government. <mask> agreed to Malaysia's request for an extension to conduct a review despite the legally binding nature of the joint projects. Tensions rose when Malaysia extended its Johor Bahru port limits past its 1979 maritime claims into undelimited waters off Singapore's reclaimed Tuas sector. The airspace is under Malaysian sovereignty but was previously delegated to Singapore to manage in a 1973 agreement. The Transport Minister Khaw Wan and his counterpart Anthony Loke agreed to return to the previous status quo on both disputes.The Malaysian political crisis resulted in the collapse of the government and the appointment of a new prime minister. Singapore and Malaysia have worked together to fight the COVID-19 epidemic. The signing ceremony for the recommence of the project took place on the causeway in July 2020. In 2010, <mask>, along with his predecessors, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company which owns the International Herald Tribune regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" by Philip Bowring. Readers of the article may think that the younger <mask> did not achieve his position through merit. In addition to legal costs, the New York Times Company and Bowring agreed to pay S$60,000 to <mask>, S$50,000 to <mask> Yew and S$50,000 to Goh. The article Bowring wrote aboutdynastic politics in East Asian countries, including Singapore, was the subject of a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper.Bowring did not say that the younger <mask> had attained his position through nepotism. Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter urging <mask> and other top Singapore government officials to stop taking liberty actions against journalists. The New York Times Company and the Financial Times were sued for defamation in Singapore. The independence of the judiciary was questioned in a 2008 report by the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute. <mask>'s career has been shadowed by allegations of family ties. He was seen as a seat-warmer by many critics and was tipped to be prime minister. <mask> challenged his critics to prove their allegations or to put the matter to rest.<mask> became involved in a dispute with his siblings over the fate of their father's house on Oxley Road. <mask> Yew was against cults of personality. He included a clause in his will that stated that the house would be torn down when his daughter moved out and that it would be closed to the public. <mask>'s siblings alleged that he was abusing his powers, using "organs of the state" as prime minister to preserve the house against their father's wishes. A special sitting of Parliament was convened to debate the matter thoroughly after <mask> and the Cabinet denied all their allegations. "After two days of debate, nobody has stood behind these allegations or offered any evidence, not even opposition MPs," <mask> stated in his closing speech. He left the option to convene a select committee or Commission of Inquiry open.The siblings accepted <mask>'s offer to resolve the dispute in private. <mask> sent a letter to Terry Xu of The Online Citizen requesting that he take down an article with false allegations. <mask> sued Xu for repeating statements made by his siblings. Critics accused <mask> of using the prime minister's office for personal reasons. <mask> sued a prominent government critic for sharing an online article on his Facebook page that said that former Malaysian prime minister Razak had signed "secret deals" with <mask> to get help from Singapore banks to facilitate money laundered from Malaysia's government. <mask>'s lawyers claimed that <mask> had been injured in his character and reputation and had brought it into public scandal. Leong filed a countersuit against <mask>, claiming that the lawsuit proceedings against him were an abuse of the process of the court.The countersuit was dismissed by the Court of Appeal because Singapore law does not recognize the concept of abuse of court process. In October 2020, <mask> took the stand in a four-day trial in the High Court against Leong, who was defended by lawyer Lim Tean, secretary-general of the opposition party Peoples Voice. In an opening statement, <mask>'s lawyer said that 1MDB had become a "byword for corruption and criminal activity" and that Leong's sharing the post might have implied that <mask> was involved in criminal activity. <mask> claimed that he was compelled to file the suit because not to do so would have raised questions. Lim argued that it was <mask>'s responsibility to prove that Leong's actions were malicious and had damaged <mask>'s reputation, and that it was unnecessary for Leong to give evidence. The case was adjourned until November 2020. Leong was ordered to pay damages after being found guilty of defamation.In 1996, while serving as deputy prime minister, <mask> and his father Senior Minister <mask> Yew addressed Parliament on the allegations of receiving special discounts on four luxury condominiums. The director of HPL was the brother of <mask> Yew. Although Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts to relatives and associates of directors, shareholders must approve such transactions. The Stock Exchange of Singapore firmly rebuked HPL for violations in their non-disclosure of the sales of these luxury properties, even though both <mask>s said they received no preferential treatment in their transactions. <mask> earned an annual salary of $3,870,000, an increase of 25% from the previous year. <mask> took a 28% pay cut in January 2012 due to public discontent. He is the highest-paid head of government in the world.The first wife of <mask> was a Malaysian-born physician. Their daughter was born in 1981. Three weeks after giving birth to their son, Wong died of a heart attack. When <mask> was 33, he married a civil servant who went on to become the executive director and chief executive officer of the company. <mask> has two sons with his second wife. The deputy director of the Government Technology Agency of Singapore is the elder son of Ho Ching. Her younger son is a software engineer.<mask> was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He was diagnosed with prostrate cancer and had a successful robot-assisted surgery on February 15, 2015. Lee is interested in computer programming and has written a Sudoku solver in his spare time. Orden El Sol del Per en el grado de Gran Cruz con Brillantes was bestowed on 22 November 2008. The Olympic Order was given 13 August 2010. "Hsien loong: Election soon" can be found in the Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore References. The date is November 8, 2005.New Straits Times. PM <mask>: Your vibrant global city, your home, The Straits Times, Headlines, p. 1. The ministers of the New York Times are getting a pay raise. Buck Song was written by Koh. Brand Singapore is about how nation branding built Asia's Leading Global City. Marshall Cavendish is in Singapore. There are external links to the Prime Minister's Office of

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texts: <mask> is an expert on international development and social entrepreneurship. She is the chairperson of Solutions Journalism Network, an associate professor at New York University and a coach to social entrepreneurs. She was the founding president and CEO of BRAC USA, an organization created in 2006 to support BRAC. BRAC runs programs to alleviate poverty using a variety of methods. NYU Davis is an advisor to New York University's Catherine B. Reynolds Program for Social Entrepreneurship. In the Spring semester of 2015, she taught social entrepreneurship and sustainable development at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. She taught a graduate course on social entrepreneurship and sustainable development at the NYU Stern School of Business, as well as an undergraduate course on social entrepreneurship.Ashoka <mask> leads Ashoka's Global Academy for Social Entrepreneurship and serves on its international board committee that selects Ashoka fellows and the Advisory Council of Ashoka U. She worked for the Director General of the International Labour Organization and oversaw Ashoka's expansion to the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. The first quasi-public export trading company was founded by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. She was the executive director of the Women's Environment & Development Organization, founded in 1990 by Mim Kelber and Bella Abzug, to take action in the United Nations and other international forums. Prior to that, she led initiatives aimed at scaling up microfinance institutions that were owned and governed by poor women at Women's World Banking and the Ford Foundation in Bangladesh. During her four and half years in Bangladesh, she organized the Grameen Bank, BRAC and Proshika donor consortia. She was a founding board member and chair of the Grameen Foundation.In 2012 she was featured in The League of Extraordinary Women. <mask> was educated at Harvard, Georgetown, and Oxford University. <mask> and Slacik were married on December 12, 2012 in New York City. <mask> co-authored the book Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know with David Bornstein. She talked about global poverty and health issues on CNN. She spoke at the World Bank Group about the importance of ending extreme poverty by the year 2030. Her work on entrepreneurship creation in developing countries has appeared in a number of publications.<mask> was interviewed for a series of short video stories to reflect upon BRAC, social entrepreneurship, leadership and learning. At the time of the interview, she was working for the Ford Foundation in Bangladesh. She gave a Frank Rhodes lecture as part of the "Creation of the Future" series. <mask> was invited to speak at the lavender graduation at Georgetown University. At the Clinton Global Initiative, <mask> was interviewed by Rainmaker TV about her work at BRAC USA. <mask> is an active member of the Skoll social entrepreneurship community. <mask> was the Executive Director of the Women's Environment and Development Organization from 1993 to 1998 and was interviewed many times.

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texts: <mask> is a Taiwanese singer, rapper, record producer, actor, film director, television personality and magician. One of the best-selling artists in the Greater China Area is known as the "King of Mandopop" and has sold over 30 million records. <mask> was released by Alfa Music in 2000 to moderate success. His second studio album, Fantasy (2001), was a fusion of Western and Eastern music styles. The album won five awards. He has since released twelve more studio albums, spawning a string of hit singles and gaining significant prominence in Asian communities such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. More than 10 million spectators watched Chou perform in cities around the world as of 2019.In 2007, he established his own record company. Since 2006 he has been the President of his own fashion brand. He made his acting debut in the film Initial D, followed by a starring role in the epic Curse of the Golden Flower. After starring in The Green Hornet and Now You See Me 2, he became well-known to Western audiences. <mask> was born and raised in Taiwan. His mother was an art teacher, while his father was a researcher. His mother took him to piano lessons when he was four years old.He was enamored with recording sounds and songs with his tape recorder when he was a child. He started cello lessons in the third grade. He loved to play piano, impersonate TV actors, and perform magic tricks. He is still a fan of the composer. He was teased by his classmates because his parents divorced when he was 14. He preferred to be alone and listen to music. He majored in piano and cello.He was fond of pop music and began to write songs. After graduating from high school, Chou was forced to serve in the military. He was exempt from military service because of his diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis, which was caused by sports. He found a job as a waiter. Early career Chou's mother encouraged him to become a music teacher, while he remained ignorant of what to do with his life. A friend registered their names in a talent show without his knowledge. His friend's singing was described as "lousy".Although they did not win, the show's host, Jacky Wu, was impressed with the music score and decided to give it a try. After asking who wrote it, he discovered <mask> and hired him as a contract composer. Alfa Music was his record company. He spent most of his time in the studio learning how to make music. Although he was trained in classical music, Chou combines Chinese and Western music styles to produce songs that blend R&B, rock and pop genres. After he wrote 50 songs and picked 10, he would get help releasing an album from Wu. In order to make his debut CD album, <mask>, he chose 10 songs that he had already written for others but had been rejected for.His style is a fusion of R&B, rap, classical music, and yet distinctly Chinese. His fame spread quickly in Chinese-speaking regions. <mask> began to sing his own songs in 2000. <mask> was released by Alfa Music in 2000. The production of all the songs was arranged by Chou. R&B, hip-hop, and other musical styles are combined in the album. The hit song "" won the 24th China Top Ten Chinese Gold Songs.Jacky Wu promoted the album on his shows. The album was promoted on a few television programs. He was marketed as a singer-composer with a unique tune. He collaborated with two other people on the release. After promoting his debut album, Chou returned to the studio for the next twelve months to record and produce his next album, which helped him become an established star. An estimated two million copies of this album were sold in Taiwan alone. Fantasy helped Chou get ten nominations and five wins at the Golden Melody Awards.R&B hits such as "" (Simple Love) "" (Love before BC), which won Chou the Best Composer award, and "" (Can't Express Myself) are still sung in concerts today. The difference between mainstream popular Chinese music released at that time and Chou's music has been a topic of discussion across Chinese regions. His pieces combine ancient themes with futuristic ones, including things like space ships, all while using graphic storytellers to evoke vivid imagery to his audience. When people found that they couldn't decipher the words sung until they looked up the lyrics, his enunciation was critiqued. His singing was called "mumbling" by critics. Reporters often question Chou on his singing style. The signature style of Chou is to make the vocals and music blend well together.He wants the people listening to listen to the lyrics because they are very deep. The Eight Dimensions is similar to his second album and became a commercial success. Songs that invoke imagery, Chou's "mumbling" style, and mainly R&B tunes were included in The Eight Dimensions. Fantasy has sold over one million copies throughout the region. His debut concert tour was The One. There was more activity between Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as increasing activity by Japanese acts in the region. In 2003 he released his fourth album named after his mother.He attended the Golden Melody Awards for his previous album's nomination after the release of this album. The album didn't win any of the 5 categories it was nominated in. As he wrote on his next album, "" (Grandmother), that he actually takes the Golden Melody Awards too seriously, he didn't take this lightly. His current album, Yeh Hui-mei, won the "best album of the year" award in 2004. It was a commercial and musical success. At first glance, "" (In the name of the father), a song on Mafia and drug lords, was very unconventional but shows <mask>'s creative writing and producing ability. <mask>'s second milestone can be seen as this album's positive reaction from both critics and fans.One of the most played songs of the year was "" which was written by <mask> and he wanted to prove that he is a versatile artist. High school students started learning guitar to play the drift of the song after it gained widespread popularity. In 2004, his album Common Jasmin Orange, released by Sony Music, excelled in the Greater China region. In 2004, his album  Qilixiang, or Jasmine, released by Sony Music, excelled in Taiwan, Hong Kong and China Mainland. <mask> produced an album that sold a record 300,000 copies despite being a Taiwan singer. His album sold 50,000 units in Hong Kong. The official figure in China was 2.6 million units, which is no other Chinese artist's figure.He was acknowledged as the most popular Chinese singer at the World Music Awards in 2004. His album 11Chopin of November sold 2.5 million units in Asia in 2005. He released a new single. The song was released on his birthday. There is a young man who fell in love with a girl. He couldn't enter the same university with her because he didn't study well. He rented a house near the girl's residence and waited for her to finish class by playing the piano and writing a love letter.He wanted to say something to her, but he couldn't find the time and way. He had to wait for the girl to finish class. He made his chart comeback after a three-year hiatus with his new single "Won't cry". The music video for the song, which features Mayday vocalist, Ashin, has been viewed over 22 million times. QQ music, China's biggest streaming platform, crashed on the day of the song's release because it was streamed so many times. His new single "Mojito" was released in 2020. It was a sensation on the internet.The song was released as a single album on June 12, 2020. Musical style Chou's compositions are categorized as pop music. While many of his works fall into contemporary R&B, rap, and rock genres, the term "Chou Style" has been popularized to describe his trademark cross-cultural music and insistence on singing with slurred enunciation. Taiwan's favorite son blends pop, rap, blues and a lot of world music to create his dream-like never-never land. He incorporated Spanish guitar in "Red Imitation", American techno/electronica in "Herbalist's Manual", rap with classical music in "Reverse Scales", Blues style in "Free Tutorial Video", and Bossanova style. Sound effects from everyday life are woven into his music, such as bouncing ping pong balls, touch tone phone dialing, helicopter blades, and radio static noise. Classical textures are used in his compositions.Polyphony can be found in "Perfection" and "Sorry", while counterpoint can be found in "The Wound That ends War" "They say I've been standing still, but this is the music I want, and I don't see what I want by moving," he said. He named his 2006 album Still Fantasy after his 2001 album Fantasy. His use of relaxed enunciation has been criticized as "mumbling" which he insisted will not change; however, recently he has adopted clearer pronunciation for certain songs, particularly more traditional Chinese style songs. He is considered more of a singer-composer than a writer. Several "regulars" write the lyrics for most of his music, but the content and style is unified with his own personality and image, covering a diverse range of topics and ideas. An important element in Chou's music is the use of meaningful, imagery- and emotionally rich lyrics, sometimes written in the form of ancient Chinese poetry with reference to Chinese history or folklore.He writes about war, the Bible, sports, and martial arts. She helped with Chou's earlier hits. Drug addiction in "Coward" and loss of the rural countryside to urbanization in "Terrace fields" are two societal ills that have been discussed by Chou. He was the first to bring up the subject of domestic violence in Sanscript music. When he was 14 years old, his parents divorced. According to <mask>'s accounts of his childhood in interviews, his father subjected his mother to daily verbal and physical abuse. His difficult childhood experiences influenced the young artist's penning of songs like "In the Name of Father" detailing the cruelty and brutality of the domestic violence he'd witnessed at his father's hand.A new trend of music combines western musical elements and Chinese literature terms. He makes distinction between himself and other musicians by leading a "Zhongguo feng" in Asian music history. The success of his Western- Chinese musical combination is built on his marketing strategies. The People's Republic of China was in an economic transition model in the early 21st century. The new generation was looking for a pop culture that reflected their individuality. The airtime was generated by fitting in with the mainland's political and cultural agenda and celebrating traditional Chinese values. His status in Asian popular music culture is due to the traditional Chinese cultural elements involved in his music.A new trend of Chinese pop music involves a lot of traditional Chinese components, rather than simply following Western music format. The use of traditional musical instruments in Chou's music is highlighted in his lyrics. <mask> has worked with a number of artists. Chinese traditional elements such as poetry and Confucianism are addressed in Fang's work. His work "Chrysanthemum Terrace" shows a lot of cultural elements. There are images that indicate traditional ideas to build an ancient monarchy setting. chrysanthemum is a metaphor for love."Blue and White Porcelain" and "Orchid Pavilion" are also in the line. Chou performs in a rhythm and blues style, but within this western form, he has inserted Chinese themes and rhythms. The song "East Wind Breaks" was written in 2003 and features a typical Chinese melody performed in R&B style. Similar to traditional Chinese poetry, Chou expresses sadness and loneliness in the lyrics. Traditional Chinese elements of music are combined with Western pop by Chou. Even after his successful career in singing, Collaborations Chou continued to work as a writer for other singers. He has composed music for many singers, including Jolin Tsai, Landy Wen, S.H.E, and others.Over a dozen songs were written for his mentor Jacky Wu, and later for Taiwanese singer Jody Chiang, as well as Hong Kong singers Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, and Kenny Bee. He started the band in 2004, selecting band members and overseeing their album production. The group has been noted for sounding too similar to their mentor; as a result, Chou has reduced his involvement in the band, but continues to help increase their exposure to mass audiences by inviting them as guests performers for his concerts and music videos. He has performed live duets with a number of people, but only two studio recordings of duets have been placed in his albums. The song "The Roof" was included in the album "A Little Wild", which was released by <mask> and Yungai Hayung. The song "Shouldn't Be" was included in <mask>'s 2016 album "<mask>u's Bedtime Stories". The song was nominated in the Global Pop Music Gold List.The song "Waiting for You" was sung by <mask> and Gary Yang. As they both started their careers in the music field in 1998, Chou's longest-running collaboration is with Vincent Fang. The album contained 12 songs, each consisting of a musical and a lyrics by a different person. The chief editor of Chou's book Grandeur de D Major, as well as the writer of more than 40 of his songs, is now a partner in the record company JVR Music. Cindy Yen's song "Sand Painting" was released in October 2009. <mask> collaborated with Kobe Bryant on "The Heaven and Earth Challenge" to promote youth creativity, as well as an upcoming slam-dunk competition in China. The song was released at a press conference before the NBA All-Star Game.The first of <mask>'s five solo concerts was held in Taiwan on January 11, 2001. There were two shows at the Hong Kong Coliseum, one in Malaysia and one in Singapore. His second concert tour began at Taipei Municipal Stadium on September 28, 2002 and ended at Shenzhen Stadium in China on January 3, 2004. Incomparable Concert and <mask>'s world tours took place in 2004. In 2010, to celebrate <mask>'s 10-year career in the entertainment industry, he embarked on his fifth series of concert tour titled, New Era World Tour, with the first stop of three concerts from 11 to 13 June 2010 at Taipei Arena, followed by 40 stops ending from 17 to 18 The first stop on the "Opus Jay World Tour" will be Shanghai from 17 to 19 May. "Opus II Jay World Tour" was announced due to the success of his "Opus Jay World Tour" concerts.The first stop of the new world tour opened on 2 May in the same city as the previous one, with more stops opening in the same destinations. His seventh World Tour, "The Invincible Concert Tour" held its first concert stop in Shanghai on June 30, 2016 His previous World Tour had a sequel that had its first stop in Singapore. To celebrate his 20th year in the entertainment industry, the eight World Tour "20 Carnival World Tour" held its first concert in Shanghai on 17 October 2019. The One Concert (The One ) was released in 2002 and the Incomparable Concert was released in 2004. He has acted, directed and produced more than a dozen music videos. The man who once said "I live because of music" went into movies because he needed a new challenge.As fans have grown concerned that movies will compromise his music career, Chou has reassured them that movies are a source of inspiration and not a distraction; at the same time, he understands the need to balance both careers and maintain his place in the music field to garner the continued support of fans. It was an unexpected move for Chou to enter acting. The director of Hidden Track, a movie in

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