texts: <mask> was an ancient Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire. The Histories is a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. The first writer to do a systematic investigation of historical events was <mask>. The ancient Roman orator Cicero bestowed the title of "The Father of History" on him. The lives of prominent kings and famous battles are covered in the Histories. His work deviates from the main topics to provide cultural, ethnographical, geographical, and historiographical background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information. The inclusion of "legends and fanciful accounts" in Herodotus' work has been criticized.He was accused of making up stories for entertainment. <mask> said he reported what he saw and what was told to him. Modern historians and archaeologists have confirmed a large portion of the Histories. Modern scholars usually turn to <mask>'s own writing for reliable information about his life, supplemented with ancient yet much later sources, such as the Byzantine Suda, an 11th-century encyclopedia which may have taken its information from traditional accounts. <mask> was born at Halicarnassus around 485 BC. He was the son of Dryo and the brother of Theodorus, and was related to Panyassis, an epic poet of the time. It is possible that the young Herodotus heard local accounts of events within the empire and of Persian preparations for the invasion of Greece, as well as the movements of the local fleet under the command of the Persians.According to inscriptions recently discovered at Halicarnassus, the grandson of Artemesia negotiated with a local assembly to settle disputes over seized property, which is consistent with a tyrant under pressure. According to the tribute list of the Athenian Delian League, there might have been a successful uprising against him before 454 BC. <mask> was born in Halicarnassus, which was a Dorian settlement, and he wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect. <mask> learned the Ionian dialect as a boy on the island of Samos, where he fled with his family from the oppressions of the tyrant of Halicarnassus and grandson of Artemisia. Panyassis, the epic poet related to <mask>, is said to have participated in a failed uprising. The Suda tells us that Herodotus led the revolt that overthrew the tyrant. Due to the recent discoveries of inscriptions at Halicarnassus, we now know that the Ionic dialect was used in some official documents, so there is no need to assume that he learned the dialect elsewhere.The only source that puts <mask> as the liberator of his birthplace is The Suda. Halicarnassus, though a Dorian city, had ended its close relations with its neighbours after an unseemly quarrel, and it had helped pioneer Greek trade with Egypt. It was an outward-looking, international-minded port within the Persian Empire, and the historian's family could well have had contacts in other countries under Persian rule, facilitating his travels and his researches. According to <mask>, he traveled in Egypt with the Athenians after the uprising against Persian rule in 454 BC. He traveled down the Euphrates to Babylon. After being unpopular in Halicarnassus, he migrated to Athens, a city he openly admires, around                  . The Alcmaeonids, a clan whose history features frequently in his writing, were one of the leading citizens that he came to know in Athens.The Athenian assembly gave <mask> a financial reward for his work. This was 10 talents according to Plutarch. He migrated to Thurium, in modern Calabria, as part of an Athenian-sponsored colony. Some passages in the Histories have been interpreted as proof that he wrote about southern Italy from his personal experience there. It is possible that he died during an outbreak of the plague in Athens in the first years of the Peloponnesian War. He may have died in Macedonia after getting the patronage of the court there. There is nothing in the Histories that can be dated to later than 430 BC, and it is assumed that he died before his sixtieth year.The author and orator <mask> would have made his research known to a large group of people. John Marincola writes in his introduction to the Penguin edition of The Histories that there are certain identifiable pieces in the early books of Herodotus's work which could be labeled as performance pieces. The research may have been set aside by the author for the purpose of an oral performance. Marincola suggests that the intellectual matrix of the 5th century consisted of many oral performances in which philosophers would dramatically recite their work. The idea was to enthusiastically insert their own arguments in order to win over the audience. Authors used to recite their works at popular festivals in Herodotus's day. Lucian claims that Herodotus took his finished work straight from Anatolia to the Olympic Games and read it to the assembled spectators in one sitting, receiving rapturous applause at the end of it.By the time the assembly had dispersed, <mask> had refused to read his work until some clouds gave him a bit of shade. The expression "Herodotus and his shade" is used to describe someone who misses an opportunity. The story of Photius and Tzetzes, in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father, is an interesting variation on the story of <mask>. "Your son's soul craves for knowledge," Herodotus told the boy's father. <mask> and Thucydides were both buried in Athens. It was the opinion of Marcellinus in his life. The agora in Thurium was where he was buried.The results of the inquiry carried out by <mask> of Halicarnassus are presented here. The purpose is to prevent the traces of human events from being erased by time, and to preserve the fame of the important and remarkable achievements produced by both Greeks and non-Greeks. The Histories by Herodotus. His record of the achievements of others was an achievement in itself, though the extent of it has been debated. According to the traditions in which he worked, <mask>' place in history may be understood. His work was the first Greek prose to survive intact. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a literary critic of Augustan Rome, listed seven predecessors of Herodotus, describing their works as simple, unadorned accounts of their own and other cities and people, Greek or foreign.According to the ancient account, the predecessors included Dionysius of Miletus, Charon of Lampsacus, Hellanicus of Lesbos, Xanthus of Lydia and Hecataeus of Miletus. The authenticity of the fragments of Hecataeus's works is questionable, but they provide a glimpse into the kind of tradition within which <mask> wrote his own Histories. His critics have branded him "The Father of lies" due to the many strange stories and folk-tales he reported. His own peers were not happy with his achievement. One modern scholar wondered if <mask> left his home in Greek Anatolia to migrate to Athens and beyond because his own countrymen had ridiculed his work. The Acharnians, a comedy by the Athenian comic dramatist, was written at the time when <mask> is thought to have died. <mask> was dismissed as a "story-teller" by the Athenian historian.With his frequent digressions <mask> appeared to minimize (or possibly disguise) his authorial control, which became the model for subsequent prose-writers as an author who seeks to appear firmly in control of his material. The Greek world-view states that the historical topic should be focused on the context of the polis or city-state. The interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as <mask>, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory. See the Critical editions. Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti. Prior to that, Libros I–IV continens. C. Hude wrote an ed.Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti. Tomvs changed his name to Libri V–IX. H. B. Rosén is the author. Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti. There is a new edition of Vol. I: Libros I–IV. H. B. Rosén was the author.Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti. There is a new edition of Vol. Indicibus criticis adiectis was written by N. G. Wilson. Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti. Prior to that, Libros I–IV continens. N. G. Wilson is the author. Herodoti Historiae was written by Herodoti.Tomvs changed his name to Libri V–IX. Multiple editions of The Histories of Herodotus are readily available. Henry Cary translated 1849: text Internet Archive George Rawlinson. The most common editions still in print are Everyman Library and Wordsworth Classics. George Campbell Macaulay's translation was published in two volumes. Godley 1920; revised in 1926. In chronological order: 1931, 1946, 1960, 1966, 1975, 1981, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2004.There are four volumes from the Harvard University Press. The book was printed with Greek on the left and English on the right. There are several editions from Penguin Books. The University of Chicago Press published David Grene's book. Carolyn Dewald wrote an introduction and notes for Robin Waterfield. Robert B. Strassler edited The Landmark Herodotus. There is adequate ancillary information.Walter Blanco wrote Herodotus: The Histories: The Complete Translation, Backgrounds, and Commentaries. It was edited by Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. W. W.Norton was in New York. Tom Holland wrote The Histories. The introduction and notes were written by Paul Cartledge. New York. There are references to sources further reading Pitcher.Writing Ancient History is an introduction to historiography. I.B. is located in New York. The company is called Tauris & Co. K.H. Waters. The movie was released in 1985. The Historian: His Problems, Methods and Originality was written by <mask>. Beckenham: Croom Helm.The History of Herodotus can be found at The Internet Classics Archive. There is a parallel Greek and English text of the History of Herodotus at the Internet Sacred Text Archive.

masks: Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus Herodotus


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texts: <mask> is an American football coach and former player. He is the defensive backs coach at the university. <mask> was the head football coach at Eastern Michigan University from 2009 to 2013. <mask> played college football at the University of California, Berkeley from 1987 to 1990. He graduated with a degree in 1991. He received a master's degree in education administration from Arizona State University. <mask> has served as an assistant coach.San Antonio College, Northern Arizona University, San Diego State University, Arizona State University, the University of Michigan, and University of Louisville. He was the defensive secondary coach at the University of Michigan. In February of 2006 he accepted a position on the coaching staff of the Chicago Bears. Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr persuaded <mask> to stay on as the defensive coordinator after Jim Herrmann accepted a position with the New York Jets. In the 2006 season, <mask> only coached safeties, rather than the entire defensive secondary, to allow him to concentrate more on his responsibilities. In the Big Ten Conference, <mask>'s defense allowed the least rushing yards per game in the nation. <mask>, along with all of the assistant coaches at Michigan except for running backs coach Fred Jackson, were fired by Rodriguez after Carr's retirement.<mask> was interviewed for the head coaching vacancies at the University of Arkansas and the University of Michigan before accepting the defensive coach position at the University of Louisville. <mask> was hired as the head coach at Eastern Michigan in December 2008. He was one of six African American head coaches at Football Bowl Subdivision teams when he was hired by Eastern Michigan. In 2009, Eastern Michigan had a 0–12 record. The Eagles were ranked the second-worst team in NCAA football. In <mask>'s second season as head coach, the Eagles posted a 2–10 record, losing all four non-conference games and stretching their losing streak to 18 games before winning an overtime game at Ball State and another game at Buffalo. The Eagles had their best season in 17 years in 2011.They finished in a tie for fourth place in the West Division with a 6–6, 4–4 record. The Eagles were not bowl eligible because of two of their wins. The 6 wins were the most since 1995 when they had 6. <mask> was named the Mid American Conference Coach of the Year. The media speculated that <mask> could be a candidate for a head coaching position at a school in the Bowl Championship Series. The schools most often mentioned were Illinois, Arizona State, and Washington State, based on his west coast recruiting background and Big Ten coaching experience. <mask> was the head coach for the 2012 season.In 2012 Eastern Michigan posted a 2–10 record, with their wins coming against Army and Western Michigan. EMU lost to teams that played in a post season bowl game. The Eagles lost to Illinois State by a score of 31–14 in the second week of the season. Less than 24 hours before the Eagles' game against Western Michigan, English was fired. The Detroit News reported that English had been fired after school officials obtained a tape of a rant he delivered to his team. The speech included at least one gay slur. Heather Lyke, the athletic director, condemned the tape as "wholly inappropriate and absolutely unacceptable" on November 9.English apologized and hoped to be able to coach again. After graduating from Eastern Michigan, <mask> joined the Cleveland Browns' internship program. <mask> spent more time with his family and church. On February 9, 2016 <mask> returned to coaching as defensive coordinator at San Jose State. <mask> joined Dan Mullen's staff at Mississippi State as a safeties coach. References External links Boilermaker profile Eastern Michigan profile 1968 births Living people American football safeties Arizona State Sun football coaches California Golden Bears football players Football coaches from Northern Arizona, San Diego State, and San Jose State are from California.

masks:
Ronald English
English
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texts: The Serbian international association football (soccer) assistant referee is named <mask>revi. He received the highest possible license for a referee. urevi was a part of the Milorad Mai referee team that worked at the World Cup in Russia. urevi has been the best assistant referee for 5 years in a row by the Football Association of Serbia. He has two sons. He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 He worked in the First Serbian Division for 10 years.He took charge of 126 games with a whistle in his hands. He made his debut in the Serbian Super League as a center official. After becoming an assistant referee in 2009, he made it to the international list of assistant referees. In one of his interviews, he mentioned that it was the most important decision of his life. He joined the Milorad Mai team in 2012 with Milovan Risti, who became an indispensable team member. He praised Mai and his vision for the team and knew that they would achieve great things together, not without all the hard work that comes with it. The whole team was invited to the U20 World Cup in Turkey, where they were in charge of two games.He was a part of the Mai referee team and was in charge of the Germany vs. Portugal match at the World Cup. Argentina and Iran played the second game of the championship. There was a lot of talk about the tackle on Ashkan Dejagah in Argentina's box after the 58' minute. The team's greatest educational moment was this World Cup. They were part of the referee team in charge of the round-of-16 return leg of the European Championship in March 2015, as well as the quarter-final first leg between Attico Madrid and Real Madrid. The team was asked by the Egyptian FA to referee the Cairo derby between Al Ahly and Zamalek. They were appointed in February 2016 to referee the knockout match between Manchester United andLiverpool at the Old Manchester Stadium in front of 75 180 people.The Serbian referee team led by Mai was appointed to run matches at the Euro 2016 in France. The Serbian referee team was appointed to referee the Republic of Ireland vs Sweden group stage match in Paris on 13 June, which ended 1–1. Spain defeated Turkey 3–0 in a match at the Alianz Riviera in Nice in June. In the next phase of the Cup, the Serbian team was appointed to run the Round of 16 match between Hungary and Belgium at the Stadium Municipal in Toulouse, which the Belgians won 4–0 As a result of a great form, Mai, Risti, and urevi were appointed to the most prestigious assignment of their careers, as of that year. The 2016 Super Cup between Real Madrid and Sevilla was one of the most demanding matches in his career, where the whole team had to make a lot of money. It wasn't until next year that the Video Assistant Referee would be used.The referee team was given credit by the world's soccer governing body for their work in the Confederations Cup Final between Chile and Germany, which took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in July of last year. This was their first final with the help of the VAR, which helped with a moment of controversy as Gonzalo Jara was judged to have elbowed Timo Werner in the face. On May 26, Mai, Risti and urevi took charge of the final of the European Championship. An important call was made by urevi as an assistant referee. Eduardo Iturralde Gonzlez, a retired elite match official referee, said in one of his interviews that the call was made because Benzema was slightly off the ground. In one of his interviews, urevi said that this game symbolized the greatest success in the team's career. 25 years of hard work resulted in it.Pierluigi Collina, the legend in the football referee circles, praised the referee team's performance. Milorad Mai, Milovan Risti, and <mask> urevi have been selected to be in the pool of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees for the World Cup. South Korea vs Mexico was one of the games they were in charge of. Since Croatia played in the finals, the Serbian referee team was chosen to referee the final match. Many Croatian fans and sports journalists posted on social media that they wouldn't mind seeing Mai, Risti, and urevi in the Final and would choose them over Pitana's team. Despite the fact that the team didn't get to referee the World Cup Final, they were unofficially proclaimed one of the best refereeing teams of the tournament. On October 16th of last year, France came back from a goal down to beat Germany in the Nations League.In the play-offs, they played with PAOK FC. They were in charge of PSV Eindhoven vs Inter Milan, Manchester United FC and FC Barcelona in the group stage. On February 14th, Mai, Risti, and urevi were in charge of the Round of 32 game, which was their final international appearance as a team. Risti and urevi joined the Saudi Professional League at the beginning of 2019. urevi did around 30 games for the Saudi Professional League, some as an assistant referee and some as a video assistant referee. urevi has been on the list of video match officials. He did more than ten matches as a Video Assistant Referee as part of the Football Association of Serbia's new implementation of video technology.Serbian Eternal Derby urevi worked as a Serbian SuperLiga referee for 12 years. It's the match that holds a special place in any Serbian football fan's, player's, and official's heart because of the long-standing rivalry between the two teams. urevi is involved in various referee mentorship and talent development programs in Serbia. He spearheaded a campaign supported by the Football Association of Serbia to raise funds for the Serbian health system in the fight against COVID-19. There are references to births of Serbian football referees.

masks:
Dalibor u
Dalibor


texts: NJC is a British music producer. Dispatches was on the British drum and bass label L.Plates. Steve Carr, a British drum and bass producer and DJ, gave <mask> his first chance to release and develop his music. The support from several DJ's including Steve Lamacq, Bobby Friction & Nihal, Digital, Storm, and Bailey came after three years of showcasing his ability to mix different genres into his drum and bass productions. YT, NJC, Digital and Gordon Mulrain were the founding members of Sativa Records. 7 of the 13 tracks on Straight Outta Britain were produced by NJC & Innerheart, who were joined by Mulrain. Stage One Music publishing company in London introduced <mask> to 'Ola'.Stage One Music received a sample of several productions from various genres. He signed a publishing deal with Stage One Music in the winter of 2003 The Dance Music Library is a part of JAL and is still being written about today. The theme tune for Dog's Life was written by <mask> at the start of 2004. The track was used on a DVD in Europe. Dog's Life was released around the world and Nat's track was used in a TV advert in the Southern Hemisphere. Stage One Music agreed to an out of court settlement with Sony BMG, as they had not obtained the relevant license to use the song.NJC continued to write music for libraries and production companies after leaving Sativa Records. NJC and Gordon Mulrain started a record label called Ambiel Music. Chris Grabiec approached NJC in January of 2009. They established an outlet label for Grabiec's releases after a number of studio sessions. Grabiec's return to music production led to the launch of Dance Regime in the winter of 2009. The Industry was signed to a new label venture called Hype Music, which is a partnership between Extreme Music and MTV Networks, in the spring of 2011. NJC released his first Drum and Bass single in over five years in the summer of 2011.Many of NJC's productions have been used across all major territories around the world in many mainstream television programs and adverts. NJC is focused on the success of his artists and the music they produce. The Decadent Futurists, Chris Grabiec, Voodoo Browne, Laura Bayston and Spencer Lee Horton are some of the musicians he works with. At the start of the year, NJC launched his side project, Blox, an outlet for his experimentations with the artists and musicians that pass through his studio. "Crazytown" is the debut single from Blox. Spencer Lee Horton and Laura Bayston were released by his own imprint. NJC took control of his career and output after a turn of events in his life.It was a chance meeting with Andy that led to him becoming one of the remix artists for beat1, a specialist radio and DJ plugging service. The new artists that come through the books were the inspiration for NJC's latest name, Carpe Diem. NJC offered his web knowledge and app development skills to the team and soon became the main brains behind the content delivery application used by the registered DJ's. Straight Outta Britain is a studio album. Role: Executive producer, producer, composer. Role: Executive producer, producer, vocal producer, mix engineer. Roles: Co-producer, vocal producer, mix engineer.Chris Grabiec Browne Saucery is a debut album. Dispatches/Feelz Good is a single from the debut album of Voodoo Browne. There is a genre of drums and bass. The Debut Shakedown/Never Too Late role is producer, vocal producer, mix engineer and engineer. There is a genre of rock. There is a limited run of a white label CD. Hogaya Hai Tujh Ko (Feel the Buzz) - Streets of Bollywood 2 is a retail CD and digital download.John Peel played this single on his last radio show. DJ Digital and Nat Clarxon collaborated on a remake of One Drop East. Loving You (Ole Ole Ole) is a remixes by Brian Harvey and The Refugee Crew. Kit Rice (White Label - Beat1UK) is the producer of Not Enough Carpe Diem. Executive producer, producer, mix engineer, composer, and creator of No Stoppin' Me NJC and Sun-Me.

masks: Clarkson Clarkson Clarkson


texts: <mask>'<mask> was an Irish poet and playwright. He was one of the most popular playwrights in London in the early 1890s. He is best known for his plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and his criminal conviction for gross indecency for consensual homosexual acts in one of the first celebrity trials. <mask>'s parents lived in Dublin. <mask> learned to speak French and German. <mask> showed himself to be an exceptional classicist after reading Greats at Trinity College Dublin. The philosophy of aestheticism was led by two of his tutors, Walter Pater and John Ruskin.<mask> moved to London after university. As a spokesman for aestheticism, he published a book of poems, lectured in the United States and Canada on the new "English Renaissance in Art", and then returned to London where he worked as a journalist. <mask> was one of the best-known people of his day and he was known for his biting wit. He incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, at the turn of the 1890s, after refining his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays. <mask> was drawn to write drama because of the chance to create aesthetic details precisely and combine them with larger social themes. While in Paris, he wrote a novel that was refused a licence for England due to a prohibition on the portrayal of biblical subjects on the English stage. <mask> produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London.<mask> prosecuted the Marquess of Queensberry for criminal libel at the height of his fame and success. Lord Alfred Douglas was <mask>'s lover. <mask> dropped his charges after the libel trial unearthed evidence that led to his trial for gross indecency with men. He was sentenced to two years' hard labour, the maximum penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897 after two more trials. In his last year in prison, he wrote De Profundis, a letter about his spiritual journey through his trials, forming a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of pleasure. He left immediately for France and never returned to Ireland or Britain. There was a place where he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol.<mask> was the second of three children born to an Anglo-Irish couple, Jane and Sir <mask>. <mask> was two years younger than <mask>. <mask> was a niece of the novelist, playwright and clergyman Charles Maturin, who may have influenced her own literary career. She wrote poetry for the Young Irelanders under the name "Speranza" and was a lifelong Irish nationalist. The Young Irelanders' poetry was read to <mask> and Willie by <mask>. The paintings and busts of ancient Greece and Rome were in her home. <mask>, Ireland's leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon, was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.He wrote books about peasant folklore. The Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital was founded by a renowned philanthropist at the rear of Trinity College Dublin. <mask> was descended from Colonel <mask>, who went to Ireland with King William of Orange's army in 1690, as well as many Anglo-Irish ancestors. <mask>'s mother's bricklayer from County Durham migrated to Ireland in the 17th century. <mask> was christened in the local Church of Ireland in Dublin. The records were moved to the St. Ann's Church when the church was closed. Father Prideaux Fox befriended <mask>'s mother in the 19th century.<mask> would take her sons with her to Mass at Fox's chapel in Glencree, Wicklow, according to Fox's testimony. Father Fox was asked to baptise her sons. I am not sure if she ever became a Catholic herself but it was not long before she asked me to instruct two of her children, one of them being the future erratic genius, <mask>. Lady <mask> was present on the occasion of thebaptism of the two children. In addition to his two full siblings, <mask> had three half siblings who were born out of wedlock before the marriage of his father: Henry Wilson, born in 1838 to one woman, and Emily and <mask>, born in 1847 and 1849, respectively. Sir William provided for the education of his illegitimate or "natural" children and arranged for them to be reared by his relatives rather than with his legitimate children in his family household. The family moved to No. in the 19th century.<mask>'s sister was born in Merrion Square. She was named after Iseult of Ireland, wife of Mark of Cornwall and lover of the Cornish knight. She shared her mother's name with her aunt's name. <mask> was very close to her and she died at the age of nine. Isola lit up their lives like a golden ray of sunshine. The <mask>s' new home was bigger. The house became a site of a "unique medical and cultural milieu" with both his parents' success and delight in social life.They had guests at their salon that included Samuel Ferguson. <mask> was educated at home by a French nursemaid and a German governess. He attended Portora Royal School with his brother Willie. <mask> impressed his peers with his funny and inventive school stories, even though he was not as popular as his older brother. He claimed that his fellow students thought he was a "prodigy" for his ability to read two facing pages at the same time and consume a three-volume book in half an hour. He ranked fourth in the school in the subject of Classics and excelled academically. The Carpenter Prize for Greek Testament was one of the prizes he won.He won a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871. <mask> summers at the villa, Moytura House, which was built by his father. <mask> and Willie played with George Moore. Isola died at a young age. <mask> left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at Trinity College. He was placed with scholars such as R. Y. Tyrell and Professor J. P. Mahaffy, who inspired his interest in Greek literature. <mask> worked with Mahaffy on a book.<mask> said Mahaffy was his first and best teacher and the scholar who showed him how to love Greek things. <mask> was the only blot on Mahaffy's tutorship. The University Philosophical Society provided an education, as members discussed intellectual and artistic subjects such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Algernon Charles Swinburne weekly. The members' suggestion book for 1874 contains two pages of banter mocking <mask>'s aestheticism. The paper he presented was called "Aesthetic Morality". <mask> won the Berkeley Gold medal in Greek, the University's highest academic award, after coming first in his class in his first year at Trinity. He was encouraged to apply for a scholarship to Magdalen College, Oxford, which he won easily.He applied to join the Oxford Union but failed to be elected after reading Greats from 1874 to 1878. <mask> was raised to the "Sublime Degree of Master Mason" after he petitioned the Apollo Masonic Lodge at Oxford. He said he would be very sorry to give up Freemasonry if he left the Protestant Heresy. <mask> allowed his membership in the Apollo University Lodge to lapse because he failed to pay his subscriptions. He discussed converting to Catholicism with the clergy several times. After an audience with Pope Pius IX in Rome, <mask> was left speechless. He eagerly read the books of Cardinal Newman, a noted Anglican priest who had converted to Catholicism and risen in the church hierarchy.He became more serious when he met the Reverend Sebastian Bowden, a priest who had received some high-profile converts. Neither his father, who threatened to cut off his funds, nor Mahaffy thought much of the plan; but <mask>, the supreme individualist, objected at the last minute from pledging himself to any formal creed, and on the appointed day of his baptism into Catholicism, sent Father Bowden a bunch <mask> had an interest in Catholic theology and liturgy. <mask> was well known for his role in the decadent movements. He decorated his rooms with peacock feathers, lilies, sunflowers, blue china and other items and wore his hair long. He once said to friends, "I find it harder and harder every day to live up to my blue china." The line quickly became famous, accepted as a slogan by aesthetes, but used against them by critics who felt it was a terrible vacuousness.The aesthetes' attitudes and showy costumes became a recognised pose after some elements disdained them. <mask> was attacked by a group of fellow students and dealt with them single-handedly, surprising critics. By his third year <mask> had begun to develop himself and his myth, and considered his learning to be more expansive than what was in the prescribed texts. He was rusticated for one term after returning late from a trip to Greece with Mahaffy. <mask> was enthralled by Walter Pater's Studies in the History of the Renaissance, which was published during <mask>'s final year in Trinity. Pater argued that man's sense of beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. Pater's Studies... was described by <mask> in De Profundis as "that book that has had such a strange influence over my life".He carried the book with him when he traveled in later years. <mask>'s sense of almost flippant devotion to art was given to him by Pater. The importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society, as argued by the man who despaired at the self-validating aestheticism of Pater. He believed that beauty must be applied to moral good. <mask> learned about the non-mathematical elements of painting when he attended the lecture series The Aesthetic and Mathematic Schools of Art in Florence. <mask> volunteered for the project to convert a swampy country lane into a smart road. <mask> won the Newdigate Prize for his poem "Ravenna", which reflected on his visit there the year before, and he read it at Encaenia.He graduated with a double first in his B.A. Classical Moderations and Humaniores are part of the greats. <mask> wrote to a friend that the dons were beyond words. <mask> met Florence Balcombe, a childhood sweetheart, when he returned to Dublin after graduating from Oxford. They married in the 19th century. <mask> wrote to her to say that he was disappointed but that he remembered the two sweetest years of his life. He stated that he intended to return to England.He only visited Ireland twice after he did this in 1878. <mask> wrote to his acquaintances inquiring about Classics positions at Oxford or Cambridge. He was still eligible to enter the Chancellor's Essay prize even though he no longer was a student. The subject of "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for <mask>, with both his skill in composition and ancient learning, but he struggled to find his voice with the long, flat, scholarly style. There was no prize that year. After the sale of his father's houses, he set himself up as a bachelor in London. <mask> was listed in the British Census as a boarder at 1 Tite Street, where Frank Miles was the head of the household.He was publishing lyrics and poems in magazines when he was at Trinity College. Poems, which collected, revised and expanded his poems, was published at 27 years old. Though the book sold out its first print run of 750 copies, it was not well received by the critics, for example saying "The poet is <mask>, but his poetry's tame". The Oxford Union condemned the book for plagiarizing. The presentation copy was returned to <mask> by the librarians who requested the book for the library. Richard Ellmann is a biographer. One line reads: "To drift with every passion till my soul / Is a stringed lute on which all winds can play".The book had more printings in the late 19th century. <mask> gave many copies of the book to the people who received him during his lecture tours, and it was printed on hand-made Dutch paper. Gilbert and Sullivan caricatured aestheticism in Patience. <mask> was invited by Richard D'Oyly Carte, an English impresario, to make a lecture tour of North America in order to drum up interest in the US tour of Patience. <mask> arrived on the Arizona on January 2nd and disembarked the next day. The tour continued for almost a year because of its commercial success. <mask> wanted the beauty he saw in art into his daily life.In Oxford, he had surrounded himself with blue china and lilies, and now one of his lectures was on interior design. "<mask> teased his readers with the claim that life imitates art rather than the other way round," Carolyn Burdett wrote in a British Library article. He argued that art and literature have taught us to notice London fogs. <mask> performed these maxims. His life was a work of art and he presented himself as such. <mask> replied, "It's not whether I did it or not that's important, but whether people believed I did it." <mask> believed that the artist should hold higher ideals and that pleasure and beauty would replace utilitarian ethics.The Springfield Republican commented on <mask>'s behavior during his visit to Boston to lecture on aestheticism, suggesting that <mask>'s conduct was more a bid for notoriety than devotion to beauty. In his book "Unmanly Manhood", T. W. Higginson wrote that <mask> had written a "thin volume of very mediocre verse" and that it would influence the behavior of men and women. <mask> was the subject of anti-Irish caricature and was portrayed as a monkey, blackface performer and a Minstrel throughout his career. The January 1882 issue ofHarper's Weekly featured a monkey dressed as <mask>. The magazine's reputation for quality didn't affect its expression of odious ethnic and racial ideologies. The drawing stimulated other American maligners and in England there was a full-page reprint in the Lady's Pictorial. ...The National Republican talked about a few items as to the animal's background. The Wild Man of Borneo was illustrated by the Washington Post along with <mask> of England. <mask> drank with whiskey miners in Leadville, Colorado, and was fted at the most fashionable salons in many cities he visited, even though his press reception was hostile. Between February and May 1884, he moved to Paris because of his earnings and expected income from The Duchess of Padua. He entertained Robert Sherard a lot. <mask> would say before taking him to an expensive restaurant that they were dining on the duchess. He returned to New York for the production of Vera after it was turned down in London.He told the other passengers about the rise and fall of empires. This "lyric to England" is described as a poetic and eloquent invocation by E. C. Stedman in Victorian Poets. He was introduced to the daughter of a wealthy Queen's Counsel in London. <mask> lectured at the Gaiety Theatre when she was in Dublin in 1884. They married at the Anglican St James's Church in Paddington, London, on May 29, 1884. The <mask>s had relatively luxurious tastes and had an annual allowance of £250, which was generous for a young woman. People expected their home to set new standards because they had preached about design for so long.No. In seven months, 16, Tite Street was renovated. Cyril and Vyvyan were the sons of the couple. George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested after the Haymarket massacre in Chicago in 1886 was signed by <mask>. <mask> met Robert Ross at Oxford. Ross, who had read <mask>'s poems before they met, seemed to be unaware of the Victorian prohibition against homosexuality. He was a young seventeen-year-old who was determined to seduce <mask>, according to Richard Ellmann's account.After his wife's second pregnancy left him physically repelled, <mask> was initiated into homosexual sex by Ross. <mask> was a contributor to that and other journals during 1885–87, when he wrote a letter in self-defence after being criticized for artistic matters. The form suited his style. He could share his views on art, literature and life in a way that was less tedious than lecturing. His reviews were mostly positive. <mask>'s parents supported the cause of Irish nationalism. <mask> wrote a series of columns defending Charles Stewart Parnell after he was accused of inciting murder.His flair is suited to journalism and quickly attracted notice. <mask> became the editor of The Lady's World magazine in the late 19th century, with his youth nearly over, and a

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texts: family to support. He added serious articles on parenting, culture, and politics, while keeping discussions of fashion and arts, and renamed it The Woman's World. Two pieces of fiction were included, one to be read to children and the other to the ladies. <mask> solicited good contributions from his artistic acquaintances, including <mask> and his wife, while his own "Literary and Other Notes" were popular and amusing. As administration, commute and office life became tedious, the initial enthusiasm and excitement which he brought to the job began to fade. At the same time as <mask>'s interest flagged, the publishers became concerned about the low sales of their products.<mask> began a new period of creative work after sending instructions to the magazine by letter. <mask> left The Woman's World at the end of the second volume after finally finding his voice in prose. He lost to the magazine by one issue. <mask>'s time at the helm of the magazine was a mixed success and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals <mask> the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms after the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors. <mask> was a close friend of James McNeill Whistler and they dined together many times. <mask> exclaimed that he wished that he had said it, and Whistler retorted "You will, <mask>, you will".The Reminiscences of a Short Life was published in The Sun in 1889 and was written by a mutual friend of <mask> and Whistler. The article claimed that <mask> passed off other people's witticisms as his own. <mask> considered the article to be a scurrilous betrayal, and it caused the break up of the friendship between <mask> and Whistler. <mask> accused Vivian of being an eavesdropper with the method of a blackmailer and banished him from his circle after the Reminiscences. <mask> wrote fairy stories for magazines and published The Happy Prince and Other Tales in 1888. He published two more collections in 1891, "Crime and Other Stories" and "A House of Pomegranates". "The Portrait of Mr. W. H." was published in Edinburgh Magazine in July 1889.The short story is about a conversation in which the theory that Shakespeare's sonnets were written out of his love for Willie Hughes is advanced, retracted, and then propounded again. There are two supposed puns within the sonnets. The anonymous narrator is flirtatious with the reader after he concludes that there is really a great deal to be said of the Willie Hughes theory of Shakespeare's sonnets. Fact and fiction have come together. Arthur Ransome wrote that <mask> was fascinated with the "Willie Hughes theory" despite the lack of biographical evidence for the historical William Hughes' existence. <mask> tossed the theory amongst the three characters of the story, allowing it to unfold as background to the plot. The story is an early masterpiece of <mask>, combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth.Ransome believes that <mask> succeeds because of the literary criticism. He says it would not be possible to build an airier castle in Spain than the one imagined by William Hughes. "You must believe in Willie Hughes, I almost do," <mask>1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556 <mask> had been busy setting out his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which were published in the major literary-intellectual journals of the day. The Fortnightly Review, edited by <mask>'s friend Frank Harris, published The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue and Pen, Pencil and Poison in January 1889. <mask> retained an oral tradition of sorts, though he had evolved from lecturer to writer. He has always excelled as a wit, and often composed his work by assembling phrases, quotes and witticisms into a cohesive work.<mask> was concerned about the effect of moralising on art, and he believed in the power of art. It has an immense value. The reduction of man to the level of a machine is what it seeks to disturb. In his only political text, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, he argued that private property should be abolished and that cooperation should be replaced with competition. He said that the government was not a government at all. <mask> imagined a society where mechanisation freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which could be spent on artistic creation. George Orwell said, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each trying to perfect their craft in the way that seems best to him."This point of view did not align him with the intellectual socialists who advocated using state apparatus to change social conditions, nor did it endeared him to the monied classes whom he had entertained. Hesketh Pearson, introducing a collection of <mask>'s essays in 1950, remarked that The Soul of Man Under Socialism was an inspiration for revolutionaries in Russia but that it was doubtful whether there were any uninspected places in which it was written. <mask> considered including this pamphlet and "The Portrait of Mr. W. H.", his essay-story on Shakespeare's sonnets, in a new anthology in 1891, but eventually decided to limit it to purely aesthetic subjects. There are four essays: The Decay of Lying, Pen, Pencil and Poison, The Truth of Masks, and The Critic as Artist. The essays and dialogues show <mask>'s genius and character, and Pearson concludes that "no other productions of his have as varied an appeal". <mask>'s annus mirabilis was his only novel, apart from his three collections. The first version of The Picture of Dorian Gray was published in the July 1890 edition of Lippincott's Monthly Magazine.A man paints a picture of Gray. Gray, who has a face like ivory and rose leaves, breaks down when he sees his portrait. He inadvertently made a Faustian bargain in which only the painted image grows old while he stays beautiful and young, because he was distraught that his beauty will fade while the portrait stays beautiful. The purpose of art is to guide life as if it were an object. <mask> wanted to combine the beauty he saw in art with daily life, as Gray's portrait allowed him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism. The Daily Chronicle called the novel "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction". <mask> wrote to the editor of the Scots Observer clarifying his stance on ethics and aesthetic in art.He revised it extensively for book publication in 1891, adding six new chapters, some decadent passages, and removing some of the eroticism. That is all. <mask> has tapped a root of Western folklore so deep and ubiquitous that the story has escaped its origins and returned to the oral tradition according to Jershua McCormack. <mask> said the plot was as old as the history of literature but had a new form. The novel was considered mediocre by a modern critic, who said that the conceit of the plot had guaranteed its fame, but the device is never pushed to its full potential. Robert McCrum of The Guardian named it one of the 100 best gothic novels ever written in English, calling it "an arresting, and slightly camp, exercise in late-Victorian gothic". The <mask>s lived at 16 Tite Street in the 1891 census, where he lived with his wife and two sons.<mask> returned to Paris in October 1891 as a respected writer, not content with being better known than ever in London. The famous mardis of Stphane Mallarmé, a renowned symbolist poet of the time, was received at the salon littéraires. <mask>'s plays Vera and The Nihilists didn't meet with much success. After finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his mind. When he returned to his hotel one evening, he noticed a blank copybook on the desk and decided to write what he had said in it. The play was written quickly and in French. It tells the story of the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas who, to her mother's delight, requests the head of Jokanaan (John the Baptist) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing.<mask> was referred to as "le great event of the season" when he returned to London just before Christmas. The play was refused a licence because it depicted biblical characters. During <mask>'s later incarceration, the play was not performed in Paris until 1896. <mask>, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then outrage it with his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. The first performance of Lady Windermere's Fan took place at the St James's Theatre. There is a subtle subversion in the comedy that concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure. Lady Windermere was forced to change harsh social codes in favor of a more nuanced view.The play toured the country for months but was trashed by conservatives. <mask> made 7,000 in the first year of the play. A Woman of No Importance, a Victorian comedy revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations, was his first hit play. <mask> wrote An Ideal Husband in January 1895 after being commissioned to write two more plays. "<mask>, with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen, and the other on the commercial competition in London's West End, targeted his audience with his adroit precision", said Peter Raby. <mask> was introduced to Lord Alfred Douglas by Lionel Johnson, <mask>'s cousin and an undergraduate at Oxford. He was known to his family and friends as "Bosie".<mask> and Douglas had a tempestuous affair after <mask> fell in love with Douglas. Douglas was reckless in public if <mask> was indiscreet, even flamboyant. <mask>, who was earning up to £100 a week from his plays, would indulge Douglas's every whim: material, artistic, or sexual. <mask> was introduced to a series of young working-class male prostitutes by Alfred Taylor in the Victorian underground of gay prostitution. <mask> would meet the boy, offer him gifts, dine him privately, and then take him to a hotel room. <mask>'s idealised relations with Ross, John Gray, and Douglas, all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle, were uneducated and knew nothing of literature. In De Profundis, he wrote to Douglas that his public and private lives were divided.I didn't know that when they were going to hit at me it was going to be at another's pay. <mask> sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review to the journal founded by Douglas and some Oxford friends. Six months after <mask>'s trial, he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work. The Chameleon was not published again. The father of Lord Alfred was known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing. <mask> was able to mollify Queensberry after he confronted <mask> and Lord Alfred about their relationship. In June 1894, he called <mask> at 16 Tite Street without an appointment to clarify his stance: "I do not say that you are it, but you look it and pose at it, which is just as bad."<mask> replied "I don't know what the Queensberry rules are, but the <mask> rule is to shoot on sight". In De Profundis, his account was less triumphant, as he said, "It was when, in my library at Tite Street, waving his small hands in the air in epileptic fury, your father... stood uttering every foul word his foul mind could think of, and Queensberry said <mask> had acted in a "cowardly way" by showing him the white feather. <mask> tried to remain calm, but he saw that he was in the middle of a family fight. He knew that confronting Queensberry could lead to disaster if his liaisons were made public. The play's two protagonists engage in "bunburying" (the maintenance of alternative personas in the town and country) which allows them to escape Victorian social mores. <mask>'s earlier comedies were lighter in tone.There is no "woman with a past", the principals are neither villainous nor cunning, and the idealistic young women are not that innocent. Earnest is mostly set in drawing rooms and almost completely lacking in action or violence. <mask>'s masterpiece was written in late 1894 and is now considered a masterpiece. <mask>'s second collaboration with George Alexander, the actor-manager, was performed at St James's Theatre in London on February 14, 1895. A carefully constructed representation of late-Victorian society was created by both the author and producer in the months before the premiere. Alexander requested that <mask> shorten the play from four to three acts. St James's seemed to have "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception.Allan Aynesworth said to Hesketh Pearson, "In my fifty-three years of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than that first night." <mask>'s best work to date finally crystallised his fame into a solid artistic reputation. H. G. Wells wrote that it would be difficult to imagine more humorous dealing with theatrical conventions. Mr <mask> has decorated a humour that is Gilbertian with innumerable spangles of that wit that is all his own. His most popular play is The Importance of Being Earnest. <mask>'s professional success was mirrored by his feud with Queensberry. <mask> was tipped off that Queensberry was planning to insult him by throwing a bouquet of rotting vegetables onto the stage.<mask> was in prison for fifteen weeks. On February 18, 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry left his calling card at <mask>'s club, the Albemarle, inscribed: "For <mask>, posing somdomite". <mask>, encouraged by Douglas and against the advice of his friends, initiated a private prosecution against Queensberry for libel, since the note amounted to a public accusation that <mask> had committed the crime of sodomy. Queensberry was charged with criminal libel and could face up to two years in prison. Queensberry could avoid conviction for libel if he could prove that his accusation was true and that there was a public benefit to having made the accusation public. Private detectives were hired by Queensberry's lawyers to find evidence of <mask>'s homosexual liaisons. <mask>'s friends advised him against the prosecution at a Saturday Review meeting at the Café Royal on 24 March 1895, and Frank Harris advised him to flee to France.<mask> and Douglas walked out in a huff, <mask> saying "it is at such moments that one sees who are one's true friends". George Bernard Shaw recalled the scene to Arthur Ransome a day or so before his trial for libelling Douglas. <mask> wrote in De Profundis that Douglas's rivalry for <mask> Ross and his arguments with his father had resulted in <mask>'s public disaster. Douglas lost his case. Shaw included an account of the argument between Harris, Douglas and <mask> in his play The Dark Lady of the Sonnets. As salacious details of <mask>'s private life with Taylor and Douglas began to appear in the press, the libel trial became a cause célbre. Queensberry's lawyers were directed to the world of the Victorian underground by a team of private detectives.<mask>'s association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which <mask> was accused. There were scenes of near hysteria in the press and the public galleries when the trial opened at the Old Bailey in 1895. He declared meekly, "I am the prosecutor in this case" because of the amount of evidence against <mask>. <mask>'s lawyer asked <mask> about two suggestive letters <mask>

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texts: had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. He described the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court. <mask> stated that the letters had been obtained by blackmailers who had attempted to extort money from him, but he had refused, suggesting they should take the £60 offered, "unusual for a prose piece of that length". He thought the letters were works of art and not something to be ashamed of.<mask> was cross-examined on how he perceived the moral content of his works by a fellow Dubliner. <mask> replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only uneducated people would make such judgements. The normal practice of asking closed questions was deviated from by a leading barrister. <mask>'s answers were removed from their aesthetic context and portrayed <mask> as evasive and decadent. <mask> won the most laughs and legal points. To undermine <mask>'s credibility, and to justify Queensberry's description of <mask> as a "posing somdomite", Carson drew from the witness an admission of his capacity for "posing", by demonstrating that he had lied about his age under oath. He returned to the topic during his cross-examination.The second chapter of <mask>'s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, contains a scene in which Lord Henry wotton explains his decadent philosophy to the "innocent young man". <mask> was questioned about his friendship with younger, lower-class men. <mask> admitted to being on a first-name basis and giving gifts to the men, but insisted that they were just good friends of his. Carson implied that the men were prostitutes when he pointed out the unusual nature of the relationships. <mask> liked the society of young men and didn't believe in social barriers. <mask> said "Oh, dear no" when asked if he had ever kissed a servant boy. I pitied him because he was a plain boy.He was repeatedly asked why the boy's ugliness was relevant. <mask> hesitated, then for the first time became flustered, "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously." Several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with <mask> were located by Carson in his opening speech. <mask> dropped the prosecution on the advice of his lawyers. The accusation that <mask> was "posing as a Somdomite" was justified by the court as Queensberry was found not guilty. <mask> was bankrupt because of the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence. <mask> was charged with sodomy and gross indecency after he left the court.<mask> Ross at the Cadogan Hotel. <mask>'s mother advised him to stay and fight, while the men advised him to go and try to get a boat to France. <mask> could only say that the train had left. It's too late. <mask> was arrested for gross indecency under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 for homosexual acts not amounting to buggery. At <mask>'s instruction, Ross and <mask>'s butler forced their way into the bedroom and library of 16 Tite Street, packing some personal effects, manuscripts, and letters. <mask> received daily visits from Douglas while he was imprisoned.His prosecution opened on April 26, 1895, before Mr Justice Charles. <mask> denied the charges. He begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but he was pressed to leave and fled to the Hotel du Monde. Fearing persecution, Ross and many others left the United Kingdom. <mask>'s response was counter-productive as it only served to reinforce the charges of homosexual behavior. The jury couldn't reach a decision. <mask> and his friends were able to post bail thanks to the help of Sir Edward Clarke.The Reverend Stewart Headlam put up most of the surety because he disagreed with <mask>'s treatment by the press and the courts. <mask> went into hiding at the house of two of his friends after being freed from Holloway. "Can we not let up on the fellow now?" asked Edward Carson. The case had become too politicized to be dropped, so he would like to do so. Mr Justice Wills presided over the final trial. <mask> and Alfred Taylor were sentenced to two years' hard labour after being convicted of gross indecency. The judge said that the case was the worst he had ever tried and that the maximum allowed was inadequate.<mask>'s response was "And I?" May I not say anything, my Lord? The cries of "shame" were heard in the courtroom. The trials of <mask> suggest that he took advantage of teenagers, even though it is widely believed that the charges were related to <mask>'s consensual activities. He was not an odious predator according to one of the authors. There appeared to be a relationship going on between him and the boys. <mask> paid for sex with youths under the age of 18 which is a criminal offence.He would have been pilloried in the media even if his activities had only led to exposure. <mask> was 39 when he had sex with Alphonse Conway. <mask> was imprisoned from 25 May 1895 to 18 May 1897. After entering Newgate Prison in London for processing, he was moved to Pentonville Prison, where he had to walk a treadmill and pick oakum in order to fulfill his sentence. He was moved to a London prison a few months later. <mask>'s health was badly affected by the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed". He collapsed in the chapel due to illness and hunger.His death was caused by an injury to his ear drum. He was in the infirmary for two months. <mask> was transferred to Reading Gaol, west of London, in November 1895, after being visited by Richard B. Haldane, the Liberal MP and reformer. The crowd jeered and spat at him at the railway platform when he was transferred. He spent the rest of his sentence in the third cell on the third floor of the C ward. After <mask> arrived at Reading Gaol, Charles Thomas Wooldridge, a trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife and was sentenced to death on 17 June 1896. <mask> wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol after Wooldridge's hanging.Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials despite <mask> not allowing paper and pen at first. <mask> wanted the Bible in French, Italian and German, Dante's Divine Comedy, a new French novel about Christian redemption, and essays by Cardinal Newman and Walter Pater. <mask> wrote a letter to Douglas in 1897. He was allowed to take it with him when he was released from prison. <mask> coldly examines his career to date, how he had been a colourful agent provocateur in Victorian society, his art, like his paradoxes, seeking to subvert as well as sparkle. He said that he stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of his age. It was from these heights that his life with Douglas began, and <mask> examines that particularly closely, repudiating him for what <mask> finally sees as his arrogance and Vanity: he had not forgotten Douglas' remark, when he was ill.<mask> blamed himself for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall. <mask> forgives Douglas for his own sake as much as Douglas's. <mask>'s spiritual journey of redemption and fulfillment can be found in the second half of the letter. He realized that he had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, even though it was bitter at the time. ... I went out and lived because I wanted to eat the fruit of the trees. My mistake was that I only looked at the trees on the sun-lit side of the garden, ignoring the gloom and shadows on the other side.<mask> was released from prison on May 19 1897. He did not return to the UK. He gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have received <mask>'s instructions to send a copy to Douglas. The complete and correct publication of the letter first occurred in 1962 in The Letters of Oscar <mask>. <mask>'s health had suffered greatly from the harsh environment of prison, but he had a feeling of spiritual renewal. <mask> cried when the Society of Jesus denied his request for a six-month Catholic retreat. <mask> told a journalist that he would be accepted into the Catholic Church before long.He was impoverished and in exile for three years. The name "Sebastian Melmoth" was taken after Saint Sebastian and the character of Melmoth the Wanderer. <mask> wrote two long letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons. His discussion of the dismissal of Warder Martin for giving biscuits to an anemic child prisoner repeated the themes of the corruption and degradation of punishment that he had outlined in The Soul of Man under Socialism. <mask> and Robert Ross lived in the seaside village of Berneval-le-Grand in northern France in the mid-1897's, where <mask> wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaol, about the execution of Charles Thomas Wooldridge, who murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity. It goes from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners. The poem highlights the brutality of the punishment that all convicts share and no attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them.<mask> uses the line "yet each man kills the thing he loves" to compare the executed man and himself. The author was credited with "C33", <mask>'s cell number in Reading Gaol, because he adopted the proletarian ballad form. For once I will be read by my peers, he suggested that it be published in Reynolds' Magazine. It was an immediate roaring commercial success, going through seven editions in less than two years, only after <mask> was added to the title page. He got a small amount of money. <mask> and Douglas were together again in August 1897. The friends and families of both men did not approve of the meeting.<mask> wasn't allowed to see their sons, but he was given three pounds a week by <mask>. <mask> and Douglas were separated from their families during the last few months of 1897 because of the threat of cutting off all funds. The Htel d'Alsace was located on rue des Beaux-Arts in Paris. This poverty really breaks one's heart, it is so sale and depressing. He told his publisher to "pray do what you can". He didn't write anything else after he corrected and published An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, but Ellmann said he showed a man "very much in command of himself and of the play." He spent what little money he had on alcohol.His spirit was drowned by a series of embarrassing chance encounters with English and Frenchmen. <mask> was confined to his hotel and joked on one of his final trips outside, "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death." One of us has to leave. "Terribly weak" was the telegram he sent to Ross. Please come. <mask>'s moods fluctuated as Max Beerbohm relates how his friend Reggie Turner found <mask> depressed after a nightmare. I was supping with the dead in a dream.Turner said that you must have been the life and soul of the party. Turner was at <mask>'s bedside when he died, he remained with <mask> to the end. <mask>'s death was called "cerebral meningitis" by the time it happened. <mask> was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin, after being sent for a priest byRobbie Ross. As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of <mask> was in part repeated to me by Robert Ross. I did not administer the Holy Viaticum as the man was in a semi-comatose state, but he was roused from this state in my presence. He gave signs of being conscious when he was roused.He understood me when I told him that I was going to receive him into the Catholic Church and give him the Last Sacraments. <mask> died of a disease on November 30, 1900. <mask>'s grandson thought the disease was caused by a mastoidectomy, while Richard Ellmann thought it was syphilitic. <mask>'s remains were removed from the Cimetire de Bagneux outside Paris and placed in the Pre Lachaise Cemetery inside the city. Sir Jacob Epstein designed his tomb. It was commissioned by Robert Ross, who asked for a small compartment to be made for his own ashes. The angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally made up of male genitalia, which was removed by the French authorities.The whereabouts of the genitals are unknown. Leon Johnson replaced them with a silver prosthesis. A glass barrier was installed to protect the tomb from further damage after it was cleaned of lipstick marks left by admirers. Alien tears will fill for him Pity's long-broken urn, for his mourners will be outcast men, and they always mourn. <mask> was one of an estimated 50,000 men who were pardoned for homosexual acts that were no longer considered a crime. The Alan Turing law is what the Act implements. <mask> was honoured with a stained-glass window at Poets' Corner.Sir John Gielgud read from the final part of De Profundis and Dame Judi Dench read from The Importance of Being Earnest as the memorial was unveiled. <mask> was one of the first people to be honored on the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighbourhood. In cooperation with the Church of the Village in New York City, the <mask> Wilde Temple was opened in New York City and then moved to London the next year. <mask>'s life has been the subject of many biographies. The earliest memoirs were written by people who knew him, which can be good character sketches, but are sometimes unreliable. Frank Harris wrote a biography of <mask>, though prone to exaggeration and sometimes inaccurate, and it offers a good literary portrait of <mask>. Lord Alfred Douglas had a relationship with <mask>.<mask> and Myself reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and tried to distance him from <mask>'s scandalous reputation. Both authors regretted their work. He was more sympathetic to <mask> in <mask>: A Summing Up. Robert Ross, <mask>'s literary executor, and Charles Ricketts, his biographer, were among <mask>'s other close friends. <mask>: His Life and Wit was the first more or less objective biography of <mask>. The memoir Son of <mask> was published by <mask>'s son Vyvyan Holland in 1954. It was updated in 1989.Arthur Ransome published <mask> in 1912. Ransome and The Times Book Club were sued for libel after the book only mentioned <mask>'s life. Douglas lost the libel action at the High Court in London in April 1913. <mask>'s biography was written by Richard Ellmann, who won a National (US) Book Critics Circle Award in 1988 and a Pulitzer Prize in 1989. <mask>, directed by Brian Gilbert and starring Stephen Fry as the title character, was based on the book. The Secret Life of <mask> explores <mask>'s sexuality. It was often speculative in nature and was often criticized for its lack of scholarly rigor.Oscar's Books explores <mask>'s reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris. Wright was the first to examine <mask>'s marginalia after tracking down many books that once belonged to <mask>'s Tite Street library. Oscar: A Life was published in London. The most extensively researched biography of <mask> has appeared since 1988. Several biographies and monographs were produced by the Parisian literati. In Memoriam, <mask> and <mask> also feature in his journals. The L'esprit d'Oscar Wilde was created by Thomas Louis, who had translated books on <mask> into French.Philippe Jullian's Oscar Wilde and L'affaire Oscar Wilde are modern books. The Happy Prince and Other Stories is one of the works that was selected. The soul of man under socialism is a political essay. Further reading Ellmann. <mask>. The Complete Letters of <mask>, US edition: Henry Holt and Company, New York. Interviews and Recollections of <mask>.There is a book in London called Palgrave Macmillan. The first volume. The second volume. Matthew Sturgis was born. <mask> is a life. The head of Zeus is in London. The Oscar Wilde Society (UK) Historical notes Record of <mask>'s indictment and conviction is on the official Old Bailey website.References to <mask> in historic European newspapers and the Julia Rosenthal Oscar Wilde Collection can be found in the Morgan Library &

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Oscar Wilde
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texts: The first full-time Director of the Indian Institute of Management was <mask>. He is one of the co-founders of the Institute of Rural Management. <mask>, who served as India's first Railway Minister and later as India's Finance Minister, was the son of a Syrian Anglican family. His cousin is Verghese Kurien. He graduated from the University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In economics. Professor of Marketing at the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, he began his career at a Calcutta based firm.<mask> joined IIMA as its first full-time Director after leaving IIM Calcutta. He did not have an advanced degree when he was 38 years old. Over the next six years, he set the foundations for an institution that was to grow into a top-ranking management school in India. A clear sense of purpose is one of the reasons for <mask>'s influence on IIMA. IIMA's concern was with the application of knowledge. The Institute would be involved in teaching, research and consulting. Faculty must engage in all three activities if the impact is to be greatest.It was clear to Matthai that focusing only on business would limit IIMA. It would expose it to charges of being snobbish. IIMA needs to be more than just a business school, it needs to be an institute of management. Expertise in agriculture would be developed. <mask> believes that academic activities can only flourish if faculty are given full freedom. It is not possible to order excellence in an academic institution. It begins when people are given the freedom to express themselves.The idea of a faculty-governed institute where decision-making rests with the faculty is third. The admissions committee is independent of the director. The mechanism has been important in shielding admissions from influence. The principle of a single term for the director is perhaps <mask>'s greatest bequest to IIMA. After six years as director, <mask> decided to step down and stay on as a professor. It was important to establish the principle that the director's position is not a hierarchy and that he is only first among equals because leaders of academic institutions tend to use their positions for career advancement at an adverse cost to the institutions. In 1975, a few years after stepping down from IIMA's directorship, <mask> decided to test whether corporate management disciplines could be related to Indian poverty.The Jawaja block has about 200 villages with a population of about 80,000 people. The area had no scope for development according to the government authorities. Believing that people were the greatest resource for development, <mask> began to work with village communities on issues of livelihood and empowerment in an environment that was among India's most degraded and oppressive. In the face of social, environmental and political challenges, volunteers from IIMA and the National Institute of Design joined with local citizens to search for livelihood options that could be sustained. Raaj Sah was a professor at the University of Chicago and worked on the project while he was at IIMA. He was one of the first people on the ground to begin structuring and implementing the work of poverty reduction. Languishing skills in weaving and leather work were selected in an effort to develop new opportunities for earning that could be outside the control of local vested interests.The Jawaja experiment began with Prof. <mask> leading a small group of volunteers to a barren patch of land. Forty years later, the Jawaja Leather Association and the Jawaja Weaver's Association are still fighting for self-reliance and dignity. They have come a long way. The leather workers and weavers are independent. Their products are popular in India and other parts of the world. The Institute of Rural Management was established due to the learning of running a gross root development project. The need for an independent Institute of Rural Management was conceptualised by two of his former IIMA colleagues, Dr.Kamala Chowdhary and Dr. Michael Halse.The institute was established at the request of Dr. Verghese Kurien, the Chairman of the National Dairy Development Board. In the initial years, he was a member of the Board, directly in teaching students, and informally mentoring the faculty. There is a design innovation for enriching school education, craft sectors and design research chair at the Honors National Institute of Design. There is a focus on developing a range of design research related projects. The institute library at the Institute of Rural Management is named after him. The centre for educational innovation was established by IIMA in 1986 to conduct research and training to influence the management of education systems in India. The Voice of Ravi Matthai can be found at the IIMA Website.

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Ravi John Matthai
John Mathai
Matthai
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Matthai


texts: <mask> was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He was a professor at the University of Chicago and the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. He decided to study the topic of moral judgment, even though it was considered unusual in his era. It took five years for him to publish an article based on his views. The theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin were extended by <mask>'s work. He was creating a new field of psychology called moral development. <mask> was found to be the 30th most prominent psychologist of the 20th century using six criteria.<mask> was born in New York. He was the youngest of four children of a Jewish German businessman and a Christian German chemist. His parents separated when he was four years old and divorced when he was fourteen. For six months at a time, <mask> and his siblings lived with their parents. The children were able to choose the parent they wanted to live with after the rotating custody was ended. He attended an elite prep school in Massachusetts. At the end of World War II, he served in the Merchant Marine.He worked on a ship that brought Jewish refugees from Romania to Palestine. A group of crew members escaped from an internment camp after being captured by the British. During the fighting in Palestine in 1948 to establish the state of Israel, <mask> refused to participate and focused on non-violent forms of activism. He was able to return to America in 1948 after living in an Israeli kibbutz. He attended the University of Chicago in the same year. At this time at Chicago, it was possible to get a bachelor's degree in one year. He completed his PhD in psychology at Chicago in 1958.The couple had two sons, David and Steven, and they were married in 1955. He read Piaget's work in those early years. A scholarly approach gave a central place to the individual's reasoning in moral decision making. This contrasted with the current psychological approaches of behaviorism and psychoanalysis that explained morality as simple internalization of external cultural or parental rules, through teaching using reinforcement and punishment or identification with a parental authority. He was an assistant professor of psychology at Yale University. After spending a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Palo Alto, California, in 1962, he joined the Psychology Department of the University of Chicago. He was appointed Professor of Education and Social Psychology at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1968 and remained there until his death.The stages of moral development that <mask> wrote about are now known as <mask>'s stages of moral development. The development of moral reasoning is explained by these stages. The theory was created while studying psychology at the University of Chicago and was inspired by the work of Jean Piaget. John Dewey had an idea that development should be the aim of education. He showed how public school can be involved in moral education that is consistent with the United States Constitution. The assumption is that humans are motivated to explore and become competent at functioning in their environments. This leads us to imitate role models we think are competent and to look to them for validation.Our earliest childhood references on the rightness of our actions are adult role models with whom we are in regular contact. There are common patterns of social life, observed in universally occurring social institutions, such as families, peer groups, structures and procedures for clan or society decision-making, and cooperative work for mutual defense and sustenance. Humans in all cultures have similar patterns of action and thought when it comes to the relations of self, others, and social world. The more one imagines how others experience things and imaginatively takes their roles, the quicker one learns to function well in cooperative human interactions. A sequence of more inclusive social circles correspond to the sequence of stages of moral development. Humans seek to operate well. Growing humans adapt to larger circles of justice, care, and respect when those groups function well.The realization in conscious thought of the relations of justice, care, and respect exhibited in a wider circle of social relations is one of the stages of moral cognitive development. According to <mask>'s theory, moral reasoning has six constructive stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. The higher stages of moral development allow people to handle more complex decisions and give them greater capacities in terms of decision making. The development of moral judgment beyond the ages was studied by <mask>, who claimed that logic and morality develop through constructive stages. It was determined that the process of moral development was primarily concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span. His model is based on justice and fairness. The study of moral reasoning was done by Kohlberg.The reasoning used in the responses would be categorized into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. There are two stages in each level. James Rest used these stages to make the Defining Issues Test in 1979. He is well known for his research in moral psychology, but he is also known for his work in moral education in schools. The use of Moral Exemplars, Dilemma discussions, and Just Community Schools were three of the major contributions made to moral education. The first method of moral education was to look at the lives of moral exemplars such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Socrates, and Abraham Lincoln. He believed that the moral reasoning of those who watched and listened to moral exemplars increased.It was never tested to see if examining the lives of moral exemplars increased moral reasoning. The value of witnessing moral exemplars in action or learning about their stories has been brought back by recent research in moral psychology. Watching moral acts can not increase moral reasoning, but it can increase an individual's desire to be a better person and even increase prosocial and moral behavior. There is growing support for the idea that moral exemplars have an important place in moral education. Another method to increase moral reasoning was dilemma discussions in schools. The method was tested by integrating moral dilemma discussion into school classes in humanities and social studies. The results of this and other studies show that moral discussion increases moral reasoning if the individual in question is in discussion with a person who is using reasoning that is just one stage above their own.The final method for moral education was called "just communities". In 1974, <mask> worked with schools to set up democracy-based programs, where both students and teachers were given one vote to decide on school policies. In order to promote democratic values and increase moral reasoning, the purpose of these programs was to build a sense of community in schools. When he was a young adult in 1948, he lived in an Israeli kibbutz and did cross-cultural research on moral development there. In his Essays on Moral Development, Vols., <mask> wrote some of his most important publications. The Psychology of Moral Development was published in 1984. Consensus and Controversy, The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Development, <mask>'s Approach to Moral Education and Child Psychology and Childhood Education: A Cognitive Developmental View are some of the works published by Kohlgainz.Carol Gilligan was a researcher of the studies of moral reasoning that led to the development of the developmental stage theory. Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice, a book that founded a new movement of care-based ethics that initially found strong resonance among feminists and later achieved wider recognition. He agreed with Carol Gilligan that there is a care moral orientation that is distinct from a justice moral orientation, but he disagreed with her claim that women scored lower than men on measures of moral development stages because they are more inclined to use. On two grounds, <mask> disagreed with Gilligan's position. Many studies measuring moral development of males and females found no difference and when differences were found it was attributable to differences in education, work experiences, and role-taking opportunities, but not gender. Longitudinal studies of females found the same invariant sequence of moral development as previous studies of males. Differences between males and females that did not exist were the focus of Gilligan's criticism of the moral development theory.The book Essays on Moral Development: Vol. II contains detailed responses to many critics. The nature and validity of moral stages are explored in The Psychology of Moral Development. The theory was criticized for focusing too much on reason at the expense of other factors. There wasn't much empirical evidence to show a relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. There was no relationship between his moral stages and his moral behavior. He proposed two sub-stages to explain individual differences within each stage. The model of the relationship between moral judgments and moral action was proposed by him.An individual first interprets the situation using their moral reasoning, which is influenced by their moral stage and sub-stage. The stage and sub-stage of the individual influence the deontic choice and judgement of responsibility made by individuals after interpretation. The person needs non-moral skills to carry out a moral behavior if they decide to do it. Research was having a hard time finding a direct relationship between moral reason and moral behavior if this model is true. There is growing empirical support that people are more likely to use intuitive "gut reactions" to make moral decisions than use reason-based thought. The place of reason in moral experience is challenged by the high use of intuition. This expanding of the moral domain from reason has raised questions about morality research entering areas of inquiry that are not considered real morality, which was a concern of Kohlberg when he first started his research.James Rest and Elliot Turiel have made significant contributions to the work. There was a death while doing cross-cultural research in 1971. He had extreme abdominal pain due to this. The long-term effects of the infection and the medications took their toll, as he also engaged in increasingly demanding professional work, including "Just Community" prison and school moral education programs. Sometimes he experienced depression as well. On January 19, 1987, a car was parked at the end of a dead end street in Massachusetts. He walked into the Boston Harbor after leaving his wallet with his identification on the front seat of his unlocked car.His car and wallet were found within a couple of weeks, and his body was recovered some time later, with the late winter thaw, in a tidal marsh across the harbor near the end of a Logan Airport runway. Special issues of scholarly journals were published to commemorate his contribution to developmental psychology after his death was confirmed. There are references to American social psychologists, educational psychologists, moral philosophers, and 20th-century psychologists.

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Lawrence Kohlberg
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texts: <mask> is an English football coach and former footballer who works as a goalkeeping coach. He was a goalkeeper from 2000 to 2021. Although he failed to make a first team appearance, he went on to play for three different teams over the course of a decade. He played for a number of teams before joining the club as James McKeown's number two. <mask> was signed as a professional for his hometown team on July 7, 2000 after progressing through their youth system. He had a successful loan spell at Gateshead during the tail end of the 2001–02 season, after Mick Tait brought him in during a keeping crisis. He played in a 1–1 draw against Torquay United.He was sent to Scunthorpe United on a three-month loan in August of 2003 and made 10 appearances. He moved to Darlington permanently in the summer of 2004. He didn't play in the first team. He was brought to the town by David Hodgson. With the retirement of goalkeeping legend Andy Collett, the club only had two goalkeepers on their books in Michael Price and JackNorton. <mask> was a target for Hodgson after he heard about the release of the youngster. <mask> was thought to be number two to Price, but his pre-season performances meant he got the nod.The assistant manager said that <mask>'s distribution was slightly better than Price's. <mask> was the man of the match in the opening game of the 2004–05 season. The opening day victory was due to his superb saves. He signed a new two-year contract in July 2005. He seemed to have established himself as the number one until just before the start of the 2008 season, when he failed to agree terms with the manager and left for Rochdale. In October 2007, he made his first start for Rochdale in the second round of the Football League Trophy. Following an injury to James Spencer, <mask> was called upon to play in the FA Cup.He signed a contract until the end of the season having been on non-contract terms. He broke a finger in the 2–1 defeat at Lincoln City in February 2008 and was expected to be out of action until April. <mask> was given the number one shirt. He made some important saves for Rochdale that season, however he made the occasional mistake, such as scoring an own goal in the Rochdale–Bury derby, and slipping in a late equaliser by Jamie Ward against Chesterfield. He was replaced by Frank Fielding after Spencer was sent to Chester City. <mask> was released by Rochdale at the end of the season after impressing on a trial. He returned to Darlington on a one-year contract in May 2010.He played at Wembley as they won the FA Trophy. He left the club at the end of December after they failed to pay the players and signed a one-year contract extension with Forest Green. <mask> made his Forest Green debut on January 21, 2012 in a 0–0 draw against Newport County. He saved four penalty kicks in his first eight performances. He made his 100th appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Grimsby Town. He signed a contract extension in March of last year. Steve Arnold replaced him for Forest Green's 3–0 win over AFC Telford United on February 21, 2015, ending his streak of league appearances.On May 4, 2015, it was announced that he was leaving Forest Green. <mask> had spent time on loan at the club before he joined the National League side. <mask> returned to Forest Green Rovers on a two-year deal. He made his 150th appearance for the club in a 4–1 away win over Maidstone United. Between 17 September 2016 and 29 October 2016 he kept a run of seven National League clean sheets, but he narrowly missed out on the league record of eight consecutive clean sheets set by Alan Julian for Stevenage. Forest Green secured promotion to the Football League for the first time in their history with a 3-1 National League play-off final win against Tranmere at Wembley Stadium, thanks to <mask>, who appeared in every single minute of the season. He got a new one-year contract in June of last year for Forest Green's first season in League Two.He was released by Forest Green at the end of the season. He joined the club as a player and goalkeeper coach. Paul Hurst's first team goalkeeping coach, <mask>, retired from playing at the end of the 2020–21 season. There are external links to career statistics. The players of F.C. are from Gateshead. The players are from Darlington F.C. The players are from Scunthorpe United F.C.The players are from Rochdale A.F.C. The players are from A.F.C. The players are from Forest Green. The players are from Grimsby Town F.C. The players are from Grimsby Town F.C. The staff is not playing.

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Samuel Ian Russell
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